TY - RPRT AN - 00371074 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - POSITION AND DIRECTION ON THE ROAD PY - 1981 SP - 16 p. AB - Position and Direction on the Road is part of the Traffic Law Offenses Series of the Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. The publication includes an expansive section on relevant definitions, incorporating the most recent modifications of the Uniform Vehicle Code. The focus, however, is on detecting and enforcing violations. Direction of movement, control devices, roads without control devices and elements of violations are discussed. Enforcement is presented in the materials in a practical manner, balancing safety with the officer's discretion. KW - Definitions KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Police KW - Proof KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371081 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - PURSUIT IN TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PY - 1981 SP - 8 p. AB - Pursuit in Traffic Law Enforcement is part of The Traffic Law Enforcement Series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. The subject matter of this publication is presented within the framework of successful apprehension balanced against overall safety. The decision of when to pursue is discussed in terms of department guidelines, the initial offense of the violator, the driving skills of the pursuing officer and legal requirements. In addition, pursuit techniques are presented to enhance the officer's skills in apprehension activities. KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Proof KW - Traffic violators KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371072 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - RIGHT-OF-WAY OFFENSES PY - 1981 SP - 11 p. AB - Right-of-Way Offenses is part of the Traffic Law Offenses Series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. The publication includes a discussion of the nature of these offenses; a number of pertinent definitions, incorporating the most recent revisions of the Uniform Vehicle Code; a discussion of the legal requirements of right-of-way, including vehicular and pedestrian; an analysis of defenses; and specific suggestions on the enforcement of right-of-way rules. KW - Crosswalks KW - Intersections KW - Legal factors KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Proof KW - Right of way KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic violators KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Violations KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371083 AU - Berringer, H G AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - IMPOUNDING, TOWING, SEARCH AND INVENTORY OF VEHICLES PY - 1981 SP - 23 p. AB - This publication is part of the Know the Law Series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. It discusses the legal aspects associated with the seizure of vehicles. The starting point for all subject material is the premise that a vehicle is seized (impounded) by the police or other governmental authority. The primary focus is on the sequence of events leading up to the lawful seizure and the subsequent governmental action in regard to that vehicle. Discussion follows the sequence of a lawful seizure, a proper search, and the government's right to retain, return or to make other disposition. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Impoundment KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Police powers KW - Procedural requirements KW - Search and seizure KW - Towing devices KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371111 AU - Danish Council of Road Safety Research TI - ACTIVITIES DURING 1977-1980 RESEARCH PLAN PY - 1981 SP - 66 p. AB - This report gives a survey of the activities of the Danish Council of Road Safety Research from 1977 to 1980. Two projects, initiated before the Council started its formalized research planning, were continued. The first was the effects of the traffic replanning of part of Osterbro in Copenhagen, and the second was an analysis of accident risks on different types of highways. New tasks included: evaluation of the effects of the Seat Belt Law; analyses in support of considerations concerning the legislation of mopeds; contributions to the Ministry of Justice's working group on new types of town replanning under Section 40 of the Road Traffic Act; and the measuring and analysis of speed and traffic safety effects of the temporary reduction of the general speed limits outside urban areas as of March 15, 1979. Finally, up to the 1979/80 turn of the year, efforts were continued with the development of instrumentation and methods of recording and interpreting drivers' eye movements as well as various psychophysiological reactions which may be related to the driver's perception of the traffic situation. KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Hazards KW - Highway planning KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mopeds KW - Psychophysical methods KW - Psychophysics KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban areas KW - Urban renewal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371120 AU - Transport Canada TI - 1980 CANADIAN MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STATISTICS PY - 1981 SP - v.p. AB - Contents: Number of accidents by weather conditions and light conditions; Place of accident; Casualties by time of day; Casualties by month; Vehicle registrations by vehicle type 1960-1980; Fatalities by road user class; Fatalities 1960-1980; Casualty rates per 100 million vehicle/km; Fatality rate per 100 milion vehicle/km 1960-1980; Total accidents and casualties 1960-1980; and Victims killed and injured by age group. KW - Canada KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Registrations KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371077 AU - Bonaguro, L A AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - DETERMINING ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE PY - 1981 SP - 5 p. AB - Determining Elements of the Offense, by Judge Lester Bonaguro, is part of the Traffic Law Offenses series of the Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. The orientation of this publication is to assist the traffic officer in identifying the various acts, omissions, conditions and circumstances specified in the laws creating traffic offenses. KW - Evidence KW - Police KW - Proof KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371079 AU - Wallace, I AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - TECHNIQUES FOR RADAR SPEED DETECTION PY - 1981 SP - 14 p. AB - Techniques for Radar Speed Detection, by Ian Wallace, is part of the Traffic Patrol and Direction series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. The selection of sites for speed measurement, preparation of radar sets for operation and their proper use to meet court requirements are presented in this manual. Radar detection and jamming devices used by motorists also are discussed. KW - Police KW - Proof KW - Radar KW - Radar devices KW - Radar vehicle detectors KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371071 AU - Walton, F E AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - SPEED OFFENSES PY - 1981 SP - 11 p. AB - Speed Offenses, by Frank E. Walton, is part of the Traffic Law Offenses Series of the Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. This publication is an extensive revision of material published in 1972. Written at the operational level, it addresses the techniques of enforcing speed laws, i.e., how to discover speed violators, how to measure speed, taking enforcement action and the elements of proof for speed offenses. Exhibits 1 and 2, pertaining to the basic rules for maximum and minimum speeds and speed limits, are uniquely adaptable to the reader's own state and local laws. KW - Budgeting KW - Law enforcement KW - Proof KW - Speed limits KW - Speed studies KW - Speeding KW - State highway budget KW - State highway departments KW - Studies KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic violators KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371073 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - REQUIRED STOP OFFENSES PY - 1981 SP - 10 p. AB - Required Stop Offenses, by Frank E. Walton, is part of the Traffic Law Offenses series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. This publication is an extensive revision of the manual titled Required Stops, published in 1965. Written at the operational level, the manual provides a series of definitions of terms most pertinent to this type of offense, as well as an analysis of the enforcement activity within the entire sphere of traffic law enforcement. Six specific situations requiring stops are examined, the elements of proof are discussed, and a methodology for enforcement is presented. KW - Proof KW - Required stop KW - Stop signs KW - Stopping KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184416 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370280 JO - Clinical Toxicology PB - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated AU - WHITE, J M AU - Clardy, D O AU - Graves, M H AU - Kuo, M C AU - MacDonald, B J AU - Wiersema, S J AU - Fitzpatrick, G AU - Pearce, D S AU - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated TI - TESTING FOR SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC DRUGS IN THE IMPAIRED DRIVER: A SURVEY OF 72,000 ARRESTS PY - 1981 VL - 8 IS - 18 SP - p. 945-957 AB - The California Association of Toxicologists conducted a two and one half year study for the California Highway Patrol on the extent of the problem of drugs and driving. The majority of the data came from case reports submitted by the Criminalistics Laboratory of the Sheriff-Coroner's Department, Orange County, California. This report expands that data and summarizes the drug findings in blood samples taken from approximately 72,000 subjects arrested for impaired driving during the 6-year period from 1973 to 1978. This survey shows a significant incidence of sedative/hypnotic drug use by persons arrested for impaired driving. Drugs were found in 60-70% of those blood samples in which alcohol was absent, and in 20-30% of those blood samples with alcohol concentrations between 0.01 and 0.10%. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370475 AU - Japan Motor Industrial Federation, Incorporated TI - GUIDE TO THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 254 p. AB - This publication contains the following: an introduction to the 24th International Tokyo Motor Show; a list of automobile manufacturers with addresses and foreign affiliates; a general catalogue for 1981 showing representative models of passenger cars, commercial vehicles and motorcycles; a listing of specifications giving standard data for all vehicles manufactured by members of the Japan Motor Industrial Federation, Inc.; motor vehicle statistics of Japan (production, exports, registrations); and a directory of organizations and manufacturers. KW - Automobile industry KW - Catalogs KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Industries KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370458 JO - Ophthalmologica PB - Karger (S) AG AU - Serra, A AU - Karger (S) AG TI - AN ERGO-OPHTHALMOLOGICAL BATTERY OF TESTS TO CLASSIFY TRUCK DRIVERS PY - 1981 VL - 183 IS - 2 SP - p. 105-109 AB - 16 healthy and ophthalmologically normal truck drivers are tested with a battery of tests according to the routine described in the following paper. This includes isopter perimetry, colour discrimination, recovery of sensitivity during dark adaptation and refraction at both far and near points, in order to record night myopia as well as night presbyopia. The ranges of individual variability are reported. As far as refraction is concerned, it seems of interest to stress the individual differences in a sort of "transient anisometropia" under incoming twilight. KW - Dark adaptation KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Night vision KW - Testing KW - Truck drivers KW - Twilight KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369711 AU - Asst Secretary for Policy & International Affairs TI - THE U.S. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, 1980. REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT FROM THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1981 SP - 134 p. AB - Recent development in the U.S. auto industry are reviewed and their implications in the near term and after 1985 are explored. The potential effects of these developments on the auto industry, its employees and the communities in which they work, and on the national economy are evaluated. It is concluded that a minimum of five years is required for the auto industry to return to full competitive strength. Elimination of the $1000 to $15,000 comparative cost advantage held by the Japanese must be a key goal. The greatest source of Japanese advantage is structural: process and product technology which yield major productivity gains. The U.S. auto industry faces enormous capital requirements to retool; even under the best assumptions, the transition will probably eliminate many jobs and impact heavily on the involved cities. A compact is recommended under which the government would negotiate an import restraint agreement with Japan and aid the industry in capital requirements, labor would agree to a wage strategy designed to close the differential with Japan, and management would compensate labor with a profit sharing or other incentive program. It is further recommended that government reform its regulatory approach, redefine the antitrust laws, and increase support for worker retraining. Labor should also support measures to increase productivity and promote new forms of worker retraining and reemployment. Management should restructure its relationship with labor, improve productivity, intensify research and development, and accept more responsibility for social and environmental impacts. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Development KW - Economics KW - Evaluation KW - Federal government KW - Imports KW - Labor market KW - Management KW - Productivity KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183400 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369752 JO - Bicycle Forum 8 PB - Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents AU - Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents TI - ROSPA BACKGROUND: REPORT OF THE WORKING PARTY ON CYCLE TRAINING FOR THE YOUNG: FEB. 1980 PY - 1981 SP - p. 30-31 AB - The National Cycling Proficiency Scheme and a review of all aspects of cycle training for the young initiated by the Royal Society for prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) are discussed. The reasons for initiating the training programs and the terms of reference of the working party of the Cycling Section are listed. Data from an accident study are listed and road safety officers' experience in training young cyclists is described. Research into children's perceptions of dangers are noted and the feasibility of launching a children's club with a special interest in cycling and road safety is considered. Recommendations regarding road safety activity aimed at young cyclists are listed. KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Highway safety KW - Perception KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Training KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187240 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369597 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Traves, P AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - THE FIRE SERVICE AND ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1981 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 26-28 AB - This article discusses the evolution of the fire service role in accidents in Greater Manchester County, England. It then gives illustrated examples of rescue tools employed by the fire service at road traffic accidents. KW - Crashes KW - Equipment KW - Extrication KW - Firefighters KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369730 AU - Venter, J AU - Pretoria University, South Africa TI - MOTORCYCLE NOISE--A REVIEW OF CURRENT PRACTICE PY - 1981 SP - 9 p. AB - Modern production motorcycles are in most cases as quiet as the average motorcar due mainly to strictly-enforced noise level standards in places like Germany and California, which has forced manufacturers to reduce noise levels drastically. If the designer of a new motorcycle wants to keep the noise level as low as possible, he has a number of conflicting requirements to consider and this paper aims to look at some of these parameters. It also takes a look at the serious problem of the noise-polluting effect of non-standard exhaust systems and suggest an enforcement solution. KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Law enforcement KW - Motorcycles KW - Noise control KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183420 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369751 JO - Bicycle Forum 8 PB - Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents AU - Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents TI - HOWARD BOYD ON: TRAINING ENGLAND'S CYCLISTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 24-29 AB - The new training approach advocated by the Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) is discussed. The new expanded and graded National Cycling Proficiency Scheme's four main levels (Basic, Bronze, Silver, and Gold) are detailed, and the results of an interview with RoSPA's National Cycling Officer are presented. The role of the Road Safety Officer, cycling organizations in Britain, and the role and attitudes of the Royal Society are discussed. KW - Cyclists KW - Highway safety KW - Organizations KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369618 AU - Goatley, R K AU - Ferdo Proprietary Limited TI - SOURCES OF BRAKE SQUEAL IN MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1981 SP - 14 p. AB - Squeal has been identified as a frictional vibration dependent on the coefficient of friction of the lining and its contact geometry. The mass and stiffness of related parts such as drum, shoe, and caliper, are contributory factors. Their influence on squeal in both disc and drum brake installations is discussed. Practical solutions to the problem are considered within limitations imposed by brake performance requirements. KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Noise KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183295 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369604 JO - PAS NEWS AU - Shelness, A AU - Physicians for Automotive Safety TI - CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION. A GUIDE FOR STATE LEGISLATION PY - 1981 SP - p. 3-8 AB - A review of child passenger protection laws enacted to date shows inconsistencies and contradictions that have led to confusion on a number of important factors, such as, up to what age should children be protected, what is the best means of protection, or what should be the policy when the number of small children in the family exceeds the number of belts in the vehicle. It has become increasingly evident that there is need for a "Model" child passenger protection law to serve as a guide for states to follow. In addressing this problem, this article provides carefully documented recommendations and explanations intended to assist legislators in formulating a sound child passenger protection bill. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Guidelines KW - Laws KW - Physicians KW - Recommendations KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370205 AU - American Automobile Association TI - THE HANDICAPPED DRIVER'S MOBILITY GUIDE PY - 1981 SP - 75 p. AB - This publication is intended to aid handicapped drivers in finding equipment and other services to improve their mobility. Information about adaptive equipment, driver training, and related services and publications is included. The American Automobile Association requested this statement be included as part of this abstract: "Please contact your AAA club concerning the availability of The Handicapped Driver's Mobility Guide stock number 3772." KW - Bibliographies KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Equipment KW - Handbooks KW - Mobility KW - Persons with disabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183718 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369595 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - DRINKING AND WALKING: CAN YOU DO BOTH AT THE SAME TIME? PY - 1981 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - p. 21-23 AB - According to traffic safety authorities, drinking is a big factor in pedestrian traffic accidents. The University of Michigan's Highway Safety Research Institute analyzed three sets of accident file data to show patterns in drinking, time of day, and age and sex of pedestrian accident victims: one seventh of the drivers and nearly one fourth of the pedestrians involved in fatal pedestrian accidents were judged to have been drinking. Another study, conducted for NHTSA by Dunlap and Associates, focused on pedestrian accidents in the city of New Orleans from early 1975 to early 1976 (excluding Mardi Gras). The results state that approximately half of the pedestrians involved in fatal and non-fatal accidents had been drinking prior to the crash. KW - Age KW - Crash causes KW - Drinking KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk assessment KW - Time KW - Time factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369596 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Stewart, P AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - THE PROFESSIONAL DRIVER PY - 1981 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 4-6 AB - This brief article provides advice to the professional driver concerning good health. Comments are included on fatigue, obesity, general health, and medical conditions, especially those where drugs are used. In conclusion the professional driver is advised as follows: If you're feeling unwell, don't drive. If you fall ill on the job, don't be a martyr and try to carry on. Stop at the nearest convenient place. Don't ruin your career for yourself by ruining your health. KW - Alertness KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Guidelines KW - Health KW - Obesity KW - Professional drivers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369307 TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 14TH ANNUAL REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1980 PY - 1981 SP - 70 p. AB - Activities of the U.S. Department of Transportation in fiscal year 1980 are summarized. These activities include those which relate to transport deregulation, marine transport, aviation, highways, railroads, urban mass transport and materials transport. The Office of the Secretary had primary responsibility for carrying out programs relating to regulatory reform, transport of energy materials, coal exports, truck sizes and weights, international cooperation, automobile industry assessment, Chrysler loan board, rail system investment, deepwater ports, ports connectivity, international aviation, clean air act, international law, litigation, consumer affairs, minority business, personnel programs, automatic data processing, and the Office of the Inspector General. The activities are also summarized of the U.S. Coast Guard, the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Urban Mass Transportation Administration, the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, and The Research and Special Programs Administration. KW - Air transportation KW - Automobile industry KW - Deregulation KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Regulation KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183031 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369314 JO - Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics PB - Blackwell Publishers AU - Drasdo, N AU - Haggerty, C M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A COMPARISON OF THE BRITISH NUMBER PLATE AND SNELLEN VISION TESTS FOR CAR DRIVERS PY - 1981 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - p. 39-54 AB - The British number plate test and the Snellen test of visual acuity are compared. The observations of 60 subjects, 30 of whom have failed the official number plate test, are analysed statistically. It is found possible to estimate the probability of a subject having a specified Snellen acuity, reading a number plate of the 3-1/8" (80 mm) symbol type, at 67 ft. (-20.5m). It is considered, however, that the probability of passing the official number plate test is a different value and this is also shown to be estimated from the Snellen visual acuity. The calculations based on the sample of candidates who had failed the number plate test suggest that a driving test candidate with a Snellen decimal acuity of 0.55 in clinical notation, has a 50% chance of passing the number plate test, but the level of visual acuity which would fail the same number of candidates as the number plate test is deduced from an approximate population model, to be 0.6. Many other quantitative estimates relating the two tests are given in the text and accompanying tables and figures. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - License plates KW - Textiles KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369357 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 56 p. AB - This annual summary report of accident statistics is presented according to the following categories: Highlights and historical trends; Geographic location; Accident description; Motor vehicle and driver characteristics; Alcohol-related accidents; Pedestrian and pedalcyclist accidents; Motorcycle accidents; and School bus accidents. Overall, Arizona's traffic record in 1981 showed some improvement--reported accidents were down 9.1%, the death toll dropped by 3.3%, and the number injured declined by 2.8%. KW - Bicycles KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369339 AU - McLean, A J AU - Aust, H S AU - Brewer, N D AU - Sandow, B L AU - University of Adelaide AU - Department of Transport, Australia AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - ADELAIDE IN-DEPTH ACCIDENT STUDY 1975-1979. PART 6: CAR ACCIDENTS PY - 1981 SP - 167 p. AB - This report contains descriptions of the causes and consequences of the accidents involving cars in a representative sample of road traffic accidents to which an ambulance was called in metropolitan Adelaide. The characteristics of the drivers are reviewed in relation to the causation of these accidents and to accident prevention measures in general and the role of vehicle factors in accident and injury causation is discussed with emphasis on the Australian Design Rules for Motor Vehicle Safety. Two hundred and sixty-two, or 86 per cent of the accidents in the survey involved one or more cars. Alcohol intoxication and inexperience in driving in traffic were the two characteristics of drivers that were most often obviously related to accident involvement. Vehicle defects played only a minor role. Seat belts were found to reduce the frequency and severity of injury; this was particularly so for the later inertia-reel belts which were also more likely to be worn. Seventy-nine per cent of drivers and 65 per cent of left front passengers wore a seat belt where one was available. Door latches and hinges, seat anchorages, and the steering wheel and instrument panel were either deficient in the crash or otherwise were frequently found to be objects causing injury to the occupants of the car. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Defects KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human characteristics KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Passengers KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369342 AU - Canadian Medical Association TI - GUIDE FOR PHYSICIANS IN DETERMINING FITNESS TO DRIVE A MOTOR VEHICLE PY - 1981 SP - 41 p. AB - This guide has been prepared by The Canadian Medical Association to help physicians determine the ability of their patients to drive a motor vehicle safely and to complete a Driver's Medical Examination Report. The recommendations in this guide are based on recommendations made in similar guides produced in the United States, Britain and some Canadian provinces, modified through consultation with a number of specialty sections. There is as yet little scientific evidence that can be used to assess the degree of impairment to driving that results from any specific medical disability. These standards, although mainly empirical in nature, represent collected expert medical opinions and are intended to impose only common sense restrictions on drivers with medical defects. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver impairment KW - Guidelines KW - Impaired drivers KW - Physicians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368397 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKING FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY--A NEW APPROACH. THE IMPORTANCE OF VOLUNTEERS IN PROMOTING TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1981 SP - 37 p. AB - The limited effectiveness of mass media campaigns in persuading people to change their driving behavior is examined. Five case studies of volunteer action in traffic safety are presented, arranged in a sequence of increasing organizational support and decreasing personal initiative. The case with the greatest citizen initiative involved a small group of people in an upstate New York community organized to work against local drunk drivers. They had only their common church membership to serve as an initial communication device. In three cases, volunteers worked in local action with state and national voluntary organizations: the Ukiah Valley (California) Carsafe Program, the Massachusetts ACTS (Action for Child Transportation Safety) Child Protection Program, and the Virginia Association of Women Highway Safety Leaders' Child Auto Safety Campaign. In each case, money, materials, volunteers, or media were provided by the parent organization. In a fifth case, the California Traffic Safety Public Awareness Campaign used volunteers to supplement ongoing state and local agency efforts. The history, structure, funding base, successes, and problems facing volunteer efforts are discussed. The management of volunteers and support of volunteer efforts by public safety officials are also examined. KW - Behavior KW - Case studies KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Public participation KW - Traffic safety KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368399 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM--NASS--REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES FOR 1979 PY - 1981 SP - 49 p. AB - The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) is described, followed by statistics compiled from the first year of data collection. The tabulations are unbiased national estimates based on a sample of 3418 accidents from the ten existing NASS sites. Basic figures show the number and percent of accidents by first harmful event, vehicles by body type, and injured persons. Percent distributions are given for accidents and injured persons by day of week and time of day, and by road type and speed limit; vehicles by type and first harmful event; passenger cars in towaway accidents and injury rate for occupants with Abbreviated Injury Scale of 2 or over by magnitude of compartment intrusion; and vehicle drivers and occupants by age, accident type, injury severity, and seat belt usage. Injury consequence statistics show length of hospitalization and time lost from work. Comments are made on the potential of NASS, and appendices cover NASS data elements and statistical design. A national estimate of 48,819 fatalities is extrapolated from the NASS data. The number of fatalities counted in the Fatal Accident Reporting System for 1979 is 51,083 (5% difference). KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368858 AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ON UTAH HIGHWAYS 1981 PY - 1981 SP - v.p. AB - The data contained in this traffic report represents the annual average daily traffic volumes on road sections of varying lengths on State Highways, Federal-Aid Primary Highways not on the State System, Federal-Aid Urban Local Highways, and Federal-Aid Secondary Local Highways in Utah. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Federal aid highways KW - State highways KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368862 AU - Purdue University AU - Department of Energy AU - Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY FUTURES: PATHS OF TRANSITION. VOLUME 1: ISSUES AND ANALYSIS PY - 1981 SP - 70 p. AB - This transition study was made to allow decisions on energy and transportation investments and policies to be compared with the best possible data presented in a consistent manner. In addition, the potential effects of alternative policies or investments on environmental, social, or regional issues are compared. This volume, Volume 1, presents the key conclusions for the options considered, namely, shale oil, coal liquification, alcohol fuels from biomass, improved automobile and light truck fuel economy, and railroad electrification. Each of these options has three possible levels of development: Scenario A--Business as usual; Scenario B--Accelerated development; and Scenario C--Maximum feasible development. This volume also presents the strategic issues that future public strategies need to consider, the goals and principles of transition path analysis, preliminary results, a discussion of the alternatives considered, and future areas of study and research. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Biomass KW - Coal liquefaction KW - Economics KW - Energy KW - Energy efficiency KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway transportation KW - Policy KW - Railroad electrification KW - Railroad transportation KW - Shale oil KW - Social factors KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368393 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIVE-YEAR PRIORITIES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY RULEMAKING AND RESEARCH. CALENDAR YEARS 1981-1985 PY - 1981 SP - 59 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's priorities for proposing motor vehicle safety rulemaking and conducting motor vehicle safety research are presented for calendar years 1981-1985, updating a similar five-year plan published on 26 Apr 1979. Its objectives are to provide policy guidance for use within NHTSA for the possible development and issuance of motor vehicle safety standards, to inform the public about proposed future activities and priorities, and to permit the regulated industries to anticipate potential requirements in their long-range planning. NHTSA's rulemaking goals and accomplishments since the previous publication are described, and NHTSA's anticipated rulemaking initiatives are discussed, with estimated dates for issuance of proposals or estimated final rule dates. Ongoing or proposed motor vehicle safety related research for the next five years is examined. Areas of emphasis include side impact protection, pedestrian protection, automatic frontal crash protection for light trucks and vans, and heavy truck brakes. Rulemaking beyond the mid-1980's will be based largely on the Integrated Vehicle Systems Research Program. KW - Brakes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368395 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF POST-1985 FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1981 SP - 47 p. AB - The potential role of improved new passenger car and light truck fuel economy in contributing to the country's economic viability and national security during the period 1986-1995 is discussed and the best means of achieving improved fuel economy in this time frame is considered. By examining the issues and alternative courses of action, this paper serves as a decision-making tool for DOT's management in formulating a policy position for new light vehicle fuel economy, post-1985. The past and future Federal role in new light vehicle fuel economy is described, the impact of Federal involvement on the industry is examined, and the case for regulation is summarized. Projected ranges of fuel economy/fuel consumption levels for post-1985 fuel conservation efforts are estimated, and options for Federal involvement are examined, such as a regulatory approach, voluntary approach, support options, and choice of transportation fuels. It is concluded that improved fuel economy in light trucks will make a difference (change in average fuel economy from 31 mpg (1985) to 40 mpg (1995) would save 878 million bbl of oil in the period); that light truck fuel economy should not be limited by maximum achievable technology, but by other national goals; that marketplace performance cannot determine national energy goals; and that a regulatory program combining these goals and a healthy automobile industry is possible. Facets of the proposed strategy for improving fuel economy in 1985-1995 are outlined. KW - Automobiles KW - Decision making KW - Energy conservation KW - Estimates KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Future policies KW - Light trucks KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368400 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REGULATORY ANALYSIS. FMVSS (FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD) 208. AUTOMATIC OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1981 SP - 38 p. AB - An amendment has been proposed to the existing requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208, Occupant Crash Protection, which would delay (until model year 1983 instead of model year 1982) the initial automatic restraint requirements, which are applicable to large (wheelbase greater than 114 in.) passenger cars. The existing requirements and timetable for implementation for intermediate and small cars would remain unchanged. This amendment is proposed because of the current financial hardships of the domestic auto industry. Cost savings from this delay, which would affect about one million cars, are estimated at $31-$43 per vehicle for manufacturers and $50-$70 per vehicle for consumers. The competitive disadvantage against foreign imports resulting from implementation of the requirements for large cars in model year 1982 would also be avoided. Benefits foregone because of this delay would include a decrease of 60 fatalities and 430 injuries in 1982 or a decrease of 600 fatalities and 4300 injuries over the ten year life of the vehicles. No significant economic impact is anticipated on small businesses engaged in the manufacture and supply of automotive restraint equipment and components, or on small organizations and small governmental jurisdictions. KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368830 AU - Calhoun, R L AU - Thompson, W F AU - Metropolitan Police Department TI - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ANNUAL TRAFFIC REPORT 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 112 p. AB - The various chapters of this report present information on the following: general traffic information; general traffic data; comparative traffic related information for previous years and similar cities; traffic environment in the District of Columbia; alcohol, speed and pedestrian enforcement; and traffic safety literature. General traffic information covers such aspects as traffic accident reporting procedures, societal costs for traffic accidents, bicycle and moped regulations, District of Columbia (D.C.) area bicycle registration, streets, alleys, sidewalks, bridges, etc., and right turn on red. The second chapter considers general traffic accident data in relation to apparent violations, quadrant and signal control, police districts, park police territory, time and day of week, holidays, day of month, road condition, visibility street lighting, vehicles, fatalities, and police calls. The third chapter presents comparative information on accident statistics, monthly and holiday related aspects of traffic accidents, the relation of driver characteristics to traffic accidents, hit and run accidents, death from high speed pursuits, park police territory, and fatalities. The fourth chapter presents traffic enforcement data related to notice of infractions, and parking infractions. The fifth chapter considers alcohol countermeasures program; driving under the influence, speed enforcement; and pedestrian enforcement. KW - Accident costs KW - Alcohols KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bicycles KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hit and run crashes KW - Human characteristics KW - Pedestrians KW - Police KW - Reviews KW - Right turn on red KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368857 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 49 p. AB - Traffic accidents on our nation's road system are a mutual concern of all citizens regardless of where they may live. This publication has been compiled to acquaint citizens and specific accident prevention organizations with traffic accident statistics in Wyoming. For the year 1981, a total of 16,741 accidents were reported to the Wyoming Highway Department, which is a continuing downward trend in total accidents from the 1979 high of 18,028. As a result, 7,250 persons were injured and 264 persons were killed, with traffic accidents resulting in just under an estimated one hundred three and one-half million dollar economic loss. Statistics are compiled from reports submitted by individuals involved in accidents, investigating officers from city police departments, sheriff offices and the Wyoming Highway Patrol. The estimates for accident costs were supplied by the National Safety Council and based on average motor vehicle accident costs. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368398 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH3 (CALSPAN RECONSTRUCTION OF ACCIDENT SPEEDS ON THE HIGHWAY) USER'S GUIDE AND TECHNICAL MANUAL PY - 1981 SP - 224 p. AB - A guide is provided for new and experienced CRASH3 (Calspan Reconstruction of Accident Speeds on the Highway) computer program users. Topics include program operation, discussion of individual questions (title and basic data, spinout trajectory, and detailed damage measurements), output description (including a sample CRASH3 run), and program assumptions and recommended inputs. The CRASH3 technical documentation includes flow charts of CRASH3 logic, vehicle parameter tables, analytical basis for CRASH3 calculations, internal consistency checks, other selected program features, tire force analysis, and programmer/operator information. Appended are symbol definitions, Society of Automotive Engineers J224MAR80 (Collision Deformation Classification), and warning and error messages. CRASH3 is an accident investigation aid for interpreting a wide range of physical evidence from highway accidents. One of two speed change (deltaV) estimates uses rest and impact position and heading data and is based on work-energy relationships for spinout trajectories and the principle of conservation of linear momentum. Another estimate utilizes the location and extent of vehicle structural deformation and is based on energy calculations. The average error is estimated at plus/minus 10%-20% for deltaV of 15 mph or more, and plus/minus 3-5 mph for deltaV of 15 mph or less. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash3 KW - Evidence KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368377 AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - MULTIPLE LICENSING AND INTERSTATE TRUCK DRIVERS--A PROBLEM STATEMENT PY - 1981 SP - 42 p. AB - In order to assess the extent of the multiple driver license problem, data on nearly 3500 drivers of interstate heavy-duty trucks were collected at roadside locations in seven jurisdictions in the U.S. and Canada. All U.S. and Canadian driver licensing jurisdictions were requested to search their data banks for records of licenses issued to these drivers and/or records of traffic crashes or violation convictions. The data received to date and the information supplied by the truck drivers indicate that the level of multiple licenses ad records may be alarmingly high. An initial analysis of the drivers' records from only five states showed that from 10% to 32% of the drivers held licenses in more than one jurisdiction. The implication is that the states are unable to maintain current, complete data on this driver population and that a large percentage of these drivers are avoiding state driver improvement actions. The states and provinces are recommended to conform to the one license/one record principle, to adopt the Driver License Application Identification and Licensing System Security recommendations, to forward accident and conviction records of nonresident drivers to home agencies, to provide training in false identification recognition, and to conduct record matches and transmit requested abstracts to the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. The states should use the Social Security number as the primary or secondary driver identifier, participate fully in the National Driver Register, and improve and increase their efforts in applicant screening to determine prior license issuance, and in information and driver record interchange. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - National Driver Register KW - Security KW - States KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368391 AU - Backaitis, S H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A METHODOLOGY TO RATE VEHICLES FOR OCCUPANT PROTECTION CAPABILITIES PY - 1981 SP - 28 p. AB - A methodology is suggested by which the protective features for the occupant(s) of a passenger car in a frontal collision may be evaluated by a single numerical "occupant injury" value. By examining the value of Weissner's Evaluation Index and revising it to match the Risk of Fatality curve, a new assessment criterion, the Occupant Protection System Effectiveness Measure, was developed. The methodology is based on crash test dummy response measurements which have been normalized for accident exposure factors and transposed to the "occupant injury" values. All the vehicles tested under the NHTSA 1979-1980 New Car Assessment Program were evaluated using this methodology. It permits the differentiation between safer and less safe vehicles and the establishment of vehicle groups which provide essentially comparable occupant protection. KW - Assessments KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Frontal crashes KW - Methodology KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179182 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368827 JO - Journal of Products Liability PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Owen, D G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - CRASHWORTHINESS LITIGATION AND PUNITIVE DAMAGES PY - 1981 VL - 4 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 221-229 AB - Six cases of punitive damages in products liability litigation involving the issue of automotive crashworthiness are reviewed. In the case of Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company, the punitive claim award rested on two premises (1) Ford knew of the need for strengthening the fuel system, and (2) it also knew of design "fixes" which would have reduced the danger. The case was significant in that it introduced as a major consideration, the threat of punitive damages into crashworthiness litigation. This case made the point that automotive manufacturers will be held morally and financially accountable to the public for conscious design choices. In this case, the court announced a standard of liability for punitive damages which is of questionable constitutionality. The process of judicial justification in this case is also of special significance. The following cases are also discussed: Rinker v. Ford Motor Company (first significant automotive crashworthiness case involving punitive damages and the first case approving a punitive award on appeal); Wanger v. Ford Motor Company (an interlocutory appeal on various punitive damages in two cases involving a 1967 Ford Mustang); Maxey v. Freightliner Corporation (truck crashworthiness case); Leichtamer v. American Motors Corporation (Ohio Supreme Court upheld punitive damages verdict totalling $1.1 million); and Dorsey v. Honda Motor Company Limited (the most disturbing of all). It is noted that tight control and careful explanation by the courts will be necessary to prevent abuses of punitive damages awards. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Automobiles KW - Case studies KW - Courts KW - Crashworthiness KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Industries KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Loss and damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368394 AU - English, J W AU - Denis, AJR AU - National Committee on Uniform Traf Laws & Ordinanc TI - TRAFFIC ORDINANCES STUDY PY - 1981 SP - 331 p. AB - The traffic ordinances of the 100 largest cities in the U.S. are analyzed and compared with the Model Traffic Ordinance and some provisions of the Uniform Vehicle Code. The scope of traffic regulation in the cities and the authority for such regulation are broadly assessed, and the substance of individual sections commonly found in the 100 ordinances is narrowly discussed in order to present a comprehensive picture of the status of U.S. municipal traffic regulation. Most cities appear to have ordinances covering too many subjects. In addition to dealing with their unique traffic problems, the cities attempt to duplicate the scope of their state vehicle codes as a means of collecting additional revenue in the form of fines. It is recommended that state laws be amended to provide for equitable distribution of fine revenue between state and local government and to prohibit local ordinances covering subjects dealt with under state law. It is further recommended that each state develop and maintain a state model traffic ordinance which its cities can adopt by reference or as a guide for their own traffic codes. KW - Cities KW - Local government KW - Revenues KW - State government KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179185 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367967 JO - Publication of: Northwestern University, Evanston PB - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - HACKETT, R J AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS PY - 1981 SP - p. 1-24 AB - This publication is a useful guide for law enforcement officers and prosecutors engaged in combatting the menace of the drug abuser on the highway. It provides information on the investigative and scientific aspects of drugs and driving, and the background information to evaluate and successfully prosecute drug cases. There are many indicators that drug abuse is increasing among Americans. In view of the increasing number of registered vehicles, the number of drugged driver cases will also undoubtedly show an increase. As it would be a mistake to handle a drug impaired driver in the same way as an alcohol impaired driver, this publication provides the law enforcement officer with the proper procedures to be used for investigation and prosecution of drug cases as distinct from alcohol related cases. KW - Crash investigation KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Guidelines KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Prosecution KW - Statute cases KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367968 JO - Publication of: Northwestern University, Evanston PB - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - Bonaguro, L A AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - RECKLESS DRIVING AND HOMICIDE BY VEHICLE PY - 1981 SP - p. 1-8 AB - This publication examines the various types of state laws dealing with reckless driving and homicide by vehicle. A comparative chart of legal elements of the offenses is presented. Detection, combined circumstances, and case preparation are discussed, and a traffic case summary form is included to assist the traffic officer in enforcement techniques. Proximate cause is explained in terms of its application to vehicular homicide. KW - Driving KW - Homicide KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal factors KW - Proximate cause KW - Reckless drivers KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182390 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367986 AU - Ford Motor Company TI - LIGHT TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY GUIDELINES PY - 1981 SP - p. 1-35 AB - The guidelines show how to compare fuel economy between trucks with different equipment; for example, a truck with a steel service body and a lighter truck with an aluminum service body. With the fuel economy difference, a fuel cost savings can be calculated and from that, the number of miles which you must drive to recover any increased vehicle cost. This number should only be used to compare various equipment combinations and not to make absolute cost or savings calculations. These guidelines deal only with the effects of vehicle equipment and how to choose between alternatives and will not attempt to predict actual fuel economy. U1 - 1982 Ford Commercial Product Conference, September 23, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Axle ratio KW - Energy conservation KW - Equipment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel consumption KW - Guidelines KW - Light trucks KW - Power trains KW - Selecting KW - Simulation KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle front end KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367937 AU - Botma, H AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS. STATE OF THE ART REPORT PY - 1981 SP - 62 p. AB - This booklet contains the complete translated text of Part I and Part X of an extensive state-of-the-art report on traffic flow models by H. Botma. It also contains a brief summary of each Part of the original report, and an index of all the literature referred to in the report, listed according to subject matter. The principle of classification followed in the report is the amount of detail in the various descriptions of a traffic flow, in which three levels are distinguished: macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic. KW - Macroscale KW - Mesoscale KW - Microsimulation KW - Simulation KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178848 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367917 JO - American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse PB - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated AU - Beck, K H AU - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated TI - DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL: RELATIONSHIP TO ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS IN A COLLEGE POPULATION PY - 1981 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - p. 377-388 AB - Two social psychological theories (the Fishbein Model and the Health Belief Model) were used to derive attitude and belief factors to predict intentions to drive while under the influence of alcohol and actual drinking-driving behavior in a college population. The results revealed strong support for the Fishbein theory; attitudes and normative beliefs predicted intentions, while intentions were the best predictor of subsequent behavior. From the Health Belief Model, specific beliefs regarding one's effectiveness at being able to avoid getting caught by the police and cause an accident while driving under the influence of alcohol were also significantly related to drinking-driving intentions and behavior. These findings indicate that decisions to drink and drive are the result of one's personal evaluation of this behavior and one's perceived ability to control the threatening consequences. Thus drinking and driving may continue to be so prevalent in a college population because they erroneously believe that they are still safe drivers and effective at controlling the attendant risks. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Psychological aspects KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368364 AU - WILDE, GJS AU - ACKERSVILLER, M J AU - Department of Transport, Canada TI - ACCIDENT JOURNALISM AND TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1981 SP - 84 p. AB - Traffic accident reporting in the Canadian daily press was investigated on three levels: a content analysis, a readership analysis and a field experiment of a modified accident reporting style. First, twelve daily newspapers in Ontario and Quebec were investigated on the manner in which they reported on traffic accidents in a three-month period. The accident reports were analyzed in terms of 51 content variables and compared with accident data obtained from police departments and provincial ministries of transport. Very small percentages of actually occurring accidents were found to be reported by newspapers, which also contained little information on the causes of these accidents. Implications for public education with respect to traffic accident prevention are discussed. Secondly, semi-structured telephone interviews of valid driver's licenses focussed upon motivations and reactions with regard to the reading of traffic accident reports in the daily paper. The data were analyzed for potential use in the development of an accident reporting style which would better inform and educate the road-using public with respect to the size of the accident problems, the cause of accidents and their preventability. Thirdly, an effort was made to develop a prototype of a more educational accident journalism. Social surveys conducted before and after the eight week implementation of the modified style took the form of structured telephone interviews with a total of approximately 1200 licenced drivers. Significant changes were observed in people's opinions of accident reporting, in their perceptions of the magnitude of the accident problem and traffic accident risk, and in the attribution of accident causes. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Newspapers KW - Prevention KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367620 AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse TI - A GUIDEBOOK FOR PLANNING ALCOHOL PREVENTION PROGRAMS WITH BLACK YOUTH PY - 1981 SP - 134 p. AB - This publication contains ideas on starting programs to prevent alcohol abuse among black youth. Described are the beginning steps--mobilizing interested groups, getting multiple agency support through networking, finding out what youth/alcohol issues are of concern to the individual community, writing a grant proposal, getting funding support, holding a prevention workshop--and the most critical step of involving youth as partners in programs that encourage independent decisionmaking about alcohol. This Guide recognizes that (1) blacks, like other minorities, are not just nonwhite, but exist in a unique social and psychological context that shapes attitudes, values, and behaviors, and (2) each minority community has its own singular set of needs and problems and must assess its own problems and enlist its own resources to meet these needs. Each chapter begins with a stated purpose and bullets those topics to be covered. Designed as an aid to the reader, the format allows one to easily locate and select topics of interest. At the conclusion of the book, appendices offer program planning materials, aids in putting on a community workshop, a glossary of terms used in the Guide, and references of books and articles on black social and cultural issues, alcohol abuse, and prevention programing. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholism KW - Minorities KW - Prevention KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367624 JO - International Journal of Epidemiology PB - Oxford University Press AU - Richter, E D AU - Oxford University Press TI - DEATH AND INJURY FROM MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES IN ISRAEL: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PREVENTION AND CONTROL PY - 1981 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - p. 145-153 AB - Death and motor vehicle crash (MVC) rates per 1000 vehicles and kilometres travelled in Israel (1977) exceed those of all western countries, despite low numbers of young and intoxicated drivers. Increased casualties have resulted from expansion of driver and vehicle populations offsetting a decline in crash risk. Time data indicate casualty crash trends reflect trends in traffic volume, and that night time case fatality rates (CFR) are high. Place data indicate that more than three quarters of all crashes occur in cities, mostly involving pedestrians, but the majority of deaths result from higher speed inter-urban crashes, mostly of 2-vehicle type, and not at intersections. The rates for deaths per 100 crashes are 4- and 8-fold higher in inter-urban than urban crashes for occupants and pedestrians, respectively. Vehicle data indicate high MVC risk from careless driving, probably speeding in taxis, and point to the need for occupant protection standards in lightweight trucks and pickup vans. Human data indicate that 92% of drivers in MVCs are male. The risk of involvement is high for drivers aged 18 and drops at age 55. Pedestrian accidents resulted in 48.1% of all dead, and included large numbers of young and elderly. Reduction in inter-urban private motor vehicle travel and in speeds at which crashes occur are suggested as swift and effective measures to reduce death and injury. Low cost strategies include air bags and other occupant protection standards and more seat belts. Prevention of pedestrian accidents requires a variety of measures to reduce vehicle-pedestrian conflicts. KW - Adolescents KW - Air bags KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Night KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367657 AU - NASH, C E AU - Brookings Institution TI - PASSIVE RESTRAINTS: A REGULATOR'S VIEW PY - 1981 SP - p. 53-67 AB - This article begins with a review of the legal and scientific basis for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) automatic occupant crash protection standard. This standard, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208, was promulgated under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, which was amended in 1974 to give Congress an opportunity to review the promulgation of standards for occupant restraints other than safety belts. The review is followed by an evaluation of automatic crash protection and a listing of the factors which dominate the economics of automatic crash protection. In conclusion it is stated that the NHTSA believes field tests of automatic restraint systems adequately justify widespread commercialization, and the NHTSA does not believe public policy should become a slave to cost benefit considerations. KW - Air bags KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economics KW - Field tests KW - Legal factors KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Public policy KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366981 AU - Human Factors Society TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE HUMAN FACTORS SOCIETY, 25TH ANNUAL MEETING PY - 1981 SP - 782 p. AB - These proceedings contain the unedited, reproduced copies of papers submitted for presentation at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society. Three of the topics covered contain papers of interest in highway safety. These three topics are: visual performance; safety potpourri; and driver behavior and safety. Individual papers from these sections of the proceedings are entered in the TRIS data base. KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178136 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366800 JO - Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law PB - Duke University Press AU - Robertson, L S AU - Duke University TI - PATTERNS OF TEENAGED DRIVER INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES: IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY CHOICE PY - 1981 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 303-314 AB - The failure (sometimes with harmful effects) of many current public policies to reduce fatal motor vehicle crashes of teenaged drivers points up the need to consider a broader range of policy options. This article examines data on 236,205 drivers in fatal crashes, including 19,470 who were less than eighteen years old, for patterns which might suggest or rule out particular options. Adults are seldom in the vehicle when drivers under eighteen crash, but requiring the presence of an adult might increase adult deaths rather than reduce teenage crashes. Identification of risk groups through crash and violation records cannot be very effective because drivers under eithteen in fatal crashes usually have no prior record. Legal precedent regarding minors and the pattern of fatal crash involvement by licensure status and time of day suggest that raising the age of licensure to eighteen or prohibiting driving from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m. by drivers under eighteen would reduce deaths substantially. Since only 52 percent of motorcyclists under eighteen had a valid motorcyclist license, increased enforcement of motorcyclist licensure laws has the potential to reduce motorcyclists' deaths even if present licensing ages are retained. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Motorcyclists KW - Policy KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366983 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Sturgis, S P AU - Osgood, D J AU - Human Factors Society TI - MEASURING THE QUALITY OF DRIVERS' NIGHT VISION PY - 1981 SP - p. 38-42 AB - The visual acuity of 30 male and female drivers aged 20-25, 40-45, and 60-65 years was examined under conditons of "high" background luminance, "low" background luminance, and "high" backgrond luminance with added glare. Results illustrate the characteristic decline in visual ability associated with increasing age and decreasing background luminance, and in addition show that strong correlations exist between scores achieved in the various background and glare conditions. Based on the data collected, it is estimated that the proportion of drivers who would fail a 20/40 visual acuity test at a "low" but representative background luminance ranges from less than 10% of the 20-25 year age group to more than 90% of the 60-65 year age group. It is recommended that a testing procedure be made available which would permit drivers to learn the extent of their potential nighttime seeing deficits, especially in the case of professional drivers who may be required to operate at night. KW - Age KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Brightness KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Glare KW - Luminous intensity KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Night vision KW - Professional drivers KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182337 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366777 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - WHY DRIVING RECORDS DO NOT REFLECT HOW WELL YOU DRIVE PY - 1981 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-5 AB - A countrywide survey, sponsored by the All-Industry Research Advisory Council (AIRAC), examined state motor vehicle records to determine the adequacy of these official records to provide information on a motorist's driving performance. It was found that these driving records contained on the average less than one-third of the auto accidents which had been reported to auto insurers. In general, accidents involving collision coverage cases appeared less frequently than those involving property damage liability coverage. This article discusses further the results of the AIRAC survey and enumerates the flaws found to exist in the current accident-reporting system. It was concluded that because complete and accurate driving records are so important (e.g., they are used for review and renewal of drivers' licenses, among other things), legislatures need to examine the reasons why the accident-reporting system is not up to par in their states. KW - Accident record systems KW - Crash records KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Personnel performance KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181340 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366979 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Taylor & Francis TI - SEATED ANTHROPOMETRY: THE PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN A LARGE SCALE SURVEY OF DISABLED AND ELDERLY PEOPLE PY - 1981 VL - 24 IS - 11 SP - p. 831-845 AB - This paper draws attention to a number of problems in the collection of anthropometric data for the design of easy chairs for disabled and elderly people. The solution of these problems is important if valid and reliable data on human body sizes are to be obtained from the elderly and disabled populations. These problems include gaining access to representative subjects in sufficient number, developing anthropometric equipment appropriate to the required measurements, training staff and calibrating their measurements to obtain estimates of within and between measurer variability so that appropriate chair specifications can be more readily defined. A description is given of approaches to these problems, and the solutions adopted, from an anthropometric survey carried out on elderly and disabled people by the Institute for Consumer Ergonomics. KW - Aged KW - Anthropometry KW - Design KW - Designing KW - Ergonomics KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181442 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366985 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - SUMMALA, H AU - Human Factors Society TI - LATENCIES IN VEHICLE STEERING: IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE DRIVERS RESPONSE LATENCIES AND ATTENTION UNOBTRUSIVELY ON THE ROAD PY - 1981 SP - p. 711-715 AB - This paper reviews results from a series of studies in which latencies in driver/vehicle steering responses were measured on the road, unobtrusively, and with representative samples of unsuspecting drivers. Based on the fact that an obstacle on the road shoulder induces an avoidance response, i.e., a lateral displacement towards the middle of the road, a stimulus event was introduced at various distances when a car was approaching so that the time available to drivers for an avoidance response was known. It was found, first, that the average steering response started at latencies greater than 1 s, reached the half-way point at 2.5 s and the maximum at 3-4 s, depending on the situation. Second, this method was applied in a project on the effects of a warning flasher on driver behavior in school zones. It was found that the flasher reduced the drivers' steering response latencies. This was supposedly the first time to measure drivers' attention unobtrusively. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Attention value KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response time KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Flashers KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Schools KW - Steering KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366986 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Fazio, C P AU - Cooksey, R W AU - Human Factors Society TI - A FEEDBACK DEVICE TO PROMOTE AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSERVATION PY - 1981 SP - p. 716-720 AB - This paper reports on the preliminary results of a research effort being performed for the Department of Energy to investigate and evaluate methods of providing feedback to automobile drivers during vehicle operation which will help to promote fuel conservation. Popular so called "trip computers" and other fuel conservation devices are evaluated in the laboratory and on the highway. System concepts are developed to provide visual and auditory feedback to the opertor utilizing appropriate locations for additional on-board displays. A variety of feedback devices are installed in a test vehicle for evaluation of user preference and the effectiveness of the device in promoting fuel conservation. KW - Automobiles KW - Computers KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Displays KW - Effectiveness KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Energy conservation KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Field tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information display systems KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366817 AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - FUEL ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES. ANNOUNCEMENT OF FUEL ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICE EVALUATION PY - 1981 SP - 97 p. AB - This document announces the conclusions of the EPA evaluation of the "Gastell" device under provisions of Section 511 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act. On November 11, 1979, the EPA received a request from Automotive Devices, Inc. for evaluation of a fuel saving device termed "Gastell." This Device is designed to provide the vehicle operator visual and audible indications of inefficient engine operating conditions so that the fuel-conscious drivers can modify their driving habits to obtain improved efficiency. An evaluation has been made and the results are described. KW - Automobiles KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367102 AU - Huelke, D F AU - O'Day, J AU - Brookings Institution TI - PASSIVE RESTRAINTS: A SCIENTISTS VIEW PY - 1981 SP - p. 21-35 AB - This report discusses the effectiveness of passive restraint systems. It points out that while a significant amount of laboratory testing on passive restraints has been done, there have not been enough real-world crashes of cars equipped with passive restraints to provide the information needed to adequately evaluate the various passive restraint designs. In conclusion it is stated that NHTSA and the automotive industry have both monitored crashes of cars currently using air bags, and plans are being made to use the National Accident Sampling System to continue this monitoring to obtain adequate data. KW - Air bags KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Effectiveness KW - Information organization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179253 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366982 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Zwahlen, H AU - Human Factors Society AU - Colloguium Vervoersplanologisch Speurwerk TI - DRIVER EYE SCANNING OF WARNING SIGNS ON RURAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1981 SP - p. 33-37 AB - Eye scanning recordings were made for two drivers on an eight mile section of a rural hilly two-lane highway. Data were collected in both directions (total 66 warning signs). Nighttime data (with low beams) was also collected for one of the drivers. An instrumented vehicle with a corneal reflection technique televison eye scanning recording system was used. Eye scanning behavior when approaching warning signs was analyzed for situations where there was no other traffic visible to the test driver. The results of this exploratory study suggest that: 1) drivers look practically at every warning sign, 2) drivers look on the average about 2.3 times at a warning sign, 3) the average first look distances for daytime and nighttime are about 450 ft (137m) or about 7 seconds away from the warning signs, 4) the first look distances expressed as percentages of the maximum warning sign sight distances appear to be slightly larger for the nighttime condition than for the daytime condition (nighttime average 83%, daytime average 65%), 5) the fixation durations for looking at the warning signs during nighttime are considerably longer than during daytime (daytime average 0.45 seconds, nightime average 0.75 seconds), and 6) different types of warning signs and warning sign arrangements appear to influence a driver's eye scanning behavior. KW - Days KW - Design KW - Distance KW - Drivers KW - Eye fixations KW - Night KW - Rural highways KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366989 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Koushki, P A AU - Human Factors Society TI - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS OF RURAL COLLEGE STUDENTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 731-735 AB - The extent of alcohol and drug abuse among rural college students is identified and its effect upon road traffic accidents is examined. Data were obtained from a sample population of rural college students enrolled in four small institutions. Approximately 600 randomly chosen students were interviewed and asked to fill in questionnaires, 459 of which were completed. Subjects consisted of 226 male and 233 female students. All of those sampled had experimented with alcohol and half of them had taken drugs. Although the effect of socio-economic characteristics upon alcohol and drug consumption proved to be negligible, more frequent users came from lower income facilies. Nearly 3/4 of the sample observations reported "sometimes" driving after drinking and/or taking drugs. Close to 1/2 of the total sample had experienced at least one road traffic accident, 4/10 and 1/10 of which were alcohol and drug-related, respectively. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing KW - Questionnaires KW - Rural areas KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Students KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366798 JO - Journal of Drug Education PB - Baywood Publishing Company AU - Nusbaumer, M R AU - Zusman, M E AU - Baywood Publishing Company Incorporated TI - AUTOS, ALCOHOL, AND ADOLESCENCE: FORGOTTEN CONCERNS AND OVERLOOKED LINKAGES PY - 1981 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 167-178 AB - Research, education and prevention efforts dealing with adolescent alcohol use and traffic safety have been focused almost exclusively upon the phenomenon of drinking and driving. Such focus has unfortunately led to a general disregard of other equally important behaviors related to alcohol and automobile use. Of particular concern in this paper is the existence of a group of adolescents who ride with a drinking driver but do not drink and drive themselves. In an attempt to socially locate and better understand this segment of the population, we compare this group to those who both drink and drive and ride with a drinking driver, and those who do neither. Specific attention is given to selected socio-demographic characteristics and alcohol related attitudes and behaviors as group discriminating factors. In addition, the findings suggest that the practice of riding with a drinking driver may be causally linked to the eventual practice of drinking and driving. KW - Adolescents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Influence factors KW - Passengers KW - Social factors KW - Telephone influence factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367116 AU - International Organization for Standardization TI - ROAD VEHICLES-MOTOR VEHICLES-FLASHER UNITS PY - 1981 SP - 7 p. AB - This International Standard defines the electrical characteristics with which flasher units for motor vehicles shall comply when submitted for acceptance. It applies to flashers intended for use on motor vehicles with 12V or 24V systems which may or may not be equipped for a towed vehicle. It can be applied to motorcycles. Compliance tests are set forth, along with number of samples to be tested and the sequence of the individual tests. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Electrical equipment KW - Flashers KW - International KW - International standards KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Standards KW - Voltage KW - Voltage measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178265 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366984 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Wasielewski, P AU - von Buseck, C R AU - Human Factors Society TI - COMPULSORY SEAT BELT USAGE AND DRIVER RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR PY - 1981 SP - p. 183-187 AB - The danger compensation principle contends that the use of certain vehicle safety features such as seat belts may induce drivers to take greater risks. To test for this hypothesized effect, observational data on seat belt usage and driver risk taking were collected on 4812 drivers in Ontario, Canada, where seat belt usage is required by law. These data were compared with the results of a similar study conducted in Michigan, which has no usage law. The measure of driver risk taking in both studies was the time duration of following headway maintained by seat belt users and nonusers in high flow freeway traffic. Seat belts were worn by 51% of the Ontario drivers and by 14% of the drivers in Michigan. The Ontario usage rate before the law took effect was similar to the rate observed in the Michigan study. The results of both studies taken together are incompatible with the danger compensation principle. In the two jurisdictions a smaller percentage of users than nonusers drove at close, risky headways of less than one second, and these differences were of the same general magnitude. In the Michigan study it was concluded that voluntary usage is associated with the avoidance of risk. Likewise, in the Ontario study mandatory usage, rather than producing a tendency for increased risk taking as suggested by the danger compensation principle, was also associated with the avoidance of risk. Since the results provide no evidence for a danger compensation effect in car following behavior, it was concluded that this study presents no evidence that the safety benefits of seat belts would be diminished or neutralized by greater driver risk taking. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Hazards KW - Headways KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182338 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366987 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Haller, R AU - Bouis, D AU - HEINTZ, F AU - Human Factors Society TI - MORE DRIVING SAFETY WITH A BETTER DESIGNED TRIP COMPUTER KEYBOARD PY - 1981 SP - p. 721-725 AB - The need for more economic driving and the new possibilities of electronic equipment in cars lead to additional display and control devices for the driver. Such systems contain potential safety risks, if they are not designed with special emphasis on ergonomic requirements. Several keyboard concepts for an information center (trip computer) were compared experimentally. By measuring operating time, eye fixation time to keyboard and display etc. it was discovered, that a so called sequence keyboard with one key corresponding to each display digit or column has several advantages compared with a 10-key telephone keyboard. Especially the fixation time to each keyboard as a measure of the potential safety risk differed by 0.5 to 1.0 second. The longer operating time for the sequence keyboard compared with the telephone keyboard does not impair traffic safety because the sequence keyboard mostly was actuated without fixation and in accordance with the traffic situation the input sequence was interrupted. KW - Automobiles KW - Computers KW - Displays KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Ergonomics KW - Eye fixations KW - Information display systems KW - Onboard KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366813 JO - Psychopharmacology PB - Springer Publishing Company AU - De Gier, J J AU - 't Hart, B J AU - NELEMANS, F A AU - BERGMAN, H AU - Springer Verlag TI - PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AND REAL DRIVING PERFORMANCE OF OUTPATIENTS RECEIVING DIAZEPAM PY - 1981 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - p. 340-344 AB - The primary aim of this study was to compare task performance in a laboratory test and real driving performance of outpatients receiving diazepam medication with those of control subjects. Plasma and saliva samples were taken to investigate a level-response relationship. Real driving performance was measured by trained observers. The design of the laboratory test was based on a vigilance task (high attention) directly followed by a simple eye-hand coordination task (low attention). Twenty-two males participated in the study. Diazepam was given orally by prescription, mostly as a maintenance dose of 5 mg three times a day. Patients receiving diazepam showed impaired performance in the driving test and the low-attention task. Furthermore, the results indicate no relationship between plasma or saliva levels of diazepam and/or its metabolite N-desmethyldiazepam and real driving performance and/or laboratory task performance. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366526 AU - Bryant, A H AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON CREEP AND SHRINKAGE PY - 1981 SP - 30 p. AB - Experimental results for creep and shrinkage of a typical bridge building concrete are presented for specimens kept inside a laboratory and on top of, inside, and underneath a concrete box girder bridge. The environment is shown to have considerable effect on creep and shrinkage but it is concluded that location at the bridge was relatively unimportant. Code predictions of creep and shrinkage were close to experimental values provided that a suitable value of relative humidity was chosen. KW - Box girders KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Creep tests KW - Environmental impacts KW - Measurement KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177722 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366517 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Huettich, R C AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACCIDENTS PY - 1981 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 61-64 AB - This article examines the different features of accidents which are investigated. It includes all types of accidents, such as labor accidents, transit accidents, and home accidents. In the section on transit accidents, the following aspects are considered to be the most usual aspects investigated: absolute number of accidents; relative numbers--several rates are used (period under study, generally a year, is compared with others; types--the ones considering the total accidents and the ones considering the total casualties); total of registered vehicles; license holder drivers; estimate about the mileage fared; total number of deceases; number of disabling injuries; costs; gravity and frequency trend. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Epidemiology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181173 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00362397 AU - Almqvist and Wiksell International TI - ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY VOLUME III PY - 1981 SP - p. 881-1489 AB - These proceedings present a review of current knowledge, an assessment of the state of the art, and a discussion of new findings in the area of alcohol, drugs and traffic safety. The contributions to these proceedings cover a wide field ranging from epidemiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, prevention and rehabilitation, to economy and insurance, practical police work and problems specific to underdeveloped countries. The proceedings are divided into three Volumes. This Volume, Volume III, contains the papers from Section 3, Pharmacological, physiological and psychological aspects relevant to driving impairment and Section 4, Control, prevention, education, rehabilitation, information and insurance, and the summaries and closing remarks of the Closing Session. U1 - Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety.Stockholm,Sweden StartDate:19800615 EndDate:19800619 KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Insurance KW - Pharmacology KW - Physiological aspects KW - Prevention KW - Psychological aspects KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181098 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00362069 AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-FIFTH CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PY - 1981 SP - 483 p. AB - This volume contains 38 papers prepared for the American Association for Automotive Medicine Proceedings, October 1-3, 1981, San Francisco, California. The papers cover the following areas: Keynote address; Motor vehicle and road-related trauma: causes and consequences; Crash investigation, reconstruction and analysis--field data; Alcohol and other drug-impaired drivers--field data; Medically-impaired drivers; Two-wheeled motor vehicles; Injury scaling; Child passenger safety; The roadway; The National Accident Sampling System (NASS); Signaling devices and driver reaction; Driver education; Mathematical modeling; and Medical and social aspects of road-related trauma. U1 - 25th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineSan Francisco,California,United States StartDate:19811001 EndDate:19811003 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Reaction time KW - Signaling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180898 ER - TY - SER AN - 00362058 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SPEED ENFORCEMENT, VISIBILITY, AND EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL MEASURES ON DRIVERS SN - 0309032520 PY - 1981 IS - 811 SP - 41 p AB - This record contains 10 papers: (1) Effectiveness of School Speed Zones And Their Enforcement; P.T. McCoy, A.K. Mohaddes, and R.J. Haden; (2) Visibility of Circular Traffic-Signal Indications, G.F. King; (3) Standardization Of Light Signals For Road Traffic Control (Abridgment); D.A. Schreuder; (4) Construction-Zone Delineation (Abridgment); T.D. Davis; (5) Potential Adverse Impacts of Reflective Solar Spot Glare On Motorists: Seattle's Experience (Abridgment); D.K. Erickson; (6) Effects Of Turning Off Selected Roadway Lighting As An Energy Conservation Measure; S.H. Richards; (7) Operational Field Study Of Urban Freeway Guide Signing In Dallas (Abridgment); R.W. McNees and C.J. Messer; (8) Driver Knowledge Of Grade-Crossing Information; J.E. Tidwell, Jr. and J.B. Humphreys; (9) Characteristics of Urban Freeway Guide Signing In Selected Cities (Abridgment); C.J. Messer and R.W. McNees; and (10) Traffic Control And Geometrics For Weigh-In-Motion Enforcement Stations; C.E. Lee and R.B. Machemehl. KW - Construction sites KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Energy conservation KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Glare KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Knowledge KW - Reflectivity KW - School crossing protection KW - School crossings KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Standardization KW - Street lighting KW - Sun glare KW - Sunlight KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362389 AU - National Committee on Uniform Traf Laws & Ordinanc TI - A SUMMARY OF PROGRESS TOWARD UNIFORM TRAFFIC LAWS DURING THE 1970S--WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IN THE 1980S PY - 1981 SP - 8 p. AB - A table is presented showing how the total scores for state traffic laws based upon the degree of conformity with the Uniform Vehicle Code have changed between January 1, 1969 and December 31, 1979. The table reveals that progress toward uniformity was excellent in 5 states, good in 6 states, fair in 10 states, somewhat marginal in 8 states, and poor in 21 states. This Table and the next excludes Hawaii and includes the District of Columbia. A second table is presented showing how the number of substantial differences between state traffic laws and the Uniform Vehicle Code has changed between January 1, 1969 and December 31, 1979. This table reveals that all states reduced the number of substantial differences except for seven which showed an increase. Finally, a list is presented of the 13 states that have five or more rules which differ substantially from the Uniform Vehicle Code as of January 1, 1980 and the 17 states whose traffic laws rate less than 500 on the first table described above. A comparison here shows 11 states where any effort to improve traffic laws should be concentrated in the 1980s. KW - Conformity KW - Differences KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366512 AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF DISABLED PERSONS 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 250 p. AB - This publication contains the proceedings of an International Conference on the adaption of the physical environment for the full participation of the disabled. Held on May 5-7, 1981 in Gothenburg, Sweden, the conference was arranged by the International Federation of Pedestrians in cooperation with the Swedish Trade Fair Foundation and the Central Committee on National Associations of the Handicapped in Sweden. The proceedings consist of a list of resolutions accepted by the delegates at the conclusion session on May 7, 1981, opening remarks and greetings, papers presented, comments on a film shown during the conference, and received papers. The papers cover these areas: medical and social aspects, disability policies and measures to adapt the physical environment, transportation service arrangements, and physical adaptations for the visually disabled. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Blindness KW - Conferences KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Environment KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Physical disabilities KW - Policy KW - Social factors KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362064 AU - Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1982 PY - 1981 SP - 168 p. AB - This book is a presentation of statistics based on the large material deriving from the periodic vehicle inspection. The presentation mainly takes the form of relative observation frequencies--percentages--for different main systems and subsystems and for different kinds of vehicles. High observation frequencies indicate "weak points" in vehicles in general as well as in particular kinds of vehicles and vehicle makes/types. Obviously, this review of observation frequencies can not be used as a basis for a complete assessment of the quality and durability of different cars, nor can it be used for an analysis of all their advantages and disadvantages. However, as far as defects with an influence on the traffic safety are concerned, the review draws the attention to components that should be watched. This year report has principally the same structure as last year's. The introduction deals with the different systems of the vehicle and figures are presented in order to describe the development since the 1960s. The special review of passenger cars includes the year models 1979, 1976, 1974 and 1972. KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Defects KW - Statistics KW - Subsystems KW - Vehicle systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362365 AU - GILLIS, J AU - Baer, I AU - Tilden Press TI - THE CAR BOOK PY - 1981 SP - 80 p. AB - This book provides consumer information on 1982 model domestic and imported cars. The first section, referred to as a "Purchasing Guide", provides an overall comparison of cars in terms of safety, fuel economy, maintenance, and insurance costs. The following chapters cover individual topics, among which are: safety with information on crash test results, child safety seats and safety belts; fuel economy; maintenance costs with information on service contracts and special tips for dealing with a mechanic; warranties; insurance costs; tires with data on fuel economy and expected mileage; a used car purchasing guide with information on safety defects and recalls for 1977-1981; and a "complaint" chapter with advice on how to resolve complaints and who to contact. A Shopping Guide or Checklist is provided for the purchaser to use when taking notes on the cars he is interested in comparing. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manual safety belts KW - Purchasing KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Used vehicle industry KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362395 AU - Almqvist and Wiksell International TI - ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY VOLUME I PY - 1981 SP - 427 p. AB - These proceedings present a review of current knowledge, an assessment of the state of the art, and a discussion of new findings in the area of alcohol, drugs and traffic safety. The contributions to these proceedings cover a wide field ranging from epidemiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, prevention and rehabilitation, to economy and insurance, pratical police work and problems specific to underdeveloped countries. The proceedings are divided into three Volumes. This Volume, Volume I, contains the opening remarks of the Inaugural Session and the papers presented in Section 1, the epidemiology of alcohol and drugs related to traffic. Volume I also contains the proceedings of a Seminar on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety in Developing Countries which was held as an integral part of the conference. A list of films shown during the conference concludes Volume I. KW - Alcoholism KW - Conferences KW - Developing countries KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366522 AU - Department for Transport, England TI - TRANSPORT STATISTICS GREAT BRITAIN 1970-1980 PY - 1981 SP - 140 p. AB - Contents : (1) Transport: An Overall View; (2) Road; (3) Rail; (4) Pipelines; (5) Water Transport; (6) Air Transport; and (7) International Comparisons. KW - Air transportation KW - British Rail KW - Crashes KW - Energy KW - Expenditures KW - Freight transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - London Transport KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger transportation KW - Pipelines KW - Pollution KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Statistics KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366513 AU - World Health Organization TI - THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS ON DRIVING PY - 1981 SP - 30 p. AB - This report contains a summation and recommendations from a study of the problem of alcohol and medical drugs as major risk factors in traffic accidents. The study was conducted by a Technical Group convened by the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Europe in collaboration with the Government of the Principality of Monaco. The following topics are examined: Drugs with a known effect on driving; Prospective studies on behavior indicators, classes of psychotropic substances and drugs interacting with alcohol to affect driving; Biological and analytical studies; Epidemiology; Monitoring the effect of legislation; and Psychosocial factors in the consumption of alcohol and medical and illicit drugs. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Epidemiology KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Psychological aspects KW - Risk assessment KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362388 AU - Kearney, E F AU - National Committee on Uniform Traf Laws & Ordinanc TI - BICYCLING AND THE LAW PY - 1981 SP - 11 p. AB - This article presents an overview of state, county and city laws related to bicycling. Bicyclists are urged to obtain copies of their particular state vehicle codes related to bicycling and to determine the local bicycle ordinances adopted by the city or county where they live or will be riding. The discussion covers the following areas: driver licensing; registration; rules of the road; motorists' duties toward cyclists; equipment requirements; accidents; and liability and insurance. KW - Bicycles KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Driver licensing KW - Insurance KW - Laws KW - Liability KW - Registrations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176977 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362071 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Paley, M G AU - National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROBLEM-DRINKING DRIVER PROGRAM PY - 1981 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 55-57 AB - The Straub Hall Alcoholism Rehabilitation Unit, Pilgrim Psychiatric Center, Brentwood, New York designed an outpatient problem-drinking driver program (PDDP) to identify and treat the beginning problem drinker and the alcoholic whose DWI or DWAI conviction showed a sustained or chronic behavior problem. This article describes the development of the PDDP from the initial step of client evaluation through the drawing up of a treatment plan contract to the final step of ascertaining the clients' reaction to PDDP. The staff training component of such a program is also briefly discussed, and preliminary findings are reported. The results of the PDDP and findings reported by others confirm the effectiveness of early intervention in the treatment of problem drinking and alcoholism. Also, treatment seems to be especially effective when there is a leverage mechanism to involve and maintain clients in treatment. KW - Alcoholism KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rehabilitation KW - Suspensions KW - Training KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180900 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366508 JO - The Bottom Line PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE ADVERTISING PY - 1981 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 2-17 AB - This article reviews a landmark study on the impact of alcoholic beverage advertising. The study was commissioned by the federal government in 1978 when it became apparent that there was a need for objective data to shed light on this controversial issue. Principal researchers for the $96,000 project were Dr. Martin Block, Chairman of the Department of Advertising at Michigan State University, and Dr. Charles Atkin, Professor of Communications at Michigan State University. The project was completed in December 1979, but remained buried in the federal bureaucracy for nearly two years. The report is now available through the NTIS (PB82-123142). The principal findings as reviewed in this article cover these areas: alcohol advertising distribution and exposure; brand awareness and alcohol knowledge; images of drinkers; attitudes toward drinking; brand preferences; youth drinking; adult drinking; heavy or excessive drinking; drinking and hazardous activities; and responses to selected advertising appeals. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Influence factors KW - Telephone influence factors KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181168 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366518 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - ALDMAN, B AU - Cacciola, I AU - Gustafsson, H AU - Nygren, A AU - Wersall, J AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING WORN BY MOTORCYCLISTS PY - 1981 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 57-58 AB - This article examines the use of different kinds of leather clothing and the protective effect it has for motorcyclists. Data were obtained by a questionnaire survey in which 131 motorcycle drivers responded out of 174 involved in an accident where injuries were sustained. Results indicate that leather clothing protects motorcycle drivers from soft tissue damage. Statistically significant results were obtained for leather trousers and gloves. The need is seen for further study to improve the protective effect of jackets and boots and to develop new shock absorbing materials for shoulders, elbows and wrists. KW - Clothing KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Leather KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181174 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00362396 AU - Almqvist and Wiksell International TI - ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY VOLUME II PY - 1981 SP - p. 433-876 AB - These proceedings present a review of current knowledge, an assessment of the state of the art, and a discussion of new findings in the area of alcohol, drugs and traffic safety. The contributions to these proceedings cover a wide field ranging from epidemiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, prevention and rehabilitation, to economy and insurance, practical police work and problems specific to underdeveloped countries. The proceedings are divided into three Volumes. This Volume, Volume II, contains the papers from Section 2, Analytical Aspects, and the proceedings of the Police Seminar which was held as an integral part of the conference. U1 - Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety.Stockholm,Sweden StartDate:19800615 EndDate:19800619 KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Chemical analysis KW - Conferences KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362062 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE DATA 1981 EDITION PY - 1981 SP - 344 p. AB - This statistical compilation of international motor vehicle data through 1980 includes production totals by manufacturers as well as by country. Since it is necessary to use different data sources from year to year, there are occasional differences in the number reported for various classes of vehicles for some countries. This is due to the lack of uniformity of definitions for certain vehicles. In such cases, car, truck and bus data vary from one source to another and, accordingly, in the year to year data reported. Although special efforts have been made to segregate vehicle assembly data from production data, the world totals for production may include some duplication since it is not possible for all countries to identify assemblies from production. The data in this report were supplied by foreign government agencies, trade associations, private services and the press. It should be noted that the basis on which the data are reported will vary. For example, vehicle output may be measured in terms of production, shipments, or factory sales. New vehicles sold may be measured in terms of retail sales or new registrations. Imports and exports are subject to problems of compilation and definition. As a result, data accuracies vary and international comparisons are, of course, affected by these discrepancies. KW - Assemblies KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data KW - Diesel trucks KW - Earth KW - Exports KW - Forecasting KW - Imports KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Retired from circulation KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366527 AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - INSURANCE FACTS. 1981-82 EDITION PY - 1981 SP - 84 p. AB - This yearbook is intended to provide some basic facts relating to the property and liability insurance business for editors, writers, speakers, teachers, students, insurance people and others. Insurance Facts is published annually by the Insurance Information Institute, an educational, fact-finding and communications organization for the property and liability insurance business. The Institute is supported by more than 200 insurance companies, both stock and mutual, and also provides public relations services to other organizations in the fields of property, liability, fidelity, surety and marine insurance. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Legislation KW - Loss and damage claims KW - No fault insurance KW - Statistics KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366521 AU - Department for Transport, England TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS GREAT BRITAIN 1980 PY - 1981 SP - 39 p. AB - Contents: (1) List of Tables; (2) Notes and Definitions; (3) Index of Review Topics 1968-1980; (4) Review of Road Traffic Accidents in 1980; (5) Calendar of Measures affecting Road Traffic and Safety; (6) Index to Tables; and (7) Charts. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366523 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1981 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1981 SP - 46 p. AB - The contents of this publication are: (1) The Motorcycle Market; (2) Manufacturers and Distributors; (3) The Retail Marketplace; (4) Motorcycle Usage; and (5) The Motorcycle Owner. KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361609 AU - ATTWOOD, D A AU - SCOTT, P L AU - Transport Canada TI - THE ON-LINE USE OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES TO PREDICT DRIVING FATIGUE PY - 1981 SP - 12 p. AB - The experiment reported herein examined the use of driving performance measures to predict whether a driver was suffering from sleep-loss and/or excessive driving time. The experiment was conducted on a closed 7.2 km oval track. Each subject driver drove around the track at about 80 kph for three hours on the first test day. For the next 21 hours, each driver remained awake and, at regular selected intervals, performed a battery of behavioural tests. On day two, 24 hours after beginning the first driving period, each subject began to drive for a second 3-hour period. The data from each driving period in the first 27-hour session were analyzed to determine which set of performance variables best discriminated between the performance from each 3-hour driving period. The resulting variables were then programmed into a micro-computer located on-board the test vehicle. Two weeks later, each subject returned to repeat the original 27-hour schedule. During this session, however, the performance of each subject was monitored on-line by the on-board computer. If their performance deteriorated below the criterion established from the data originally collected, the computer, through a D/A link, attempted to alert each driver. Results suggest that the multivariate criteria are able to discriminate between performance from the second 3-hour drive and that from the first at better than chance levels. The results are discussed in terms of an alertness indicator for highway vehicles. KW - Computers KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Forecasting KW - Microcomputers KW - Monitoring KW - On line computers KW - Personnel performance KW - Sleep KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349885 AU - Lawson, J J AU - WELBOURNE, E R AU - Department of Transport, Canada TI - PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS: THE CASE OF AUTOMATIC OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1981 SP - 32 p. AB - A major component of government policy to improve road safety in Canada is the regulation of new motor vehicle performance under the federal Motor Vehicle Safety Act. This paper will describe the process of evaluation necessary to identify the effectiveness of proposed regulations, and will illustrate the state of the art in Canada by examining the case of a proposed regulation to require automatic restraint devices for occupants of passenger automobiles. This particular regulation has been proposed by the U.S. government for some years, and is interesting for the possible magnitude of its impact and for the problems its evaluation has posed. Only the requirements of "effectiveness evaluation" (determining the effectiveness in improving safety) will be considered, ignoring the additional requirements of economic evaluation. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349881 AU - Brink, G van den AU - Gier, J J AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - SOBERING REMEDIES PY - 1981 SP - 36 p. AB - The effects of ethanol can be counteracted essentially in three ways: (1) By making the stomach empty more slowly. This retards the absorption of ethanol by the blood and the blood-ethanol concentrations are not as high. Consequently, the ethanol effect on the central nervous system will also be lessened. All kinds of food, especially carbohydrates, prove effective in this respect. (2) By directly influencing ethanol's effect without lowering blood-ethanol concentrations. Levodopa and, to a still lesser degree, ephedrine and aminophylline, may have some direct influence on ethanol's central effects. The frequent side-effects, especially nausea and vomiting, however, make these unsuitable as sobering remedies. (3) By promoting ethanol breakdown. Large doses of fructose administered intravenously are effective in this respect. Fructose is not usable, however, because of the mode of administration, the large amounts needed, and the potentially dangerous biochemical modifications. In conclusion, it appears that the best way of counteracting the influence of ethanol is to slow down absorption by means of a sugar-containing beverage or a substantial meal. KW - Absorption KW - Biochemistry KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Carbohydrates KW - Ethanol KW - Food KW - Physiological aspects KW - Remedies KW - Sugar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175824 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361483 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Nakajima, M AU - SUENAGA, K AU - SUZUMURA, A AU - Inami, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE REAR LIGHTS AND VISUAL REACTION. THE PROCESS OF CLOSE-UP PHENOMENON BETWEEN VEHICLES PY - 1981 VL - 5 SP - p. 39-48 AB - Following the last report entitled "The Close-up Phenomenon of Distance between Vehicles at Night," this report will present the results of analytical research concerning the close-up phenomenon process. It is thought that this phenomenon involves complicated interactions among human beings, machines, and the environment. Based on this presumption, this research was conducted concerning the relationship between physical environmental stimulus and physiological visual function, aiming at defining the process of the close-up phenomenon by means of bench tests and application of the test results to actual traffic situations. At the same time a trial was made to compensate for a deficiency in the relation between man and environment through mechanical improvement. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Physiological aspects KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362005 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES JULY 1, 1981 - SEPTEMBER 30, 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 11 p. AB - This document contains defect recall campaign analysis by manufacturers, both domestic and foreign, for motor vehicles, motor vehicle equipment and tires. KW - Automobiles KW - Equipment KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176670 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361944 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY: ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS, ACCIDENT RATES, AND BICYCLE PROGRAMS SN - 0309032245 PY - 1981 IS - 808 SP - 86p AB - This record contains 26 papers: Highway Safety: An Agenda For Action; H.E. Strate; Interstate Safety Improvement Program; J.G. Pigman, K.R. Agent, C.V. Zegeer; Review Of FHWA's Evaluation Of Highway Safety Projects; G.A. Fleischer; Optimal Allocation Of Funds For Highway Safety Improvement Projects; K.C. Sinha, T. Kaji, C.C. Liu; Driver Compliance With Stop-Sign Control At Low-Volume Intersections; J.M. Mounce; Driver Response To A Highway Advisory Radio System In New Braunfels, Texas (Abridgment); J.C. Dabney, C.L. Dudek; Motorists' Needs For Information On Services; G.F. King; Comparison Of Truck And Passenger-Car Accident Rates On Limited-Access Facilities; W.S. Myers; Relationship Of Accident Frequency To Travel Exposure; W. Borg, B. Kuffner; Bicycle As A Collector Mode For Commuter Rail Trips; W. Feldman; Public Policy And Decision-Analysis Methods: Development Of The National Comprehensive Bicycle Program; C.W. Ryan, R.S. Schermerhorn; Bicycle Task Analysis: Development And Implications; M. Wirth, E. Cone, K. Moran; and Engine Tune-Ups And Passenger Car Fuel Consumption (Abridgment); P.J. Claffey. U1 - 60th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19810112 EndDate:19810116 KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Bicycles KW - Crash rates KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Engine tune-up KW - Engine tuning KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Low volume roads KW - Radio KW - Safety KW - Stop signs KW - Trucks UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1981/808/808.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361773 AU - Burgess, J M AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - TRIP GENERATION OF VEHICLE-INTENSIVE COMMERCIAL LAND-USES. VOLUME 1 SUMMARY PY - 1981 SP - 28 p. AB - This Bulletin reports the methodology and results of a detailed investigation of vehicle trip patterns and parking needs of three vehicle-intensive land-uses, namely wholesale liquor stores, fast-food stores and service stations. The poor relationship between trip rates and the number of employees or the floor area is discussed and the extension of the study, to incorporate various other factors (eg, catchment population, amount of passing traffic) related to the location of the land-use, is described. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Businesses KW - Commercial buildings KW - Fast food restaurants KW - Land use KW - Parking demand KW - Service stations KW - Trip generation KW - Vehicle intensive UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361933 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN ACCIDENT FACTS 1980 PY - 1981 SP - 32 p. AB - This report contains 26 tables: (1) 1980 Facts and Figures; (2) Economic Loss; (3) Reporting Agency; (4) 10 Year Summaries; (5) Accidents by Highway Class-Rural; (6) Accidents by Month; (7) Fatal Accidents By Month; (8) Types of Motor Vehicle Accidents; (9) Blood Alcohol Content of Driver Fatalities; (10) Accidents By Highway System and County; (11) Accidents by County and Severity; (12) Holiday Fatal Accidents and Fatal Accidents By Month; (13) Environmental Conditions; (14) Types of Motor Vehicles; (15) Time of Occurrence; (16) Age of Drivers; (17) All Drinking Drivers and Pedestrians; (18) Drinking Drivers and Pedestrians (Ability Impaired); (19) Possible Contributing Circumstances; (20) Motorcycle Accidents; (21) Motorcycle Graph; (22) Persons Killed and Injured by Age and Type of Accident; (23) Persons Killed and Injured; (24) Persons Killed and Injured by Age-Type of Person and Sex; (25) Economic Loss by Severity-Urban by Population; and (26) Graph on Speed Citations and Possible Contributing Circumstances of Speed. KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrians KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176637 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361500 JO - NATB Journal PB - National Automobile Theft Bureau AU - National Automobile Theft Bureau TI - MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1981 INTRODUCED PY - 1981 SP - p. 1 AB - This article summarizes the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1981 (HR4325), sponsored by Representative S. William Green (R-NY) and others. The act provides for the identification of new motor vehicles, trucks, motorcycles, their parts, and their components. The alteration of such identification and other activities related to such identified units, would become federal crimes, as would the export of any stolen self-propelled vehicle, knowing that its identification number has been tampered with. The bill would create Task Forces to report on the theft of off-highway mobile equipment (farm and construction equipment) and to report on state motor vehicle titling programs. Rep. Green indicates that law enforcement, the insurance industry, and consumers agree that this act would serve to create standards which would provide law enforcement agencies with the tools needed to help battle theft on an interstate and international level. KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Identifying number KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motorcycles KW - Parts KW - Protection KW - Theft KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361908 AU - Fancher, P S AU - NISONGER, R L AU - Winkler, C B AU - Guo, K AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - ANALYTICAL COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE TRANSIENT DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE OF AUTOMOBILES PY - 1981 SP - 14 p. AB - This paper addresses the interpretation of data obtained from transient response tests currently used to evaluate the response to steering of highway vehicles. For the random input test, calculated results from a computerized model of a passenger car are used to demonstrate that (1) coulomb friction in the steering system tends to reduce the values of yaw rate and lateral acceleration coherence functions at frequencies less than 0.5 Hz and (2) the sideslip angle "transfer function" has interesting properties related to the amplitude of the steering input. Two phase planes, called the "angle plane" and "curvature plane," present results for step/ramp and sinusoidal input tests. The angle plan provides information concerning the slip angles occurring at the vehicle's front and rear tires. The curvature plan displays both the curvature of the path of the vehicle's center of gravity and the reciprocal of the distance from the center of gravity to the instantaneous center of rotation. Curvature plane results are used to provide a detailed summary of the response information fed back to a driver during an obstacle-avoidance maneuver. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361589 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PY - 1981 SP - 9 p. AB - On December 24, 1980, at 11:13 a.m. P.S.T, on Interstate 5, milepost 5, Kern County 950, 10 miles north of Lebec, California, a truck-tractor semitrailer, operated by Agate Elevator Agricultural Livestock Cooperative Association and traveling northbound at a speed estimated to be 120 m.p.h. on a 6 percent downgrade, overturned and struck the left rear of a station wagon, then slid on its side into the rear of a Roadway Express (Akron, Ohio) truck. There was no fire but the accident resulted in two fatalities, four injuries and $250,000 of property damage. The probable cause of this accident was excessive speed, deficient brakes, tractor brakes out of adjustment, trailer brakes inoperative, and ruptured diaphragm. KW - Brakes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Fatalities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Maintenance KW - Motor carriers KW - Overturning KW - Skids KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361758 AU - ATTWOOD, D A AU - McBurney, L J AU - Bobbie, B A AU - Clowes, M A AU - Transport Canada TI - TIME-COURSE EFFECTS OF MODERATE LEVELS OF CANNABIS ON HUMAN PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE PY - 1981 SP - 14 p. AB - This experiment examined the ability of ten male subjects, aged 18-30, to perform a psychomotor task at eight selected intervals over a 22-hour period after smoking up to two marihuana cigarettes. Data were obtained, using an on-line computer system, on each subject's ability to perform the critical tracking task, which is a compensatory tracking task with unstable error dynamics. The target drug dose was a maximum of 150 micrograms tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) per kilogram body weight, which is considered to be a moderately high social dose at the rate that the THC was ingested. Subject performance was examined at times 30 and 45 minutes, and 1,2,3,4,5 and 22 hours after smoking. Analyses of the data suggest that psychomotor performance is affected long after the plasma level of delta-9-THC, the active ingredient in marihuana, has fallen. The results suggest, therefore, that performance is a function of some combination of the parent THC compound and its major metabolites. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349882 JO - SAFE Journal PB - SAFE Association AU - Fambro, D B AU - SAFE Association TI - SAFETY BENEFITS OF PAVED SHOULDERS ON RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS PY - 1981 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-25 AB - The safety benefits of paved shoulders on rural two-lane highways have been the subject of much controversy and considerable debate; however, recent studies have been in general agreement. Paved shoulders are an effective means of preventing accidents. Relationships between shoulder width and accident experience are examined. Optimum shoulder widths for two operating speeds and a range of traffic volumes are presented. Shoulder widening projects were found to be cost-effective on high volume and high-accident highway sections. Paved shoulders provide positive safety benefits to the motoring public. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement widening KW - Prevention KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Widening KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361762 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - HORIUCHI, K AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - SOME PROBLEMS ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS PY - 1981 VL - 5 SP - p. 60-69 AB - In order to consider countermeasures to prevent accidents through the elucidation of accidents, causes, I had the opportunity to investigate and to analyse accidents as a member of Study Group on Traffic Safety in Hokkaido. But it is not an easy task to grasp the actual state of accidents and to reenact them. Actual accident investigations are conducted by police detection and their reports. The investigations are very effectively and thoroughly conducted. This article refers to those investigation methods from an automobile engineering perspective, taking into consideration the re-enactment of accidents. To word this a little differently, discrepancies are apt to give rise between the parties as to when they perceive the danger, and their reported speeds and positions at the time of impact. I will explain here their background by taking some examples. KW - Case studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180701 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361481 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Miyakawa, H AU - Ikeda, Y AU - Kobayashi, M AU - Noguchi, K AU - OZAKI, K AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ON-SIGHT STUDY OF GUIDE SIGNS EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1981 VL - 5 SP - p. 16-26 AB - There are precedents for the studies of road signs in terms of their visuality, color and design. There are, however, few precedents for actual study of guide sign effectiveness as route guides. Therefore in this project actual running tests were carried out and also surveys of existing on-sight road sign and recognition psychology, and analysis of road sign benefits conferred on drivers were carried out. Through those surveys several points concerning guide signs have been brought out from the viewpoint of drivers. At the same time several improvement measures for guide signs have been proposed, such as the use of commonly recognized names of streets and systematization by sign of traffic information. KW - Effectiveness KW - Field studies KW - Guide signs KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Route guidance KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180533 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361482 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Tsujimura, A AU - Nagayama, Y AU - Takizawa, K AU - Suzuki, H AU - MORITA, T AU - Nakai, M AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - REGIONAL CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DRIVING BEHAVIOR--INDEXING OF SOCIAL SPEED PY - 1981 VL - 5 SP - p. 27-38 AB - The main purpose of this paper is to report the survey results concerning people's speed consciousness. The survey was conducted primarily aiming at obtaining data on people's speed consciousness which cannot be obtained from observational data or government-issued statistics. Furthermore this survey was conducted with the purpose of finding a clue to a hypothesis that there is a relationship between increasing trends in social speed and in the number of psychoneurotics, by investigating when and to what extent people tend to be irritable. The survey results affirmed the hypothesis. KW - Behavior KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180534 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361325 JO - NATB Journal PB - National Automobile Theft Bureau AU - National Automobile Theft Bureau TI - GILLILAND OFFERS SEVEN SUGGESTIONS TO REDUCE THEFT PY - 1981 SP - p. 1 AB - This is an excerpt of an address made by National Automobile Theft Bureau President P. W. Gilliland at the Auto Theft Investigators 29th Annual Seminar in Houston. It describes the following topics as areas for action: salvage control, false police reports, insurance fraud laws, immunity statutes to allow insurance companies to cooperate more freely with law enforcement authorities, restitution legislation, improved export controls for stolen vehicles, and heavy equipment theft. NATB maintains an excess of 2.2 million online records in its computerized North American Theft Information System which is available to law enforcement investigators, along with a growing file of salvage reports. NATB Special Agents are strategically located throughout the country. The speaker urges law enforcement agencies to avail themselves of these facilities. KW - Automobiles KW - Computer memory KW - Fraud KW - Heavy equipment KW - Information systems KW - Insurance KW - Law enforcement KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180433 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361149 AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - Backaitis, S H AU - Fan, W AU - Partyka, S AU - Ommaya, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF NECK INJURIES OF CAR OCCUPANTS IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY PY - 1981 SP - p. 71-127 AB - Parallel and coordinated accident studies were conducted in the United States and in the Federal Republic of Germany to determine the extent, the level, and the comparability of neck injuries in automotive accidents as reported in the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS), and the Association of German Automobile Insurers (HUK-Verband) files. To determine the comparability of the two data sets, three primary evaluation criteria were used: 1) the distribution of overall injuries by AIS level by various occupant parameters, 2) the risk of occupant AIS injury vs. delta V, and 3) the distribution of neck injuries by AIS for restrained vs. unrestrained occupants. Frequencies and severities of neck injuries in car accidents were compared in parallel layouts between the two data sets in frontal, side and rear impact modes. In further breakdown the frontal impact file was separated into driver/passenger and male/female categories. Accident direction and intensity as well as occupant parameters were investigated for their effects on neck injury severity. Neck injury severity distributions and types of injuries were compared with and without head contact for belted and unbelted occupants. Vehicle body components responsible for neck injuries were identified. Special cases were selected from the accident files of both data sets to illustrate the effects of the dominant accident injury modes resulting from inertial and direct contact loads. Countermeasures to minimize neck injuries were hypothesized. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Data KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180301 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361150 AU - WALZ, F H AU - NIEDERER, P F AU - Thomas, C AU - Hartemann, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FREQUENCY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SEAT BELT INDUCED NECK INJURIES IN LATERAL COLLISIONS PY - 1981 SP - p. 131-146 AB - It is well established that properly worn seat belts reduce the incidence of severe neck injuries in car accidents in general. However, for certain configurations of nearside lateral collisions this statement has not been substantiated beyond any doubt by the published field accident data. In order to further evaluate this question, the samples of two accident investigation programs, one from Switzerland and one from France, were combined and analysed accordingly. They contain a total of 810 wearers of three point belts, 98 of which are cases of lateral nearside impacts. In 10% (N equals 10) of this subset neck injuries of AIS greater than or equal to 1 were registered. 7 of those 10 cases were of a degree of AIS greater than or equal to 2 whereby 2 of them could directly be attributed to an immediate belt contact. The corresponding incidence of neck injuries in the rest of the sample (712 cases of frontal, farside impacts, rollovers etc. with 111 victims exhibiting a neck injury rated AIS greater than or equal to 1) is not significantly different. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Data KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180302 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361163 AU - Viano, D C AU - Culver, C C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TEST DUMMY INTERACTION WITH A SHOULDER OR LAP BELT PY - 1981 SP - p. 583-609 AB - Belt interaction with the dummy's chest or pelvis was investigated during simulated frontal decelerations to develop a better understanding of the mechanics of belt restraint. Hyge sled tests were conducted at acceleration levels of 6-16 g's with a Part 572 dummy forward facing on an automotive bucket seat. Dynamics were compared in similar tests where the dummy was restrained by a conventional shoulder belt or belt segments attached to a modified sternum -- a steel sternum with extensions for fixed belt attachments. Tests were also conducted with a conventional lap belt or belt segments fixed to an extension of the H point. Deformation characteristics of the standard and modified thorax were determined for a lateral and superior point load or a belt yoke compression of the sternum. The pelvic structure was also compressed by a lap belt. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abdomen KW - Compression KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sled tests KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180315 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361164 AU - Kallieris, D AU - Mattern, R AU - Schmidt, G AU - Glitsch, G-D AU - Harres, M AU - Leis, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSE OF WHEEL CHAIR, PASSENGER AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS USED IN BUSES DURING IMPACT PY - 1981 SP - p. 613-647 AB - Frontal, lateral and rear-end collisions with dummy occupied wheel chairs on a deceleration sled were conducted in two test series at a collision velocity of 30 km/h, and a sled deceleration of 8 and 12 g. In the first dummy test series conventional restraint systems were used; in the second test series improved restraint systems were employed. In a further series, four cadaver tests were conducted. For all tests and collision directions the HIC values, as well as the resultant acceleration at the center of gravity lay below the admissible values of Federal Motor Safety Standard 208. Despite the low thorax accelerations numerous rib fractures occurred in the cadaver tests. In two cadaver tests, injury degrees of AIS 5 were observed (multiple liver ruptures, vertebral column injuries). U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Sled tests KW - Thorax KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180316 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361167 AU - DeJeammes, M AU - BIARD, R AU - DERRIEN, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ESTIMATION OF SUBMARINING ON THE DUMMY PY - 1981 SP - p. 733-762 AB - Submarining is a phenomenon that may appear during the restraining of an occupant by a safety belt and it is ascribed to an important lesional factor mainly on the abdominal body segment and lumbar spine. This paper presents a literature overview and an in depth analysis of an accident survey which indicate that even if submarining may exist, it does not constitute a "safety belt syndrome" when considering the frequency of abdominal lesions. But these lesions are fairly often severe. As regards the approval standards tests, it is necessary to define an abdominal protection criterion. At present, two types of transducers are proposed for the display of submarining on the part 572 dummy and one of them, moreover, can be associated with an abdominal criterion. Our experimental study enabled us to compare the capabilities of the transducers. It is our feeling that these transducers can only be useful for the detection of submarining and that an abdominal protection criterion is still lacking. Moreover, it appears that some particular aspects of the human body model should be re-examinated in the abdomen-pelvis region in order to check that the dummy presents an acceptable "human-like" behaviour. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abdomen KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Severity KW - Spinal column KW - Submarines KW - Submarining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361320 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - KOSHI, M AU - Kashima, S AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - EFFECTS OF SPEED LIMIT ALTERATIONS ON ROAD SAFETY PY - 1981 VL - 5 SP - p. 6-15 AB - The Metropolitan Police Department has recently changed the speed limit from 40 km/hr to 50 km/hr on some arterial roads within Tokyo. We took this opportunity of conducting two analytical research projects on the relationship between driving speed and traffic accidents outbreak. The first one carried out is the analysis of accident outbreak conditions before and after the speed limit alterations made on several roads in 1978. The second one conducted is the comparative analysis on accident outbreak on the roads where the speed limit had been alterated and where it had not. From the results of those analyses, it was concluded that the speed limit alteration mentioned above resulted in an increase in driving speed but did not exert an unfavorable influence upon traffic accidents outbreak. KW - Arterial highways KW - Before and after studies KW - Speed changes KW - Speed limits KW - Streets KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180430 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361360 JO - Michigan Papers in Japanese Studies PB - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - THE JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: MODEL AND CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE? PY - 1981 IS - 3 SP - 147 p. AB - This publication of the proceedings of a public seminar held in January 1981 includes twelve formal papers and expanded transcripts of two question and answer sessions held between the audience and the conference panelists. The purpose of the conference was to begin addressing the critical issues facing the American automobile industry, with particular, but not exclusive, attention to examining the role of the Japanese auto industry. The organizers' intent was to probe the sources of Japanese competitive strength, especially those features whose study might profit the American automotive industry, rather than simply conduct a rational discussion of the trade issue. The authors include elected and appointed U.S. government officials, labor officials, American and Japanese automotive officials, consultants and members of the U.S. academic community. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - International trade KW - Unemployment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180462 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361153 AU - Nahum, A AU - Ward, C P AU - SCHNEIDER, D AU - Raasch, F AU - Adams, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A STUDY OF IMPACTS TO THE LATERAL PROTECTED AND UNPROTECTED HEAD PY - 1981 SP - p. 241-268 AB - In an earlier series of papers, we reported on the results of a study of frontal impacts to cadaver heads which were protected and unprotected. New data is presented to quantify head response to laterally directed impacts. The temporo-parietal area of the head in stationary unembalmed cadaver subjects was struck by a rigid impactor mass. Both helmeted and unhelmeted exposures were compared. Data collected included impactor energy, intracranial pressures at selected locations, and composite analyses from a nine accelerometer array system. In addition the data was entered into a finite element head model. Stresses and strains were predicted for various intracranial locations. The applicability of head injury indices in understanding lateral head impact are commented on. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180305 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361160 AU - PATRICK, L M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPACT FORCE-DEFLECTION OF THE HUMAN THORAX PY - 1981 SP - p. 471-496 AB - A volunteer was impacted at velocities up to 4.6m/sec. (15 ft./sec.) with a 10 kg (22.1 lb.), 15.2 cm (6in.) diameter padded impactor. Force-time, deflection-time and force-deflection data are presented for these impacts showing a maximum force of 1.67 kn (376 lbs.) and a maximum skeletal deflection of 4.6 cm (1.80 in.). The maximum chest compression is about the same at 4.4 cm to 4.6 cm (1.72 to 1.80 in.) at all impact velocities. The force-deflection curve reaches a plateau where there is relatively little change in force for a large change in deflection after which there is a large change in force with little change in the maximum deflection. There is considerable hysteresis, and the force drops to zero while there is still appreciable skeletal deflection. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Deflection KW - Force KW - Hysteresis KW - Impact tests KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180312 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361171 AU - Ashton, S J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PELVIC AND KNEE INJURIES IN PEDESTRIANS STRUCK BY THE FRONTS OF CARS PY - 1981 SP - p. 863-900 AB - The incidence of pelvic and lower extremity fractures is examined by reference to data extracted from police and hospital records. It is shown that the incidence and number of fractures to the pelvis and the lower extremities is strongly dependent on the age of the struck pedestrian and the speed of the vehicle. Pelvic injuries are shown to be more common in elderly females than in other age groups and it is suggested that this is due to elderly females being more likely, with current vehicle front end heights, to sustain a direct blow at the level of the pelvis. Pubic rami fractures appear to result when there are distributed impact forces at the level of the pelvis and acetabular fractures occur when there are concentrated forces applied to the greater trochanter. Injuries to the knee joint ligaments are shown to occur when there is an impact in the vicinity of the knee joint and can occur at speeds as low as 20 km/h although for complete rupture an impact speed of at least 35 km/h is required. It is suggested that the use of a simple impactor to control front structure compliance may not be sufficient and that a test procedure which controls hip reaction forces and knee joint angulation may be necessary. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abdomen KW - Age KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349866 AU - Department for Transport, England TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS GREAT BRITAIN 1979 PY - 1981 SP - 72 p. AB - This very detailed statistical report is divided into four main sections: (1) Trends 1969-1979: (a) accidents; (b) accident rates; (c) casualties; (d) drivers involved in accidents; (e) casualty rates; (f) vehicles involved; and (g) vehicle involvement rates; (2) Detailed tables 1979: (a) accidents; (b) casualties; and (c) drivers and vehicles involved in accidents; (3) England, Wales and Scotland comparisons; and (4) International comparisons: road accidents 1978. KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175807 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361159 AU - Tarriere, C AU - Leung, Y C AU - Fayon, A AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - Banzet, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FIELD FACIAL INJURIES AND STUDY OF THEIR SIMULATION WITH DUMMY PY - 1981 SP - p. 435-468 AB - With drivers wearing 3-point seat belts, the head-steering-wheel impact occurs in most serious accidents, so inducing mainly face injuries. In a first part, the authors analyze the injuries observed in a sample of 1180 belted drivers involved in frontal collisions, making a distinction, mainly for facial impacts, between injuries related to the properly so-called face and those to the skull and brain and the different possible lesional correlations. In the second part are presented the results of work carried out in order to define a human face model adaptable to any type of Hybrid II or Hybrid III dummies' heads. The use of this model allows one to elaborate a new protection criterion for the face, destination of which should be to complete the head and skull protection criterion, such as the HIC (or another equivalent criterion which could possibly replace it). U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Face KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180311 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361161 AU - VERRIEST, J P AU - CHAPON, A AU - TRAUCHESSEC, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CINEPHOTOGRAMMETRICAL STUDY OF PORCINE THORACIC RESPONSE TO BELT APPLIED LOAD IN FRONTAL IMPACT--COMPARISON BETWEEN LIVING AND DEAD SUBJECTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 499-545 AB - The mechanical response and the injury pattern of pig thorax submitted to belt loading conditions were compared for living and dead subjects. The absolute deflexion and the resultant force were computed from cinephotogrammetric data. The results indicate that dead are stiffer by 80% than living subjects. The visceral injury rate is higher in the living population. The skeletal injury rate is identical for both populations but injury patterns are different. Correlations were obtained in the living sample particularly between injury levels and deflexion, force and aortic pressure. With dead subjects, only one correlation was obtained between injury level and deflexion. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Animals KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Deflection KW - Force KW - Injuries KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180313 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361168 AU - BEIER, G AU - Schuller, E AU - Spann, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RISK AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SEAT BELTS IN MUNICH AREA AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 765-788 AB - To assess the effectiveness of seat belts and the risk of adverse effects a 12-month accident field study was carried out, which covered all non-minor injured belted occupants. The criteria laid down were as comprehensive as possible to permit assessment in each case of whether or not the restraint system had reduced or possibly increased injury severity. Seat belts were found to reduce the number of non-minor, non-fatal injured occupants to about 1/10 of the figure for unbelted occupants. Depending on the type and locality of the accident, this ratio varies from 1/6 to 1/28. The risk of death is cut to about 1/4. With respect to non-minor injured belted occupants, in 63% of the cases injury severity was reduced, while adverse effects can be reckoned with in less than 1.3% (95% level). With respect to accidents in which non-belted occupants suffer non-minor injuries, this risk is reduced to 0.2% (99% level), and in at least 96% of all cases reduction of injury severity can be assumed. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Field studies KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180320 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361170 AU - ZEIDLER, F AU - Stuertz, G AU - Burg, H AU - RAU, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INJURY MECHANISMS IN HEAD-ON COLLISIONS INVOLVING GLANCE-OFF PY - 1981 SP - p. 825-860 AB - The damage pattern of about 30% of accident vehicles with injured occupants corresponds to that created in offset head-on collisions. An accident reconstruction method using the vehicles' deformation energies as operands is introduced for this collision type. The parameters so determined are compared for accidents both with and without glance-off, and their effect on the different injury mechanisms of the belted driver is discussed. A theory is suggested regarding the cause of serious injuries to the lower extremities in glance-off accidents, and is supported by examples. To confirm the results crash tests involving glance-off are carried out. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361026 JO - Federation of Insurance Counsel Quarterly PB - Federation of Insurance Counsel AU - Hricko, A R AU - Federation of Insurance Counsel TI - DRIVERS OF HAZARDOUS CARGOES--LEGAL ASPECTS OF A MAXIMUM AGE AND INCREASED PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS PY - 1981 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - p. 126-134 AB - Due to the increasing involvement of heavy duty trucks in fatal crashes, there has arisen a movement to correct the highway environment and the trucks themselves, along with proposals to upgrade the standards for drivers of these vehicles, including proposals concerning stricter age and physical requirements for initiation and renewal of drivers' licenses. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the legal arguments which may arise from these proposals. These three questions are addressed: (1) Can the state establish a maximum age beyond which it would not issue a driver's license? (2) Can applicants for commercial drivers' licenses, as part of a periodic physical examination program, be required to pass certain strength tests relating to their ability to physically operate commercial vehicles? (3) Can truck drivers be required to undergo physicals by certain physicians approved by the licensing authority rather than a physician of their own choosing? KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Physical fitness KW - Proposals KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180213 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361040 JO - LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION REVIEW AU - Block, M K AU - Nold, F C AU - University of British Columbia, Vancouver TI - THE COSTS OF AUTOMOBILE EFFICIENCY: A COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1981 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 71-88 AB - This paper compares the costs of improving fuel efficiency using conventional and alternative automobile technologies. We first estimate the implied costs of improving automobile efficiency and other desirable attributes (such as quality and performance) using conventional or "Otto" technology. These estimates are then compared with preliminary estimates from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for producing equivalent efficiency, performance, and quality levels using alternative engines such as the Brayton or Stirling. KW - Automobile engines KW - Brayton system KW - Costs KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heat cycle KW - Mileage KW - Performance tests KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Stirling engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180220 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349650 JO - Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education PB - Alcohol and Drug Problems Assn of North America AU - Weeber, S AU - Alcohol and Drug Problems Assn of North America TI - DWI REPEATERS AND NON-REPEATERS: A COMPARISON PY - 1981 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - p. 1-9 AB - DWI repeaters differed significantly from non-repeaters on 4 of 23 variables tested. Repeaters were more likely to have zero or two dependent children, attend church frequently, drink occasionally (instead of regularly), and have one or more arrests for public intoxication. KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Non-repeaters KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repeaters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361174 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - THE HIGHWAY LOSS DATA INSTITUTE...IDENTIFYING AND COMPARING THE INJURY AND OTHER LOSS EXPERIENCE OF MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1981 SP - 34 p. AB - This publication describes the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) and summarizes its major findings to date. The highlights of HLDI findings about insurance losses under injury, collision, and comprehensive coverages are presented in 41 Figures. Detailed HLDI reports present additional information about each of the findings presented in this report. These additional reports are listed and available on request. Injury statistics are compiled using frequency of claims with payments exceeding $250, $500, $1,000 using only medical losses. Collision damage costs are presented as Relative Average Loss Payments Per Insured Vehicle Year for each vehicle model and for vehicle types. Comprehensive coverages are used to determine Relative Theft Average Loss Payments Per Insured Vehicle Year. Fire and vandalism payments made under the comprehensive coverage are excluded. These findings are also grouped to compare costs for car size, car body style, individual vehicle series, and a grouping of vans, pickup trucks and utility vehicles. Special Research Findings include the effects of the Federal Safety Bumper Standard, engine size, automatic and manual restraints, operator age, and garaging location. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Bumpers KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176042 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361155 AU - MORGAN, R M AU - Marcus, J H AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CORRELATION OF SIDE IMPACT DUMMY/CADAVER TESTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 301-326 AB - This paper is part of a four year study to systematically define side impact injury in terms of the kinetic response of a suitable anthropomorphic dummy. Last year a paper was presented at the Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference in Germany which analyzed side impact dummy response and injury prediction based on cadaver data generated by the Highway Safety Research Institute. These subjects were generally older than those discussed in the current paper. This paper includes data from a number of University of Heidelberg cadaver sled tests-- including padding tests which we recently found to be (1) critical for a definitive analysis and (2) previously not available. Two advanced dummies, whose design specifications are based upon biomechanical data, are currently being evaluated by the biomechanical community. The two dummies are (1) a Side Impact Dummy (SID) designed by the Highway Safety Research Institute (HSRI) and (2) the Association Peugeot-Renault (APR) dummy from France. The performance of these two candidate dummy designs is compared by a variety of techniques in seven identical tests using cadavers. These tests are chosen for use in evaluating biofidelity, repeatability, and dummy/ padding interaction. Among these techniques is a cumulative variance analysis--similar to a root-mean-square analysis-- of the acceleration signal for the seven unique sled/pendulum tests where acceleration response data exists for APR dummy, SID, and cadavers. This cumulative variance approach allows an objective comparison of the response of each dummy design with respect to the cadaver data. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180307 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361157 AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - Chan, H-S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THORACIC INJURY PREDICTION VIA DIGITAL CONVOLUTION THEORY PY - 1981 SP - p. 369-393 AB - A dynamic characterization of the human thorax, in the form of a digital impulsive response signature, has been obtained which links the acceleration response of the struck side with the far side of the thorax under side impact conditions. This dynamic characterization was obtained by a unique combination of digital convolution theory, least squares approximation techniques, and a digital set of cadaver impact data. It has proven itself accurate in predicting the maximum relative acceleration, velocity and displacement between the left and the right lateral aspects of the thorax for a variety of impact conditions including lateral pendulum impacts, lateral rigid walls impacts at 15 and 20 mph and lateral impacts into padded walls at 20 mph. Detailed discussions of the theory, the derivation of the various thoracic response signatures and their correspondence with actual data, the utilization of these response functions to predict injury, and the application of this technique to identify promising safety systems design strategies is presented. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Least squares method KW - Side crashes KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180309 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361172 AU - DANNER, M AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RESULTS OF AN ANALYSIS OF TRUCK ACCIDENTS AND POSSIBILITIES OF REDUCING THEIR CONSEQUENCES DISCUSSED ON THE BASIS OF CAR-TO-TRUCK CRASH TESTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 903-950 AB - Possibilities of improved truck safety regarding to frontal collisions with passenger cars are discussed. Characteristics of car/truck collisions are analysed in a study of 1,559 real accidents. Almost 40% of the fatalities in car/truck collisions result from front-to-front collisions. It turned out that the inevitably high mass of the truck does not constitute the only dominant problem in the majority of real--life accidents. Another major factor is the form aggressivity of the truck front which may be reduced by technical measures. Based on these results a series of 10 car-to-truck crash tests was carried out analysing two collision types: truck running frontally into car front, 60 kph; and truck running frontally into car side, 39 kph. The tests were made both with an unchanged truck and with safety modifications, using a large impact plate and an energy absorbing front protection. The large "impact plate" did not produce any appreciable safety effect in the chosen test conditions. However, as a result of slightly reduced car intrusion an effect cannot be ruled out in the lower speed range. The frontal protection with energy-absorbing construction and mobile design did result in improvements especially by reducing the override of the car by the truck. Quantifying this effect must be reserved for the subsequent series of tests, which should reveal an order of priority on the basis of benefit/cost analyses. The study showed that safety measures of the truck front are extremely difficult - as they may influence the practical requirements such as bumper clearance angle, length, weight etc. - but solutions are necessary and possible. This study aimed to work out a proposal of principle safety measures. It is discussed in which terms safety measures on trucks may be described. The requirements of further research work are indicated. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Aggression KW - Brakes KW - Conferences KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Diagonal brake system KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity KW - Trucks KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361311 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - TSUKIO, Y AU - Kitajima, H AU - Inoue, S AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ACOUSTIC GUIDANCE SYSTEM FOR BLIND PERSONS' WALKING PY - 1981 VL - 5 SP - p. 91-100 AB - Blind persons mostly depend on white sticks or seeing-eye dogs in walking in urban areas, although there are acoustic signals at some crossings. One conceivable way to facilitate their walking is to guide them along a walking path by means of sound signals. Few studies, however, have been made on the effects of such signals on the walking of the blind. This paper analyzes the results of various experiments conducted on three kinds of walking - straight walking, turning, and obstacle avoidance walking - in order to find out the basic features of the effects of sound signals on the walking of the blind. KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Blindness KW - Guidance systems KW - Guidance systems (Aircraft) KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180426 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361151 AU - Sances, A AU - Myklebust, J AU - Cusick, J F AU - WEBER, R AU - Houterman, C AU - Larson, S J AU - WALSH, P AU - Chilbert, M AU - Prieto, T AU - Zyvoloski, M AU - Ewing, C AU - Thomas, D AU - Saltzberg, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF BRAIN AND NECK INJURY PY - 1981 SP - p. 149-194 AB - Static and dynamic axial tension loads were applied to the intact and isolated cervical column of the monkey and human cadaver. Radioactive microspheres were used to evaluate brain and spinal cord perfusion in the monkey. To determine neural pathway damage, somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded with stimulation of sensorimotor cortex, and in spinal cord with stimulation of cauda equina. The evoked potential amplitude decreased prior to heart rate and blood pressure changes presumably due to brainstem distention. The preliminary studies show, 1) the brain and spinal cord were well perfused as measured with the microspheres when the evoked potentials decreased, 2) the cervical isolated cadaveric monkey spinal column ligaments failed statically at approximately 1/2 to 1/3 the force required for dynamic disruption, 3) in the intact monkey, the cervical ligaments failed statically at approximately 1/2 the dynamic failure force, 4) the isolated human cervical ligaments failed at loads approximately three times those observed in the isolated monkey cervical column. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Animals KW - Brain KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Injuries KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180303 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361162 AU - Kroell, C K AU - Pope, M E AU - Viano, D C AU - Warner, C Y AU - Allen, S D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTERRELATIONSHIP OF VELOCITY AND CHEST COMPRESSION IN BLUNT THORACIC IMPACT TO SWINE PY - 1981 SP - p. 549-579 AB - As part of a continuing study of thoracic injury resulting from blunt frontal loading, the interrelationship of velocity and chest compression was investigated in a series of animal experiments. Anesthetized male swine were suspended in their natural posture and subjected to midsternal, ventrodorsad impact. Twelve animals were struck at a velocity of 14.5 plus or minus 0.9 m/s and experienced a controlled thoracic compression of either 15,19,or 24%. Six others were impacted at 9.7 plus or minus 1.3 m/s with a greater mean compression of 27%. For the 14.5 m/s exposures the severity of trauma increased with increasing compression, ranging from minor to fatal. Injuries included skeletal fractures, pulmonary contusions, and cardiovascular ruptures leading to tamponade and hemothorax. Serious cardiac arrhythmias also occurred, including one case of lethal ventricular fibrillation. The 9.7 m/s exposures produced mainly pulmonary contusion, ranging in severity from moderate to critical. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred but were typically minor. In contrast to the lower compression impacts at 14.5 m/s, there were no rib fractures or cardiovascular ruptures. In general, peak sternal acceleration and applied force correlated with impact velocity but not with normalized compression; and spinal acceleration did not correlate with any parameter. Overall, the high velocity exposures, produced higher mechanical responses, more severe gross trauma and more serious cardiac arrhythmias despite lower compression levels. The results of this study while reconfirming normalized compression as one correlate of injury, emphasize the importance of loading velocity in determining the overall severity of blunt thoracic impact. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Animals KW - Compression KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity KW - Thorax KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180314 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361169 AU - Ravani, B AU - Brougham, D AU - Mason, R T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PEDESTRIAN POST-IMPACT KINEMATICS AND INJURY PATTERNS PY - 1981 SP - p. 791-822 AB - In this paper, frontal motor vehicle pedestrian collisions are classified according to post-impact pedestrian kinematics observed in real world vehicle vs. pedestrian accidents. Results from in-depth pedestrian accident investigations provide the medico-engineering basis for this study. It was found that impact-induced pedestrian motion is influenced by the relative configuration of the vehicle and pedestrian at impact as well as the vehicle's impact speed and deceleration rate. Injury patterns were found to be dependent on the trajectory type in addition to impact severity and characteristics of the vehicle and roadway. Five basic kinematic trajectories have been identified for frontal collision cases and are described as: wrap, forward projection, fender vault, roof vault, and somersault. Pedestrian injury patterns are analyzed for each of the trajectory types; an injury risk index is defined; and the associated injury risks are compared. It is hoped that classification of the characteristic injury patterns and trajectories can facilitate vehicle design improvements to reduce pedestrian injury severity. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Kinematics KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Severity KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180321 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361147 AU - Stapp, J P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF STAPP CAR CRASH CONFERENCES PY - 1981 SP - p. 3-10 AB - A historical review is made covering twenty-six years during which there were twenty-four meetings for field demonstrations and presentation of scientific papers. Twenty volumes of Proceedings were produced, consecutively numbered from Fifth to Twenty-Fifth from 1961 through 1981. The First Meeting was at Holloman Air Force Base on 17 May, 1955 in response to a request by Don Blanchard of the Society of Automotive Engineers for a tour of facilities and Field Demonstrations by the Aeromedical Field Laboratory relating to automotive crash research, for the benefit of the newly organized SAE Committee on Motor Vehicle Seat Belts and invited guests. The evolution of the Stapp Car Crash Conferences in terms of organization and program development is traced. Contributions to automotive safety research resulting from the Car Crash Conferences are discussed. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - History KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180299 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361148 AU - Bowman, B M AU - Schneider, L W AU - Rohr, P R AU - Mohan, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SIMULATION OF HEAD/NECK IMPACT RESPONSES FOR HELMETED AND UNHELMETED MOTORCYCLISTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 13-68 AB - The purpose of this study was to assess, by use of computer simulations, the effectiveness of motorcycle helmets in reducing head and neck injuries in motorcyclist impacts. The computer model used was the MVMA Two-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulator. The study investigated a wide variety of impact conditions in order to establish a broad overall view of the effectiveness of helmets. It was found that helmet use invariably reduces dynamic responses which have a role in producing head injury and, in addition, almost always reduces the severity of neck response as well. For no configuration or condition does the helmet greatly increase the likelihood of neck injury. Thus, these simulations of a wide spectrum of motorcyclist impacts provide further evidence that helmet use significantly reduces the likelihood and severity of both head and neck injuries. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180300 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361165 AU - Maltha, J AU - STALNAKER, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DUMMY ABDOMEN CAPABLE OF INJURY DETECTION IN SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 651-682 AB - A prototype of an abdomen for injury detection in side impacts is developed. This design can in principle be built into existing side-impact dummies. Necessary biomechanical data was obtained from free-fall studies with cadavers simulating impacts with intruding doors. The design consists of a structure with built-in tolerance limits and injury detection is obtained by a single channel go/no-go signal; thus complicated continuous force and penetration measurements are avoided. The abdomen has a rigid penetration stop at the critical tolerance level. This stop is covered by a composite material giving stiffness characteristics identical to the human abdomen. Coded contact switches activated by springs when a critical load is exceeded are mounted between this material and the rigid stop. The abdomen is presented in detail together with the results of impact tests. The materials for the abdomen were selected with assistance of a computer aided design study described in this paper. The interfacing with some existing dummies and a possible extension to frontal abdomen injury detection is discussed. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abdomen KW - Cadavers KW - Computer aided design KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180317 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361166 AU - Leung, Y C AU - Tarriere, C AU - Fayon, A AU - Mairesse, P AU - Banzet, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANTI-SUBMARINING SCALE DETERMINED FROM THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRICAL DEFINITION OF THE LAP-BELT PY - 1981 SP - p. 685-729 AB - A theoretical study was conducted to prove that the Part 572 dummy submarines more easily than human cadavers because of their different pelvic shapes. The three-dimensional geometrical definition of the lap-belt was developed in this paper for the study of the submarining problem. It was found that not only the lap-belt angles from side view (Beta 1) but also from the upper view in respect to the X-axis (Beta 2) play a significant role in the submarining tendency for each side. The anti-submarining scale is defined by a coefficient which is a function of both angles Beta 1, Beta 2 and the orientation of the upper half of the pelvic notch. A series of sled tests was performed on human cadavers, the Part 572 dummy and the modified dummy. Good agreement was found between the present theory and the experimental results. Some of the experimental results cannot be explained with the traditional geometry definition of the lap-belt given in two dimensions, but they are clarified with the present definition given in three dimensions. The graphs of the anti-submarining scales can be used as tools for checking the risk of submarining tendency in the geometrical design of the seat-belt system. The evaluations of the Part 572 dummy with modified abdominal tissue and pelvic shape at the notch are also presented: the submarining tendency, indicated by the relative occurrence number and the instant, are achieved more simulatively in the modified dummy than in the Part 572 dummy with respect to the human cadaver. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abdomen KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Geometric design KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests KW - Submarines KW - Submarining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361383 AU - ODSELL, O AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND COLD START ON AUTOMOBILE FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1981 SP - 17 p. AB - Ambient temperature has a significant influence on automobile fuel consumption, both with warmed-up car and during cold start. As a great percentage of all trips made by car covers less than 8-10 km, the cold start fuel consumption is of vital importance for the car owner. However, car manufacturers have during recent years concentrated on lowering the fuel consumption during standardized driving cycles, like CVS, HDC and ECE. These cycles do not take into account cold start or driving at low temperatures, and therefore there is still a lot to be done in this field. The report describes how ambient temperature affects fuel consumption with warmed-up car and during cold start. A formula is presented, that can be used for estimates of the fuel consumption as a function of ambient temperature and trip length after cold start. Finally some possibilities of reducing the cold start fuel consumption are presented. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Estimating KW - Fuel consumption KW - Low temperature KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361318 AU - Andersson, K AU - Nilsson, G AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - THE EFFECTS ON ACCIDENTS OF COMPULSORY USE OF RUNNING LIGHTS DURING DAYLIGHT IN SWEDEN PY - 1981 SP - 33 p. AB - The report is an attempt to describe the effects on accidents of compulsory use of running lights--low beam or special lamps--during daylight in Sweden. The study is carried out on police reported traffic accidents with personal injury in Sweden. The before and after periods are two years before and two years after the operative day of the law, October 1st 1977. The use of running lights in the before-period was roughly speaking 50% and in the after-period over 95%. The basic assumption is that the use of running lights in daylight influences multiple accidents in daylight and only those. The method used is to study the relation of daylight to darkness numbers of multiple accidents. The corresponding relation for single vehicle accidents is taken as control. The estimated total effect depends both on the subdivision of accident data and the method used for accidents with unprotected road users. The estimates vary from 6 to 13% reduction--from the before-period to the after period--of multiple accidents during daylight or 450 to 1100 less police reported accidents with personal injury per year. The estimated effects are not significant on a 5% level. KW - Before and after studies KW - Daylight KW - Laws KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Running lights KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176126 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361371 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY APPURTENANCES SN - 0309032105 PY - 1981 IS - 796 SP - 56p AB - The contents of this record are: (A) Collision Risk Assessment Based on Occupant Flail-Space Model, Jarvis D. Michie; (B) Heavy-Vehicle Tests of Tubular Thrie-Beam Retrofit Bridge Railing, C.E. Kimball, Jr., M.E. Bronstad, and J.D. Michie; (C) Barrel/W-Section Barriers for Construction Zones, Don L. Ivey and Richard Robertson; (D) Methodology For Evaluation of Safety Improvement Alternatives For Utility Poles, Patrick T. McCoy, Richard T. Hsueh, and Edward R. Post; (E) Loads on Bridge Railings (Abridgment), James S. Noel, T.J. Hirsch, C.E. Buth, and A. Arnold; (F) Strength of Fillet Welds in Aluminum Lighting Poles, James S. Noel, C.E. Buth, and T.J. Hirsch; (G) Crash Tests of Light-Post Thrie-Beam Traffic Barriers, James E. Bryden and Kenneth C. Hahn; and (F) SERB: A New High-Performance Self-Restoring Traffic Barrier, M.E. Bronstad, C.E. Kimball, Jr., and C.F. McDevitt. U1 - 60th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19810112 EndDate:19810116 KW - Barrier types KW - Bridge railings KW - Construction sites KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Fillet welds KW - Lighting equipment KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Self restoring barriers KW - Utility poles KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180465 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361152 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Melvin, J W AU - Huelke, D F AU - Alem, N M AU - Blank, J G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RESPONSE OF THE CERVICAL SPINE TO SUPERIOR-INFERIOR HEAD IMPACT PY - 1981 SP - p. 197-237 AB - A test series using 12 unembalmed cadavers was conducted to investigate factors affecting the creation of cervical spine damage due to impact to the top of the head. The test subjects were instrumented to measure head, T8 thoracic spine, and sternum acceleration responses. Photographic targets on the head and torso allowed analysis of impact motions from high-speed movies. The stationary test subject was struck by a guided, moving impactor mass of 56 Kg at 4.6-5.6 m/s. The impactor striking surface consisted of a biaxial load cell with padding to vary the contact force-time characteristics of the head/impactor. The orientation of the head, cervical spine, and torso was adjusted relative to the impactor axis to investigate the effect of spinal configurations on the damage patterns. Load and acceleration data are presented as functions of time and as functions of frequency in the form of mechanical impedance. Damage to the cervical spine was produced in all but one test, including fractures of the spinous processes, laminae, transverse processes, and the bodies of the vertebrae as well as ruptured discs and torn ligaments. Both anterior and posterior damage was produced and the sites of the damage ranged from C2 to T4. The peak forces produced during the impacts ranged from 1.8 kN to 11.1 kN. The limited response data of this pilot study do not allow any specific conclusions with regard to cervical spine tolerance levels. However, it does attest to the influence of spinal configuration and impact conditions on both response and damage of the spine due to crown impact. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180304 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361154 AU - Cesari, D AU - Ramet, M AU - Bloch, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INFLUENCE OF ARM POSITION ON THORACIC INJURIES IN SIDE IMPACT PY - 1981 SP - p. 271-297 AB - The thorax is frequently involved in side impact accidents; in such accidents, injuries to the thorax are related to the intrusion. The position of the impacted side arm can affect the occuring of thoracic injuries in side impact. This study describes the results of 15 side impact thoracic tests performed on 8 cadavers; most of these tests are conducted with arm involvement (the upper arm is placed along the thorax and the impact is transmitted to the thorax through the arm). The results of these tests are compared to the results of 6 tests previously published, conducted without arm involvement (the imapct was applied directly to the thorax). From these results, it appears that the arm offers a limited protection when it is placed along the thorax, by distributing impact forces on the chest, and that the BLUR criterion is not well correlated with the thoracic injuries severity. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Arm KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Location KW - Position fixing KW - Severity KW - Side crashes KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349860 AU - JACOBS, G D AU - SAYER, I A AU - DOWNING, A J AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF ROAD-USER BEHAVIOUR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PY - 1981 SP - 17 p. AB - Road-user behaviour was studied at traffic signals, uncontrolled pedestrian crossings and priority junctions in a number of cities in developing countries. A comparison with similar observations made in Great Britain indicated that drivers were more likely to continue past red traffic signals and that they were less prepared to stop for pedestrians on crossings in the Third World cities than they were in Great Britain. Fewer pedestrians chose to use the crossings in these cities and, on average, they took longer to cross, partly because they were delayed whilst crossing whereas such delays rarely occurred in Great Britain. It is not known whether these differences in behaviour have led to more accidents but, because these differences exist, it is not possible to assume that the effect of introducing a remedial measure aimed specifically at changing or modifying road user behaviour in a developing country would be the same as in Great Britain. KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Developing countries KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - User characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349869 AU - Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Incorporated TI - MOTOR VEHICLE STATISTICS OF JAPAN 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 32 p. AB - The contents of this statistical report are divided into six sections: (A) Motor Vehicles in Use; (B) New Registrations; (C) Production; (D) Imports; (E) Exports; and (F) Motorcycles and Motor Scooters. The period covered is from 1956 to 1980. KW - Exports KW - Imports KW - Motorcycles KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Scooters KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361146 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWENTY-FIFTH STAPP CAR CRASH CONFERENCE PY - 1981 SP - 950 p. AB - These proceedings contain twenty-six papers presented at the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference. They are by outstanding authors in the field of transportation safety and accidental death and injury, and present the most current data available from research in this field of study as of the conference date, September 28-30, 1981. The papers are individually entered in the TRIS data base under TRIS accession numbers 361147 through 361172. KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361299 AU - General Services Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE FLEET REPORT FOR FISCAL YEAR 1980 (OCTOBER 1, 1979-SEPTEMBER 30, 1980) PY - 1981 SP - 33 p. AB - The Federal Motor Vehicle Fleet Report for fiscal year 1980 (October 1, 1979 - September 30, 1980) is a compilation of Federal agency-held and leased motor vehicle fleet data supplied to the General Services Administration (GSA) by all Federal Agencies, worldwide. This report also includes costs and vehicle years of operation of motor vehicles leased by agencies from GSA's interagency motor vehicle fleet of over 95,000 vehicles. The data contained in this report covers the operation of vehicles used on official business and operated in various terrain and climatic conditions. These factors may cause wide cost variances, and therefore, it is difficult to make direct comparisons between agencies. However, the analysis of an individual agency's costs over a period of years will identify cost trends; therefore, the consolidated statistical data in this report will be helpful to Federal fleet managers. Fleet managers should be aware of these trends in order to provide the most cost efficient support to meet mission requirements. Adherence to the proven precepts of good fleet management in areas such as economical procurement, maintenance and repairs, utilization, replacement and disposal of their motor vehicles will be of material assistance to fleet managers. KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Equipment replacement KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Repairing KW - Replacement KW - Statistics KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle fleets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176098 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361156 AU - Kallieris, D AU - Mattern, R AU - Schmidt, G AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - QUANTIFICATION OF SIDE IMPACT RESPONSES AND INJURIES PY - 1981 SP - p. 329-366 AB - Side impacts have been shown to produce a large portion of both serious and fatal injuries within the total automotive crash problem. These injuries are produced as a result of the rapid changes in velocity an automobile occupant's body experiences during a crash. Any improvement to the side impact problem will be brought about by means which will ultimately modify the occupant's rapid body motions to such a degree that they will no longer produce injuries of serious consequence. Accurate knowledge of both the body's motion and resulting injuries under a variety of impact conditions is needed to achieve this goal. Possession of this knowledge will then permit development of accurate anthropomorphic test devices and injury criteria which can be used to create effective injury countermeasures in vehicles. U1 - Proceedings of Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180308 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361158 AU - DANIEL, R P AU - Yost, C D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL USE OF A CHEST LOAD-DISTRIBUTION TRANSDUCER AND FORCE-INDICATING LEGS FOR THE PART 572 DUMMY PY - 1981 SP - p. 397-432 AB - The current Part 572 50th percentile male dummy's chest and legs only indirectly and incompletely measure the forces acting upon them - by spinal acceleration for the chest and by mid-femur axial force for the legs. A new chest and set of legs have been designed and are in experimental use in a Part 572 dummy which far more completely measure the forces acting upon them during crash testing. These two new test devices, a chest load-distribution transducer and a pair of force-indicating legs, have been developed as an aid to developing improved vehicle occupant restraint systems. The chest load-distribution transducer is a modification of a Part 572 50th percentile male dummy thorax to permit dynamic measurements of three components of restraint system loads applied to six key segments of the rib cage during restraint system testing. The force-indicating dummy legs are completely new from the foot to the thigh. These legs permit the measurement of most of the skeletal forces that are likely to be experienced by a dummy's legs during leg-to-instrument panel (or knee bolster) contact in dynamic restraint system testing. This paper discusses the development and implementation of both of these new test devices. U1 - Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Stapp Car Crash Conference, September 28-30, 1981, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Force KW - Leg KW - Load transfer KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180310 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361173 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Nagayama, Y AU - NAGAMACHI, M AU - SUZUMURA, A AU - Nagaoka, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - BOSOZOKU (HOT RODDERS' CLAN) AND CAR-ORIENTED YOUTH PY - 1981 VL - 5 SP - p. 3-5 AB - The Bosozoku pattern in western Japan was investigated from the perspective of differences in social or cultural structure as well as in main characteristics of human nature between east and west. Also we inquired into the problems of Bosozoku in connection with car-orientedness of youth and revealed what aspects of individual psychological structure have strong influence on this nature. Based upon its result, we examined the possibility of making an estimate of the excessive degree of car-orientedness in its early stage. And there is a need in the future to develop programs for excessively car-oriented people to enter into traffic society. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Driver age KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Reckless drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349865 JO - MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures '81 PB - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - FORMULA FOR THE '80'S: NEW METHODS, NEW PRODUCTS PY - 1981 SP - 81 p. AB - This annual publication is a compilation of national and international motor vehicle data. This issue addresses the dramatic changes in methods and new products being introduced into the U.S. automobile industry in an attempt to improve its overall position in world motor vehicle production and sales. A short overview discusses the increasing industry use of computers to assist in design and engineering, to control production line robots, and to monitor the operation of the individual automotive unit. Seventy three (73) pages of data and charts evaluate Production and Registrations, Use and Owners, and Economic Impact of passenger cars, motor trucks and motor buses through 1980. This information is so grouped and highlighted in presentation, that a careful reading and analysis of the data and charts will help focus on historical patterns and future trends--both of which are significant in the understanding of the changes the motor vehicle industry is experiencing. The publication is indexed. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobile travel KW - Buses KW - Crashes KW - Economics KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348744 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1979 PY - 1981 SP - 66 p. AB - This publication presents an annual compilation of "reportable accidents" submitted by motor carriers of property operating in interstate or foreign commerce, to the Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS). The term "reportable accident" means an occurrence involving a motor vehicle operated by a motor subject to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations resulting in: (a) the death of a human being; (b) bodily injury to a person who, as a result, receives medical treatment away from the scene of the accident, or (c) total damage to all property aggregating $2,000 or more based on actual cost or reliable estimates. The information has been compiled from 35,541 accident reports filed by motor carriers of property during the calendar year 1979. Various types of empirical data relating to accidents are reported: fatalities, injuries, property damage and accident type. KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172154 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348763 AU - Simpson, H M AU - Warren, R A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - SEAT BELTS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY: THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE PY - 1981 SP - p. 73-83 AB - This paper reviews the effects of Canadian seat belt laws on the use of occupant restraints as well as on concomitant changes in mortality and morbidity. Whereas the frequency of wearing increased only at the time legislation was enacted, it has decreased over time since then. Associated reductions in mortality and morbidity have been difficult to identify in the macro evaluations conducted to date, although effects in terms of reduced injury severity have been reported with reasonable consistency. It is clear that initiatives are required if wearing rates are to be increased to the levels achieved immediately after the law was enacted. While enforcement is viewed as one such logical measure, it is suggested that alternative strategies need to be considered. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174775 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348765 AU - Seidenstecher, K AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - LAWS ON MANDATORY SEAT BELT USE AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY PY - 1981 SP - p. 98-110 AB - In the Federal Republic of Germany nearly 100 per cent of private motor vehicles are now equipped with front seat safety belts; since 1 May 1979, new motor vehicles also have to be equipped with safety belts on the back seats. As from 1 January 1976, safety belt usage is mandatory; there is no punishment, however, if the belt is not worn, and there are also no police controls. If an accident occurs when the belt is not worn this leads to a reduction of the claim for damages. Mandatory safety belt usage is compatible with the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. At present the belt usage rates are: 80% on motorways, 65% on regular roads, and 45% within built-up areas. In the night the rates are lower; if there is a passenger in the car, the rates are higher. The reduction factor for a usage rate of 100 per cent is estimated as follows: approximately 3,600 fatalities (motor vehicle drivers and passengers) less approximately 70,000 injured drivers and passengers. An increase of the usage rate by 1% only would mean 40 fatalities less. Negative consequences of seat belt usage can be found in 1% of the cases at the most. If a fine is introduced for not wearing the belt, no difficulties are expected with regard to police control. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174777 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348767 AU - Lonero, L P AU - Pierce, J A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - HISTORY AND EVALUATION OF SEAT BELT LEGISLATION IN ONTARIO PY - 1981 SP - p. 119-131 AB - The Province of Ontario has had mandatory seat belt use legislation in effect since January 1, 1976. Since this was the first seat belt legislation in a major North American jurisdiction, it has been rather extensively evaluated. The present paper reviews the chronology and evaluation of seat belt legislation and various educational efforts bearing on the seat belt issue. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174779 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348769 AU - Martin, D E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - AUTOMATIC RESTRAINTS--A TEN YEAR LEARNING CURVE PY - 1981 SP - p. 151-164 AB - A great deal of information on automatic restraints has been developed in the past 10 years. This paper reviews General Motors' technical and sales experience with inflatable restraints and automatic belts. Additional accident injury statistics relating to unrestrained adults and children are provided because they are germane to the design of inflatable restraints and to an assessment of the benefits that might be realized by various restraints. Advances in injury assessment technology that can be used toward improving future restraint systems also are reviewed. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174781 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348771 AU - Baker, S P AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC PROTECTION PY - 1981 SP - p. 175-179 AB - John Snow did not make history by saying "Don't drink the water." Rather, he altered a water distribution system so that people would not be exposed to cholera. Consideration of basic and successful public health approaches leads to the conclusion that the most effective strategies for reducing human disease and injury are those that adapt the man-made environment so that it will automatically protect society rather than threaten it. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Public health KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174783 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348776 AU - Schneider, L W AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PROTECTION FOR THE SEVERELY DISABLED--A NEW CHALLENGE IN OCCUPANT RESTRAINT PY - 1981 SP - p. 217-231 AB - The numbers of severely disabled persons using public and private motor vehicle transportation to gain greater mobility and independence in their daily lives has risen substantially in recent years and is likely to continue to increase in the years ahead. While a significant effort has gone into finding new ways to make motor vehicle transportation accessible to these persons, relatively little concern appears to have been given to the safety of these passengers and drivers. Sled impact tests of typical wheelchair securement systems and occupant restraints for persons in wheelchairs reveal that most persons who must use their wheelchair for a vehicle seat are at high risk of injury in a vehicle accident. While the problem of occupant protection for this population is more complex than for the able-bodied, significant improvements in this situation could be made with good engineering design that adheres to basic crashworthiness principles and takes into account the magnitudes of forces generated in the crash environment. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Crashworthiness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174788 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348778 AU - Huelke, D F AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS: AN ISSUE FOR THE 80'S PY - 1981 SP - p. 245-248 AB - In the decade of the 80's, the author foresees more countries requiring the use of restraint systems because public awareness has awakened the concern of legislators. Data are also beginning to become available on the societal cost of long-term hospitalization and care, with a tremendous amount of dollars being spent to maintain individuals injured in motor vehicle accidents. There is a need for improved systems to be developed to collect data on the mechanisms of injuries from real-world crashes, monitoring the effectiveness of various types of restraint systems, and for further laboratory studies on the biomechanical aspects of injuries, thereby providing data to car designers to develop additional occupant protection features. The medical community needs not only to be educated as to the benefits of restraint systems, but to set an example by using them and telling others to buckle up. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349191 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES JANUARY 1, 1981 TO MARCH 31, 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 11 p. AB - This document contains defect recall campaign analysis by manufacturers both domestic and foreign for motor vehicles, motor vehicle equipment and tires, required by Section 151 of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 as amended. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Defects KW - Manufacturing KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349491 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MECHANICS OF PNEUMATIC TIRES PY - 1981 SP - 931 p. AB - The pneumatic tire has been an integral part of automotive transportation almost since its inception, yet it remains a product whose characteristics are not easily predictable or comprehensible by conventional engineering techniques. This treatise is an attempt to provide a rational descriptive and analytical basis for tire mechanics. Chapters of this book are contributed by active research workers in the fields of rubber and textile properties, friction, material properties, tire stress problems, tire design and construction, vehicle skid and handling, and tire mechanical properties. KW - Contact KW - Friction KW - Rolling contact KW - Rubber KW - Skids KW - Stresses KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349494 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM. FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS, JANUARY 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 150 p. AB - This is the Fifth Annual Report to the Congress on the Department of Transportation's Automotive Fuel Economy Program. It identifies the accomplishments of the Fuel Economy Program over the five years since its enactment and provides a short history of the events which preceded the Program. The report discusses the automotive industry and the technologies it uses to improve motor vehicle fuel economy, as well as trends in vehicle sales that effect motor fuel use. It also presents some of the issues that will have to be resolved in future Federal policy on automotive fuel economy. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Energy conservation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175526 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348757 AU - TRINCA, G W AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF OCCUPANT RESTRAINT ON ROAD CRASH VICTIMS AND THOSE WHO TREAT THEM PY - 1981 SP - p. 3-13 AB - There is now undisputed world wide evidence that properly adjusted occupant restraints substantially reduce the severity of injury to vehicle occupants in road crashes. The past decade has shown that an acceptable high wearing rate can only be achieved by mandatory wearing laws. A high wearing rate of 85-90% for drivers and front seat passengers has been maintained in Victoria ten years after laws were first introduced. The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and the American Association for Automotive Medicine consider there is no categorical evidence for medical exemption from seat belt usage. Few injuries of significance are due directly to belt wearing and there is no evidence that seat belts offer any special risk to occupants. The achievements of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in tackling the road trauma problem over the past eleven years stresses the important role physicians in general and surgeons in particular must play in the development and promotion of road safety programmes directed at preventing road crashes, reducing the effects of crashes and providing a high standard of medical care. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Crash severity KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174769 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348758 AU - Dagnone, L E AU - Siu, T O AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE EFFECT OF SEAT BELT USE ON THE DEMAND FOR MEDICAL SERVICES PY - 1981 SP - p. 14-23 AB - In a study of 3,361 occupant victims of motor vehicle accidents in Southeastern Ontario, the demand for medical services and the rehabilitation requirements were measured. Comparison of the requirements for medical services and rehabilitation time by restrained and not-restrained occupant victims identifies that an impressive proportion of them is reducible by seat belt use. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Demand KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical services KW - Occupant restraint KW - Rehabilitation KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174770 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348772 AU - Melvin, J W AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - DEVELOPMENTS IN INFANT AND CHILD OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1981 SP - p. 183-188 AB - The history of child restraint design, regulation, and use problems in the United States is outlined, and the major features of the new child restraint standard are reviewed. Two aspects of the standard, the buckle-release minimum force requirement and the fixed or movable surface requirement, are highlighted and discussed as potential sources of use and injury problems. Efforts are recommended to reconcile market forces with good restraint design principles and to develop performance standards that encourage the best possible child restraint system designs. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174784 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348775 AU - Holroyd, H J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE PEDIATRICIAN AND AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER TRAUMA PREVENTION PY - 1981 SP - p. 209-216 AB - This paper presents the role of the pediatrician and the commitment of the American Academy of Pediatrics to child automobile passenger safety. A brief summary of the nature and scope of the highway epidemic is given. The historical role of pediatricians in addressing the problem is reviewed. A new, innovative project of the Academy of Pediatrics, "The First Ride... A Safe Ride," as part of an overall child passenger safety program is presented. The goals, objectives and the organizational structure of this major emphasis project, and the commitment of the Academy to achieve this is outlined. We emphasize the fact that the prevention of highway trauma is a medical problem. It requires a serious commitment, working together, of pediatricians, other health care specialists, and their organizations to influence public, education and research to further the proper use of child passenger restraining devices. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Injuries KW - Public policy KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349490 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES APRIL 1, 1981 TO JUNE 30, 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 10 p. AB - This document contains defect recall campaign analysis by manufacturers both domestic and foreign for motor vehicles, motor vehicle equipment and tires, required by Section 151 of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 as amended. KW - Automobiles KW - Equipment KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348751 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - JAPANESE GOVERNMENT WHITE PAPER ON TRANSPORTATION SAFETY '81. PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE PY - 1981 SP - 239 p. AB - This work comprehensively presents for Japan the situation regarding traffic accidents primarily focused on 1980, the studies of traffic safety measures instituted in fiscal 1980, and the plans for traffic safety measures scheduled to be implemented in fiscal 1981. It covers highway, railway, marine and aviation traffic. Deaths caused by road traffic accidents in Japan have steadily decreased for nine years since 1971. In 1980, however, the number of fatalities showed a 3.5% increase over the preceding year. There was also a slight increase in the number of accidents and in the number of people injured. The traffic safety measures and preventive countermeasures outlined are being initiated with the goal of stopping this trend toward an increase in accidents. KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Increase KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172165 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348761 AU - Mackay, G M AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - SEAT BELTS IN EUROPE--THEIR USE AND PERFORMANCE IN COLLISIONS PY - 1981 SP - p. 39-54 AB - The early development of seat belts in Europe is reviewed to show how they evolved from relatively primitive accessories to an integral part of the modern car's design. Legal requirements on fitting and use of seat belts worldwide are summarised briefly, and actual belt usage rates in the traffic stream and in collisions are discussed. The effectiveness of seat belts in minimising injury in different collision configurations is outlined from the literature and comment is made on the risks of neck injury from belts. Overall it appears that universal belt use will prevent at least half of all car occupant deaths and serious injuries. Future developments in seat belts are mentioned and pre-loading appears as the most beneficial next stage. In general terms a mandatory usage law, coupled with effective education and enforcement is a successful policy, but if for political reasons such a policy is impossible, then passive seat belts offer an attractive alternative in the long term. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174773 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348768 AU - Campbell, G D AU - WELBOURNE, E R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TRANSPORT CANADA'S POLICY ON OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS PY - 1981 SP - p. 135-149 AB - The basic principles underlying Transport Canada's policy on occupant restraints are stated and their implications discussed. The functions of the occupant restraint system are reviewed and the performance of these functions by three types of automatic restraint is then compared with that of the conventional 3-point seat belt system. Several respects in which the automatic restraints are expected to be less effective than the 3-point belt are identified. However, it is concluded that continued installation of automatic restraint systems meeting prescribed standards is justified pending the development of more effective means of regulating the performance of occupant restraint systems in general. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174780 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348779 AU - Ghent, W R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - SALUS POPULI SUPREMIS LEX: A MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1981 SP - p. 249-252 AB - The public good is the greater law is one of the fundamentals of our judicial system in North America. This, when applied to mandatory restraint use legislation should be invoked only if the laws of common sense and self preservation have been ignored by an informed motoring public. This infringement of an individual's rights can be justified by statistics that support the ameliorating effect of restraint systems upon the injuries sustained by restrained automobile passengers. The development of an integrated crash protection package of greater sophistication and effectiveness must receive top priority in the actions of the automotive industry both in North America and abroad. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Law enforcement KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174791 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348764 AU - Green, R N AU - Sharpe, G S AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND THE LAW PY - 1981 SP - p. 87-97 AB - Mandatory legislation in regard to occupant restraint in many jurisdictions is briefly reviewed and compared. Mandating seat belt use has been shown in many jurisdictions to be the most effective immediate way of significantly reducing death and severe injuries resulting from motor vehicle collisions. Historically tort law has played an important role in deterring certain types of conduct. It appears that if the common law continues to develop by itself, the seat belt defence will be increasingly recognized by the courts in assessment of contributory negligence. If seat belt defence is to be recognized by law, such statutes should be broad rather than restrictive to provide just penalty for unreasonable behaviour on the part of an individual by which he contributes to injuries caused him by someone else's negligent acts. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal responsibility KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174776 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348766 AU - Joubert, P N AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTS OF SEAT BELT LAWS IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1981 SP - p. 111-118 AB - The events leading to the introduction of the law for the compulsory wearing of seat belts in the State of Victoria are described. There was much opposition to the proposal for compulsory wearing and the story of how this was overcome forms the major part of the paper. The life saving virtues of seat belts had been well known and date back to the year 1903. The advantages of their use in cars had been shown by the work of Bohlin. Prior to the Victorian seat belt law, the advantages to be gained from legislation for compulsory wearing had been proven by a law introduced in Victoria in 1961, which compelled all motor cyclists to wear a crash helmet. This law produced a fifty per cent reduction in deaths and injuries to motor cyclists. When the Snowy Mountains hydro-electric scheme was under construction, the authority insisted on compulsory wearing of seat belts for all of its employees. Despite some very serious accidents, there was not one death or serious injury from an accident during a six year construction period, 1961-67. Subsequent to the introduction of the seat belt law in Victoria, there has been a world wide swing to compulsory legislation because it produces a remarkable saving in lives and reduction in injuries. In Victoria this saving is shown to be about 45% respectively on expected trends. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349190 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES JANUARY 1, 1980 TO DECEMBER 31, 1980 PY - 1981 SP - 21 p. AB - This document contains defect recall campaign analysis by manufacturers both domestic and foreign for motor vehicles, motor vehicle equipment and tires, required by Section 151 of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 as amended. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Defects KW - Manufacturing KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348746 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '80 OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN JAPAN PY - 1981 SP - 57 p. AB - This statistical report of road accident statistics in Japan, contains the following topics: (A) Road Traffic Situation, 1946-1980; (B) Traffic Accidents: Trends; (C) Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1980: (1) Traffic Accidents in 1980; (2) Fatal Accidents in 1980; (3) Casualties in 1980; (4) Child Casualties in 1980; (5) Traffic Accidents on Expressways; (D) Control of Traffic Violations; (E) Traffic Regulations and Controls; (F) Driver's License; (G) Reference Information. KW - Children KW - Driver licenses KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172157 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348760 AU - Huelke, D F AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS IN REDUCING INJURIES & FATALITIES PY - 1981 SP - p. 33-38 AB - Studies on restraint effectiveness in the USA indicate that lap-shoulder belts are effective in reducing fatalities, as well as serious and critical-to life injuries to occupants of passenger cars. Estimates of the effectiveness of passive systems also indicate a marked reduction in the more serious injuries and fatalities. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174772 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348762 AU - Bohlin, N I AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - REFINEMENTS OF RESTRAINT SYSTEM DESIGN--A PRIMARY CONTRIBUTION TO SEAT BELT EFFECTIVENESS IN SWEDEN PY - 1981 SP - p. 55-72 AB - The development of safety belts in Sweden from the beginning in the mid 1950s is reviewed. Both the history of regulations and the development of various belt designs are dealt with. It is found that the creative cooperation between Government agencies and industry as well as the continuous work to improve the belt wearing comfort have been advantageous to the effectiveness of safety belts in Sweden. The latest data on occupant fatalities in Sweden as well as recent findings from VOLVO accident studies are summarized. One of the VOLVO analyses shows that the rear seat is as dangerous as the front seat. The other report concludes that 74% of the injuries sustained by truck occupants in accidents with commercial vehicles can be mitigated by the use of a 3-point belt. Volvo has therefore developed a special truck safety belt which has been introduced as standard equipment on some truck models. U1 - "The Human Collision", International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174774 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348759 AU - O'Day, J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - STATE LEGISLATION AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINT PY - 1981 SP - p. 24-29 AB - A state government incurs many direct expenses as a result of highway accidents which occur in the state. These include state support of hospitals where treatment of injury has not been otherwise paid for, sick leave for state employees unable to work because of accidents, insurance premiums for state agencies and educational institutions, uncompensated damage to highways and highway furniture, aid to dependent children whose dependence resulted from automobile accidents, etc. State legislators have opportunities to enact laws which may directly affect either the likelihood of accidents or the likelihood of injury given an accident. This study, using data mainly for the State of Michigan, estimates such state expenditures, and provides examples of models to compute the potential costs and savings to the state which would result from legislation. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Expenditures KW - Laws KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Savings KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174771 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348770 AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - CHI, GYH AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - AUTOMATIC VS MANUAL SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON USING STATE ACCIDENT DATA INVOLVING 1975-1979 MODEL VW RABBITS PY - 1981 SP - p. 165-174 AB - The primary objective of this research is to assess the (A+K)-injury reducing potential of the VW Rabbit automatic shoulder belt/knee bolster system using data consisting of 10,336 accidents involving VW Rabbits during the period 1975-1979 in New York, North Carolina, Maryland, Colorado, Alabama, and South Carolina. The analysis generally involved the following: (1) investigation of potential biases arising from missing belt usage cases; (2) identifying confounding variables by variable screening and then smoothing the data using weighted least squares procedures for categorical data; and (3) examination of the components of the overall (A+K)-injury rate reduction, namely components due to usage rate differences, belt system differences, and sample variation. For the primary analyses (NY, NC, MD, and CO), the range of usage rates was 16.6% to 41.6% for manual belts versus 43.1% to 73.7% for automatic belts. Occupants in automatic belt Rabbits experienced 20 to 30 percent fewer (A+K)-injuries than their counterparts in Rabbits with conventional 3-point belt systems. The overriding factor for this reduction was the increase (at least two-fold) in the belt usage rates in automatic belt Rabbits. When used, the two belt systems are equally effective in preventing serious injuries. Although there is some variability in the results across states due to differences in reporting thresholds, variable differences, missing data rates, police reporting errors, etc., the reasonable consistency of the results between states suggests a reasonable adequacy of state accident data in addressing a question such as posed herein. In point of fact, alternative data is not yet available. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174782 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348777 AU - STATES, J D AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE SYSTEMS APPROACH PY - 1981 SP - p. 235-243 AB - The design and development of motor vehicle occupant protection utilizing a systems approach appears feasible. The use of a knee bar and the seat cushion for principal energy input, of an extended dashboard for restraint of the upper thigh, of the dashboard for impact protection of the chest and shoulders, and of a widened, more sloping windshield for head impacts and restraint are within present engineering and design capabilities. In higher energy collisions, the systems approach allows the collision forces to be dissipated over more of the body surface and in less vulnerable anatomic areas, such as the knees and buttocks. Especially in jurisdictions where seat belt usage is low, these energy absorbing systems will aid immeasurably in dissipating collision forces, although they may not provide the stabilizing effect of a belt restraint. To efficiently design such a system, however, additional knowledge of the kinematics and injury tolerances of the human body are essential. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Energy absorption KW - Kinematics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348756 AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - "THE HUMAN COLLISION", INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON OCCUPANT RESTRAINT, JUNE 1-3, 1981, TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA PY - 1981 SP - 252 p. AB - The goal of this Symposium was to assemble, from a medical perspective, the knowledge currently available worldwide about motor vehicle occupant restraint. The Proceedings contain the papers presented at the Symposium, grouped according to the following six topical areas: (I) Medical and social perspectives of occupant restraint; (II) Seat belt effectiveness; (III) Mandatory seat belt laws and enforcement; (IV) Automatic restraints; (V) Special needs of infants, children and the handicapped; and (VI) Occupant restraint: an overview. KW - Automatic control KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Effectiveness KW - Infants KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual control KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172174 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348773 AU - Roberts, G AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION: THE TENNESSEE ENFORCEMENT STRATEGY PY - 1981 SP - p. 189-200 AB - Tennessee, in 1978, became the first state to enact child passenger safety legislation. Law enforcement participation in the program was minimal until the fall of 1979 when the Tennessee Highway Patrol undertook a unique approach to enforcement of the legislation. The Patrol's enforcement strategy has resulted in active enforcement and support for the law among police personnel and strengthened and broadened its public acceptance. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Safety KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174785 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00348774 AU - Shiels, A C AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - SASKATCHEWAN KIDS GET BELTED PY - 1981 SP - p. 201-208 AB - The Province of Saskatchewan was the first jurisdiction in Canada and the third in North America to introduce mandatory child restraint use regulations. The law applies to all children born after June 30, 1980 and requires them to be protected by a restraint system appropriate to their weight provided that a seating position fitted with a seat belt is available in the vehicle. The legislation was preceeded by the preparation and distribution of promotional and instructional material for use by public health nurses throughout the province. Enforcement strategies were developed and discussed with police to ensure that they understood and supported the intent of the regulations and that they would be sensitive to the problems and limitations which parents would encounter in attempting to comply with regulations. Although too little time has passed to properly assess the impact of the regulations, public reaction has been very positive with most criticism coming from persons who are unaware of the special exemptions in the regulations or who feel that the the regulations should be more restrictive. U1 - "The Human Collision," International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, June 1-3, 1981, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Regulations KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343624 AU - Ray, H W AU - Brink, J R AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE SAFE PERFORMANCE CURRICULUM ON ON-ROAD DRIVING TEST PERFORMANCE PY - 1980/12/31 SP - 56 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to assess the relative effectiveness of SPC training, PDL training, and training students receive in the absence of a formal inschool driver training program, in terms of performance on the USC On-Road Performance Test (ORPT). Additional objectives of the study included assessment of the relationship between ORPT test scores and socio-economic status, sex, and grade-point average. The data for this analysis arose from the testing of Year Two SPC, PDL, and Control students over two driving routes. The analysis sample consisted of 459 students--100 SPC students, 117 PDL students, and 242 Control students. The analysis approach called for an assessment of group (SPC, PDL, Control) differences on selected control variables; relating these control variables to ORPT test scores; and based on the outcomes of these analyses conducting appropriate comparative analyses of SPC, PDL, and Control groups to assess program impact on ORPT test scores. KW - Automobiles KW - Curricula KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Examinations KW - Impact studies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Specialized training KW - Students UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329094 AU - Noettl, J AU - Belanger, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL VEHICLE REPAIR COSTS, PHASE II PY - 1980/12/23 SP - 63 p. AB - The report studies the cost of following the manufacturers' preventive maintenance schedules and of performing nine selected repairs for the cars projected to be the 80 top sellers for 1981. The results of the study are listed by make and model within size classes, including parts price, labor cost, and total repair cost, in Appendix A. From the work in this contract it was determined that cost-to-repair data could be developed early enough in the car model year to be of use to new car buyers. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Labor market KW - Materials KW - Materials management KW - Materials replacement KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369273 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SERIOUS ROLLOVER PROBLEMS FOUND IN JEEP CJ-5 UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1980/12/22 VL - 15 IS - 19 SP - p. 1-12 AB - Tests conducted by Dynamic Science, Inc. have demonstrated that the American Motors Corporation Jeep CJ-5, an increasingly popular on-off-road, four-wheel-drive vehicle, has a tendency to roll over in highway handling situations such as 22 mph J-turns and 32 mph obstacle avoidance maneuvers. Accident data indicate that the fatality rate per registered vehicle for the Jeep CJ-5 is higher than that for motorcycles, with rollovers involved in 90% of the Jeep CJ-5 single vehicle fatal crashes. Highway Loss Data Institute studies of insurance claims also indicate heavy personal injury and property damage losses associated with the vehicle. Although the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) considered a 1973 rulemaking to deal with vehicle rollover tendencies, this rulemaking was never completed. Films and reports of the Jeep CJ-5 handling tests and a summary of court cases involving rollovers of these Jeep models have been sent to NHTSA. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Loss and damage KW - Personal injury KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Utility vehicles UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1510.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186945 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369272 JO - Automotive News PB - Crain Communications, Incorporated AU - Marketing Sciences, Incorporated TI - ALUMINUM ACTS AS SACRIFICE IN AUTOMOTIVE WAR AGAINST RUST PY - 1980/12/19 SP - 2 p. AB - Aluminum clad with stainless steel is being produced for use in automobile trim and bumpers. The material is lightweight, easily formed, and bright and shiny in appearance. The aluminum, which acts as a sacrificial metal, corrodes in place of the steel, but the disfigurement is not visible. Clad metal is bonded molecularly under high pressure and will not separate. Bumpers made of aluminum clad with stainless steel are also being produced for use on fire engines and heavy duty trucks. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Fire vehicles KW - Lightweight materials KW - Rust prevention KW - Stainless steel KW - Trimming KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395323 AU - California State Health and Welfare Agency TI - POST CONVICTION DRINKING DRIVER PROGRAM. JUDICIAL GUIDELINES AND INFORMATION PY - 1980/12/01 SP - 36 p. AB - This report is divided into 5 sections: 1) A summary of drinking driver program statutory requirements; 2) State-approved post-conviction drinking driver programs; 3) An overview of California's drinking driver program; 4) California Health and Safety Code (Division 10.5, Sections 11837 and 11838); and 5) California Government Administrative Code (Title 9, Sections 9800 and 9840). KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - California KW - Convictions KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legislation KW - Post conviction KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343653 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUGMENTATION OF RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES FOR TIMELY SUPPORT OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY ACTIVITIES PY - 1980/12 SP - 467p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329028 AU - Carpenter, D W AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - California Office of Traffic Safety AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POST LICENSING CONTROL REPORTING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM: NEGLIGENT OPERATOR PROGRAM COSTS AND EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1980/12 SP - 70 p. AB - The post licensing control reporting and evaluation system (PLCRES) provides a continually updated series of reports on the costs and traffic safety impacts of components of the Department of Motor Vehicles' (DMV) negligent operator program. The subject of this sixth status report is the warning letter and individual hearing or probation by mail, which are the first and third of the four sequential treatments that comprise the negligent operator program. The second (group educational meeting) and fourth (probation violator hearing) levels are not evaluated because recent program changes have required that subject accumulation begin again. Both programs will be evaluated in the December, 1981 PLCRES report. KW - Analysis KW - Behavior KW - California KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394052 AU - Washington State Office of Financial Management TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACT OF SHB 665: THE NEW DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED LAW PY - 1980/12 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this study is to provide an assessment of the implementation and impact of the new driving while intoxicated (DWI) law, SHB 665, which was fully enacted on January 1, 1980. The law increases the certainty of punishment for DWI offenders by establishing the Illegal Per Se section (i.e., the assumption of guilt when the weight of alcohol in the defendant's blood reaches or exceeds 0.10 percent) and by introducing a provision for mandatory jail sentences of one day for all first-time DWI offenders and longer terms for repeat offenders. The intent of the law was the deterrence of future occurrences of driving while intoxicated. It was also anticipated that the implementation of this law would impact operations of the criminal justice system--especially the jails. This study was designed to assess, within existing constraints, the ways in which the new DWI law was implemented and the impact it has had on the various segments of the criminal justice system. In addition, initial indicators of the deterrent effect of the new DWI law are presented. KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - Per se laws KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394051 AU - Kirsch, N S AU - New Jersey Division of Motor Vehicles TI - GUIDE TO HEARING DRUNK DRIVING CASES PY - 1980/12 SP - 35 p. AB - An attempt is made here to provide guidance to a judge in ruling on the major issues involved in most drunk driving cases: legal questions of "operation", "under the influence" and the "validity of a BAC reading". Elements and proofs required are reviewed in detail and include the following: probable cause to sustain arrest; proof of operation; under the influence; consent to be tested; validity of a state's case without the corroboration of a chemical test; validity of a BAC reading; outline of a court's decision; the sentencing requirements; administrative action--Division of Motor Vehicles; what constitutes a subsequent conviction; special defense motions; non-residents--driving privilege; and license suspension reduction for certain drivers. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Courts KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Suspensions KW - Testing KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic conviction KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391795 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - THE COST OF AUTO INSURANCE. HOW CONSUMER CHOICES AND CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT THE PREMIUMS PEOPLE PAY PY - 1980/12 SP - 52 p. AB - This study covers 12 states and provides information on about 3.8 million auto insurance policies insuring nearly 5.8 million cars--an average of 1.5 vehicles per policy. These policies involved premiums totaling $1,698,228,990 as of 1978. At the time this study was conducted, the average auto insurance premium was $447 per policy and $294 per vehicle. However, premium size ranged from less than $100 to more than $1,500, depending on the risk characteristics of the cars, the drivers, the locations, and the purchasing decisions made by car owners. About 71 percent of all policies involved annual insurance premiums of less than $501, and 89 percent had premiums of less than $751 a year. Fewer than 5 percent of all policies cost more than $1,000 a year. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Choice models KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Payment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207056 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373270 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gottlieb, R J AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - RESTORATION GUIDE. PART 2: GETTING STARTED (SPECIALTY AUTOMOBILES) PY - 1980/12 VL - 32 IS - 12 SP - p. 85-89 AB - The required work environment for restoring a specialty automobile is described: space, lighting, workbench and bench vise, hand tools, specialized automotive tools, camera equipment, paper tags, notebook, and rust-dissolving agent. Driving the automobile before disassembly is recommended, if possible, to evaluate the car's condition and to disclose possible defects. Simple procedures are outlined to follow before starting the engine (either crank or electrically started). Budget is discussed as a major preliminary consideration in restoration. For the first such project, partial vs. full restoration ("frame-up") is advised. The amateur restorer is advised to contract out work he is not capable of handling, to ask many questions, and to request demonstrations of restoration procedures. Use of original shop manuals (or reproductions), restoration guides, and parts interchange manuals is recommended, as well as investigating availability of parts in the marketplace. A good second or "parts car" is suggested as a wise investment; it is generally a car beyond restoration which can be sold after salvaging the necessary parts. KW - Automobiles KW - Restoration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189243 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373279 JO - Cycle World PB - CBS Consumer Publishing West AU - CARTER, T AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - APPLIED TORQUE. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TWISTING THINGS PY - 1980/12 VL - 19 IS - 12 SP - 4 p. AB - A detailed analysis is presented on torque, the force that twists an object around an axis. Characteristics of preload in a bolted joint are described, and the design of bolted joints is discussed, as influenced by the expected load, geometry of the joint, gaskets, strength, elasticity, compressibility of the bolts and parts, and economics. The advantages of the torque wrench in measuring preload are considered. Factors influencing the fatigue value of a bolt include surface finish, size, reliability, temperature, and stress concentration factors. No single reliable formula can indicate the optimum size and preload of a bolt for given applications; experimental loading of the joints while monitoring with accurate test equipment is the only certain method. In real life, assembly errors can cause the best preload to drift off course in either direction. Recommendations include knowing the correct value of a bolt; using correct units of measurement; and using bolts with clean and well lubricated threads. A fastener that is already tight should never be torqued or retorqued without first being loosened, cleaned and lubricated. Torque wrenches should be kept in a safe, protected place. KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Preloading KW - Torque KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373269 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Wakefield, R AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - FUELS FOR TOMORROW. PART 1 PY - 1980/12 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - p. 70-76 AB - Various sources indicate that there are abundant oil and natural gas reserves worldwide. In spite of increased exploratory drilling in the U.S. in 1979 and 1980, an obstacle to increased production is that much of the country's untapped reserves lie underneath public lands. For replacing a substantial portion of oil imports, the synfuels program will concentrate on oil shale and coal, the two most abundant fossil fuel resources in the U.S. Other fuels with major potential are alcohol fuels (ethanol, methanol) from biomass. Critics of gasohol (90% gasoline/10% ethanol) object to its support by tax subsidies, the effect on food prices of using corn as the ethanol source, and the energy-intensive nature of distilling alcohol. Ethanol appears to be useful only as an extender of gasoline supplies. Use of alcohol as automotive fuel involves considering such factors as separation of methanol from gasoline in the presence of water, higher octane ratings and compression ratios, higher vapor pressure and increased evaporative emissions, and decreased engine knock. Switching to ethanol as a straight fuel, as is being done in Brazil, requires changes to the engine and fuel system. Natural gas, primarily propane and butane, is not a serious contender as an automotive fuel because of on-board storage and refueling problems. The same holds true for liquefied natural gases. Although hydrogen represents a clean, efficient, and even recyclable alternate fuel, obstacles to be overcome involve production (energy-intensive), distribution (safety), on-vehicle storage, and refueling. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Biomass KW - Coal KW - Ethanol KW - Gasohol KW - Hydrogen KW - Liquefied natural gas KW - Methanol KW - Oil shales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373083 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Brown, H AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - PASSIVE SAFETY CAR PROTECTS OCCUPANTS AND PEDESTRIANS PY - 1980/12 VL - 217 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - Sponsored by the French government, Renault's EPURE (Etude de la Protection des Usagers de la Route et de l'Environnement) project has developed a passive safety car as well as improved methods for testing automobile crashworthiness. The Pt. 572 dummy was made more flexible in the head and upper torso for better simulation of occupant kinematics in lateral collisions. A moving deformable barrier provided a better simulation of the striking vehicle's energy absorption in car-to-car impacts. The EPURE vehicle, which resembles Renault's Le Car, has special rails (connected by cross members) along the front and sides to direct the force of a crash away from the point of impact, distributing the force more evenly. Three-point automatic restraints retract up to 100 mm. depending upon the crash force; regular belts are a backup system. The EPURE car also features padding of thin sheet metal and foam where chest, pelvis, and head areas might strike, and on the dash; a shield-type bumper around the car at pedestrian's shin level for avoiding serious joint fractures; and a protective framework around the fuel tank which is located toward the front to avoid rear-impact explosions. The EPURE has passed a 40.3 mph frontal barrier impact test with the dummies "surviving." KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fuel tanks KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372112 AU - United States Congress TI - FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS AFTER 1985 PY - 1980/12 SP - 98 p. AB - This paper presents an assessment of the feasibility and cost effectiveness of further improvements in automotive fuel economy. For purposes of analysis, the paper's focus is restricted to the potential fuel-economy improvements resulting from increased use of existing technologies and from market shifts to small, fuel-efficient cars. The potential for technological breakthroughs--that is, the development and application of innovative technologies now still only in experimental stages--is clearly present over the next 10 to 15 years, however. Thus, the Congressional Budget Office's estimates based on existing technologies must be recognized as conservative. The remainder of this chapter describes the events leading to the 1975 legislation and to ongoing Congressional consideration of post-1985 fuel-economy standards. The next chapter examines the feasibility of attaining by 1995 an average fuel economy level of 40 mpg for the new fleet of U.S. cars. This assessment is based on a review of potential fuel-economy improvements resulting from 12 existing types of automotive technologies and from anticipated market shifts to small, fuel-efficient cars. Chapter III examines the net costs and benefits of post-1985 fuel-economy improvements, in terms of savings to the consumer and reductions in national petroleum consumption. Chapter IV estimates the capital requirements for U.S. automobile manufacturers that would be associated with improved fuel economy and explores the industry's ability to meet those requirements. Chapter V reviews the aims and effectiveness of establishing additional fuel-economy standards. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Capital costs KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Estimates KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Savings KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185236 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369652 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - PREVENTING CAR THEFT PY - 1980/12 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - p. 8-13 AB - A car is stolen every 32 seconds in the U.S., or nearly one million annually (out of a total 120 million); chances of recovery are low. The car theft business is estimated at $6 billion in 1980. The thief steals a car and sells it (or its parts) to a middle man who may pose as a used car dealer or may operate a chop shop (where cars are disassembled and parts sold to scrap yards and body repair shops). Almost anyone with a little knowledge and the right tools can steal a car. Of cars stolen, 40% have the keys inside. Cars viewed as collector's items and those without steering column ignitions (easier to hot-wire) are the most popular targets (1964 Chevrolet Impala and 1967 VW sedan). Simple ways to make one's car less attractive to thieves include locking the car and taking the keys; parking in a well lit, busy area; keeping valuables out of sight; marking car's accessories and removable recreational equipment; and not leaving the owner's certificate or hiding spare keys in the car. Several anti-theft devices include tapered doorlock buttons, decals for anti-theft devices, different locks on doors and ignition, hidden engine-kill or fuel cutoff switch, steering wheel lock, and car alarms. Although insurance will cover the cost of a car, other costs are involved (higher insurance premiums with increase in thefts, items stolen, e.g. clothes, but not covered, car rental fees, lost time from work). KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Canal lock operations KW - Costs KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187199 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369653 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MOTORCYCLISTS HELP MOTORCYCLING (TRAINING COURSE FOR MOTORCYCLE RIDING INSTRUCTORS) PY - 1980/12 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-21 AB - Defense Department (DOD) employees (military and civilian) describe their recent participation in a course for teaching skilled motorcyclists the art and science of training novice riders. The course is given by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF), which, in order to expand its instructor training program, schools experienced teachers to become chief instructors. In a normal class of college and high school instructors, 20% to 30% fail to pass the chief instructor's course. All 12 of the DOD participants, none of whom had extensive backgrounds in education, graduated and with one of the highest grade totals ever recorded. The new chief instructors describe the course while expounding their enthusiasm for the program. KW - Driver training KW - Instructors KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369647 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Eid, A M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN QATAR. THE SIZE OF THE PROBLEM PY - 1980/12 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 287-298 AB - Injuries and deaths from traffic accidents (and from other causes for comparison) were studied in Qatar for 1976 through 1978. The general incidence of traffic accidents in Qatar was higher than in developed countries and in many of the developing countries. In 1978 Qatar had about 220,000 inhabitants, 80,000 motor vehicles, and 1200 km. of paved roads. The main roads around the capital city, Doha, are well planned and constructed, but narrow roads inside the city cannot cope with the rapidly increasing vehicular population. In the three years studied, traffic accidents were responsible for 80-85% of all traumatic hospital admissions and for 94-95% of all deaths following trauma in general. Unprotected road users (cyclists and pedestrians) constituted 43.6% of the casualties and 50% of the fatalities. Over half the accidents involved single vehicles. The victims were usually in the 11-40 yr. age group and men were involved in over 90% of the cases. The personal or human factor was responsible for 94.4% of all traffic accidents. Definite cultural, ethical, and behavioral attitudes and some psychological problems were found which predispose this multiracial country to a high incidence of traffic accidents, including poor communication among groups with different customs and languages, love of speed, lack of and disregard for safety rules, fondness for high powered cars, and use of cars by the young. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Cyclists KW - Developing countries KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - High risk drivers KW - Injuries KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Pedestrians KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187194 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369649 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - COLWILL, D M AU - HICKMAN, A J AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - EXPOSURE OF DRIVERS TO CARBON MONOXIDE PY - 1980/12 VL - 30 IS - 12 SP - 4 p. AB - Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were continuously monitored inside and outside of 11 new cars as they were driven on a 35 km. route over busy roads in and around London. Average CO levels between 12 and 60 ppm were found inside the cars, 30% and 80% of the external concentrations. Extensive periods of queuing in dense traffic resulted in the highest interior and exterior CO levels. Differences in interior CO levels, which were more marked between vehicles than for different runs in the same vehicle, were probably the result of differences in buffering effect by the ventilation systems. The interior CO levels would produce carboxyhemoglobin concentrations ranging from 1.5% to 3.0% levels at which published data suggest no adverse health effects will occur. There are conflicting views as to possible impairment of driving performance. KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Crash exposure KW - Driver impairment KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Exteriors KW - Health KW - Impaired drivers KW - Interior KW - Queuing KW - Traffic density KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187196 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369703 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Hall, J C AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - WARRANTLESS VEHICLE SEARCHES: THE IMPACT OF ARKANSAS V. SANDERS PY - 1980/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 22-26 AB - Police in Little Rock, Arkansas were told by an informer on 23 Apr 1976 that a person named Sanders would arrive at the airport carrying a suitcase filled with marijuana. The same informant had previously provided information leading to the arrest and conviction of Sanders for marijuana possession. The police followed Sanders from the airport, stopped the taxi in which he was riding, removed the suitcase from the trunk and opened it to reveal the marijuana. Sanders' subsequent conviction for possession was appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court which reversed the decision, saying there was ample probable cause to believe contraband was in the suitcase but no exigent circumstances justifying a warrantless search. The state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, contending that the search was proper as part of an automobile search, lawfully conducted under the "automobile exception" to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court held that the warrant requirement applies to luggage in a car to the same degree it applies to luggage in other locations. Thus, insofar as the police are entitled to search such luggage without a warrant, their actions must be justified under some exception to the warrant requirement other than automobile stopped on the highway. Arkansas v. Sanders (20 Jun 1979) is examined with respect to the applicable law. Through an analysis of state and lower Federal court cases, the decision's impact on the authority of law enforcement officers to conduct warrantless searches and seizures is assessed. KW - Automobiles KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Marijuana KW - Police powers KW - Search and seizure KW - Statute cases KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187213 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369654 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Simmons, J C AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CAR WARS (DRIVER VIOLENCE) PY - 1980/12 VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 11 p. AB - Anecdotal evidence is cited and law enforcement officials and behavioral scientists are quoted with respect to the increasing problem of driver violence in the U.S. The problem is especially acute in large western and southwestern cities which have had a dramatic increase in road congestion in the past few years. Texas, in particular, has witnessed shootings and stabbings among motorists. A recent FBI report asserted that traffic enforcement has become one of the most dangerous activities for a policeman in a large city. The level of violence escalated dramatically during the gas crisis. There is growing evidence that long trips on congested freeways take their psychological and physical toll on commuters. Many drivers easily become aggressive when frustrated by other motorists' behavior. Some motorists who have harassed other drivers display a warped sense of duty, taking the law into their own hands. Cars become an extension of some drivers' personalities. Such people are often personally affronted by many normal traffic activities. Cars provide anonymity, allowing a driver to relax his inhibitions and to act out his aggressions. Some traffic "accidents" may be suicidal. The growing motorist violence is symptomatic of a broader pattern of frustration among people who sense a loss of control in their lives. KW - Aggression KW - Behavior KW - Crimes KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Police KW - Psychological aspects KW - Suicide KW - Supply KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Trip length KW - Violent crimes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187201 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369211 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - WHITEHEAD, C AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - TAMING AUTOMOBILES IN NEIGHBORHOODS (TRAFFIC REDUCTION PROGRAMS IN GERMAN CITIES) PY - 1980/12 VL - 50 IS - 12 SP - p. 22-23 AB - In the residential areas of such German cities as Essen, Altendorf, Bocholt, and Cologne, Verkehrsberuhigung ("traffic tranquilization") programs have been implemented to reduce automobile traffic and to rejuvenate neighborhoods. Areas once reserved for parking are now occupied by shrubbery, benches and playgrounds, walkways and bikeways, and outdoor cafes. Efforts have been made to restore older patterns of zigzag and dead-end streets and varied street surfaces. State governments are providing substantial funds to revitalize old city neighborhoods whose populations have declined in the past decade as residents have moved to the suburbs to escape increasingly heavy traffic. Repairing the damage to urban residential areas caused by traffic and its concomitant pollution, noise, threat of injury, and loss of public space is viewed by German policymakers as an essential urban policy goal for the 1980's. A nationwide traffic restraint program will improve the quality of life in residential and local retail districts, and will contribute to energy savings. Total automotive use is expected to decrease by one-third as alternative means of transportation become more pleasant and consequently more popular. KW - Cities KW - Highway traffic control KW - Neighborhoods KW - Residential areas KW - Traffic restraint KW - Urban renewal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369246 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Hackler, T AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - COMPUTER AGE DAWNS FOR THE AUTOMOBILE PY - 1980/12 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - A general overview is given of the construction, capabilities, and automotive applications of the microprocessor (essentially a minicomputer). The initial automotive application of the microprocessor was the basis of an engine control system for regulating exhaust emissions and fuel economy. Additional controls are being developed for valve timing, idle speed, manifold pressure, and transmission shifting. Some interesting current and planned uses of the microprocessor in automobiles include a trip computer, a route guidance device, drunk-driver ignition interlock, vehicle system monitoring and diagnostics, cruise control, and automatic braking (collision avoidance). It is noted that by 1981, computers could add about $400 to the cost of an automobile, and by 1990, electronics may account for 10% of the price of a car. KW - Air quality management KW - Applications KW - Automobiles KW - Control KW - Costs KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186930 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369182 JO - IEEE Spectrum PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - FISHER, P D AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - SHORTCOMINGS OF RADAR SPEED MEASUREMENT PY - 1980/12 VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - p. 28-31 AB - The operation of radar speed-measuring devices is explained; it is based on the Doppler principle, which relates the frequency shifts in reflected radiation to the relative velocity between the reflecting object and observer. These devices (either stationary or moving mode) should be used only in moderately heavy or light traffic. More obvious sources of error in the stationary mode (e.g. patrol car fan, citizen's band transmissions) are identified, as well as more subtle sources ("cosine effect," radar oscillator frequency outside Federal Communication Commission specifications, and equipment "convenience" options). Sources of error in the moving mode are described, including the possibilities for erroneous target speed readings in the presence of multiple moving targets. Improved calibration test procedures and electronic speedometers to measure patrol car speeds are cited as the most important ways to improve existing equipment. Other possibilities include display improvements, range controls, beam-width optimization, and frequency standardization. Efforts to develop radar equipment performance standards are described. Separate notes describe the four classes of electronic speed-measuring devices used in traffic law enforcement (electronic speedometer, Vascar, Orbis, and radar) and explain the moving mode cosine effect. KW - Doppler navigation KW - Doppler system KW - Errors KW - Quality of work KW - Radar KW - Speed measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369188 JO - Motor AU - Grant, L AU - Hearst Books TI - RACK 'EM UP (SERVICING FORD'S POWER RACK AND PINION STEERING SYSTEM) PY - 1980/12 VL - 154 IS - 6 SP - 5 p. AB - Following a basic description (including illustrations) of Ford's power rack and pinion steering system (revised 1978), diagnosis and servicing information is provided for the mechanic. Key areas of the front suspension and gear assembly for initial inspection are listed (e.g. tire inflation, wheel bearings). Causes of the following consumer complaints and their solutions are outlined: fluid leakage, front end wander, steering feedback, heavy steering efforts, poor wheel return, and hissing sound. Special tools required for servicing procedures are identified. Service adjustment to the rack yoke-bearing is described as the only possible adjustment to this steering system. Step-by-step instructions are given on the disassembly and reassembly of the following component groups: tie-rod ends, bellows, and tie-rod ball joints; input shaft and valve assembly; and gear housing, rack yoke-bearing, rack assembly, rack bushing, and oil seals. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Steering systems KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369244 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - WINTERIZATION STARTS WITH HOSE AND BELT MAINTENANCE (AUTOMOTIVE COOLING SYSTEM) PY - 1980/12 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - Including suggestions by the Gates Rubber Company, information is provided for the fleet manager on the periodic servicing of vehicle cooling systems (hoses and belts). Preventive maintenance guidelines for hoses include replacing all coolant hoses (except silicone) during major engine overhaul, inspecting hoses frequently for abrasion and tightening hose clamps often, and protecting hoses susceptible to damage by road hazards. Some examples are given of hose failure: hardening from high heat, external cracks and breaks, internal flaking from coolant deterioration, and oil-soaked or swollen areas; the replacement procedure is described. Covered and bandless V-belts are described, and conditions listed for detection in the inspection of fan, alternator, air-conditioning, power steering, and air pump belts: cracking, oil soaking, glazing, and wearing of cover. Worn pulley grooves are also identified as a frequent cause of V-belt trouble. Information is given on proper belt selection and the procedure for changing belts. Guidelines are presented for tensioning belts, as well as additional tensioning checkpoints. KW - Belts KW - Cooling systems KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Hoses KW - Inspection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368932 AU - Governor's Alcohol and Highway Safety Task Force TI - PUBLIC HEARINGS ON ALCOHOL & HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1980/12 SP - v.p. AB - Public hearings were held by the Governor's Alcohol and Highway Safety Task Force in their efforts to analyze the problem of drinking and driving on highways in the state of New York. This document contains the testimony of the speakers at the hearings, testimony submitted to the various committees, and the interchange and clarification questions of those in attendance. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Public hearings KW - Testimony UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186228 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369265 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - BEERMANN, H J AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - WARPING TORSION IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLE FRAMES, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION FLEXIBLE JOINTS PY - 1980/12 VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - p. 397-414 AB - The twisting of commercial vehicle frames is dominated by warping torsion which causes stresses that are responsible for most failures. Warping inhibition is achieved by joining cross-to side-members. A hybrid method of analysis is presented which combines finite element idealization of the joint areas with analytically derived beam elements for the cross- and side-member sections. The beam element includes warping torsion force-displacement relationships. Thus, the flexibility of the joints is included in the calculation, as well as the compatibility of warping displacements. Analytical and experimental results show close agreement. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Flexibility KW - Frames KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Stresses KW - Torsion KW - Warpage KW - Warping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186939 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369201 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - BUILDING A PLASTICS REVOLUTION. STRUCTURAL PLASTICS MIGHT OFFER THE POSSIBILITY OF PRODUCING A SIX-PASSENGER CAR THAT TIPS THE SCALES AT 1800 LBS. PY - 1980/12 VL - 160 IS - 12 SP - p. 48-49 AB - Because of the potential market for a lightweight automobile which could accommodate five or six passengers, the Budd Company is developing plastic structural components for automobiles: a radiator support, frame crossmembers, transmission supports, and energy-absorbing bumper supports. Great potential is projected for sheet molding compound (SMC) which has good dimensional stability, can be easily painted, has good weathering properties, does not oxidize, and lends itself to parts consolidation. High-glass SMC (HSMC) which has the properties of hot- or cold-rolled steel also has high potential for automotive application. The company has also done some work with plastic and steel hybrids, thin metal sheets bonded to both sides of plastic components to allow parts to be spot-welded. Although plastics do not have the stiffness of steel, sections can be made thicker and still provide a weight savings of up to 60%. The possibility is envisioned of producing a four-passenger, or even a six-passenger, car which weighs only 1800 lbs. Although lightweight materials are more expensive than steel, it is believed that the public will be willing to pay the added price to obtain the benefits of adequate size and fuel economy. KW - Composite materials KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lightweight materials KW - Plastics KW - Sheet molding compounds KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369264 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Dick, J S AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - HOW TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS HAVE AFFECTED THE TIRE INDUSTRY'S STRUCTURE. PART 4 PY - 1980/12 VL - 112 IS - 12 SP - p. 47-52 AB - Technological changes in the tire manufacturing process are described, and their implications with respect to capital intensity and initial investment cost are examined. The manufacturing process includes raw material receiving and storage, mixing, calendering, extruding, tire building, tire curing and finishing, warehousing, and shipping. Changes in overall plant layout are noted, as well as the significant improvement in labor productivity from 1965 to 1975. A breakdown is presented of some of the principal capital equipment needed in a new tire plant and associated cost estimates. The overall cost of building a modern 10,000 units/day radial passenger tire plant (minimal optimal scale) is estimated at $100 million. The high cost is attributed to the use of improved and more expensive technologies and the added expense of producing radial tires. The considerable capital required plus the relatively low return on investment do not favor entry into the tire industry, even by a large firm. The technological changes have given larger companies competitive advantages over smaller firms. Efforts to develop a liquid injection molding system for producing cordless tires are reviewed, and the benefits of this revolutionary concept are outlined: lower production cost, smaller economies of scale, low rolling resistance, superior uniformity, less noise, no splices, less energy intensive process, and easier recyclability. KW - Competition KW - Cordless tires KW - Costs KW - Industrial plants KW - Injection molding KW - Layout KW - Manufacturing KW - Plant layout KW - Productivity KW - Technological innovations KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186938 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369245 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - BRAKE SYSTEM CORROSION CUT WITH SILICONE FLUID PY - 1980/12 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-27 AB - Field testing by the St. Paul Division (Minnesota) of Northern States Power Company has so far demonstrated the efficiency of silicone brake fluid in preventing brake component corrosion. After an average 28,300 mi. traveled per fleet test vehicle, none of the wheel cylinders, calipers, or master cylinders had required replacement. Even at low annual vehicle mileage, the operating environment of the utility's fleet is relatively harsh on brake system components because of exposure to road salt during long winters. Normal practice has been to overhaul brakes every 30,000 mi. Because conventional polyglycol brake fluids tend to absorb moisture, corrosion is a problem. In the evaluation of 13 new vehicles and 2 used passenger cars with replaced brake cylinders, calipers and hoses, total flushing of the brake system was not necessary because silicone is compatible with conventional brake fluid. According to the utility's drivers, changing to silicone has made no noticeable difference in the feel of the brake pedals. Although the silicone brake fluid costs $3 more per vehicle, experience to date has indicated that the original wheel and master cylinders and calipers should last the life of the vehicle with the new fluid, which represents a saving of about $350 per car and reduces the chance of leaking brake fluid and brake failure. KW - Brake fluids KW - Brakes KW - Corrosion protection KW - Costs KW - Field tests KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fluids KW - Silicone fluids KW - Silicones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186929 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369247 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Turocy, W AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE CAN STOP WINTER WOES (AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM) PY - 1980/12 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - Thickened oil, reduced available battery power, and increased use of electrical accessories (e.g. heaters) are mentioned as contributing to extra vehicle power requirements during the winter. As an aid to the fleet operator, winterizing tips for electrical systems are presented. Inspection/testing and servicing of the following systems are covered: cranking motors, batteries, alternators, alternator belts, and cables. KW - Automobiles KW - Electrical systems KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186931 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369202 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - McCann, M K AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - ANOTHER PHASE FOR THE STEEL INDUSTRY (DUAL-PHASE STEELS; AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS) PY - 1980/12 VL - 160 IS - 12 SP - p. 55-57 AB - Dual-phase steels (high-strength, low-alloy steels with two phase microstructures, martensite and ferrite) are being considered for automotive components. These steels can be produced by a continuous annealing process (heat treating) or by an as-rolled process. The steels possess not only high strength (which allows the use of thinner, lighter-weight components), but also the necessary ductility and formability. Dual-phase steels are being used in automobiles structures by Nissan and Subaru in Japan, and in domestic automobiles for bumpers, suspension system control arms, alternator fans, and steering coupling reinforcement. A dual-phase wheel has also been developed. Two domestic steel companies are considering installing equipment to produce cold-rolled dual-phase steels; the increased capacity would encourage additional uses for these steels. KW - Automobiles KW - Dual phase steel KW - High strength steel KW - Low alloy steel KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369185 JO - Motor AU - Zino, K AU - Hearst Books TI - THE GOVERNMENT IS PLANNING YOUR FUTURE (AUTO REPAIR INDUSTRY) PY - 1980/12 VL - 154 IS - 6 SP - p. 26-28 AB - Highlights are presented from a 1980 conference held in Madison, Wisconsin, entitled "Making Auto Repair Credible: A Conference on Approaches." Automakers, consumer interest groups, new-car dealers, insurance companies, and government agencies were represented. A representative of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration cited the consumer's desire for a car offering the greatest value over its lifetime, and public interest in fuel-efficient imports. The agency also addressed the need for passive restraints, the 5-mph bumper standard, and ease of repair. A National Science Foundation-sponsored study on the warranty experience of 1600 consumers during the first year of car ownership was cited. Of these buyers of 1977 model cars, 52.3% experienced no trouble during the warranty period and of those who had trouble, only 13.7% felt that their problems went unresolved. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) called for improved automobile design, more mechanic training, and nonbiased sources of consumer information. An automobile dealer told of the limited interest in a five-year warranty program he offered at no expense, the only requirement being performance of recommended maintenance. One of several workshops discussed repair vs. replacement of automotive parts. A former United Auto Workers official discussed the general condition of the U.S. auto industry, and sharply criticized the level of Japanese imports. He stated that American cars are more durable than Japanese cars, and called upon the U.S. automakers to develop a greater sense of social responsibility. A separate note describes an FTC panel investigation of the feasibility of rating mechanics and auto repair shops. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Consumers KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186893 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369200 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Szigethy, N M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - WHAT...A PLASTIC ENGINE!? PY - 1980/12 VL - 160 IS - 12 SP - p. 40-43 AB - A four-cylinder automobile engine, 90% composed of fiber-reinforced composite plastic, has been designed and built by Matthew Holtzberg of Polimotor Research Inc., Ramsey, N.J. The engine uses four different resins in its various parts. A ceramic coating is placed on pistons and intake valves and the company is experimenting with an aluminum coating for heat-sensitive parts. The only engine pieces not made of composite are cylinder liners, crankshaft, camshaft, valve springs, exhaust valve and combustion chamber. The company is working on composite valve springs. The engine weighs 60% less than a conventional engine, has less secondary vibration, and is quieter. It has been bench tested for 100 hours. The current cost for the engine is $28,000, but a mass produced version might cost about $2500, compared to $1000 for a typical four-cylinder engine. Although the company has about 100 orders for these engines, major auto manufacturers have not yet expressed any interest. A separate note suggests that using the engine in racing cars may stimulate manufacturer interest. The difficulty of penetrating the original equipment market is also noted. KW - Automobile engines KW - Composite materials KW - Costs KW - Noise KW - Plastics KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vibration KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186895 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369243 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - TECHNIQUES FOR TRAFFIC PLANNING AS RELATED TO BICYCLES. TECHNICAL COUNCIL INFORMATIONAL REPORT, COMMITTEE 6Y14 PY - 1980/12 VL - 50 IS - 12 SP - p. 26-33 AB - In a survey by the Committee on Planning for Bicycle Transportation of the Institute of Transportation Engineers, a questionnaire was mailed to 99 traffic engineers in the U.S. (adequate response) and 25 in the U.K. (low response) concerning current practice in bicycle planning. The questionnaire requested references used in design of bicycle facilities (varied response). Recreation travel received the highest priority in the U.S. and the lowest in the U.K. in terms of bicycle project selection, while commuter trips were ranked highest in Britain and third in the U.S. Sixty-six percent of the U.S. communities and 90% of those in the U.K. reported collecting detailed bicycle accident data. Provision of bicycle parking facilities was not given high priority by either country. Separate paths were the preferred bicycle improvement option, although they were felt to be applicable in only a few situations. The U.S. survey preferred use of the extreme right lane and alternate routing to accommodate the bicyclist on roadways with narrow outside lanes. Although there are bicycle lane delineation standards, several different treatments were reported. Inadequate bicycle detection and inability of the cyclist to see signals were reported as problems at signalized intersections. Typical bike lane widths in the U.S. varied from a minimum of three ft. to a maximum of 12 ft. The majority of respondents were applying bike lane intersection designs in agreement with current standards. Most jurisdictions did not provide improvements for bicycle safety at railroad grade crossings or at recognized barrier points. KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Data collection KW - Highway planning KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346143 AU - Khadikar, A V AU - Will, E AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED SCHOOL AND TRANSIT BUS OCCUPANTS. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/12 SP - 32 p. AB - A series of eight school and transit buses were subjected to nine frontal fixed barrier, two rear moving barrier and three side impact tests. Each test bus carried up to seven fully instrumented dummies - one in the driver seat, two in forward facing seats, two in side facing seats, and two in wheelchairs. The wheelchairs were secured and the wheelchair-seated dummies were restrained using commercially available restraint systems. The dummy locations, wheelchair securements, passenger restraints, crash modes and impact speeds were selected on the basis of a state-of-the-art survey and accident data analysis of operational practices and experiences with school and transit buses. The report contains the results of the state-of-the-art survey, accident data analysis and the bus crash test program. Typical deceleration crash pulses for a wide range of school bus sizes and full size transit buses are presented, as are plots of dummy trajectories and records of dummy injury measures for the selected test conditions. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Anthropometry KW - Buses KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Impact tests KW - Lifts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger restraints KW - Passenger transportation KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Ramps KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - School buses KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346144 AU - Khadikar, A V AU - Will, E AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED SCHOOL AND TRANSIT BUS OCCUPANTS. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/12 SP - 252 p. AB - This is the Interim Report of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) program, "Crash Protection Systems for Handicapped School and Transit Bus Occupants" (Contract DOT-HS-7-01774). KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Anthropometry KW - Buses KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Impact tests KW - Lifts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger restraints KW - Passenger transportation KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Ramps KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - School buses KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346146 AU - Khadikar, A V AU - Will, E AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED SCHOOL AND TRANSIT BUS OCCUPANTS. VOLUME IV. APPENDIX E PY - 1980/12 SP - 525 p. AB - This appendix contains the test reports prepared by Dynamic Science, Inc. on crash tests conducted with two small school buses. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Anthropometry KW - Buses KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Impact tests KW - Lifts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger restraints KW - Passenger transportation KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Ramps KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - School buses KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368831 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - INSURER STUDY OF PIP SERIOUS INJURY CLAIMS--1980 FOLLOW-UP SURVEY. SERIOUS AUTOMOBILE INJURY CASES IN MICHIGAN, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1980/12 SP - 22 p. AB - The major findings from the follow-up study relate to the following: (1) In the two years following the original survey, 40 claims, or about 10 percent, had been closed. The total expected payments (to date plus future) for the remaining open claims were 29 percent higher than estimated at the time of the original survey; (2) Approximately 80 percent of the seriously injured persons were living at home at time of the follow-up study. (3) Nearly 15 percent of the surviving seriously injured persons were working. About 61 percent of the claimants were not employed as a direct result of the auto accident. (4) The majority of the injured persons (83 percent) had participated in some type of physical rehabilitation procedure; and (5) These claims were expected to remain open for a substantial length of time. For the claims still open, the claim reviewers estimated that the files would remain open an average of 31 years from the date of the accident. About three-fourths of the open claims were expected to remain open for 20 years or more from the date of the accident and over half were expected to remain open for 30 years or more. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343656 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUGMENTATION OF RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES FOR TIMELY SUPPORT OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY ACTIVITIES. VOLUME III - APPENDIX D PY - 1980/12 SP - 204 p. AB - A series of research tasks were undertaken to assess the potential fuel economy improvements for passenger cars and light trucks during the 1980 to 1985 time frame, and later to 1990. Supported by NHTSA's fuel economy activity, this program provided analytical capabilities in the areas of automotive technology, product planning, manufacturing costs and transportation energy economics. Volumes II and III, as appendices, contain detailed assessments of those subject areas not reported previously under NTIS. These subjects are: tire rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and improved lubricants; manufacturing and consumer costs; unregulated diesel emission research; and alternate means of petroleum conservation. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Conservation KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Diesel fuels KW - Drag KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industrial plant efficiencies KW - Industrial plants KW - Light trucks KW - Lubricants KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Petroleum KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Rolling friction KW - Tires KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343654 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUGMENTATION OF RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES FOR TIMELY SUPPORT OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY ACTIVITIES. VOLUME I - SUMMARY PY - 1980/12 SP - 43 p. AB - A series of research tasks were undertaken to assess the potential fuel economy improvements for passenger cars and light trucks during the 1980 to 1985 time frame, and later to 1990. Supported by NHTSA's fuel economy activity, this program provided analytical capabilities in the areas of automotive technology, product planning, manufacturing costs and transportation energy economics. Specific subject areas of investigation include: spark ignition engine improvements; fuel economy potential of alternate engines; reductions in tire rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and engine friction (through improved lubricants); weight reduction of domestic and certain import passenger vehicles, including a teardown of a Chrysler - Dodge Omni for an analysis of materials and weight and a technology assessment of carbon composites as a future substitute material; manufacturing and consumer costs for the fuel economy improvement areas identified; identification of unregulated diesel emission problem areas in need of research; and a determination of the cost benefits of petroleum conservation by means other than fuel economy standards. Volume I summarizes the results of all tasks, identifies the methodology employed fuel economy benefits expected. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Drag KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industrial plant efficiencies KW - Industrial plants KW - Light trucks KW - Lubricants KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Rolling friction KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Tires KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343570 AU - Dubowski, K M AU - Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREATH-ALCOHOL TESTING: DISPOSABLE BREATH TESTER PY - 1980/12 SP - 42 p. AB - The report includes details of attempts to develop an inexpensive, disposable device for breath-alcohol screening tests which would be legally acceptable. It was found infeasible to develop such a device based on length-of-stain alcohol indicators. Silica gel and various other reagent carriers proved inadequate as nonreactive, nonchanneling indicator substrates. Acid potassium dichromate solution and other alcohol reagents proved insufficiently sensitive or stable for the purpose, or did not yield adequately sharp and intensive color changes. An innovative system was developed for generation of alcohol vapors with high accuracy and precision. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Acids KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Development KW - Drivers KW - Equipment tests KW - Law enforcement KW - Potassium KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Silica gel KW - Simulation KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343571 AU - Dubowski, K M AU - Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREATH-COLLECTION DEVICE FOR DELAYED BREATH-ALCOHOL ANALYSIS PY - 1980/12 SP - 95 p. AB - The report includes the details of a study to develop, evaluate, and validate a breath collection device (BCD) for delayed breath-alcohol analysis. Primary applications of the BCD include collection of breath-alcohol samples for field surveys or for later laboratory analysis for independent verification of evidential breath-alcohol tests for traffic law enforcement purposes, and research uses. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Development KW - Drivers KW - Equipment tests KW - Law enforcement KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Simulation KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training simulators UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25526/DOT-HS-805-898.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343655 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUGMENTATION OF RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES FOR TIMELY SUPPORT OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY ACTIVITIES. VOLUME II - APPENDICES A THROUGH C PY - 1980/12 SP - 220 p. AB - A series of research tasks were undertaken to asses the potential fuel economy improvements for passenger cars and light trucks during the 1980 to 1985 time frame, and later to 1990. Supported by NHTSA's fuel economy activity, this program provided analytical capabilities in the areas of automotive technology, product planning, manufacturing costs and transportation energy economics. Volumes II and III, as appendices, contain detailed assessments of those subject areas not reported previously under NTIS. These subjects are: tire rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and improved lubricants; manufacturing and consumer costs; unregulated diesel emission research; and alternate means of petroleum conservation. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Conservation KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Diesel fuels KW - Drag KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industrial plant efficiencies KW - Industrial plants KW - Light trucks KW - Lubricants KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Petroleum KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Rolling friction KW - Tires KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343659 AU - Gauthier, C L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY RESEARCH CONTRACTORS' COORDINATION MEETING PY - 1980/12 SP - 777 p. AB - Topic areas covered include: Industry analyses; Driver energy conservation; Heavy duty trucks; Consumer research and market demand; Vehicle weight reduction; Diesel engine studies; and Spark ignition engine and drivetrain improvements. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Contractors KW - Coordination KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Drivers KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Market research KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367089 JO - New York State Journal of Medicine PB - Medical Society of the State of New York AU - Waller, J A AU - Medical Society of the State of New York TI - FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT IN DRIVING PY - 1980/12 VL - 80 IS - 13 SP - p. 1987-91 AB - Written by a physician and professor of medicine, this article calls attention to the fact that impairment to driving is a more complex phenomenon than is commonly thought, involving both human and environmental aspects, as well as both young and old drivers. The major points are summarized as follows: At less extreme levels of impairment, the reasons for reduced function may often be misdiagnosed as carelessness or similar behavior, presumed to be correctable simply through effort and interest. Data indicate that, as a group, drivers with certain medical conditions do have increased crash risk. Currently, only empirical guides exist to help decide which of these persons may drive without restriction, which only with restriction, and which not at all. Impairment by alcohol commonly involves persons with long-term patterns of alcohol abuse. These individuals may be much more amenable to rehabilitation through knowledgeable medical assistance than most physicians are aware of. KW - Alcoholism KW - Decision making KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver restriction KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Impaired drivers KW - Physicians KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337224 AU - Schaeffer, K H AU - Lesueur, O AU - Hollingsworth, L AU - Yarmus, J AU - Rudman, L AU - Westenberg, D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MARKET ANALYSIS AND CONSUMER IMPACTS SOURCE DOCUMENT. PART II. REVIEW OF MOTOR VEHICLE MARKET AND CONSUMER EXPENDITURES ON MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSPORTATION PY - 1980/12 SP - 288 p. AB - This source document on motor vehicle market analysis and consumer impacts consists of three parts. Part II consists of studies and review on: motor vehicle sales trends; motor vehicle fleet life and fleet composition; car buying patterns of the business market; impact of downsizing on automotive preference of new car buyers; demand for light trucks, recreational vehicles, used cars, and station wagons; and consumer expenditures for private motor vehicle transportation. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Expenditures KW - Light trucks KW - Maintenance KW - Market research KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prices KW - Product development KW - Purchasing KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Sales KW - Small car KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337219 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Calvin, M A AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOPED TASK ANALYSIS: TASK DESCRIPTIONS PY - 1980/12 SP - 225 p. AB - This report describes the behaviors and related knowledges and skills required for safe operation of mopeds. It was designed for use by those engaged in developing instructional materials and programs for moped operators, in developing test programs, in the establishment of operating practices and for anyone else interested in acquiring a knowledge of safe moped operation. KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Task analysis KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337243 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DAMAGEABILITY TESTS OF MINICARS RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLES) PY - 1980/12 SP - 54 p. AB - The document presents the results of a series of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-fixed barrier low speed impact tests. These tests were conducted utilizing specially constructed Research Safety Vehicles (RSV) prepared by Minicars, Inc. of Goleta, California. The test program was structured to evaluate the damageability of the vehicle designs. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Damage assessment KW - Design standards KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337202 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Calvin, M A AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOPED TASK ANALYSIS PY - 1980/12 SP - 128 p. AB - This report describes activities involved in developing a Moped Task Analysis. The tasks required in safe operation of a moped, along with their component behaviors, knowledges, and skills, were identified through a comprehensive analysis of the literature, interviews with experienced moped operators, and three research studies performed as a part of the project. Estimates of accident frequency for each behavior were developed through ratings of behavior frequency, error probability, and accident likelihood. A study of basic control tasks revealed that transfer from a bicycle to a moped occurs very quickly. For some control tasks it is instantaneous and by two hours of operation, operators have generally reached their own performance asymptote. Surreptitious observations of moped operating in traffic revealed a high incidence of error, particularly in surveillance, signaling, control of speed, positioning, and observation of traffic laws. The error rate appeared to be greatest among those having the least experience in operating motor vehicles. A study of optimum lane position showed that, in straight line operation, the right lane position seems to be safer under low traffic density and the center lane position safer under high traffic density. In the left turn maneuver, the left lane position appeared safer under low oncoming traffic density and the center position safer under high oncoming traffic density. KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Errors KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Lane changing KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Speed control KW - Task analysis KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337218 AU - Stein, M AU - ERICSON, R AU - MURRAY, P AU - Singley, B AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ODOMETER REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT PROCESS: A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND AND A PROPOSED STUDY DESIGN FOR A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1980/12 SP - 161 p. AB - The objective of the report is to describe the existing data and institutional environment related to odometer regulation, investigation, and enforcement and to suggest modification which will yield an improved odometer information system. The authors present preliminary results of a case study in the State of Maryland which contains a detailed description of the existing vehicle titling and registration process controlled by the State Motor Vehicle Administration and related state agencies such as the State Police and Attorney General's Office of Consumer Protection. Proposed modifications to the process are subdivided into institutional and data base types of system modifications. In addition, the modifications are evaluated in terms of their potential interaction. KW - Accuracy KW - Case studies KW - Demonstration projects KW - Government policies KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Maryland KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oedometers KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Registrations KW - Regulations KW - State government KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337246 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Mulholland, M U AU - Smith, R L AU - Sharkey, T J AU - Bardales, M C AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER VEHICLE, LIGHT TRUCK AND VAN CONVEX MIRROR OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION STUDIES. VOLUME 2: EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE MIRROR CONFIGURATIONS PY - 1980/12 SP - 198 p. AB - The purpose of the present study, was to (1) determine the effects of mirror convexity on driver performance after training, in order to isolate the optimum convexity, if any, and (2) evaluate various combinations of plane and convex mirror systems in on-the-road tests, employing the designated optimum convexities. The present volume addresses the latter investigation. A review of the optimum convexity selective study follows is also enclosed. KW - Automobiles KW - Convex mirrors KW - Design KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Light trucks KW - Mirrors KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Personnel performance KW - Standards KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337179 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Calvin, M A AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOPED TASK ANALYSIS: INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES PY - 1980/12 SP - 31 p. AB - This report provides a set of instructional objectives to be used in preparing moped safety education courses. The objectives are drawn from a comprehensive analysis of moped operator tasks. A description of these tasks and the criticality of each to safe moped operation is provided in Moped Task Analysis: Task Descriptions. These instructional objectives encompass all of the performances, knowledges, skills and attitudes believed to be necessary to prepare novices for safe moped operation. KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Task analysis KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337183 AU - Moore, M A AU - SRI International AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SATISFACTION OF THE AUTOMOTIVE FLEET FUEL DEMAND AND ITS IMPACT ON THE OIL REFINING INDUSTRY PY - 1980/12 SP - 234 p. AB - Because virtually all transportation fuels are based on petroleum, it is essential to include petroleum refining in any assessment of potential changes in the transportation system. A number of changes in the automotive fleet have been proposed to improve efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. Some of these changes would have an impact on the petroleum refining industry. A mathematical model of the U.S. petroleum refining industry was developed to provide a technologically sound basis for the assessment of such impacts. Case studies performed and included in this report are the following: A Potential Shift from Gasoline to Diesel Engines--In a 1995 conservation scenario, automotive diesel-to-gasoline ratios were studied over a range of 0.17/1 to 0.8/1. A minimun refining cost was reached at a ratio of 0.3/1, with a saving of about 2.2 cents per gallon of gasoline plus diesel compared with the cost for the 0.17/1 case. Refining energy consumption reaches a minimum at the 0.5/1 ratio, but it is only 0.08 percentage points below the base of 6.25 percent. The Potential Requirement of Sulfur Removal from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel--In the same scenario, gasoline hydrodesulfurization (HDS) to an average sulfur content of 100 ppm costs about 2 cents per gallon, and diesel HDS to 200 ppm costs about 3 cents per gallon. This work was performed during the 1975-1977 time period. Therefore, it predates and does not consider the possible implications of the current synfuels program. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Assessments KW - Automobiles KW - Combustion KW - Combustion products KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Desulfurization KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Economic impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Industrial wastes KW - Mathematical models KW - Petroleum industry KW - Petroleum refineries KW - Petroleum refining KW - Refineries KW - Sulfur KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169057 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362063 JO - Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery PB - Royal Australasian College of Surgeons AU - Pegg, S P AU - Mayze, T D AU - Royal Australasian College of Surgeons TI - BURN INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH ROAD TRAUMA PY - 1980/12 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - p. 593-596 AB - This paper details the results of an eleven-year survey of patients admitted to the burns unit at the Royal Brisbane Hospital with injuries secondary to motor vehicle accidents. There were 64 subjects in this group. Forty-five were involved in car accidents and 19 in cycle accidents. Fifty of the patients were male, with a mean age of 26.9 years. The mean age of the 14 females was 24.9 years. Petrol fires emerged as the major source of injury in those individuals involved in car accidents, while hot metal injured most of the cyclists. Cyclists did not seem to be more prone to friction burns than motorists. Burns to the limbs predominated, but respiratory burns occurred in seven of the eight patients who did not survive. The median duration of hospitalization was 21 days, and the death rate in this series was 12.5%. KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Crash victims KW - Fatalities KW - Females KW - Fires KW - Gasoline KW - Injuries KW - Males KW - Metals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180893 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362066 JO - New York State Journal of Medicine PB - Medical Society of the State of New York AU - Gregory, D R AU - Medical Society of the State of New York TI - PHYSICIAN REPORTING--A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1980/12 VL - 80 IS - 13 SP - p. 1984 AB - This article examines the various questions raised on the topic of the physician's role in the reporting of impaired drivers. It looks at the current legal requirements of the States and examines the objections which are most often raised by physicians. It discusses the role of State medical advisory committees, deals with the question of legal liability, and raises some questions which are yet to be answered. KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Legal responsibility KW - Liability KW - Medical advisory boards KW - Physicians KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337140 AU - Jones, R K AU - Marks, M E AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Bennett, R R AU - Fennessy, E F AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Komoroske, J H AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES FOR UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS. VOLUME II: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE PY - 1980/12 SP - 265 p. AB - Literature on police enforcement procedures directed at the unsafe driving actions (UDAs) of speeding, following too closely, and driving left of center was reviewed. Speeding was emphasized in the review. The review presents and discusses literature describing police enforcement procedures for these UDAs, identifies legal factors that influence the use of the procedures by police agencies, considers the effects of the procedures on traffic safety and related variables, and identifies knowledge gaps that need to be filled by future research. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Apprehension KW - Behavior KW - Bibliographies KW - Car following KW - Crashes KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Fear KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Practices KW - Procedural requirements KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic violators KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337153 AU - Schaeffer, K H AU - Westenberg, D A AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MARKET ANALYSIS AND CONSUMER IMPACTS SOURCE DOCUMENT. PART III. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES TOWARD FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES PY - 1980/12 SP - 104 p. AB - This source document on motor vehicle market analysis and consumer impacts consists of three parts. Part III consists of studies and reviews on: consumer awareness of fuel efficiency issues; consumer acceptance of fuel efficient vehicles; car size choices; passenger car choices; truck choices; and motor vehicle usage trends. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile travel KW - Automobiles KW - Choice models KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Fuel consumption KW - Maintenance KW - Market research KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prices KW - Product development KW - Purchasing KW - Sales KW - Size KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337139 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Jones, R K AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES FOR UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS. VOLUME I: SUMMARY PY - 1980/12 SP - 77 p. AB - This volume presents the major findings of the literature-review, telephone-contact, and site-visit activities that were carried out in the course of this study. It places police enforcement practices in a risk-management context and presents operational definitions of the unsafe driving acts (UDAs) of speeding, following too closely, and driving left of center. The primary focus of this study is the speeding UDA. This review summarizes current police deployment, surveillance and detection, apprehension, and presanctioning/sanctioning practices related to speeding; makes recommendations concerning specific aspects of police procedures directed at speeding; and explores both enforcement and nonenforcement approaches to the management of the speed UDA. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Apprehension KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Crashes KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Fear KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Practices KW - Procedural requirements KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic violators KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361941 AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - REGULATORY ANALYSIS FOR THE NOISE EMISSION REGULATIONS FOR MOTORCYCLES AND MOTORCYCLE EXHAUST SYSTEMS PY - 1980/12 SP - v.p. AB - This document presents the technical data and analyses used by EPA in developing the noise emission regulations for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems. The information presented includes a detailed discussion of: the motorcycle and motorcycle exhaust systems industry; baseline noise levels for current motorcycles; the noise control technology available; the adverse health and welfare impacts of motorcycle noise and the potential benefits of regulation; the expected costs and potential economic effects of regulation; and the noise measurement methodology. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Databases KW - Economic impacts KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Motorcycles KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Regulations KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361990 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Will, E AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED SCHOOL AND TRANSIT BUS OCCUPANTS VOLUME V - APPENDICES F AND G PY - 1980/12 SP - 856 p. AB - A series of eight school and transit buses were subjected to nine frontal fixed barrier, two rear moving barrier and three side impact tests. Each test bus carried up to seven fully instrumented dummies--one in the driver seat, two in forward facing seats, two in side facing seats, and two in wheelchairs. The wheelchairs were secured and the wheelchair-seated dummies were restrained using commercially available restraint systems. The dummy locations, wheelchair securements, passenger restraints, crash modes and impact speeds were selected on the basis of a state-of-the-art survey and accident data analysis of operational practices and experiences with school and transit buses. The report contains the results of the state-of-the-art survey, accident data analysis and the bus crash test program. Typical deceleration crash pulses for a wide range of school bus sizes and full size transit buses are presented, as are plots of dummy trajectories and records of dummy injury measures for the selected test conditions. The report is presented in five volumes: Volume I, Executive Summary; Volume II, Technical Report; Volume III, Appendices A, B, C and D; Volume IV, Appendix E; and Volume V, Appendices F and G. KW - Buses KW - Crash injury research KW - Data analysis KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant restraint KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Restraint systems KW - School buses KW - State of the art studies KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329138 AU - Saxonhouse, G R AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ECONOMIC STATISTICS AND INFORMATION CONCERNING THE JAPANESE AUTO INDUSTRY PY - 1980/12 SP - 273 p. AB - The report examines the following aspects of the Japanese automobile Industry: Identification of Japanese agencies that receive statistical data on the automobile industry; Determination of research and development and capital investment procedures; identification of governmental incentives; and surveys of Japanese economic and business literature. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Data KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Demand KW - Development KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic factors KW - Economic intelligence KW - Economic surveys KW - Economics KW - Fixed investment KW - Foreign KW - Government policies KW - Incentives KW - Investments KW - Japan KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Reviews KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329131 AU - Burns, M AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Southern California Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODS FOR ESTIMATING EXPECTED BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION. PART II PY - 1980/12 SP - 103 p. AB - Estimates of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) typically are based on the amount of alcohol consumed per pound bodyweight. This method fails to consider food intake and body composition, which significantly affect BAC. A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine amount and type of food and time of food intake in relation to alcohol intake and BAC. Protein and carbohydrates were more effective than fatty food in reducing the BAC expected in a fasted state. Moderate to large amounts of food, such as a typical full meal, were more effective than lesser amounts, but a small amount of food had some effect. Time intervals of 1/2 to 4 hours between eating and drinking were studied; the 1/2 hour interval was most effective in an inverse relationship. At 4 hours there was no food effect. In a study of body composition and BAC, 20 men and women were subjects. Estimates of percent body fat were calculated using body circumferences or skinfolds. Subject were given .68 g alcohol/Kg bodyweight, and the relationship of BAC to body fat estimate was analyzed. The method of BAC estimates based on body fat estimates may be useful for scientific purposes but appears not to be feasible for widespread use. The data suggest that, compared to men, women will reach the same BAC with 15% less alcohol, based on ounces of alcohol per pound weight. The overweight person will reach the same BAC as an average weight person with 10% less alcohol. These findings reflect male-female differences in body composition and the higher percent fat in the obese body. KW - Alcohols KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood chemical analysis KW - Carbohydrates KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Eating KW - Estimating KW - Females KW - Food KW - Gender KW - Males KW - Methodology KW - Proteins KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361362 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - 1979 IOWA MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1980/12 SP - 52 p. AB - This report presents a summary of Iowa motor vehicle accidents: Iowa trends 1968-79, National trends 1968-79, vehicle miles/fatalities 1968-79, time: fatal/all accidents, driver: age/sex, drinking and driving, holiday fatalities 1962-79, pedestrians, and counties. The next section concerns vehicles involved in accidents by type: Automobiles, buses, cycles, farm vehicles, motor homes, recreational vehicles, trains, and trucks. The report also includes a glossary and a sample of the Investigating Officer Report Form. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Cycles KW - Farm tractors KW - Fatalities KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Mobile homes KW - Motor homes KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361033 AU - Kaestner, N AU - Oregon State Motor Vehicles Division TI - DRIVER IMPROVEMENT SCHOOLS--AN EVALUATION OF TWO PROGRAMS PY - 1980/12 SP - 38 p. AB - The effectiveness of two driver improvement schools currently used by the Motor Vehicles Division of the Oregon Department of Transportation was evaluated. The two courses studied were the National Traffic Safety Institute's Traffic Violator Workshop (NTSI) and the National Safety Council's Defensive Driving Course (DDC). Driving records of people assigned to these programs were tracked for a year and not only compared with each other but also with records of drivers with equivalent past driving records who were assigned to a no-contact Control group. Statistical analyses of the one-year follow-up of the driving records were of two sorts. First, NTSI, DDC, and Control groups were compared without regard to whether drivers assigned to the schools actually attended or completed the classes. This program comparison allows an evaluation of the mere presence of these programs as incentives for improved driving. (Also these are the only comparisons that are meaningful for interpreting the effectiveness of either school relative to the Control group.) These analyses revealed that those drivers assigned to the courses had better subsequent records during that year than the Control group (43% versus 38% drove without a citation for a moving violation or chargeable accident for the combined programs and the controls, respectively). The bulk of the combined program impact was accounted for by DDC (46% trouble-free drivers for DDC and 40% for NTSI). Another program comparison consisted of the average delaying effect of assignment to NTSI or DDC (relative to the no-contact controls) on the next conviction or chargeable accident. Considering only those drivers who were unable to drive one full year without a conviction or chargeable accident, the NTSI and DDC programs had nearly identical delaying effects relative to the Control group--136, 137, and 106 days for NTSI, DDC, and Controls, respectively. The second form of data analysis involved contrasting only those drivers who completed the courses. It included only the NTSI and DDC groups. Again the DDC group performed better (52% success versus 43%). It is possible that DDC's greater structure, films made specifically for the course, and more attractive work booklets contributed to higher attention and cooperation levels and more efficient use of classroom time. KW - Behavior KW - Data analysis KW - Driver clinic KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Personnel performance KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349828 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - INFORMATIONAL REPORT ON THE MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS PY - 1980/12 SP - 275 p. AB - The report provides guidance on selection of methods for collection and analysis of the constituents in diesel exhaust to enable a complete chemical characterization of the exhaust. It was prepared by a thorough review of the state-of-the-art for measuring diesel emissions in 1980. An attempt was made to compile validated, or at least tested, methods and to evaluate their engineering applicability. To establish the state-of-the-art, available methods were reviewed, and an attempt was made to establish whether the following data were available: (1) Procedure details and experimental data; (2) Limits of detection; (3) Precision and accuracy; (4) Problem areas, interferences; (5) Applicability to raw and/or diluted exhaust;(6) Applicability to light- and heavy-duty diesel applications; (7) Resources required; (8) Time constraints, if any. In some cases, sufficient documentation for the use of the method was available in the literature. In other cases, cooperative round-robin testing of the method was conducted by the Panel, and these findings are reported. Some methods were developed by members of the Panel and evaluated by the Panel or outside contractors. In all cases, a status of the method is reported. If the methods review indicated the analytical procedures were adequate, one or more methods are recommended. In many cases, the need for additional research is evident, and recommendations for further research are made. The methods allow complete assessment of the constituents that are of current interest in diesel exhaust. Many of the constituents are minor, but may be of interest in assessing health effects and effects of control technology in other research studies. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Chemical analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329063 AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Stutts, J C AU - Stewart, J R AU - Gilbert, E F AU - Britton, C V AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PROPOSED STATEWIDE ODOMETER VIOLATION ENFORCEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEM PY - 1980/12 SP - 62 p. AB - The report discusses legal requirements regarding odometers and odometer disclosure, the magnitude of the problem of odometer fraud, and a review of relevant literature and current North Carolina state practices in this area. The report also gives a detailed account of titling and registration procedures practiced in NC, and presents recommendations for capturing odometer readings statewide. The two primary components of the proposed system are: (1) an odometer disclosure statement on the title form and any dealer reassignment forms at the time of motor vehicle transfer, and (2) odometer disclosure in conjunction with (annual) motor vehicle registration. The system also emphasizes the importance of increased consumer awareness of the nature of the problem of odometer fraud and legal steps that can be taken against suspected violators. KW - Accuracy KW - Fraud KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicles KW - North Carolina KW - Oedometers KW - Ownership KW - Registrations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Support systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329092 AU - RUBINGER, B AU - Noonan, L M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION POLICY: A REVIEW OF CONGRESSIONAL AND TASK FORCE ACTIVITY PY - 1980/12 SP - 119 p. AB - The issue of technological innovation, and the appropriate role of government policy, have been the subjects of many task forces and special committees. A retrospective analysis was carried out to identify changing perspectives of the causes of declining innovation, areas of consensus, proposed remedies, and subsequent response. The study examined Congressional and Task Force activity on innovation. This review identified five major studies: National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress (1964); the Panel on Invention and Innovation (1967); Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy (1971); and Domestic Policy Review of Industrial Innovation (1979). KW - Federal government KW - Government policies KW - International trade KW - Inventions KW - Investments KW - Legislation KW - Policy KW - Technological innovations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329043 AU - Schaeffer, K H AU - Lesueur, O AU - Hollingsworth, L AU - Yarmus, J AU - Rudman, L AU - Westenberg, D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MARKET ANALYSIS AND CONSUMER IMPACTS SOURCE DOCUMENT - PART I THE MOTOR VEHICLE MARKET IN THE LATE 1970'S PY - 1980/12 SP - 99 p. AB - The source document on motor vehicle market analysis and consumer impact consists of three parts. Part I is an integrated overview of the motor vehicle market in the late 1970's, with sections on the structure of the market, motor vehicle trends, consumer trends, and market outlook. Part II consists of studies and reviews on: motor vehicle sales trends; motor vehicle fleet life and fleet composition; car buying patterns of the business market; impact of down sizing on automotive preference of new car buyers; demand for light trucks, recreational vehicles, used cars, and station wagons; and consumer expenditures for private motor vehicle transportation. Part III consists of studies and reviews on: consumer awareness of fuel efficiency issues; consumer acceptance of fuel efficient vehicles; car size choices; passenger car choices; truck choices; and motor vehicle usage trends. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Economic forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Maintenance KW - Market research KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prices KW - Product development KW - Purchasing KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Sales KW - Trucks KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329042 AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEPLOY COMPUTER MATH MODEL FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS AIRBAG AND CRASH PARAMETERS ON THE OUT-OF-POSITION OCCUPANT PY - 1980/12 SP - 126 p. AB - This program is based upon a previous program known as "Bagslap" and is expanded and improved over the original version. A chest surface mass has been added. The bag deployment algorithm improved, and additional output provided. The program computes the interaction of a normally seated or an out of position passenger with a deploying airbag in a crash or non-crash situation. The user specifies certain variables such as bag shape and volume, bag weight, vent area, vent actuation pressure, passenger weight, weight of chest surface, impact velocity, chest width, gas flow parameters, chest surface and chest overall force-displacement parameters, crash pulse and a few other parameters. The program then computes the dynamics of the interaction of the deploying airbag and the passenger. Typical output would be the accelerations of the passenger, The airbag and both chest masses; the velocity of the vehicle, passenger, airbag, and the masses; the displacement of the vehicle, airbag and the chest masses; as well as the other parameters of interest such as chest penetration of the airbag, Pressure in the bag, volume of the bag, mass rate of flow of gas exiting the bag, and the chest forces. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air bags KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Development KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Severity KW - Simulation KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346145 AU - Khadikar, A V AU - Will, E AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED SCHOOL AND TRANSIT BUS OCCUPANTS. VOLUME III. APPENDICES A, B, C, AND D PY - 1980/12 SP - 39 p. AB - The volume contains appendices A, B, C, and D to the report, including manufacturers of dummies, anthropometry, survey questions and deceleration crash pulses. KW - Anthropometry KW - Buses KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Impact tests KW - Industries KW - Passenger restraints KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys KW - Testing KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342449 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SMALL CAR SAFETY IN THE 1980'S PY - 1980/12 SP - 148 p. AB - The seven papers contained in this report describe various aspects of the small car safety problem and suggest some solutions. The small car safety problem is illustrated by the fatality projection chart on the report cover. This chart shows that large increases in deaths of subcompact car occupants may be expected if current trends continue. The first three papers in this report deal with trends in small car design, market penetration, and safety. The last four papers deal with solutions available to mitigate the small car safety problem. These solutions include actions the consumer can take to improve the safety of small car operation. They also include actions the Government has taken to develop and test vehicles with higher levels of safety and to develop information about automobile safety for the consumer. Although research conducted to date indicates that improved crash performance of small cars is easily possible and that a large variation exists in the crash test results of different small cars on the market, no solution is offered to individual consumers who desire higher levels of safety in their cars. Suggested actions to improve small car safety include (1) more perfect safety standards which insure that the worst cars perform as well as the best ones; (2) improved consumer information to allow consumers to select the level of safety they desire, and (3) continued research in safety improvements to determine the safety features which are most effective and to advise the consumer and the Government on the levels of safety which are feasible through advanced technology. (Author) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Crashworthiness KW - Durability KW - Fatalities KW - Impact tests KW - Markets KW - Pendulum tests KW - Small car KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337903 AU - HU, A S AU - Bean, S P AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESPONSE OF BELTED DUMMY AND CADAVER TO REAR IMPACT PY - 1980/12 SP - 334 p. AB - Sled impact tests were conducted to simulate the motion of a standard size car at rest impacted from the rear by a second car of equal weight travelling at 32 mph. The test subjects were anthropomorphic dummies and unembalmed cadavers. They were seated in a bench seat and were unbelted. In one test mode the seatback was held rigid and in a second test mode the seatback rotated rearward in response to the test subject's impact loading. The major difference for either subject, between the rigid and the deflecting seatback mode was that the deflecting seatback reduced load force magnitude but increased time duration. Autopsies indicated that two of the three cadavers suffered neck injuries reaching AIS 3 scale while the third had no injury. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Sleds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337966 AU - Spell, L A AU - Spell (Langston A) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE UNIFORM TRAFFIC TICKET STUDY PY - 1980/12 SP - 136 p. AB - The study examines traffic ticket processing in 3 states using and 3 states not using a Uniform Traffic Ticket (UTT) statewide to determine why all states do not use this effective tool widely endorsed by many users. The report identifies ambiguous interpretations of "the UTT" and describes a "Reference System" which specifies the basic features and processing steps for a statewide UTT system. The Reference System is an expansion of the original 1957 concept of a uniform traffic citation with model rules for traffic courts. The Reference System is used as an informal standard for comparing and reporting on the operations of the six states observed in the study. KW - Courts KW - Law enforcement KW - Standardization KW - State government KW - Traffic citations KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Uniform traffic laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337144 AU - McKnight, A J AU - McPherson, K AU - Knipper, A C AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE RIDER ADVANCEMENT COURSE DEVELOPMENT PLAN PY - 1980/12 SP - 131 p. AB - The report describes the development of a plan for a Motorcycle Rider Advancement Course designed to reduce the incidence and severity of motorcycle accidents among experienced motorcycle operators. Three research studies helped to determine course requirements: (1) an indepth analysis of motorcycle accidents, (2) measurement of knowledge and skill deficiencies among experienced riders, and (3) an assessment of the potential market for a Motorcycle Rider Advancement Course. The results of this effort were incorporated into a Motorcycle Rider Advancement Course Plan. The Plan contains objectives, content, materials, equipment, and instructional activities for a modularized program. KW - Crash severity KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328976 AU - Green, P E AU - Rogers, P W AU - Rogers National Research, Incorporated AU - Idaho State Traffic Safety Commission AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHANGES IN MOTOR VEHICLE BUYER ATTITUDES AND MARKET BEHAVIOR PY - 1980/12 SP - 82 p. AB - An analysis is made of the impact of fuel efficient motor vehicle design changes on the attitudes and market behavior of buyers of new motor vehicles over time. Car buyer profiles are prepared describing by make, demographic characteristics, owner satisfaction, reasons for buying, car characteristics, source of sales, and owner loyalty. The truck profiles include demographic characteristics, characteristics of new vehicle purchased, other trucks and vans owned, alternate purchase decision, and vehicle useage. The analysis focuses on determining the statistically significant changes that occurred among buyers of specific makes when new fuel efficient designs are introduced and tracking their changes through time. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Demographics KW - Fuel consumption KW - Market research KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Sales KW - Trade KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162855 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372690 JO - Business Week PB - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated AU - Burck, A AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - WHY AUTO COMPANIES ARE TOO BIG PY - 1980/11/17 IS - 2663 SP - 2 p. AB - The view is expressed that U.S. automakers did not respond promptly to the inevitability of small cars because of the concentrated structure of the industry. Managers of the Big Three companies naturally resisted steps that would jeopardize huge investments in plants, tools, dies, and products, especially since large cars were so profitable and no real threat was seen from domestic or foreign competitors. The vulnerability of other concentrated industries (steel, tires, consumer electronics) to foreign competition in recent years is noted. Huge companies, seeing their facilities and technology become obsolete, have been immobilized by their size and unable to change. A national policy is advocated to encourage competition by discouraging mergers between huge companies, and by deconcentrating industries where there are too few competitors. It is suggested that instead of resorting to legislative fiat, tax incentives (or disincentives) should be created that motivate management to effect size reductions through spinoffs, divestitures, or other voluntary breakups. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Disincentives KW - Management KW - Policy KW - Size KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337253 AU - Davis, C AU - Callahan, S AU - Pethel, F AU - Systech Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES COMMUNICATIONS DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1980/11/11 SP - 159 p. AB - The EMS Communications Design Manual presents the common system concepts for emergency medical communications. Initially, standards for common system equipment and locations are discussed. System design is presented in two parts: fresh start systems and upgrading existing systems. For the fresh start system design, a flow chart of the design process shows the order of the major decisions to be made. Diagrams, tables, and descriptive material give the implications and interrelationships between the alternatives given in the flow chart. Diagrams and equipment lists for typical and systems are presented. KW - Communications KW - Design KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manuals KW - Radio KW - Standards KW - Telecommunications KW - Ultrahigh frequencies KW - Ultrahigh frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00797146 AU - Liner, S A AU - Stuart A Liner, Esq TI - A FEASIBILITY STUDY TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER FINE AND COURT COST REVENUE DATA IS AVAILABLE ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT LAW PY - 1980/11/10 SP - 53 p. AB - This document is the final report of a two-month feasibility study to ascertain whether fine and court cost revenue data is available on the enforcement of the National Maximum Speed Limit Law. The major purpose of the project was to determine the feasibility of collecting fine and court cost data generated by traffic offense convictions for violations of the highest maximum legal speed limit existing in the various States for the years 1972 and 1979. KW - Costs KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Offenders KW - Revenues KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violations KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654863 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372687 JO - Forbes PB - Forbes Incorporated AU - Gray, C AU - Forbes Incorporated TI - IT'S A MOVING TARGET, GENTLEMEN (PROBLEMS OF U.S. AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS) PY - 1980/11/10 SP - p. 221-222 AB - An interview with Charles Gray of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is reported on the current plight of the U.S. automotive industry. Most of the U.S. car manufacturers' problems are blamed on management; it is suggested that technological leadership has been irretrievably lost to the Europeans and Japanese. It is recommended that the U.S. automotive industry introduce significantly new vehicles instead of constantly making small changes in existing models, and that U.S. manufacturers design fuel-efficient aerodynamic models to respond to market demands. A strong and consistent regulatory posture is recommended to convince the U.S. automotive industry that safety rules are not going to be changed. EPA is implementing a policy of "forcing" technological innovation. Although there is actually a very high degree of technical respect between the automotive industry and the EPA engineers, the EPA and the industry do not view the process of battling over regulatory mandates as a personal process, but as a necessary one. KW - Automobile industry KW - Demand KW - Management KW - Markets KW - Regulations KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399078 AU - Kinsey, G AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - THE VEHICLE FACTOR IN ACCIDENTS PY - 1980/11 SP - p. 28-36 AB - Human behavior is affected by many factors in the transportation system, including perception, recognition/comprehension, decision-making and action. It is also affected by the environment of a vehicle and the external environment of the road, road signs, other vehicles, other persons, etc. There is a constant and complex interaction between these factors with cause and effect, action and reaction occurring in rapid sequence. This paper focuses attention on the vehicle component. It highlights those vehicle deficiencies which research has shown to be contributory factors in accidents. Topics covered include the characteristics of commercial vehicles and buses, vehicle deficiencies as contributory causes and their remedies, and major vehicle factors, including brakes, tires, skidding, vehicle loading and vehicle communication systems (lights, reflectors, direction indicators, rear view mirrors). KW - Behavior KW - Brakes KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Contributing factors KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Load factor KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Skidding KW - Tires KW - Turn signals KW - Turning lights KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399077 AU - DEPPE, R K AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - THE HUMAN FACTOR IN ROAD SAFETY PY - 1980/11 SP - p. 1-27 AB - Following the brief remark that vehicles should be in a state of good repair, this paper focuses on the human factors in accident causation. Topics covered include perception (awareness), comprehension, decision-making and action. Other factors which might be considered part of the "human element" related to road safety are also discussed, including physical or physiological failure, experience and training, interfering stimuli or preoccupation, and attitudinal and personality factors. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Behavior KW - Contributing factors KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Driver perception KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Experience KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Knowledge KW - Perception KW - Personality KW - Reaction time KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215844 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382075 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Miller, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - 7 MAJOR CAUSES OF HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM PY - 1980/11 VL - 154 IS - 5 SP - 6 p. AB - Statistics on 1979 motor vehicle accidents and accident frequency variables are reviewed. With fewer motorists on the road (due to the energy crisis) and fewer accidents in 1979, fatalities increased by 400 over 1978. This increase is attributed to the growing population of small cars; a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration study found an 8:1 ratio for small car-to-large car fatalities. The most dangerous hours for motorists are between 10:00 PM and 2:00 AM; the safest, between 10:00 AM and 2:00 PM. Saturday is the most dangerous day; the safest are Monday through Thursday. A two-lane road is the most dangerous type, followed closely by city streets; the safest roads are three-lane (each direction) toll roads and unpaved trails. Seven categories of accidents are discussed which accounted for by far the most traffic crashes and fatalities in 1979: speeding (the largest single cause), failure to yield, disregarding traffic signals, driving on the wrong side, improper overtaking, improper turns, and tailgating. Tips are given for avoiding these accident types. Drinking is cited as a major factor in over half of all traffic accidents, and defensive driving tactics are outlined for avoiding the drunk or reckless driver. The need to use seat belts at all times is emphasized. Recommendations from various safety agencies are listed: stay alert, turn down the radio, be careful of drugs, and always use signals. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash types KW - Days KW - Defensive drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passing KW - Small car KW - Speeding KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways KW - Wrong way driving KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202243 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382074 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - SERVICING CHRYSLER'S ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM PY - 1980/11 VL - 154 IS - 5 SP - p. 35-38 AB - Step-by-step instructions are provided for the home mechanic in servicing the Basic Chrysler Electronic Ignition (EI) System in his six- or eight-cylinder Chrysler, Dodge, or Plymouth. Other than spark plug and spark plug-cable maintenance, do-it-yourself servicing is not advised unless there is a chance that an engine problem is a result of ignition system failure. Only an ordinary voltmeter and ohmmeter are required for servicing. Information is presented for testing and adjusting the following components of the Basic EI System: electronic control unit, dual ballast resistor, distributor, and ignition coil. A guide is included for replacing a pickup coil without removing the distributor. The Basic EI system is one of three major variations; the others are the Spark Control Computer System (Lean Burn) and the Hall Effect Distributor System. KW - Automobiles KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Electronic ignition KW - Ignition systems KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376099 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ENGINEERING THE WAY THROUGH THE ALCOHOL HAZE (PAVEMENT MARKINGS AS A COUNTERMEASURE TO ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING) PY - 1980/11 VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - p. 12-15 AB - Research by Potters Industries investigated the effect of increasing roadway edgeline width on the lateral position behavior of alcohol-impaired drivers. Four edgeline conditions were evaluated on two-lane, curved rural roads: no marking, standard 4-in. wide lines, and lines 6-in. and 8-in. wide. Male college students drove twice around the test course on separate nights. A control group had only placebo drinks; the others were dosed (double blind) to 0.05 or 0.08 blood alcohol concentration on one trip and received placebos on the second. Vehicle position was evaluated photographically every 100 ft. along the test sections. All positional measurements showed adverse effects if the driver were alcohol-impaired. Statistically significant improvements were found with the standard edgelines; the 8-in. wide lines consistently resulted in further improvements. With the wider lines, the subjects exhibited less weaving and greater centrality of lane position. There was also tighter grouping performance, indicating fewer differences in the subjects' road perception. Wider edgelines produced reduced variations in mean position in both dosed and undosed subjects. This study, substantiated by real-world experience and other research results, underlines the importance of engineering approaches to cost-effective countermeasures against alcohol impaired driving. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Edge lines KW - Road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Striping KW - Traffic marking KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194454 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376100 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Miller, H W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - EVALUATION OF ROADSIDE SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1980/11 VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - 7 p. AB - Improvement strategies for reducing collisions with roadside fixed objects (curbs, guide railings, luminaire and sign supports, bridge piers and abutments, drainage structures, and steep slope sides) include eliminating the object, moving it longitudinally to a sheltered location, moving it laterally away from the roadway, or reducing the hazardous consequences of a collision (by flattening slopes, providing breakaway supports for signs, or installing impact attenuation devices). The cost-effectiveness technique for selecting the most efficient roadside improvement strategy is discussed and a "hazard model" is described which quantifies the accident potential of fixed objects. Glennon's hazard model (1974) is summarized, a calibration procedure is described, and specific problems in applying cost-effectiveness techniques to a design project are examined. It is noted that the use of "typicals," examples of frequently encountered conditions, saves time and effort when searching for the best safety alternative. Methods are recommended for restricting the number of alternatives which are carried into a design stage: use of "typicals," and establishing a minimum value on the change in hazard index and a maximum value on the cost-effectiveness ratio. Future research is recommended on other factors influencing the frequency of collisions with fixed objects: road curvature, pavement friction, speed, and multivehicle accidents which force a car off the roadway. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Bridge abutments KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curbs KW - Drainage structures KW - Fixed object KW - Guardrails KW - Hazards KW - Luminaires KW - Roadside improvement KW - Safety KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Slopes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194455 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376101 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Goland, M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE MID-TERM OUTLOOK FOR AUTOMOTIVE FUELS AND ENGINES PY - 1980/11 VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - p. 42-45 AB - Two powerplants which are capable of substantially improved fuel economy over the conventional spark ignition engine are the diesel engine, which offers 20%-60% fuel economy gain at somewhat reduced acceleration performance; and the direct-injected, stratified charge (DISC) engine (an improved spark ignition engine) of which the Ford PROCO (programmed combustion) engine is an example. The diesel engine's market penetration will depend on resolution of exhaust emission problems (particulates). The early version of the DISC engine also had unaccepatable emission characteristics. An added advantage of the DISC engine is its ability to accept a wide variation in fuel composition. Other types of powerplants under study are electric powered vehicles (depending mostly on improved battery design), gas turbine engines (high cost, poor fuel economy, and high emissions), and Rankine and Stirling cycle engines (not likely to be produced). Alcohols as fuel or as extenders for gasoline have the appeal of availability from domestic nonpetroleum sources. Gasohol (90% gasoline, 10% ethanol) is currently being marketed in limited quantities. Use of pure alcohol depends on the design of new engines with higher compression ratios and improved cold start performance. Larger fuel tanks will also be required. Cost and availability of alcohol are subject to future variation, but ethanol from fermentation of biomass will be much more expensive than gasoline and more costly than methanol from coal. The production of ethanol from grain absorbs more energy than the product furnishes; alcohol production from waste material would be more cost/effective. Phase separation is a serious problem with alcohol, especially methanol. Synfuels (liquid hydrocarbons from oil-shale and coal) are being considered as an essential part of the national energy plan. "Broadcut fuel," with a wide range of component boiling points, is a possible candidate, although it will require a new family of engines to accommodate its use. KW - Biomass KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric vehicles KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Gasohol KW - Methanol KW - Particulates KW - Rankine engines KW - Stirling engines KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Synthetic fuels KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194456 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376104 JO - Motorland PB - California State Automobile Association AU - Ferrin, L AU - California State Automobile Association TI - DRUNK DRIVING IN CALIFORNIA--HOW BAD IS IT? PY - 1980/11 VL - 101 IS - 6 SP - p. 32-33 AB - Statistics are presented on the incidence of drunk driving in California, which has 26% of the nation's annual total drunk driving arrests: 2588 people killed, 73,372 injured, 283,797 drunk driving arrests, 206,459 convictions, 20,009 licenses suspended. Two convictions within five years (20,000 last year) require a driver's license suspension for at least one year; three convictions within seven years require three years' revocation. Of these convicted motorists, a recent study found that 75% continued to drive anyway. The perception of alcoholism as a disease and lenience in the courts compounds the problem. To protect oneself against drunken drivers, defensive driving is recommended at all times, especially late at night and on weekends, with avoidance of any driver who is driving erratically. After a party, transportation should be provided for guests who have drunk too much alcohol. Parents should find out if local schools include information on the effects of alcohol in their driver-education programs. Community efforts can be made to identify problem drinkers and encourage enforcement of drunk driving laws. Organizations offering further information are listed. A separate table indicates blood alcohol percentage by number of drinks and body weight. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Public relations KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194458 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373266 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - SMALL CARS: ENERGY CONSERVATION AT THE PRICE OF SAFETY? PY - 1980/11 VL - 63 IS - 11 SP - p. 16-20 AB - Recent findings on small car safety are reported from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's New Car Assessment Program. In general, small cars were found to be more hazardous for occupants than large ones. Safety performance among small cars was found to vary considerably, and small American cars were generally safer than foreign makes. Tables present the results of barrier impact testing of 1979 and 1980 models under 2800 lb. curb weight (minicompacts and subcompacts). A fail/pass rating for occupant protection at 35 mph is given, and comments made on safety performance. Two of eight 1980 minicompacts passed: the Chevrolet Chevette two-door hatchback and the Fiat Strada four-door hatchback. None of the four 1980 subcompacts or the three 1979 minicompacts passed. Of the five 1979 subcompacts tested, three passed: the Plymouth Horizon two-door hatchback, the Ford Mustang two-door coupe, and the Chevrolet Citation four-door hatchback. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Small car KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189239 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373267 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Huntington, R AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE LATEST FROM DETROIT (1981 PASSENGER CAR MODELS) PY - 1980/11 VL - 63 IS - 11 SP - p. 21-24 AB - The numbers of U.S. and foreign vehicles involved in safety recalls are in proportion to their market shares. More stringent 1981 exhaust emission standards raise the cost of most new cars, not only directly but also by limiting fuel economy and performance. The U.S. auto industry is proceeding with a gradual downsizing program to meet the demand for fuel-efficient cars. The automakers are investing in more automated manufacturing processes and are performing more automatic and manual testing and inspection during the manufacturing process. All-new cars in 1981 include the Chrysler K body Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries lines (small intermediates) and Ford's Escort and Mercury Lynx subcompacts. These cars feature front-wheel drive and transverse four-cylinder engines. Mercury is upgrading the Cougar to a position between the Lincoln and standard models, eliminating the Versailles line. Chrysler is reintroducing the Imperial name in a smaller two-door coupe designed to replace the Continental Mark IV as the premier luxury personal car. Aerodynamic, transmission, and brake improvements are contributing to better fuel economy in the 1981 models. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189240 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373268 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Waddell, R L AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS: THE BLACK BOX COMES OF AGE PY - 1980/11 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - p. 23-26 AB - The increasing application of electronics by the U.S. auto industry in the 1980's is described. The need for electronic technology stems from the inability of mechanical or electromechanical devices to control exhaust emissions, engine performance, and fuel economy simultaneously. The magnitude of automotive electronics growth is reflected in the fact that General Motors has become the largest computer manufacturer in the world. It is estimated that the industry will spend $1.6 billion on electronics in 1980, and $10 billion and $17 billion, respectively, by 1985 and 1990. In the past decade, electronics have been introduced in alternators, voltage regulators, ignition systems, fuel injection, pointless distributors, and spark control. The onboard computer era began with the need for closed-loop control of air/fuel ratios or fuel injection demanded by three-way catalyst emission control systems. Transmission control systems are being developed as an offshoot of electronic engine controls. Other potential automotive electronics applications include voice synthesizers (driver information systems), ride control, engine accessory load management, diesel fuel injection, multiplexing, and sequential fuel injection. The semiconductor industry is entering into the manufacture of automotive sensors and is developing erasable programmable read only memory (to overcome lead time problems in dealing with the auto industry). A separate note by David C. Smith describes the activities of AMP Inc., a manufacturer of electronic/electrical componentry for automotive applications. KW - Automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Electronics KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189241 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373281 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - MOPAR DIODES AND DANISH (CHRYSLER ALTERNATOR TESTING AND DIAGNOSIS) PY - 1980/11 VL - 154 IS - 5 SP - 8 p. AB - A description of Chrysler alternators is followed by instructions on alternator troubleshooting. Alternator output, voltage regulator, and charging circuit resistance diagnostic tests are outlined and illustrated, as well as rotor coil draw, stator, and rectifier (diode) tests. Standard and special equipment requirements are indicated, and current diagrams provided. KW - Alternators KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189249 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372686 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - TEN-SPEED BICYCLES PY - 1980/11 VL - 45 IS - 11 SP - p. 671-677 AB - Thirty-four ten-speed bicycles (eight had 12 speeds) with a $100-$350 price range, were tested and rated according to their construction (frame, wheels, pedals, bearings) and riding performance (pedaling and shifting ease, handling, braking). Testing procedures are described and the bicycles are rated in order of estimated overall quality, including price, size, weight, derailleur, gear range, tire pressure, pedaling and shifting ease, handling precision, braking control, wet braking control, coasting, seat comfort, pedal and bearing quality, and special features. The advantages and disadvantages of such optional bike features as contour seats, toe clips, auxiliary brake levers, quick-release wheels, brake-release levers, chain guard, kickstand, and aluminum wheel rims are described. Three models are recommended as good choices for beginners. Tips on bicycle buying are offered, such as trying the bike on for size, checking wheel alignment, and buying a bicycle lock. Photographs are used to illustrate rider racing positions, bicycle anatomy, saddle styles, bicycle models, and derailleur gearing. KW - Bicycles KW - Consumers KW - Performance KW - Prices KW - Purchasing KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188980 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373094 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ECONOMICAL TRANSPORTATION. THE SUBJECT IS WELL COVERED PY - 1980/11 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - p. 1-29 AB - Economical transportation is defined as "controlling spending and saving time, energy, space and everything else associated with transportation to your best possible advantage." Feature articles include "What's Economical Transportation? (1981)," "Who Deals in Economical Transportation?," "Paying the Price," "What's the Bottom Line?," "Buying the Ride," and "Looking at the Road Test." Regular departments include "How it Happens," "The Backyard Mechanic" (used car buying), "Double Clutch," and "Backfire." KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Purchasing KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373096 JO - IEEE Spectrum PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - RIVARD, J G AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - MICROCOMPUTERS HIT THE ROAD (ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROL FOR FUEL ECONOMY AND REDUCED POLLUTION) PY - 1980/11 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - p. 44-47 AB - In response to Federal regulations for fuel economy and reduced pollution, by 1981 most new cars made in the U.S. will use microcomputer-based engine controls to increase gas mileage while reducing exhaust emissions. Microcomputers which control a feedback carburetion system can optimize ignition timing and adjust the engine's air/fuel ratio to the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. Electronic fuel injection controls the injection ratio for variations in engine speed and load, acceleration, air temperature, and other factors. The ratio, which is converted from a digital to an analog signal, is used to set one or more electronically operated fuel injectors. Microcomputers can adjust ignition timing based on crankshaft position, acceleration, and engine temperature. The same microcomputer system can also control such functions as air injection into the exhaust to reduce emissions, prevention of engine "knock", and diagnosis of faults both on the assembly line and in service stations. The history of automotive digital electronic controls is outlined and current models by Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, and Chrysler Corporation are discussed and illustrated. The communications effort between the automakers and the semiconductor industry is described in a separate note. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Engine knock KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Ignition timing KW - Microcomputers KW - Semiconductors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371515 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nagy, B AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - AUTO BUDGETING. BOTTOM LINES FOR YOU NON-ACCOUNTING TYPES PY - 1980/11 VL - 32 IS - 11 SP - p. 92-95 AB - A guide is presented for devising a budget of monthly or yearly automobile expense estimates. Factors that influence the nature and size of auto-related cash outlays are examined. These factors include fixed costs such as actual loan payments, licensing fees, and insurance premiums; and variable costs such as expenditures on gasoline, oil, scheduled maintenance, unscheduled repairs, parking fees, tolls, and car washes. The pros and cons of buying a used car or leasing a car are examined. Suggestions for controlling variable costs include patronizing price-competitive, self-service gas stations; doing basic car maintenance oneself; buying replacement parts from discount supply houses; maintaining regular servicing intervals; and patronizing specialty shops and department store auto centers for car service. Also cited is the Department of Transportation's report, "The Cost of Owning and Operating Automobiles and Vans." A worksheet for annual auto expenses and a payment computation table are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Budgeting KW - Equipment replacement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Rental cars KW - Replacement KW - Service stations KW - Used vehicle industry KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188335 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371376 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Norbye, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL, 15 PERCENT MORE FUEL-EFFICIENT PY - 1980/11 VL - 217 IS - 5 SP - p. 84-86 AB - Fiat's experimental direct-injection diesel automobile engine has only a 90.5 cu. in. displacement (equivalent to VW's production four-cylinder diesel) and delivers maximum power (50 hp) at 4300 rpm with a compression ratio of 17:1. Maximum torque is 63 ft.-lb. at 3000 rpm. The engine features controlled-turbulence swirl combustion. The flow pattern is initiated by using two intake valves per cylinder; the port shapes and valve angles promote the swirl, which ensures fast flame front travel and complete combustion. This double induction also ensures better control over the swirl pattern through a wider speed range. A single exhaust valve per cylinder is alongside one of the intake ports, and the injector nozzle is mounted vertically on the cylinder axis. The only problems noted are high hydrocarbon emissions and excessive smoke under full load at speed (correctable by altering the injection curve or using larger cylinders). The engine is an in-line, four-cylinder unit with a three-main-bearing crankshaft, based on Fiat's 1953 type 305 diesel; emphasis is on low-range torque. Turbocharging and electronic fuel control are being investigated for the engine. Initiated under the sponsorship of Italy's National Research Council, the engine is expected to reach production stage between 1985 and 1987. It offers a 15% fuel economy improvement. KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Crankshafts KW - Diesel engines KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Electronic control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Power KW - Torque KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371377 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - DAY, R AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - TROUBLE-SHOOTING YOUR CAR'S STARTING SYSTEM PY - 1980/11 VL - 217 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - Instructions are provided for the home mechanic on pinpointing and correcting problems with his car's starting system. The battery, the cause of most starting difficulties, is tested first, followed by a headlight test, primary-circuit bypass, switch bypass, open neutral-safety switch test, voltage drop tests, and checks on the starter motor and starter drive. In proceeding through these checks, the car owner is advised to visually inspect the starting system for loose connections, broken or dangling wires, and corroded terminals. A list is included of starting system problems and probable causes. KW - Automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Ignition systems KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188243 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371516 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gottlieb, R J AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - AUTO RESTORATION GUIDE. PART 1: CARS AS INVESTMENTS PY - 1980/11 VL - 32 IS - 11 SP - 6 p. AB - A practical guide for the novice automobile investor is presented from two points of view concerning automobile collectibility: that of the collector with a genuine interest in the car who wants to make money from his hobby, and that of the dealer/investor who is in the market strictly for profit. The two-tier price system is explained. Investors and dealers tend to exact extremely high prices since the cars will be resold within a short period of time, generally for profit. Collectors, on the other hand, buy and sell at much lower prices. Five suggestions are made for the beginner car investor: purchase only automobiles that you want to own, rather than for profit; purchase a car in good drivable condition; purchase a car which can be restored with the least expenditure of time and money; buy convertibles rather than closed cars and consider coupes, rare closed bodies, "woody" wagons, or special-bodied cars; and never to buy a car just because it is a discontinued model. Cars ranked in order by current market popularity include vintage race cars, Mustangs, Corvettes, Ferraris, Bentleys, and flathead Fords. In making a purchase decision, it is recommended to read everything available on the car in question; to join at least four major old-car clubs; to attend auto shows and auctions; and to enroll in a college course on classic cars. In the past, old cars have headed the list of popular investments. The names and addresses of four recommended old-car clubs are provided, all of which have regional chapters. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobiles KW - Clubs KW - Collectors KW - Convertibles (Automobiles) KW - Dealers KW - Investments KW - Prices KW - Restoration KW - Sports cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371375 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Scott, D AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AUTOMATIC BIKE TRANSMISSION PY - 1980/11 VL - 217 IS - 5 SP - p. 82-83 AB - A French engineer and racing cyclist has designed an automatic bicycle transmission with an ingenious system for ratio control and locking. The chain wheel has six small sprockets around the circumference that slide in and out along radial slots, changing the ratio according to pedal effort. The sprockets are locked at a fixed radial position for any constant pedal pressure. Ratio changes are made in 16 steps. Sixteen speeds enable cyclist energy to be optimized. The best ratio for acceleration and climbing is selected automatically. Mechanical efficiency is improved, and gears are changed under power. The rear-wheel spring tensioner for taking up chain slack is the only external mechanism. Weight (8 lb.) and exposure to clogging by dirt are drawbacks in the prototype transmission; improved designs are on the drawing board. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Bicycles KW - Canal lock operations KW - Variable speed drives KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188241 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371514 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Mandel, L AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - VOTE FOR YOUR CAR. A BALLOT BOX PRIMER FOR CAR PEOPLE AT ELECTION TIME PY - 1980/11 VL - 32 IS - 11 SP - 6 p. AB - Methods are presented for investigating the opinions of candidates at the local, state, and Federal levels on such automotive issues as the 55 mph maximum speed limit, drunk driving legislation, banning car imports, need for domestic fuel efficient cars, rising fuel prices, emission control, and bailing out Chrysler Corp. Although most of the automotive regulations are set by executive agencies, it is considered valuable to start with the political party in the community and to proceed through city and/or county, state, and Federal levels. Specific tactics are described: attending precinct meetings and asking where the party stands on the issues; asking the party and state chairmen where they stand; asking about school board members' opinions on the quality of driver education in the schools; testing the automotive knowledge of local candidates; submitting a letter to the local newspaper to query the candidates and to challenge them to answer the issues; writing or phoning mayoral candidates indicating concern over traffic control, street repair, and mass transit plans; informing the chief of the department of motor vehicles and the state office of traffic safety of one's concern for drunk driving and emission controls; and asking one's congressman about his stance on automotive issues. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Air quality management KW - Driver education KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highway maintenance KW - Laws KW - Politics KW - Public transit KW - Schools KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188334 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369706 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Wakisaka, T AU - Hamamoto, Y AU - Kinoshita, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - THE MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENT FLOW IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF AN I.C. (INTERNAL COMBUSTION) ENGINE PY - 1980/11 IS - 3 SP - p. 9-16 AB - The gas flow direction in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine was measured by photographing the path of spark discharge, the flow velocity was determined using hot-wire anemometry, and a method for analyzing turbulence characteristics was examined. Results showed that the direction of gas flow varies considerably from cycle to cycle and also according to the position in the combustion chamber. In a combustion chamber with swirl, the flow direction away from the cylinder center varies little from cycle to cycle. Since the turbulence characteristics of the gas flow are determined statistically by the data from many cycles, it is difficult to determine turbulence characteristics when the flow varies greatly because of the sensitivity of the hot-wire to flow direction. The mean velocity and the intensity, scale, and energy spectrum of turbulence were obtained by the time-average method. It was found that near the TDC (top dead center) of compression, the mean flow velocity and the turbulence intensity are nearly proportional to the engine speed, while the longitudinal integral and micro scales are approximately constant regardless of engine speed. The spectral distribution of turbulence energy has a slope steeper than that in Kolmogorov's -5/3 power law. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Flow KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Measurement KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulent flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187216 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369709 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - MORISAKI, K AU - Takahashi, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - LEGAL SYSTEM OF JAPAN ON MOTOR VEHICLES. PT. 1: OUTLINE OF LEGAL SYSTEM ON MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1980/11 IS - 3 SP - p. 95-101 AB - Laws in Japan related to motor vehicles are described, including those concerned with motor vehicle structure, drivers and pedestrians, and roads. The Road Vehicles Act, or 1951-Law No. 185, sets out safety and pollution control requirements for vehicles, establishes a system of motor vehicle registration and inspection, and requires proper maintenance and repair of motor vehicles. The Road Traffic Law, or 1960-Law No. 105, provides for traffic control by signals, road signs, and traffic rules, and stipulates requirements for motor vehicle drivers. The Air Pollution Control Law, or 1968-Law No. 97, regulates emissions from industrial plants and motor vehicles. The Noise Control Law, or 1968-Law No. 98, regulates noise emissions from industrial plants and motor vehicles. The Rationalization of Energy Consumption Act, or 1979-Law No. 49, sets requirements for energy conservation and fuel efficiency. The Automobile Liability Security Act, or 1955-Law No. 97, requires owners of motor vehicles to have liability insurance and provides for government aid for victims of hit-and-run or uninsured motorists. The Road Act, or 1952-Law No. 180, provides for improvement and construction of roads, sidewalks, and bicycle paths. The government authorities in charge of administering these acts are noted, and statistics are provided on motor vehicle ownership and usage. KW - Air pollution KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Laws KW - Liability insurance KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Road improvements KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187219 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369707 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Toda, T AU - TAMURA, M AU - Konomi, T AU - Henda, Y AU - Tachiiri, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - DYNAMOMETER-INTEGRATED TORQUEMETER DEVELOPMENT FOR ENGINE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT PY - 1980/11 IS - 3 SP - p. 31-37 AB - A new type of torquemeter for measuring engine roughness is the dynamometer-integrated torquemeter or dyno-torquemeter. The small tortional angle of the dynamometer shaft is measured by detecting a phase difference between two gears installed on both ends of the shaft. The effect of manufacturing and installation, temperature, and external magnetic fields on gear accuracy was investigated. For measuring engine roughness, the new torquemeter has good serviceability, safety, and durability even at high speed. High response transient torque can not be measured due to drift under the conditions of current dynamometer use, but such measurement may be possible if the meter can be installed in a newly-designed dynamometer. KW - Dynamometers KW - Engines KW - Measurement KW - Roughness KW - Torque KW - Torquemeters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187217 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369708 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Kikuchi, A AU - ONO, K AU - Kobayashi, H AU - NAKAMURA, N AU - Nakamura, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - EVALUATION OF HEAD TOLERANCE TO SAGITAL (SIC) IMPACT BY HEAD ACCELERATION AND DURATION, AND HEAD VELOCITY PY - 1980/11 IS - 3 SP - p. 85-93 AB - Impacts were imposed by three different methods on heads of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulata) and other members of the group of subhuman primates. When the relation between impact conditions and resulting head injuries was investigated, results indicated that concussion, cerebral contusion and skull fracture in the monkeys depended on the translational and rotational acceleration impacts, the contact area of the impact, and the amplitude and duration of imposed head acceleration. The threshold for the occurrence of concussion in the monkey was represented by the amplitude and duration of an imposed head acceleration, and the corresponding human threshold was estimated by dimensional analysis based on the values obtained in the monkeys. The human head impact tolerance curve was obtained from this human concussion threshold and from the human skull fracture threshold based on a human cadaver skull dropping experiment. KW - Animals KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187218 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369259 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Collins, L AU - Moore, C AU - National Safety Council TI - DOES MOTORCYCLE SAFETY EDUCATION REALLY WORK? PY - 1980/11 VL - 80 IS - 10 SP - 3 p. AB - A before-and-after study was conducted of the driving records of 100 people who completed the Metropolitan Adult Education Program's motorcycle safety course in San Jose, California during 1977. Of 15 hr. of instruction, eight were devoted to riding practice. Most participants were assigned to the course by a traffic court judge following conviction for moving violations; the others paid to take the course voluntarily. It was found that the students had significantly fewer accidents, injuries, and moving violations after than before the course. Based on the assigned subjects' pre-course driving records and responses to questions, certain facts were revealed: younger cyclists are more apt to be in accidents and to receive more serious injuries; although most riding (99%) was done in the daytime, 36% of the accidents occurred at night; 61% of riding was done in urban areas but 75% of accidents occurred in rural areas; and no motorcycle under 150 cc was involved in an on-road accident, although smaller bikes were involved in the only two severe injury accidents. The one rider involved in an accident after taking the course, credited the program with saving his life. It is recommended that motorcycle safety education programs be made more available to the general riding population, especially as a preventive rather than a punitive measure. KW - Before and after studies KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186935 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369176 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Hatcher, H G AU - National Safety Council TI - TRUCK FLEET'S SAFETY PROGRAM. IT'S HEADED IN RIGHT DIRECTION PY - 1980/11 VL - 122 IS - 5 SP - p. 42-44 AB - Results of Signal Delivery Service's truck fleet safety program are presented. This comprehensive loss prevention plan was programmed to reduce injury, vehicle, and lost work day rates by at least 10% annually for five years. From Jul 1978 to Jul 1980, the injury accident frequency rate dropped from 36.84 to 26.77 accidents per 100 employees per year, and the vehicle accident frequency rate dropped from 12.56 to 5.55 accidents per million miles. These figures represent reductions of 27.4% and 55.8%, respectively. The program's success is attributed to management training, distribution of a monthly newsletter, "For Professionals Only," and driver's safety manual, monthly safety theme meetings, visual aids on safety and maintenance tips, statistical reports, changes in reporting procedures, accident investigation and analysis, and hazard analysis. KW - Crash rates KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Training KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186889 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369207 JO - Regulation PB - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research AU - Niskanen, W A AU - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research TI - AUTO REGULATION PY - 1980/11 SP - p. 24-27 AB - The U.S. auto industry is subject to a set of unique and complex regulations which sometimes have conflicting purposes and effects. Federal fuel economy standards increase prices and reduce safety by encouraging increased marketing of smaller cars. Federal emissions standards increase prices and reduce fuel economy. Federal safety and damageability standards increase prices and increase vehicle weight, thus reducing fuel economy. State insurance regulations may reduce safety by providing lower rates for high-risk drivers. State franchise regulations increase prices. Federal antitrust investigations increase costs and cause planning uncertainty. Federal trigger prices on steel and tariffs on other materials and components increase costs. Federal energy price controls reduce fuel economy, while Federal price guidelines attempt to limit price increases. Many of the current problems of the auto industry are attributable to the doubling of real gasoline prices since 1973, a condition that neither the industry nor the government anticipated. It is concluded that a continuation of recent trends of increasing regulation may convert the auto industry into wards of the State. It is recommended that the Reagan administration move rapidly toward a system of more balanced regulation which would serve the public interest. KW - Automobile industry KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186899 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369177 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Cantilli, E J AU - Linko, J J AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - THE ROAD SIGN JUNGLE PY - 1980/11 VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - p. 10-16 AB - A fatal accident scenario is presented to illustrate the problem of poor or non-existent traffic signing. Traffic signing (signs, signals, and pavement markings) is the major means of communicating with the driver since a driver receives 85%-90% of his driving information visually. The four categorizations of signing (directional, informational, regulatory, and warning) are described. The evolution of signs and signing, and the development and adoption of Federal standards applicable to signing are traced. Reasons for faulty signing include incorrect application of standards; lack of knowledge on the part of the responsible agency; poor comprehension of the driver's problem by the engineer designing the sign installation; improper placement of signs; lack of sign maintenance; placement of too many signs in one location; use of confusing jargon and abbreviations; and inadequate communication between the traffic engineer, highway engineer, driver, police, and legislature. Citizens or local groups who are concerned about incomprehensible, misleading, or poorly maintained signs are urged to notify local authorities or to write to the Institute for Safety in Transportation. KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Driver information systems KW - Road markings KW - Signs KW - Standards KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186890 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369258 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Anderson, D J AU - National Safety Council TI - ONE MAN'S PATH TO RECOVERY (FROM SERIOUS INJURIES SUSTAINED IN AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT) PY - 1980/11 VL - 80 IS - 10 SP - 6 p. AB - Don Anderson tells of his psychological journey to recovery. As a 21-year-old student, he sustained a broken neck and fractured skull in a 1969 crash which killed four other students in the car. Under the influence of alcohol, the driver of the car was speeding at 80 mph when his car ran into the back of a semi truck traveling at 40 to 45 mph. The incident left Anderson unconscious for seven months; for seven more months he was an inpatient at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, attempting to regain use of the left side of his body which had been partially paralyzed. Anderson relates the changing moods and attitudes of the seriously injured accident victim, indicating that recovery is largely a matter of mental resolve and adjustment. He traces his recovery through the five mental stages cited in Kubler-Ross's book, "On Death and Dying": denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. He states that acceptance depends on hope supplied by family, friends, religion, and ultimately the person's own inner resources. The long-term impact of such an incident on the family is noted. Today, Anderson is a full-time group benefits analyst for an insurance company. He can walk and can drive a car equipped with a right-hand turn signal level. He has made radio spots for the Rehabilitation Institute promoting safety belt use. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Psychological aspects KW - Recovery KW - Speeding KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186934 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369263 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Dick, J S AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - HOW TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS HAVE AFFECTED THE TIRE INDUSTRY'S STRUCTURE. PART 3 PY - 1980/11 VL - 112 IS - 11 SP - p. 42-47 AB - Two equations are presented for determining the percentage of the tire market represented by original equipment (OE) and by replacement tires. The most important variable for determining OE demand is the rate of new car production, and for replacement demand, the stock of cars registered. The OE market shares of the six U.S. suppliers (Goodyear, Firestone, Uniroyal, Goodrich, General, and Michelin) are examined for the 1965-1977 period, as well as the percentage of passenger tires bought by each automaker (General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, and American Motors) from each supplier. Major changes were an increased share of GM tire purchases from Goodyear at the expense of the other companies except General; an increase in Ford's business with Uniroyal, Michelin, and General at the expense of Goodyear and Firestone; and a sharp increase in Chrysler purchases from Firestone at the expense of Goodyear and Goodrich. The relationship between the tire producers and automakers is described as a bilateral oligopoly, with the auto industry having the bargaining advantage. Requirements of tire suppliers demanded by the auto companies are outlined: network of dealerships, capacity to deliver orders at short notice, willingness to stockpile up to 90 days inventory, and a research and development program. The U.S. replacement market, which is larger and more complicated than the OE market, is examined with regard to the many manufacturer (national) and distributor (private) brand names under which tires are sold and the channels of distribution. The buying power in the OE and replacement markets is noted as the counterbalance against monopoly by tire firms, since it promotes heavy price competition and prevents high profits. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Demand KW - Markets KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Technological innovations KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186937 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369181 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CHP (CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL) CRACKS DOWN ON AUTO CRASH SWINDLE PY - 1980/11 VL - 44 IS - 9 SP - 7 p. AB - Working in close cooperation with other law enforcement agencies, including the Insurance Crime Prevention Institute, the California Highway Patrol (CHP) has increased its effort to apprehend swindlers who fabricate auto accidents and file fraudulent injury claims to insurance companies. It is estimated that this criminal activity costs the insurance companies $4 million a month and that up to 10% of all California injury accidents may contain elements of fraud. Fraudulent accidents include the "paper" accident in which no collision occurs; the staged accident with no actual victim or involving an innocent party; and exaggerated injury claims in a legitimate accident. Deliberately rigged auto accidents often involve organized rings of doctors, attorneys, office managers, chiropractors, cappers, and auto repair shops. Participants in staged accidents often have many aliases, making it difficult to identify repeaters. CHP officers are being trained to look for two types of manipulated auto accidents: the arranged collision between two drivers, and the more sophisticated setup in which an innocent motorist is the target of a conspiracy. Commercial vehicles are a major target victim because they are likely to be insured. KW - Crashes KW - Fraud KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Law enforcement KW - Loss and damage claims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186891 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369205 JO - Energy Technology Review PB - Noyes Data Corporation AU - COOPER, J F AU - Behrin, E AU - Noyes Data Corporation TI - THE ALUMINUM-AIR BATTERY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AN UPDATE PY - 1980/11 SP - p. 1-10 AB - Due to their high cost, slow recharge, and low power or low energy storage capacity, secondary batteries have been unable to compete with internal combustion engines, even in times of petroleum shortage, except for special purpose vehicles. The aluminum-air battery, a mechanically rechargeable power source, may offer a competitive alternative. This battery generates electricity by the reaction of aluminum plates with atmospheric oxygen. The aluminum trihydroxide (hydrargillite) produced can be recycled to produce more aluminum, and the battery can be rapidly refueled by replacement of the aluminum plates. It has been demonstrated that full-size aluminum-air power cells can produce propulsion energy over the range of anticipated conditions and at rates required for automotive applications. Components still under development include a durable air cathode, a suitable aluminum alloy that can be produced from dehydrated battery reaction products, rapidly refuelable cells and multicell units, and a vehicular crystallizer for the hydrargillite. Calculations and cell tests indicate that the aluminum-air battery can offer range, acceleration, and rapid-refueling capabilities comparable to those of today's internal combustion engines, with overall energy efficiencies similar to those of conventional automobiles that burn liquid fuels synthesized from coal. Costs should be equivalent to those for conventional automobiles at gasoline prices of $2-$3/gal. This technology could lessen our dependence on liquid hydrocarbon fuels, reduce our balance of payments problems, and reduce vehicular emissions. KW - Aluminum air batteries KW - Costs KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366801 JO - Hawaii Medical Journal PB - Hawaii Medical Association AU - Smith, R G AU - Berkline, R R AU - Hawaii Medical Association TI - THE USE OF INFANTS' ANS CHILDRENS' OCCUPANT SAFETY DEVICES IN MOTOR VEHICLES: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY PY - 1980/11 VL - 39 IS - 11 SP - p. 283-285 AB - A study of the use of automotive protective restraint systems carried out in urban Oahu demonstrates alarmingly low levels of use by infants and young children, as well as by drivers. Overall, infants and children through the age of 10 years were unprotected 93% of the time. Drivers were unprotected at least 90% of the time. Physicians and other health professionals are called upon to aid in intervention programs to increase the usage of occupant protective devices in order to eliminate this major cause of deaths and injuries to infants and young children. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Physicians KW - Restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337316 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXISTING AND PROBABLE NEXT-DECADE VEHICLE-IN-USE INSPECTION STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES. VOLUME II PY - 1980/11 SP - 191 p. AB - This report presents the results of Task 1.0 of the Special Motor Vehicle Diagnostic Inspection Demonstration Project, Technical Support Contract, Contract Number DOT-HS-7-01666. The focus of this report is on Federal, State and representative local inspection standards and procedures for passenger cars, light trucks and motorcycles. The report addresses existing and probable next-decade standards and procedures in the areas of safety, emissions and noise, and reviews strategies suitable for assisting motorists to obtain improved fuel and maintenance economy. KW - Automobiles KW - Demonstration projects KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Emission rates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inspection KW - Light trucks KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Pollutants KW - Safety KW - Sound level KW - Standards KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337318 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF OWNER/OPERATOR AND MECHANIC/TECHNICIAN SURVEYS. VOLUME V PY - 1980/11 SP - 223 p. AB - The report presents the results of an in-depth profile of the automotive repair industry developed from a nationwide personal interview survey of 1,512 owners/operators and 591 mechanic/technicians of automotive repair and diagnostic facilities in 1979. Specific areas covered included general facility characteristics, equipment availability and usage, mechanic/technical skills and training, reference data usage, communications, repair procedures, and general business practices. KW - Abilities KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer protection KW - Data collection KW - Education and training KW - Industrial training KW - Interviewing KW - Labor market KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Management KW - Management methods KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Owner operators KW - Public relations KW - Repair shops KW - Specialized training KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337295 AU - COLE, D AU - Bolt, J A AU - Huber, P AU - Taylor, T AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF ALTERNATE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980/11 SP - 72 p. AB - This study assessed the potential of alternate automotive engines to meet the fuel economy goals and emission levels of the 1980-1990 period. As part of NHTSA's continuing research in support of the Department of Transportation fuel economy activities, this study reviewed those developments offering viable substitutes for the current spark ignition engine systems. Categories assessed included stratified charge, diesels, turbo charging, rotary/Wankel engines, and the developmental gas turbine and Stirling cycle engines. Results of past and on-going research through 1978 were reviewed along with the development and production status of various alternate engine technologies proposed for automobiles and light trucks through the 1980s. Assessment was then made of the potential fuel economy improvement as a percentage of 1978 baseline data. KW - Automobile engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Rotary engines KW - Stirling cycle engines KW - Stirling engines KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Superchargers KW - Technology assessment KW - Turbine engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337212 AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - Mayer, R C AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 55 NMSL (NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT) AND DUI (DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE) ENFORCEMENT REGIONAL WORKSHOPS FOR STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT EXECUTIVES PY - 1980/11 SP - 46 p. AB - Four regional workshops were conducted addressing 55 National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) and Driving Under Influence (DUI) enforcement programs for state law enforcement agencies. The participants in each of the workshop sessions included the chief administrator and field commander in charge of NMSL/DUI enforcement programs. The workshops accomplished the following objectives: (1) to keep state law enforcement administrators abreast of federal programs impacting on NMSL/DUI programs, and review programs and research activities of the NHTSA relating to police traffic services; (2) to provide administrators the opportunity to identify problem areas primarily in regard to NMSL/DUI, to the NHTSA in order to provide direction for future NHTSA research efforts; (3) to review first year results of the implementation of the Highway Safety Act of 1978 as they impact on police traffic services; and (4) to provide a forum for the exchange of information, primarily in regard to NMSL/DUI enforcement programs, among the state administrators. Recommendations were developed addressing state/federal relationships; NMSL/DUI legislative proposals; and regionally cooperative highway safety programs. Throughout these recommendations run the concurrent themes of the requirement for more funding and the necessity of more stringent sanctions against NMSL/DUI violators. KW - Administration KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Law enforcement KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle drivers KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Speed limits KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - United States KW - Velocity KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337320 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCOPE AND IMPACT OF NEW AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY ON THE INSPECTION, DIAGNOSIS AND REPAIR PROCESS. VOLUME VII PY - 1980/11 SP - 78 p. AB - This report presents the results of Task 2.5 of the Special Motor Vehicle Diagnostic Inspection Demonstration Project, Technical Support Contract, Contract No. DOT-HS-7-01666. The focus of this report is the automobile of the future and its impact on automotive inspection, diagnosis and repair. The report presents a review of expected changes in automotive design over the next decade and an analysis of how these changes will affect various portions of the diagnostic inspection and repair process. KW - Automobiles KW - Demonstration projects KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural members KW - Technology assessment KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337270 AU - Carlson, L E AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY COMPLIANCE TEST FOR FMVSS 301-75, AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DIVISION DATA PY - 1980/11 SP - 190 p. AB - Acceleration and crush measurements were made on fifteen 1980 model vehicles that were subjected to FMVSS 301-75 tests. Eight rear impacts and seven frontal 30 degrees oblique impacts were conducted. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337319 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS FOR CURRENT VEHICLES-IN-USE. VOLUME VI PY - 1980/11 SP - 81 p. AB - The report summarizes key findings from research conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation during the decade of the 1970s related to factors in automotive designs which hinder or facilitate the vehicle inspection, diagnosis, maintenance and repair. It discusses the importance of the diagnostic function within the overall automotive repair process. It concludes that engine systems, brake systems and alignment related inspection, maintenance and repair (IM&R) problems are especially influenced by current vehicle designs. It discusses accessibility issues and manufacturer incentives to design more maintainable vehicles. It contains references to 16 key documents and appendices which describe IM&R problems on specific current vehicles. KW - Accessibility KW - Alignment KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Inspection KW - Maintainability KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Motor vehicles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337321 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF CONSUMER SATISFACTION SURVEY. VOLUME VIII PY - 1980/11 SP - 47 p. AB - The report presents the results of a survey administered to 2,434 automotive repair shop customers in 1979. It addresses the relationships between specific repair facility characteristics and the customer's evaluation of the automotive repair process. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Characteristics KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumers KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repair shops KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337315 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. VOLUME I PY - 1980/11 SP - 56 p. AB - This report summarizes the key findings of major contract activities related to the development of a comprehensive data base on the inspection/maintenance/repair (I/M/R) process. For more detailed information, the reader is referred to the following report volumes: Volume II: Existing and probable next decade vehicle-in-use inspection standards and procedures; Volume III: Field engineering equipment evaluation and equipment condition survey results; Volume IV: Results of automotive test equipment manufacturers interviews; Volume V: Results of owner/operator and mechanic surveys; Volume VI: Characteristics of vehicle repair and maintenance problems for current vehicles-in-use; Volume VII: Scope and impact of new automotive technology; and Volume VIII: Results of consumer satisfaction survey. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Databases KW - Demonstration projects KW - Equipment tests KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Protection KW - Standards KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Technology assessment KW - Test equipment KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337317 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND EQUIPMENT CONDITION SURVEY RESULTS. VOLUME III PY - 1980/11 SP - 405 p. AB - The focus of this report is on an evaluation of automotive test equipment in use in the field. Included are the results of a performance evaluation of over 6,000 pieces of test equipment, ranging from simple tread depth gauges to complex, computerized engine analyzers. The results of a survey of repair shop owners/operators are also presented. The survey portrays equipment usage, calibration and repair practices of repair shops. The report concludes with an analysis of how field equipment performance affects the repair process. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Equipment tests KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality control KW - Repair shops KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349660 AU - Agnew, W G AU - General Motors Corporation TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENT PY - 1980/11 SP - 23 p. AB - Fuel economy improvements, attained to date and projected between 1980 and 1985, are discussed. The data, projections and judgements are limited in most cases to General Motors products. The prospects are favorable for continued gains beyond 1985 that include changes in both technology and product mix and entail considerable economic costs. The development of synthetic fuels promises to be cost effective and to require no drastic changes in transportation hardware. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Costs KW - Diesel fuels KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Small car KW - Synthetic fuels KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329014 AU - CHI, GYH AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 214: SIDE DOOR STRENGTH PY - 1980/11 SP - 108 p. AB - FMVSS 214 is an injury reduction Standard which imposes minimum requirements on side door strength for all passenger cars (effective 1 January 1973). The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of FMVSS 214 with respect to reduction in depth of intrusion, reduction in injury severity, and to the extent possible, to establish a causal relation between the former and the latter. The data used in the analysis are the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) data files. The 1978 North Carolina accident data file is used primarily for the purpose of obtaining some estimates needed to extrapolate to the national level the estimated annual number of injuries prevented due to the presence of side door beams. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Doors KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Severity KW - Side KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329016 AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - Mayer, R C AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE POLICE PLANNING OFFICERS' WORKSHOP PY - 1980/11 SP - 61 p. AB - A three-day workshop was conducted with participants being the planning officers from state law enforcement agencies. The workshop was developed and conducted to accomplish the following objectives: (1) To facilitate the exchange of problems encountered and solutions developed relating to the delivery of police traffic services; (2) To identify research problems/needs which have a high degree of commonality among the participants; (3) To identify their role and participation in solution/product development, and the implementation of improved technology; and (4) To provide a forum for the interchange of ideas concerning the establishment of performance standards and standards for accreditation of police agencies in the delivery of police traffic services. In addition to specific agenda items developed to facilitate the attainment of these objectives, the participants were directed to develop recommendations which could provide direction for future research and demonstration projects having potential impact on the state police mission. KW - Careers KW - Law enforcement KW - Meetings KW - Personnel development KW - Police KW - Police traffic services KW - Problem solving KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Research projects KW - State government KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328908 AU - Cantwell, C AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated AU - Idaho State Traffic Safety Commission AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORICAL DATA BASE PY - 1980/11 SP - 65 p. AB - The report is a description of the data about the physical, operating performance, and market characteristics of light trucks for the model years 1955 through 1977, which is stored on tape in DOT/TSC DEC System 10 computer system. Vehicles are reported by model year and grouped by manufacturer, using production volume, model, body type, engine displacement, transmission and GVWR class attributes as criteria to select representative vehicle configurations. Characteristics are documented for vehicles representative of total U.S. sales of domestic and imported light trucks for the model years indicated. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Databases KW - Engines KW - Light trucks KW - Market research KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Performance KW - Sales KW - Transmissions KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329076 AU - Mak, K K AU - Labra, J J AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE FOR POLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1980/11 SP - 119 p. AB - The objective of the study is to develop a reconstruction procedure for pole accidents in which the struck pole was partially or completely fractured. Alternative reconstruction approaches were evaluated and an analytical model based on a three-phase collision sequence was selected for further development. The total vehicle velocity change is considered as the sum of three components: (1) crushing of vehicle prior to pole fracture, (2) partial or complete fracture of pole at its base, and (3) if breakaway occurs, acceleration of the segmented pole structure by the impacting vehicle. The velocity change due to vehicle crush is obtained from the CRASH reconstruction program. Base fracture energy required for partial or complete fracture for various pole types was extracted from results of pendulum tests available from the literature and used in the determination of vehicle velocity change due to pole fracture. Mathematical equations were developed for calculating the velocity change as a result of the pole inertial effect. Five full-scale crash tests were used in testing and validation of the reconstruction procedure. Results from film analysis of the crash tests were compared with those obtained from the reconstruction procedure and the correlation was good with an average deviation of approximately 6 percent underestimation. KW - Construction KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validation KW - Validity KW - Velocity KW - Velocity measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328907 AU - CROSS, S AU - Hercules Incorporated AU - Idaho State Traffic Safety Commission AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HYBRID MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION FOR OLDSMOBILE OMEGA X-BODY COMPONENTS PY - 1980/11 SP - 38 p. AB - This report provides an evaluation of the potential of weight savings for a 1980 General Motors X-body car through the substitution of lightweight composite materials for presently used metal materials. A total of 75 components of this vehicle are considered for substitution of lightweight materials. Based on equal stiffness for material substitution, analysis shows 495 pounds can be removed from this X-body car. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Composite materials KW - Hybrids KW - Lightweight materials KW - Metals KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Substitutes KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329017 AU - Hemami, H AU - Wang, S AU - Grygier, P AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOFTWARE SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS PY - 1980/11 SP - 53 p. AB - The report is concerned with development description, documentation, and demonstration of a number of computer programs developed for NHTSA laboratories, East Liberty, Ohio, for the purpose of conversion and processing of digital data pertaining to in-house tests and those tests conducted at TRC (Transportation Research Center of Ohio) sled facility. There are six programs altogether: A conversion program for TRC digital tapes, a plotting program, a program that computes head injury criterion (HIC), a program to compute mean and standard deviation, and finally a program to dump a file from memory. KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Computer systems programs KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Plotting KW - Software KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329019 AU - Bogdan, L AU - RICE, R S AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY AND FULL-SCALE PARAMETRIC STUDIES OF THE ROLLING RESISTANCE OF RADIAL- AND BIAS-PLY HEAVY SERVICE TRUCK TIRES PY - 1980/11 SP - 270 p. AB - A test program was performed at the Calspan Tire Research Facility (TIRF) to characterize the rolling resistance properties of current heavy-service truck tires. The tire sample included radial-ply and bias-ply constructions, in various load-range ratings and tread patterns, in the following popular sizes: 9.00-20, 10.00-20, 11.00-22.5 and 11.00-24.5. Test procedures, test matrix designs and corresponding response equations were developed to evaluate tire rolling resistance as a function of load and inflation pressure. A rolling resistance data base was formulated from tests on 30 different tires. Limited tests were performed on a 67.23-inch diameter drum to define the effects of small misalignments in the normal force vector and tire slip/camber angle on rolling resistance measurements. Limited-scope full-scale tests were made, using tires previously tested in the laboratory to attempt correlation between laboratory and field-test rolling resistance data based on the use of the draw-bar pull and vehicle coastdown techniques. The report describes the test program details and includes an analysis and a summary of the results. KW - Field tests KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Performance tests KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337884 AU - Zemp, W M AU - Zemp (WM) Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERSTATE COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT-55 MPH: PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPT TEST. TASK 3 PY - 1980/11 SP - 45 p. AB - The purpose of the 55 mph Interstate Communication Project was to develop communication strategies to promote voluntary compliance with the 55 mile-per-hour speed limit. The program was directed toward specific target groups in Florida, Alabama and Georgia using non-traditional communications channels. Task 1 reviewed the report of existing research on driver attitudes and on behavior relating to the 55 mile-per-hour speed limit; however, it did not find any research which had investigated the psychological and emotional differences between speeders and compliers. Task 2 explored the real reasons, the more emotional motivations for speeding, as a basis for developing a successful communications strategy for increasing voluntary compliance. Responses to a random sample telephone survey of 2000 residents provided clusters of speeders, each representing a group who share common demographic, attitudinal and emotional characteristics. Of these clusters, three segments were selected as actual targets for research. Task 3 explores the relative strengths of various motivational messages among these three segments. Since "peer pressure" is seen to be an important element, non-speeders in the same age groups were also interviewed. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Characteristics KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Communications KW - Compliance KW - Drivers KW - Incentives KW - Motivation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Publicity KW - Speed limits KW - Strategy KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violators KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337937 AU - Teague, D M AU - Rohter, L E AU - Gau, L P AU - Wakely, H G AU - Viergutz, O J AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS FOR DAYTIME HEADLAMP USE PY - 1980/11 SP - 206 p. AB - The study presents an analysis of the production feasibility, consumer cost, and schedule for implementing future regulations regarding a daytime lights-on policy where the headlights are automatically turned on whenever the engine is operating. This action would promote traffic safety through better vehicle visibility. The proposed effective date for "Lights On" is 1984 model new vehicle production. Vehicle types covered include Mopeds, Motorcycles, Passenger Cars, Light, Medium, and Heavy Duty Trucks, Multipurpose Vehicles, and Buses. Evaluations are made for the feasibility of the present vehicle fleet to operate with headlights on full time. Summary tables for each type are provided showing initial and annual costs for this proposed safety feature. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Consumer protection KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Daylight KW - Estimates KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Headlamps KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Utilization KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337889 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF AUTOMOTIVE TEST EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER INTERVIEWS. VOLUME 4 PY - 1980/11 SP - 206 p. AB - This report presents the results of interviews conducted with 39 automotive test equipment manufacturers, from October 1977 through March 1978. The report presents information elicited from the manufacturers on the following: Equipment Specifications: Accuracy, repeatability, compatibility with inspection standards, operator requirements, data discrimination capability, vehicle throughput, and calibration, maintenance and installation requirements; Company Operations: Stocking/inventory practices, distribution methods, and delivery cycles, and Future Developments: Company R&D plans and corporate planning activities. KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic test equipment KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Capital KW - Data collection KW - Electronic equipment KW - Equipment KW - Equipment specifications KW - Equipment tests KW - Industries KW - Interviewing KW - Manufacturing KW - Marketing KW - Production KW - Sales KW - Specifications KW - Surveys KW - Technology assessment KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337891 AU - Burke, J S AU - Cadell, D M AU - Huber, S W AU - Morganstein, D R AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVERS SURVEY ON UNREPORTED AND LOW-DAMAGE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING BUMPERS PY - 1980/11 SP - 239 p. AB - This is a final report of one component of the NHTSA evaluation of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215 and Title I regulations on damageability. The study consisted of a national survey of drivers regarding low-speed, unreported accidents. Drivers were located using random digit dialing and then interviewed over the telephone. Drivers were asked about incidents occurring in the previous six months and then asked to participate in a re-interview two months later. The survey results indicate a substantial reduction in later model years in the percent of cars damaged, in the number of components damaged and in the cost of repair resulting from the low-speed incidents. KW - Bumpers KW - Channel flow KW - Crash investigation KW - Damage assessment KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Flow channel KW - Interviewing KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles accidents KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337178 AU - Koppa, R J AU - McDermott, M AU - Raab, C AU - Sexton, D J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR DISABLED DRIVERS PY - 1980/10/31 SP - 128 p. AB - The report describes a study of the human factors and highway safety aspects of state-of-the-art automotive adaptive devices which permit a physically disabled driver to operate a motor vehicle. The study consisted of a review of recent studies of problems disabled drivers have, their record in highway safety, and how well present standards govern the manufacture and use of adaptive equipment. The leading manufacturers were contacted for their present product lines, new developments, and manufacturing history. Six exploratory and demonstrational tests were run, of the operability of hand controls, modifications to steering systems, and several different versions of joystick controls. KW - Adaptive control KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automobile drivers KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - State of the art studies KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169052 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349647 JO - New Zealand Medical Journal PB - New Zealand Medical Association AU - Lennon, D AU - Elliott, R B AU - Otago Daily Times, Limited TI - TRAFFIC SURVEY--CHILDREN AS ACTIVE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PARTICIPANTS PY - 1980/10/08 VL - 92 IS - 699 SP - p. 286-289 AB - Children suffer excessive morbidity and mortality from traffic accidents in New Zealand. Pedestrian and bicycle accidents constitute one-third of these accidents. The pattern of involvement of children in such incidents may suggest specific preventive measures. KW - Accident proneness KW - Bicycles KW - Children KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349834 JO - South African Medical Journal PB - Medical Association of South Africa AU - Ferguson, A L AU - Hedden, F J AU - Medical Association of South Africa TI - FITNESS TO DRIVE A MOTOR VEHICLE PY - 1980/10/04 VL - 58 IS - 14 SP - p. 576-577 AB - Professional drivers should be required to pass a standard medical test before being issued with a driving licence, this to be repeated at regular intervals thereafter. The requisite standards of fitness are presented as a guide to medical practitioners in South Africa. KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Health KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Professional personnel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329045 AU - Lowery, M AU - Roberts, C AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL PARTS RETURN PROGRAM, VOLUME I PY - 1980/10/01 SP - 83 p. AB - The National Parts Return Program involves the voluntary submittal by independent automotive repair facilities of failed automotive components and information. The purpose of the program is to gather information on these components and failure reports to assist the NHTSA in identifying the existence of safety-related manufacturing defects in design, materials, construction or performance of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. Under authority of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, the NHTSA can require manufacturers to conduct safety defect recall campaigns when it has been determined that a defect relating to motor vehicle safety exists. In addition, the information obtained from these parts and reports is valuable in preparing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Components KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Industries KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Repair shops KW - Safety engineering KW - Spare parts KW - Standards KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328867 AU - Lowery, M AU - Roberts, C AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL PARTS RETURN PROGRAM, VOLUME II PY - 1980/10/01 SP - 123 p. AB - The National Parts Return Program involves the voluntary submittal by independent automotive repair facilities of failed automotive components and information. The purpose of the program is to gather information of these components and failure reports to assist the NHTSA in identifying the existence of safety-related manufacturing defects in design, materials, construction or performance of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. Under authority of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, the NHTSA can require manufacturers to conduct safety defect recall campaigns when it has been determined that a defect relating to motor vehicle safety exists. In addition, the information obtained from these parts and reports is valuable in preparing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Components KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Repair shops KW - Safety engineering KW - Spare parts KW - Standards KW - Studies KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384675 JO - Discover PB - Disney Publishing Group AU - Angier, N AU - Time Incorporated TI - DETROIT'S BRAINY NEW AUTOS PY - 1980/10 SP - 3 p. AB - This article briefly reviews the dramatic increase in the use of microprocessors by the auto industries in the U.S. By 1985 a fully equipped U.S. car is predicted to use an average of 15 chips, compared to less than one in 1978. Various innovations afforded by the microprocessor are mentioned, along with future possibilities. KW - Automobile industry KW - Microprocessors KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380915 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nagy, B AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - STRETCHING YOUR NEW-CAR DOLLAR PY - 1980/10 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - p. 61-64 AB - The present U.S. automobile market situation and future prospects are described. The 1980 sales downturn is expected to recover with the introduction of downsized 1981 models and slow but steady market growth is anticipated through the mid-1980's. By 1983, it is forecast that 56% of the market will comprise compacts and that the import share will decline 8.2% from 1980 through 1983. Market uncertainty will hinge largely on the replacement rate for new cars, and public response to new models. Market dynamics and conventional wisdom are involved in the overall consumer assessment and selection process. Fundamental points in buying decisions are examined: deciding which vehicle meets personal needs, obtaining background material on specific makes and models, evaluating financial options (paying in cash, securing a loan, and leasing), checking insurance rates and extended warranties/service agreements, considering maintenance and operating expenses, shopping around for a dealer, and inspecting the car upon delivery. The 10 most popular vehicle options and the importance of a test drive are covered in separate notes. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Markets KW - Purchasing KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380638 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Assenza, T AU - Hearst Magazines TI - CAN THE ROTARY ENGINE SURVIVE THE '80S? PY - 1980/10 VL - 154 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - In successfully developing the rotary engine, Mazda overcame various problems which had faced other manufacturers: excessive wear of the apex seals, failure of the side seals, and idle speed instability. In 1968, Mazda's R100 rotary coupe received wide acclaim in the American market, by customers because of its performance and lower cost, and by manufacturers because it would streamline production methods. General Motors and Mazda envisioned a family of rotary engines all using standardized rotors and housings in multiple configurations for various car bodies. The 1973 estimate by the Environmental Protection Agency of 10.5 mpg for the rotary engine (half the mileage claimed by Mazda) and the 1974 oil embargo obliterated the rotary's chances. Ironically, the rotary Mazda was one of only two cars that could pass the strict 1975 pollution standards. Mazda brought out the RX-7 rotary in 1978 and the 1981 model will have a catalytic converter rather than the previous thermal reactor for emission control. In the domestic versions with catalyst, Mazda reports a 20% mileage increase, putting the RX-7 in the 29 mpg range. The next area of development will be improvement of the engine low-speed-torque characteristics via a Timed Induction with Supercharging system. By the mid-1980's, Mazda expects to use the rotary in other models, the likeliest candidate being the new front-wheel drive GLC. In Japan, the rotary is being used in the Luce four-door sedan and the Cosmo sport coupes. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalytic converters KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Rotary engines KW - Superchargers KW - Supercharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196949 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380914 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gregory, FMH AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - REPAIR RIPOFFS (AUTO SERVICE SHOPS) PY - 1980/10 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - p. 94-95 AB - Consumer complaints about the auto repair industry are excerpted from letters to "Motor Trend". Specific areas where problems have been reported are identified and strategies suggested whereby the consumer can protect himself. Advice on finding a good mechanic includes seeking information from others, consulting a directory of garages that employ certified mechanics, examining the repair shop's equipment and housekeeping, and judging the mechanic's evaluation of the problem and the cost of repair, and offer of a guarantee. To avoid being overcharged, it is advised to comparison shop, check flat-rate manuals for a price range, and consider taking the car to a diagnostic center. Suggestions for avoiding the "ripoff" in an emergency include joining a reputable auto club; committing only to minimum repairs; being wary of preventive maintenance offered far from home; and having the car thoroughly checked before a long trip and carrying tools and parts to fix minor disabling problems. The consumer is advised to obtain detailed, explicit written diagnoses and estimates. Recurring problems which the mechanic refuses or is unable to correct may lead to time-consuming and frustrating procedures (i.e. taking the complaint to the manufacturer, to state and local authorities, and ultimately to court). KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Certification KW - Consumers KW - Mechanics KW - Protection KW - Repair costs KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380639 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Assenza, T AU - Hearst Magazines TI - AS PUSH COMES TO SHOVE, THE WORLD PICKS FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE PY - 1980/10 VL - 154 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - Design of the front-wheel drive 1959 Morris Mini Minor built by British Motor Corporation was guided by three principles: maximum interior room for an 80-in. wheelbase, front engine for maximum directional stability, and front-wheel drive for maximum traction. The two-box concept was utilized: all machinery in front of the firewall (one box), and the remaining space for people and luggage (second box). The "econobox" had Moulton rubber springs for saving space and reducing weight, the gearbox situated inside the engine's sump, 10-in. wheels, and an 850-cc., four-cylinder powerplant. The car weighed 1250 lb., had a top speed of only 73 mph but reached a quarter mi. in 23.5 sec., and provided excellent cornerability. The Mini is still in production, offering efficient packaging, rugged reliability, and excellent fuel economy. Controversy continues regarding the issue of front-vs. rear-wheel drive; Renault, for example, has eliminated rear-drive cars from its lineup, while Porsche is adamantly opposed to front-wheel drive (fwd). By 1985, it is estimated that 90% of U.S. models will be equipped with fwd. Recent fwd cars offered by the American automakers include General Motors' X cars, Chrysler's K cars (Aries and Reliant), and Ford's world cars (Ford Escort and Mercury Lynx). All are well balanced and packaged to fit the needs of most American drivers. KW - Automobiles KW - British motor corporation KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Front wheel drive KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Renault automobile KW - Renault S.A. KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196950 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380641 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - ASSEMBLE PM'S (POPULAR MECHANICS') WINTER EMERGENCY DRIVING KIT PY - 1980/10 VL - 154 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - Essential tools for safe winter driving are listed, followed by specific advice on jumper cables and booster batteries. Step-by-step instructions are outlined for boosting a dead battery, with additional precautions for maintenance-free batteries. Several cold-weather engine starting problems and methods for solving them are described: snow on ignition parts making the engine stall; choke plate stuck open (fuel mixture not rich enough to start a cold engine) or stuck in closed position (engine flood and stall); and plugging of fuel system (clogged filter, failed fuel pump, ice in the fuel line). Carrying spares for parts most likely to fail and setting up a periodic inspection program to prevent failure of vital parts (e.g. drive belts, points) are advised. Tire chains are recommended for the best traction on snow or ice, and a shovel and a bag of sand or rock salt are helpful if a car gets stuck. KW - Automobiles KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Cold weather KW - Driving KW - Electric batteries KW - Jumper cables KW - Operations KW - Tire chains KW - Tools KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196952 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380916 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gregory, FMH AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - 25 WAYS TO AVOID A LEMON (CAR BUYING) PY - 1980/10 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - p. 79-85 AB - Preliminary steps in buying a car include reading consumer information and consulting present owners; investigating a dealer's reputation, including references; establishing a working relationship with key dealership personnel; and checking out dealer service facilities. Advice on paperwork includes understanding every charge, establishing the best interest rate for financing, having every clause of the contract explained, understanding individual responsibilities (dealer, manufacturer, owner) in the warranty, and keeping accurate service records. A new car should be thoroughly inspected in daylight and taken for a test drive accompanied by the salesman. Avoiding lemons in the used-car market involves establishing the car's worth, determining ownership through proper documentation, obtaining background information, and inspecting the car (under the hood, under the car, and the interior). The prospective used-car buyer who does not want to inspect the car himself can hire a competent mechanic; compliance with state requirements must be established before the car can be registered. After a purchase decision has been made, a simple written agreement defining the terms of the transaction (car identity, sum paid, and car condition) may be sufficient; an attorney's advice may be obtained for extra assurance. Depending on the value of the used car, insurance against various mechanical failures may be advantageous. If the car is unsatisfactory, there are three recourses: complaining to the dealer, manufacturer, consumer protection agency, or the local press; taking one's business elsewhere; and as the last resort, filing suit. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Crash investigation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Studies KW - Used vehicle industry KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380640 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - CHOOSE THE BEST TIRES FOR WINTER DRIVING PY - 1980/10 VL - 154 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - Tire differences in terms of compound material and tread pattern are discussed, and their significance in the selection of snow, all-season, mud-and-snow, or studded tires to meet individual winter driving needs. The recently instituted Uniform Tire Quality Grading System is explained; it is a consumer-assistance system by which all tires are graded for tread life, wet-weather traction, and heat dissipation. Tire chains (especially those forming a web) are cited for their superiority in providing traction on snow and ice, as well as the adverse effects of their use on dry pavement. Tips are given on maintenance of proper tire air pressure, identification of left and right radials to avoid rotation, and tire storage. KW - Driving KW - Heat dissipation KW - Heat loss KW - Inflation KW - Moisture content KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Snow tires KW - Studded tires KW - Tire chains KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wet conditions KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379654 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Renner-Smith, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - BATTERY-SAVING FLYWHEEL GIVES ELECTRIC CAR FREEWAY ZIP PY - 1980/10 VL - 217 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - Garrett-AiResearch Mfg. Co.'s electric car overcomes some major drawbacks of electric vehicles by incorporating a flywheel power system, the first application of an advanced fiber-composite flywheel. Flywheel power provides a practical electric car for commuters by giving acceleration and start-up capabilities, a reasonable city driving range, and a good possibility for a multiyear life for the battery pack. The Dept. of Energy-sponsored car also has a unique continuously variable transmission, an advanced lead-acid battery pack, and the first all-fiberglass chassis to meet Federal safety regulations. The battery supplies a steady current while the flywheel supplies power to propel the car from a dead stop. The slowed-down flywheel speeds up when the car brakes. The electric system provides the energy equivalent of a 38 mpg gasoline-powered engine but costs only about two cents/mi. to run. If mass-produced, it would cost about 15% more than a conventional subcompact. With one passenger, the flywheel car accelerates from 0 to 30 mph in 7 sec., from 25 to 55 for passing in 10 sec., and from 0 to 50 mph for highway merging in 15 sec. Once on the highway, it cruises at 55 and passes at 60; the Urban Driving Schedule range is 76 mi. A separate note indicates that an advanced zinc-chloride battery is ready for production. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Costs KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy consumption KW - Flywheels KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Service life KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Zinc chloride batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196265 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379660 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - SPEED LIMIT SURVEY: RESULTS OF THE R AND T (ROAD AND TRACK) SPEED LIMIT QUESTIONNAIRE PY - 1980/10 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - p. 45-48 AB - More than 20,000 "Road and Track" (R&T) readers responded to a 25-question survey in the April and May 1980 issues regarding the fifty-five mile per hour national maximum speed limit, some adding extensive comments on safety, fuel conservation, and traffic enforcement. Most respondents were above average in income, education, and driving experience. In addition to providing the largest data base of any such survey to date, this sampling is also the first to be performed on a knowledgeable, well-informed segment of the driving public. A majority (63%) of replies in April were skeptical of the national speed limit's life-saving potential, this figure increasing to 75% in May when R&T published an in-depth study of the 55 mph limit ("The 55-mph Myth"). In April, 46% of the respondents believed that the speed limit saved fuel, compared with only 32% in May. Far more people voted to repeal the speed limit than had questioned either its fuel conservation or safety benefits (85% in April and 89% in May). The two age groups most opposed to repealing the limit were drivers under 18 or over 60 years of age. The more education a motorist has, the less likely he was to agree that "55 saves" lives or fuel. The more experienced he was, the more he disagreed with the statement "Speed kills." With responses virtually unchanged in April and May, a substantial majority (58%) said that they exceeded 55 mph "most of the time," with 23% for "some of the time," 17% for "all of the time," and only 2% for "never." KW - Data collection KW - Fuel conservation KW - Law enforcement KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379656 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Lindsley, E F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - ALTERNATE FUELS: HOW SOON AND HOW MUCH WILL THEY HELP? PY - 1980/10 VL - 217 IS - 4 SP - p. 102-103 AB - Any alternate fuel has to meet difficult requirements in several areas: producibility, distribution, marketability, performance, and phasing in. The Dept. of Energy (DOE) predicts ethanol production will increase from 60 million gal. in 1980 to 300 million in 1982 and to 500 to 600 million by 1985. In comparison, the U.S. annually consumes 110 billion gal. of gasoline. Although alcohol and gasohol are now in the marketplace, there is an adversary relationship between eager producers and opponents who say that gasohol will not result in a significant reduction of energy. If better and cheaper production means are realized as expected, the prospects are good for gasohol even if it has a slight effect on overall petroleum needs. Drawbacks to diesel as an alternative fuel encompass availability, economic production, the need for other than vehicle use, and particulate emissions. Diesel fuel is not likely to have a major impact on import demands. Although pilot plants have demonstrated that liquid fuels and refinery feedstocks can be produced from oil shale and coal, there are no existing commercial production facilities. DOE estimates that one to two million barrels of synthetic gasoline per day can be produced from oil shale by the year 2000. Hydrogen is a future possible automotive fuel, and natural gas (liquified or not) is a nonrenewable resource. Electric cars will inevitably phase into the market, although remote generation/transmission of electricity for battery recharging is not energy efficient. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel fuels KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy efficiency KW - Energy resources KW - Ethanol KW - Forecasting KW - Gasohol KW - Hydrogen KW - Liquid fuels KW - Performance KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196267 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379653 JO - Car Craft PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Voegelin, R AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - AUTOMATIC ARTISTRY. HOW TO KEEP YOUR AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION ALIVE (CUSTOMIZING AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS) PY - 1980/10 VL - 28 IS - 10 SP - p. 64-67 AB - Information is provided for the car enthusiast, especially one interested in high performance, on the availability, selection, and installation of items for customizing an automatic transmission. Details are given for cooler line tubing and flexible connections, or for completing the circuitry with a simple loop. Preparation for removal of the transmission is outlined: cutting aluminum "ears" off bellhousing, and shortening the dipstick tube. Heavy-duty driveshaft yokes as replacement parts are mentioned. A guide is given for selecting the correct converter flex plate, and instructions provided for installing a torque converter. Several converter models are described. Attention is also given to the positive reverse gear lockout. Photographs accompany the text. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobiles KW - Building KW - Customization KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Mechanics (Persons) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196264 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379655 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Dunne, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - HOW DETROIT IS MEETING U.S. MPG STANDARDS PY - 1980/10 VL - 217 IS - 4 SP - p. 99-100 AB - The U.S. auto industry is meeting Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (27.5 mpg required by 1985) by reducing vehicle weights, using smaller engines, adopting more efficient subsystems, using more energy-efficient tires, and improving aerodynamics. In addition to building smaller cars, detail weight savings are being made (e.g. use of aluminum intake manifolds, lighter crankshafts, plastic inner fenders, and aluminum bumpers). The smaller cars pave the way for smaller engines such as 2.2-, 1.6-, and 1.3-liter four-cylinder designs; variable-cylinder and smaller V-8's are also being introduced. More efficient subsystems included lockup transmissions, air-conditioner cutoffs, and electrical devices that cut engine output losses. There is also less toe-in in front wheel alignment for reduced friction. High-pressure radial tires are delivering significantly better fuel economy because of lower rolling resistance. Better aerodynamic designs are reducing drag; a good design can add one mpg at highway speeds. Transmission trends offering some mpg gain include overdrive, wide ratios, and low final-drive ratio. Diesels offer a 20% to 25% economy improvement over gasoline engines. Advances in precision fuel metering such as feedback carburetors, fuel injection, and computer control systems enable auto companies to meet stricter emissions standards while still improving fuel economy. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light vehicles KW - Mileage KW - Rolling resistance KW - Small car KW - Subsystems KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376707 AU - Li, L K AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - DRIVER IMPROVEMENT: A REVIEW WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM PY - 1980/10 SP - 75 p. AB - Because most crashes involve drivers with good driving records, a meaningful driver improvement program must take all drivers into consideration. The renewal driver licensing program is the only opportunity for routine post-licensing control of the vast majority of drivers. Therefore the system recommended in this report may be accurately defined as a comprehensive driver improvement program aimed at early identification of driving problems and intervention that is tailored to the level of difficulty exhibited by the driver. In addition to emphasizing communication with the driver before problems develop or become severe, the recommended system also emphasizes encouraging the driver to assume responsibility for his future performance. A third consideration in this effort has been the cost-effectiveness of the various programs available. Based on an extensive review of the literature on driver improvement, five programs have been identified as possessing the potential for improving driver performance while being cost-effective to implement. The programs are intended to aid drivers at different levels of driving difficulty. When they are properly coordinated, the recommended programs complement each other and form a comprehensive driver improvement system. Briefly, the system includes the following programs: selective renewal testing, warning letter, group educational meeting (GEM), conditional probationary license, and, finally, suspension. Should this system be implemented, careful evaluation should be performed to determine its effectiveness. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Personnel performance KW - Probation KW - Programs KW - Recommendations KW - Suspensions KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190552 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376103 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Lave, C A AU - BRADLEY, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - MARKET SHARE OF IMPORTED CARS: A MODEL OF GEOGRAPHIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS PY - 1980/10 VL - 14A SP - p. 379-387 AB - A model is presented of the market penetration of imported cars using two diverse data bases (1975 state new car sales aggregates and 1978 individual households), and linear and nonlinear estimation techniques. Agreement is good among the data bases and techniques. The major factors influencing market penetration of imported cars are proximity to the east or west coast, and such family characteristics as education and number of vehicles owned. It is tentatively concluded that proximity to the coastline is a proxy for variation in the manufacturers' marketing effort across states. This conclusion implies that a major marketing effort toward small cars by either foreign or domestic manufacturers would capture a major share of the new car market in the middle states. Explanations are offered for the reluctance of both sectors to make this effort. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Demographics KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Imports KW - Marketing KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373577 AU - National Academy of Sciences-Institute of Medicine AU - Department of Health, Education and Welfare TI - ALCOHOLISM, ALCOHOL ABUSE, AND RELATED PROBLEMS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH PY - 1980/10 SP - 208 p. AB - Research is needed on the causes and effects of alcoholism, and on other problems related to the abuse of alcohol, to enable the design of effective prevention and treatment programs. A full understanding of its effects on the human body and its role in our complex social system has yet to be attained by biomedical and social scientists. This report represents an attempt to assess the greatest opportunities for productive research in the immediate future. To place these opportunities into a relevant context, the burden of illness, the economic cost to society, and the size, scope, and structure of the current research effort related to alcohol abuse and alcoholism also are presented. KW - Alcoholism KW - Biomedical measurements KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Research KW - Social research KW - Social sciences KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186014 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372696 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ALL WEATHER MOTORCYCLING PY - 1980/10 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - p. 11-12 AB - Riding as if invisible and being aware of one's vulnerability are key safety points for the motorcyclist. Riding at night or in bad weather requires wearing light colors and reflective material, if possible, and preferably using reflective tape on the machine and safety helmet. The cycle headlight should be aimed to give the best beam, and tinted and scratched face shields or goggles are to be avoided. Rules to follow in rainy weather cycling include not following too closely; riding in the tire tracks of other vehicles, not in the center of the lane where oil accumulates; traveling at slower speeds; changing directions gradually; braking, decelerating, and downshifting before getting to a hazard; cornering as near perpendicular as possible; and in the event of a skid, keeping the wheels turning (braking only while the bike is upright). Head winds, tailwinds, and especially crosswinds also produce problems for the motorcyclist. The main problem facing cyclists in cold weather is the tendency to drive faster than is safe in order to complete the ride. KW - Clothing KW - Crosswinds KW - Driving KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Moisture content KW - Motorcyclists KW - Night KW - Weather KW - Wet conditions KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188986 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372688 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Bauman, R AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS--CAUSES AND CURES PY - 1980/10 VL - 44 IS - 8 SP - 2 p. AB - Accident-prevention tips for motorcyclists are presented. To reduce the mortality rate for motorcycle riders, which is about double that for automobile occupants, motorcyclists should drive defensively, anticipate possible hazards, remain highly visible, wear adequate protective clothing and headgear, learn the limitations of the machine, and maintain reasonable speed. Motorcyclists should also avoid quick and constant lane changes, tailgating, and riding in foul weather. "Laying the cycle down," which represents a controlled crash, is recommended only as a last resort to avoid more serious injury. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372698 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MOTORCYCLE HIBERNATIONZ-Z-Z-Z (WINTER STORAGE TIPS) PY - 1980/10 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - p. 22-24 AB - Tips are provided for preparing a motorcycle for winter storage. Following a thorough cleaning of the motorcycle and a touch-up of any paint nicks and scratches, the entire electrical system should be inspected, electrical connectors/grounds sprayed with preservative oil and all loose wires and harnesses taped. The battery should be washed, filled to the proper level with distilled water, fully charged, and stored on a wooden shelf in a plastic bag. The battery should be recharged at least once a month. All normal lubrication maintenance should be performed. It is recommended that the carburetor float be removed and emptied and the carburetor thoroughly dried before bowl replacement. A complete motorcycle tuneup is advisable, from timing to brake adjustments. It is advised to drain the fuel tank and lines, and to oil and refill the tank. After removing spark plugs, oil should be squirted into each cylinder and the engine kicked over ten or more times before replacing plugs. Kicking over the engine every few weeks is recommended to keep internal parts free and oil coated. The final steps in motorcycle winterizing are spraying preservative oil on chromed and polished metal surfaces, spraying rubber and vinyl parts with a silicone preservative, and covering the bike with a tarp and storing it on blocks in a garage or enclosure. For winter riding, lighter engine oil and a hotter spark plug are recommended, as well as warm clothing for the rider. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Handling and storage KW - Motorcycles KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188988 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373084 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Hames, L N AU - Petrucelli, E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - A PLAN FOR INFLUENCING TEENAGE DRINKING DRIVERS PY - 1980/10 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 17-21 AB - In a joint American Medical Association/American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators project, a three and one-half minute film was developed (under Distilled Spirits Council sponsorship) relating minimum facts needed by teenagers to make intelligent decisions about drinking. When the knowledge test scores of high school driver education students were compared with those of a control group (knowledge base), the teenagers who had seen the film had significantly higher scores than those who had not, on tests made immediately after film presentation and four months later. A quiz with reinforcing questions resulted in better knowledge retention. Students scored well on questions related to time as a sobering factor, overall effect of alcohol on the body, the national speed limit, and the alcohol content of beer vs. whiskey. Questions with poor score results were related to the depressant effect of alcohol, blood alcohol levels, body weight and alcohol effect, value of drinking experience, fatigue and intoxication, and alcohol involvement in traffic accidents. It was learned that materials based on a "risk factor" theme are more effective, as well as those that avoid both "preaching" and "violation of the law" angles. The project also evaluated the alcohol education content of state driver manuals. Of 33 manuals with some educational material, only seven were judged good. State manuals covering other drugs and additional alcohol educational materials were also identified. Information from these phases of the project will be used for development of material for driver manuals. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver education KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189163 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373099 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - BLUEPRINT FOR SAFETY IN THE '80S PY - 1980/10 SP - 7 p. AB - Indications are that the 1980's will bring new emphasis on vehicle passenger safety, structural safety, and operating safety. Safety measures considered in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's "Five Year Plan for Motor Vehicle and Fuel Economy Rulemaking Calendar, Years 1980-1984" include upgrading side-crash standards for better protection of passengers; improvement of current braking systems, with anti-locking systems for cars and motorcycles; more safety regulations for motorcycles and improved rider training; prevention of truck underride; and prevention of storage and transportation of surplus gasoline by motorists. Other goals are reduction of pedestrian injury by modification of vehicle front ends; standardization of vehicle control placement (lights and windshield wipers) to eliminate confusion; mandatory motorcycle helmet use; elimination of dangerous inconsistencies and deficiencies in highway construction; and reduction of alcohol abuse. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Driver training KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189170 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372689 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - GASOHOL CAN SOLVE FUEL PROBLEM PY - 1980/10 VL - 44 IS - 8 SP - 5 p. AB - The advantages of gasohol, a mixture of gasoline and alcohol (ethanol or methanol), are discussed as a viable substitute for gasoline and a solution to the energy fuel problem. A 28 Jul 1980 report indicates that methanol (wood alcohol) is the least expensive, most potentially useful option for producing liquid fuels. By adding a small percentage of it to domestically produced gasoline, the U.S. can become independent of oil imports. Another type of fuel is synthetic crude oil from coal, shale, rock, and tar sands. Syncrude production, although technologically feasible, is very costly and involves time-consuming negotiations over water rights, Indian treaty rights, interstate compacts, and international agreements. Since the production of methanol is much cheaper and simpler, the technology is well known, and methanol can be used to expand the gasoline supply, this source, rather than shale oil, may be the key to solving the energy problem. Methanol production is also an effective way of converting waste into energy since methanol is obtained from city garbage, corn stalks, grain waste, sugar cane waste, and other agricultural refuse. A historical view of the promotion of gasohol and the development of synthetic fuels legislation is provided, as well as facts about current gasohol use. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Gasohol KW - Methanol KW - Shale oil KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188983 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373085 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TECHNIQUES OF HELMET REMOVAL FROM INJURED PATIENTS. CARELESS HELMET REMOVAL CAN BE HAZARDOUS PY - 1980/10 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 23-25 AB - A seven-step procedure for removing helmets from injured patients is outlined and illustrated. Safe helmet removal requires two rescuers. The helmet must be maneuvered over the nose and ears while the head and neck are held rigid. Inline traction is applied from above and transferred below with pressure on the jaw and occiput. The helmet is removed, and inline traction is reestablished from above. Various types of helmets are illustrated: partial and full face coverage (motorcycle, auto racer), full face coverage (motorcross), light head protection (bicycle, kayak), and football. KW - Crash victims KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helmets KW - Removal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372695 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Defroster, R AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - STRANDED IN THE WOODS ON A SNOWY EVENING. SNOW JOB (WINTER DRIVING TIPS) PY - 1980/10 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 7 p. AB - Winter car maintenance items are indicated: engine tuneup, oil and filter change, adding coolant, lubrication, front-end alignment, and monitoring air filter, battery, fluid level, exhaust system, and brake pads/linings. An oil-temperature guide is included. Information is provided on winter tire selection, matching, and placement (always on drive wheels). A chart compares the starting and pulling ability of regular, conventional snow, and studded snow tires and tires with chains on glare ice. Photographs and instructions are provided for attaching chains, and time periods are listed during which studs may be used in the states and Canadian provinces. Supplies to stock in the car during the winter season are identified; a note cautions against carrying gasoline in the trunk. Tips are given on getting underway and driving on ice/snow (including turning and stopping precautions). Instructions are provided for recovering from a skid (differentiating between front- and rear-wheel drives). Also covered are snowblindness, frozen doorlocks, and extricating a car which is stuck in snow. KW - Chains KW - Driving KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Ice KW - Skidding KW - Snow KW - Snow tires KW - Stopping KW - Studded tires KW - Tires KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188985 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372697 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - AFTER AN ACCIDENT (PROCEDURES FOR THOSE INVOLVED AND OTHERS) PY - 1980/10 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - p. 16-17 AB - When stopping to assist at the scene of a traffic accident, the motorist should park as far beyond the accident site as possible and should turn on the car's emergency flashers. The ignition should be turned off on any damaged vehicle to reduce the chance of fire. An injured person should not be moved unless there is immediate danger (e.g. a fire). If the victim is not breathing, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation should be started immediately. Bleeding should be stopped by applying direct pressure, and the victim protected from shock. The next person who stops should go and call for assistance. No one should smoke because spilled gasoline may be present. If the motorist himself is involved in an accident and the car is in the middle of the roadway, he and others in the car should quickly move to the side of the road. Flares or reflective triangles should be set up at night. Information to be exchanged at the accident site includes driver's license numbers; drivers', passengers' and witnesses' names, addresses, and work/home phone numbers; license plate numbers and car years and makes; and insurance company names/addresses/phone numbers. Personal notes should be taken on accident details. Under no circumstances should the motorist admit fault. The names, badge numbers, and department locations of police should be recorded. Keeping calm is important. Insurance companies should be contacted promptly. KW - Aids KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Flares KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Hazards and emergency operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188987 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371835 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Murtland, W O AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - ELASTOMERS IN DETROIT'S FUTURE. SPECIAL REPORT (LIGHTWEIGHT AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS) PY - 1980/10 VL - 112 IS - 10 SP - p. 21-25 AB - The future prospects for reaction injection molded (RIM) urethane as a lightweight material substitution in U.S. automobile components are noted; expanded use in bumpers and fascia is expected although RIM application in body panels remains uncertain. Two new glass fiber reinforced sheet molding compounds (SMC) are described as candidates for body panels, as well as a new "sheet molded urethane compound" offering equal or better mechanical properties than conventional SMC or reinforced RIM urethanes. A polypropylene/steel laminate is under development. Recent automotive applications of elastomers are described: a heat-resistant polyurethane structural adhesive; butyl rubber body mounts for pickup trucks; accordion-design boots molded from a thermoplastic elastomer offering added protection for rack and pinion steering gear mechanisms; deck lid spoilers molded from a polyurethane elastomer reinforced with glass fibers; injection molded EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer) bumpers and extruded EPDM protective car body side strips. Polymer applications presently under investigation are described: bumpers, fenders, pulleys, valve covers, engine parts, instrument panels, transmission housing supports, drive shafts, and leaf and coil springs. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Butyl rubber KW - Elastomers KW - Glass fibers KW - Light vehicles KW - Lightweight materials KW - Polypropylene KW - Reaction injection molded urethane KW - Reaction injection molding KW - Rubber KW - Sheet molding compounds KW - Urethane KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188494 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371843 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE CAN STOP WINTER WOES. BY "WINTERIZING" YOUR ELECTRICAL SYSTEM NOW, COSTLY DOWNTIME CAN BE REDUCED PY - 1980/10 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 2 p. AB - Maintenance tips are provided for winterizing the electrical systems of school bus fleets. It is suggested that cranking motors, batteries, alternators, alternator belts, switches, and electrical cables be thoroughly inspected and tested each fall. Instructions are offered for inspecting the following items: mounting bolts on motors, batteries and alternators (corrosion and tightness); batteries specific gravity or charge); alternator system (bleed current); and cables (corrosion, cracks, and fraying). Photographs illustrate measurement of battery charge with a hydrometer; a frayed cable and the beginning of corrosion build-up at the battery terminal; and alternator mounting bolts being torqued to specifications. KW - Alternators KW - Bus maintenance KW - Buses KW - Cold weather KW - Downtime KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric cables KW - Electrical equipment KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - School buses KW - Switches KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winterization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188498 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371836 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Nersasian, A AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - COMPATABILITY (SIC) OF FUEL-HANDLING RUBBERS WITH GASOLINE/ALCOHOL BLENDS PY - 1980/10 VL - 112 IS - 10 SP - p. 26-30 AB - The swelling behavior of several fuel-handling rubbers was evaluated by total immersion in highly aromatic gasoline blended with alcohol or the octane booster MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether); tests were made on four VITON fluorohydrocarbon rubbers, fluorosilicone, high acrylonitrile-butadiene, epichlorohydrin homopolymer, and epichlorohydrin/ethylene oxide copolymer. The high fluorine containing fluorohydrocarbon rubbers (VITON GH, B, VT-R-4590) provided the best resistance to swelling in gasoline blended with alcohol or MTBE. Methyl alcohol caused more swelling than ethyl alcohol. Another experiment indicated that the volume increase of the rubbers in synthetic fuels prepared from a broad range of toluene/isooctane/alcohol mixtures strongly correlated with the gasoline/alcohol immersion results. Superior swelling resistance, combined with least permeation to gasoline and resistance to attack by sour or hydroperoxide-containing gasoline, are unique to the VITON fluorohydrocarbon rubbers, making them well suited to cope with today's harsher automotive environment. KW - Ethanol KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Immersion KW - Methanol KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Rubber KW - Rubber tubing KW - Swelling KW - Synthetic fuels KW - Testing KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188495 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371838 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Dick, J S AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - HOW TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS HAVE AFFECTED THE TIRE INDUSTRY'S STRUCTURE. PART 2 PY - 1980/10 VL - 112 IS - 10 SP - p. 36-41 AB - The construction of new U.S. plants since 1960 is examined; 26 plants have been built, mostly by Goodyear, Firestone, Michelin, and General. Goodyear expansions have been designed to reduce overall production costs, as well as to gain a larger share of the market. Firestone's planned capital expansions are small in comparison and it may lose market shares to Goodyear. Recent tire plant closings are indicated. Most of these plants were 50 years old, inefficient, and producers of bias and bias belted tires which are becoming less marketable than radials. Noting that only about 50% of the tire companies' current sales are from tires, the diversification of the major manufacturers into non-tire activities is described. Goodyear and Firestone have invested relatively more in tire capital expansion, whereas Uniroyal and Goodrich have diversified more. Investment in nonautomotive areas could give the major companies an advantage over smaller firms when there is a transportation slowdown. A breakdown is given of the domestic output shares of elastomers by the major tire companies. The larger firms are more vertically integrated (i.e. self-sufficient) in terms of raw materials, with higher profits made on tires produced. The numbers of company stores and dealerships are shown for the major tire manufacturers, as well as the 1972-1977 income from foreign investments of the top four (Goodyear, Firestone, Uniroyal, and BFGoodrich). KW - Diversification KW - Elastomers KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Production KW - Sales KW - Technological innovations KW - Tires KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188497 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371844 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - IH (INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER) INTRODUCES HYDRAULIC FOUR-WHEEL DISC BRAKES PY - 1980/10 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - The development of hydraulic four-wheel disc brakes and their advantages over conventional drum brakes are discussed. International Harvester's (IH) Truck Group and the Bendix Corp. began initial design/computer studies and development work on hydraulic four-wheel disc brakes to meet the requirements of the then-proposed FMVSS 105-75 (Hydraulic Brake Systems). Five years of extensive testing and evaluation (including durability tests, traffic tests, evaluations of improved shielding and wear indicators, corrosion tests, lining comparisons, heat fade tests, water recovery tests, and maintenance tests) have resulted in the availability of IH hydraulic four-wheel disc brakes on IH medium-duty truck and school bus chassis. These brakes have several advantages over conventional hydraulic drum brakes. They allow 50% of the braking effort by the front axle, and 50% by the rear axle, rather than the 30%/70% ratio of conventional drum brakes which often causes premature lock-up and poor directional stability under limited traction or lightly-loaded conditions. The new IH brakes also provide straighter, improved control stops with better modulation and less "wheel fight" for the driver. The increased service life and greatly reduced number of parts (17 for a disc brake assembly compared to 64 for a drum brake) results in considerable maintenance cost savings. The new brake system also offers improved resistance to fade from both heat and water, and better braking stability. KW - Brake fade KW - Braking performance KW - Disc brakes KW - Four wheel drive KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Medium trucks KW - Performance evaluations KW - School buses KW - Service life KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188499 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371845 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Turner, R AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - DRIVER TRAINING FOR HANDICAPPED TRANSPORTATION PY - 1980/10 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - Guidelines and standards for inservice training of drivers who serve handicapped students are provided. Driving or aiding handicapped students in transit is physically and emotionally demanding work that must be based on a thorough and appropriate understanding of individual students' adaptive transportation needs. Appropriate skills for the inservice training process include the ability to physically manipulate the student and adaptive equipment (wheelchairs, crutches, walkers, hearing aids, cases, and braces), and to operate vehicular equipment (hydraulic lifts) and the vehicle itself (proper parking, backing, turning in school loading zones). Pre-assessment is required to determine whether drivers possess the skills necessary to begin the training objectives. On-the-job supervised handling of handicapped students on a one-to-one basis with trainer and driver is the preferred method of training, followed by the use of small group demonstrations, audio-visual aids, and lecture/discussion classes. Training should be provided under a single coordinator by several specialists, including transportation directors and dispatchers, special education directors and teachers, physical therapists, emergency paramedics, law enforcement personnel, physicians, and any other persons familiar with transporting handicapped students. KW - Driver training KW - Guidelines KW - Inservice KW - Job analysis KW - Persons with disabilities KW - School bus drivers KW - Standards KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371374 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Palmini, D AU - Rossi, D AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - WHAT PRICE AIR QUALITY? THE COST OF NEW JERSEY'S INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE PROGRAM PY - 1980/10 VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - 8 p. AB - Background and development of the New Jersey motor vehicle exhaust emissions inspection/maintenance (I/M) program and the methodology used to estimate its 1977 costs are described. Estimates are presented of the total program cost, and costs to responsible state government agencies and to the motoring public, apart from state government budgetary costs. The 1977 program costs are updated for 1979 and for both gross and net of potential fuel economy gains. The importance of recognizing possible tradeoffs between costs to government and the often less visible costs to motorists is addressed. The total 1977 program cost estimate is $17,856,600, of which 94% was borne by the motorist. The costs of repairs and reinspection accounted for 70% of the cost, with just over 20% attributable to travel and waiting time for repairs/reinspection. Computer simulation results indicate 1977 emissions reductions due to the I/M program of 8.6% for hydrocarbons and 19% for carbon monoxide. Accounting for increases in the price of gas, the average cost of repairs, the average hourly wage of New Jersey production workers, and the number of registered cars, the total cost increase of the 1979 program was estimated to be 66% (three-fourths due to repair costs). The total 1977 program cost to state government was estimated to be $1,057,400 ($216,600 for capital costs, $840,800 for operating and maintenance costs). KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capital costs KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Costs KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188240 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371507 JO - Modern Plastics PB - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated AU - Wood, A S AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - DETROIT'S PUSH FOR QUALITY AND ECONOMY YIELDS NEW IDEAS WITH SIGNIFICANCE FOR MANY MARKETS: THE FIRST PULFORMED SPRING, SMC (SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND) AND RRIM (REINFORCED REACTION INJECTION MOLDED) BODY PANELS, MORE NYLON UNDER THE HOOD PY - 1980/10 VL - 57 IS - 10 SP - p. 42-45 AB - The single-leaf, glass/epoxy continuous-filament-reinforced rear suspension spring on the 1981 Chevrolet Corvette weighs 31 lb. less, has up to five times the load-carrying capacity, and is potentially more economical to produce than its counterpart 10-leaf steel unit. The spring is produced by rotary pulforming; material is drawn into a curved die cavity that is closed only at the point of cure by rotating it against a stationary die segment. Three significant reinforced plastic exterior applications in 1981 are the sheet molding compound (SMC) tailgate on Oldsmobile's B-body station wagons, the Corvette SMC bumper, and the reinforced reaction injection molded (RRIM) fender on the Olds Omega sports model. A new one-piece, thin-wall nylon emission control canister with a more efficient double-wall configuration was developed by General Motors for trucks. A nylon rocker-arm cover, with two baffles, is featured on American Motors' 1981 Concord, Spirit, Eagle, and Jeep CJ series. Three blow-molded nylon parts in 1981 are the Chevette power steering reservoir, and the fold-down rear seat-back support and cargo compartment load floor on the Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries station wagon series (Chrysler K cars). RIM low-density, rigid urethane foam with a vinyl skin is being investigated for interior door liners and allied trim. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Fenders KW - Fiberglass KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Nylon KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Suspension systems KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371382 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - HOW THE GOVERNMENT CAN HELP (THE AUTO INDUSTRY) PY - 1980/10 VL - 160 IS - 10 SP - p. 62-63 AB - Based on interviews with several U.S. automotive executives, actions are outlined for the Federal government that will provide long-term relief to the auto industry and will ensure that it will be competitive in domestic and overseas markets. The proposals do not imply that all auto regulation is unnecessary, especially in the areas of mileage and safety, but rather that the problem is overregulation. Actions are listed under several categories: broad scope (e.g. limit imports, restructure tax policies, eliminate unnecessary regulation and paperwork), fuel supply (e.g. establish a vigorous synfuels development program, restructure Windfall Profits Tax), emissions (e.g. cancel the 1985 diesel particulate standard, consolidate and reduce emission standards), fuel economy (e.g. drop efforts to set post-1985 mpg standards), safety (e.g. favor mandatory seat belt use over passive restraints, re-examine proposed standards), noise (reevaluate the need for car and truck standards), and factories (e.g. establish an independent commission to evaluate Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, re-evaluate factory air and water pollution standards). It is further advised that the Federal government get completely out of the energy regulation business. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Deregulation KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manual safety belts KW - Noise control KW - Synthetic fuels KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371380 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Hartley, J R AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - JAPAN ANNOUNCES NEW EFFICIENT POWERPLANTS (1981 MODEL CARS) PY - 1980/10 VL - 160 IS - 10 SP - p. 48-50 AB - The four diesel engines introduced in 1981 Japanese passenger cars are lightweight, derived from gasoline (rather than truck) units, and operate at fairly high speeds with good specific power outputs. These engines are the Isuzu 1.8-L four-cylinder, 61 hp at 5000 rpm and 77 lb./ft. torque at 2000 rpm; the Nissan 2.8-L six-cylinder, 91 hp at 4600 rpm and 125 lb./ft. torque at 2400 rpm; the Nissan 2.0-L four-cylinder, 65 hp at 4600 rpm and 90 lb./ft. torque at 2400 rpm; and the Mitsubishi 2.3-L, 95 hp at 4200 rpm and 134 lb./ft. torque at 3000 rpm with turbocharger and 75 hp at 4200 rpm and 108 lb./ft. torque at 2500 rpm without turbocharger. Generally, peak power is obtained at 4600 to 5000 rpm (slightly lower with the Mitsubishi). Specific outputs are 32 to 33 hp/L, the turbocharger increasing the level to 40 hp/L. The weight penalty of these diesels over corresponding gasoline engines ranges from 9% to 13% Common features of the engines include a single overhead cam to operate the valves, a Ricardo Comet Mk V swirl chamber combustion system, and a Bosch VE rotary distributor-type fuel injection pump driven by an internally toothed belt. The main new gasoline engine, apart from those in the Mazada GLC, is the Toyota IG-EU 2.0-L six-cylinder, which is 66 lb. lighter than its predecessor. Maximum power is 125 hp at 5400 rpm; maximum torque is 126 lb./ft. at 4400 rpm. KW - Automobile engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Gasoline engines KW - Torque KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371511 JO - Motor AU - West, K AU - Hearst Books TI - MERCHANDISING WINTER SERVICES PY - 1980/10 VL - 154 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - The responsibilities of the automotive service specialist are explained in informing the customer of the reasons for winter service work. Marketing strategies for engine tuneup, batteries, belts, and hoses are suggested and the following aspects of a merchandising program are examined: free or inexpensive diagnostic testing and maintenance checks; discussing customer driving habits; providing checklists for service interval; parts replacement; preventive maintenance packages; and advertising. KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Electric batteries KW - Engine tuning KW - Engines KW - Equipment replacement KW - Hoses KW - Marketing KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Replacement KW - Tuning KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371381 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - NEW DEVELOPMENTS ENHANCE EFFICIENCY (1981 U.S. AUTOMOBILES) PY - 1980/10 VL - 160 IS - 10 SP - p. 57-59 AB - Powertrain improvements are again the leading means of better fuel economy in 1981 American passenger cars. Cadillac pioneers the variable displacement engine; horsepower requirements at 55 mph are reduced by 14% and fuel economy improved by 10%. Oldsmobile offers the first flexible fenders (reaction injection molded glass fiber/isocyanate/polyol) on the Omega Sport Coupe; each front fender weighs 5 lb. less than its steel counterpart. On General Motors' diesels, a fuel line heater improves cold weather starting and roller lifts reduce friction between the valve lifters and camshaft, increasing the oil change interval from 3000 to 5000 mi. The Chevrolet Citation has 17% more hp in its X-11 2.8-L V-6 engine and a stiffer suspension. American Motors has reduced the weight of its 4.2-L six-cylinder engine by 90 lb. and improved its fuel efficiency by 1 mpg. Transmissions are more efficient, largely by transmitting torque more effectively. GM uses a converter clutch on its diesels with automatic transmission; AMC uses a new camshaft which reduces overlap and develops torque at lower speeds; Ford's three-speed automatic transmission on the Escort/Lynx uses an open torque converter in first gear and split torque in second and third; GM's automatic transmission incorporates an extra planetary gear set and electronic control of the converter clutch. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobile engines KW - Clutches KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric power transmission KW - Power systems KW - Suspension systems KW - Torque KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188245 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371502 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Robinson, R K AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF BUS STOP SIGN DESIGN PY - 1980/10 VL - 34 IS - 10 SP - p. 587-604 AB - A two-year project was conducted in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to develop an improved bus stop sign which would allow the public to more easily and effectively use the Milwaukee County Transit System. A total of 721 experimental signs were installed along three bus routes. The basic sign, a foot wide and two or three feet long (depending on information display), had a blue background with a white pictograph showing the front of a bus. In a modular format, information strips were added below to identify route number/name and provide tertiary information (including information phone number and operating times); color coding was used to distinguish service type (blue for local, green for freeway flyer, maroon for shuttle). On-board surveys of transit riders, a nonuser survey, and a bus operator survey led to several changes in the original sign. Most significant was a 200% enlargement of tertiary information to improve legibility. Bus operators and riders also recommended sign reflectorization to aid night visibility. KW - Bus stops KW - Color KW - Consumer behavior KW - Design KW - Legibility KW - Night visibility KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Signs KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371385 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Waddell, R L AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - DRIVETRAIN TECHNOLOGY IN "FOREFRONT" PY - 1980/10 VL - 16 IS - 10 SP - 2 p. AB - Improved transmissions can provide fuel economy improvement without sacrificing performance and driveability beyond consumer demands. On Volkswagen's 1981 European Golf, Passat, and Scirocco lines, an optional electronic device signals the driver when to shift for maximum fuel economy. GM Cadillac, Chrysler Imperial, and Ford LTD and Mark VI 1981 models come with electronic displays which give instantaneous mpg figures. General Motors offers a four-speed automatic transmission with overdrive on 1981 standard rear-drive models, both for V-8's and V-6's. A microprocessor operates the converter clutch; engine speed is reduced 14% to 19% at cruising speeds. Ford is expanding use of its split-torque automatic overdrive (AOD) system in 1981. U.S. automakers now face the challenge of providing the same transmission efficiency in downsized front-wheel drive (fwd) cars. Four-speed AOD's would require new packaging of fwd transaxles, with space and weight at a premium and huge investment costs involved. The logical direction is electronically controlled continuously variable transmissions, which offer a 15% to 20% mpg gain. In manual transmissions, Ford and Chrysler are following GM's lead by using wide-ratio gearing and only four speeds on fwd models. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobile engines KW - Electronic control KW - Front wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Power trains KW - State of the art studies KW - Variable speed drives KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188249 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371510 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - SPARK PLUG DIAGNOSIS PY - 1980/10 VL - 154 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - Tips are given for the automotive service specialist on engine diagnosis by reading clues from the condition of used spark plugs. Instructions are given for constructing a spark plug tray to order plugs according to cylinders. Conventional air-gap spark plug construction and operation are explained, with particular reference to the ceramic insulator, which determines the heat range of the plug and varies according to individual powerplant combustion temperature. Different designs (extended tip, series gap, resistor, suppressor), variations (multi-electrode, internal gap), and heavy-duty and marine modifications of the standard plug are described. Information is given on "reading" a spark plug to diagnose specific engine problems. Explanations and photographs are presented of the following spark plug conditions: tan or grey insulator (plug operating in correct environment); blistered insulator (overheating); dry, blackened insulator (excessively rich mixture); wet, blackened insulator (heavy oil consumption); normal insulator with oily shell (small oil consumption); and cracked or broken insulator (severe detonation, foreign objects in combustion chamber, incorrect spark plug reach, or mishandling during installation). Normal plug conditions indicating use in emission-controlled engines, extended normal operation, use of heavily leaded fuel, a corrected misfire, and use of fuel additives are also pictured. KW - Automobile engines KW - Ceramic materials KW - Design KW - Insulating materials KW - Insulators KW - Performance KW - Spark plugs KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188332 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369271 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - COHEN, S AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - CANNABIS AND DRIVING PY - 1980/10 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-26 AB - The increasing use of potent forms of cannabis (marijuana) possibly in combination with alcohol, by young drivers who are still perfecting their driving skills can have an adverse effect on motor vehicle safety. Several studies have documented the impairment of driving skills in drivers under the influence of amounts of cannabis ordinarily smoked on social occasions. Effects of cannabis include impaired psychomotor performance, perceptual changes, attentional failure, and prolonged reaction time. Effects are dose-related. Although a test for cannabis in body fluids has been recently developed, and law enforcement authorities are considering a scale of cannabis levels in blood or breath as an indication of driving under the influence, the metabolism of cannabis is complex. It remains to be seen whether a satisfactory arbitrary scale can be devised. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Dosage KW - Driver impairment KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Marijuana KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186943 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369269 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Dogoloff, L I AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - MARIHUANA AND DRIVING PY - 1980/10 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-10 AB - The White House has become increasingly concerned about the problem of drugs, especially marijuana, and driving. The use of marijuana has grown, especially among the young, who are relatively inexperienced drivers. Research has shown that marijuana impairs concentration, judgement, short-term memory, and cognitive and psychomotor skills. It may also alter perceptions of time and space and cause intense dream imagery which diverts attention from driving. There is increasing evidence that marijuana-impaired driving has been a causative factor in some crashes. Further research is needed in this area and in developing rapid reliable methods for measuring drug levels in apparently impaired drivers. Driver education to discourage driving while "high" and to make drivers aware of the risks involved is necessary, as well as enactment and enforcement of laws prohibiting drug-impaired driving. State and local actions are important since the situation is different in different jurisdictions. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash causes KW - Driver education KW - Driver impairment KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Marijuana KW - Research KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186941 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369270 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Haseltine, P W AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - CHILD RESTRAINT PROGRAMS AND THE DRIVER EDUCATOR PY - 1980/10 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Potential roles are outlined for driver education teachers in the promotion of child passenger safety and the use of restraint systems by children. Included are working with elementary school teachers to get safety belt usage curricula built into elementary education programs; promoting the teaching of child passenger safety to junior and senior high students, if not in driver education courses, then in other courses such as health or family science; and having students involved in such activities as conducting seat belt and child restraint observed use surveys, comparison shopping for child restraints or giving presentations to younger students. Noting that the only safe way to transport children under the age of four in a motor vehicle is in a safe child restraint, the four different types of child restraints are described (rear facing infant seat, toddler seat with five-point anchorage or shield and convertible seats). The need to educate parents on the benefits and proper use of child restraints is mentioned. Programs being used in Michigan to promote child restraint usage are described, including loan-a-seat or rental programs, preparation of local child restraint shopping guides, inclusion of child passenger safety in pre-natal classes, and having pediatricians stress the need for child restraint usage. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Driver education KW - Equipment leasing and rental businesses KW - Manual safety belts KW - Ownership, leasing and rental KW - Physicians KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186942 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369208 JO - Journal of Fire & Flammability PB - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Wilde, D G AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - COMBUSTION OF POLYURETHANE FOAM IN A TUNNEL VENTILATED AT AN AIR SPEED OF 5 METERS PER SECOND PY - 1980/10 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 263-274 AB - A 1972 fire in the Sunshine Mine, Idaho, killed 91 men under circumstances which directed attention to a section of return airway constructed of wood and lined with polyurethane foam. The rate of development and burning of fires in wood and polyurethane foam was measured under full-scale conditions simulating some of the Sunshine mine features. The fires developed very rapidly, and flame speeds of up to 2.3 m./sec. were recorded in the direction of the ventilating airstream. The fumes contained high oxides of carbon concentrations and little oxygen. The foam was able to burn against the direction of the ventilation. Temperatures up to 1300 degrees C were recorded. Since the toxicity, temperature, and oxygen deficiency could each have proved fatal almost instantaneously, the work has implications for use of polyurethane in enclosed surroundings where a forced air supply is provided or could be induced by fire. KW - Combustion KW - Fires KW - Flammability KW - Polyurethane foams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346142 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FLEET MAINTENANCE DATA AS A DATA SOURCE FOR REPAIRABILITY RATINGS PY - 1980/10 SP - 195 p. AB - This study, performed under Title II of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Saving Act, is an evaluation of the feasibility of using automotive fleet maintenance data as a source for vehicle make/model repairability ratings. The study involved detailed analysis of the following: the availability of fleet maintenance data including the type of data maintained, the accessibility of this data and the number of make/models represented by fleets; the cost of obtaining available data from fleets and of improving/expanding this data to support a government-sponsored rating program; and the potential biases statistical problems involved in using fleet maintenance data to ascertain vehicle make/model differences in automotive system/subsystem/component durability. KW - Automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Failure KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Reliability KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337287 AU - Wyrick, D A AU - Sontag, D B AU - Heathington, K W AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIALS AND PUBLIC RELATIONS EFFORTS TO PROMOTE CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PY - 1980/10 SP - 77 p. AB - The report describes the promotional materials that were developed in an effort to educate the general public, law enforcement officers, health officials and others about the importance of child passenger safety. Information on the promotional materials includes a discussion of printed materials (such as brochures, posters and other handouts), scripts for television and radio public service announcements, display designs and newspaper and magazine coverage. KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Education KW - Legislation KW - Minors KW - Passenger transportation KW - Passengers KW - Protection KW - Public relations KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337311 AU - Culler, C J AU - Cunningham, J L AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPLIANCE WITH THE CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION LAW: EFFECTS OF A LOANER PROGRAM FOR LOW-INCOME MOTHERS PY - 1980/10 SP - 150 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a child restraint device (CRD) loaner program on the attitudes and behaviors of low-income mothers. Mothers in a service ward of a Chattanooga hospital were assigned systematically to treatment groups; each mother was offered the opportunity to obtain a CRD by one of three options: (1) using personal resources, (2) renting for $3 or (3) borrowing at no cost. Questionnaires were completed by 109 mothers at the hospital; 41 of these mother completed a second questionnaire 6 to 12 weeks later. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 25 of the mothers. KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Compliance KW - Data collection KW - Interviewing KW - Legislation KW - Low income groups KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Protection KW - Safety equipment KW - Surveys KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337314 AU - Sontag, D B AU - Heathington, K W AU - HUGHES, E C AU - Culler, C J AU - Geiss, L S AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS FOR PROMOTING CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PY - 1980/10 SP - 98 p. AB - The report describes the organizational network of various support groups that was established by the Tennessee Child Passenger Safety Program as a means of supporting and promoting Tennessee's child passenger protection law. Chapter I introduces the importance of protecting child passengers in motor vehicles, describes the Tennessee child passenger protection law and outlines the objectives and tasks of the Child Passenger Safety Program. Chapter II provides an overview of the organizations that participated in the Child Passenger Safety Program and the formal and informal organization and information distribution networks among them. Chapter III describes some of the groups and the child passenger safety activities which they initiated. Chapter IV provides conclusions and recommendations for future activities. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Organizations KW - Passengers KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25521/DOT-HS-805-806.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337312 AU - Sontag, D B AU - Heathington, K W AU - Lo, M AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENFORCEMENT OF THE CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION LAW PY - 1980/10 SP - 66 p. AB - This report describes the Tennessee law enforcement agencies and their role in the enforcement of the child passenger protection law. Chapter I introduces the importance of protecting child passengers in motor vehicles, describes the child passenger protection law and outlines the objectives and tasks of the Child Passenger Safety Program. Chapter II briefly describes the three major enforcement systems in Tennessee, describing their chains of command and their methods of operation. Chapter III discusses particular characteristics of the child passenger protection law which make it difficult to enforce. Chapter IV provides an analysis of a survey taken to gather enforcement officers' opinions concerning the law. Chapter V describes two innovative enforcement programs. Chapter VI provides conclusions and recommendations. KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Police KW - Police traffic services KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25545/DOT-HS-805-802.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329155 AU - Johnson, P AU - Klein, T M AU - LEVY, P AU - Maxwell, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE 55 MPH NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT AS A LIFE SAVING BENEFIT PY - 1980/10 SP - 41 p. AB - The report contains an analysis of the life saving benefits resulting from the 55 mph NMSL from 1974-1979. Monthly fatality data from 1970-1979 was used in a time series model to arrive at the estimated safety benefits (lives saved). The time series model relates changes in monthly fatalities to changes in monthly vehicle miles traveled, introduction of safety improvements and the implementation of the 55 mph NMSL law. Increases in highway fatalities in 1976-1979 compared to the 1974-1975 level led to a detailed examination and analysis of the composition of these fatalities in order to determine possible causes for the increases. Based upon the available data, it was concluded that 55 mph compliance had eroded somewhat in 1977 and 1978 thus resulting in some fatality increases. KW - Compliance KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361031 AU - McConnell, E J AU - Hagen, R E AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A CRASH PREDICTION STRATEGY. REPORT 76 PY - 1980/10 SP - 77 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to create and validate a method of identifying homogeneous groups of high risk drivers. This approach was based on the premise that this strategy would be more effective in identifying high risk drivers prior to their accident involvement than would the point count system now in place. Also, if successful, it would permit the tailoring of driver improvement efforts to groups with similar driving problems. Starting with a 6-year driver record on a sample of over 250,000 licensed drivers, five risk groups were identified based on a 3-year driver record. For each of the five groups, a regression equation was derived to maximize the prediction of accident involvement in a future 3-year period. These equations were then cross validated on an independent sample which met the risk group definition. The drivers identified as being high risk using this approach were compared to the drivers identified as being high risk by three other methods: (1) A surrogate for California's negligent operator point count; (2) A regression equation developed on a similar data base using total accidents and total convictions as predictors applied to the total population; and (3) A regression equation identical to that described in method #2 which also includes age and sex as predictors. The drivers identified by the regression equations had the highest future accident expectancy (53 to 54 accidents per 100 drivers during a subsequent 3-year period) while the risk group approach identified drivers with an expectancy of 50 accidents per 100 drivers. The point count identified drivers with an expectancy of 45 accidents per 100 drivers. Recommendations included modifying the negligent operator point count to include total accidents and convictions, and weighting them in such a way as to maximize accuracy of prediction of subsequent accident involvement. They also included fully automating the new selection criteria and continuing to assess the selection procedure on an ongoing basis. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - High risk drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Point demerit systems KW - Prevention KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329012 AU - Ball, J T AU - Knoop, J C AU - Northrop, G M AU - Sweeton, E AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 207: SEAT BACK LOCKS (ONLY) PY - 1980/10 SP - 197 p. AB - FMVSS 207 is a death-and-injury-reduction Standard which requires a self-locking restraining device for folding seats and seat backs, that must meet specified static load tests. The Standard became effective 1 January 1968. More than 600,000 cases of driver involvement in frontal collisions were analyzed using mass accident data from Texas (1972-1974), New York (1974) and North Carolina (1973-1975). Contingency table data were subjected to log-linear modeling and adjustment to minimize potential confound effects and allow direct comparison of injury rates between drivers of 2-door and 4-door cars. The results of the analyses do not support the hypothesis that the introduction of seat back locks in 2-door passenger cars reduces the injury risk to drivers in these cars. While the analysis was not completely successful in removing all confounding effects, it can be inferred that the effect of seat back locks on driver injury risk, if any, is small and very difficult to quantify, given the potential for confounding effects from the implementation of other Standards and the possible interactive effects between vehicle body style and weight and driver characteristics. The question of possible rear seat occupant entrapment in accidents involving fire and/or explosion or immersion was very clearly settled by the analysis of FARS data. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Fasteners KW - Injuries KW - Load tests KW - Locks (Fasteners) KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Static loads KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329077 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Taylor, T AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF MODIFICATION AND COSTS FOR CHILD SEAT ANCHORAGES PY - 1980/10 SP - 112 p. AB - The study examined the impact of proposed child seat tether anchorages on vehicle design, weight and per unit cost. Improved child seat designs being offered by motor vehicle manufacturers to reduce unrestrained child and infant injuries has led to an examination of the adequacy of tether strap anchorages on current vehicle models. The tether strap restrains the top of the child seat from pitching forward and anchorages would be required on all passenger cars, multi-purpose vehicles (vans) and light trucks (under 10,000 lbs. GVWR). The study surveyed selected 1980 passenger cars and light trucks, determined the vehicle modification required, and reestimated weight and cost impact. KW - Analysis KW - Anchorages KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Fasteners KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Vehicle design KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329015 AU - Northrop, G M AU - Sweeton, E AU - Stent, P AU - Costenoble, K AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLES SAFETY STANDARD 222: SCHOOL BUS SEATING AND CRASH PROTECTION PY - 1980/10 SP - 125 p. AB - FMVSS 222 is a death-and-injury reduction Standard which includes the structural strength of the seating system, padding and provision of restraining barriers. In the case of small buses under 10,000 lb gross vehicle weight, it requires passenger restraints for each seating position. This Standard became effective 1 April 1977. A clinical analysis has been performed of 56 nonfatal and 26 fatalmultidisciplinary school bus accident investigation (MDAI) reports spanning 1970 through 1978. Estimates of reductions in injury severity have been made by the Clinical Analysis Team. These reports were coupled with an analysis of National Safety Council information and 60 Fatal Accident Reporting System school bus accident reports for 1975-1978. KW - Buses KW - Children KW - Constraints KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329011 AU - Knoop, J C AU - Ball, J T AU - Northrop, G M AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 108: SIDE MARKER LAMPS (ONLY) PY - 1980/10 SP - 114 p. AB - The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of FMVSS 108 side marker lamp requirements in reducting the frequency of angle collision accidents occurring during periods of reduced visibility. This required an analysis of subsets of mass accident data consisting of side collisions between two passenger vehicles approaching at an angle, occurring either at an intersection or driveway access. Evaluative statistics were based upon 98,811 accidents in Texas (1972, 1973 and 1974), 17,566 accidents in New York (1974), and 19,709 accidents in Noth Carolina (1973, 1974 and 1975). Contingency table data were subjected to log-linear modeling and adjustment to minimize potential confounding effects and to allow for direct comparison of angle collision frequencies between various lighting conditions and Pre- and Post-Standard configurations of vehicles. Single vehicle accidents were used as a control group to compensate for potentially different reduced light exposure risks for Pre- and Post-Standard passenger vehicles. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Lamps KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Side crashes KW - Side marker lamps KW - Signal face KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329064 AU - Taylor, T AU - COLE, D AU - Bolt, J A AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE FOR INCREASED FUEL EFFICIENCY PY - 1980/10 SP - 89 p. AB - The objective of this study was to assess the potential of the spark ignition engine to deliver maximum fuel efficiency at 1981 Statutory Emission Standards in the 1983-1984 timeframe and beyond that to 1990. Based on the results of an extensive literature search, manufacturer's known product plans, and fuel economies of 1978 engines as a baseline, proposed methods of attaining fuel economy while complying with the future standards were ascertained. Methods of engine control optimization, engine design optimization as well as methods of varying engine parameters were considered. The potential improvements in fuel economy associated with these methods, singly and in combination, were determined and are expressed as percentage changes of the fuel economy of the baseline engines. A summary of the principal conclusions are presented, followed by a description of the engine baseline reference, analysis and projection of fuel economy improvements, and a preliminary assessment of the impact of fuel economy benefits on manufacturing cost. KW - Automobiles KW - Carburetors KW - Design KW - Economic impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Microprocessors KW - Motor fuels KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reviews KW - Spark ignition engines KW - State of the art studies KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328866 AU - Perry, R L AU - Heathington, K W AU - Philpot, J W AU - Pentz, C A AU - Lo, M AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF A CHILD PASSENGER RESTRAINT LAW AND A PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION PROGRAM ON CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY IN TENNESSEE PY - 1980/10 SP - 271 p. AB - The report provides an analysis of the impact of child passenger protection legislation and a public information and education (PI&E) program on child passenger safety in Tennessee. The evaluation of the PI&E program involved the measurement of the effectiveness of two levels of PI&E activity by comparing target areas having a comprehensive PI&E treatment with areas having lower level of activity. The effectiveness was measured by collecting usage data in five urban areas and three rural areas of Tennessee. Changes in child restraint device usage rates are measured across time and between the two levels of PI&E activity. Discriminant analysis and partial correlation analysis are used to develop profiles of parents/guardians who use or do not use child restraint devices. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Education KW - Highway transportation KW - Impact studies KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Legislation KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Protection KW - Publicity KW - Safety equipment KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328352 AU - Viergutz, O AU - Nusbaum, M AU - Fillman, W AU - Hales, C AU - Waring, G AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT DUTY TRUCK WEIGHT REDUCTION EVALUATION PY - 1980/10 SP - 233 p. AB - The objectives of this program were to identify the weight reduction potential of pickup trucks, vans, and utility vehicles less than or equal to 8500 lb. gross vehicle weight through design modification, redesign, and material substitution; and more specifically, the documentation and characterization of the existing world light truck fleet; the identification of the currently most weight efficient light truck; the identification of acceptable reductions in vehicle function; the evaluation of the potential for material substitution; the potential for redesign consistent with 1985 technology; and the documentation of the optimum weight efficient state of the art light duty truck. KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Identification systems KW - Identifying KW - Light trucks KW - Materials KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328869 AU - Viergutz, O AU - Marek, S AU - Kelley, C AU - WAKELEY, H AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TIRE RESERVE LOAD REQUIREMENTS PY - 1980/10 SP - 100 p. AB - Inadequate maintenance of proper tire inflation by consumers and low tire reserve loads by auto manufacturers have contributed to unsafe driving conditions and tire failure. This report assesses the cost and economic impact of increased minimum tire reserve load requirements on the auto and tire industries, and the feasibility of regulation implementation for 3%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 12% tire reserve loads. These are analyzed for the years 1981 through 1984. The costs and projections are based on the conditions found in the 1980 vehicle fleet and tire population and upon industry projections of future conditions. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Loads KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pressure KW - Requirement KW - Rolling friction KW - Specifications KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328348 AU - Gilbert, E F AU - Waller, P F AU - Li, L K AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF DRIVER LICENSING RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS PY - 1980/10 SP - 179 p. AB - The project organizes state driver licensing activities into a total system and identifies the research needs which have the greatest potential for crash and injury reduction. The relevant literature was reviewed and summarized and the AAMVA Committee on the Model Driver Services Standard was consulted. Visits were made to four states to observe and discuss their programs. A model driver licensing system was developed and research needs identified. The system emphasizes reducing multiple licenses/records. Research needs are first ranked by priority. High priority needs are categorized into those that promise crash or injury reduction, those that address fundamental issues that must be resolved to develop better programs, and those that would improve administration and records. Although there are critical research needs in driver licensing that could lead to significant improvements in the driver-vehicle-highway system, only one high priority need promises immediate benefits, that is, that of requiring young beginning drivers to use available restraint systems as a condition of licensure. Other needs promise gains in knowledge that can be used to develop more effective programs, e.g., identify human performance parameters that differentiate between novice and experienced drivers. KW - Aptitude tests KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Licenses KW - Manual safety belts KW - Novices KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Requirement KW - Research KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Strategic planning KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337988 AU - Eckel, C B AU - HARVEY, M R AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - McLean, R F AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION COST TO CONSUMERS OF PART 581--BUMPER STANDARD, PHASE II; WEIGHT AND COST STUDY OF THREE "X" BODY BUMPER SYSTEMS; AND CONSUMER REPLACEMENT COST FOR COMPLETE BUMPER SYSTEMS STUDIED PY - 1980/10 SP - 312 p. AB - Implementation weight and consumer costs were determined for the implementation of Part 581-Bumper Study, Part II. A selection of sixteen vehicles were studied that represented 48 percent of the 1979 model production year volume. Detailed weight and cost studies were made of the bumper systems of the 1980 Chevorlet Citation, 1980 Buick Skylark, and 1980 Pontiac Phoenix. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Consumer protection KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Equipment replacement KW - Estimates KW - Implementation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Replacement KW - Replacing KW - Standards KW - Variable costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337872 AU - Abramson, P AU - Cohen, J AU - Stein, H AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE CLAIMS TO DETERMINE BUMPER EFFECT ON CRASH DAMAGE - 1979 MODEL YEAR, ADDENDUM PY - 1980/10 SP - 55 p. AB - The effectiveness of the crash-protecting automobile bumpers required by Part 581--Bumper Standard, which replaced FMVSS-215 for vehicles manufactured after August 1978, was evaluated through an analysis of a sample of insurance claims filed with the State Farm Insurance Company. Part 581 Bumper Standard incorporates the safety-related performance criteria of FMVSS-215 and also specifies damage limitations to nonsafety-related components and the vehicle surface areas. The vehicle crash tests include longitudinal and corner pendulum impacts and front and rear barrier impacts (5 mph). The current study compared accident claims (frequency and cost) from four model year periods: prior to enactment of FMVSS-215 (1972); the combined experience of all previous vehicles complying with any version of the standard (1973-78); the combined experience of all previous vehicles complying with the upgraded version of the standard (1974-1978); and vehicles complying with Part 581--Requirements (1979). KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Federal government KW - Impact tests KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Motor vehicles KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346117 AU - Hand, H D AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STAGED COLLISION AND DAMAGE DATA: VOLUME I. REPORT FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION OF TWENTY FIVE (25) TEST VEHICLES (1980 MODEL YEAR) PY - 1980/09/30 SP - 209 p. AB - The report contains information regarding vehicle-to-rigid barrier and moving barrier versus vehicle crash test damage and acceleration data relative to accident reconstruction. The report presents the residual crush and accelerometer traces along with other related data including post-impact photographs. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Research KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329079 AU - BERGER, R AU - Persinger, G S AU - Automated Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURVEY OF PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS ON HIGHWAY SAFETY, 1980. SURVEY REPORT MAY-AUGUST 1980 PY - 1980/09/30 SP - 97 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored a survey on public perceptions of highway safety issues. The intent of the survey was to assess attitudes, behaviors, and reported actions of the American driver and awareness of public information and education campaigns. The survey was national in scope and the findings are based on a random sample of 1500 licensed drivers who were interviewed by telephone. The major areas of concern were: the 55 MPH national speed limit, the use of safety belts or other crash protection devices, and drinking and driving. Included in the report is a copy of the questionnaire as well as a description of the methodological procedures used in the survey investigation. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Manual safety belts KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Perception KW - Protection KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349659 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Wasielewski, L AU - Buseck, C R AU - General Motors Corporation TI - COMPULSORY SEAT BELT USAGE AND DRIVER RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR PY - 1980/09/24 SP - 10 p. AB - The danger compensation principle contends that the use of certain vehicle safety features such as seat belts may induce drivers to take greater risks. To test for this hypothesized effect, observational data on seat belt usage and driver risk taking were collected on 4812 drivers in Ontario, Canada, where seat belt usage is required by law. These data were compared with the results of a similar study conducted in Michigan, which has no usage law. The measure of driver risk taking in both studies was the time duration of following headway maintained by seat belt users and nonusers in high flow freeway traffic. Seat belts were worn by 51% of the Ontario drivers and by 14% of the drivers in Michigan. The Ontario usage rate before the law took effect was similar to the rate observed in the Michigan study. The results of both studies taken together are incompatible with the danger compensation principle. In the two jurisdictions a smaller percentage of users than nonusers drove at close, risky headways of less than one second, and these differences were of the same general magnitude. In the Michigan study it was concluded that voluntary usage is associated with the avoidance of risk. Likewise, in the Ontario study mandatory usage, rather than producing a tendency for increased risk taking as suggested by the danger compensation principle, was also associated with the avoidance of risk. Since the results provide no evidence for a danger compensation effect in car following behavior, it was concluded that this study presents no evidence that the safety benefits of seat belts would be diminished or neutralized by greater driver risk taking. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Freeways KW - Hazards KW - Headways KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175671 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380635 JO - Business America PB - Department of Commerce AU - Department of Commerce TI - JAPANESE AUTO MISSIONS IN U.S. TO ALLEVIATE TRADE IMBALANCE PY - 1980/09/22 VL - 3 IS - 19 SP - p. 11-14 AB - Remarks are presented from the opening session of a Japanese auto parts buying mission in Detroit on 8 September 1980. This and a subsequent investment mission are the outgrowth of an agreement by the Japanese government to try to alleviate growing tensions over the U.S.-Japanese auto trade imbalance. Robert E. Herzstein, U.S. Undersecretary of Commerce, said that a critical first step by the Japanese auto industry would be the purchase of significant quantities of American-made auto parts for use in Japanese cars. U.S. industry representatives indicated that the aftermarket represented the greatest potential for immediate sales and substantial increases. The Japanese indicated that the U.S. auto parts manufacturers could not be price competitive and would encounter delivery problems. Kenji Okochi of Empire Motor Co., Ltd., indicated major differences between the U.S. and Japanese aftermarkets in auto parts (independent parts wholesalers vs. auto dealers, service functions of parts wholesalers, repair services at filling stations, and the "do-it-yourself" market). He stated that aftermarket exports to Japan must meet the Japanese Industrial Standard, parts must be applicable to a wide range of vehicles, and stock warehouses or distribution centers in Japan should be maintained (for inventory control). Also mentioned was the better promise for marketing parts and accessories requiring no special technical skill for installation, as well as convenient testing devices and tools for repair service. The Undersecretary of Commerce stated that Japan exports $55 worth of auto products to the U.S. for every dollar of auto products it buys. The U.S. and Japanese governments will monitor the results of the two missions over a two-year period, reporting on a quarterly basis. In a separate note, William A. Raftery, of the Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association comments on unemployment and inflationary prices in the U.S. resulting from the increasing export volume of Japanese auto parts. KW - Automobile parts industry KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Exports KW - Imports KW - International trade KW - Japan KW - Markets KW - Parts KW - Trade imbalance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196947 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380089 JO - New York Times PB - New York Times Company AU - Serrin, W AU - New York Times Company TI - DETROIT STRIKES BACK (RESTRUCTURING THE U. S. AUTO INDUSTRY) PY - 1980/09/14 SP - 13 p. AB - Background and a description are provided of the U.S. auto-industry's major plant overhaul and car redesign efforts in order to compete with its foreign competitors, and reduce their domestic market share (now accounting for one-third of sales). The American automobile industry is belatedly reexamining its methods, assumptions, and product. By the mid-1980's automakers will have spent an estimated $80 billion on the restructuring of the industry which will permanently change U.S. automobile production. Besides planning to produce smaller, fuel-efficient cars to compete with the imports, U.S. automobile manufacturers intend to use highly sophisticated equipment and manufacturing systems (e.g. assembly-line robots, computer-guided machines) to increase productivity and to produce less expensive cars with fewer workers. Emphasis is no longer on styling, size, and power. Sales of American cars have declined nearly 40% since spring 1979, and many industry employees have lost their jobs. As part of its effort to revitalize American industry, the Federal government has promised to provide extensive assistance to the auto industry. The Big Three automakers are also seeking relationships with Japanese firms in an effort to become more competitive in the changing world markets. The American market is expected to grow only 2% to 3% in the next decades; but with its world cars, the auto industry foresees markets in Europe, Africa, South America, and Asia growing by twice that amount and far more in some areas. A separate note describes developing product and marketing strategies of the Japanese auto industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Information processing KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196566 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380092 JO - National Journal PB - Government Research Corporation AU - Madison, C AU - Government Research Corporation TI - YOU KNOW THAT SYNFUELS ARE FOR REAL WHEN THE BIG BOYS ENTER THE PICTURE PY - 1980/09/13 SP - 4 p. AB - Exxon entered into the synfuels development effort in 1980 by buying a majority interest in the Colony Development Operation's oil shale project in Colorado and by publishing a white paper on the role of synthetic fuels in the U.S. energy future. This involvement indicates that almost everyone connected with energy policy has accepted the importance of synfuels and that major oil companies intend to play a key role in their development, despite earlier reluctance. Mining companies, utilities, and manufacturers are also looking closely at these alternative fuels. Playing a crucial role will be the Synthetic Fuels Corporation established in 1980, which will translate synfuels policy into action by encouraging the construction of synfuels plants with government loans, loan guarantees, and purchase agreements. Congress has already provided the corporation with more than $17 billion. The first plants, which should be operating by the mid-1980's, will probably be in the West or Appalachian coal region, producing oil from shale, or methanol or other liquids from coal. By sharing the costs of pilot plants with industry, the government hopes to test new technologies and let industry apply the feasible ones on a commercial scale. With jurisdiction over clean air and water and the safe disposal of hazardous substances, the Environmental Protection Agency will be involved in regulation of the synfuels industry. There are persistent concerns about difficulties facing the new industry. Skepticism persists that the corporation will be unable to meet its legislated goal of producing an equivalent of two million barrels of oil per day by 1992. KW - Manufacturing KW - Methanol KW - Shale oil KW - Synthetic fuels KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196567 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379091 JO - Fortune Magazine PB - Time Incorporated AU - Nulty, P AU - Time Incorporated TI - THE TORTUOUS ROAD TO SYNFUELS PY - 1980/09/08 VL - 102 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - The Synthetic Fuels Corporation, established by the Energy Security Act of 1980, will have the authority to commit some $88 billion by 1992 to foster a new synfuels industry. The goal is 500,000 bbl. of oil/day (or its equivalent) by 1987 and two million bbl./day five years hence (about 30% of current imports). About $1.5 billion will initially be available for a separate Department of Energy (DOE)/Department of Agriculture program to convert biomass into fuel (primarily corn into ethanol for gasohol use). The goal is to produce enough ethanol to displace 10% of the nation's gasoline by 1990. Although there are fears that the new agency will impede synfuels development by creating new red tape, there is cause for optimism in view of the large interest taken by industry in future synfuels projects. This year DOE awarded $200 million to 110 companies for synfuels projects, many of which might be backed by the Synfuels Corporation. The corporation's seven board directors will be appointed by the President, and the 300 professionals on staff will not have civil service status; its budget will be appropriated in two huge blocks. The corporation will seek competitive bids and offer various forms of assistance; government-owned, company-operated projects would be established only if industrial participants could not be enlisted. One of the main questions concerns the oil industry's role in the synfuels effort. Congress has implied that it wants the Synfuels Corporation to work with companies not experienced in energy production. Some oil companies are already involved in synfuels projects on a purely commercial basis, the largest being outside of the United States. Other companies are considering such a move; proposed changes in the tax law to permit tax write-offs would give them a powerful new incentive. KW - Biomass KW - Economic development KW - Ethanol KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal government agencies KW - Federal programs KW - Gasohol KW - Incentives KW - Industries KW - Petroleum industry KW - Production KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395316 AU - Alcohol-Highway Safety Program TI - THE GOVERNOR'S TRAFFIC SAFETY COUNCIL COURT REPORTING NETWORK (CRN). PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES MANUAL PY - 1980/09/01 SP - 76 p. AB - This report describes the Pennsylvania Alcohol-Highway Safety Program's Court Reporting Network (CRN). CRN is a coordinated and integrated systems approach to the alcohol-highway safety problem and resultant driving under the influence (DUI) countermeasures. The principal purpose of CRN is to provide a computer-assisted information system that links the various county DUI programs into a comprehensive statewide network and assist local directors/managers in the planning, implementation and monitoring of their programs. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Management information systems KW - Pennsylvania KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361769 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT, AIR QUALITY, AND ENERGY CONSERVATION - URBAN CONSORTIUM INFORMATION BULLETIN PY - 1980/09 SP - 81 p. AB - This Information Bulletin provides an overview of the principal issues faced by local government officials as they develop and implement Transportation System Management (TSM) strategies to deal with transportation air quality and energy problems at the local level. KW - Air pollution KW - Brokerage KW - Contingency KW - Contingency planning KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Energy conservation KW - Local government KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361607 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation TI - SCHOOL BUS USE FOR NON-SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION - URBAN CONSORTIUM INFORMATION BULLETIN PY - 1980/09 SP - 67 p. AB - This Information Bulletin discusses the fundamental issues involved in using school buses for non-school transportation in either a crisis or non-crisis situation. The degree to which the issues that will be discussed represent obstacles to school bus use varies from state to state and from county to county. It also varies depending upon the context in which the need emerges to implement such use. Broadly speaking, there are five pairs of contexts, the former in each pair being the easier scenario in which to implement a school bus use program: (1) Energy crisis or other emergency condition vs. Non-crisis situation; (2) Service is needed for elderly and handicapped or other special user group vs. Regular, fixed-route or feeder service is needed for commuters or general public; (3) School buses are owned and operated by a private company vs. School buses are owned and operated by the public sector; (4) The need for transportation arises in a rural area vs. The need arises in a suburban or an urban area; and (5) Service is needed for offpeak periods vs. Service is needed during the peak periods. The difference in the set of circumstances in each pair changes the perspective with which the need is viewed by those who would be responsible for initiating and implementing such programs. The problems and obstacles are generally accentuated in the latter scenario in each case. KW - Aged KW - Bus transportation KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Finance KW - Laws and legislation KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Private enterprise KW - Public relations KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - School buses KW - Transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349872 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation TI - PARKING AND TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT - URBAN CONSORTIUM INFORMATION BULLETIN PY - 1980/09 SP - 22 p. AB - This Information Bulletin reflects the concern of the Transportation Task Force of the Urban Consortium regarding the enforcement of parking and traffic laws and regulations in U.S. cities and urban counties. The bulletin also addresses the issue of decriminalization of parking and traffic infractions. A list of contacts and current programs and an annotated bibliography are included. KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Parking regulations KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329070 AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLES-IN-USE SUB-LIMIT MANEUVERS PY - 1980/09 SP - 234p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348750 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONTINGENCY PLANNING - URBAN CONSORTIUM INFORMATION BULLETIN PY - 1980/09 SP - 52 p. AB - This Information Bulletin addresses the short-term issues and what can be done by local officials in advance to prepare for a sudden petroleum shortage. Chapter 1 presents the issues and problems. A brief background review is followed by a discussion of methods to reduce fuel consumption before a crisis, including increasing automobile occupancy, increasing use of van pools, increasing taxi occupancy, increasing transit bus efficiency, and adjusting travel patterns. Plan preparation is dealt with, including the selection of strategies, organizing to implement the strategies, and financing the plan. Chapter 1 concludes by pointing out lessons that have already been learned from others such as Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and its handling of transportation congestion after Hurricane Agnes, and the Los Angeles handling of an intense petroleum shortage during the 1973 oil embargo. Chapter 2 lists contacts and current programs and chapter 3 presents an annotated bibliography. A summary of the New York City transit strike is contained in Appendix A and Appendix B is a chart showing key issues with summaries of transportation energy contingency plans devised to deal with them. KW - Bus transportation KW - Contingency planning KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Financing KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - Short term KW - Strategy KW - Supply KW - Time duration KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Vanpools KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337220 AU - BAIRD, J D AU - Tipton, W AU - Dynamic Science Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL CRASHWORTHINESS SEVERITY STUDY PY - 1980/09 SP - 135 p. AB - The study involved the Central City region of Los Angeles, from which was selected all accidents involving a fatality or a hospitalization, 20% of those involving a transported/non-hospitalization, and 5% of all tow away accidents. A total of 1439 accident were sampled. KW - California KW - Casualties KW - Central business districts KW - Central city KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371500 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--MULTIPLE VEHICLE COLLISION AND FIRE, U.S. ROUTE 101, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, MARCH 3, 1980 PY - 1980/09 SP - 32 p. AB - At 9:05 pm on 3 March 1980, a sedan had just entered U.S. Route 101 (Ventura Freeway, Los Angeles, California) westbound from the Laurel Canyon on-ramp. The sedan was traveling in the far right lane of the four-lane highway, changed lanes to the left, and hit the right front of a tank truck pulling a tank trailer (both tanks carrying gasoline cargo) which was traveling westbound in the no. 3 traffic lane. Both vehicles moved left and the tank truck sideswiped a westbound pickup truck in the no. 2 lane, forcing the pickup left into the median barrier. The tank trailer rolled over the median barrier, was ruptured, and its contents spilled and ignited. The pickup and the tank truck/tank trailer were destroyed in the fire and an eastbound car, not involved in the accident, was completely destroyed by fire. Of the seven pickup occupants, five died of burn injuries and the other two were burned severely. The sedan and tank truck drivers received minor injuries. Although the first responding city fire and highway patrol units failed to exchange information with the command posts so that each could fully assess the situation, the firefighters successfully extinguished the fire with a minimum of delay after arrival. This incident demonstrated the need for coordination among fire and law enforcement units responding to hazardous materials emergencies. The probable cause of the accident was the improper lane change by the sedan driver. KW - Coordination KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Emergencies KW - Fire fighting KW - Fires KW - Hazardous materials KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Police KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184837 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382078 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Higham, S AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - EDUCATION IS THE KEY (MOTORCYCLE SAFETY COURSE) PY - 1980/09 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - p. 8-9 AB - The motorcycle accident rate at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, has decreased by 40 percent over the past three years, since the introduction of a Motorcycle Safety Foundation course. Of the 150 accidents involving base-registered motorcycles, only two have involved graduates of the basic motorcycle safety course. Before operators can register a motorcycle on the base, they undergo a motorcycle handling evaluation by a qualified instructor. A qualified rider can move on to the eight-hour advanced rider course, a recent addition to the safety program. Riders not meeting basic requirements are scheduled for the 20-hr. basic classroom/range course which includes classroom instruction on basic motorcycle operation and safe riding procedures, and range practice in basic motorcycle maneuvers and street riding skills. The course also addresses riding under less than ideal conditions, emergency braking, and other advanced riding techniques. Use of protective gear, especially helmets, is emphasized. KW - Crash rates KW - Education KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Riding techniques KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202245 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382082 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Rosenau, W AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF PASSIVE RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1980/09 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - p. 328-338 AB - The Volkswagen Automatic Restraint (VWAR) system comprises a torso belt with a dual sensitive automatic locking retractor, a deformable knee bolster, seat, and seat belt anchorage. Dummy injury criteria values (Head Injury Criterion, chest acceleration, femur force) and kinematics are compared for the VWAR and the three-point belt system in accident simulation tests: 0 and 30 degree frontal barrier, and lateral impact using Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 and Economic Commission for Europe barriers. The VWAR passive belt system meets FMVSS 208 requirements without the use of an active seat belt. Ninety U.S. accidents involving VWAR-equipped Rabbits are summarized. The distribution of accident types with respect to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), occupant contact areas with the vehicle interior, and AIS as a function of velocity change (frontal impacts) are shown. An improved passive restraint system under development by VW is briefly described; it features an adjustable upper anchorage point. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Crash types KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passenger restraints KW - Restraint systems KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202249 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382073 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Scambary, R AU - National Safety Council TI - AUSTRALIAN CITY MAKES WAY FOR "THE FREEDOM MACHINE" (BICYCLE SAFETY PROGRAM) PY - 1980/09 VL - 80 IS - 9 SP - p. 14-15 AB - The "Geelong Bike Plan", a five-year experiment in Geelong (Victoria) which combines education, enforcement, engineering, and encouragement to make bicycling safer, was begun in 1979. As most bicycle accident victims are children between the ages of nine and 13, the education portion is focused on primary schools. Each school has a Bike Ed Kit, a set of teaching booklets, posters, and color slides which cover instruction in road safety, riding skills, and bike mechanics. Teachers are trained in using the materials, with emphasis on training children to be safe riders in normal traffic. Bike awareness among Geelong motorists is cultivated by intensive press and radio publicity, public lectures and films, and special publications. The bike plan uses a cautionary and informal approach to enforcement rather than punitive action. With child cyclists, a bicycle offense report and warning letter are sent to parents for the first offense; a repeat offense might require a talk with the police. Although some off-road bike lanes have been constructed, emphasis has been on safety improvements to normal traffic routes. Local councils have been subsidized to improve traffic controls at intersections, and to smooth and widen roads for bicycle travel. The success of the Geelong bike plan has led to a major study for introducing a similar plan in Newcastle, New South Wales. Melbourne (Victoria) plans to start a bike plan based on the Geelong model. KW - Australia KW - Bicycles KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Education KW - Enforcement KW - Local government KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202241 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382079 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TROUBLESHOOTING COOLING SYSTEMS (ENGINE OVERHEATING) PY - 1980/09 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - p. 22-26 AB - The causes, indicators, and consequences of engine overheating are reviewed. A guide is provided for the home mechanic in diagnosing and correcting cooling system problems which lead to overheating: damaged fan belts; leaky hose connections, radiator core, or water pump shaft seals and gaskets; inoperable thermostat; radiator clogging; boiling of coolant in water jacket due to slush ice formation in radiator; coolant foaming, due to air entrapment; and combustion leaks into coolant. Tips are given on checking air-cooled engines; causes for overheating are listed. First-aid treatment for burns and scalds is included. "Unusual" overheating problems identified by American Motors, Ford, and General Motors are described. Many of these malfunctions are caused by incorrect, inoperative, defective, or missing components; factory service bulletins frequently pinpoint the causes. KW - Air cooling KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Automobiles KW - Cooling systems KW - First aid KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Overheating KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382081 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Cruzic, K AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - TEN TIPS FOR SHARING THE ROAD WITH A TRUCK PY - 1980/09 VL - 44 IS - 7 SP - 2 p. AB - Points are outlined to aid the average motorist in understanding driving from the trucker's vantage point. The ten tips cover extra stopping distance required by trucks, turbulence caused by passing trucks, trucker signals, never passing a long truck on the right, not blinding the truck driver, giving the truck cornering room, providing the driver with extra room to maneuver in wet weather, rigid trucking schedules, truckers' willingness to aid motorists in trouble, and reporting unsafe drivers as well as those deserving merit. It is pointed out that by following the rules of the road with courtesy and being aware of the differences between driving a car and handling a big truck, the motorist can avoid having a car-truck accident. KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202248 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382083 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Narbut, A N AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - TOTAL EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRODYNAMIC TRANSMISSION PY - 1980/09 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - p. 339-348 AB - Three groups of static operating conditions occur in hydrodynamic transmissions: traction, backward, and braking. These are arranged in an exact sequence within zones corresponding to the total external characteristics of the transmission systems. Examples of those characteristics are given for the principal types of fluid couplings and torque converters. Equations are presented to show how changes in the design of the torque converter (arrangement of blade wheels and blade angles), can be made in order to improve its performance. Torque converters with centripetal turbines are the best design for cars in which the torque converter is directly connected to the supplementary gearbox. This type of torque converter allows for higher efficiency at traction conditions, resulting in better fuel economy; higher efficiency in backing improves engine braking and activation of the driving wheels. A torque converter with a centrifugal turbine is more suitable for crane use because of its better external characteristics at the negative relative speed conditions. KW - Characteristics KW - Hydrodynamic transmissions KW - Torque converters KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202250 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382077 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE UBIQUITOUS BOOOOZE (BEER DRINKING AND DRIVING) PY - 1980/09 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - The treatment of beer as a nonalcoholic beverage because of its similarity to soft drinks (carbonation, packaging, advertising, drinking settings) is addressed. Beer's alcoholic content and time to reach intoxication are compared with those of whiskey and wine. Factors that affect the ability of alcohol to intoxicate are outlined: volume, dilution with mixes (carbonated ones in particular), drinker's weight and food intake, and drinking rate. The physiological effects of alcohol are discussed in relation to blood alcohol level (BAL). A BAL chart is included as guide to alcohol use. Factors in responsible drinking are examined: exercising mature judgment beforehand in limiting the number of drinks, and in eating, pacing, and driving. A few simple self-tests to determine driving ability are outlined: "Romberg's Test" (amount of body swaying), picking up groups of small objects (e.g. matches) from the floor, and counting backwards. Asking a sober friend's advice is recommended. Typical justifications for overindulging in alcohol, misconceptions about alcohol use, and alcohol as a factor in drowning deaths are mentioned in separate notes. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Beer KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Physiological aspects KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382072 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - HIGHWAY OFFICIALS: DON'T PUT UP WITH ROADSIDE BOOBYTRAPS PY - 1980/09 VL - 80 IS - 9 SP - p. 8-11 AB - Police accident records are an important tool for highway officials in locating roadside hazards with high priority for corrective action. Results of field studies, such as that of 300 fixed-object accident and 300 comparison sites in Georgia indicated that many miles of roadway can be eliminated from consideration because of low cost effectiveness. When maximum curvature and minimum gradient were considered simultaneously, the crash sites differed significantly from the comparison sites. One-fourth of all crash sites combined a curvature greater than nine degrees with a downhill gradient of at least 3 percent while only 10 percent of the comparison sites exhibited these combined characteristics. About 90 percent of the struck objects were within 30 ft. of the pavement edge; 97 percent were within 50 ft. The number of potential hazards differed little between the crash and comparison sites. For every mile of roadway, 275 narrow objects (e.g. trees, poles) and over 6000 ft. of lineal hazard (e.g. guardrail) were found within 30 ft. of the pavement. The best corrective action is removal of the hazard; next best is installing a guardrail to deflect the vehicle away from the hazard. If neither of these is feasible, an energy-absorptive barrier may be installed. KW - Crash records KW - Curvature KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Guardrails KW - Hazards KW - High risk locations KW - Highway grades KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202240 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382080 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - IS THERE AN ELECTRIC CAR IN YOUR FUTURE? PROMISING NEW BATTERY BREAKTHROUGH PY - 1980/09 VL - 44 IS - 7 SP - 9 p. AB - Encouraging new developments in battery technology assuring an increased driving range from 100 to 200 mi., are the center of optimism for the electric car's future. General Motors' Electrovette, a battery-powered Chevette, has shown the ability to maintain 50 mph and a range of 100 mi. with a new zinc-nickel oxide battery which can store up to three times the energy of a conventional lead-acid type and has a projected 30,000 mi. life. Promising improvements have been made with the nickel-iron battery (first patented by Edison), and a zinc-chloride battery under development by Energy Development Association of New York offers a 100 mi. range and 150,000 mi. life. Recent progress in electric car development has been supported by Department of Energy (DOE) funds. DOE estimates that within 20 years, 8.6 million electric or hybrid (electric/gasoline or electric/diesel) vehicles will be in use in the U.S. DOE rejected a recommendation by the General Accounting Office in April 1979 that electrics not be demonstrated in fleets until their performance was improved. The oil and auto industries' concern over the competitive effect of electric vehicles (EV's), is evidenced by Exxon's attempt to acquire Reliable Electric Company (electric car components), halted by a temporary restraining order. General Motors and Ford are actively involved in producing electric commuter cars. Because of the rising demand for EV's in view of fuel prices, smaller producers will continue to flourish. Other researchers envision the use of solar cell for EV propulsion. One of the most practical hybrids being tested is Briggs & Stratton's sedan which can be driven by an electric motor, gasoline engine, or both. In June 1980, Gulf & Western announced the development of a battery system providing a 200 mi. range at 55 mph. KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Zinc chloride batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380909 JO - ENGINEERING PB - GILLARD WELCH LIMITED AU - SLOAN, A AU - Design Council TI - ELECTRIC-VEHICLE CONTROLS PY - 1980/09 VL - 220 IS - 9 SP - 2 p. AB - The thyristor-chopper system of electric vehicle (EV) control has been developed from its basic role of controlling motor voltage/speed and eliminating resistors to include controlled electric braking, speed limiting, and acceleration control. Recent systems include regenerative braking, and direct driving of the traction wheels by individual motors has replaced conventional systems in forklifts. Differential operation is achieved by controlling each motor depending upon steering angle. Electronic control of the hydraulic-pump motor allows for motor speed variation to suit forklift application (lifting, rotating, reaching); ancillary equipment includes a d.c. to d.c. converter. New approaches to the overall electric vehicle system include three-phase a.c. motors and commutatorless d.c. series motors with transistor controls in place of thyristors. A new smaller commutating capacitor is now standard on all new controllers. Control logic will expand to include more features associated with the basic control of motor speed and with safety features (brush wear and stability). The lead-acid battery remains the limiting factor on EV range. A recently announced zinc-chlorine battery system is claimed to more than double EV range. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternating current motors KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Braking KW - Capacitors KW - Choppers KW - Choppers (Electricity) KW - Converters KW - Converters (Electricity) KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronic control KW - Regenerative braking KW - Thyristors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380663 JO - Energy Consumer PB - Department of Energy AU - Brown, L R AU - NORMAN, C AU - Flavin, C AU - Department of Energy TI - THE FUTURE OF THE AUTO: DIFFICULT CHOICES PY - 1980/09 SP - p. 4-6 AB - Although most governments have continued to encourage automobile-centered transport systems, the recent oil shortage has led many to restrict the auto's use, e.g. by price increases and rationing of gasoline, tariffs on imported cars, and introduction of "carless" days. The purchasing power of affluent motorists could possibly raise oil prices to a point that prohibits economic development programs in poorer countries. As the global demand for oil outstrips supply at prevailing prices, pressures could mount for an international allocation system. Auto use has traditionally been encouraged by massive government investments in highway systems, while more fuel-efficient alternatives such as railroads have been relatively neglected. In many cities, channeling government revenues into public transport and the construction of bikeways will lead both to greater mobility and cleaner air. Beyond a point, more cars in an urban area can reduce mobility. Transit systems must be funded soon because of the long lead times for planning and construction. In spite of relatively low levels of investment in U.S. public transport, there are signs that commuters are altering their habits (car sales down, use of public transit up). The current economic system, designed to run on $2/bbl oil, must now be redesigned to function on $20/bbl oil. Changes in the design and role of the automobile are an essential part of this larger transformation. KW - Automobile travel KW - Automobiles KW - Commuters KW - Energy efficiency KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Government funding KW - Prices KW - Public transit KW - Supply KW - Tariffs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380953 AU - Cowley, J E AU - Cowley (JE) and Associates TI - THE 1979/80 ACRUPTC SURVEY OF VEHICLE FREE SPEEDS IN CAPITAL CITIES OF AUSTRALIA PY - 1980/09 SP - 121 p. AB - In 1979/80 a Survey of vehicle free speeds in urban areas was undertaken by State and Territory Authorities for the Advisory Committee on Road User Performance and Trafffic Codes (ACRUPTC). The survey measured free speeds of cars and derivatives, trucks and other vehicles on a wide spectrum of roads in the capital cities of the six States and in the Australian Capital Territory. The report describes the scope and methodology of the survey, summarises the main survey results and draws preliminary conclusions regarding urban free speeds and speed limits across Australia. KW - Australia KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Free speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193711 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380642 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Wrigley, A AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - STRONG MEDICINE: MATERIALS IN THE 1981 MODELS (U.S. CARS) PY - 1980/09 VL - 16 IS - 9 SP - p. 41-45 AB - New applications by U.S. automakers are described for the following materials: aluminum, plastics, high-strength steel (HSS), magnesium, and precoated steel. The materials substitutions are aimed mainly at weight reduction for improved fuel economy and are made at the expense of steel, cast iron, and zinc. Corrosion resistance, durability, crashworthiness, lower assembly cost, and styling incentives also play a role in the material changes. The most noteworthy 1981 material advances include: aluminum cylinder heads in Ford and Chrysler small engines, flexible-plastic "friendly fenders" on General Motors' Omega, 200 lb. of HSS in body components of Ford's new Escort and Lynx models, magnesium engine rocker covers and fiberglass-reinforced plastic leaf springs on the Chevrolet Corvette, plastic halogen headlamps on Ford models, and one-side galvanized steel in all exterior body panels of American Motors' Spirit, Concord, and Eagle models. The status of other materials (e.g. rubber, lead, glass, chrome, fluids, lubricants) is also discussed in relation to vehicle downsizing. A graphic representation of downsizing shows the 1981 Plymouth Reliant (Chrysler K car) silhouetted against the 1980 Volare it replaces (almost 1000 lb. difference in the two models) and the 1981 Chrysler Imperial vs. the 1975 model (800 lb. difference). KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Crashworthiness KW - Downsizing KW - Durability KW - High strength steel KW - Lightweight materials KW - Magnesium KW - Materials KW - Precoated steel KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196953 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380093 JO - Home & Away (Indianapolis Edition) PB - Automobile Association of America AU - Chicago Motor Club TI - BETTER DAYS AHEAD FOR THE AUTO INDUSTRY? AN INTERVIEW WITH ROBERT D. LUND, VICE PRESIDENT OF GENERAL MOTORS PY - 1980/09 VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - p. 18-19 AB - Robert D. Lund states that the key to a rebound in the U.S. domestic auto industry is consumer confidence that the economy will improve. He says that domestic cars already on the market are competitive in price, fuel economy, and quality with foreign cars, citing the Chevette and Citation as the top sellers of any make. Factors other than foreign cars are listed as contributing to unemployment in the auto industry: government overregulation, declining productivity, and failure of public policy to encourage investment in American business. It is considered highly unlikely that Japanese or other foreign automakers will build assembly plants in the U.S. Mr. Lund cites statistics reflective of consumer loyalty to American built cars. Issue is taken with the consumer claim that U.S. automakers were too slow in responding to public demand for smaller cars and for misreading the impact of the energy crisis on the car buying habits of Americans. The time taken to convert an assembly line from manufacturing full-sized to compact models is addressed, mentioning new GM facilities completed or planned in the U.S. and overseas. Federal legislation to restrict car imports is opposed, and the inadequate capacity of the auto industry to meet market demands and high interest rates are cited for the decline in 1980 model sales (aside from foreign competition). The status of GM's dealer franchise system and the company's mailing of brochures to foreign-car owners concerning their next car purchase are described. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Competition KW - Dealers KW - Foreign KW - Imports KW - Small car KW - Unemployment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196568 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380095 JO - Motor AU - LUND, B AU - Hearst Books TI - THOSE NEW EXTENDED WARRANTIES: HOW MUCH OUT OF YOUR POCKET? (AUTOMOBILE SERVICE INSURANCE) PY - 1980/09 VL - 154 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - Some 2 to 2.5 million American car owners are expected to buy service insurance in 1980 at an average cost of $250. These contracts should increase the total money spent on routine maintenance as policyholders are required to observe manufacturer service recommendations. Because the extended warranties are sold as an option on new cars, the tendency is to have the car repaired by the dealer rather than the independent shop. The insurance cost varies according to the price of the new car, the amount of coverage, and policy life. The biggest customers are buyers of high priced cars; the higher the price of the car, the more loyal the owner is to the dealer when the car needs repairs. Since coverage does not become effective until after the first 12 mo. or 12,000 mi., the independent shop does not become the primary source of service until the end of the third year of ownership. If consumers take longer to pay for their cars and keep them longer, service insurance with longer coverage (five yr./50,000 mi.) becomes more attractive. Some service contracts carry a transfer clause, allowing the second owner to resume coverage by paying a nominal fee. Some firms offer service policies on used vehicles. Although service insurance tends to tie the owner to the dealer, independent repairmen can benefit by increased maintenance. Many dealers are not looking for additional shop business and are likely to refer service contract policyholders to independents if there is an overload of claims. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobile ownership KW - Dealers KW - Insurance KW - Level of service KW - Service KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196570 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379661 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - FOUR MID-SIZE DIESEL SEDANS. MAKING SENSE AND SAVING CENTS? PY - 1980/09 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - p. 30-36 AB - Four 4-door family diesels are compared: Audi 5000S, Oldsmobile Cutlass Brougham, Peugeot 505SD, and Volvo. "Road and Track" staff members drove the cars on two standard test loops, one city and one freeway; the cars were also driven on a two-lane twisting road. A standard 0-to-10 rating system was used in subjectively evaluating 21 categories for each car. Rated items included: mechanical aspects, controls, seating, design, finish, performance, handling, and braking. Comments are made about each car, and tables provide general data, engine and drivetrain specifications, performance data, cumulative ratings of subjective evaluations, and each test driver's ranking of the cars. Photographs are included of each car's engine, interior, trunk space, dashboard, and profile (including passenger compartment dimensions). The Peugeot was the statistical and personal winner in the comparison. It has an outstanding body and chassis and serves as the perfect platform for the company's time-proven diesel engine. Advice is given to the consumer in making a diesel car purchase. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Control KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Driving KW - Finishes KW - Handling characteristics KW - Machinery KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ratings KW - Road tests KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196270 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380087 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carrier, H AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - SOME SIMPLE STEPS TO SERVICING THIS SIMPLE, BUT VITAL, SAFETY SYSTEM: A STOPLIGHT PRIMER PY - 1980/09 VL - 50 IS - 9 SP - p. 40-44 AB - The construction and operation of a vehicle stoplight system are explained, including its connection to the directional signals, hazard warning circuit, and cruise control systems. Using a typical Ford system, the stoplight switch assembly is described. The basic procedure for adjusting a stoplight is outlined using a typical Chrysler system. A Chevrolet is used to illustrate a representative procedure for stoplight switch replacement. Troubleshooting tips are given, including a chart of problems, possible causes, and corrections. A service technician may encounter odd situations in automotive chassis electricity: e.g. contact of filaments in dual-filament bulbs due to distorted filaments, resulting in "mixed signals" in lighting. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Level of service KW - Service KW - Switches KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196564 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379672 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lux, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OFF-ROAD VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY: A RETROSPECTIVE VIEW PY - 1980/09 VL - 88 IS - 9 SP - p. 39-44 AB - Six subjects are discussed in relation to progress in off-road vehicle technology: vehicle form, powertrains, mobility, implement/tool muscle, working tools, and man-machine relationships. Off-road vehicles, in this review, include agricultural, construction, forestry, industrial, mining, and military vehicles. Development in off-road vehicles has usually been a combination of functions or concepts. Both new and old developments or steps often continue successfully in use; sometimes technology goes back to old concepts for "new" ideas. Progress seems to reflect a series of small, individual revolutions. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Construction equipment KW - Forestry KW - Human machine systems KW - Man machine interaction KW - Military KW - Military organizations KW - Power trains KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379652 JO - IEEE Spectrum PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Kaplan, G AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - AN ELECTRIC CAR IN EVERY GARAGE PY - 1980/09 VL - 17 IS - 9 SP - p. 78-83 AB - The development of electric vehicle (EV) technology in the U.S., is described, including efforts by the Dept. of Energy (DOE) and private industry. DOE's objective is the annual production of 200,000 to 500,000 EV's by 1990. Reducing oil imports is the main advantage of the large-scale use of electric and hybrid vehicles. The key battery characteristics are higher energy and power densities, extended lifetime, and lower cost. The two approaches being used in EV design are converting present vehicles from internal combustion engines to electric-power and developing the EV from the ground up. EV's require a different driving style; for example, with regenerative braking, an EV might decelerate too quickly if the driver suddenly took his foot off the accelerator. New legislation is providing an impetus for the mass production of EV's; in Jan 1980, Public Law 96-185 required manufacturers to incorporate EV's into Corporate Average Fuel Economy figures. Recently introduced bills recommend tax credits on the purchase of EV's. For short trips with many stops, electrics require less energy for each km. than internal combustion vehicles. The energy cost for a Postal Service EV is about seven cents/km., about 39% less than for a gasoline-powered vehicle under similar operating conditions. DOE's support is essential for small businesses. Tremendous research and development and capital spending are required if large-scale use of EV's is to be realized in the U.S. A separate note describes EV programs worldwide. KW - Costs KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric power KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196263 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380088 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - ADVANTAGES OF RACK AND PINION CAUSING STEERING SYSTEM U-TURN BY 1985? PY - 1980/09 VL - 50 IS - 9 SP - 4 p. AB - By 1985, 85% to 100% of U.S. passenger cars could be equipped with rack and pinion steering which offers space and weight savings for improved fuel economy. This steering system was introduced in the U.S. market in the late 1960's but the development of a power assist in 1974 gave the added mechanical advantage necessary for big, heavy American cars. From the first power-assisted rack and pinion units weighing 29 lb., the current systems have been refined to weigh 13 lb. A conventional/parallelogram steering system weighs an average of 48 lb. Service business will change as the new systems become prevalent. Parts which can be replaced on a rack and pinion equipped car include: inner socket assemblies, outer tie rod ends, bellows, seals, and mounting bushings. Some new-car dealerships are replacing the entire unit. Repair work should be followed by a front end alignment. Servicing is somewhat different but not much more difficult than with a conventionally steered car. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Level of service KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Service KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196565 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379673 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Eger, G W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FUTURE OF OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLE DESIGN PY - 1980/09 VL - 88 IS - 9 SP - p. 47-50 AB - The past, present, and future of off-highway vehicles (agricultural, industrial, construction, logging, and mining) are reviewed. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, steam engines followed by internal combustion engines replaced the horse in powering tractors and other machines. World War I showed that machines, tractors, and trucks were better at moving material than horses; the significant leap to new construction equipment came when World War II demanded that new airfields be built quickly. The need for off-highway equipment was also felt in civilian areas supplying products to support the war effort. In the 20th century, mechanized farm machinery, off-highway construction and material handling machinery, and mining equipment have been developed to increase man's productivity thousands of times. Machine development over the past 35 years has reduced the physical effort of operation, has increased machine responsiveness, and has made operation possible within the capabilities of many more people. Of importance for the future are continuing material development programs for improved machine life and reliability at a reasonable economic return. Legislative factors must be built into a machine along with technical capability and job acceptability. It will become increasingly important for persons to be licensed and to qualify not only in technical but also in safety-related areas. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Development KW - Driver licensing KW - Forestry KW - Legal action KW - Operator KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196279 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380121 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Walsh, J B AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - COMPUTERS MONITOR VEHICLE COSTS PY - 1980/09 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - p. 8-9 AB - A computerized automotive cost records system implemented by the Ohio State Highway Patrol allows for the daily direct entry of all vehicle costs. Cost information is stored for all patrol cars, cars used for communications, vehicle inspection, driver licensing, airplanes, helicopters, tractors, and lawnmowers. The computer terminal operator can retrieve the cost history of a vehicle including year and make of vehicle, cost-per-mi. to operate and mpg, hours of downtime, cost of routine maintenance and/or repair, miles traveled by month, year, and odometer reading, cost and amount of gasoline used, and a complete list of parts replaced and their cost plus labor charges. Data are available for individual vehicles, post and district fleets, and all division-owned vehicles. This computerized cost reporting system provides an excellent multilevel management tool and saves money and time (allowing uniformed personnel more time for enforcement duty). KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Monitoring KW - Records KW - Records management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196579 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379662 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - TOMERLIN, J AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - THE U.S. SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION, NEIL GOLDSCHMIDT, DISCUSSING THE FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOBILE, ROAD AND TRACK INTERVIEW PY - 1980/09 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - Secretary of Transportation Neil Goldschmidt does not predict a fundamental change in the way Americans will travel as a result of the energy crisis and increased fuel and vehicle costs. He sees a need for better "management" of the automobile when the freedom to travel impinges on other people's lives. The Secretary also comments on mass transit, future car ownership and the growth of the auto industry, motor vehicle regulation, air bags, enforcement of trucking safety regulations, mandatory seat belt use legislation, the fifty-five mile per hour national speed limit, future government spending in transportation, and the role of traffic engineers in traffic safety decision making. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Forecasting KW - Government funding KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Public transit KW - Regulation KW - Speed limits KW - Transportation KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379679 JO - OMNI PB - Omni Publications International, Limited AU - Ing, D AU - Omni Publications International, Limited TI - ACCELERATIONS: TOMORROW'S CARS... PY - 1980/09 VL - 2 IS - 12 SP - 7 p. AB - During the 1980's, much research effort will be devoted to powerplant improvement; by 1995, cars powered exclusively by heat engines will be an extravagance. After diesels and stratified charge engines will come electric and hybrid (electric/internal combustion) vehicles. An example is the 1979 Briggs & Stratton compact, six-wheeled coupe. The third (rearmost) axle supports a massive battery pack that drives an 8-hp motor under the hood; an 18-hp gasoline engine rests on the front axle. The hybrid offers the best solution to current commuting and fuel economy needs. Plastics, high strength-low alloy steels, and aluminum will be increasingly used for reduced car weight (better fuel economy). Under contract to Italy's national research council, Pininfarina has evolved a sedan design that should set the trend for the 1990's; its configuration, computer generated and wind tunnel tested, gave rise to the nickname "Banana Car." In addition to aerodynamic styling for reduced drag, other design teams will focus more on pedestrian and occupant safety, energy efficiency, and interior room. Future cars will likely be designed to cruise at fifty-five miles per hour. The most startling interior changes will be electronic, such as door locks, ignition, and steering operable via a punch code, system monitoring and diagnosis, and driver information and guidance systems. Though cars will be much better engineered, their numbers may decrease as mass transit improves and becomes cheaper and as better communications reduce the need to travel. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Energy efficiency KW - Future concepts KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Innovation KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196284 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379674 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BUTTERFLY EXHAUST VALVE CONTROLS MOTORCYCLE EMISSIONS PY - 1980/09 VL - 88 IS - 9 SP - p. 82-86 AB - Yamaha Motor Co. has utilized a stainless steel butterfly valve to constrict the tailpipe of its 1979 RD400 Daytona Special motorcycle in order to minimize short-circuiting of charge to the exhaust as well as cyclic combustion variations of the machine's two-stroke cycle engine. This butterfly exhaust valve system not only reduces hydrocarbon (HC) emissions but also reduces brake specific fuel consumption and improves acceleration. It also has a major effect on reducing engine surge resulting from the irregular combustion inherent in two-stroke cycle engines. The Daytona Special fully satisfies the 1979 Environmental Protection Agency emission standards; HC emissions have been lowered by about 20% and fuel consumption by 10%. Compared to the 1977 version, the 1979 RD400 model also incorporates improved carburetor settings, an improved transfer port configuration, and a modified combustion chamber. Exhaust noise at idle is less, with a one-third-octave frequency analysis showing a reduction of greater than two dB in overall level; there is a lower sound pressure level over the entire frequency range. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Butterfly valve KW - Emission control systems KW - Engine performance KW - Engine surge KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust noise KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motorcycles KW - Noise KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196280 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379485 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - Moore, D AU - Miller, David AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - RIDE SAFE! (MOTORCYCLISTS' ESSAYS) PY - 1980/09 VL - 34 IS - 9 SP - p. 14-17 AB - The top two entries are presented from the safety essay contest conducted by the American Motorcyclists Association as part of its contribution to the 1980 Motorcycle Safety Foundation's International Safety Conference held in Washington, D.C. The essay by Dan Moore emphasizes a healthy mental attitude as the key to motorcycle safety. Stringent licensing, protective clothing, better road and vehicle engineering, and rider education cannot ensure safety; personal safety is an individual responsibility. The acronym SAFE (Skills, Attitude, Foresight, and Equipment) is presented for consideration by motorcyclists. Following an account of personal motorcycling mishaps resulting from a lazy mental attitude, the essay by David Miller emphasizes the importance of motorcycle rider education. Little or no training among novice riders produces overconfident attitudes, false security, and inattentiveness. The novice motorcyclist, riding without guidance and supervision, is more vulnerable than the novice car driver. Basic differences in principles of handling, acceleration, deceleration, and braking make the motorcycle more dangerous in untrained and unskilled hands. Integration of motorcycle rider training in public schools is essential; with proper familiarization and practice, rider-caused mishaps can be substantially reduced. KW - Attitudes KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379487 JO - SEARCH AU - General Motors Corporation TI - GMR (GENERAL MOTORS RESEARCH) STUDIES DIESEL HEALTH EFFECTS PY - 1980/09 VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 6 p. AB - A survey is presented of research at the General Motors Research Laboratory (GMRL) Biomedical Science Department aimed at quantifying exposure, studying the body's systemic defenses, and examining the cell's biological response to diesel exhaust. Important factors in evaluating the health effects of diesel particulate emissions include dose levels of particulate exposure; particle size, to determine location of deposit in the body's airways; particle deposition and clearance; bioavailability of the soluble fraction; molecular toxicity of the soluble compounds and mechanisms of genetic damage; dose-response relationships; and risk assessments of any quantifiable biological change associated with exposure. Deposite massive exposures and excessive accumulation of particles in the lungs of experimental animals, no increased risk for tumor formation has been confirmed and no changes in pulmonary function and structure detected to date at GMRL. An animal's defense system seems to be fully capable of protecting it against potential adverse health effects of diesel emissions at levels well in excess of expected ambient concentrations. In this respect, GMR's results support findings of the British London Transport Study which examined male diesel bus operators and mechanics. After this 25 year epidemiological study, researchers determined that lung cancer rates in this group did not differ significantly from rates expected among the Greater London population in the same age group. KW - Biological factors KW - Crash exposure KW - Diesel engines KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exposure KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Living things KW - Particulates KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379484 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - BIKER INPUT A MAJOR FACTOR IN SAFETY FORUM (MOTORCYCLE SAFETY FOUNDATION CONFERENCE) PY - 1980/09 VL - 34 IS - 9 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Of the participants in the Motorcycle Safety Foundation's (MSF) May 1980 International Safety Conference in Washington, D.C., 40% were practicing motorcyclists, familiar with motorcycle safety on a personal and day-to-day basis. A strong challenge was issued by some safety experts to the prevailing National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) logic that rider education may be counterproductive and that helmet laws are the key to motorcyclist safety. The heavy involvement of motorcyclists in the conference was the primary reason for the American Motorcyclists Association (AMA) participation. The AMA also sent a delegation of three members and its Government Relations Director to meet with NHTSA Administrator Joan Claybrook, in order to demonstrate to the agency that motorcyclists are conscientious individuals concerned with their personal safety and responsibility and to advocate that government officials listen more carefully to the citizens affected by their regulations. At the MSF conference, a NHTSA-sponsored research study was cited which demonstrated that acceptance of safety programs is directly related to the credibility of the sponsoring agency and that resistance to government regulation is the greatest obstacle to voluntary helmet use. AMA's Government Relations Director said that government agencies can improve their effectiveness by allowing motorcycle organizations such as the MSF and AMA to become the leading spokesmen on motorcycle safety. KW - Federal government agencies KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379113 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gregory, M AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - WHY WOMEN BUY CARS PY - 1980/09 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 5 p. AB - American women's preferences in cars are indicated, including quotes from various individuals. Most women are realistic, selecting a car that suits their particular situation. Factors considered by women include reliability, economics, comfort, handling, performance, ride, seat belt design, window types and number of doors, storage space, body style, color, type of interior, safety, type of controls, and various options. Traditional beliefs and family loyalty to the cars of one manufacturer may also influence a woman's choice of vehicle. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Consumers KW - Decision making KW - Females UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195973 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379112 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Sherman, D AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - SIX-WHEELED, TWO-ENGINED, YELLOW-PLASTIC PEOPLE MOVER PY - 1980/09 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - p. 97-100 AB - Briggs and Stratton (B&S) has developed a parallel hybrid prototype car which incorporates a gasoline engine and electric motor to be used separately or in tandem. The gasoline engine, a B&S 18 hp flat-twin, air-cooled engine produced for lawn tractors, is coupled to a Baldor electric motor which is rated at 8 hp for continuous duty and 20 hp for short-duration accelerations, using 12 lead-acid golf-cart batteries. The electrical powerpack, which weighs about 1000 pounds, is supported by a third axle called a "captive trailer." The prototype's unusual six-wheeled chassis is based on Marathon Electric Vehicle Co's design for small cargo vans. The stylish body (Brooks Stevens Design Associates) is molded of fire-retardant fiberglass, while the interior panels are of aluminum laminate. All windows except the windshield are made of lucite. B&S recommends the hybrid mode for climbing hills and accelerating up to speed. Electric power is ideal for around-town commuting, while the gasoline engine is suited for suburban highway cruising. For the gasoline mode, fuel economy is claimed to be in the 25 to 52 mph range, with a battery range of 30 to 60 miles. A serious problem with the B&S Hybrid is acceleration: 21.9 seconds and 860 feet to accelerate to 40 mph; all three modes of travel are slow. KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Motors KW - People movers KW - Prototypes KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195972 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376854 JO - Transportation Research Part B: Methodological PB - Elsevier AU - Daganzo, C F AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN EQUILIBRIUM ALGORITHM FOR THE SPATIAL AGGREGATION PROBLEM OF TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT PY - 1980/09 VL - 14B IS - 3 SP - p. 221-228 AB - Present traffic assignment methods require that all possible origins and destinations of trips within a study area be represented as if they were taking place to and from a small set of points or centroids, each of which represents the location of all trip ends within a given zone. Since this necessarily misrepresents points located at the zone edges, smaller zones and more centroids could be used, but existing traffic assignment algorithms cannot efficiently handle many centroids. An algorithmic procedure has been developed to provide more than one centroid per zone. These multiple centroids or "subcentroids" are connected to the network at selected "access nodes" (either in or out of the zone), but the permissible number of centroids is still limited. KW - Algorithms KW - Centroids KW - Origin and destination KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194857 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376838 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - REPAIRING THE GENERAL MOTORS HIGH ENERGY IGNITION SYSTEM PY - 1980/09 VL - 154 IS - 3 SP - p. 35-38 AB - Ways of identifying problems in General Motors' high energy ignition (HEI) system for automobiles are examined. HEI is the term for the company's electronic ignition system, first installed in some 1974 cars. Trouble in the HEI system usually reveals itself in one of the following ways: the engine backfires and fails to start; the engine starts but runs roughly at idle and low speed and/or misfires at high speed; or the engine cranks properly, ruling out a battery start problem, but fails to start. HEI distributors in cars with V6 and V8 engines from 1975 to the present, and four-cylinder and in-line six-cylinder engines from 1978 to the present, have the ignition coil inside the distributor. HEI distributors in cars with four-cylinder and in-line six-cylinder engines produced in 1975, 1976, and 1977 have all parts except the ignition coil inside the distributor; the ignition coil is mounted externally. Procedures for testing the one-piece distributor are outlined. Instructions for new module installation are also included, as well as steps to follow in testing the external ignition coil. KW - Energy levels KW - High energy ignition KW - Ignition KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194844 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376092 JO - Neurology PB - Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Incorporated AU - Annegers, J F AU - Grabow, J D AU - Kurland, L T AU - Harcourt Brace Jovanovich TI - THE INCIDENCE, CAUSES, AND SECULAR TRENDS OF HEAD TRAUMA IN OLMSTED COUNTY, MINNESOTA, 1935-1974 PY - 1980/09 VL - 30 IS - 9 SP - p. 912-919 AB - Records in the Mayo Clinic linkage system were reviewed to determine the incidence of head trauma in Olmsted County, Minn. (1935-1974). Minimum criteria for inclusion (loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, or skull fracture) were met by 3587 cases. From 1965 to 1974, the age-adjusted head trauma incidence rates per 100,000 population were 270 in males and 116 in females. The rate was highest (658) in males aged 15 to 24, but it was at least 50 in all age and sex groups. Major causes of head injury were automobile accidents (37%) and falls (29%). The incidence of head injuries related to automobiles and recreation has been increasing while most other categories have remained stable or declined. Of all cases, 446 were fatal, the average annual fatality incidence being 32 per 100,000 in males and 9 per 100,000 in females. Among the groups at high risk of head trauma are those who have had head trauma previously. To overcome the difficulty in defining brain trauma, it is proposed that for purposes of epidemiologic study, head injuries be defined as those in which there is evidence of brain involvement, including concussion with loss of consciousness or posttraumatic amnesia, neurologic signs of brain injury or skull fracture. KW - Crashes KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194453 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373944 JO - Life with Liberty PB - Liberty Mutual Insurance Company AU - Liberty Mutual Insurance Company TI - SMALL CARS AND THE SAFETY FACTOR PY - 1980/09 SP - p. 8-10 AB - The emerging safety problem resulting from a larger population of small cars is discussed. By shifting from a large car to a small car, a motorist doubles his chance of being killed in a crash. Since 1979, the NHTSA has been crash testing new cars to test their degree of occupant protection and fuel system integrity. Test results indicate that small cars are not only less safe than large cars in collisions between these vehicles, but that small cars are less safe in single vehicle collisions and in collisions between small cars. Vital parts in small cars are closer to the perimeter of the car and there is less crushable material to absorb collision impact, as well as less survival space for occupants. Driver behavior and age are also contributory factors, since many small cars are driven by younger, inexperienced, less cautions drivers. The severity of auto claims and the number of bodily injury claims has risen with the increasing number of small cars on the road. Since the trend in rating auto premiums is based on a model's actual loss experiences, models with higher loss frequency will require a higher comprehensive and collision insurance premium. This rating structure could lead consumers to demand better built, more crashworthy cars in order to obtain lower insurance premiums. Since small cars will be a vital means of future transportation, it is imperative to incorporate safety into their production by equipping them with automatic protection devices such as air bags and/or automatic belts. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobile insurance KW - Behavior KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Small car KW - Teenage drivers KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372685 JO - ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTS AU - Hamilton, W F AU - Institution of Electrical Engineers TI - THE POTENTIAL OF RANGE-EXTENSION HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS PY - 1980/09 SP - p. 8-10 AB - The potential for electrification of automobile travel is discussed through a comparative analysis of some characteristics of hybrid (using both petroleum and an electrical battery), electrical, and conventional cars. The range-extension hybrid and the range dependency of its cost and fuel use are described. Projected physical characteristics and costs of hybrid and electric cars are compared with those of conventional subcompact cars, and design ranges are chosen to maximize the market potential of each. The potential for electrification of automobile travel is assessed by summarizing the relative impacts of hybrids and electric cars on energy use, petroleum use, and the environment. A photograph and narrative description are presented for "Current Fare", an exemplary energy-efficient, pollution-free electric vehicle. It is concluded that conventional cars are initially the least expensive of the three cars, followed by hybrids, and then electric cars. However, on a life-cycle basis, the lead-acid electric (as opposed to the nickel-zinc electric) and hybrid cars are equal in cost to the conventional cars. It is estimated that the hybrid would capture about five times the market share of an electric car. Overall petroleum use for both hybrid and electric cars are similar, and the effects of both cars on urban air and noise pollution would be modest. Impacts on materials resources and on the economy would be somewhat less for hybrid cars than for electric cars. KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Electric automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Markets KW - Noise KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372120 AU - Carroll, C L AU - Lacey, J H AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - A DESCRIPTION OF THE NORTH CAROLINA DRIVER MEDICAL EVALUATION SYSTEM PY - 1980/09 SP - v.p. AB - A system to medically evaluate drivers was begun in 1964 in North Carolina. An objective of the overall study of which this report is the first part is to examine the driving performance of persons in the medical evaluation system in terms of moving violations and crashes. In order to better interpret the results of the analyses of the driving records of these medically impaired individuals, it is necessary to have an adequate knowledge of the entire medical evaluation process. Therefore, HSRC has undertaken a documentary study of the medical evaluation system. This report is a description of North Carolina's Medical Evaluation Program. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver performance KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371837 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Dick, J S AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - HOW TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS HAVE AFFECTED THE TIRE INDUSTRY'S STRUCTURE. PART 1 PY - 1980/09 VL - 112 IS - 9 SP - p. 43-48 AB - The historical trend in the concentration of the U.S. tire industry is reviewed, and a breakdown given of recent tire production by class and value. The sales (tire and non-tire) and market share of 13 principal U.S. tire manufacturers from 1928 to 1978 are examined. During that period, Goodyear, Firestone, U.S. Rubber (Uniroyal), and BFGoodrich were the four largest firms in the industry, with Goodyear always maintaining the lead. Bankruptcies, acquisitions, conglomerate mergers, and new firm entries over the last 50 years are traced. Passenger tire output by individual tire manufacturers from 1968 to 1977 is examined. The two top firms, Goodyear and Firestone, are slowly gaining a larger share of the output (26.7% and 23.3%, respectively, in 1977), while the third and fourth largest firms, Uniroyal and Goodrich, are declining in their output share (13.3% and 8.9%) The most dramatic changes of the decade were the disappearance of Gates (4.0% share) from the passenger tire market, the large increase in General's output (8.3% share in 1977), and the emergence of Michelin as a U.S. producer. KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Production KW - Sales KW - Technological innovations KW - Tires KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188496 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371506 JO - Rubber Chemistry and Technology PB - American Chemical Society AU - Fielding-Russell, G S AU - Livingston, D I AU - Nicholson, D W AU - American Chemical Society TI - FACTORS AFFECTING CORD-TO-RUBBER ADHESION BY A TIRE CORD ADHESION TEST PY - 1980/09 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 950-959 AB - The physical factors determining the force required to pull a cord from the cord-rubber specimen used in a new tire cord adhesion test (TCAT) were investigated experimentally. Sulfur-cured, natural rubber-carbon black compounds of widely different modulus were used together with wire cords of varying construction and surface material and with an aramid organic fiber cord. High quality statistical data were obtained, defining regression lines of pullout force vs. square root of rubber modulus which properly passed through the origin, for specimens having face dimensions below a limiting value (about 30 mm.). The extraneous intercept on the pullout force axis obtained in pull-through type tests was not present. Varying the parameters of cord perimeter and rubber cross-sectional area of specimens having face dimensions below the limiting value affected the slopes of the regression lines in a manner predicted by theory. Calculated values of adhesion energy agree with the value obtained from an independent measurement on a peel test specimen. The effect of a change in surface nature of the cords was also demonstrated. TCAT can be used to calculate a characteristic interfacial energy of adhesion, and clearly discerns differences in cord surface and construction and rubber properties. KW - Adhesion KW - Pull out test KW - Pullout KW - Regression analysis KW - Rubber KW - Test procedures KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371383 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Cross, R AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - RADIALS: A SPECIAL TIRE REPORT PY - 1980/09 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - p. 44-51 AB - Tire usage information is presented from a survey by "Commercial Car Journal" of 38 major tractor-trailer fleets. Of the carriers surveyed, 11 use radials on all their combination vehicles, only three exclusively use bias-ply tires, and 24 are seriously evaluating radials or are already committed to a gradual changeover. Large tubeless radials are favored. Survey data encompass tread life, brand preferences, retreading capability, maintaining and interpreting tire records, cold vs. hot capping, ultrasonic tire testing, balancing/sealing liquids, and repairing radials (in-house vs. service shop repairs, spot vs. section repairs, damage (distortion) by using a "push-up type" spreader, fleet repairability policies, and retreading industry repair limits/standards). It is pointed out that although the current cost of radials for an 18-wheeler is $6000, many fleets are not exploring radial repairability. Repair limits for radial truck tires are listed and recommendations are outlined for fleet operators to increase radial carcass life: consultation with tire suppliers to obtain repair limits and applications for sectioned tires, consultation with more than one retreader about salvaging a greater percentage of repairable tires, and storing damaged tires in a sheltered area and requesting prompt evaluation by recapper or tire company representative. KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Retreaded tires KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371496 JO - Economic Eye PB - Japan Institute for Social and Economic Affairs AU - Ikema, M AU - Japan Institute for Social and Economic Affairs TI - TRADE FRICTION OVER AUTOS (U.S.-JAPAN) PY - 1980/09 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-22 AB - The increasing share of Japanese automobiles in the U.S. market is discussed, including responses to the most commonly cited causes: "dumping" of Japanese cars, America's free trade policy, change in consumer preference from large to small cars, and failure of U.S. automakers to respond to the change in consumer tastes. It is stated that Japan has exercised special care in setting export prices and that European tariff barriers, which protect Common Market countries, reduce importation of Japanese cars. The insensitivity of U.S. manufacturers to consumer preferences is seen as the result of a belief that advertising can manipulate consumer attitudes. An 18 March 1980 agreement between the U.S. and Japan is cited which specifies no U.S. import curbs, encouragement for building Japanese plants in the U.S., and attempts to expand American automobile exports to Japan. Japan and the U.S. agree that decisions about overseas expansion should be left to the individual manufacturers (notably Toyota and Nissan). The multinational activities of Detroit's Big Three automobile manufacturers are cited as a possible detriment to competitiveness in the domestic market. The effect of imports on unemployment is discussed, including possible transfer of skills from one market to another. It is denied that Japanese trade barriers and inspection practices are the major barriers to Japanese importation of U.S. vehicles; U.S. cars are not suitable for Japanese road conditions and for Japanese consumer tastes. It is also noted that as an isolated high income market Japan has little appeal for exporters. It is concluded that the U.S. economy needs revitalization and that the situation cannot be cured by "fair trade" demands. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Competition KW - Economic impacts KW - Imports KW - International trade KW - Japan KW - Marketing KW - Restrictions KW - Small car KW - Unemployment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371504 JO - Rubber Chemistry and Technology PB - American Chemical Society AU - Ridha, R A AU - American Chemical Society TI - COMPUTATION OF STRESSES, STRAINS, AND DEFORMATIONS OF TIRES PY - 1980/09 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 849-901 AB - Tire construction, loading, and response are reviewed, and a hierarchy of tire structural analysis models is presented, progressing from simple to complex. Model descriptions and applications include ring, string, and beam-on-elastic foundation models, netting analysis, membrane analysis, thin shell analysis, finite element models, constant strain triangular element models, and analysis of shell and isoparametric elements. Future developments in the analysis of tire displacement, stress, and strain are indicated (e.g. axisymmetric modeling, effect of footprint loading, use of contact algorithms with stick-slip capabilities). KW - Computing KW - Deformation KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Information processing KW - Membrane stress KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371355 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - ASOGWA, S E AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE CRASH HELMET LEGISLATION IN NIGERIA: A BEFORE-AND-AFTER STUDY PY - 1980/09 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 213-216 AB - An unexpected but statistically insignificant increase in the number of motorcycle accident fatalities in Anambra, Nigeria was reported after introduction of a mandatory motorcycle helmet use law. Although a high percentage (96.4%) of motorcyclists (operators and riders) surveyed had crash helmets, 90.9% of which were the appropriate type of headgear, only 60.9% of the motorcyclists interviewed wore their helmets properly secured; the majority of those who wore their helmets incorrectly believed that they had adjusted the headgear securely. In order to increase comfort and consequent helmet usage, the need is underlined for a helmet designed to be worn in a tropical climate. Education is seen as a prerequisite to any road safety countermeasure; in this case, instruction is needed in the correct use of helmets. KW - Before and after studies KW - Compliance KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety education KW - Tropics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188237 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371356 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Lai, P W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - MODEL OF INJURY SEVERITY ALLOWING FOR DIFFERENT GRADINGS OF SEVERITY: SOME APPLICATIONS USING THE BRITISH ROAD ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1980/09 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 221-239 AB - A statistical model of injury severity is presented which allows for the variations in injury severity grading among different police jurisdictions, a source of difficulty in using British national road accident data. The model is based on the exponential model of distribution of severity proposed by Hutchinson (1976). Results of applying the method using 1972 British data for five selected police force areas are presented and compared with those obtained by some conventional measures of injury severity. Nonpedestrian accidents were studied (single vehicle, two vehicle head-on, motorcycle only, and motorcycle with one or two other vehicles), and four sets of circumstances (day-urban, day-rural, night-urban, and night-rural). The model appears capable of increasing the sensitivity of the analysis to the effects of different accident conditions on injury severity, including the use of injury-reducing devices. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Days KW - Gradation KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Night KW - Rural areas KW - Severity KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188238 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371384 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - BRADLEY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - BASIC V-BELT DRIVES PY - 1980/09 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - p. 76-79 AB - The basic components of the automotive V-belt (banded or bandless) are outlined for the truck owner operator. The four steps in belt replacement are described: selection of the correct belt, pulley inspection, installation, and proper tension adjustment. Tensioning guidelines and checks are given. Some common V-belt problems are described (incorrect ride in pulley groove, fast wear, noise, cracking), and general V-belt installation and maintenance tips provided. A troubleshooting chart lists V-belt troubles, possible causes, and remedies. The deteriorating effect of heat on belt materials is emphasized. KW - Belts KW - Causes KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Replacing KW - Trucks KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188248 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371505 JO - Rubber Chemistry and Technology PB - American Chemical Society AU - CADLE, S H AU - Williams, R L AU - American Chemical Society TI - ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF TIRE-WEAR PARTICLES PY - 1980/09 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 903-914 AB - Four sample types (tire-wear particulate and tread rubber each in roadside soil and in glass beads) were analyzed periodically for total rubber content by thermogravimetric (TGA), pyrolysis-gas chromatography (GC), and extraction-pyrolysis-GC analyses. Results of the extraction analysis (the most reliable method) show that after 16 months, 52% of the polymer in tread-wear particulate was degraded in soil and only 36% in glass beads (possibly due to lack of soil microorganisms to degrade sulfur linkages in the vulcanized portion of the polymer). Fresh tread particles of the same size showed no degradation. Pyrolysis-GC results, although showing wide scatter, showed that the unsaturated bonds of polybutadiene undergo oxidative degradation more rapidly than the aromatic bonds of styrene units. These results strongly suggest that one important mode of degradation of tread-wear particles is atmospheric oxidation. TGA results show that biodegradation did not reduce the total carbon content of the wear particles in the 16 months, although more than half of the extender oil was oxidized sufficiently to increase its vaporization temperature to the polymer temperature range. Biooxidation may have detoxified some of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon portion of the oil. The rate of environmental degradation was 0.15% per day, 22% of the total removal rate found in a California roadside study. Wind erosion and water run-off probably account for some removal. KW - Carbon KW - Degradation KW - Erosion KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Oxidation KW - Particulates KW - Polymers KW - Rubber KW - Rubber content KW - Runoff KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326318 AU - Gagne, G AU - Bell, M AU - WALTER, R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRICTION TESTS OF A CHRYSLER 1978, 225 CID ENGINE PY - 1980/09 SP - 20 p. AB - This document reports tests on a 1978 Chrysler, 225 CID, six-cylinder engine to determine the losses due to friction and accessories. The tests were conducted at the Automotive Research laboratory of the Transportation Systems Center with the engine attached to the dynamometer. The latter is programmable to measure either power output or power absorption. Graphs of the results are presented. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Energy absorption KW - Friction factor KW - Friction tests KW - Loads KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343621 AU - Fazekas, D E AU - Montevallo University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION OF NASS PSU 52 ST. CLAIR, SHELBY COUNTIES, ALABAMA PY - 1980/09 SP - 37 p. AB - The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) is a major accident data collection program of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Implementation and operation of the St. Clair, Shelby County Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) began in October 1977 and will terminate under the present contract in October 1980. A primary mission of the NHTSA within the U.S. Department of Transportation is to improve highway safety. To assist in this mission a need was recognized for a comprehensive statistical data base to support development of new and improved vehicle safety standards and other safety programs and to encourage improved vehicle design. To establish this data base the NASS design called for the establishment of accident investigation teams in different states with each team investigating a probability sample of accidents. This report outlines the activities of the team operating in the St. Clair, Shelby County PSU and focuses on all aspects of the operation from establishing relations with state and community agencies, to training activities to continuous data collection. KW - Alabama KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Safety KW - Sampling KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343616 AU - Best, C AU - Clark, R A AU - Opportunity Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USAGE OF COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. VOLUME I PY - 1980/09 SP - 82 p. AB - The report contains findings which resulted from the conduct of an informal search to identify the courts which currently employ computers in the management of traffic cases and on-site visits to seven (7) selected court locations to obtain documentation on all aspects of the computerized traffic case management systems in use. The report summarizes the methodology and outcome of the conduct of the informal search, discusses the major court functions which are computerized in the seven sites, and lists the management reports produced and technical documentation obtained from each location visited. Also contained within the report are findings and recommendations on possible ways to approach the development of model system components. KW - Computer programming KW - Courts KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Management KW - Management control reports KW - Management systems KW - Scheduling KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367646 AU - CAMERON, M H AU - Cameron (MH) and Associates TI - EJECTION AND THE EFFECT OF AUSTRALIAN DESIGN RULE 2 FOR DOOR LATCHES AND HINGES PY - 1980/09 SP - 71 p. AB - Australian Design Rule No. 2 (ADR 2) specifies requirements for side door latches and hinges, with the intention of minimising the likelihood of occupant ejection in crashes. It came into effect for new passenger cars and derivatives on 1 January 1971 and for other types of Vehicles at later dates. Australian manufacturers began fitting so-called "anti-burst" door latches to some cars in the early 1960's. Information from the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Pattern of Injury Survey of crashes and injuries in Victoria was analysed to measure the effect of the anti-burst door latches and ADR 2. Initially it was established that ejection doubles the risk of severe-to-fatal injury compared with being contained in the car in the same crash circumstances. Ejection, door opening, and the proportion of ejectees who were ejected from vehicles with closed doors were then used as criteria for the effect of ADR 2. The study concluded that ADR 2 (and the anti-burst door latches fitted prior to formal requirements) is effective in reducing the risk of ejection, via a reduction in the probability of door opening, for the occupants of cars and car derivatives involved in non-rollover crashes. ADR 2 transfers the route of ejection of the remaining ejectees away from the door opening and towards non-door portals. Regarding the effectiveness of ADR 2 in rollover crashes, the study was inconclusive due to the relatively small number of occupant casualties involved in crashes of this type and also due to the possibility that the later model cars may have been involved in more severe rollover crashes than the older cars. Anti-burst door latches may be in need of improved design to take account of whatever mechanism opens doors in rollovers. ADR 2 still has a meaningful role in modern vehicles with high rates of seat belt use. The Design Rule is effective, at least in non-rollover crashes, in reducing the risk of ejection of seat belt wearers as well as non-wearers. KW - Door handles KW - Door latches KW - Door opening KW - Effectiveness KW - Ejection KW - Hazards KW - Hinges KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Risk assessment KW - Rollover crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337207 AU - Ziedman, K AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Niemann, R A AU - Southern California Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE DRIVER'S VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING PY - 1980/09 SP - 142 p. AB - Twenty-seven male subjects were tested in a driving simulator to study the effects of alcohol on visual information processing and allocation of attention. Subjects were required to control heading angle, maintain a constant speed, search for critical events, and respond to route signs while viewing a 15 minute film of a drive along a rural roadway. Visual information processing demand was manipulated by testing one subgroup (N=13) on a familiar roadway and route and another subgroup (N=14) on unfamiliar roadways and routes. Eye movements and task performance scores were measured. Subjects were tested under blood alcohol concentrations of 0% (placebo), 0.085% and 0.125%. Alcohol generally impaired performance on all subtasks, but the level of impairment on visual tasks was related to the information processing demand. The route familiar group was less impaired on perceptual tasks then the route unfamiliar group. A shift in allocation of attention was also found under alcohol. Eye dwell duration was sensitive to information processing load as well as BAC level. The results suggest two possible types of countermeasures for further study: (1) consideration of impaired driver states in design of highway signing and delineations, and (2) driver training and education directed towards self-awareness of impairment. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethanol KW - Eye movements KW - Human information processing KW - Perception KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337875 AU - Philpot, J W AU - Heathington, K W AU - Sontag, D B AU - Culler, C J AU - Cunningham, J L AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USE OF TELEPHONE SURVEYS TO DETERMINE AWARENESS OF TENNESSEE'S CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION LAW PY - 1980/09 SP - 60 p. AB - The report provides an analysis of the telephone surveys that were made in target areas throughout Tennessee to determine the levels of public awareness of Tennessee's child passenger protection law during a two-year time frame. This survey effort provided a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of two different promotional efforts--the basic state and comprehensive public information and education plans. In addition, the surveys measured the relative importance of sources of information and, therefore, the impact of each segment of the public information and education programs. Chapter I discusses the importance of protecting child passengers in motor vehicles, describes the Tennessee child passenger protection law and outlines the objectives and goals of the Child Passenger Safety Program. Chapter II describes the research methodology, sample size and sample selection. Chapter III discusses the results of the telephone surveys. Chapter IV examines the relative importance of various sources of information as revealed by the surveys. Chapter V provides conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the study. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Information dissemination KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Public law KW - Public opinion KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Surveys KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337216 AU - Segal, D J AU - McGrath, M T AU - Balasubramanian, N AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPPLEMENTAL NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1980/09 SP - 174 p. AB - The study collected accident data that would allow determination of the relationships between occupant injury and accident severity. The measure of severity most commonly used to characterize an accident is the velocity change experienced by the passenger compartment during the collision. In some 52% of the accidents contained in the pre-April 1978 NCSS data file, these velocity changes have been established with the CRASH computer program. However, it was felt that a substantial number of the remaining cases were reconstructable with other methods. As a result, procedures were developed to estimate velocity changes in two car accidents in which the damage to 484 additional accidents from the pre-April 1978 NCSS file have been reconstructed to the point of having velocity change estimates for the vehicles involved. KW - Change KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337303 AU - Ginn, J R AU - Berkovec, J A AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES. VOLUME IV: OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR THE CS VEHICLE CHOICE SIMULATION MODEL PY - 1980/09 SP - 109 p. AB - The report assesses consumer behavior towards fuel-efficient vehicles designed to meet recently mandated federal fuel economy standards. The study involves a comprehensive evaluation of existing nationwide survey data as well as the development of a major new econometric forecasting model of household vehicle type choice. As a result, the report describes both an assessment of consumers' current reported sentiments toward fuel-efficient vehicles and insights into expected future changes in household vehicle purchase behavior in response to changes in vehicle designs and prices, demographics, and the energy environment. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Demand KW - Demographics KW - Econometric models KW - Econometrics KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economic models KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Government policies KW - Motor fuels KW - Policy KW - Prices KW - Purchasing KW - Selecting KW - Simulation KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337304 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES ON 1980 MODEL AUTOMOBILES IN CONJUNCTION WITH FMVSS 301 COMPLIANCE TESTING PY - 1980/09 SP - 134 p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. Collisions reported herein were performed under Contract DOT-HS-9-02274, entitled "FMVSS 301 Standards Enforcement Testing," and establish data on frontal fixed barrier and rear-end moving barrier impacts. The information collected includes documentation of residual crush and acceleration data for each vehicle in each test. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Damage assessment KW - Data collection KW - Design standards KW - Friction KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Research KW - Vehicle design KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337203 AU - Frey, E J AU - Theobald, C E AU - HH Aerospace Design Company, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST/BENEFIT STUDY OF EFFECTS OF USING SEVERAL HEADFORM SIZES IN TESTING MOTORCYCLE HELMETS UNDER FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 218 PY - 1980/09 SP - 46 p. AB - Headforms used in tests of motorcycle helmets for compliance with FMVSS 218 are now available only in medium size, but prototype small and large sizes have been developed and use of all three sizes in testing is anticipated for 1982. A cost/benefit analysis was conducted of the effects on the consumer and the helmet industry. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Consumer protection KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337129 AU - Citizens for Highway Safety AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW TO MOBILIZE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS IN SUPPORT OF 55 PY - 1980/09 SP - 98 p. AB - The report explores the roles that voluntary organizations can play in supporting and promoting compliance with the 55 mph national speed limit. In its preparation, in-depth interviews were conducted with a broad spectrum of organizations, many of whom had never before participated in highway safety or energy conservation programs. Included were highway user, union, religious, educational, senior citizen, youth, civic, veteran, farm, insurance and community groups. Besides providing a wealth of information on their internal operations and activities, all interviewees viewed the possibility of participation favorably. Projecting from this finding to the universe of voluntary organizations, it would seem that a vast untapped reservoir exists which can be mobilized on behalf of campaigns focused on 55. However, despite the admitted lifesaving benefits of the national speed limit, for most groups, savings at the gas pump appeared the more popular approach. And for all, participation hinged on the tailoring of campaigns to the special constituencies served by each organization. Recommendations included preparation of a master plan, creation of a marketing vehicle to sell voluntary sector participation, orchestration of the overall effort and recognition and rewards for participants. A demonstration project to test the viability of the concepts recommended among organizations interviewed was also proposed. KW - Compliance KW - Conservation KW - Demonstration projects KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Incentives KW - Interviewing KW - Labor unions KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Organization KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Publicity KW - Rewards KW - Safety KW - Savings KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349880 JO - Medico-Legal Bulletin PB - Department of Health AU - Valentour, J C AU - MCGEE, M P AU - Edwards, R P AU - Goza, S W AU - Department of Health TI - A SURVEY OF DRUG USE AMONG IMPAIRED DRIVERS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1980/09 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - p. 1-7 AB - There are approximately 33,000 breath and blood tests administered per year in Virginia for driving "under the influence." About 7200 of these are blood tests. Approximately ninety percent of the blood samples exceed 0.10% w/v alcohol, the level at which driving impairment is presumed by statute. Blood samples which had an alcohol content below 0.10% alcohol were analyzed for a variety of drugs with the following results: (a) Sixteen percent (approximately one out of six) of the blood samples were found to be positive for one or more drugs. (b) Eighty-four percent of the drug-positive samples also contained alcohol in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.09% w/v. (c) The frequency of drug-positive samples increased with decreasing alcohol content. Samples containing no alcohol were drug-positive 30.3% of the time. Those containing 0.01 to 0.04% alcohol were drug-positive 25.2% of the time, and those containing 0.05 to 0.09% alcohol were drug-positive 12.3% of the time. (d) A total of 3.3% of all samples analyzed were found to contain two or more drugs, excluding drug metabolites and alcohol. (e) The most frequently detected drugs were diazepam and/or nordiazepam, methaqualone, phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, and phencyclidine. (f) Quantitation of the drugs indicated that the median concentrations in blood were consistent with what is usually present following "therapeutic" use. Finally, it must be noted that a number of other popular drugs were not detectable using the available analytical procedures. These include marijuana, LSD, heroin, oxazepam, and therapeutic concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants and antihistamines. Consequently, the actual incidence of potentially impairing drugs is probably much higher than that reported here. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Medicine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361922 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated TI - PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1980/09 SP - 49 p. AB - Competition between vehicles and pedestrians continues to result in pedestrian accidents, deaths, and injuries. Pedestrian fatalities represent 16% of all motor vehicle fatalities. Pedestrian safety programs vary between jurisdictions in organization and emphasis. Approaches to the basic issue of pedestrian safety also range widely--from separating pedestrians completely from vehicle traffic, through educating and encouraging pedestrians to obey safety laws, to making drivers aware of actions they can take to reduce pedestrian accidents. The common problem, however, is how best to reduce the pedestrian accident rate. This Information Bulletin addresses this problem by discussing the following areas: common types of pedestrian accidents; basic countermeasures; planning for pedestrians; pedestrian safety programs; and federal funding for pedestrian safety programs. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Planning KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176628 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361509 JO - ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE QUARTERLY AU - McNeil, K AU - Miller, R E AU - Cornell University TI - THE PROFITABILITY OF CONSUMER PROTECTION: WARRANTY POLICY IN THE AUTO INDUSTRY PY - 1980/09 VL - 25 SP - p. 407-427 AB - This study uses data collected in a detailed survey of Wisconsin buyers to analyze the failure of the American automobile industry to improve warranty protection. The present level of warranty performance apparently reflects a strategic choice, conscious or unconscious, to maintain continuing relationships with customers through a reliance on the proprietary control over the market, rather than through investments in goodwill assets. Three possible explanations for this choice are explored. The first explanation, that the development of goodwill assets is not profitable because there is no effective demand for better warranty protection, is examined and rejected. The second explanation, that the development of goodwill assets is not profitable because the costs of adequate warranty protection would be too great, is also examined and rejected. The third explanation, that decision making is biased against the development of goodwill assets because of exclusive reliance on short-term accounting systems, is supported by data obtained in the consumer survey and by data obtained through interviews with industry professionals. The methodology used in this study is intended to serve as a rough model for a goodwill accounting system. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Decision making KW - Profits KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349823 AU - Warren, R A AU - Simpson, H M AU - Chattaway, L D AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - ANALYSIS OF FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES IN CANADA, 1977-1978--FOCUS: THE IMPAIRED DRIVER PY - 1980/09 SP - 14 p. AB - Alcohol impairment has long been recognized as a major contributory element in the occurrence of fatal motor vehicle collisions. Consequently, a wide array of programmes has been introduced in an attempt to reduce the magnitude of the problem. In an effort to monitor the overall effectiveness of societal efforts in this area, the Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada has developed a national data base on fatal traffic crashes in seven Canadian provinces. This study reports on alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes from 1973 to 1978, with special reference to 1977 and 1978, the most recent years for which such information is available. Data for the present study were abstracted from the files of the Chief Coroner/Medical Examiner or appropriate agency in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Information was also collected from other jurisdictions, subject to availability, but was excluded from the report due to low rates of testing for blood alcohol. It is concluded that despite the substantial societal resources devoted to impaired driver countermeasures, little evidence exists that meaningful inroads are being achieved. In fact, despite these efforts the rate of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes has remained fundamentally unchanged since 1973. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329072 AU - Johnston, D E AU - Szostak, H T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLES-IN-USE SUB-LIMIT MANEUVERS. VOLUME II: MULTI-VEHICLE TEST VALIDATION PY - 1980/09 SP - 153 p. AB - The report presents results of a test program to validate applicability of six previously developed maneuvers in determining the influence of vehicle-in-use steering, suspension, and brake system degradations and tire factors on vehicle sub-limit handling. Six vehicles were tested which reflect subsystem design features and class size ranges representative of the majority of domestic and foreign vehicles-in-use in the United States. Test results show the maneuvers and procedures consistently produced measurable performance differences for the types and levels of subsystem degradations employed. The major handling decrement observed is nonlinear or discontinuous response for normal driver inputs (steer, brake, or throttle) which occurred for certain component degradations and vehicle acceleration levels. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Degradation KW - Driving KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling characteristics KW - Helical springs KW - Lateral stability KW - Performance evaluations KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Steering KW - Structural members KW - Suspension systems KW - Tires KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328911 AU - Bowring, E R AU - Sims, D M AU - Ware, A S AU - Pabon, Sims, Smith and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND REVIEW OF DRIVER TRAINING RESEARCH NEEDS. VOLUME II: FINAL RECOMMENDED RESEARCH PLAN PY - 1980/09 SP - 173 p. AB - The two-volume Final Report documents the development of a Driver Training Research Plan and presents the final Research Plan as the major product of the project. Volume II, "Final Recommended Research Plan," presents the final Research Plan which is comprised of 14 recommended research topics. The 14 topics are presented in a rank-ordered sequence as derived from the Review Board evaluation process. The topics are presented as follows: Risk Assessment, Teacher Preparation, Hazard Perception, Quality Control, Module Effectiveness, Training Technology Transfer, Performance Standards, Program Supervision Development, Remedial Teacher Preparation, Behavioral Analysis of Accidents, Transferable TSE Program, Computer-Based Training Modules, Psycho-Motor Test, and Alternate Delivery Agency. Final project recommendations are also included in Volume II. KW - Behavior KW - Development KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Hazards KW - Information processing KW - Instructors KW - Methodology KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Quality control KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research projects KW - Risk assessment KW - Specialized training KW - Standards KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329046 AU - Stewart, J R AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 202: HEAD RESTRAINTS. REPORT NUMBER 2 PY - 1980/09 SP - 59 p. AB - This is the Final Report for the statistical evaluation of FMVSS 202 (Head Restraints). FMVSS 202 is designed to reduce the frequency and severity of neck injuries in rear end crashes. Head restraints may be either an integral type or a separate adjustable type. The study involved the development of statistical models for estimating the effectiveness of FMVSS 202 relative to three different effectiveness measures. The results showed that integral head restraints were significantly effective in reducing overall injury at an AIS level of one or greater relative to no head restraint. In general, for other head restraint types and other injury characterizations, head restraint effectiveness estimates were positive, but were not statistically significant. Injuries to rear seat occupants were also examined and head restraints were not found to be a safety hazard for these occupants. KW - Constraints KW - Crashes KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Effectiveness KW - Head KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neck KW - Rear end crashes KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety equipment KW - Severity KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329071 AU - Johnston, D E AU - Mitchell, D G AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLES-IN-USE SUB-LIMIT MANEUVERS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/09 SP - 30 p. AB - The report presents results of a test program to validate applicability of six previously developed maneuvers in determining the influence of vehicle-in-use steering, suspension, and brake system degradations and tire factors on vehicle sub-limit handling. Six vehicles were tested which reflect subsystem design features and class size ranges representative of the majority of domestic and foreign vehicles-in-use in the United States. Test results show the maneuvers and procedures consistently produced measurable performance differences for the types and levels of subsystem degradations employed. The major handling detriment observed is nonlinear or discontinuous response for normal driver inputs (steer, brake, or throttle) which occurred for certain component degradations and vehicle acceleration levels. The tests also included an investigation into the influence of sagged coil springs and coil spring spacers on handling performance of two full-sized automobiles. The findings relate vehicle stability factor (a measure of the basic understeer intentionally designed into the vehicle steering and handling characteristics) and controllability with change in ride height, sprung mass roll axis, and suspension bump-stop bottoming. Results show consistent and measurable differences in handling parameters, depending upon location of sagged spring and use of spring spacers. The least desirable situation is asymmetric (i.e., one side only) sagged spring and spacer usage which produces different handling response in left versus right maneuvers and can lead to vehicle controllability problems. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling characteristics KW - Helical springs KW - Lateral stability KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Spacers KW - Spacing KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Structural members KW - Subsystems KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329073 AU - Johnston, D E AU - Schwartz, S H AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLES-IN-USE SUB-LIMIT MANEUVERS. VOLUME III: EFFECTS OF VEHICLE-IN-USE SPRING SAG ON VEHICLE HANDLING AND BRAKING PY - 1980/09 SP - 50 p. AB - The report presents results of an investigation into the influence of sagged coil springs and coil spring spacers on handling performance of two full-sized automobiles. The findings relate vehicle stability factor (a measure of the basic understeer intentionally designed into the vehicle steering and handling characteristics) and controllability with change in ride height, sprung mass roll axis, and suspension bump-stop bottoming. Results show consistent and measurable differences in handling parameters, depending upon location of sagged spring and use of spring spacers. The least desirable situation is asymmetric (i.e., one side only) sagged spring and spacer usage which produces different handling response in left versus right maneuvers and can lead to vehicle controllability problems. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling characteristics KW - Helical springs KW - Lateral stability KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Spacers KW - Spacing KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Structural members KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328910 AU - Bowring, E R AU - Sims, D M AU - Ware, A S AU - Pabon, Sims, Smith and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND REVIEW OF DRIVER TRAINING RESEARCH NEEDS. VOLUME I: RESEARCH PLAN DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980/09 SP - 207 p. AB - The two-volume Final Report documents the development of a Driver Training Research Plan and presents the final Research Plan as the major product of the project. Volume I, "Research Plan Development", documents the project methodology utilized in developing the plan. The central feature of the approach was a Driver Training Workshop comprised of Driver Training/Education experts. The Workshop was conducted in order to formulate the Preliminary Research Plan which was subsequently reviewed and evaluated by a Review Board of experts and users in the field. Volume I documents the Driver Training Workshop and the resultant Preliminary Research Plan. Further, it includes the Review Board's content evaluation of the plan as well as a process evaluation of the Driver Training Workshop. KW - Development KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Methodology KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Schools KW - Specialized training KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329086 AU - Braisted, R C AU - GARRETT, J W AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURY CAUSATION PARAMETERS-PHASE I PY - 1980/09 SP - 104 p. AB - The objective of the pedestrian injury causation study is to provide data which will support rulemaking policies to reduce pedestrian fatalities and injuries. The pedestrian accident has been perhaps the least tractable of all accidents because of the gross mismatch which occurs when the human and the vehicle collide. This was an on-scene study of pedestrian accidents conducted during a 30-month period in the City of Buffalo and four key suburban jurisdictions. A total of 450 detailed investigations of pedestrian/motor vehicle accidents selected at random from the reported accidents were collected by a two-man investigation team operating from a mobile accident investigation van with the capability of monitoring police frequencies. KW - Casualties KW - Causes KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle investigations KW - New York (State) KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Sampling KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162916 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348755 JO - Nursing Research PB - American Journal of Nursing Company AU - Ford, A H AU - American Journal of Nursing Company TI - USE OF AUTOMOBILE RESTRAINING DEVICES FOR INFANTS PY - 1980/09 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - p. 281-284 AB - Use of crash-tested and approved restraining devices for infants was studied in relationship to parent's locus of control, knowledge scores, and demographic data. Of 66 mothers who provided complete data, 19 (29 percent) owned and made proper use of the devices. Thirty-four mothers (52 percent) owned devices but did not use them properly. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Infants KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328868 AU - Segal, D J AU - McGrath, M T AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR EVALUATION OF ROLLOVER TEST DEVICES PY - 1980/09 SP - 120 p. AB - The work reported is an extension of a previous analytical study of the FMVSS 208 Rollover Test Procedure with the primary objective of evaluating several rollover test device concepts for application to a 400 Series Rollover Standard. The effort included a review of 267 rollover accident cases from the pre-April 1978 NCSS data file, a review of available test results conducted in accordance with the FMVSS 208 Rollover Test Procedure, and analytical evaluations of two additional rollover test devices. It was concluded that a forced motion rollover test device which induces test vehicle chassis by an independent motion producing system offers the best promise of achieving repeatable rollover conditions across a spectrum of test vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Prevention KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Tests KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328846 AU - Lock, J R AU - Cook, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM (NASS) TEAM IN ASHLEY, CHICOT, DESHA, DREW, AND LINCOLN COUNTIES, ARKANSAS PY - 1980/09 SP - 86 p. AB - The report describes the establishment of a National Accident Sampling System (NASS) accident data collection team in the southeastern Arkansas counties of Ashley, Chicot, Desha, Drew, and Lincoln. The purpose of the NASS team is to collect accident data within the study area according to a systematic national sampling methodology. The report describes the study area, recruitment of team members, working arrangements with local authorities, internal quality control procedures, and sampling procedures. Results of the investigation are tabulated and recommendations for improving NASS are offered. KW - Arkansas KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328865 AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PASSIVE BELTS FOR DIFFERENT SIZE OCCUPANTS PY - 1980/09 SP - 272 p. AB - Three full-scale crash tests of Volkswagen Rabbit automobiles were performed to evaluate the safety performance of the passive belt restraint system equipped with the vertically adjustable upper belt anchor device. The crash tests included a 30 MPH flat barrier impact and two tests of Rabbits with adjustable belt anchors in full frontal and 50 percent offset car-to-car impacts with identical, baseline Rabbit automobiles at a closing speed of 60 MPH. Satisfactory performance of the adjustable anchor device was demonstrated in the tests. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Anchors KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Fasteners KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328234 AU - GARN, R AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WWU (WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY) VIKING VI INTEGRATED RESEARCH VEHICLE (IRV) CRASH TEST REPORT - TEST NO. 3056-3.1-41 MPH FLAT BARRIER FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1980/09 SP - 109 p. AB - The document presents the results of the WWU Viking VI IRV-into-fixed barrier crash test. The objective of this test was to evaluate the safety performance of the Viking VI and its occupant restraint systems in a head-on barrier crash at 40 mph. Calibrated Part 572 dummies were utilized as occupants to measure response for comparison with FMVSS 208 requirements. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327744 AU - Waller, P F AU - Li, L K AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS FOR A HEAVY VEHICLE LICENSING SYSTEM PY - 1980/09 SP - 239 p. AB - The project addressed the licensing requirements for drivers of heavy trucks and the feasibility of federal licensing of these drivers. Data analyses indicate that heavy trucks pose a problem, but many of the key questions cannot be adequately answered on the basis of available data. Although the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) and state regulatory authorities have responsibility for the qualification and monitoring of many of the drivers of concern, in actual practice they are unable in insure that all drivers are qualified. This situation underscores the need for an effective licensing and monitoring system. Licensing recommendations cover verifications of driver identity; medical requirements; vision, knowledge, and skills testing; and an interstate identification file that is checked whenever license is first issued in any state. It is recommended that existing state programs in licensing, records, and enforcement be used in establishing an effective licensing program. Federal Standards with enforceable sanctions will probably be necessary to encourage states to upgrade their programs. However, a cooperative state program should be far more effective and less costly than a federal licensing program. KW - Cooperation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Government policies KW - Information systems KW - Licenses KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Policy KW - Qualifications KW - Railroad tracks KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - State government KW - States KW - Truck drivers KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327745 AU - Baczynski, R AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLIANCE TEST FOR TRUCK REAR UNDERRIDE PROTECTION. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1980/09 SP - 50 p. AB - The objective of this program was to develop static and dynamic compliance test procedures for truck/trailer rear underride protection. As a result of this program, a static test facility and dynamic test device along with appropriate compliance test procedures were developed to test and evaluate rigid and energy-absorbing velocity-sensitive underride guards. A truck body simulator was also developed to effectively model the rear of truck/trailer bodies for mounting of selected guards during testing. The dynamic test device is an energy-absorbing honeycomb-faced bogey vehicle which simulates the front load/deflection characteristics of a typical current large car. This report summarizes the highlights of the tests of current small and large car-to-current production guards, ten car-to-rigid guard tests to determine the effects of speed, guard heights, car size, and impact mode on underride and occupant response, and two tests of a production energy-absorbing guard. Based on the results of the crash tests and engineering analyses, recommendations are presented for underride guard requirements and compliance test procedures. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326429 AU - Gagne, G AU - Bell, M AU - WALTER, R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASELINE FUEL ECONOMY AND EMISSIONS TESTS OF A CHRYSLER 1978, 225 CID ENGINE PY - 1980/09 SP - 46 p. AB - This document reports on baseline engine tests of a Chrysler 1978, 225 CID, six-cylinder engine. The tests were conducted in the Automotive Research Laboratory at the Transportation Systems Center. Test results presented herein are also filed on computer-based tapes (9-track ASC II). KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance evaluations KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326402 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES, THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 12, 1978 FORD 140 CID (2.3 LITERS), 2V PY - 1980/09 SP - 60 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Ford 140 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Dynamometers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance evaluations KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337936 AU - Zemp (WM) Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 55 MPH-INTERSTATE COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT TARGET AUDIENCE SEGMENTATION STUDY. TASK 2 PY - 1980/09 SP - 94 p. AB - The purpose of the 55 mph Interstate Communication Project was to develop communication strategies to promote voluntary compliance with the 55 mile-per-hour speed limit. The program was directed towards specific target groups in Florida, Alabama and Georgia using non-traditional communications channels. Driver attitudes and behavior relating to the 55 mile-per-hour speed limit were researched as well as motivations for speeding. Responses to a random sample telephone survey of 2000 residents provided clusters of speeders, each representing a group who share common demographic, attitudinal and emotional characteristics. KW - Alabama KW - Attitudes KW - Communications KW - Compliance KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Florida KW - Georgia KW - Highway transportation KW - Interviewing KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motivation KW - Publicity KW - Speed limits KW - Strategy KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328864 AU - Waller, P F AU - Li, L K AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS FOR A HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER LICENSING SYSTEM PY - 1980/09 SP - 240 p. AB - The project addressed the licensing requirements for drivers of heavy trucks and the feasibility of federal licensing of these drivers. Data analyses indicate that heavy trucks pose a problem, but many of the key questions cannot be adequately answered on the basis of available data. Although the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) and state regulatory authorities have responsibility for the qualification and monitoring of many of the drivers of concern, in actual practice they are unable to insure that all drivers are qualified. This situation underscores the need for an effective licensing and monitoring system. Licensing recommendations cover verifications of driver identity; medical requirements; vision, knowledge, and skills testing; and an interstate identification file that is checked whenever license is first issued in any state. It is recommended that existing state programs in licensing, records, and enforcement be used in establishing an effective licensing program. Federal standards with enforceable sanctions will probably be necessary to encourage states to upgrade their programs. However, a cooperative state program should be far more effective and less costly than a federal licensing program. KW - Cooperation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal government KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway transportation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379486 JO - AUTOCAR PB - HAYMARKET MAGAZINES LTD AU - Hutton, R AU - IPC Transport Press, Limited TI - DRIVING ON DRINK (ETHANOL AS MOTOR FUEL IN BRAZIL) PY - 1980/08/30 VL - 153 IS - 4368 SP - p. 27-29 AB - Brazil's National Alcohol Program, Proalcool, is a government policy mandated in November 1975 in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis. The country has minimal petroleum resources, and the price of imported oil has been a major contributor to its rampant inflation. Proalcool encompasses the provision of extra arable land, the financing of fermentation plants and distilleries, the transport of fuel, the production of alcohol-powered vehicles, and incentives for customers to convert from gasoline to alcohol. In 1977, the first stage of Proalcool was implemented by the addition of 20% anhydrous alcohol to gasoline; the full-scale use of 100% ethanol began in 1978 with public service vehicles in Sao Paulo. Today, 1500 sites throughout the country offer 100% ethanol fuel made from sugar cane. Just over half the price of gasoline, ethanol can be used by some 30,000 cars, many of which belong to government fleets. Alcohol-powered cars, produced by Fiat in its Belo Horizonte factory, became available to consumers in Apr 1980; their number is expected to reach 250,000 by the end of the year. By 1985, the intention is for all new cars in Brazil to be alcohol-fueled. Brazil would become the first country to fuel its ever-increasing vehicle population with a homegrown and renewable resource. A separate note discusses the phase separation problem of using alcohol fuel in diesel engines. Although Brazil bans diesel cars, there will be more diesel fuel available for commercial vehicles as demand for gasoline is reduced. KW - Consumers KW - Conversion KW - Developing countries KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Ethanol KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Financing KW - Motor fuels KW - Production KW - Public service vehicles KW - Transportation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380101 JO - Business Week PB - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - DETROIT'S NEW SALES PITCH. IS IT ON THE RIGHT ROAD? (AUTO INDUSTRY MARKETING STRATEGY) PY - 1980/08/22 IS - 2655 SP - 6 p. AB - In an effort to convince a highly skeptical public that their new small cars are just as well built as imports, U.S. automakers are using a marketing strategy which emphasizes quality. By this strategy, the domestic automobile industry is attempting to recapture its lost share of the small car market, but demand for small cars of any make far exceeds the industry's ability to meet it. Automakers and dealers are in the position of touting the few small cars available while continuing to interest customers in their outmoded intermediate and full-sized models (which represent some 60% of the industry's production capacity). Disastrously low sales of 1980 models seriously weakened many remaining dealers, most of whom are reluctant to stock up on 1981 models regardless of projected demand. Automakers are hoping that buyers perceive enough fuel economy improvement to be willing to buy all sizes of cars. Detroit's pricing structure is changing, with profits being focused on small cars; small car prices will rise as luxury car prices are cut. Almost every car introduced from now until 1985 will feature front-wheel drive, which gives the largest possible passenger space within a given exterior shell. The spread between wholesale and retail prices is being reduced, leaving dealers with less profit margin for larger cars. Despite the bleak sales outlook, the industry is expected to increase its advertising by 5%; Ford stresses an international market (the "world car") and Chrysler is appealing to patroitism (reducing imports by buying the K-cars). Dealers' advertising will probably be reduced due to financial pressures. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Marketing KW - Prices KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196574 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379480 JO - New York Times PB - New York Times Company AU - Cohen, B AU - New York Times Company TI - FUTURE BIKES PY - 1980/08/10 SP - 12 p. AB - An account (including color photographs) is given of revolutionary new bicycle concepts being developed by a cottage industry of engineers and entrepreneurs. These "Phase III" bicycles ("human-powered vehicles" or HPV's) will have greater speed and comfort than today's standard ("Phase 2") bicycle, and may represent a partial solution to the problem of clean, cost-effective urban transportation. The new vehicles may be built in two, three and four-seater styles. There could be functional and sporty models, single- and multiple-drive versions, high-torque types for hilly areas, and high-speed models for flat terrain. All will be low-slung, sleek, with three or more wheels, covered against the rain and heated against the cold, and will require less effort to pedal than the best two-wheeled ten-speed bikes. Spurring this escalation of research and development is the serious use of the bicycle for commuting, the result, for example, of New York City's recent transit strike. Although the technology is available, there is considerable reluctance by industry to tamper with the eminently successful Phase II bike, especially since the Phase III vehicle costs from $3000 to $5000 to build. The new bicycles will have the seats in the same plane as the pedals for more efficient use of body leverage and will incorporate lightweight shells or fairings for improved aerodynamic drag. One or more extra wheel(s) can provide stability. By 1985, it is envisioned that the commuter market will be large enough to support the first, genuine Phase III bikes. By 1990, the HPV's may have displaced the conventional bicycle, and by 2020, may have supplanted motor vehicles as the main means of inner-city personal transportation. KW - Bicycles KW - Comfort KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Development KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Motor vehicles KW - New systems KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transportation systems KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Speed KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic speed KW - Types KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196146 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376843 JO - Chemical and Engineering News PB - American Chemical Society AU - American Chemical Society TI - LASER IR (INFRARED) SYSTEM ACCURATELY ANALYZES AUTO EXHAUST GASES PY - 1980/08/04 VL - 58 IS - 31 SP - p. 27 AB - A laser IR (infrared) system has been developed at the General Motors Res. Labs. which can make rapid measurements of all species of interest in the exhaust gas stream (ammonia, hydrocarbons, and the oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen). This system has been realized through the advent of high-resolution, tunable IR laser diodes. The lifetime of the lead-salt IR laser diodes was extended by the following modifications: plating the "p-side" of the diode with thin layers of gold and indium; and sandwiching another thin layer of platinum between the gold and the indium to prevent indium diffusion. The GM lab now produces lead-salt IR lasers that remain stable for more than a year. To date, sulfuric acid vapor, methane, and carbon monoxide (CO) have been studied with the IR spectrometer equipped with the improved lasers. Controlling factors in sulfate emissions are found to be the fuel sulfur content and the catalyst temperature. Exhaust methane levels are higher (90 to 150 ppm) at idle or during deceleration and much lower (about 10 ppm) during acceleration at high speed. Excursions into lean and rich air/fuel conditions occur even when an engine is set for stoichiometric operation, and CO levels and conversion vary widely during these swings. KW - Automobiles KW - Catalysts KW - Chemical analysis KW - Exhaust gases KW - Infrared radiation KW - Lasers KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194849 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390534 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - WHAT'S WRONG WITH 55 MPH? AN INCREASINGLY VOCAL BAND OF CRITICS SAY: "PLENTY" PY - 1980/08 VL - 63 IS - 8 SP - p. 18-20 AB - Criticisms of the fifty-five mile per hour (55 mph) speed limit are noted. Although authorities within the Department of Transportation state that the 55 mph law conserves gasoline and makes highways safer, independent truckers oppose the limit and argue that it imposes additional burdens on them in terms of time and money. Some economists in the transportation field do not agree that the 55 mph limit saves fuel and they believe longer travel times more than cancel any other economic benefit. Certain critics indicate that the 55 mph limit may actually lead to less traffic safety. Costs associated with the limit concern enforcement (official manhours and paper work), expense to consumers due to higher shipping prices of goods handled by trucks, and cost to the average motorist in travel time. Some studies demonstrate that a decline in fatal accidents since the 55 mph limit was in force has occurred mainly in city streets where the changed speed limit does not apply. It is also argued by some that the observed reduction in traffic fatalities may stem from reduced driving in discretionary situations (e.g. fatigue, alcohol abuse, night driving, driving on rural roads, and during weekends and holidays) and from other factors unrelated to the 55 mph limit. Others feel that the 55 mph mandate prevents state and local authorities from adjusting traffic laws to obtain uniform traffic flow and greater traffic safety in local areas. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209903 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389622 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Estes, B AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - THE "GAS SAVERS," RIP-OFFS OR REMEDIES? PY - 1980/08 VL - 40 IS - 8 SP - 8 p. AB - The efficacy of installing gas saving devices on recreational vehicles is examined. Among the most common devices are properly designed exhaust headers which improve horsepower in a specific RPM range, usually without improving mileage. Although devices such as replacement intake manifolds have the potential for small fuel economy gains, manufacturers generally exaggerate claims. A company that has a product tested by a nationally known, independent testing laboratory commands more respect than a company who uses customer testimonials. For accurate checking of fuel economy, one should keep a log book, record significant parameters at the time of gasoline fill-up (fuel economy, weather conditions, driving conditions, and route), and compare figures for equivalent driving conditions and routes. Testing of the following motor home fuel saving devices is described: Super Saver Reactor, Cyclone headers, B and J overdrive, and Synthoil. KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel-saving devices KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209437 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380094 JO - Simulation PB - Simulation Councils, Incorporated AU - Smith, P J AU - Keith, T G AU - Simulation Councils, Incorporated TI - SIMULATION OF AN OIL-PUMPING RING SEAL FOR A STIRLING ENGINE PY - 1980/08 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - p. 49-60 AB - Rolling diaphragm seals are currently used to separate the working fluid (hydrogen under high pressure) from the lubricating fluid (oil at atmospheric pressure) in the Stirling engine; the large pressure difference across these seals leads to fatigue and failure. In a study of the use of a pumping ring to maintain an oil reservoir on the low-pressure side of the seal, a mathematical model was developed to simulate operation of a pumping ring, taking into account the axially symmetric, unsteady flow in the fluid domain coupled with the elastic distortion of the solid ring. A computer program was developed for solving the mathematical model using finite differences in the fluid domain and finite element methods in the solid (pumping ring) domain. Excellent agreement was found between simulation results and analytical solutions for limiting cases. The model was used to investigate the effects of changing various ring parameters such as the ring geometry, ring material, rod size and speed, O-ring location, crown spring, and interference fit. These parameters and the assumption regarding the thermodynamic process (isothermal or adiabatic) all affect the computed volume of oil pumped. KW - Computer programs KW - Hydrogen KW - Lubricating oils KW - Mathematical models KW - Oil pumping ring seal KW - Pressure KW - Stirling engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379668 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE SECOND COLLISION (INJURY PREVENTION BY SEAT BELT USE) PY - 1980/08 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - When a car suddenly turns or stops in a collision (the "first collision"), the passenger's body continues until it collides with a part of the car (the injury-producing "second collision"). The seat belt absorbs the shock of sudden deceleration, and spreads the force of the collision over the body parts that can best withstand it. When an occupant is unrestrained, a large amount of force is applied to a small area, causing severe injuries or death. For the belted occupant, the force is spread over the entire chest and on the abdomen across the strong pelvic bones. The belt not only increases the area but also lengthens the time of impact absorption. Head injuries especially, combined with internal chest and abdominal injuries, account for 85% of fatal injuries. Seat belts are designed to protect the body from hitting interior car parts that produce these injuries (steering assembly, windshield and frame, side, roof, and instrument panel). If worn alone, the lap belt allows the body to bend forward in a front-end collision and hit the steering wheel and dashboard; this problem is eliminated by the shoulder belt. The belt reel has a ratchet that locks up in an emergency; one type is sensitive to car movements, the other to belt movements. In addition to making sure their children are restrained, parents should set the example by always buckling up. It is a widely held myth that a person can brace himself against the second collision and that he can protect a child seated in his lap. KW - Absorption KW - Attenuation (Physics) KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems KW - Secondary crashes KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379649 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - BUTTON, K J AU - FOWKES, A S AU - PEARMAN, A D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DISAGGREGATE AND AGGREGATE CAR OWNERSHIP FORECASTING IN GREAT BRITAIN PY - 1980/08 VL - 14A IS - 4 SP - p. 263-273 AB - It is argued that the variable "cars per household," as well as the proportion of households owning more than a given number of cars, should be modeled by sigmoid functions with finite saturation levels. A summary and critique are provided of the Regional Hwy. Traffic Model Proj. car ownership group. Its approach, like that of most local level transportation studies, uses a "micro" method, relating car ownership to a set of causal variables. Problems relating to choice of functional form, interaction of effects, and the usefulness of the explanatory variable "car purchasing income" (CPI) are discussed. The CPI variable is considered unacceptable on theoretical and practical grounds and it is considered unnecessary, since other variables can be found which relate to a simple time trend. The concept of a saturation level is analyzed, with a caution against using external data to determine this parameter when the true functional form of the car ownership growth path is unknown. Transport and Road Res. Lab. (TRRL) work on car ownership in the U.K. is discussed, including its limitations. Reworked data for the period 1953-1974 yield the conclusion that no evidence exists that growth in this period has been nonlogistic. This implies that previous overcalculations by TRRL were the result of incorrect parameter estimates rather than the choice of the wrong model form. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196260 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379671 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - COOLING SYSTEMS FOR ALL SEASONS (CAR ENGINES) PY - 1980/08 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 22-26 AB - The standard engine cooling system is described, and the action of coolant mixtures is explained in relation to freezing/boiling temperatures. Cooling system preventive maintenance is discussed: maintaining the correct coolant level; checking for leaks; examining the radiator pressure cap; if available, using a pressure analyzer to do a complete system check; and inspecting hose and drive belt condition. After these items have been examined and necessary servicing completed, the most productive preventive maintenance job can be undertaken, i.e. the annual drain, flush, and refill. As an alternative to the old method of draining and flushing (opening all drain plugs on a hot engine and flushing with a hose), the new "hassle-free" system is suggested (using a flushing kit which sells for about $2). Steps are outlined in refilling the system. Cooling system items to carry in the trunk in case of an emergency are mentioned. A safety tip is provided: do not open hot radiator caps. KW - Automobiles KW - Coolants KW - Cooling systems KW - Flushing KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Preventive maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379492 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Craig, G B AU - National Safety Council TI - 55 M.P.H.--SHOULD WE KEEP TRYING? PY - 1980/08 VL - 80 IS - 8 SP - 5 p. AB - The compliance/law enforcement history of the fifty-five mile per hour national speed limit in California is statistically described. Despite the speed limit's fuel conservation and life-saving benefits, the majority of drivers exceed it. The measure of the enforcement effort, i.e., citations, has remained fairly constant since 1974 (enactment of the 55 mph law) despite attritional losses of Highway Patrol officers. To counterbalance the manpower shortage, attempts have been made to increase enforcement capability through acquisition of such equipment as radar and aircraft, as well as to implement more public awareness campaigns. In view of the fact that 22,000 violators go unapprehended for every driver cited for speeding, the public must accept some responsibility for its own actions. More support of the 55 mph speed limit is required by Federal, state, and local governments. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Aircraft KW - Compliance KW - Deployment KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Police KW - Radar KW - Speed limits KW - State government KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379488 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Shepard, D AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - A DANGEROUS MAGIC. "HARMONY" ON THE ROAD: MOTORCYCLES VS. AUTOS PY - 1980/08 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - Four inherently dangerous features of a motorcycle are instability, less than half the traction of a car, no collision protection, and low visibility. In 1979, 10% of all fatal traffic accidents in the United States involved motorcycles, which represent only 3% of the total vehicle population. Another important factor in motorcycle safety is the irrational, hostile feeling that many drivers have toward motorcyclists. With a motorcycle or bicycle in the road ahead, some motorists have a tendency to tailgate. Mutual respect between motorist and motorcyclist is recommended. KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Psychological aspects KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379517 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Craus, J AU - Polus, A AU - Grinberg, I AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A REVISED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENCIES PY - 1980/08 VL - 14A IS - 4 SP - p. 241-246 AB - Two current approaches to determining passenger car equivalencies (PCE), equivalencies of large-size vehicles in terms of passenger cars, are reviewed. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM, 1965), uses the relative number of passings that would be performed for a unit length of highway if each vehicle (the passing one and the overtaken one) continued at its regular speed. The PCE factor, considered for a traffic stream consisting of passenger cars and one truck, is obtained by the ratio of the number of passings of that truck to that of one car. An approach suggested by Guinn, Reilly, and Seifert (1970) is based on headways of cars and trucks. A revised model for the calculation of PCE is suggested and evaluated. This model considers the actual traffic delays caused by trucks and opposing traffic. Comparison of the new method with the HCM reveals similar main tendencies and fluctuation of PCE values, as a function of level of service and truck speed. For slow truck speeds, however, the values proposed by the new model are significantly lower, reflecting more closely the actual disturbance and delay caused by trucks as well as consideration of traffic in the opposite lane of rural highways. KW - Automobiles KW - Headways KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Level of service KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Passing KW - Ratios KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196168 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379515 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Gordon, P AU - Theobald, P M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - URBAN TRANSIT SUBSIDIES AND VANPOOLING PY - 1980/08 VL - 14A IS - 4 SP - p. 229-234 AB - Traditional subsidy arguments made by the U.S. urban transit industry are reviewed. Declining ridership and rising per passenger costs damage many of these arguments. A Southern California vanpool experience is described; data are utilized from a survey of vanpool participants concerning their attitudes about the program, miles traveled, and other related impacts. Of the survey respondents, 77% considered the vanpool a safer means of transportation, 96% considered it an energy saving measure, 65% reported money savings, and 44% reported time savings. All previous carpoolers and 78% of those surveyed considered vanpooling more reliable than carpooling. It is suggested that this paratransit mode justifies subsidies based on the value of external economics (reduced congestion and pollution), whereas the traditional economic subsidy arguments may not be valid for conventional transit. KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Economic factors KW - Paratransit services KW - Ridership KW - Subsidies KW - Surveys KW - Urban transportation KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379490 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Berkey, B AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - THOSE "TERRIBLE, TAINTED TROUBLESOME TEENAGERS" (TRAFFIC SAFETY) PY - 1980/08 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 8 p. AB - Contrary to current criticism directed at today's youth, indications are that teenagers are actively taking part in traffic safety, not only by heroic deeds but by driving behavior and attitudes. Most teenagers are not the proverbial "terrors" of the highways; they are aware of the dangers of reckless speeding and adhere to the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit. Increasing numbers of young drivers are devoting more time to their schoolwork instead of to their cars. Young drivers are showing a growing respect for other motorists, especially the elderly. There has been a noticeable decrease in teenage drinking while driving. Teenagers really want to become responsible citizens, and to take part in any general education that aims at enriching their lives, such as driver training. Recent findings by the Allstate Insurance Companies reveal that trained young drivers have half as many accidents as their untrained counterparts. Unfortunately, teenage involvement in safety is not given the publicity it deserves. Parental supervision and regulation of driving privileges are recommended. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196155 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379483 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - DAY OF THE K (CHRYSLER K-CAR) PY - 1980/08 VL - 154 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - Serviceability was given top priority for the first time in the design of Chrysler's K-cars, the Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant. While front-wheel drive, transverse engine cars have earned a reputation as difficult to service, these new cars appear easy to work on when equipped with the new, Chrysler designed and built, 2.2 litre four-cylinder engine, designed specifically for transverse mounting. The engine has minimal overall length and almost all auxiliary components are forward mounted. All fasteners are metric and only three gaskets (head, combination intake/exhaust, and fuel pump) are used in the engine. Head bolts, connecting rod bolts, and main cap bolts are tightened with a special fixture that measures both torque and bolt strength. The 2.2 is available in an automatic and a new four-speed, manual transaxle, each of which can be removed from below the car without removing any structural members. The K-car features Iso Strut (McPherson strut) front suspension and coil spring rear suspension with remote shock absorbers and a beam axle. All the chassis components mount on a full unibody; serviceability features include adjustable camber (up to two degrees), greasable ball joints, and ball joint wear indicators. Clutch linkage is self-adjusting as are the air conditioning and heater cables. KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Engines KW - Front wheel drive KW - K-cars KW - Serviceability KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379516 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Wadhwa, L C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF ENERGY DEMAND FOR PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1980/08 VL - 14A IS - 4 SP - p. 235-240 AB - The demand for gasoline for passenger car travel is identified as the most crucial aspect of energy policy in Australia. A qualitative as well as quantitative analysis is presented to explore the energy-saving potential of various measures for reducing travel demand and making travel more energy efficient. A computer simulation model was developed to assess future automobile fuel demand in Australia in response to a variety of assumptions about social, economic, technological, and policy variables. It is concluded that passenger travel demand is less likely to be contained but that a combination of conservation and efficiency measures (shift to public transport and more efficient automobiles) can significantly reduce the energy intensity, thereby controlling the gasoline demand in the next 25 years to present consumption levels. KW - Automobiles KW - Demand KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Public transit KW - Simulation KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379518 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - BRIGGS, D AU - BRUNO, L AU - Levin, G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN ANALYSIS OF U.S. NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION POLICY ALTERNATIVES PY - 1980/08 VL - 14A IS - 4 SP - p. 255-261 AB - The conflicting values and needs of transportation providers, users, and investors are analyzed in terms of four public policy alternatives which would each alter the transportation system to correspond to the values of a particular subset of interest groups. Thirteen values are defined: economic efficiency, safety, individual mobility/entrepreneurial independence, enhanced environment, enhanced service, energy conservation, equity, assistance to transportation disadvantaged, economic development, national defense, facilitated international trade, local sovereignty, and improved social development. Thirteen transportation groups are identified: transportation equipment suppliers, shippers, transportation disadvantaged, labor organizations, transportation companies (management), investors, small businesses, commuters, business travelers, leisure/nonbusiness travel, small rural communities, the military, and urban communities. The four alternate policies are: maintenance of the present system, elimination of government involvement, elimination of regulation but continuation of promotion and subsidies by the government, and nationalization of all transportation services. It is concluded that no single policy is of direct benefit to all participants and that transportation policies should change to meet changing conditions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Community values KW - Deregulation KW - Governments KW - Groups KW - National transportation study KW - Ownership KW - Public transit KW - Social values KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation policy KW - Transportation system analysis KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379572 AU - Donavan, P R AU - Flynn, D R AU - Yaniv, S L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE CRITERIA STUDY: OUTDOOR/INDOOR NOISE ISOLATION PY - 1980/08 SP - 180 p. AB - This report documents a series of measurements of the outdoor-to-indoor noise isolation provided by nine houses in the Washington, DC, area. These measurements were carried out as part of a large research program developed to identify and quantify the important physical parameters which affect human response to time-varying traffic noise and to investigate various procedures for rating such noise so as to enable reliable predictions of subjective response to the noise. While a small truck was driven past each test house, simultaneous recordings were made of the sound level at three outdoor microphones and at four indoor microphones (three of which were positioned at representative listener positions). These recordings were analyzed to yield one-third octave band sound levels as functions of time and from these levels outdoor-to-indoor level differences were computed. Analyses are given of the influence of different experimental variables. It is found that microphone placement, both indoors and outdoors, is the major source of measurement uncertainty. The data from this study are in good agreement with sound isolation data reported in the literature for houses in colder climates. KW - Forecasting KW - Ratings KW - Subjective analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Traffic noise KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192544 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379482 JO - Motor AU - Yarborough, J AU - Hearst Books TI - VIEWPOINT (AUTOMOBILE FUTURE) PY - 1980/08 VL - 154 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-23 AB - Government regulators of the auto industry are criticized for being overzealous and unrealistic, and motor vehicle regulations are considered to be incompletely researched and vaguely written. It is felt that regulators are blind to the history of progress, issuing regulations for solving problems 25 years in the future based on present knowledge. Issue is taken with the wide media exposure of government complaints, justified or not, about the auto industry. The free marketplace and the free enterprise system are seen in jeopardy if the regulatory decisions of the government continue to go unchallenged. A call is made to the American worker to speak out against the bureaucracy and to challenge unjustified regulations. KW - Automobile industry KW - Federal government KW - Free enterprise system KW - Government intervention KW - Regulation KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379095 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Patel, A C AU - BYERS, J T AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - INFLUENCE OF TREAD GRADE CARBON BLACKS, AT OPTIMUM LOADINGS, ON COMPOUND PROPERTIES PY - 1980/08 VL - 112 IS - 8 SP - 8 p. AB - Experiments were performed to evaluate specific tread grade carbon blacks using capillary rheometry techniques and to delineate the optimum carbon black properties and/or loadings in terms of abrasion resistance, hysteresis, and processability. The optimum loadings were found to be dependent upon carbon black structural properties, as measured by void volume, and nitrogen surface area. Abrasion resistance tended to improve in optimum loaded compounds as carbon black surface area increased or particle size decreased. Differences in die swell hysteretic properties were not significant between carbon blacks compounded at optimum loadings, except for the energy loss term from rotary power loss data. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Carbon black KW - Chemical properties KW - Dissipation KW - Evaluation KW - Hysteresis KW - Optimization KW - Processing KW - Rheometers KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379115 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - LEASORS RECOMMEND CONTINUED DOWNSIZING FOR 1981 MODEL YEAR PY - 1980/08 VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - 7 p. AB - Published recommendations by the following automobile leasing companies are highlighted concerning fleet selection in the 1981 model year: Automotive Rentals, Inc.; Avis; Gambles C&M Leasing; Geico Fleet & Management Services Co.; Genway; Leaseway System Corp.; Lend Lease; Peterson, Howell & Heather; and U.S. Fleet Leasing. All leasing companies, although they take different approaches to new-model recommendations, stress economy in both fuel consumption and overall operating costs. The fleet car for 1981 will be smaller than its predecessor; it will have less power, smaller exterior size, and lower fuel consumption. These factors along with more trim, options, and accessories will result in higher resale values and lower overall costs. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Corporations KW - Downsizing KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Leasing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379116 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - PROPANE FINDS APPLICATION AS ALTERNATE FUEL FOR FLEETS PY - 1980/08 VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - 4 p. AB - Two letters from the propane industry are presented in response to an article in the May 1980 "Automotive Fleet" concerning fleet use of alternate fuels. Issue is taken with some of the facts and figures used in discussing propane as a fuel for fleet operations. The president of Procal (Newport Beach, California) refutes negative comments made about propane in terms of price, availability, and vehicle range, and cites the advantages of propane (lower cost, and less engine wear and tear, maintenance, and pollutants) which outweigh a 10%-15% reduction in fuel economy. The communications director of National LG-Gas Associates (Oak Brook, Ill.) lists the principal advantages of propane engine fuel: high octane with no lead or other additives, cleaner burning, lower operating costs, simple and completely sealed fuel system, less vehicle down time, and excellent safety record. Also mentioned are the abundant supply of propane both domestically and world-wide and its proven record of efficiency and economy. KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379086 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - DETROIT DIESEL'S "FUEL PINCHER": A 100 PERCENT IMPROVEMENT PY - 1980/08 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - A new Detroit Diesel "Fuel Pincher" engine, designed as a fuel-saving substitute for gasoline engines in medium-duty trucks, is now available from GMC, Chevrolet, and Ford dealers. Priced considerably lower than traditional heavy-duty truck diesels, the 8.2-litre V-8 offers fuel economy savings up to 100%. The engine also features advanced technology in the control of noise and exhaust emissions and comes with a 50,000-mile/24-month warranty. Available in naturally aspirated and turbocharged versions, Fuel Pinchers are rated at 165 and 205 brake hp. at 3000 rpm. Unit fuel injectors are standard, providing individual control and precise fuel metering, eliminating high pressure fuel lines, and allowing simplified servicing. Freestanding cylinder walls in the engine block allow complete isolation of the upper cylinder walls from the block casting for reduced weight, better noise control, and improved cooling. The outer block wall has a serpentine shape to add strength and reduce noise. The skirtless design of the block further contributes to noise and weight reduction. The cylinder heads are designed for durability, and the exhaust ports for optimum exhaust expansion. The air intake system offers optimum combustion efficiency while the "swirlfire" combustion chamber provides good fuel economy and performance with low emissions. Aluminum alloy pistons, designed to minimize contraction and expansion, result in reduced piston slap as well as improved combustion and oil control. The Fuel Pinchers are produced at Detroit Diesel Allison's new 473,000 foot plant located on the Romulus Complex near Detroit. Advanced manufacturing techniques are used to help contain production costs. KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy conservation KW - Engine efficiency KW - Engines KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel pincher engine KW - Gasoline engines KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Manufacturing KW - Medium duty trucks KW - New systems KW - Savings KW - Substitutes KW - Technological innovations KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195958 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379101 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - LITTLE ENGINES GET BIG PRODUCTION PUSH PY - 1980/08 VL - 160 IS - 8 SP - p. 40-44 AB - General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler are preparing to refurbish or construct new engine plants to meet four-cylinder engine demand and emissions control requirements. To demonstrate the different manufacturing philosophies and describe the degree of automation at Pontiac's, Ford's Dearborn, and Chrysler's Trenton engine plants, five basic operations are examined in detail: main bearing and crankshaft installation, piston installation, head installation, cold test, and hot test. Ford prefers to test automatically as far upstream as possible, relaying test information to a central computer. Chrysler follows the same procedure, but less often, and relays only what it considers critical information. The GM plant has no central computer, most of its testing being done manually. Quality control is emphasized in all plants. Age and capital investment are the main factors differentiating the plants. Ford and Chrysler plants were completed in 1980, but Ford invested more than twice as much money to produce only one-third more engines. The Pontiac plant is conventional. In a separate note, the booming business of computerized test stands is reported via comments from the manufacturers. KW - Air quality management KW - Automation KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Compact automobiles KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Gasoline engines KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Industrial plants KW - Information processing KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379103 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Mullins, P J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - EUROPE SWINGS TO NEW PAINTING METHODS (AUTOMOTIVE FINISHES) PY - 1980/08 VL - 160 IS - 8 SP - p. 56-58 AB - New body finishing techniques being adopted by the European automakers are reviewed. The major development is the conversion to cathodic dipping for applying primer coats in order to give a more durable coating and better corrosion resistance. The cathodic method is up to 50% more expensive, but its economics will improve with time. A significant breakthrough in Europe is the development of a cathodic method for applying a white primer; the process was previously restricted to black. This could lead to one-coat finishes, if not for car bodies, for domestic appliances, automotive components, and off-highway applications. For finish coatings, the important trend is toward "base and clear" system to produce more glamorous metallic effects. These systems need longer spray booths, reduced line speed, and pose the environmental problem of evaporating more solvent. An alternative is Minsand, a sealer coat with a much higher sheen than normal. Powder coating is the fastest growing sector of the European finishing market. Already fairly well established for automotive parts (e.g. wheels, bumpers, grilles) and commercial vehicle chassis members, it is now being applied to car bodies. Fiat's combination of cathodic and powder techniques reverses the third and fourth stages of the complete finishing process and involves the use of robots. A separate note describes Nissan's (Japan) pickup truck plant at Kyushu where solid color coats are being applied with the powder coating method. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Cathodic coating, process KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Durability KW - Finishes KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Painting KW - Powders KW - Prime coats KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Seal coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195971 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379085 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Turner, R AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR HANDICAPPED PASSENGERS (SCHOOL BUSES) PY - 1980/08 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - Either or both of two strategies may be used for integrating handicapped students with adaptive equipment requirements onto regularly or specially equipped vehicles: adapting the student to the available transportation system, and modifying the transportation system to adapt to student needs. Special educators, drivers, and parents all can provide essential training for handicapped students to develop appropriate transportation-related skills. In addition to the passenger, the driver is the primary adaptive transportation service provider. The driver must be trained and fully informed to understand the individual adaptations passengers require during transit and to meet those needs with the student's own efforts to assist himself. On regularly equipped buses, provision must be made for the passenger's personal adaptive equipment such as crutches, canes, walkers, braces, artificial limbs, special shoes, hearing aids, long canes, and headgear. Students in wheelchairs and those with severely limited mobility require specially equipped vehicles with any or all of the following equipment: special service door, power lift, stanchions, fastening devices for wheelchairs, wider aisles, special seats, seat belts or harnesses, and storage provisions. With adaptations made by the handicapped person himself during transit and with informed, caring drivers willing to accommodate individual needs, most vehicles do not require specialized equipment. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Driver training KW - Needs assessment KW - Passengers KW - Persons with disabilities KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - User needs KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195957 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379094 JO - ENGINEERING PB - GILLARD WELCH LIMITED AU - Scott, A AU - Design Council TI - THE NO-OIL ENGINE PY - 1980/08 VL - 220 IS - 8 SP - p. 872-875 AB - A low-maintenance contained-oil (LMCO) two-stroke engine prototype developed by Richard Kinnersly is described (including specifications), with future developments indicated. The engine, with a bore and stroke of two in. produces about two bhp at 3000 rpm, using an air-fan brake. The crankshaft runs in ball bearings with garter seals of nitrile rubber at either end to contain the oil. Great attention has been paid to airflow around the fins of the cylinder block as heat removal is vital. For the prototype LMCO, coil ignition is used, but a sealed magneto system has been designed for production models. The engine can run on unleaded low-octane gasoline. There are no exhaust particulates and low nitrous emissions; the mechanical noise is low. Fuel economy is superior to that of conventional industrial engines. Engine damage or failure due to lubricant errors of type or quantity is eliminated, as well as most servicing and maintenance. KW - Containing equipment KW - Containment KW - Energy conservation KW - Engine oils KW - Exhaust gases KW - Performance based specifications KW - Prototypes KW - Specifications KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195964 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379096 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Agee, R D AU - Pigott, W T AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - NYLON TIRE CORD HEAT SETTING PY - 1980/08 VL - 112 IS - 8 SP - p. 28-34 AB - A mathematical description of the nylon tire cord heat setting process was derived from a statistically designed experiment. Explicit expressions were developed for each of six responses (dependent variables) as functions of three heat-setting conditions (independent variables) using univariate multiple regression methods. The six cord properties are breaking strength, ultimate elongation, 20 lb. elongation, denier, shrinkage, and ultimate tenacity. The three heat-setting factors are second-zone (stretch) temperature, third-zone (relaxation) temperature, and percent stretch (second zone). In an elementary application of the model, much lower than anticipated cord property changes resulted from imposed heat-setting condition changes; confidence bounds for individual determinations were wide. A large portion of the cord property excursions is attributed to causes other than heat setting. Although not explored, working backwards to estimate heat-setting conditions corresponding to predetermined cord property values should be possible. Cord properties of competitive 6.6 nylons should be predictable by these equations, but not type 6 nylon. Shrinkage is more readily affected by temperature and stretch than other measured responses. Simultaneous solution of all six equations to estimate heat-setting conditions for combinations of predetermined cord property values is not considered. Response surfaces are the preferred mode for exploring model equations and for making various case studies. Results are displayed graphically in the form of computer generated contour plots. KW - Computer aided design KW - Heat treatment KW - Mathematical models KW - Metal heating KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Nylon KW - Nylon tires KW - Physical properties KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tire cords KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195966 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379102 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - McCann, M K AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - NEW EMISSIONS TEST SHEDS NONESSENTIALS PY - 1980/08 VL - 160 IS - 8 SP - p. 51-53 AB - An innovative evaporative testing apparatus has been developed by F. D. Farnam Company and Beckman Instruments for measuring emissions from gasketed joints. The device, which can isolate and test specific components, and can check quality control on gasket materials, carburetors, and even air conditioning compressors, consists of three basic components: the test chamber where the test cell (e.g. carburetor) is placed, the center sample handling cabinet, and the Beckman 400 hydrocarbon analyzer. The sealed carburetor (for example) is isolated in the temperature-controlled chamber with a known hydrocarbon (HC) content. Temperature is set at the approximate degree of engine shutoff. Gasoline vapor enters the carburetor where it is measured for cubic centimeters of flow (at both input and output). A separate outlet draws off the chamber's HC to a burn unit where the analyzer measures the emissions' ions to less than .5 ppm. Any increase over the chamber's original count equals the carburetor's emissions. When the apparatus is used to measure the leakage of specific gasketed regions, the carburetor is sealed with an adhesive in every gasket area except the one to be tested. KW - Air compressors KW - Air quality management KW - Carburetors KW - Evaporative emission control KW - Evaporative emissions KW - Gaskets KW - Pollutants KW - Quality control KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379114 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SPARE TIRES TO DISAPPEAR WITH RUN-FLAT TECHNOLOGY PY - 1980/08 VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - p. 21-23 AB - Run-flat and self-sealing tires are discussed as weight-saving replacements for the spare tire. Currently, Dunlop alone offers a run-flat tire, the Denovo 2, with sales confined to the European market. The low profile outline and thick sidewall construction (increased stiffness) enable the tire to support itself without air. A special rim with positive-bead locking feature ("Denloc") prevents the tire from being dislodged from the wheel in case of a puncture. A deflated Denovo driven 68.5 hours at an average speed of 52 mph has shown only minimal wear. Firestone's version of the run-flat, the Advanced Concept Tire (ACT), is still being evaluated. Should a flat occur, the ACT would settle down into the wheel rim; it can be driven smoothly and safely after going flat up to 50 miles. The wheel rides on the reinforced "shoulders" of the tire. Currently under development are driver warning systems for low air pressure which are necessary for the widespread use of run-flat technology. Uniroyal is offering a self-sealing tire as an option on some General Motors models. In separate sections, a Firestone list of 11 typical misconceptions about tires is presented, and comments are provided on the Department of Energy sponsored demonstration projects of converting old tires into energy and useful products. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Development KW - Drivers KW - Inflation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Run flat tires KW - Self sealing tires KW - Spare parts KW - Spare tires KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Types of tires KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379083 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - GASOHOL MAY NOT BE THE ANSWER. (INTERVIEW WITH RICHARD A. LANCIONI) PY - 1980/08 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - p. 32-33 AB - An associate professor of marketing and logistics in the Temple University School of Business Administration states that although gasohol saves fuel, it costs more to produce, damages vehicles using it, does not improve mileage significantly, is not easy to produce, and would require a multi-billion dollar investment for significant development. An annual production of 100 billion gallons of gasohol would require a $25 billion private/government investment. Gasohol frequently costs three to five cents more per gal. than unleaded gasoline because of higher production costs. It provides a slight mileage increase in older vehicles, but newer vehicles do better on unleaded gasoline. This alternative fuel reduces pollution only negligibly. Beside the question of how much of a petroleum conservation margin gasohol will yield, there are concerns about raw material supplies and distillery availability. Preliminary tests have shown that gasohol can deteriorate the rubber seals in a car's fuel system. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Fuel systems KW - Gasohol KW - Loss and damage KW - Mileage KW - Production control KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195956 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376873 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FLYWHEEL/ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLE STUDIED PY - 1980/08 VL - 88 IS - 8 SP - p. 73-77 AB - British investigators concluded that the range and usefulness of urban delivery vans can be extended by combining electric propulsion with flywheel energy storage. The introduction of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and flywheel allows smaller motors but adds bulk, weight, and cost while boosting battery life. Advanced batteries can enhance the future of electric vehicles without eliminating hybrid propulsion needs. Complex microprocessor-based control schemes are possible, their level of sophistication being determined by economics rather than technical feasibility. The findings of many research and development programs seeking more suitable batteries for electric vehicles indicate the prudence of examining alternative means of achieving desired performance levels using conventional batteries. One obvious approach is the introduction of an auxiliary power source to provide peak power for vehicle acceleration. If a flywheel is used as the auxiliary power source, a CVT is needed to match it to the vehicle. To be effective, the CVT must have a wide ratio, be easily controlled, have high efficiency, and have bidirectional torque capability to allow regenerative braking. Although CVT is also required when using hydraulic accumulators, this storage form limits transmission choice to a configuration incorporating hydrostatic drive. CVT selection guides are discussed, as well as criteria for propulsion system selection and operation, CVT system specifications, and computer simulation of flywheel energy storage. It is shown that optimum flywheel capacity is a function of duty cycle and that a flywheel with a capacity greater than 0.5 kW/hr would give an extended range for a vehicle operating on an incline. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy storage systems KW - Flywheels KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Light trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194858 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371199 JO - Money PB - Time Incorporated AU - Main, J AU - Time Incorporated TI - AUTOS THAT ALMOST CARE FOR THEMSELVES PY - 1980/08 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 4 p. AB - The 1980 model year cars are characterized by easier and less frequent maintenance requirements, with Ford's subcompact Lynx and Escort requiring an oil change only after each 10,000 mi. and one hr. of scheduled maintenance a year for the first 50,000 mi. Chrysler and General Motors still recommend 7500-mi. oil change intervals, but both are following the reduced-maintenance trend. At increased maintenance intervals, lubrication specialists warn against risk of engine damage under such conditions as short-distance city driving in cold weather. Some manufacturers specify conditions which require shortened servicing intervals. With the new electronic engine controls, maintenance is simplified. Extra efforts are being made to train and update mechanics so that an engine can be tuned easily. With onboard computers in most new cars, a mechanic can make an accurate diagnosis via a simple readout device attached to a few engine points. Beginning with 1981 models, manufacturers must give a five-yr., 50,000-mi. guarantee on emission control system Other innovations contributing to easier maintenance include more corrosion resistant body panels, permanently lubricated ball joints/wheel bearings, permanently adjusted clutches/hydraulic valves, 40,000-mi. radial tires, and more easily serviced brakes. Automakers are striving to make front-wheel drive cars easier to repair, as reflected in lower insurance premiums. The standard one-yr. warranty is unchanged, although extended service contracts are optional (but not necessary if a car is well maintained). Longer servicing intervals make regular maintenance by car owners imperative. Rustproofing and paint sealing options on new cars and tips on finding a reliable auto mechanic are covered in separate notes. KW - Automobiles KW - Computers KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mobile computing KW - On board computers KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Reduced maintenance KW - Reliability KW - Schedules KW - Service frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371196 JO - Money PB - Time Incorporated AU - Time Incorporated TI - GETTING THE MOST FROM YOUR CAR PY - 1980/08 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - p. 32-33 AB - Consumers are emphasizing value, quality, and longevity in their new-car purchases while the U.S. auto industry is facing a critical transition period which will lead to better productivity and increased competition. Car sales are down 23% to the lowest level in 22 years. Automakers must raise $75 billion in the next five years to redesign production lines for smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. In the next decade, most Americans will be buying four-cylinder, front-wheel drive cars. More multinational ventures are expected; except for General Motors, U.S. automakers need the technical and financial aid of foreign companies, and the foreign firms need to keep an open access to U.S. markets. Chrysler and Ford, along with the United Automobile Workers, have asked for protection against foreign imports (which have a 21.7% market share). Such protectionism, although offering short-term benefits to the automakers, would hurt consumers. The labor market would also suffer, since many American jobs depend on exports fostered by free trade. With reduced import quotas, new-car prices would rise and consumers would have to buy less fuel-efficient domestic models. To date, a 25% tariff has been imposed on light trucks from Japan, and the Japanese government has been advised of the U.S. interest in "voluntary" restraints on exports. Auto sales may begin to recover as Detroit introduces its smaller 1981 cars to compete with the imports. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Competition KW - Consumers KW - Forecasting KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - International relations KW - Protectionism KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371198 JO - Money PB - Time Incorporated AU - Edgerton, J AU - Time Incorporated TI - DETROIT THINKS SMALLER AND SMALLER (1981 MODEL COMPACT AND SUBCOMPACT CARS) PY - 1980/08 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 4 p. AB - The passenger car market for the 1981 model year is forecast, with U.S. automakers offering the broadest range of compacts and subcompacts to date. The cars will have front wheel drive (fwd) and will provide 25 to 30 mpg in city driving and an extra 10 to 15 mpg on the highway. The fwd shortens a car without sacrificing interior room. Prices will increase about 10% on the new high-mileage models, but only 1% to 2% on models that are continuations of older lines. The introductory price is likely to be the best, with car loans more available and interest rates lower. Some full-size 1980 models, even a few 1979's, will be available, possibly at large discounts. Details are provided on the individual models being offered by Chrysler, Ford, General Motors (GM), American Motors-Renault, and importers (Volkswagen, Honda, Toyota, Datsun, Peugeot, Mazda, and DeLorean). A separate note describes recent developments in batteries for electric vehicle use: Gulf & Western's zinc-chlorine battery with a 200-mi. range and 200,000-mi. life, and GM's nickel oxide battery (100-mi. range and 30,000-mi. life). KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Compact automobiles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Front wheel drive KW - Frozen soils KW - Fuel consumption KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Imports KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371197 JO - Money PB - Time Incorporated AU - Bohr, P AU - Time Incorporated TI - ARE IMPORTS REALLY BETTER? (AMERICAN VS. FOREIGN CARS) PY - 1980/08 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 6 p. AB - Comparative rankings are given for U.S. and imported cars by car dealers, industry consultants, market researchers, automotive journalists, and executives of European, Japanese, and U.S. auto companies. Imports still have a wide lead in fuel economy; the most fuel-efficient car of 1980 is VW's diesel Rabbit at 42 mpg, followed by 45 other imports; the best U.S. entry is the Chevrolet Chevette at 26 mpg. The Japanese offer the lowest cost basic models, but dealers usually push expensive options. Among fancier models, U.S. cars are less expensive than Japanese models, but standard equipment on Japanese cars (e.g. rear-window defrosters), often cost extra on domestic models. German and Japanese cars have good trade-in value, some appreciating in value. Japanese small cars come out ahead in dependability and service. The European cars excel in handling. U.S. cars emphasize creature comforts and a smooth ride; Japanese cars compare poorly in comfort; European cars have the best seating. American small cars have performed notably well in crashworthiness tests. In 35 mph barrier crash tests, the Chrysler Omni/Horizon, Ford Mustang, and Chevrolet Citation provided better occupant protection than the Datsun 210, Honda Civic, Toyota Corolla, and VW Rabbit. American cars rank highest in overall technology and design, especially in electronics applications, but the Japanese rank high in engine technology and in workmanship (fit and finish). The increasing popularity of new American small cars, efforts by U.S. automakers to improve workmanship and productivity, and the expected decline in the Japanese share of the market are noted. In a separate section on car resale value, tables list foreign and U.S. compact/subcompact, mid-size, full-size/luxury models according to 1976 price, 1980 value, and percentage of value retained. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Resale value KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368418 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION SHORT TRAINING PROGRAM. STUDENT MANUAL PY - 1980/08 SP - 154 p. AB - This manual is designed to serve as a text for the Short Motor Vehicle Inspection Training Program, and as a reference manual for after training. The seven units cover inspection of the following systems: brake, electrical and lighting, wheel and tire, suspension, steering, exhaust and fuel, and glazing, related systems, and miscellaneous body items. The units are intended for self-paced study, and can be completed in the classroom, on the job, or at home. The text information is also available on audio-cassettes. The training program is designed to introduce the trainee with a background in automotive mechanics to the inspection procedures and the standards for acceptance/rejection of vehicles during periodic motor vehicle inspection. The total time for completion of the program is one to two days (eight to 16 hours), depending upon the student's pace. When all unit exercises have been submitted to the program administrator, final examination will be administered. KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368419 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION SHORT TRAINING PROGRAM. ANSWER BOOK PY - 1980/08 SP - 7 p. AB - Answers are provided for the seven unit exercises of the Short Motor Vehicle Inspection Training Program Student Manual. The units cover inspection of the following systems: brake, electrical and lighting, wheel and tire, suspension, steering, exhaust and fuel, and glazing, related systems, and miscellaneous body items. The goal of the training program is to introduce the trainee to the inspection procedures and the standards for acceptance/rejection of vehicles during periodic motor vehicle inspection. The self-paced course can be completed in one to two days (eight to 16 hours). KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326058 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT DUTY TRUCK WEIGHT REDUCTION EVALUATION PY - 1980/08 SP - 205 p. AB - This contract covers the identification of Types, Makes and Models which constitute the Light Truck world fleet. The attributes which describe the critical functional aspects of trucks of this size are established and specifications to define the attributes obtained. Methods of comparison of attributes are developed to provide a means of comparison leading to the selection of the most efficient design for each type vehicle. The potential for reduction of function is also evaluated. The weight reduction potential for each selected vehicle type is determined based on size reduction, redesign and material substitution methods. Based on the preceding Product Dependent Weight reductions, related reductions in Power and Weight Dependent weights are determined to provide a total weight reduction potential. Effects of the weight reduction are provided. KW - Evaluation KW - Light trucks KW - Lightweight materials KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337313 AU - Howard, J S AU - Sontag, D B AU - Heathington, K W AU - Lo, M AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION LEGISLATION PY - 1980/08 SP - 60 p. AB - The report provides an analysis of judicial perspectives of general sessions judges concerning the Tennessee child passenger protection law. Two methods were employed to gather information: questionnaires were mailed to 103 judges while 12 judges participated in personal interviews. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Courts KW - Data collection KW - Interviewing KW - Judges KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Tennessee KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25541/DOT-HS-805-803.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366506 AU - Alem, N M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health TI - HELMET IMPACT TEST SYSTEM OPERATION AND ASSEMBLY MANUAL PY - 1980/08 SP - 27 p. AB - Protective head gear is currently evaluated using several ANSI guidelines, such as ANSI 789.1. The rigid headform specified in this standard does not realistically represent the head-neck-torso complex of the potential helmet wearer; further, the impact conditions specified therein do not simulate the variety of impact conditions encountered in actual industrial accident. The objectives of this project were to: (1) examine the literature to define the required impact characteristics, (2) identify the unavailable data then conduct tests to obtain such data, (3) develop a helmet impact test system based on acquired response data, and finally, (4) construct such a device and deliver it along with its user's manual. These objectives were met, and the work leading to the final goal is described in the final report. The device itself is delivered separately a long with all engineering drawings and this assembly and operation manual. KW - Data collection KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Standards KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366505 AU - Alem, N M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health TI - HELMET IMPACT TEST SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980/08 SP - 230 p. AB - Protective head gear is currently evaluated using several ANSI guidelines, such as ANSI 789.1. The rigid headform specified in this standard does not realistically represent the head-neck-torso complex of the potential helmet wearer; further, the impact conditions specified therein do not simulate the variety of impact conditions encountered in actual industrial accident. The objectives of this project were to: (1) examine the literature to define the required impact characteristics, (2) identify the unavailable data then conduct tests to obtain such data, (3) develop a helmet impact test system based on acquired response data, and finally, (4) construct such a device and deliver it along with its user's manual. These objectives were met, and the work leading to the final goal is described in this final report. The device itself is delivered separately along with all engineering drawings and the assembly and operation manual. KW - Data collection KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Standards KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329141 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Mulholland, M U AU - Smith, R L AU - Sharkey, T J AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER VEHICLE, LIGHT TRUCK AND VAN CONVEX MIRROR OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION STUDIES. VOLUME I: CONVEX MIRROR OPTIMIZATION PY - 1980/08 SP - 145 p. AB - A series of studies were designed and conducted to evaluate passenger car and truck mirror configurations and convex mirror radii of curvature and to identify the most effective mirror systems for actual on-the-road use. The studies were conducted in two phases, during which over 40 combinations of mirror convexities and mirror configurations were evaluated experimentally. Phase 1, which is reported in Volume 1, was directed toward investigating the effect of mirror convexity on driver judgments of adjacent lane following vehicle speed, distance and accepted lane change gap size. The convexity(s) resulting in the best performance were to be used in subsequent on-the-road performance tests. Mirrors of 20, 40, 55 and 80 inch radii of curvature were fabricated in several configurations specifically for a passenger car, light pickup truck and a van. Configurations ranged from viewing the proposed FMVSS 111 passenger vehicle (PV) targets with plane mirrors and convex mirrors of varying radii to mirror systems viewing the truck (TRK) targets with a single mirror of varying convexity or a combination of plane and convex mirrors viewing those targets separately. Male and female drivers under 30 and over 50 years of age provided over 12,000 speed and distance judgments. Results indicated that performance differences between mirror convexities were small and generally not significant because of extensive practice. Since the 80 inch radii mirrors produced large obscurations in the forward field of view (FOV) and since some of the 20 inch radii mirrors yielded significantly poorer performance and all such mirrors were rated low by drivers, convexities selected for further study were those of a 40 and 55 inch radii. KW - Automobiles KW - Convex mirrors KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Fabrication KW - Gender KW - Human factors engineering KW - Light trucks KW - Mirrors KW - Mountings KW - Optimization KW - Perception KW - Performance tests KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Size KW - Sizing apparatus KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162950 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361326 JO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ADDICTIONS PB - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated AU - Swenson, P R AU - Clay, T R AU - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated TI - EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM REHABILITATION ON ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND DRINKING-RELATED BEHAVIORS: AN EIGHT-MONTH FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF DRUNKEN DRIVERS PY - 1980/08 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - p. 821-838 AB - This study assesses the effects of short-term alcohol treatment intervention on subsequent drinking behavior and drinking-related problems. Subjects were 436 persons arrested for driving while intoxicated in Phoenix, Arizona. Subjects were screened to determine social or problem drinker classification and then randomly assigned to either treatment or comparison group conditions. Improvement was inferred from response changes to a questionnaire and personal interview administered immediately before and again at 8 months following entry into treatment. Results indicated that short-term treatment intervention had no more effect than minimal exposure in improving the quality of social or problem drinkers' life situations. The findings suggest a need for more innovative research strategies, and a commitment to the development of longer and more therapeutically oriented treatment programs. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Interviewing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Questionnaires KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349649 JO - British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology PB - Blackwell Scientific Publications Limited AU - HINDMARCH, I AU - GUDGEON, A C AU - MacMillan Journals Limited TI - THE EFFECTS OF CLOBAZAM AND LORAZEPAM ON ASPECTS OF PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AND CAR HANDLING ABILITY PY - 1980/08 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - p. 145-150 AB - Laboratory tests of psychomotor performance and "on road" assessments of car handling ability were made following repeated doses of clobazam 10 mg three times daily, lorazepam 1 mg three times daily and matching placebo 1 capsule three times daily. Both active compounds produced an impairment, compared to placebo, in some mental arithmetic and letter cancellation tasks, but these effects were neither widespread nor consistent. Lorazepam produced a significant impairment of car driving tasks and analogue rating scales of subjective alertness. The pronounced sedative activity of the drug was also shown in the verbal reports of side effects and in indices of early morning sedation derived from the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Clobazam did not produce either the objective, or the subjective impairment of performance and alertness found with lorazepam. The results taken as a whole show important differences between the 1,4 benzodizaepine, lorazepam, and the 1,5 benzodiazepine, clobazam, in their effects on the integrity of psychomotor performance related to car driving ability. KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Reaction time KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349813 JO - Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics PB - Franklin H Martin Memorial Foundation AU - McSwain, N E AU - Lummis, M AU - Franklin H Martin Memorial Foundation TI - IMPACT OF REPEAL OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW PY - 1980/08 VL - 151 IS - 2 SP - p. 215-224 AB - This study was designed to determine if changes have occurred in the death and injury rates after the repeal of the Kansas mandatory helmet law in 1976 and secondarily to check the thesis that the use of helmets did, in fact, reduce death and disability from motorcycle accidents. It was conducted in Kansas for two, three month periods, before and after the legislation was repealed. The number of accidents, the number of motorcycle registrations, the injury severity, the rate of injury and the number of fatalities were studied. The use of helmets during these periods and the use of helmets during accidents were also determined. Statistics show that without doubt, mandatory helmet legislation affects usage and this in turn dramatically reduces the death and injury rates. There is also a reduction in the accident rate associated with helmet usage. KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361035 JO - American Annals of the Deaf PB - Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf AU - Sendelbaugh, J W AU - Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf TI - DRIVER SIMULATOR COMMUNICATION MODE FOR HEARING-IMPAIRED STUDENTS PY - 1980/08 VL - 125 IS - 5 SP - p. 542-546 AB - The purpose of this study was to compare three methods that could be used to modify driver simulator films for hearing-impaired students. A modification using graphics indicating various driving commands with the use of some captioning proved to be the most effective of the methods studied. KW - Auditory perception KW - Deaf persons KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Hearing loss UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329009 AU - Guenduez, A AU - BROADHEAD, W G AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSIVE RESTRAINT DEVELOPMENT OF LIGHT TRUCKS AND VANS PY - 1980/08 SP - 689 p. AB - Two vehicles - a Chevrolet C-10 pickup truck and a Ford E-150 van - were selected as representative of their vehicle classes. Air cushion restraint systems were designed for each vehicle and were sled tested with anthropometric dummies. The systems were subsequently integrated into the vehicles and barrier tested at an impact speed of 30 mph. The restraint systems were capable of meeting the 30 mph crash protection criteria of FMVSS 208. KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Anatomical models KW - Impact tests KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Protection KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety KW - Tests KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328934 AU - Dougan, P AU - Klimko, L A AU - Schmitz, B AU - Kinetic Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM (FARS) DATA ENHANCEMENT PY - 1980/08 SP - 393 p. AB - The quality of data in the 1978 Fatal Accident Reporting System data file was evaluated. Errors in the FARS data can affect statistical inferences of researchers and, more importantly, can affect NHTSA's policy decisions. Procedures for assessing the extent of error arising from interpretation of source documents and application of coding definitions by FARS analysts were developed; procedures for assessing the extent of transcription error in submitted cases and for estimating missing data in the FARS file were also developed. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Errors KW - Fatalities KW - Highway transportation KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329044 AU - TAYLOR, R L AU - Sackman, J L AU - Ovenshire, L J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONTACT-IMPACT PROBLEMS. VOLUME 2: PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/08 SP - 507 p. AB - The programming manual documents the Finite Element Analysis Program (FEAP) which is used for the analysis of biomechanical contact-impact problems in crash-injury studies. The manual contains a source code listing and sample runs both of which may be useful for program installation purposes. KW - Biophysics KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Injuries KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329078 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Mulholland, M U AU - Smith, R L AU - Bardales, M C AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF BLIND AREAS ON THE RIGHT FRONT OF HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1980/08 SP - 129 p. AB - Evidence suggests that many heavy trucks may have serious blind areas within which passenger vehicles may not be visible to the drivers of such trucks. A two goal plan was established to (1) determine the magnitude of the blind area problem and (2) develop a visibility target that could be employed in FMVSS for ensuring that trucks would comply with driver visibility requirements. A three-step methodology was developed for assessing the blind area problem. The first step, sitting in the driver seats of many truck types and roughly calculating blind area sizes, revealed substantial blind areas for some trucks. The second step involved the development and implementation of a rigorous means of accurately mapping the blind areas of 16 trucks representing the most common designs on the road. The same individual (standard observer) was used to establish eye positions for all trucks and fields of view (FOV) were measured by determining the closest ground points observerable. FOV maps were also made for a cab over engine and a long-hood conventional vehicle using the procedures outlined in FMVSS proposed amendments using a transit line-of-sight and photographic techniques. Results indicated that cab over engine vehicles exhibit large blind areas in the adjacent right lane forward of the area observed on right outside rear view mirrors. Blind areas were sufficient for completely masking a compact car and, in some cases, the largest of cars on the road. A target was developed to be consistent with both near-term "add-on" solutions and long-term truck redesign. The target is comprised of three grids located in the adjacent right lane. Requirements for the percentage of each grid viewed are specified for both direct and indirect viewing. KW - Blind area KW - Cab over engine trucks KW - Compact automobiles KW - Eye location KW - Eye position KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors engineering KW - Measurement KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Trucks KW - Visibility KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328860 AU - Mak, K K AU - Mason, R L AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS - BREAKAWAY AND NONBREAKAWAY POLES INCLUDING SIGN AND LIGHT STANDARDS ALONG HIGHWAYS. VOLUME III: APPENDICES PY - 1980/08 SP - 250 p. AB - Accident data were collected in this study from seven different geographic locations. The original two study areas that participated beginning January 1976 included: (1) Bexar County (including City of San Antonio), Texas; and (2) Anderson, Bourbon, Clark, Garrard, Fayette, Jessamine, Madison, Mercer, Scott, and Woodford Counties (including City of Lexington), Kentucky. In addition, five new study areas were incorporated between November, 1978, and October, 1979 and these included: (3) City of Dallas, Texas; (4) Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura Counties (including City of Los Angeles, California; (5) Washington, D.C.; (6) Salt Lake City, Utah; (7) Alameda, Contra Costa, Maria, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Clara Counties (including city of San Jose), California. This Appendix contains a brief description of five of these study areas including their characteristics, population, automobile registrations, road mileage, pole counts, and accident counts. Similar information was not provided for Salt Lake City, Utah, and the six-county area of California so no descriptions are given for these study areas in this Appendix. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Highway transportation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328385 AU - Hale, A AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Kearney, E F AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL REGULATIONS AND PUBLIC EDUCATION FOR RURAL-SUBURBAN PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1980/08 SP - 103 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to review the rural-suburban pedestrian accident data and freeway pedestrian accident data and determine which accident types were amenable to countermeasures development. Countermeasure classes considered were model traffic regulations and public information and education. The results of the analysis indicated that the development of four prototype regulations to serve as legislative models appeared to be promising in reducing the target accident types. A complete discussion of the background accident data, the countermeasure objectives, content rationale, and the requirements for further development, implementation and testing (where appropriate) is provided for the model regulations and media packages. KW - Buses KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Education KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Regulations KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328859 AU - Mak, K K AU - Mason, R L AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS - BREAKAWAY AND NONBREAKAWAY POLES INCLUDING SIGN AND LIGHT STANDARDS ALONG HIGHWAYS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/08 SP - 20 p. AB - The objectives of the study are to: (1) Identify the extent of the pole accident problem; (2) Determine accident and injury severity rates associated with pole accidents; (3) Assess vehicle crashworthiness and highway design and operational characteristics for pole accidents; and (4) Evaluate performance, cost-effectiveness, and injury severity reduction of breakaway versus nonbreakaway poles. Five separate data categories were collected by seven different geographically located investigative teams over a period spanning from January, 1976 to October 1979. The five data categories included a census of all accidents and all pole accidents in 1976; a sample of 1,014 in-depth pole accident cases selected on a probabilistic basis; a sample inventory of poles; and finally, 533 metal pole accident cases sampled according to a nonrandom stratification scheme. The data categories were analyzed to address the study objectives. The results of the study include descriptive statistics on the extent of the pole accident problem; analysis of the characteristics of pole accident sites, vehicle damage, and occupant injuries; assessment on the performance of various pole types; and a cost-effectiveness evaluation of the breakaway modification as a safety countermeasure. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328380 AU - Baczynski, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLIANCE TEST FOR TRUCK REAR UNDERRIDE PROTECTION. VOLUME II - TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/08 SP - 405 p. AB - The objective of this program was to develop static and dynamic compliance test procedures for truck/trailer rear underride protection. A static test facility and dynamic test device along with appropriate compliance test procedures were developed to test and evaluate rigid and energy-absorbing velocity-sensitive underride guards. A truck body simulator was also developed to effectively model the rear of truck/trailer bodies for mounting of selected guards during testing. The dynamic test device is an energy-absorbing honeycomb-faced bogey vehicle which simulates the front load/deflection characteristics of a typical current large car. The report summarizes the highlights of the tests of current small and large car-to-current production guards, ten car-to-rigid guard tests to determine the effects of speed, guard height, car size, and impact mode on underride and occupant response, and two tests of a production energy-absorbing guard. Based on the results of the crash tests and engineering analyses, recommendations are presented for underride guard requirements and compliance test procedures. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Impact tests KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Static tests KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328844 AU - Schmidt, D N AU - Ravani, B AU - Brougham, D AU - Traffic Safety Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURY CAUSATION STUDY (PICS) PY - 1980/08 SP - 123 p. AB - The TSR-PICS team completed in-depth investigations of 460 vehicle versus pedestrian accidents between April 1977 and June 1980. Eligible vehicles were passenger cars, vans and light-duty pickup trucks. Accidents were selected for in-depth investigation if they occurred during an on-call period of the systematic random sampling plan or if they resulted in a fatality. In addition, a data base was compiled that consisted of all (1,288) vehicle/pedestrian accidents that were eligible under the study definition of a pedestrian accident. The study area included the cities of Campbell, Cupertino, San Jose, Santa Clara and Sunnyvale, California. On-call field personnel were alerted to current accidents by a radio-pager system. Accidents that were missed by the routine notification system were discovered during follow-up checks of police-reported vehicle/pedestrian accidents and periodic reviews of injury accident listing in a county computer file. KW - Automobiles KW - California KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Sampling KW - Statistical sampling KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347908 AU - TAYLOR, R L AU - Sackman, J L AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONTACT-IMPACT PROBLEMS. VOLUME 1: ENGINEERING REPORT AND USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/08 SP - 467 p. AB - The study report describes mathematical models for predictive purposes in crash-injury studies. Previous work in this area is extended and new developments are incorporated into a finite-element program for the analysis of biomechanical contact-impact problems. KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Computer programming KW - Contacting KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dynamics KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Impacts KW - Kinematics KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Motion KW - Research KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328253 AU - Mak, K K AU - Mason, R L AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS - BREAKAWAY AND NONBREAKAWAY POLES INCLUDING SIGN AND LIGHT STANDARDS ALONG HIGHWAYS. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/08 SP - 217 p. AB - The objectives of this study are to: (1) Identify the extent of the pole accident problem; (2) Determine accident and injury severity rates associated with pole accidents; (3) Assess vehicle crashworthiness and highway design and operational characteristics for pole accidents; and (4) Evaluate performance, cost-effectiveness, and injury severity reduction of breakaway versus nonbreakaway poles. Data categories were analyzed to address the study objectives. The results of the study include descriptive statistics on the extent of the pole accident problem; analysis of the characteristics of pole accident sites, vehicle damage, and occupant injuries; assessment on the performance of various pole types; and a cost-effectiveness evaluation of the breakaway modification as a safety countermeasure. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Evaluation KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328224 AU - Bishop, E W AU - Oates, J F AU - Goransson, C A AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR TRAINING FOR OPERATORS OF SPEED MEASURING DEVICES PY - 1980/08 SP - 137 p. AB - The report details the development of two courses for traffic law enforcement officers concerned with speed measurement and speed enforcement. One course focuses on Speed Measuring Devices (SMDs) based on RADAR technology and the other on non-RADAR SMDs. Topics covered in each of the courses include: speed in relation to highway safety, scientific principles of speed measurement, legal and operational considerations, and SMD design and operating procedures. Both courses include classroom lectures and discussions, field exercises, hand-on practical experience and Moot Court presentations. Curriculum documents pertinent to the two-day non-RADAR course and to the three-day RADAR course were developed; these include a course administrative manual, a complete set of instructor lesson plans, visual aids and a student text. In addition, a supervisor's manual was produced for the RADAR course. KW - Administration KW - Education KW - Highway administration KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructions KW - Legal factors KW - Manuals KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Personnel KW - Radar devices KW - Specialized training KW - Speed KW - Speed indicators KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328277 AU - Gimotty, P A AU - Campbell, K L AU - Chirachavala, T AU - CARSTEN, O AU - O'Day, J AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY DATA PY - 1980/08 SP - 475 p. AB - This is the Final Report on a two-year statistical analysis of the data collected in the National Crash Severity Study. Statistical models were developed to relate the probability of a severe injury to independent variables such as delta v (the instantaneous change in velocity of the vehicle) and occupant age. Models were developed separately for various subsets of front and side impacts. Various clinical studies which were reported separately, are summarized in this report. These studies address the existing literature, side impacts, lower extremity injuries, eye injuries, and neck injuries. The application of the NCSS data to accident analysis models, which estimate the benefits of improved occupant protection systems, is also discussed. KW - Age KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Eye KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neck KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Side crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327764 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE SA103C THREE-YEAR OLD CHILD TEST DUMMIES WITH SUBSTITUTE FLESH PARTS AND IN VARIOUS RESTRAINT SEATS PY - 1980/08 SP - 113 p. AB - The objective of the research effort was to determine whether there are differences in calibration performance or simulated crash test performance of SA103C three-year old child test dummies when they were tested with flesh parts produced with Nitrosan as compared to flesh parts made with OBSH/TBPP foaming compound. Dummies with the OBSH/TBPP flesh parts were tested in this program and the resulting sled test performance data compared statistically to data from previous tests. A series of 21 dummy performance tests was conducted on a HYGE accelerator sled at 30 MPH with each of two dummies tested in a sequence of three replicate runs in a GM Love seat, a Chrysler Mopar and a Ford Tot-Guard safety seat. The primary measures of dummy performance analyzed with the statistical methods are: (1) peak head resultant acceleration; (2) peak chest resultant acceleration; (3) maximum head C.G. displacement; and (4) maximum knee displacement. An analysis of the absolute deviations of each data point from a population mean has demonstrated that the dummy variations are within an acceptable level for all performance measures. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Adolescents KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Children KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Evaluation KW - Forming KW - Head KW - Minors KW - Moldings KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Sleds KW - Testing equipment KW - Tests KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326433 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1980/08 SP - 303 p. AB - This bibliography represents literature concerning the inspection, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles which has been acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1967. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Abstracts KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Bibliographies KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Safety KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326461 AU - SUMMERS, L G AU - Ridgeway, R G AU - HARRIS, D H AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ARREST PROCEDURES FOR DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED PY - 1980/08 SP - 108 p. AB - Model arrest procedures were developed to enhance the enforcement of laws against driving while intoxicated (DWI). Development was based on answers obtained to the following questions: what procedural alternatives are now possible; how do alternatives affect processing time; what factors most influence DWI arrest rates; what set of laws and procedures should be employed. Research methodology emphasized the collection of data in the field during the apprehension of DWI suspects and during the subsequent processing of each suspect arrested. The DWI process was described in terms of nine components: apprehension of the suspect, field sobriety testing, arrest, disposition of the offender's vehicle, transportation of the offender, evidential testing, interrogation, reporting, and incarceration or release. Within each component, procedural alternatives were defined and described. KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitudes KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Police UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25512/DOT-HS-805-569.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326408 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1980 NCA ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC SAFETY SESSION HELD AT SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ON MAY 5-7, 1980 PY - 1980/08 SP - 125 p. AB - Included are papers on community traffic safety and alcohol campaigns, comprehensive coordinated DWI systems, intervention referrals, certified alcohol information schools, teenagers and senior adults. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway transportation KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Schools KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326418 AU - Burns, M AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Southern California Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODS FOR ESTIMATING EXPECTED BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION PY - 1980/08 SP - 96 p. AB - Estimates of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) typically are based on the amount of alcohol consumed per pound bodyweight. This method fails to consider either food intake or body composition, factors which significantly affect BAC. A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine amount and type of food and time of food intake in relation to alcohol intake and BAC. Protein and carbohydrates were more effective than fatty foods in reducing the BAC, expected in a fasted state. A moderate to large amount of food, such as a typical full meal, was more effective than lesser amounts, but even a small amount of food had some effect. Time intervals of 1/2 to 4 hours between eating and drinking were investigated; the 1/2 hour interval was most effective in an inverse relationship. At 4 hours there was no food effect. In a study of body conposition and BAC, 20 men and 20 women were subjects. Estimates of percent body fat were caculated using body circumferences or skinfold measurements. Subjects were dosed with .68 g alcohol/kg bodyweight, and the relationship of BAC to body fat estimate was analyzed. Use of body fat estimates did not increase the accuracy of BAC estimates sufficiently to recommend the method. It may be useful for scientific purposes but appears not to be feasible for widespread use. The data suggest that compared to men, women will achieve the same BAC with 15 percent less alcohol, based on ounces of alcohol per pound bodyweight. Similarly, the overweight person will achieve the same BAC as the average weight person with 10 percent less alcohol. These recommendations reflect the male-female differences in body composition, and the higher percent body fat in the obese body. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohols KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood chemical analysis KW - Carbohydrates KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Estimating KW - Females KW - Food KW - Males KW - Methodology KW - Physiological aspects KW - Proteins UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25539/DOT-HS-805-563_002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337322 AU - Noettl, J AU - Belanger, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL VEHICLE REPAIR COSTS. PHASE I PY - 1980/08 SP - 175 p. AB - This study was undertaken to investigate what determines the typical vehicle repair cost and to investigate the feasibility of designing a system to estimate the expected per-incident cost of repairs for various vehicle makes and models. A major effort of the study involved analyzing common flat-rate manuals by comparing cost of repairs using parts prices and labor times listed in the manuals. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Equipment replacement KW - Labor costs KW - Maintainability KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Parts KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Prices KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337904 AU - Kaiser, R AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF METAL-PLASTIC LAMINATES. VOLUME I PY - 1980/08 SP - 64 p. AB - An analysis is presented of the potential use of metal-plastic laminates in automotive structures based on the relative physical properties and costs of laminates to steel, and on the compatibility of the laminates with current automotive manufacturing practice. Laminate cost/weight and manufacturing analyses were performed on selected components from a passenger automobile and light duty truck. There are a number of small, non-visible, functional components currently made with steel sheet that would be likely candidates for laminate use. The current commercial status of metal-plastic technology is reviewed, and the potential automotive use of laminates over the next decade is assessed. It is projected that laminates will not have a measurable impact on the fuel economy of U.S. production automobiles at least through 1990. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Fabrication KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laminates KW - Light trucks KW - Maintenance KW - Metals KW - Plastics KW - Sandwich construction KW - Substitutes KW - Systems engineering KW - Technology assessment KW - Trucks KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337905 AU - Kaiser, R AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF METAL-PLASTIC LAMINATES. VOLUME II PY - 1980/08 SP - 238 p. AB - An analysis is presented of the potential use of metal-plastic laminates in automotive structures based on the relative physical properties and costs of laminates to steel, and on the compatibility of the laminates with current automotive manufacturing practice. Laminate cost/weight and manufacturing analyses were performed on selected components from a passenger automobile and light duty truck. There are a number of small, non-visible, functional components currently made with steel sheet that would be likely candidates for laminate use. The current commercial status of metal-plastic technology is reviewed, and the potential automotive use of laminates over the next decade is assessed. It is projected that laminates will not have a measurable impact on the fuel economy of U.S. production automobiles at least through 1990. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Fabrication KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laminates KW - Maintenance KW - Metals KW - Plastics KW - Sandwich construction KW - Steel KW - Substitutes KW - Systems engineering KW - Technology assessment KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326312 AU - BAIRD, J D AU - Heffernan, A AU - Dynamic Science Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY HIGHWAY COLLISION INVESTIGATION TRAINING COURSE PY - 1980/07/31 SP - 75 p. AB - Two (2) two week courses were conducted by Dynamic Science, Inc. at Phoenix, Arizona to train accident investigators and allied specialists. The course entitled "Multidisciplinary Highway Collision Investigation Training" (MDHCIT) was developed by Dynamic Science to fulfill the training requirements of state and local teams to bring them into compliance with Highway Safety Program Standard No. 18. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Local government KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Specialized training KW - State government KW - Students KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162245 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389627 JO - Fortune Magazine PB - Time Incorporated AU - Burck, C G AU - Time Incorporated TI - CAN THIS CAR ELECTRIFY AMERICA? PY - 1980/07/14 VL - 102 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - The acceptance of electric vehicles as an energy-related technology is discussed. A power source devised by Gulf and Western Industries for electric vehicles may make electric cars less expensive to run than conventional cars, help minimize urban pollution, and save more than 600,000 barrels of oil by the year 2000. General Motors' Electrovette has a propulsion system with the range to cover 90% of round trips driven in the United States. Advanced battery technologies have potential for significant improvements in longevity and energy density (amount of power stored per kilogram). The zinc-chlorine battery has generally been considered the most uncertain and difficult of battery developments, although testing indicates that it is a superior battery. Cost estimates for electric vehicle batteries are given, and the anticipated market for electric vehicles is examined. KW - Costs KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Markets KW - Zinc chloride batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349658 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Wasielewski, P AU - General Motors Corporation TI - DO ACCIDENT-INVOLVED DRIVERS EXHIBIT RISKIER EVERYDAY DRIVING BEHAVIOR? PY - 1980/07/01 SP - 15 p. AB - For more than forty years researchers have tried to relate traffic accident involvement to how an individual normally drives. Such efforts have not hitherto discovered clear effects. This study establishes statistically significant relations between a driver's prior involvement in accidents and an observed characteristic of his everyday driving. The observed driving characteristic is his following headway in high flow freeway traffic, defined as the time interval he allows between his vehicle and one he is following. This headway is interpreted as a measure of risk. It is found that accident-involved drivers are more likely to follow with short headways (less than one second) than accident-free drivers. A similar effect is found in comparing drivers with and without traffic violations. Records of accident involvement and traffic violations were obtained (with the cooperation of the Michigan Department of State) for 2576 unidentified drivers observed travelling on a local freeway in high flow afternoon rush hour traffic. The observational data consisted of a measure of the headway and a photograph of each vehicle from which the license plate number was read. In most cases the license plate number provided the driver license number of the registered owner. Cases were excluded if the sex and age of the driver observed in the photograph did not match the owner information. The traffic violation and accident records available from the driver license file were used to examine following headway as a function of driver record. Based on their observed closer following in freeway traffic it is concluded that accident-involved drivers and drivers cited for violations exhibit higher levels of risk in everyday driving than accident-free and citation-free drivers. KW - Behavior KW - Crash reports KW - Drivers KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Freeways KW - Hazards KW - Headways KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00935872 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THEORIES OF INJURY TO SMALL CHILDREN IN CRASHES OF AUTOMOBILES WITH AUTOMATIC RESTRAINTS PY - 1980/07 SP - 30 p. AB - This report is based on the findings of a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) special team that reviewed General Motors' (GM) theories of injuries to small children involved in automobile accidents. These children were riding in cars with automatic restraint systems. The NHTSA special team reviewed the theories and supporting data, and it researched the questions raised by GM. KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Seat belts KW - Seats KW - Theory KW - Traffic crash victims KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/725548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453186 JO - American College of Surgeons Bulletin PB - American College of Surgeons AU - McSwain, N E AU - American College of Surgeons TI - TECHNIQUES OF HELMET REMOVAL FROM INJURED PATIENTS PY - 1980/07 SP - 3 p. AB - The varying sizes, shapes, and configurations of motorcycle helmets necessitate some understanding of their proper removal from victims of motorcycle accidents. The rescuer who removes a helmet improperly might inadvertently aggravate cervical spine injuries. The Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons believes that physicians who treat the injuried should be aware of helmet removal techniques. A gradual increase in the use of helmets is anticipated because many organizations are urging voluntary wearing of helmets, and some states are reinstating their laws requiring the wearing of helmets. This article contains a poster developed by the Committee on Trauma showing the types of helmets and their removal from injured patients. KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Removal KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270948 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389087 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - McCraw, J AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - THE 1981 MODEL E FORD PY - 1980/07 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 7 p. AB - Ford's 1981 Model E (for Erika or Escort) cars, including the Mercury Lynx, are described. They feature four-cylinder CVH (compound valve hemi-) engines. Evolution of the following Escort/Lynx subsystems is discussed: engines, transaxles, suspensions, bodies, and packaging. When production plans are completed, options will include four bodies, two engines, three transmissions, and four trim levels. These models are the final product of a $3 billion development program and represent Ford's first world car. Variants of the car for the European and Asia/Pacific markets are indicated. KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Production KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389088 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Mandel, L AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - THE NEW ECONOMICS... BUYING, OWNING, AND SELLING A CAR PY - 1980/07 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 5 p. AB - Economic trends affecting the buying, owning, and reselling of automobiles are examined. If the public's demand for fuel-efficient cars is significant, the used car market may become obsolete. This is likely to happen only when 30% to 40% of the existing fleet (about 112 million cars) are fuel-efficient. Detroit, Japan, and Europe are leaning toward down-sized cars and front-wheel drive, but fuel economy will be accompanied by increased prices. Despite adverse economic trends, it is anticipated that longevity will be built into cars and that wages will increase to compensate for higher costs. The use of other transportation modes is suggested to minimize dependency on the automobile. Service costs and service availability are important considerations in purchasing a new vehicle, as well as the resale potential. The prospect of fuel rationing is outlined, with probable consequences. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Economics KW - Fuel conservation KW - Markets KW - Prices KW - Purchasing KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389090 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nerpel, C AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - SLAKING THE AUTOMOTIVE THIRST (ALCOHOL/GASOLINE FUEL) PY - 1980/07 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - p. 87-90 AB - Alcohol is viewed as a possibility in the search for a man-made fuel derived from readily available and inexhaustible sources. Ethanol and methanol can be mixed with gasoline as fuel extenders and octane boosters, but production methods for both alcohols are more complicated than current oil refining and coal mining. Ethanol production provides as a byproduct an octane booster (methyl tertiary-butyl ether, MTBE) which permits higher unleaded gasoline production per bbl. of crude oil. In Brazil, where ethanol is produced from sugar cane, automobiles are run on pure ethanol. The Publicker Chemical Corporation has been exploring the most efficient methods of producing alcohol by fermenting available crops (corn, cereal grains, sugar beets, sugar cane, sweet sorghum, potatoes and cassavas) as well as solid waste (garbage). It currently takes more energy to produce a gallon of alcohol than there is in a gallon of the final 200-proof product. When byproducts are considered, the energy recovery is over 100%. Production of methanol, made from fossil fuels (natural gas and coal), is expanding, led by the DuPont and Celanese corporations. Tests of methanol and ethanol in present cars indicate that these additives provide smoother operation. Methanol is corrosive to aluminum and certain types of fuel hoses. Environmental problems in methanol production are noted. Gasohol (alcohol/gasoline blend) is gaining in popularity in spite of its higher price. Incentives by the Department of Energy are recommended to reduce the price of gasohol. KW - Ethanol KW - Gasohol KW - Methanol KW - Performance tests KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389089 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nerpel, C AU - Frey, P AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - MIRACLE MILEAGE. WE STILL DON'T BELIEVE IT PY - 1980/07 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 4 p. AB - The Moleculetor Fuel Energizer Unit, a device to improve fuel economy developed by the Internal Energy Management Corporation, is described. The unit appears to be a solid piece of aluminum rod 1.5 inch in diameter with a hole drilled down the center. It comes in three lengths, depending on engine size, and has a 45-day money-back warranty. Prices range from $139.95 for the smallest unit to $395 for a diesel truck unit. The unit is installed in the main fuel supply line, as close to the gasoline tank as possible. An "energy field" reportedly rearranges the clumped structure of molecules in fuel into a more linear form, supposedly turning them into smaller, more burnable units and raising the BTU content. Using a 1979 Ford Econoline van with a V-8 engine and an automatic transmission, tests were conducted to determine the unit's effectiveness. Testing was also done with a 1979 Honda Accord, a 1980 Honda Civic, a 1972 Toyota Land Cruiser, and a 1970 Datsun 240Z. Results indicated that the unit does not significantly affect fuel economy nor emission levels. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel-saving devices KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386129 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Bolon, P AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - STOP-GO FUEL SAVER PY - 1980/07 VL - 217 IS - 1 SP - p. 70 AB - A prototype engine stop-restart system made by Zemco Corporation of San Ramon, California, the Fuel Saver, turns the engine off whenever the car is stopped for two sec. and restarts it automatically. The objective is to save gasoline wasted when idling. Tested on the 22 1/2-min. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) urban driving cycle, which has 15 idle periods of five sec. or longer, the Fuel Saver increased mpg by 7.5%, with a significant reduction in emissions. The brain of the system is in the dash-mounted module. The circuitry monitors input signals from the brakes, engine coil, and ignition switch, as well as its internal timers and two sensors (one on the gas pedal and a coil that detects car motion). The Fuel Saver is disengaged by pushing a button. The program is being modified to restart the engine when the foot is lifted off the brake pedal (for adaptation to manual transmission cars stopped on a steep hill). Quick restarting of warm engines is thought to affect starter longevity less than long cranking of cold engines. Before the Fuel Saver can be put on the market, the Department of Transportation must allow bypassing the transmission safety lock, which prevents starting the car in gear. The new system must also pass California Air Resources Board and EPA tests. KW - Energy conservation KW - Engine idling KW - Equipment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Idling KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Stop/start KW - Stopping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203626 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385634 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Wright, D AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - BEWARE THE GYPSY TRAILER SCAM. PART 2: FRAUDULENT TRAILER SALES IN THE U.S. PY - 1980/07 VL - 40 IS - 7 SP - 6 p. AB - A Wakarusa, Indiana, recreational vehicle (RV) manufacturer, Marauder Travelers, Incorporated, candidly admits that it sells travel trailers and park models to so-called "gypsy dealers." Typically, these dealers undersell legitimate dealers by offering the trailers at attractive prices. The trailers are often poorly built and not covered by standard warranties. A Marauder spokesman contends that the gypsies are a legitimate outlet for the firm's products. He emphasizes that his company has a bona fide dealer network and that the dealers do not object that Marauder, Lariet, and Rogue trailers are sold to these "travelers." The company says that if one of its coaches has a problem unrelated to vendors' equipment, it sends the customer to the nearest Marauder service center. The Marauder representative also says that its trailers meet or exceed all codes, and that he considers the travelers to be dealers, not retail customers, since more than 50% have dealer's licenses. Authorities in several states (Ohio, Illinois, and Pennsylvania), working with RV industry leaders, have been effective in reducing or eliminating the number of gypsy trailer sales. Currently, large-scale tax frauds on both the state and Federal levels are being investigated, possible violations of Federal product warranty laws are being considered, and fraudulent practices (from confidence games to warranty misrepresentation) are being examined. Advice on how to avoid being a victim of trailer sales fraud includes making sure that the seller has an easily verified legitimate residence, avoiding "straight-from-the-factory" trailers, disbelieving "emergency sale" stories, being skeptical of trailers priced considerably below the current market values, disbelieving anyone who claims that he forgot to fill out warranty papers, and checking with an RV dealer about name brands typically sold by con artists. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Dealers KW - Fraud KW - Industries KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Retail trade KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203354 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386128 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Hill, R AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - MOTORIZED TWO-WHEELERS. ECONOMICAL ALL-WEATHER TRANSPORTATION PY - 1980/07 VL - 217 IS - 1 SP - 5 p. AB - Consumer information is given on motorized two-wheeled vehicles (motorcycles, mopeds, motor scooters, and motor bikes) for commuting purposes. It is pointed out that training, practice, and sensible riding can assure safe operation of these two-wheelers, and that the machines make economic sense, with many smaller cycles getting 70 mpg, and mopeds and other small-engined vehicles getting even better mileage. Different models (by Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha, Kawasaki, Vespa) are described in terms of features, mileage, price, and commuting ability (photographs included). Also described and pictured are various types of clothing to protect against the weather and equipment for carrying items. Mopeds are recommended for distances up to five mi. For distances up to 15 mi., a motor scooter is suitable if it is considered more economical than a motorcycle. For greater distances or where highway speeds must be maintained, comfort and safety require a motorcycle of at least 250-cc. displacement. Information is given on insurance and motorcycle riding instruction (Motorcycle Safety Foundation course, automotive driving schools, dealer instruction, and a moped booklet available from the Moped Association of America). KW - Commuting KW - Driver training KW - Insurance KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Traffic safety KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203625 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386130 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - NORBYE, J P AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - VW'S STOP/START 21ST-CENTURY CAR PY - 1980/07 VL - 217 IS - 1 SP - p. 76-79 AB - The VW 2000 project is described, a research effort partly funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology. The project is designed to use advanced concepts for saving fuel in passenger cars. The present experimental car has a fuel-saving drivetrain with an automatic stop/start capability. Two clutches are electronically controlled; a conventional type and a disc type between the crankshaft and flywheel. The second clutch disconnects the flywheel whenever the car is stopped or coasting and the computer simultaneously shuts off the ignition and fuel flow. The engine restarts itself from the flywheel. The car has lower emissions; it is much lighter and has lower aerodynamic drag than a VW Rabbit of the same size. Various powertrains of different performance levels are being evaluated (four-cylinder turbocharged gasoline and methanol engines, and diesel engines, including a three-cylinder direct-injection supercharged version). Many of the safety features of VW experimental safety vehicles are incorporated, including a fork-frame reinforcement of the body shell, a soft nose, and passive seat belts. Although further research will constantly refine the present VW 2000, major elements of the car can be expected in future Volkswagen production cars from now through 1990. A separate note describes the U.S. urban fuel economy project which involves the development of flywheels, continuously variable transmissions, and stop-start technology. In a reverse approach to the VW project, the American effort uses the flywheel for motive power and the engine to reactuate the flywheel. The project is being conducted at the University of Wisconsin, in association with Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and is funded by the Department of Energy. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experimental design KW - Flywheels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Power trains KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Stop/start KW - Stopping KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203627 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386117 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING POLLUTION-CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1980/07 VL - 154 IS - 1 SP - p. 27-30 AB - Information is provided for the do-it-yourself car owner on servicing the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system, the main exhaust emission control used by manufacturers since 1973. The EGR system may possibly be the cause of the following problems: rough engine idle, rough engine performance during light-throttle acceleration, a deep sag in engine speed with acceleration, engine stalling on deceleration, and engine pinging. The EGR system's function is to control nitrogen oxides by reducing combustion temperature; this is done by introducing exhaust gas into the intake manifold through a control valve to lower the temperature. Step-by-step instructions (and illustrations) are provided for servicing the American Motors', Chrysler, Datsun, and Ford EGR systems, excluding electronic systems. KW - Air quality management KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203617 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386131 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Green, D AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - SOLVING PROBLEMS THAT PLAGUE AUTO LOCKS PY - 1980/07 VL - 217 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - Problems and solutions of faulty automobile locks are presented. Difficulty in inserting the key is often the first symptom of a faulty car door lock. If the problem is dirt, the lock can be flushed well with WD-40 or LPS No. 1 lubricant sprays. If this approach does not work, there may be a broken spring, or a stuck pin or wafer inside the lock, which require the services of a locksmith, rather than an auto dealer or shop mechanic. If the key can be inserted into the door lock but requires effort to rotate, the lock probably does not need replacing. In a General Motors model car three or more years old, the key should be checked by a locksmith for wear. GM locks have a wafer design that wears keys more quickly than the pins in Ford and Chrysler locks. The locksmith can cut a new key to factory specifications on a special clipper. If the key goes in the trunk lock and turns but nothing happens, the tailpiece of the lock has become disengaged. A small hole beneath the lock indicates that the trunk has been opened by a thief drilling the hole and inserting a tool to force the catch. The car owner can reconnect the tailpiece if there was no damage to the lock. A lock body damaged by forcible entry will have to be replaced. If the key cannot be inserted into the trunk lock or it will not turn, a lubricant can be sprayed on the lock; if that fails the lock should be removed and taken to a locksmith. The code numbers that come with new-car keys enable a locksmith to cut new keys without the originals. It is a good idea to record these numbers on a card for carrying in a wallet. To avoid lock problems, the locks should be lubricated two or more times a year. If a key will not turn, it should not be forced; a locksmith who is a bonded member of the profession should be consulted. KW - Automobiles KW - Keys KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Lubrication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203628 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380911 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - ATTWOOD, D A AU - Williams, R D AU - Madill, H D AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - EFFECTS OF MODERATE BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS ON CLOSED-COURSE DRIVING PERFORMANCE PY - 1980/07 VL - 41 IS - 7 SP - p. 623-634 AB - The driving behavior of six male subjects was examined in performing velocity-maintenance, car-following, and stopping tasks on a closed course under different levels of intoxication. Data were recorded by an on-board computer system and a lead-car closed-circuit television. The data derived at blood alcohol concentrations (BAC's) of zero and 0.08% were analyzed, one variable at a time, using t ratios, and the combined data from the same BAC's were analyzed using discriminant analyses. The results indicate that performance of typical driving tasks under sober conditions can be differentiated from performance under moderate levels of intoxication using multivariate techniques that assume a linear relationship between performance and intoxication. The results also indicate that intoxicated drivers can be correctly identified using multivariate weighting functions. By extension, it should be possible to classify consistently a driver as sober or intoxicated by comparing his current driving performance with his past performance under known levels of intoxication. Under this hypothesis, on-line detection and computation systems could be used to develop an interlock based on continuous monitoring of driver performance. KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380100 JO - Abstracts in Alcohol and Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Yaksich, S AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - AAA (AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION) DWI (DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED) COUNTERATTACK--FROM REHABILITATION TO PREVENTION PY - 1980/07 IS - 9 SP - p. 13-16 AB - In 1964, the Safety Research and Education Project was initiated at Teachers College, Columbia University under the sponsorship of the American Automobile Association (AAA) Foundation for Traffic Safety. For two years, DWI (driving while intoxicated) Counterattack pilot programs were developed and conducted; two approaches were studied: a definition of the party host role (resulting in a nationwide educational campaign), and a rehabilitation/reeducation program for convicted drunk drivers. In 1966, a full-scale DWI Counterattack Program was launched in Phoenix, Arizona, to reeducate and rehabilitate DWI offenders as an alternative to punishment alone. Based on three-year driving records, the group taking the course had 30% fewer subsequent DWI citations/convictions than nonparticipants. A documentary film was produced presenting a model program in action, and special curriculum materials were developed for court-referral DWI Phoenix-type programs. During the past few years, research has focused on prevention vs. rehabilitation, particularly among young people. A high school DWI minicourse, and elementary and junior high school programs on alcohol and traffic safety have been developed, as well as a senior citizen alcohol miniprogram. The AAA Foundation has sponsored two National Conferences on DWI Rehabilitation and Reeducation (1976 and 1979) and has established a DWI Institute at Teachers College, Columbia University. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Prevention KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196573 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380098 JO - Abstracts in Alcohol and Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - COHEN, S AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - CANNABIS AND DRIVING (MARIJUANA) PY - 1980/07 IS - 9 SP - p. 1-3 AB - Since smoking cannabis (marijuana) is predominantly a young adult activity, learning to drive and to cope with a "stoned" state at the same time compounds driving risk. Also common is the combined use of alcohol and marijuana, producing additive effects. Although users generally express the belief that marijuana impairs their driving ability, many nevertheless drive after drug use. In addition to impaired perception and psychomotor performance, attentional failure accounts for much of the marijuana-induced driving impairment. Performance decrements may persist for some hours after "recovery" from the subjective effects of marijuana. The impact of marijuana use on driving ability is dose-related. Enforcement authorities are considering a scale of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol, the drug's active ingredient) in the blood or breath that may correlate with blood alcohol levels as indicators of driving under the influence, although the metabolism of THC is more complex than that of alcohol. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196571 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380099 JO - Abstracts in Alcohol and Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Lebel, A AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE: A REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1980/07 IS - 9 SP - p. 7-12 AB - DUI (driving under the influence) educational countermeasures are part of a recent history (beginning in 1966 with the DWI (driving while intoxicated)-Phoenix Course) which is still evolving. Efforts to evaluate the impact of these countermeasures over time have been complicated by a range of changing circumstance within and external to the alcohol and traffic safety control system. The findings of large-scale studies remain contradictory and largely inconclusive. As often happens when education is perceived as a panacea, extravagant hopes to "cure" DUI behavior were initially raised too high. The development of a systems approach (such as the Alcohol Safety Action Project concept) has placed educational countermeasures in a more realistic perspective as part of a complex network engaged in a coordinated effort to reduce highway accidents. DUI countermeasures can also play a small but vital role in consensus building, essential to the development of support for responsible drinking and driving. Program accountability and self-monitoring through evaluation can help to assure the continued effectiveness of these countermeasures. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196572 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379489 JO - Regulation PB - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research AU - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research TI - MOTORCYCLES, SAFETY, AND FREEDOM PY - 1980/07 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 10-11 AB - In March 1976, Congress revoked the authority of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to cut off highway funds to states not complying with mandatory motorcycle helmet laws. By the end of 1979, 27 states had repealed their laws or made them applicable only to persons under the age of 18. An April 1979 study by NHTSA of the effects of helmet law repeal concluded that the laws encourage helmet use, that helmets are effective in reducing deaths and injury severity and do not contribute to accidents, and that motorcyclists and the general public favor helmet use, although the former are opposed to helmet laws. NHTSA admits that total fatalities are an inappropriate measure of helmet effectiveness since helmets protect mainly against fatalities caused by head injuries. It is also possible that the post-repeal increase in fatalities is simply the result of increased motorcycle use. NHTSA has recommended that Congress reimpose Federal sanctions on states failing to have an approved helmet law, justifying its position by reference to the societal costs of motorcycle deaths and injuries, although these laws were designed only to protect the motorcyclist. While the controversy is focused on paternalism, the Federal imposition of helmet protection is the point at issue. There is no apparent reason why such protection requires Federal involvement. Unlike some laws which are undermined by the absence of similar legislation in neighboring states, helmet laws can be entirely effective within each state that chooses to adopt them. KW - Compliance KW - Federal aid KW - Federal government agencies KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personal injury KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196154 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379100 JO - Journal of Fire & Flammability PB - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Lieu, P J AU - Magill, J H AU - Alarie, Y C AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - TOXICITY AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPHOSPHAZENES PY - 1980/07 VL - 11 SP - p. 167-183 AB - Flammability and toxicity of nine polyphosphazene copolymers, with and without fillers, were measured and compared with other more conventional plastics of commercial interest (polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene). First reports on limiting oxygen index (LOI), determined as a function of heat flux, and toxicity monitoring under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions are provided for these polymers. Under ambient conditions, polyphosphazenes require a higher oxygen concentration to burn than air alone can supply. LOI values always decrease as heat flux or ambient temperature is raised. Fillers influence LOI measurements. Foam samples burn more readily than films of the same chemical composition. RD50 (concentration which induces a 50% decrease in respiratory rate in mice) and LC50 (concentration where 50% mortality occurs) values were obtained by exposing mice to a gaseous stream of polyphosphazene decomposition products. The respiratory response of the animals is directly correlated with the rate of polymer decomposition. The toxicity of a particular polyphosphazene depends strongly upon the type of the side groups on the phosphorus. Halogen side groups result in the most toxic products. There is no direct correlation between toxicity hazard and carbon monoxide concentration in these polymers. The respiratory depression is more severe under isothermal heating (below ignition) than under programmed linear heating. Based on an overall hazard rating involving thermal stability, flammability, and toxicity parameters, halogen free polyphosphazenes are favored over halogen containing polymers for high temperature applications. KW - Copolymers KW - Flammability KW - Halogens KW - Hazards KW - Limiting oxygen index KW - Plastics KW - Polyphosphazenes KW - Thermal properties KW - Toxicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195968 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377752 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Smialek, J E AU - Spitz, W U AU - Sacra, E M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CASE REPORT: AUTOMOBILE CIGARETTE LIGHTER BURNS PY - 1980/07 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 631-633 AB - Recognition and interpretation of patterned wounds are fundamental in medicolegal work. The construction of automobile cigarette lighters results in a unique burn pattern. A homicide case involving such injury is described. The differences between lighters in various American automobiles are pointed out and categorized. KW - Automobiles KW - Biology KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Forensic medicine KW - Homicide KW - Pathology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195106 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377751 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Feldman, M A AU - Meloan, C E AU - Frizell, C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CONNECTING A KNIFE OR ICE PICK TO A TIRE IN A TIRE SLASHING PY - 1980/07 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 603-611 AB - Small particles of rubber cling to the metal object used to slash a tire. These particles are removed by a glass capillary tube and forced out of the capillary with water onto the top of a zinc chloride density gradient column. Automobile tire sidewall rubber varies in density from about 1.06 to 1.17, small truck tires vary from 1.13 to 1.17, and the value for large truck tires is about 1.2. Other rubbers and other objects all have densities different from sidewall rubber with the exception of a few synthetic fibers that can visually be distinguished from rubber. KW - Automobiles KW - Chemical analysis KW - Crimes KW - Rubber KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377753 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Blackledge, R D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EXAMINATION OF AUTOMOBILE RUBBER BUMPER GUARDS BY SYNCHRONOUS EXCITATION SPECTROFLUOROMETRY PY - 1980/07 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 583-588 AB - Automobile rubber bumper guard material may be of evidentiary value in hit-and-run accident investigations. Fifty six automobile rubber bumper guard samples were examined by synchronous excitation spectrofluorometry using a dichloromethane solvent. During sample preparation, additional discrimination was possible by observing the relative densities of the different samples in dichloromethane. The 16 samples that were not uniquely distinguished by this combination were further examined by gas-liquid chromatography. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumper guards KW - Chromatography KW - Crash investigation KW - Hit and run crashes KW - Rubber KW - Spectrofluorometry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195107 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376932 JO - Rubber Chemistry and Technology PB - American Chemical Society AU - Schuring, D J AU - American Chemical Society TI - THE ROLLING LOSS OF PNEUMATIC TIRES (ENERGY LOSS) PY - 1980/07 VL - 153 IS - 3 SP - p. 600-727 AB - A comprehensive review is presented of knowledge related to the tire rolling loss phenomenon. A short history is given of research on rolling friction, followed by a general definition of rolling loss and its application to tire steady-state and nonsteady-state operations. Test methods and equipment are discussed, identifying problems and ways to minimize them: roadwheel tests (tire spindle force, roadwheel spindle torque, coastdown, energy, and flat-surface reduction factor), twin-roll dynamometer, flatbed tester, road tests (instrumented vehicle, vehicle coastdown, trailer, and fuel consumption), interfacility tests, and tire break-in. The influence of operational variables on rolling loss measurements is examined: speed, load, inflation pressure, deflection, interactions, ambient temperature, tire temperature, torque, slip and camber angles, and road surface texture, water, and snow. Also considered are the influence of tire variables (type, geometry, reinforcement, and rubber materials). Rolling loss is discussed in terms of its relationship to vehicle fuel consumption and to other tire performance characteristics. Rolling loss models are described and compared: empirical, thermal, viscoelastic, and thermo-viscoelastic. KW - Dissipation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic tire KW - Rolling KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194878 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376829 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - CLOSE TO HOME VACATIONS MAKE TRAILER BRAKES HOT OPPORTUNITY THIS SUMMER PY - 1980/07 VL - 50 IS - 7 SP - 5 p. AB - The construction, operation, and service of electric brakes found on commercial or recreational trailers are discussed. Electric brakes manufactured by such companies as Fayette, Foreman, Dexter, Kelsey-Hayes, and Warner Electric all have similar design principles. Main elements of electric brakes are the magnet and armature. Annular brake designs have the armature contained in the brake drum and a circular magnet; spot brake designs have similar armature but the magnet is a small disk mounted to the free end of a pivoted arm. Electric brakes are self-contained and simple, and they have snap action, low power demand, and adjustable load control. Since electric brakes are typically used on towed vehicles, it is necessary to key the braking action of the tow vehicle (car or truck) with the towed vehicle (trailer); the keying device is called a controller. Two recommended controllers are manual or brake-pedal operated. Accelerating the tow vehicle while applying trailer brakes is an acceptable way of minimizing the swaying tendency of a trailer without setting up a condition where jackknifing can occur. Breakaway protection is described and troubleshooting tips for electric brakes are offered. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Electric brakes KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194835 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376827 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Clark, B AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE: THE KEY TO DEPENDABILITY PY - 1980/07 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - p. 30-33 AB - Improper maintenance is cited as the cause of truck breakdowns on the road. The trucking industry and other machinery users have developed a preventive maintenance (PM) program based on a series of scheduled inspections and services. The PM program has reduced wear and tear through proper lubrication and has enabled minor problems to be repaired before they caused major breakdowns. Many large trucking companies have designed PM programs to fit their truck repair records. They have found that certain failures occur at given mileages, and they have scheduled the removal and repair of these components before the point of failure; a typical example is brake relining. Most PM programs developed by truck and trailer manufacturers are quite similar and are available to all truck owners at little or no charge. A PM worksheet is included. KW - Breakdown KW - Inspection KW - Lubrication KW - Mechanical failure KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Programs KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194833 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376833 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Carlson, S AU - National Safety Council TI - PROJECT 20: HOW MINNESOTA ENCOURAGES VOLUNTARY SPEED COMPLIANCE PY - 1980/07 VL - 80 IS - 7 SP - 5 p. AB - Increased police visibility is the basis for Project 20, an effort in Minnesota to enforce the national fifty-five mile per hour (55 mph) speed limit at selected locations. There are "20" state troopers assigned to the special enforcement team which is divided into two squads of 10 troopers each, plus a sergeant who directs operations. Since Minnesota had 100 fewer traffic fatalities in 1979 than in 1978, the Dept. of Public Safety feels that Project 20 is partially responsible for this reduction. Speed counts at selected enforcement locations have shown a "halo effect": motorists continue to drive more slowly after patrols have left the area because of the psychological effect produced by visible police officers. Troopers assigned to the project receive 16 weeks of basic training, followed by eight weeks of individual training in which they work with a coach trooper who prepares them for solo patrol. Site selections for enforcement and work schedules are set up to deter a maximum number of drivers from exceeding the 55 mph speed limit. Project 20 is designed to obtain the voluntary compliance of drivers with the 55 mph limit and publicity is an important tool. Patrol locations are announced in the media, patrol cars carry "Project 20" license plates, and personal appearances by the squad are featured. Traffic safety and fuel economy are two benefits of the project. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compliance KW - Police KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194839 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376834 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Walsh, J AU - National Safety Council TI - WHAT HAPPENS IN A HEAD-ON COLLISION PY - 1980/07 VL - 80 IS - 7 SP - 3 p. AB - A public information presentation by the Ohio State Patrol describes the sequence of events during the split second in which two cars collide head-on at fifty-five miles per hour (55 mph) and suggests what motorists can do to lessen the damage from this kind of crash. A study of head-on accident experience in Ohio indicates that urestrained occupants are particularly susceptible to death and severe injury and that the very nature of the head-on collision requires occupant restraint and passenger packaging to reduce the death rate. On the average, four people are killed in every three fatal head-on collisions, the majority of which occur on rural highways where normal and legal speeds are higher. The closing speed (speed at which vehicles approach each other) is generally too fast to permit driver actions that reduce impact severity. In the event of a collision, occupants are thrown forward where they hit the car interior. Both vehicles rotate about one another very rapidly, and this spinning action tends to hurl passengers to the rear of the car and to the side of the vehicle that has been damaged. The angled or T-bone head-on collision usually occurs when one driver partially loses control on slippery pavement and fails to take proper corrective action. Seat belts can prevent some fatalities in head-on collisions. Recommendations for avoiding such accidents are offered, including visual search, slower speed, and avoiding driving after drinking. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Visual search UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194840 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376837 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - WHICH AUTOMOBILE ENGINE NEXT? PY - 1980/07 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - The automobile industry has been experimenting with several engine types to meet Federal antipollution standards and increasingly stringent energy requirements. Improvements to engines made during the 1970's include electronic fuel injection, turbochargers, and diesel engines. With up to a 30% fuel economy advantage over its gasoline counterpart, the diesel engine has been received enthusiastically by the public. General Motors and Chrysler are continuing to study alternative power plants such as the stratified charge engine, the gas turbine engine, the PROCO (PROgrammed COmbustion) engine, and battery-powered electric vehicles. The PROCO engine is a highly sophisticated electronically-controlled design that represents a cross between a conventional spark ignition engine and a diesel engine; the combustion chamber is located in the piston in the form of a recessed cup, and the intake port is formed to induce swirl in the intake charge. Illustrations show General Motors' 5.7-liter diesel engine for the Oldsmobile, an experimental gas turbine, and electric vehicle battery technology, as well as Chrysler's upgraded gas turbine engine. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194843 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376835 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Collins, C B AU - National Safety Council TI - RUSH (RADIO USERS SEND HELP): FILLING THE MOTORIST'S NEED IN EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1980/07 VL - 80 IS - 7 SP - p. 20-21 AB - The Radio Users Send Help (RUSH) program in Georgia provides a communications link between drivers and emergency services through the use of citizens band (CB) radios and telephones. The program is jointly sponsored by the state's departments of transportation and public safety. Citizens who own and operate CB base station radios voluntarily monitor the national CB emergency Channel 9 and report information they receive from motorists to the proper agency by telephone. Police response time in areas with RUSH monitors has been cut almost in half, and several arrests have been made for various crimes and violations when RUSH monitors have reported incidents to police agencies. From May 1977 through March 1979, volunteers reported 273,780 hours listening to Channel 9; police and fire departments, state patrol units, service stations, and others assisted motorists via CB radio, with no reports made directly to the state. The RUSH program is proving to be cost-effective; call box systems used by some states cost from $4.80 to $16.00 per call, while RUSH calls average less than 80 cents per call. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Communication systems KW - Communications KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Police KW - Radio KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194841 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376836 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - NEW HIGHWAY KILLER: "PCP" PY - 1980/07 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 9 p. AB - Injurious driving behavior associated with the use of PCP or "angel dust" by California motorists is explored. Because of its relatively low cost and easy availability. PCP has become a favorite drug in poverty and minority population areas. The drug can result in extremely violent behavior; psychologists have referred to the PCP potential as behavioral toxicity. It can result in superhuman strength and immunity to pain. PCP users often resist the efforts of law enforcement officers, and PCP is frequently found in the blood of persons who have died under bizarre or suspicious circumstances. Many fatal highway accidents are triggered by PCP use, and residential and apartment house fires are caused by PCP home manufacturing accidents. Besides causing hallucinations, even low doses of PCP may distort perception, muscular coordination, and concentration, all of which are required for safe driving. Possible citizen action to discourage PCP use are listed. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194842 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376839 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - AUXILIARY LIGHTS: THE BACKYARD MECHANIC PY - 1980/07 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-25 AB - Important factors in automobile light selection are considered (distribution, balance, and usable illumination), with reference to the cost-effectiveness of auxiliary lights. Auxiliary lights are similar to halogens. The quartz globe is filled with an inert halogen gas. Burned tungsten particles are redeposited on the filament instead of the globe, thus preventing the process of darkening as the lamp gets older. Auxiliary lights tolerate vibrations well, and the light emitted is bluish-white. The type of lamp is determined by the lens. Flutings molded on inner surfaces of the lens bend light into the beam shape that distinguishes driving lights and fog lights. The lens of a high quality lamp is made of lead crystal rather than glass because glass is not 100% transparent. The lamp reflector is basically a metal light-intensity amplifier. Procedures to facilitate the selection, installation, and aiming of auxiliary lights are detailed, with safety precautions noted. KW - Auxiliary lights KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194845 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376828 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Galligan, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - THE SECOND COMING OF AUTOMATIC SLACK ADJUSTERS PY - 1980/07 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - p. 47-52 AB - The manufacture, construction, and fleet use of automatic brake slack adjusters are considered. Only three companies manufacture the adjusters (Bendix, Borg and Beck, and Rockwell), and the operating principle is similar for all makes. All adjusters incorporate some type of clutch spring and a worm gear which rotates the "S" camshaft. These are sealed to prevent contamination by dirt and water, one of the major problems with earlier models. Manufacturers recommend visual inspections at 25,000 miles and lubrication at 50,000 miles. The primary market for adjusters is as original equipment. Fleet and industry attitudes represent the biggest factor in the success or failure of adjusters. Design modifications have been made, and proponents indicate that maintenance time and cost per unit for brake systems are decreased when using automatic slacks, although no carrier has reported longer brake lining life. The National Hwy. Traffic Safety Administration had planned to issue an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking in 1979 dealing with automatic slack adjusters, antilock systems, and engine and driveline retarders. Alternatives that may affect the use of automatic brake slack adjusters are air-actuated disc brakes and the Camph brake mechanism devised by Midland-Ross, in which the braking and adjusting mechanisms are integrated. Midland-Ross is expected to concentrate on the transit market where overall costs of brakes and liners are high and the Camph mechanism can provide better cost benefits than automatic slack adjusters. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilocking devices KW - Automation KW - Brake linings KW - Brakes KW - Disc brakes KW - Inspection KW - Slack adjusters KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194834 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376822 JO - D&B Reports PB - Dun and Bradstreet, Incorporated AU - Riggs, C R AU - Dun and Bradstreet, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOLISM--A $19 BILLION PROBLEM PY - 1980/07 SP - p. 16-23 AB - Programs are described for helping companies deal with the problem of alcoholism among employees. Founded solely to combat alcoholism, the National Council on Alcoholism maintains contact with a network of state and local councils on alcoholism. It sponsors medical research and evaluation, prevention and education, public information, labor-management, minority affairs, women's, and publications programs. It has devised a plan for evaluating worker job performance that involves early identification of alcoholics and motivating workers to accept treatment. Programs have been developed by both large and small companies to minimize absenteeism and other personnel difficulties and to provide needed services to employees. Many programs are humanitarian and cost-effective, and a large number incorporate the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. Rehabilitation and counseling aspects of company alcoholism programs are discussed. KW - Absenteeism KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Personnel KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194832 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373098 JO - Neurology PB - Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Incorporated AU - Annegers, J F AU - Grabow, J D AU - Groover, R V AU - Laws, E R AU - Elveback, L R AU - Kurland, L T AU - Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich TI - SEIZURES AFTER HEAD TRAUMA: A POPULATION STUDY PY - 1980/07 VL - 30 IS - 7 SP - p. 683-689 AB - The records-linkage system at the Mayo Clinic was used to obtain the medical records of all local patients in Olmstead County, Minnesota (1970 population, 85,000) who from 1935 through 1974 received a diagnosis that might indicate a head injury. A group of 2747 patients with head injuries was followed for 28,176 persons-years to determine the magnitude and duration of the risk of posttraumatic seizures. Injuries were classified as severe (brain contusion, intracerebral or intracranial hematoma, or 24 hours of either unconsciousness or amnesia), moderate (skull fracture or 30 minutes to 24 hours of unconsciousness or amnesia), and mild (briefer unconsciousness or amnesia). The risk of posttraumatic seizures after severe injury was 7.1% within 1 year and 11.5% in 5 years, after moderate injury the respective risks were 0.7% and 1.6%, and after mild injury, 0.1% and 0.6%. The incidence of seizures after mild head injuries was not significantly greater than for the general population. KW - Brain KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Seizures KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369308 AU - Hansen, E E AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater TI - A SURVEY OF DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN THE SCHOOLS OF HAWAII PY - 1980/07 SP - 123 p. AB - This study is concerned with the status of driver education in schools of Hawaii. The primary objectives were to contact all secondary schools in Hawaii concerning the present driver education program being offered, and to survey driver education teachers in Hawaii that taught driver education during the 1976-1977 school year concerning their preparation, experience, and choice of future courses related to driver education. KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - School children KW - Surveys KW - Teachers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326356 AU - Richards, D D AU - Action for Child Transportation Safety AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONFERENCE ON CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION, HELD AT WASHINGTON, DC ON DECEMBER 10-11, 1979 PY - 1980/07 SP - 95 p. AB - The report is on the planning and execution of the Conference. The preparation of the agenda, participation of the advisory committee, development of the invitation list, and selection of the site are recounted. An evaluation of the Conference is given, and a description of the contribution of the Public Meeting on Child Transportation Safety to the Conference's success. Appendices provide specific examples of letters, mailing lists, program content and evaluation questionnaires used in the body of the report. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Conferences KW - Highway transportation KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passengers KW - Protection KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326263 AU - Boyd, J H AU - Mellman, R E AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS ON COMPETITION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1980/07 SP - 259 p. AB - This report analyzes market demand for automobile attributes, including those that are likely to be affected by fuel economy improvements, and presents estimates of dollar market valuations of key attributes. Market share effects of various assumed changes in car prices are analyzed in order to gain insight into competition among car models and the sensitivity of new car fleet average fuel economy to possible manufacturer or size-class-specific pricing strategies. Effects of gasoline price changes are also analyzed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Demand KW - Econometrics KW - Economic models KW - Fuel consumption KW - Impacts KW - Market research KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Pricing KW - Quality of work KW - Standards KW - Strategy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368425 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. TRAINEE MATERIALS. UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO REGISTRATION AND TITLING PY - 1980/07 SP - 33 p. AB - This unit presents an overview of the Training Program for Titling and Registration (T and R) Personnel, as well as background information on the T and R process. Appended are an outline of the seven units of the course, and a glossary of common R and T terms. This text has been designed to be used either in the classroom or in a self-instructional mode. Upon completion of this unit, the student will be able to understand the purpose of the course, define titling, identify the importance of titling, define registration, identify the importance of registration, and define general T and R terms. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368427 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. TRAINEE MATERIALS. UNIT 3: VEHICLE THEFT PY - 1980/07 SP - 48 p. AB - This unit discusses the most common types of vehicle theft, the seriousness of the problem, and what the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) can do to help prevent auto theft and to protect consumers. The four tools available to DMV to prevent the retitling of stolen vehicles are discussed: physical inspection of the vehicle identification number, document inspection, stolen vehicle files, and control of salvage vehicles. Exercises and a quiz are included. This text has been designed to be used either in the classroom or in a self-instructional mode. Upon completion of this unit, the motor vehicle employee will be able to describe the role of DMV in antitheft countermeasures, the vehicle theft problem, and ways professional thieves retitle vehicles; to identify the value of proper use of the four tools to prevent retitling; and to list problems in determining the validity of foreign documents. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Theft KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368429 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. TRAINEE MATERIALS. UNIT 6: ODOMETER TAMPERING PY - 1980/07 SP - 39 p. AB - This unit provides information on the "rolling back" of odometers. Measures by the automobile industry and the Federal Government to reduce odometer tampering are discussed. Ways are addressed in which the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) can reduce this activity and protect consumers. Appended are the Federal odometer regulation, a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notice concerning the coordination of state motor vehicle agencies with NHTSA's odometer disclosure rule, a proposed uniform Certificate of Title for a Vehicle, and a description of studies by the Washington State DMV illustrating the value of the DMV in decreasing odometer roll back activity. This text has been designed to be used either in the classroom or in a self-instructional mode. Upon completion of this unit, the motor vehicle employee will be able to define "roll back" and explain why it is a serious problem; to describe ways in which the problem is a threat to consumers and their safety; to identify the various anti-tampering devices used by major automakers; to summarize the Federal odometer regulation; and discuss DMV's role in alleviating the problem. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oedometers KW - Registration KW - Tampering KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368422 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. TEACHER TRAINER GUIDELINES PY - 1980/07 SP - 143 p. AB - These guidelines provide a basis for preparing and presenting a course of training methods for the Training Program for Titling and Registration Personnel. The teacher trainer (i.e. the faculty member who is responsible for highway safety instructor training) will use this guide to establish his objectives and to outline his specific instructional activities. Six units are presented: administrative details, on-the-job training, self-instruction, presenting an information lesson, preparing and using training aids, and practice teaching session. Appended are three worksheets (arrangements, aids inventory, and instructor's lesson plan), and information on the following aspects of teaching: the teaching-learning process, instructor qualities and platform manner, teaching strategies, demonstration method/skill development, questioning techniques, work in small groups, role playing, training aids, evaluation, and the four-step lesson plan. The Instructor Training (Methods) Course was designed to be presented in four days; a class size of 15 is suggested. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368431 AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - NONRESIDENT VIOLATORS COMPACT OPERATIONS MANUAL PY - 1980/07 SP - 99 p. AB - This manual contains requirements and recommended procedures for those jurisdictions who are members, or who are contemplating becoming members of the Nonresident Violator Compact. The Compact assures nonresident motorists receiving citations for minor traffic violations in a party state the same treatment accorded resident motorists. The contents of this manual represent the product of two workshops sponsored by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. One workshop was held in Louisville, Ky. in April 1979, the other in Williamsburg, Va. in October 1979. The workshops' prime purpose was to develop an operations manual that would standardize methods utilized by the various jurisdictions in processing nonresident violators receiving citations, and failures to appear or otherwise comply with outstanding moving traffic summons. Background information is given on the history of the Compact, benefits to member states, procedural matters, entry into and withdrawal from the Compact, the Compact process (including internal guidelines for law enforcement personnel, the courts, and the Department of Motor Vehicles), and resolution of ratification. Compact Administrator procedures are outlined. Appended are copies of forms and procedures used by various states regarding traffic violations, and a copy of the Nonresident Violator Compact of 1977. KW - Interstate compacts KW - Manuals KW - Nonresident KW - Nonresident violator compact KW - States KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368426 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. TRAINEE MATERIALS. UNIT 2: RECOGNITION AND VERIFICATION OF THE VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER PY - 1980/07 SP - 65 p. AB - This unit presents information about the vehicle identification number (VIN). Use of the VIN by the Department of Motor Vehicles is explained, as well as by other persons and organizations. The importance of inspecting and verifying the legitimacy of the VIN on documents and vehicles is discussed. Use of the National Auto Theft Bureau (NATB) Manual to decode and locate a VIN is discussed, as well as assuring that the VIN is attached correctly. The twelve steps in VIN inspection are outlined. An exercise is provided to lead the student through these steps. Appended are a breakdown of identification numbers, methods used by automakers in securing VIN plates, and a Uniform VIN Program. This text has been designed to be used either in the classroom or in a self-instructional mode. Upon completion of this unit, the motor vehicle employee will be able to describe the importance of VIN, identify the various uses and users of VIN, describe the contents and uses of the NATB Manual, identify the value of "paper" and physical VIN verification, and list the steps of the model procedure for paper and physical inspection of VIN. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Training KW - Vehicle identification numbers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368428 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. TRAINEE MATERIALS. UNIT 4: CUSTOMER RELATIONS PY - 1980/07 SP - 36 p. AB - This unit provides information about the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) customer, desired customer relations, customer relations control, and the need for the motor vehicle employee to be knowledgeable about customer relations. Techniques are presented to aid the DMV employee in making these relations more pleasant. Procedures are outlined for handling customer complaints, both in person and on the telephone. Exercises and example conversations are included. This text has been designed to be used either in the classroom or in a self-instructional mode. Upon completion of this unit, the motor vehicle employee will be able to list desirable personality elements for public contact and specific traits of a DMV customer; to describe good customer relations and how they are affected by attitudes; to define listening as it relates to customer contact and ways to improve it; to list common annoyances associated with the telephone and ways to improve telephone public relations: to list uses of nonverbal communication on the job; to deal effectively with customers; to handle complaints politely; and to use the telephone correctly. KW - Customers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public relations KW - Registration KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368430 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. TRAINEE MATERIALS. UNIT 7: UNIFORMITY AND MODEL PROCEDURES PY - 1980/07 SP - 81 p. AB - This unit discusses how increased uniformity will help the Department of Motor Vehicles achieve its objectives in vehicle theft deterrence, consumer protection, and highway safety. Model procedures for the establishment of clear title are also detailed. Appended are proposed standards for Manufacturers Certificate of Origin, Certificate of Title for a Vehicle, and Salvage Certificate for a Vehicle; the Federal vehicle identification number (VIN), regulation, and a proposed VIN replacement system. This text has been designed to be used either in the classroom or in a self-instructional mode. Upon completion of this unit, the motor vehicle employee will be able to list the problems caused by lack of document uniformity, to review the documents being considered for nationwide use, and to describe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration procedural guidelines. These guidelines pertain to insuring evidence of vehicle ownership, title document inspection, means to identify and control junked vehicles, required data elements, correlation of registration and other highway safety files, and training for titling and registration personnel. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Standardization KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368432 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. INSTRUCTOR'S LESSON PLANS. VISUAL AIDS PY - 1980/07 SP - 29 p. AB - Charts are presented to be used as visual aids in the Training Program for Titling and Registration Personnel. They are shown as overhead projection transparencies pertaining to the vehicle identification number, vehicle theft, and Department of Motor Vehicles customer relations. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Training KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326060 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE FUELS AND FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980/07 SP - 190 p. AB - This bibliography represents literature on the subject of fuels which has been acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Abstracts KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Bibliographies KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162131 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366794 JO - Polizei Technik Verkehr PB - Hannes Schmitt-Horr Verlag AU - Grambow, L AU - Kempin, F AU - Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH und Co KG TI - ALCOTEST 7010. AN INFRARED MEASURING DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION BY MEASURING THE BREATH ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION PY - 1980/07 SP - p. 293-298 AB - Alcotest 7010 serves to rapidly and precisely determine the level of influence of alcohol. It measures the alcohol concentration in expired deep lung air by determining the infrared absorption at a wavelength of 3.4 micrometers, computes the blood alcohol concentration and displays this figure digitally in parts per thousand. Hard copy of the measurement results for the preservation of evidence is possible using the built-in printer. Alcotest 7010 is intended for use at police stations and in patrol cars. User-convenience was considered especially important: when the device is ready for operation, a fully automatic measurement cycle is started by pressing a single push-button. A particular advantage of the infrared measurement process used is the excellent short- and long-term reproducibility of the measurement results. The high accuracy reduces the number of false positive indications in the critical area of 0.8 per thousand to a minimum. The digital readout of results simplifies the evaluation of the test for the officers. To avoid reading errors the results can also be printed out. Alcotest 7010 cannot be manipulated. A measurement is only recorded when the person under test has breathed deep lung air into the sensor. This sampling condition is fulfilled in that the person under test must blow into the Alcotest 7010 continuously for a specific period of time with a minimum flow of air. If the person under test attempts to manipulate the results using special breathing techniques, the measurement cycle is automatically interrupted. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Infrared radiation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Police UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181355 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367101 JO - Michigan University Medical Center Journal PB - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Huelke, D F AU - Weber, K B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - CHILDREN IN CRASHES: HOW SERIOUS A PROBLEM? PY - 1980/07 VL - 46 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 38-39 AB - Considerable interest and concern are shown by the medical profession and the general public about Reye's syndrome, but tragically enough, a similar level of concern does not seem to exist relative to the leading cause of death to children- the motor vehicle accident. Some comparisons of the relative magnitude of the problems are made in this article, and rates of occurence within the population at risk are given. The use of any child restraining system has been found to reduce child fatalities by about 90 percent. There is a need for strong advocacy from the medical profession for crash injury prevention. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Physicians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337145 AU - BENSON, J B AU - Melvin, J W AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SA 1031 - 6-MONTH-OLD INFANT DUMMY PY - 1980/07 SP - 171 p. AB - Twenty-one compliance-type sled tests were run utilizing the standard bench seat and six different infant restraint systems to compare the impact performance of a modified six-month-old-infant dummy having upgraded neck structure and joint stops to an unmodified dummy. No significant performance differences were noted for excessive neck elongation on the unmodified, used dummy. Some of the tests included alteration of the restraint system initial back angle to investigate occupant ejections. It was concluded that a maximum back angle of 70 degrees or less, during impact, was adequate to prevent ejection in a frontal impact. KW - Anatomical models KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Autopsies KW - Cadavers KW - Child restraint systems KW - Constraining KW - Constraints KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Ejection KW - Impact tests KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Loads KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349194 AU - McGuigan, R AU - BONDY, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF ROLLOVER CRASHES PY - 1980/07 SP - 45 p. AB - This report is a descriptive study of rollover crashes prepared in support of 400 series rulemaking. The purpose of the study is to give information about the environment and location of rollover crashes, general vehicle behavior and damage and occupant injuries. The first part of of the report concentrates on accident environment and general accident features. The second part includes vehicle behavior and damage and discusses roof crush, number of quarter turns of roll and similar items. The final part considers occupant injury and ejection in detail. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Ejection KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roof supports KW - Roofs KW - Structural supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328368 AU - Krane, S W AU - Winterfield, L A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE IN COLORADO: A THREE YEAR STUDY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/07 SP - 30 p. AB - A primary objective was to assess injury consequences to riders on motorcycles involved in crashes. Of major concern was an evaluation of the differences in injuries between riders wearing a safety helmet and helmetless riders. A second objective concerned the impact of the helmet law repeal on change in helmet use throughout the state. Findings from the roadside helmet survey are based on observations of 16,027 riders for 1976, 24,532 riders for 1977, and 17,337 riders in 1978. Selected findings include: helmet use in Colorado prior to repeal of the helmet law approached perfect compliance with the law (99% helmet use); subsequent to the repeal, use of helmets dropped to a low of 49%. Selected injury findings include: the rates of occurrence of both fatally and critically injured riders increased substantially from the pre-repeal to both post-repeal periods; the occurrence rates of fatally and critically injured riders were considerably less for helmet users than for non-users; the rates of injury occurrence to the head, neck and face were significantly influenced by helmet use (helmet wearers had a far lower injury rate for all three body locations); the severity of injuries to the head was significantly greater for helmetless riders than for helmeted riders. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Casualties KW - Colorado KW - Compliance KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck KW - Severity KW - State government KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328849 AU - Krane, S W AU - Winterfield, L A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE IN COLORADO: A THREE YEAR STUDY PY - 1980/07 SP - 190 p. AB - A primary objective was to assess injury consequences to riders on motorcycles involved in crashes. Of major concern was an evaluation of the differences in injuries between riders wearing a safety helmet and helmetless riders. A second objective concerned the impact of the helmet law repeal on change in helmet use throughout the state. Findings from the roadside helmet survey are based on observations of 16,027 riders for 1976, 24,532 riders for 1977, and 17,337 riders in 1978. Riders were observed at randomly selected sites throughout the state. Selected findings include: helmet use in Colorado prior to repeal of the helmet law approached perfect compliance with the law (99% helmet use); subsequent to the repeal, use of helmets dropped to a low of 49%. Selected injury findings include: the rates of occurrence of both fatally and critically injured riders increased substantially from the pre-repeal to both post-repeal periods; the occurrence rates of fatally and critically injured riders were considerably less for helmet users than for non-users; the rates of injury occurrence to the head, neck and face were significantly influenced by helmet use (helmet wearers had a far lower injury rate for all three body locations); the severity of injuries to the head was significantly greater for helmetless riders than for helmeted riders. KW - Before and after studies KW - Casualties KW - Colorado KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck KW - Safety and security KW - Severity KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328862 AU - Krane, S W AU - Winterfield, L A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE IN COLORADO: A THREE YEAR STUDY TECHNICAL APPENDIX PY - 1980/07 SP - 198 p. AB - A primary objective was to assess injury consequences to riders on motorcycles involved in crashes. Of major concern was an evaluation of the differences in injuries between riders wearing a safety helmet and helmetless riders. A second objective concerned the impact of the helmet law repeal on change in helmet use throughout the state. Findings from the roadside helmet survey are based on observations of 16,027 riders for 1976, 24,532 riders for 1977, and 17,337 riders in 1978. Riders were observed at randomly selected sites throughout the state. Selected findings include: helmet use in Colorado prior to repeal of the helmet law approached perfect compliance with the law (99% helmet use); subsequent to the repeal, use of helmets dropped to a low of 49%. Selected injury findings show that the rates of occurrence of both fatally and critically injured riders increased substantially from the pre-repeal to both post-repeal periods; the occurrence rates of fatally and critically injured riders were considerably less for helmet users than for non-users; the rates of injury occurrence to the head, neck and face were significantly influenced by helmet use (helmet wearers had a far lower injury rate for all three body locations); the severity of injuries to the head was significantly greater for helmetless riders than for helmeted riders. KW - Before and after studies KW - Casualties KW - Colorado KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck KW - Severity KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326469 AU - Heisler, J T AU - Bernstein, A AU - Market Facts, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY TO DETERMINE WHY VEHICLE OWNERS RESPOND TO OR IGNORE RECALL NOTIFICATIONS PY - 1980/07 SP - 59 p. AB - A survey among owners of vehicles affected by 25 different recall campaigns was undertaken. The focus of the survey was to identify the reasons why some vehicle owners comply with recall campaigns and others do not. The objective of this study was to provide a starting point for developing information to support the formulation of policies and programs which may be implemented to improve compliance rates of safety defect recall campaigns. Two major reasons were given for having vehicles fixed. These were self protection and simple compliance with the recall notice. Major reasons for not responding to recall notices were claims of non-receipt of notice and owner apathy. The study revealed possible problems in manufacturers' records in that some non-responders claimed that they had responded to the recall notice. The report concludes with a discussion of ways in which to improve awareness and response to recall notices. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Defects KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Policy KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326416 AU - Abram, P AU - Clyne, F AU - Viergutz, O J AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE/WEIGHT COST OPTIMIZATION PY - 1980/07 SP - 88 p. AB - The purpose of the study was the development of a computerized mathematical optimization tool to be used in the determination of weight and cost tradeoffs through materials substitution in the design of passenger cars and light trucks. The model determines the minimum cost materials mix for specified weight constraints as well as the relative proportion of each material use in the vehicle as a function of desired percentage weight reduction. KW - Algorithms KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Building materials KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Optimization KW - Vehicle design KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342083 AU - McGuigan, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE SEVERITY OF ROLLOVER CRASHES ON THE NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY PY - 1980/07 SP - 44 p. AB - This study of the severity of rollover crashes on the NCSS file has the primary goal of establishing a useable measure of severity for these crashes. Severity is defined as probability of occupant injury of level AIS 3 or worse. This goal is achieved with the definition of a three value ordinal scale of crash severity for passenger car rollovers having no impact prior to rollover. The scale is defined using categorical variables based on the CDC vertical extent of roof crush and the number of quarter turns of roll experienced by the vehicle. These categorical variables have a highly significant association with severe occupant injury. A model postulating the independence of effect of the variables on occupant injury severity had a highly significant fit to the data, making possible the definition of the three value crash severity scale. Low severity corresponds to the vehicle experiencing four or fewer quarter turns of roll and having CDC vertical extent of roof crush 3 or less. Medium severity corresponds to the vehicle having either 5 or more quarter turns of roll of CDC extent of roof crush 4 or more but not both. High severity is when the vehicle has both 5 or more quarter turns of roll and CDC extent of roof crush 4 or more. The validity of the choice of these variables and the resulting scale of crash severity is supported by the fact that we obtain a highly significant fit of a model predicting likelihood of occupant ejection using these variables. The case of prior impact is also analyzed and we find that a statistically significant fit to the data is obtained for a model postulating independent contributions to likelihood of occupant injury from delta-V of prior impact and from subsequent rollover. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Crushing KW - Definitions KW - Ejection KW - Injuries KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roofs KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Validity KW - Variables KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318431 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION; A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1979 PY - 1980/07 SP - 215 p. AB - This bibliography cites those technical reports published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1979. It serves as a supplement to previously published bibliographies covering the years 1967 through 1978. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Abstracts KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343027 AU - ATKIN, C K AU - GREENBERG, B S AU - Greenberg (Bradley S) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PORTRAYAL OF DRIVING ON PRIME-TIME COMMERCIAL TELEVISION 1975-1979 PY - 1980/07 SP - 47 p. AB - The study examined how driving is shown on commercial television programs during prime time (8-11 p.m. EST). A sample week of all prime-time weekly fictional series was videotaped during the fall of 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1979. In all, 223 shows encompassing 174.5 hours of television time were examined. Each driving incident lasting five seconds or longer was systematically analyzed by trained coders. In all, 784 scenes were analyzed, for each of 67 attributes. KW - Automobiles KW - Broadcasting KW - Characteristics KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Motor vehicles KW - Project management KW - Representation KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384728 JO - Time PB - Time Incorporated AU - Time Incorporated TI - DETROIT HITS A ROADBLOCK (DECLINING U.S. AUTO SALES) PY - 1980/06/02 VL - 115 IS - 22 SP - p. 56-58 AB - Factors in the continuing U.S. car sales slump are addressed. This decline is reflected in recent statistics which show that sales for ten days of May 1980 declined 30%, worker layoffs exceeded 300,000 for the first time, and imported cars now command an unprecedented 27% share of the domestic auto market. The problem is that Detroit-built small cars with better fuel economy are in short supply and considered by many to be of poor quality. Japanese cars have filled the demand. Detroit's problem is discussed in terms of market misjudgments by the automakers, Federal regulations that distorted the real price of gasoline, and fickle consumer tastes. The industry is preparing new lines of smaller cars for fall 1980 (Chrysler K cars, Ford Escort and Mercury Lynx, and General Motors' J car subcompacts, GM having already introduced the compact X cars). The industry faces the difficult task of proving to American consumers that it can supply reliable, efficient, and economical automobiles. A separate note mentions that customers, while awaiting the new fuel-efficient cars, are changing their driving habits because of high gasoline prices. Gas sales have declined nationwide, by more than 12% in some states, and the use of car pools and public transportation has increased. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Competition KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Imports KW - Marketing KW - Prices KW - Sales KW - Small car KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203011 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392301 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Sahagian, T AU - Hearst Magazines TI - BICYCLE COMMUTING. IT MAKES MORE SENSE THAN EVER PY - 1980/06 VL - 153 IS - 6 SP - 4 p. AB - The advantages of bicycle commuting are enumerated: it is nonpolluting, energy-efficient, inexpensive; it is more enjoyable, reliable and flexible than mass transit; it utilizes a vehicle that can go almost anywhere, is easily maintained and repaired, and promotes physical fitness. Improved bike equipment is described: high-pressure tires, tire inserts and airless tires, panniers providing greater carrying capacity, bicyclist outerwear for weather protection, safety equipment (e.g. clothing coated with reflective material, rear-mounted flashing lights), and foam or leather-padded handlebars and anatomical seats for rider comfort. Advice is given on overcoming the most commonly cited obstacles to bike commuting: advanced age and poor physical condition, too long commuting distance, inferior bicycle, bad weather, dirt and perspiration, safety problems, and bike security. Safety precautions include: helmet use, riding with traffic, wearing white at night, riding prudently, and keeping bike maintained. Employer cooperation is seen as the long-term answer to bicycle security (provision of secure bicycle racks or permission to park in the workplace); meanwhile, a U-shaped lock and removing the front wheel are recommended. KW - Bicycle parking KW - Bicycle tires KW - Bicycles KW - Clothing KW - Comfort KW - Commuting KW - Equipment KW - Helmets KW - Parking KW - Tires KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393056 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - AFTER 47,000 MILES ON GASOHOL--A CLEAN ENGINE PY - 1980/06 VL - 153 IS - 6 SP - 3 p. AB - Examination of an engine after 47,000 miles of operation on gasohol (mainly on an 80% gasoline/20% ethanol blend) is reported. The carburetor fuel bowl had no sludge; valves were clean and showed little wear; carbon buildup occurred only on the piston crown, and to a lesser extent than in a gasoline-powered engine. The use of gasohol in current internal combustion engines is discussed. When unleaded gasoline and ethanol are mixed 9:1 to make gasohol, the average octane of the blend becomes 90, vs. 87 for the average unleaded gasoline, a sufficient improvement to eliminate pinging. When switching from gasoline to gasohol, the engine does not need adjustment or modification. While ethanol is an excellent motor fuel and is very compatible with gasoline, methanol cannot be used in present engines because of corrosion and vaporization problems. Potential problems with gasohol use include plugged fuel filters resulting from alcohol separation in cold weather, leaner operation which can cause performance problems, and vapor lock in hot weather. Fuel economy is questionable; various sources indicate a small increase, a small decrease, or no change in mileage performance with gasohol. KW - Automobile engines KW - Gasohol KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Performance KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392291 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Wright, D AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - BEWARE THE GYPSY TRAILER SCAM (MISREPRESENTATION IN TRAILER SALES) PY - 1980/06 VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - p. 32-39 AB - An Irish clan and a Scottish clan are fraudulently selling a minimum of $32,760,000 worth of travel trailers and park model trailers each year. Although some states (i.e. Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York) have been effective in either halting or controlling the sale of such coaches, most states are frustrated by inadequate laws, the unwillingness of victims to complain, and an inability to catch the con artists. It is estimated that two northern Indiana firms build at least 90% of the units sold by the clans. The clans buy the trailers directly at wholesale prices (e.g. $5500 to $6000 for a 32-ft trailer), and then tow them to campgrounds in tourist centers and advertise in the local newspapers. They also rent spaces at service stations and motel parking lots, and use their own property for sales. The clans represent the trailers as top-line products worth over $10,000 which they are forced to sell for $7500. The Indiana companies and their network of "gypsy" salespeople are selling a minimum of 90 trailers each week. Broad-based consumer fraud, product misrepresentation, Federal warranty law violations, tax fraud, racketeering, and perhaps even product safety code violations are being perpetrated. KW - Consumers KW - Fraud KW - Sales KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210913 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390529 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - HAZARD ALERT: EMERGENCY ROAD SIGNAL PY - 1980/06 VL - 63 IS - 6 SP - p. 35-36 AB - The disadvantages and advantages are outlined of various devices for warning oncoming traffic of the presence of a disabled vehicle. In addition to the four-way hazard flashers (rear stop lights and front parking lights) required in all new cars, vans, and pickup trucks since the 1967 model year, warning devices available to the motorist include road flares, reflectors or reflective stanchions (e.g. red plastic triangles, circular red reflectors mounted on a stand), warning lights that plug into the car's cigarette lighter, and battery-operated flashlamps. A specific device is described in detail: Safe-T-Signal's Hazard Alert, a battery-powered rotating light with amber lens, turned by a small electric motor and mounted on a plastic stand (33 1/2 in. high overall). Although such a system is felt to be a good approach to the road hazard problem, it is advised that the average motorist would be better served by one of the previously mentioned warning devices. Without regular inspection and replacement of batteries, such devices as the Hazard Alert may not function when needed in an emergency. KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Emergency warning devices KW - Flares KW - Flashers KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Traffic incidents KW - Warning devices KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390530 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Wakefield, R AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - THE REGULATED AUTOMOBILE. PT. 2: SAFETY AND FUEL-ECONOMY REGULATIONS PY - 1980/06 VL - 31 IS - 10 SP - p. 72-81 AB - Background is presented on the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, followed by a discussion of the adversary relationship between the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the auto industry concerning specific motor vehicle regulations: Standard 581, an impact protection requirement for car bumpers; Standard 208, passive restraint requirements (air bags and automatic seat belt systems); and CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards (including Environmental Protection Agency mpg certification testing). The status of Volkswagen of America, Honda, Volvo, and BMW in meeting the 1985 CAFE standard of 27.5 mpg is mentioned, as well as the uncertain future of the diesel because of upcoming particulate standards. A continued program of fuel economy standards after 1985 is addressed. It is concluded that regulation of the automobile needs to be studied in realistic terms, taking into account the energy situation, inflation, the impact of multiple regulations on the market system, and the actual performance of theoretically attractive devices and their cost. For the 1980's, a willingness on the part of legislators and regulators to admit errors and correct them and on the part of the industry to innovate are seen as essential. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fuel conservation KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209899 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389623 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - ELECTRIC RETARDERS MAKE SAFETY A SURE BET (SCHOOL BUSES) PY - 1980/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 12-14 AB - The use of electric retarders in school buses to enhance braking safety is addressed. Mounted in the driveline, between the engine and the rear axle, the electric retarder consists of electromagnetic coils and two disks or rotors. Instead of using service brakes, the driver activates the retarder. Coils develop a strong, magnetic drag force which tends to slow rotors, thus slowing the bus. The key to avoiding problems when using electric retarders involves proper specifications. These should conform to such factors as the gear ratios in the bus, length and percent of the worst grade the bus will encounter, the desired descent speed and gear used, gross vehicle weight, tire size, battery size, and alternator capacity (145-160 amp.). The practical use and effectiveness of electric retarders on buses in the western United States are noted. KW - Braking KW - Effectiveness KW - Electric retarders KW - Electrical equipment KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Retarder control KW - School buses KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209438 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389624 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Turner, R AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - HANDICAPPED STUDENT EVACUATION PY - 1980/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - Planning by school systems to manage the emergency evacuation of handicapped passengers on buses is considered, as well as accident scene evacuation management. Dealing with handicapped students during emergencies represents a challenge for bus drivers and aides, school transportation managers, parents, and the general public. Questions to be answered when planning for the emergency evacuation of these students concern the use of emergency data cards, student seating charts (with photographs), the decision to evacuate the bus, individual student evacuation behavior, handicapped student evacuation drills, and driver and other evacuation training. Accident scene evacuation management depends on driver training for proper crowd control, compliance by drivers and others at the scene with planned evacuation activities and precautions, and correction of mistakes made at the scene of previous accidents involving emergency student evacuation. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Evacuation KW - Persons with disabilities KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209439 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387456 JO - American City & County PB - Penton Media AU - Buttenheim Publishing Corporation TI - AIRPORT LIGHTS SHINE ON FOG-BOUND HIGHWAY PY - 1980/06 VL - 95 IS - 6 SP - p. 35-36 AB - The impact of fog on the behavior of vehicle operators was examined in a project which involved the installation of airport pavement lights along the outside edges of Virginia's Interstate Highway 64. The lights, designed to withstand landing impacts of large jet aircraft, were the only ones of the type available. All lights were spaced at 100-feet distances on highway curves and at 200-feet distances on tangent sections. Each fog detector contained its own light source and measured fog intensity by determining backscatter or loss of light reflected back to sensors. Also in the circuit was a photoelectric cell to determine day or night conditions. The signal from fog detectors went to a current regulator that adjusted light intensities to correspond to measured visibility. From the point of view of travelers, the guidance system, costing $350,000 per mile, was a great improvement. A survey showed that 90% of drivers who crossed a mountain in fog with pavement lights operational had less anxiety about traveling in fog; 70% reported that lights furnished a clear pattern to follow. Another 27%, all of whom crossed the mountain in dense fog, indicated that lights illuminated the pavement edge but did not provide a pattern to follow. Drivers traveled faster during foggy conditions after lights were operational, indicating they were more confident of their ability to stay on the pavement. In the righthand or slow lane, there was an increase in speed differentials between fast and slow vehicles during both day and night fog conditions. Vehicle queuing decreased at night because of the reduced need to follow another vehicle for guidance through the fog. KW - Detectors KW - Edges KW - Fog KW - Highway curves KW - Luminous intensity KW - Mountains KW - Pavement lights KW - Performance evaluations KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204510 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387807 JO - Simulation PB - Simulation Councils, Incorporated AU - Daniele, C J AU - Lorenzo, C F AU - Simulation Councils, Incorporated TI - DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLIFIED FREE-PISTON STIRLING ENGINE PY - 1980/06 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - p. 195-206 AB - Lumped-volume dynamic equations are derived using an energy-state formulation. This technique requires the writing of state functions for kinetic and potential energy. A Rayleigh dissipation function accounts for losses in the system. Using these functions, a Lagrangian equation is formed from which the equations of motion for the system are derived. An example of the application of this technique is a model of the free-piston Stirling engine. The model was simplified and programmed on an analog computer. The simulation and experimental data compare favorably. KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Equations KW - Simulation KW - Stirling engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204729 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387812 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - NORBYE, J P AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - FREE-PISTON ENGINE--WILL IT POWER YOUR CAR IN 2001? PY - 1980/06 VL - 216 IS - 6 SP - p. 72-73 AB - A French-designed free-piston experimental engine has a unique method of producing electric power for transmission directly to a car's hub-mounted electric motors, also newly designed. The Jarret brothers, professional inventors working near Paris, have replaced connecting rods, crankshaft, and mechanical transmission of a conventional engine by an electronically controlled electromagnetic system with a rectilinear alternator at each end of the engine. The mechanical movement of the pistons is converted to electrical energy by magnetic rings on the piston assemblies passing between the alternator coils. Power to the motors would be electronically regulated by a controller attached to the throttle. Direct fuel injection is used, timed to microseconds by an electronic control unit. The engine weighs less than 70 lb., is vibrationless, produces 1.3 hp./cu. in. displacement, and has a power-to-weight ratio three or four times that of current automobile engines. Exceptionally good fuel economy was a basic design goal; 50% efficiency of the complete system is anticipated. A company (Mothelec) was formed in 1976 to sponsor further development of the engine. Arrival at the production stage will probably take another ten years. The engine can form a lightweight and compact installation for almost any vehicle, and would provide extreme versatility in drive system and layout. KW - Automobile engines KW - Direct injection KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electromagnets KW - Electronic control KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel injection KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204731 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387813 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Shuldiner, H AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - NOW THEY'RE RUNNING ON PROPANE OR GASOLINE IN DUAL-FUEL MOTOR HOMES PY - 1980/06 VL - 216 IS - 6 SP - 3 p. AB - Noise and acceleration tests on Midas and Winnebago dual-fuel (gasoline, propane) motor homes are described. A dashboard toggle switch or knob is used to switch from one fuel to the other. Although there was no audible difference between operation on gasoline or propane, there were numerous backfires when switching fuels (related to incomplete burning of gasoline). Propane performance was significantly slower in timed acceleration runs. The Winnebago (with a Dodge 440 cu. in. V8) averaged 24.2 sec. from a standing start to 60 mph on gasoline and 27.7 sec. on propane. The Midas (with a Chevrolet 454 cu. in. V8) averaged 18.8 sec. on gasoline and 21.8 sec. on propane. This apparent slowness was not noticeable in standard driving situations. Propane fuel economy is poorer than that of gasoline (about 8% fewer Btu), but propane is usually priced lower, in some locations as little as 70 cents/gal. There are about 25,000 propane outlets in the U.S. One difficulty encountered in filling the motor home's propane cylinders was dealers' lack of fuel meters. Winnebago charges from $558 to $1200 for dual-fuel systems, and Midas' price is about $1200. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Dual fueling KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Gasoline KW - Noise KW - Performance tests KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204732 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387814 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Hill, R AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - YOU CAN DO YOUR OWN ALTERNATOR SERVICING PY - 1980/06 VL - 216 IS - 6 SP - p. 117-120 AB - Information is provided for the do-it-yourself car owner on repairing a malfunctioning alternator. There are generally four symptoms of a defective alternator or voltage regulator: no charge, partial charge or overcharge of battery, and alternator noise. The operating principle of an alternator is explained, and its major parts are illustrated. Methods of checking the battery and its connections are described. Isolating the alternator from the voltage regulator as the source of the problem is discussed. Clues are given to quickly identifying the cause of alternator noise as a defective diode, stator, or bearing. Instructions and photographs/illustrations are provided for disassembling, checking, and replacing alternator parts. KW - Alternators KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204733 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386120 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - MORE ABOUT AIR BAGS: WHAT WILL THEY COST? (PART 2) PY - 1980/06 VL - 63 IS - 6 SP - p. 16-20 AB - General Accounting Office findings are presented on the cost of air bags and the prospective impact on insurance rates. Both the Ford ($235) and General Motors' ($193) estimates for air bags were preliminary. Future costs will be affected by revisions in program assumptions, engineering test data, and specific product design requirements. Except for dealer markup or profit, these estimates represented reasonable approximations of cost, based on cost accounting procedures consistent with those used for Federal safety and emission standards, and reasonably supported by documentation. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's $112 air bag cost estimate does not reflect increased costs associated with lower production volumes. Current GM and Ford plans call for heavy reliance on passive belts, at least initially. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's estimate excluded certain design and manufacturing costs which appear to be reasonably supported by the automakers. Several major insurance companies have reported plans to offer passive restraint discounts, while some are undecided and others have no such plans. The type of insurance coverage in a state (fault vs. no-fault) will have a marked influence on insurance rates. The type of restraint could also determine the amount of discount. The ultimate impact of passive restraints on insurance rates is uncertain. The long-term impact will depend on claims experience as well as economic variables. KW - Air bags KW - Costs KW - Impacts KW - Insurance industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203619 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386125 JO - Better Roads PB - James Informational Media, Incorporated TI - TRAILERS VITAL TO ROAD INDUSTRY; TOP MANUFACTURERS BUILD IN SAFETY (PART 1) PY - 1980/06 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - p. 7-8 AB - The safety factors involved in building a truck trailer are described, based on information from several trailer manufacturers. The Wisconsin Trailer Company, a major builder of heavy-duty units, emphasizes safety, with elaborate precautions taken in each step of material selection and manufacture of each unit. The company has a specification list of 25 safety items for each trailer. The safety margin of each specification is generally well beyond the minimum required by standards. Trailer fishtailing is a safety hazard resulting from bad trailer design and/or incorrect load placement. Increased size and load of the conveyors have increased the need for safety. Manufacturers of the Trailer King line say that safety and engineering go hand in hand in building trailers, and that product liability is a great concern. Safety features of Trail King tag-type trailers include a front headboard, and separately fused axles for trailers with electric brakes. Other safety features of the company models are extra clearance lights, and plastic encased electrical wiring of the correct gauge to assure full efficiency of brakes and lights. Industrial trailers have oil seal hubs for longer life and ease of towing, and cross members of hi-tensile steel. The company road tests each trailer at highway speeds for minimum of ten mi. before dealer delivery. The philosophy of CMI (Load King brand) is to select the most advanced products of the steel industry as well as product refinements as they reach the market from other suppliers. The company develops designs which exceed industry standards in performance and hauling efficiency as well as in service and reliability. KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203622 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386127 JO - Cycle Guide PB - Quinn Publications Incorporated AU - West, T AU - Quinn Publications Incorporated TI - NOTES FROM THE IRON AGE: HERK MERKEL'S MOTORCYCLE GAZETTE PY - 1980/06 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - p. 50-54 AB - Quaint ideas from the early days of motorcycling are reviewed, with their original illustrations reproduced. In 1931, "Popular Mechanics" featured a new concept on its cover, a "tractor motorcycle" (shown climbing a mountain). In 1922, the Solomobile was offered, a wooden motorcycle do-it-yourself kit which featured a flat felt pad seat engine not included). A 1910 model was made from plumbing pipe. Two other cycles were also designed in 1910: one was among the earliest applications of the motorcycle in life-saving roles, an English three-wheeled firefighter equipped with light ladders and hoses; and a motorcycle produced in Maine had two extra rear wheels mounted on either side of the main driving wheel. On level pavement the extra wheels did not contact the road, but acted as stabilizers on negotiating a curve. "Popular Mechanics" ran a drawing in 1911 of a snowsled on wheels. In 1910, the English introduced the "weather-protected" sidecar attached by a third wheel, designed mainly for bachelors. A wide variety of etched-glass windshields was made available, depicting the woman of the rider's choice. In 1917, a mechanic built a steam-powered motorcycle, the Steam Bike, which had a generous 75 in. wheelbase, and a seat mounted on a movable clamp. In 1911, "Popular Mechanics" described a motorcycle with an aluminum shaft drive and worm gear; the exposed engine was mounted on the frame between the driver's feet. A final concept, pictured on an early cover of "Science and Mechanics," illustrated a cycle chariot race. KW - History KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385631 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - RAISING YOUR CAR FOR REPAIRS. AUTO SERVICE JACKS AND JACKSTANDS PY - 1980/06 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - p. 374-381 AB - Twenty-two hydraulic service jacks available from auto supply and department stores and by mail are evaluated for the do-it-yourself car owner. Each of the jacks can lift one end of a car more than 13 in., allowing reasonable room for under-the-car repairs. The jacks are discussed in terms of weight and height, ease of use (reach, maneuverability, raising and lowering), and lifting safety. The J.C. Penney 8581, Sears 1200, and Wards 85251 are the three most recommended models. A ratings table provides the price, load rating, maximum lift, weight, and reach; evaluates jacking ease, release-valve convenience, and lifting security; and indicates advantages and disadvantages. Also evaluated are 28 jack stands. They are discussed in terms of load rating, height range, stability and ruggedness, and caution warning labels. Recommendations include the Ausco 5-41604, Blackhawk 67368, Walker 93505, and Watco 2T models. A ratings table is provided. Separate notes describe the Anser jack, a novel jack for fixing a flat tire which raises a car on a balloon inflated by exhaust gas; provide safety tips for jack stand use; and discuss manufacturer liability in view of safety warnings. KW - Automobiles KW - Hydraulic jacks KW - Liability KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203353 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385640 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Assenza, T AU - Hearst Magazines TI - LIVING WITH AN ELECTRIC CAR PY - 1980/06 VL - 153 IS - 6 SP - 3 p. AB - A test vehicle known as the Comuta-car is commercially available at a cost under $5000. The two-passenger vehicle carries 12 batteries in an aluminum floor pan wrapped in a Cycolac plastic body shell. To meet the government's crash test requirements, four batteries are placed in a tray in front of the car. In a head-on collision, the tray is designed to absorb most of the impact and prevent batteries from being pushed into the passenger compartment. A similar arrangement is at the car's rear. To provide even more occupant protection, a roll bar is installed over the seats and another crash bar runs beneath the dashboard. Still another bar runs down both sides of the windshield. The car's instrument package contains a voltmeter calibrated like a fuel gauge and a DC ammeter. The ampere gauge indicates when batteries are fully charged during plug-in periods. The rest of the dash contains conventional auto controls such as windshield wipers, a defroster, headlights and high beams, directional signals, a horn, and a heater. Despite the car's limited range of 40 miles and its top speed of 38 mph, driving is inexpensive; car operation costs about two cents a mile. It is felt that the Comuta-car, or any limited-range electric car, is ideal for urban driving. A separate note describes the Briggs and Stratton gasoline/electric hybrid car, which the company does not plan to manufacture. KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Frontal crashes KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Protection KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203355 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384719 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Knepper, M AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - PUFF, THE DANGEROUS DRIVER (MARIJUANA USE AND DRIVING) PY - 1980/06 VL - 25 IS - 12 SP - 9 p. AB - In an experiment on the effect of smoking marijuana on driving performance, the four "Car and Driver" test drivers describe the test procedure and give personal accounts of their experience. A slalom course was used to test dexterity (five sets of two runs each), and a lane change tested reaction time. After establishing a baseline on the slalom, each driver took two drags on a marijuana joint, waited five minutes, and then began the driving test. The times recorded for the baseline and the test runs do not indicate that any of the drivers' performance was impaired by marijuana use. A separate note presents comments by a research scientist specializing in drugs and their effects on driving at the Highway Safety Research Institute, University of Michigan. The scientist stated that the present test results are consistent with those of other closed-course studies. Although hundreds of studies have been conducted, there is no statistical proof that marijuana impairs driving ability. Although psychomotor coordination is not impaired by the drug, judgment and information processing are apparently affected. Sensations reported by the drivers indicate that marijuana increases the danger of falling asleep and impairs long-term concentration. KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Marijuana KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382556 JO - Mother Jones PB - Foundation for National Progress AU - Branan, K AU - Foundation for National Progress TI - RUNNING IN REVERSE (FORD TRANSMISSION DEFECT) PY - 1980/06 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - In November 1979, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimated that a transmission defect in Ford cars and trucks causing a slippage from park into reverse, had resulted in 60 fatalities, 1100 injuries, and 3700 accidents. The design defect may involve as many as 26 million vehicles manufactured since the late 1960's. Although Ford claims that these slippage incidents occur no more often than with other vehicle makes, government figures indicate that Fords jump from park to reverse 14 times more often than Chrysler cars and 12 times more often than General Motors cars. Ford maintains that these accidents occur due to driver carelessness, not due to defective automatic transmission/shift linkage systems. Internal company documents show that, although the problem was known to Ford as early as 1972, the company rejected effective design improvements, which would have cost only three cents per car. The slippage arises when the shift lever is not quite latched in the steering column and the lever creeps back, no more than one-eighth of an inch, activating the park-to-reverse valve inside the transmission. The transmission can shift itself after a delay of seconds or minutes and the car can take off quickly. Besides the short valve travel distance, there is difficulty in telling whether Ford cars are actually in park. NHTSA started investigating the defect in 1977, but has yet to issue a recall, an action demanded by the Center for Auto Safety and victims of Ford transmission accidents. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Linkages KW - Links (Networks) KW - Recall campaigns KW - Slippage KW - Transmissions KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202507 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379666 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Muller, A AU - American Public Health Association TI - EVALUATION OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAWS PY - 1980/06 VL - 70 IS - 6 SP - p. 586-592 AB - A cost-benefit analysis of motorcycle helmet legislation compares the cost of motorcycle helmets with medical costs averted by helmet use. Data are primarily based on the accident experience of motorcyclists in Colorado, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Nationwide, at least $61 million could be saved annually if all cyclists were to wear helmets. Helmet law repeals have led to a 40% to 50% reduction in helmet use, possibly producing an annual $16 to $18 million of unnecessary medical care expenditures. It is pointed out that allegations of increased neck injuries due to helmet use are unfounded, that helmets do not obstruct hearing, and that their use only slightly reduces the field of vision, which still exceeds the Federal standard for horizontal field of view. It is argued that possible discomfort and inconvenience associated with helmet use should not prevent mandating their use. It is noted that the majority of motorcyclists interviewed in opinion polls have favored helmet laws. Public information campaigns, subsidization of helmet purchases, lower insurance premiums, and denial of compensation for injuries and damages to unhelmeted motorcyclists are discussed as unfavorable alternatives to helmet use laws. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380103 JO - ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTS AU - SAMUEL, J AU - Research Applications Limited TI - AN AMERICAN E.V. (ELECTRIC VEHICLE) CAR PROGRAMME--"SILVER VOLT" NOW AND TO 1985 PY - 1980/06 IS - 6 SP - p. 10-11 AB - The energy crisis and the pollution factor (exhaust emissions) are providing the impetus for electric vehicle (EV) development. The average electric fuel consumption of 17 different prototype EV's was found to be equivalent in energy to 21.7 mpg, representing a 55% better fuel economy than U.S. gasoline-powered cars. Ground level emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles are 100 times greater than those from an equivalent EV fleet running on energy from utilities. Electric Auto Corporation's (Troy, Michigan) Silver Volt five-seater electric car has an 80 to 100 mi. range per charge and can meet 96% of all driving requirements. The car's lead-acid battery can be recharged completely in five hours from an electric power source in the owner's garage. In certain areas, the utilities offer low rates for overnight use of electricity charging. The cost to recharge at Detroit's daytime rates is about $1.40, the equivalent of 70 mpg. Advantages of the EV are half the maintenance and operating cost of an internal combustion-engine car, long life, and reliability. Although limited range is the main disadvantage, a fast-charge battery has been developed which can be recharged 80% in 30 min. to provide a 50 mi. range. A prototype coin-operated fast-charge station is being demonstrated in the Miami, Florida area. The Silver Volt will cost from $16,000 to $20,000. The car's sleek aerodynamic styling contributes significantly to high-speed efficiency. A small, auxiliary gasoline-powered generator housed in the front is available as a "lifeline." Production of 100 cars/wk. is planned for the pilot in Freeport, Grand Bahama; by 1985, 20,000 cars a year are projected. KW - Electric automobiles KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Operating costs KW - Range (Vehicles) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196576 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379088 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SPRING-SUPPORTED SEATS MAKE COMEBACK (SCHOOL BUSES) PY - 1980/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 15-17 AB - A Federal regulation may ban the use of polyurethane foam in school bus seats because of its fire hazard, thus prompting the resurgence of spring seats. As the lowest cost seating option for the school bus market, cushions with steel wire springs can reduce seat prices as much as 70% compared with current Neoprene types. With the Urban Mass Transportation Administration already prohibiting use of polyurethane foam seating in city buses, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which has supervision over school buses, will soon conduct hearings on proposed amendments to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302 (flammability specifications in buses). The spring-supported seat cushion, minus its topper pad and surface cover, consists of a 3/8-or 1/2-inch thick plywood board base, to which are stapled 21 or 24 springs for a school bus seat, and 28 or 32 for a city bus seat. The entire unit is paint dipped to ensure corrosion resistance. The prime spring seat manufacturer, Royersford Spring Co., guarantees 12 years free replacement of its school bus seat for any damage but vandalism, and offers a two-year/200,000-mi. warranty for its city bus seats. It is expected that several more spring companies will soon enter the bus seat market. Based on seven pounds of steel wire to a seat, 22 seats per school bus, and 38,000 new buses per year, this represents a minimum of 17 1/2 million new springs and nearly 3000 tons of steel wire. KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fire resistance KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Polyurethane foams KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Steel wire KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195959 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379089 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Speth, R AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - HOW TO GET MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE FROM A MINI-BUS ALTERNATOR PY - 1980/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-26 AB - Standard vehicle electrical power requirements often exceed the rated output of the largest alternator which can be physically installed in minibuses used in urban transit. However, proper installation, maintenance, and operation can help avoid alternator failure. Ways to help keep a minibus alternator running in peak form include selecting the proper drive belt; providing proper pulley alignment; choosing the proper pulley; using batteries of sufficient capacity, designed for deep-cycle conditions; performing routine maintenance; providing heat insulation from the exhaust manifold if the alternator has a built-in regulator; and using proper mounting hardware. KW - Alternators KW - Building KW - Electricity KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Minibuses KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376930 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Peteghem, C van AU - Heyndrickx, A AU - Verdonk, R AU - Bongaerts, W AU - Merckx, J AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL AND ACCIDENTS IN BELGIUM: A STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES PY - 1980/06 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 23-25 AB - For the 346 accident victims admitted to the University Hospitals emergency rooms in Ghent, Belgium during 1 Mar-31 Jul 1977, blood alcohol levels (BAL's) and the socioeconomic consequences of injuries were statistically analyzed. No correlation was found between BAL's and injury severity, length of hospital stay, hospital expenses, and inability to work. About 30% of the accident victims were under the influence of alcohol. The average blood alcohol level of those with positive BAL's was 1.47 gm./1., a figure far exceeding the legal limit of 0.80 gm./1. set for driving while intoxicated. Traffic was the main cause of accidents (42%), followed by home accidents (27%). Motorcycles and bicycles contributed to 40% of all traffic accidents. KW - Bicycles KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crashes KW - Hospitals KW - Motorcycles KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376933 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Smith, M J AU - Printerhall Limited TI - A LOCAL TRAFFIC CONTROL POLICY WHICH AUTOMATICALLY MAXIMISES THE OVERALL TRAVEL CAPACITY OF AN URBAN ROAD NETWORK PY - 1980/06 VL - 21 IS - 6 SP - p. 298-302 AB - Traffic control strategy is proposed which causes the traffic to be distributed in the spare capacity available on the network so that the traffic uses junction space economically. The policy requires only local information such as traffic flows and queue lengths, which can be obtained from vehicle detectors. Origin-destination information is not required. Consequent changes in the traffic pattern are automatically taken into account. It is assumed that traffic signals control all substantially congested junctions, and that, at the most congested junctions, conflicting streams of traffic do not filter through one another. The signals must insulate a traffic stream from a conflicting stream by use of non-overlapping greens. It is assumed that queue-storage capacity is not limited. It is also assumed that a driver only changes his route to a quicker one, and will continue to do so if such a route becomes available. KW - Highway capacity KW - Networks KW - Queuing KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194879 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376929 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Setekleiv, J AU - Bo, O AU - Wickstrom, E AU - Enoksen, A AU - Hasvold, I AU - SAKSHAUG, J AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN ACCIDENT VICTIMS--A ONE YEAR SERIES FROM A NORWEGIAN HOSPITAL PY - 1980/06 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-30 AB - The incidence and pattern of preaccident alcohol and drug consumption was explored among all categories of accident victims admitted from 1 Feb 1978 through 30 Jan 1979 to the surgical department of Rogaland Central Hospital (Norway). Blood samples were obtained from accident victims soon after their admission to the hospital. The presence of alcohol was determined by an alcoholdehydrogenase method and by parallel gas chromatographic analysis. Blood samples were screened for drugs by gas chromatography. Accidents were subdivided into five main categories: road traffic accidents; industrial accidents; home accidents; accidents occurring in the course of leisure activities; and accidents related to drowning or near drowning. Of the 80 road traffic accident victims, 22.5% had alcohol in their blood. Benzodiazepine derivatives were the most commonly found drugs in blood samples. They were detected in 66.7% of the 93 accident victims having drugs in their blood but were found in only 7.3% of road accident cases. The percentage of motor vehicle drivers having alcohol in their blood, 13.6% of four-wheeled drivers and 5% of motorcyclists, was relatively low compared to other studies conducted in Norway. It was determined that the use of diazepam may be a contributory factor in a small number of road accidents and that this risk is considerably increased if alcohol is consumed at the same time. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash victims KW - Drugs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328901 AU - Struckman-Johnson, C AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW REPEAL IN SOUTH DAKOTA 1976-79 PY - 1980/06 SP - 128 p. AB - The present report in two volumes assesses changes in levels of helmet use, state-wide accident experience, and incidence of cyclist injury between a pre-repeal period and two post-repeal years. Results of three state-wide surveys, each of which included observations of over 12,000 cyclists, showed helmet use to decline from nearly 100% in the pre-repeal period to 57% in 1977 and 48% in 1978. Data from 1,515 motorcycle accidents occurring between July 1976 and June 1979 were examined to assess the influence of helmet law repeal on incidence and severity of victim injuries. Accident cost data were also obtained for a random sample of 136 motorcycle drivers involved in these accidents. Helmet use was clearly related to the severity of victims' injuries and to the incidence of head trauma. KW - Adults KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - South Dakota KW - State government KW - Surveys KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326383 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Huber, K R AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL/SAFETY PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG. NUMBER 4 PY - 1980/06 SP - 270 p. AB - The Alcohol/Safety Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on alcohol and highway safety. It lists materials produced for campaigns along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Catalogs KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Mass media KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326349 AU - Ricci, L L AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NCSS STATISTICS: PASSENGER CARS PY - 1980/06 SP - 110 p. AB - The National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) is a major accident data collection program of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Data collection began on January 1, 1977 and terminated on March 31, 1979. This report presents tabulations of accidents involving towed passenger cars for the entire twenty-seven month period. Accidents were investigated in seven geographic areas within the continental United States selected so that the aggregate of the areas closely resembles the urbanization distribution of the entire country. Within each area, a stratified sampling plan was used to gather detailed information on passenger cars in accidents severe enough to require that the vehicles be towed from the scene. The combined investigations presented here total 11,386 accidents, 14,805 towed vehicles, 24,976 vehicle occupants, and 917 fatalities. The tables and figures in this report were generated using computer files for a passenger car subset of the NCSS data, and represent only a very broad treatment of the data. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Highway transportation KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motor vehicles accidents KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326250 AU - Ricci, L L AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NCSS (NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY) STATISTICS: LIGHT TRUCKS AND VANS PY - 1980/06 SP - 98 p. AB - This document has been prepared from a subset of the National Crash Severity Study data restricted to light trucks and vans involved in sampled accidents. The report is a supplement to the NCSS Statistics: Passenger Cars dated June 1980. The National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) is a major accident data collection program of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Data collection began in January 1977 and terminated in March 1979. This report presents tabulations of the data for the last twelve months of the study, thus covering the period April 1, 1978 through March 31, 1979. Accidents were investigated in seven geographic areas within the continental United States selected so that the aggregate of the areas closely resembles the urbanization distribution of the entire country. Within each area a stratified sampling plan was used to gather detailed information on passenger cars, light trucks, and vans (and their occupants) in crashes which were severe enough to require that the vehicles be towed from the scene. The combined investigations presented here total 905 crashes, 951 towed light trucks and vans, 1,608 case vehicle occupants, and 104 fatalities. The tables in this report represent only a very broad treatment of the data. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Damage assessment KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Loss and damage KW - Mortality KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326256 AU - HENDERSON, N H AU - Curran, K N AU - Prism Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) FEATURES. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/06 SP - 11 p. AB - This report covers findings from a series of 23 focus panels among consumers in six U.S. cities, researching attitudes and opinions about safety features of the Minicars' Research Safety Vehicle. KW - Attitudes KW - Consumers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manual safety belts KW - Market research KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety vehicles KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326257 AU - HENDERSON, N H AU - Curran, K N AU - Prism Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) FEATURES. VOLUME II: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON 23 FOCUS GROUPS TO INVESTIGATE CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE FEATURES PY - 1980/06 SP - 83 p. AB - This report covers findings from a series of 23 focus panels among consumers in six U.S. cities, researching attitudes and opinions about safety features of the Minicars' Research Safety Vehicle. KW - Attitudes KW - Automotive engineering KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manual safety belts KW - Market research KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety vehicles KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326038 AU - Beharrell, J AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES. PHASE I--FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/06 SP - 396 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to document the results of studies and tests performed under Phase I of the Side Structures Evaluation program. This contract involves the development of a test device which will simulate the effect of a bullet car in car-to-car side impacts. The test device described herein consists of a layered aluminum honeycomb energy-absorbing (E/A) face mounted on a wheeled bogey vehicle. The stiffness and geometry of the E/A face are based upon weighted averages of test data and frontal geometric characteristics of a representative selection of late-model cars. Three series of crash tests were conducted, along with a series of static honeycomb component tests. The crash tests were conducted to provide frontal stiffness data, to measure the E/A face stiffness, and to compare the effect of the Side Impactor with that of a bullet car in car-to-car side impacts. KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318935 AU - Phillips, B M AU - Opinion Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SAFETY BELT EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR EMPLOYEES PY - 1980/06 SP - 28 p. AB - The research was designed to determine the effectiveness of a nine-month safety belt educational program, utilizing various informational materials developed by NHTSA, in increasing safety belt usage among corporate employees. The materials used include an audio-visual slide presentation and a variety of pamphlets, brochures and booklets. Two U.S. corporations agreed to participate in the research and authorized their Safety Director at selected plant sites to implement the program. An evaluation of the program's effectiveness was accomplished by observing employees' use (or non-use) of safety belts as they entered/exited Company parking areas. The observation studies were conducted before the program was implemented, during the program, and after it had been completed. Two principal findings emerge from the research: (1) Corporate Safety Directors generally are reluctant to involve employees in an educational program directed specifically at safety belt usage, although they acknowledge the importance of such a program; (2) The observation studies conducted at the 'experimental' plants indicate that the nine-month educational program did not significantly increase usage of safety belts while driving to or from work. KW - Attitudes KW - Corporations KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Human factors KW - Instructional materials KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25493/DOT-HS-805-472.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318938 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Huber, K R AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION/SPEED LIMIT PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG NUMBER 2 PY - 1980/06 SP - 90 p. AB - The Occupant Protection/Speed Limit Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on those topics. It lists materials produced for campaigns, along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Catalogs KW - Helmets KW - Highway transportation KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Instructional materials KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Project management KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318983 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Donelson, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUG RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. VOLUME IV. EPIDEMIOLOGY IN DRUGS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY: THE STUDY OF DRUG USE AMONG DRIVERS AND ITS ROLE IN TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1980/06 SP - 80 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a workshop on epidemiology in drugs and highway safety. A cross-disciplinary panel of experts (1) identified methodological issues and constraints present in research to define the nature and magnitude of the drug and driving problems; and (2) outlined approaches to the design and conduct of surveys to estimate the highway safety risk attributable to the use of drugs other than alcohol alone. Participants addressed specific topic areas in the context of two general issues -- (1) the sequence of research needed to establish drugs other than alcohol as a priority concern in highway safety; and (2) the relationship of data provided by different types of surveys and information required for policy decisions. KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318984 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Donelson, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUG RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. VOLUME V. EXPERIMENTATION IN DRUGS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY: THE STUDY OF DRUG EFFECTS ON SKILLS RELATED TO DRIVING PY - 1980/06 SP - 69 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a workshop on experimental research in the area of drugs and highway safety. Complementing studies of drug use in different driving populations, experimentation here refers to studies performed under controlled conditions, usually in a laboratory setting, to measure the effects of drugs on skills related to driving. A cross-disciplinary panel of experts examined methodological approaches used to assess the potential of drugs to increase the likelihood of traffic crashes (risk potential). The report summarizes discussions of specific issues in experimental drug and driving research, including the relationships between the concentration of drugs in body fluids and their effects on behavior; comparability of experimental findings among different studies; the use of alcohol as a standard reference drug in experimental research, and the proper selection of experimental subjects for drug and driving research. KW - Abilities KW - Behavior KW - Body KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fluids KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25509/DOT-HS-805-462.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343618 AU - Ray, H W AU - Sandof, M AU - Weaver, J AU - Brink, J R AU - Stock, J R AU - DeKalb County School System AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFE PERFORMANCE SECONDARY SCHOOL DRIVER EDUCATION CURRICULUM DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1980/06 SP - 85 p. AB - The primary purpose of this project is to determine the crash reduction potential of the Safe Performance Curriculum and curriculum delivery system in the secondary school. The research design is a comparative analysis of randomly assigned students receiving instruction in the Safe Performance Curriculum (SPC), the Pre-Driver Licensing Course (PDL), and a group receiving no driving instruction in the secondary school (Control). This report discusses the operational activities from July 1979 to June 1980, and delineates the interim research findings. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Curricula KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - High schools KW - Licenses KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Specialized training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362420 AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RULES OF THE ROAD. REVISED DECEMBER 1978 PY - 1980/06 SP - 110 p. AB - This guidebook is designed to assist foreign residents and visitors to drive and get about Japan safely and confidently. The book consists of ten chapters which cover the following areas: general rules for everybody; rules for the pedestrian; rules for the bicyclist; points to be checked before getting behind wheel; driving tips; danger spots and hazardous conditions; tips on driving national expressways and motorways; motorcycling; advice on traffic accidents and breakdowns; and duties of car owners and driving supervisors. Tables are presented which explain police officer and traffic warden signals, signboards, traffic signs, and pavement markings. vehicles be towed from the scene. The combined KW - Fatalities KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Statistics KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362417 JO - Criminal Justice Abstracts PB - National Council on Crime and Delinquency AU - Little, J W AU - National Council on Crime and Delinquency TI - DRINKING, DRIVING, AND THE LAW PY - 1980/06 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 261-289 AB - This is a review of and commentary on literature published over a five-year period from July 1974 to 1979 that pertains to legal aspects of drunken driving and alcohol involvement in highway crashes. Although the author sought to identify every article and book published in English, the review does not purport to be exhaustive. Some materials were unavailable and others were not worthy of comment. In addition, some writings are treated much more extensively than others, indicating primarily the reviewer's evaluation of the relative importance, novelty, or interest of the pieces. To provide continuity and context, the writings have been classified as follows: (1) Legal Issues under Chemical Test and Implied Consent Laws; (2) Descriptive Studies about Anti-Drunken Driving Laws and Programs; (3) Criminal and Civil Legal Consequences of Automobile Crashes Caused by Drunken Driving; and (4) The Effect of Anti-Drunken Driving Laws on Driver Behavior. In some instances reference is made between categories. KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Laws KW - Legal factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337154 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - McNair, J W AU - Marks, M E AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES FOR UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS. VOLUME III: FIELD STUDIES PY - 1980/06 SP - 206 p. AB - This volume reports the results of contacts with police enforcement agencies to determine their procedures for enforcing certain unsafe driving actions (UDA). The volume is divided into two parts. In Part One, the results of a series of telephone contacts with thirty-one state, county, and municipal police agencies are described. Part Two presents detailed case studies for UDA enforcement procedures in Washtenaw County, Michigan; Cincinnati, Ohio; Tucson, Arizona; and California (Highway Patrol). The major focus of the procedural studies is the speeding UDA. Procedures for enforcing following too closely and driving left of center were also sought, but it was found that few agencies have specific procedures for enforcing those two UDAs. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Apprehension KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Crashes KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Fear KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Practices KW - Procedural requirements KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic violators KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361506 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1977 CRC EXPLORATORY PROGRAM TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF DRIVEABILITY ON COLD START FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980/06 SP - v.p. AB - Recent legislation has emphasized increased vehicle fuel economy and lower RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) limits on fuels. As a result, there is some concern within the industry that poor driveability performance during cold start and driveaway has a significant influence on fuel economy. In 1977, the Coordinating Research Council, Inc. conducted an exploratory program to investigate the effect of driveability performance on cold start fuel economy in the intermediate temperature range of 40 deg-60 deg F. In previous CRC intermediate temperature driveability programs, an acceptable test procedure for establishing relationships between various fuel volatility parameters and vehicle driveability was developed. In view of the CRC-Motor Volatility Group's extensive experience with this test procedure, it was decided to modify it to also include the capability of measuring fuel consumption. The objective of this program was to investigate possible changes in cold start fuel economy as influenced by driveability performance. The various test phases in this program included the measurement of fuel consumption using the modified CRC Cold Start and Driveaway Procedure from a cold start (overnight soak), and the repeat of this test with the vehicle fully warmed up. Data from the warmedup cycle were used to investigate a correction factor for the effect of fuel differences on cold start fuel economy. Fuel economy tests were also made using the SAE J1082 Fuel Economy Urban Cycle Test Procedure. The Urban Cycle schedule is a typical slow speed, stop-and-go driving cycle, with a warmed-up vehicle, and is representative of the type of driving that a consumer would encounter in the city. In addition, a selected number of cars were run on the EPA Federal Test Procedure (FTP) Urban Driving Schedule. All tests, except those using the EPA Federal Test Procedure Urban Driving Cycle, were conducted on the road using selected test cars and the same fuels from the previous 1976 CRC Intermediate Temperature Driveability Program. EPA Federal Test Procedure Urban Driving Cycle tests were conducted on a chassis dynamometer by an independent contractor. Six companies supplied equipment and twelve companies participated in this program as shown in Appendix A. Members of the CRC Program Panel and Analysis Panel are listed in Appendix B. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Driveability KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Reid vapor pressure KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361993 AU - Cooke, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RISK OF INJURY IN PASSENGER CAR AND OTHER VEHICLE COLLISIONS WITH TRUCK REAR END PY - 1980/06 SP - 26 p. AB - NHTSA has performed a study of the occupant safety problem in cars and other vehicles which strike the rear ends of heavy trucks, and the results are reported in "Rulemaking Support Paper for Truck Rear End Guard Protection". That paper has identified the principal factors which influence the risk of occupant injury and has presented the values and corresponding probability distributions for each factor which characterizes the current and future universe of accident conditions. However, in the interest of brevity in that paper, references have been made to other documents for details. Therefore, this document has been written to provide more detailed consideration of the factors influencing occupant injury in vehicles impacting the rear of heavy trucks and to derive the representative values for such factors as well as their probabilities of occurrence. KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Hazards KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Rear end crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361388 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1979 ROADSIDE VEHICLE INSPECTIONS PY - 1980/06 SP - 20 p. AB - This report is a compilation of the results of the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety's roadside vehicle inspection activities conducted at various locations throughout the country during calendar year 1979. The safety inspection of vehicles and drivers, conducted during periods when actual highway transportation operations are underway, is one of the activities of the Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety intended to increase the safety of interstate commercial motor vehicle transportation on the Nation's highways. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR) and the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) are applicable to the transportation operations of motor carriers of passengers or property engaged in interstate or foreign commerce. The Regulations are designed to promote public safety by minimizing the risks associated with these transportation operations and thus contribute to efforts to reduce highway accidents. KW - Bus drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361365 AU - Warren, R A AU - Kanneman, K AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - INFERENCES REGARDING THE BACS OF NON-RESPONDENTS IN THE CANADIAN ROADSIDE SURVEY PY - 1980/06 SP - 20 p. AB - This paper addresses the problem of non-respondent bias in roadside surveys and develops a mathematical paradigm relating the absolute and conditional blood alcohol content (BAC) distributions (with response as an argument of conditionality). The implications of this model are evaluated on the basis of various assumptions regarding the probability of response at defined BAC levels, using data from the Canadian National Roadside Survey (CNRS). Accordingly, the objectives of the investigation are twofold: (1) To examine the theoretical relationship between the (obviously known) conditional BAC distribution of BAC-tested drivers (respondents), and the absolute (unknown) BAC distribution of drivers in the population at large (respondents + non-respondents); and (2) To evaluate that theoretical framework on the basis of various assumptions regarding the probability of response at defined BAC levels, using concrete summary data from the CNRS. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Monitoring KW - Police KW - Roadside KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328900 AU - Lawrason, G C AU - Swiercinsky, T H AU - Mason, R H AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURY CAUSATION STUDY PY - 1980/06 SP - 71 p. AB - The objective of the subject study was to increase the knowledge of the vehicle/pedestrian injury severity parameters to such an extent that the data could be the basis for programs aimed at reducing pedestrian injury severity. The Southwest Research Institute designed a pedestrain accident sampling plan that was representative of the total pedestrain accident population in the City of San Antonio; established working arrangements and procedures for notification of pedestrian accidents with the San Antonio Police Department; established procedures to obtain medical data (including x-rays) from medical facilities in the area; and investigated a total of 451 pedestrian accidents in the study area. This report addresses the sampling scheme, notification system, procedures developed, techniques used, and the problem areas associated with the subject contract. KW - Causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Highway transportation KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Sampling KW - Severity KW - Statistical sampling KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25645/DOT-HS-EPX-028.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328902 AU - Struckman-Johnson, C AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW REPEAL IN SOUTH DAKOTA 1976-79: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/06 SP - 30 p. AB - The report presents the executive summary on the assesses changes in levels of helmet use, state-wide accident experience, and incidence of cyclist injury between a pre-repeal period and two post-repeal years. Results of three state-wide surveys, each of which included observations of over 12,000 cyclists, showed helmet use to decline from nearly 100% in the pre-repeal period to 57% in 1977 and 48% in 1978. Data from 1,515 motorcycle accidents occurring between July 1976 and June 1979 were examined to assess the influence of helmet law repeal on incidence and severity of victim injuries. Helmet use was clearly related to the severity of victims' injuries and to the incidence of head trauma. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - South Dakota KW - State government KW - Surveys KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329005 AU - ANDERSON, J AU - FORD, J L AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED MOTORCYCLIST LICENSING AND TESTING PROJECT. VOLUME I PY - 1980/06 SP - 219 p. AB - The report presents the final analyses and evaluation of the relative effectiveness of two improved motorcycle licensing programs compared to California's standard licensing program. The findings are based on a sample of 40,874 original applicants who were randomly assigned to the programs over a three-year period (1976-78). The two improved programs were identical with the exception that one (program 8) required that drive test failures complete a remedial skills training program. The driver record analyses indicated a statistically significant reduction in motorcycle accident rates during the year after application in each of the two improved licensing programs in comparison with the present program. The magnitude of the accident reductions ranged from 15% - 21%. Comparisons of the licensing programs on the other criterion measures revealed that the two improved programs did differ from the present program in their impact on motorcycle and automobile convictions, automobile accidents, and total accidents and convictions. However, the improved program with remedial training did not result in a significant reduction in total number of accidents involving an injury or fatality. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - California KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver training KW - Driving tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Licenses KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance evaluations KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328842 AU - ANDERSON, J AU - FORD, J L AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED MOTORCYCLIST LICENSING AND TESTING PROJECT. VOLUME II PY - 1980/06 SP - 203 p. AB - Contents: Response frequency distributions and percentage distributions for each questionnaire item; Means, standard deviations, and intercorrelations of questionnaire item variables, official driver record variables, and application variables; Definition of variables; Means and standard deviations; Questionnaire respondent correlation matrix. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - California KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Licenses KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance evaluations KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Questionnaires KW - State government KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328843 AU - ANDERSON, J AU - FORD, J L AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED MOTORCYCLIST LICENSING AND TESTING PROJECT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/06 SP - 23 p. AB - The present study was designed to achieve the following objectives: (1) To demonstrate that improved testing procedures would result in a lower accident rate for novice motorcyclists; (2) To demonstrate the efficacy and public acceptance of a more rigorous motorcyclist testing program which included a higher failure rate and use of a motorcycle testing and training facility; (3) To demonstrate that a state motor vehicle department can administer a licensing program which includes special remedial skills training for applicants who do not pass the driving test; and (4) To establish the cost effectiveness of an Improved Motorcyclist Licensing and Testing Program. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - California KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Driving tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Licenses KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Novices KW - Performance evaluations KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - State government KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328845 AU - BAIRD, J D AU - Didion, J AU - Heffernan, A AU - Dynamic Science, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURY CAUSATION PARAMETERS PY - 1980/06 SP - 86 p. AB - Investigations were conducted of 337 auto/pedestrian accidents in Los Angeles, California. Each accident was investigated either on-scene or with a designated follow-up methodology. Applicable accidents were selected for investigation using a temporal sampling plan. Data concerning the collision environment, the involved vehicles and the pedestrian were collected for each case. Completed data forms were submitted to a Quality Control Contractor. Each case was reconstructed and the pertinent data was summarized. KW - Automobiles KW - California KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Sampling KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327767 AU - Glauz, W D AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY FOR USE IN "AUTOMATED" SPEED ENFORCEMENT PY - 1980/06 SP - 170 p. AB - The report concerns the identification of technologies that may be applicable to speed enforcement and a preliminary assessment of their possible utility in the U.S. The study emphasizes technologies that are in common use in Europe and elsewhere, but are relatively unknown in the U.S. The findings reflect information from the literature and elsewhere; personal visits to a number of foreign law enforcement agencies and manufacturers; and a quantitative rating system. The most common non-U.S. technology utilizes Doppler radar aimed diagonally across the road, rather than down the road as is the case with American systems, giving it a number of technological advantages. This, and several other technologies identified, can be used in combination with a camera to obtain photographic evidence, or to operate automatically without an officer in attendance. It is concluded that these technologies are technically much superior to the systems presently used in the U.S. and, although they are more expensive, offer potential cost-effectiveness advantages. However, there are some legal and public opinion concerns that must be dealt with, and field trials in the U.S. are strongly recommended. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Automation KW - Cameras KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Doppler radar KW - Europe KW - Highway transportation KW - Law enforcement KW - Radar vehicle detectors KW - Recommendations KW - Speed limits KW - State of the art studies KW - Technology KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326432 AU - HATCH, W E AU - Automated Sciences Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPPORT FOR THE ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY ACTIVITIES PY - 1980/06 SP - 78 p. AB - Vehicle certification reports are issued by EPA in September (preliminary) and February (final) of each year. These reports contain individual emissions test results. The reports also contain vehicle test weight, engine displacement, dynamometer horsepower setting and fuel economy as computed from the emissions values. The certification data have been extracted on magnetic tape. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Pollutants KW - Simulation KW - Technology assessment KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326410 AU - Veldkamp, M B AU - Donelson, A C AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUGS AND DRIVING: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. SUPPLEMENT THREE PY - 1980/06 SP - 445 p. AB - The report presents an annotated bibliography of literature to drugs and highway safety. This volume is the fourth of a series of bibliographic reports, and is intended as a resource document. Its purpose is to aid current efforts in determining the relationship of drugs and highway safety. The primary objective is the presentation of literature, not the analysis of research. The contents of the report are representative, but not inclusive, of the available literature. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Bibliographies KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326411 AU - Veldkamp, M B AU - Donelson, A C AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUGS AND DRIVING: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. SUPPLEMENT TWO PY - 1980/06 SP - 446 p. AB - The report presents a bibliography of literature dealing primarily with the relationship of drug use (other than alcohol alone) and highway safety. This volume is the third of a series of annotated bibliographies designed to provide ready access to archival, technical, and popular publications. This supplement updates previous bibliographic reports and continues coverage of research areas that support the development and application of methods to study the drug and driving problem. This report provides a detailed description of the scope and method of the literature search and review effort that resulted in this compilation. The bibliography consists of four appendices, including a Tropical Index, an Author Index, a Title Index, and an Abstract Index, which contains approximately six hundred abstracts of the selected publications. A revised topical index provides access to abstracts according to type of publication, area of drug and driving research, methods applied in research on drugs and highway safety, drugs and classes of drugs. Within the topical index, drugs are cross-indexed by generic and trade names. A drug classification scheme is provided. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Bibliographies KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25500/DOT-HS-805-520_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318969 AU - FORREST, L AU - LEE, W B AU - SMALLEY, W M AU - Aerospace Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE DIESELIZATION PY - 1980/06 SP - 345 p. AB - This report provides a first-level assessment of the environmental effects which might result if diesel vehicles in large numbers were produced and sold, thereby changing the mix of vehicles in the in-use fleet so that a substantial fraction were diesel-powered in future years. The study emphasizes the impacts of diesel exhaust emissions on air quality, especially particulates and odor. Impacts are projected to the year 2000, based on several selected scenarios for the growth in diesel population. Two types of air quality analyses are conducted; areawide and local site. The areawide analysis examines pollutant dump effects in three metropolitan city areas. The Local site analysis investigates pollutant concentrations in several critical urban sites: the heavily traveled freeway, the street canyon, and the enclosed parking garage. A general description of the methodology is provided. Results are presented in terms of trends in the emission inventories for the city-wide analysis and as pollutant concentration profile for the local site analysis. The areawide analysis indicates that dieselization would increase urban TSP by less than 3%, while air quality relative to HC, Co and NOx would improve. The local site analysis shows that dieselization would produce diesel particulate concentrations ranging from 9 to 13 micrograms/cubic meter at long term exposure locations in the freeway and street canyon sites and 24 micrograms/cubic meter in the enclosed parking garage. Odor effects in a nominal diesel-gasoline vehicle mix are found to be negligible. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Contaminants KW - Diesel engines KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Particulates KW - Streets KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155910 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385612 JO - Medical Journal of Australia PB - Australasian Medical Publishing Company AU - Baker, S P AU - Australasian Medical Publishing Company TI - PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD INJURIES PY - 1980/05/17 VL - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - Injuries are the leading cause of childhood death throughout the developed countries of the world. Nonfatal childhood injuries are also of major consequence. Measures designed to prevent injuries depend for their effectiveness on three things: they must work when properly used, they must be used and last they must be used properly. In this speech, the author discusses measures which include individual activities as well as products and design. KW - Children KW - Deterrents KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety factors KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392300 JO - Forbes PB - Forbes Incorporated AU - Brophy, B AU - Forbes Incorporated TI - THE RETURN OF THE TWO-WHEELER (INCREASING U.S. MOTORCYCLE/MOPED/SCOOTER SALES) PY - 1980/05/12 VL - 125 IS - 10 SP - p. 61-62 AB - U.S. registration figures for motorcycles in January-February 1980 total 65,490, 48% above 1979. Possible explanations for this large increase include: higher gasoline prices, inflation psychology, demographics (the huge population bulge between ages 20 and 30), and the desire for excitement. The Motorcycle Industry Council projects the following sales figures for 1980: 1.2 million motorcycles, priced from $1500 to $9000; 360,000 mopeds, priced from $400 to $1000; and 20,000 scooters, priced up to $1800. Increasing at a faster rate than the cycle industry is the motorcycle accessory business (e.g. luggage racks, jackets, helmets). Of the top five sellers, four are Japanese (Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki, and Suzuki); the fifth is Harley-Davidson. The five make up 96% of the U.S. market, which is broadly split into three segments: small (400 cc and under engines, $2000 or less); medium (400 cc to 750 cc, $2000 to $3500); and large (750 cc and up, upwards of $3500). Motorcycle dealers report that more of their customers are ordinary working people and professionals. Although many buyers of mopeds are teenagers, a growing number are white-collar workers in their 30's and 40's. California is the number one sales market (13%). Safety and social image problems continue to be associated with motorcycles, offsetting the view of motorcycles as economical transportation. In 1979, there were 4850 motorcycle fatalities in the U.S.; the fatality rate rose from 6.8/10,000 registered bikes in 1974 to 9.7, possibly due to the increase in first-time riders, the most likely group to be accident involved. KW - Markets KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Scooters KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369371 AU - BUTLER, F E AU - FLECK, J T AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory TI - ADVANCED RESTRAINT SYSTEM MODELING PY - 1980/05 SP - 176 p. AB - The Articulated Total Body (ATB) model is currently being used by the AFAMRL to study the biomechanics of the pilot-seat ejection from an aircraft. The new ATB-II model presented in this report incorporates features developed since the original ATB model completion and new mathematical algorithms designed to improve the usefulness and correct some of the deficiencies of the model. The new features developed for this research program are a new harness-belt system, rate dependent force producing functions, arbitrary specification of the motion of multiple segments and the computation of the initial orientation from orthogonal projections of the segment axes. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Biophysics KW - Crash victims KW - Dummies KW - Harness KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391802 AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - DRIVER SELECTION AND TRAINING FOR HUMAN SERVICE AGENCIES PY - 1980/05 SP - 163 p. AB - This is a guide for human service agencies in the selection, management and training of volunteers, contractors, and employees, whether the individuals are driving their own vehicles or vehicles owned (or leased) by the agency. The primary difference in the driver selection and training procedures that should be used is in the mix of driver skills which best serve the agency's customers. This manual will assist agencies in identifying and understanding the driving and passenger assistance skills that are needed, the appropriate driver screening procedures, and the various training programs that are currently available. Appendices provide further information on the following: legal duty of the for-hire carrier; general driving skills; passenger assistance skills; interview form; U.S. Department of Transportation physical examination form; inquiry to state agency for driver's record; driver performance test; legal aspects of driver selection; professionalizing the driver; National Safety Council defensive driving course; emergency medical training programs; passenger assistance training course; selection and use of child restraints; establishing an accident review board; mature driving course; and classification of accidents. KW - Car hire KW - Child restraint systems KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Driver records KW - Driver selection KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Legal factors KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Professional drivers KW - Selection and appointment KW - Social service agencies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318902 AU - Phillips, B M AU - Opinion Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - I. SAFETY BELT USAGE AMONG DRIVERS. II. USE OF CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICES, PASSENGER SAFETY BELTS AND POSITION OF PASSENGERS IN CARS. III. MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE PY - 1980/05 SP - 80 p. AB - NHTSA has sponsored several studies in the past which have been directed to observe and record belt usage by drivers in cars equipped with different warning and hardware systems in 19 cities. The purpose of the current research effort is to continue observing and recording belt usage for a period of 26 months (November 1977-December 1979) in these same 19 cities to determine the effectiveness of various older, as well as newer, safety belt systems in increasing belt usage. Specific objectives of this study are: To continue to monitor safety belt usage rates by drivers in all model year cars (Model years 1964 through 1980); Analyze usage data by: Type of belt system, Age and sex of driver, Model year of car, Region of country, Type of road, Month of year, Car make and model. In addition to observing and recording safety belt usage at primary road intersections and freeway exit sites in the 19 cities, the study was designed to observe safety belt usage: (1) in rural areas; and (2) on three major turnpikes -- Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Florida for a period of 12 months. The primary purpose of the Turnpike Study was to measure daytime vs. nighttime safety belt usage among drivers. KW - Adults KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Florida KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - Highway transportation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Massachusetts KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Passengers KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rural areas KW - Toll roads KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558732 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - DRUGS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY: 1980 PY - 1980/05 SP - 250 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Drug use KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/323181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395322 AU - Minnesota Department of Public Safety TI - REPORT ON MINNESOTA ALCOHOL PROBLEM ASSESSMENTS, JULY 1, 1976-JUNE 30, 1979 PY - 1980/05 SP - 31 p. AB - Since mid-1976 Minnesota has required that an Alcohol Problem Assessment (APA) be made to determine whether a drunken driver has a drinking problem requiring treatment or education. This report summarizes the outcomes of previous years' APA reports submitted by the counties for partial cost reimbursement and makes a detailed analysis of F.Y. 1979 reports. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Assessments KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legislation KW - Minnesota KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393477 JO - HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW PB - Chrysler Corporation AU - Runcie, J F AU - Harvard University TI - BY DAYS I MAKE THE CARS PY - 1980/05 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 106-115 AB - Life experienced by an automobile assembly line worker is described, and feelings of workers about their jobs were explored in three separate ways. The author spent five months as a line employee; he extensively interviewed 22 workers; and he distributed a questionnaire to all workers in the final assembly complex on both shifts of a particular day, receiving 209 usable responses. Most workers' feelings centered mainly around the job itself, the company, and the union. When discussing the possibility for change, most workers commented on management or supervisory style in the plant or on other general modifications. Although workers wanted changes, they were uncertain about the mechanisms for effecting change. On-the-job observation indicated that after arriving at the plant workers spend time in undefined activities (talking and setting up concession stands). During the eight-hour day, workers adapt to the sameness of their jobs in a number of ways, (e.g. playing games, working slowly to force themselves to catch up, and trading jobs). Some workers adapt in harmful ways (e.g. drugs, liquor, sabotage, and theft). It was concluded that workers may become more interested in how decisions are made if the occupational environment is adequate. The real problem in assuring appropriate working conditions stems from company impersonality, bad stock, and favoritism. Human relations are just as important as industrial relations in the automobile assembly line plant. KW - Assembly lines KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile industry KW - Human factors KW - Labor unions KW - Management KW - Personnel KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211622 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392284 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gregory, FMH AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - PEDALIN' FOR DOLLARS (MOPEDS) PY - 1980/05 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - p. 95-98 AB - An overview is given of the moped as an alternative form of personal transportation. Its major attributes are noted (low cost, high mileage) as well as its drawbacks (lack of performance, limited adaptability to American roads, unapparent danger). A moped can be most useful in a small or medium-sized town, with short distances from home to work or to shops, and lower traffic density than in urban areas. The best area for mopeds is one where the weather is dry and warm (e.g. the Sun Belt). A moped is defined as a two-wheeled vehicle with a single-cylinder engine between one and two hp that is capable of speeds around 20 to 30 mph. Federal and state laws regarding mopeds, and state insurance requirements for these vehicles are mentioned. Operating a moped is discussed; riding a moped takes more concentration and attention than riding either a bicycle or motorcycle. Moped safety is addressed, with specific attention given to safety helmets. Some buying tips are given, noting that the differences among models are primarily those in equipment. Descriptions and photographs are provided of various models on the market. Manufacturers of mopeds and moped-type vehicles (without pedals) are listed. KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Helmets KW - Insurance KW - Laws KW - Mopeds KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transportation systems KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210908 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393057 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Innes, J B AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - ARE ALTERNATE FUELS IN YOUR FLEET'S FUTURE? PY - 1980/05 VL - 19 IS - 7 SP - p. 21-24 AB - To be acceptable in a fleet environment, six criteria are listed for an alternative fuel: ready availability, power output and pump price close to those of gasoline, strategic certainty of availability, ability to burn in current engines without costly modifications, and compatibility with the existing fuel distribution chain. Various alternative fuels/power sources are individually examined to assess their viability for fleet operations: alcohol, gasohol, electricity, natural gas, propane, diesel fuel, and esoteric fuels (e.g. sunflower oil, wood gas, methane gas derived from garbage, hydrogen-based liquid fuel). It is concluded that none of the alternatives meets all six criteria. Increasing gasoline supply is suggested as a practical, short-term solution to the energy problem. Conservation measures in this context are outlined: use of gasoline extenders (ethanol or methanol), conversion of non-vehicle users (e.g. utilities) from petroleum to some other fuel, adoption of more fuel-efficient cars, and less driving. Efforts to utilize domestic oil shale and coal reserves for production of synfuels are strongly advocated. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Alternate fuels KW - Coal KW - Diesel fuels KW - Electricity KW - Energy conservation KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Gasohol KW - Hydrogen KW - Methane KW - Natural gas KW - Oil shales KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Synthetic fuels KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391813 AU - Davis, F W AU - LeMay, S AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Department of Health and Human Services AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - IMPLEMENTING DRIVER SELECTION AND TRAINING FOR HUMAN SERVICE AGENCIES: ADMINISTRATOR'S GUIDELINES. REPRINT PY - 1980/05 SP - 60 p. AB - Human Service agencies find it necessary to insure that transportation is available so the primary mission of the agency can be accomplished. This document is designed to help agencies obtain greater productivity for their transportation dollar through the coordination of transportation training programs. First, it is designed to show how training can be used to create additional transportation resources, and second, it is designed to use training to reduce accidents and insure safety for both client and provider. It is also designed to help agencies make maximum use of low-cost, locally available resources to accomplish the training. The document consists of two chapters: Chapter 1 which describes the principles behind the design and coordination of training programs and Chapter 2 which simply describes some of the approaches that a sample of states were using as of September 1981. These examples are not meant to be viewed as models for organizing state programs, but only as case studies to show the range of options available. KW - Agencies KW - Case studies KW - Driver selection KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Government agencies KW - Guidelines KW - Selection and appointment KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391868 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nerpel, C AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - TARGET: 27.5 MPG ACROSS THE BOARD BY 1985. GM'S (GENERAL MOTORS') C-4 CLOSED-LOOP FUEL SYSTEM SHOWS THE ABILITY TO HANDLE ALTERNATE FUELS OF THE FUTURE PY - 1980/05 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - p. 83-84 AB - Alternate fuels can be evaluated by miles per gallon or by energy per gallon, both based on availability and cost. In the liquid fuel category, hydrocarbon mixtures from oil shale or coal, and alcohols from biomass, wastes, and grain seem to be the best alternate fuel choices. In terms of pure usable energy, the fuel rating from high to low (British Thermal Units) is: diesel fuel, gasoline, 90% gasoline/10% ethanol, 90% gasoline/10% methanol, ethanol, and methanol. Vehicles designed now and in the near future will be required to operate on a variety of fuels, and General Motors' Closed-Loop or C-4 carburetor system in a standard V-8 engine has demonstrated such an ability. The completely closed fuel system and carburetor are capable of handling air/fuel ratios from 12:1 to 17:1. The carburetor mixture is controlled by an exhaust oxygen sensor that feeds into an electronic control module and a newly designed quick-heat intake manifold. The system includes exhaust gas recirculation, a closed circuit between fuel tank and carburetor with a carbon-filled cannister to absorb vapors, and a small-bead, low-restriction catalytic converter. Smooth engine performance and acceleration have been achieved on all the various fuels, with gas mileage in direct ratio to the latent heat of energy/lb. Diesel fuel showed the highest mpg, but on an energy-per-gallon basis, ethanol fuel won the economy run with 13.8 mpg. Based on its fuel economy research, GM is optimistic about meeting the 1985 corporate average fuel economy standard of 27.5 mpg. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Alternate fuels KW - Carburetors KW - Catalytic converters KW - Diesel fuels KW - Electronic control KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel systems KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210712 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390528 JO - Journal of Transportation Engineering PB - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE 55-MPH SPEED LIMIT: A REVIEW PY - 1980/05 VL - 106 IS - TE3 SP - p. 299-308 AB - The current status of knowledge regarding the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit is summarized, indicating the complexity of evaluating the safety impact of the reduced speed limit. The following factors are considered: motor vehicle travel, speed limit reduction differences, driver behavior, enforcement, accident reporting systems, data base deficiencies, roadway improvements, roadway condition and maintenance, and motor vehicle design changes. Conclusions/recommendations are cited from 55 mph evaluation studies by the Institute of Transportation Engineers, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, University of Washington, Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, and Department of Transportation. These studies and available information indicate that there has been a change in traffic behavior and accident experience since the late 1973 and early 1974 period (the 55 mph law enacted in January 1974) but that there is disagreement related to cause and effect. It is recommended that national attention be focused on the current costs and benefits of the 55 mph speed limit to provide full documentation for either support or rejection of this controversial speed control measure. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Behavior KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390526 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Schultz, D L AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - HEAT-RESISTANT ELASTOMERS AUTOMOTIVE MATERIALS PY - 1980/05 VL - 182 IS - 2 SP - p. 51-53 AB - The synthetic rubber industry is furnishing new or modified polymers to the automotive industry that meet or exceed required performance properties. Since stricter emission standards requiring additions and modifications to the internal combustion engine have resulted in higher underhood and underbody temperatures, heat resistance and oil and solvent resistance under the hood (engine compartment, drivetrain, and fuel and emission systems) have become increasingly important. Most of the new elastomers and improved polymers are directed toward improvements in these two critical areas while still maintaining tensile strength, abrasion resistance, low-temperature flexibility, and elongation. Among specialty elastomers finding increased automotive applications are fluoroelastomers (3M's Fluorel 2460), thermoplastics (DuPont's Hytrel, Shell's Kraton G-7900, Prolastic 221), and silicone rubber. New polymers developed for the auto industry include ethylene/acrylic elastomers (DuPont's Vamac). KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Automobiles KW - Elastomers KW - Elongation KW - Flexibility KW - Fluoroelastomers KW - Length KW - Silicones KW - Tensile strength KW - Thermal resistance KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390533 JO - Heavy Duty Trucking PB - Newport Communications (Irving) AU - PATTERSON, B AU - Stacy, J AU - HIC Corporation TI - NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER: HEADED FOR REVIVAL? PY - 1980/05 VL - 59 IS - 5 SP - p. 168-171 AB - The National Driver Register (NDR) is discussed, a voluntary system established in 1960 by which states submit information on suspended and revoked driver's licenses to a central data bank at the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). In view of a National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) report that the NDR has been ineffective in controlling problem drivers and stopping license duplications, NHTSA has drafted legislation for streamlining and reviving the register. The American Trucking Associations (ATA) have asked for access to the NDR to check driver background (as required by law) and to establish a Commercial Driver Register within the NDR. NHTSA has rejected employer access to driver records because of the privacy issue but would provide this access if drivers sign a release. Interstate carriers also want assurance that a prospective driver's record reflects past activity throughout the country. The ATA opposes driver-furnished records which could be altered by problem drivers. A survey of various elements of the trucking industry generally found little or no opposition to the Commercial Driver Register, although there were a few dissenting opinions about "big brotherism." A separate note comments on the NTSB's recommended change to a Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety rule to permit use of the bad private driving record of a truck driver in his disqualification as an interstate driver. In another note, comments by loss prevention executives of insurance companies show support for strengthening the NDR in terms of interstate driver records but little optimism that there will be a significant upgrading of the NDR. KW - Driver records KW - Motor carriers KW - National Driver Register KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389109 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - GET INTO GEAR... GET IT ON PY - 1980/05 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - p. 8-13 AB - Appropriate clothing to provide safety and comfort for motorcycle riders is described. Accident studies show that motorcycle fatality rates due to head injuries are higher in states without helmet laws. Helmets offering the most protection will meet Department of Transportation or Safety Helmet Council of America standards. Helmets can also increase motorcyclist conspicuity when reflectorized tape is affixed to the sides and back. It is cautioned that painting helmets may reduce their protective strength and that helmets should be replaced after one impact. A face shield or goggles can protect the eyes from dirt, insects, water, or small rocks. Eye protectors should be made of shatter-proof material and lenses should be clear. Other clothing which increases safety and comfort includes footwear, gloves, pants, and jackets. Photographs illustrate various types of motorcyclist gear and proper wearing procedures. KW - Clothing KW - Comfort KW - Face shields KW - Goggles KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209160 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389086 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Lunn, R C AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - AMERICAN MOTORS' FOUR-WHEEL-DRIVE "EAGLE" PY - 1980/05 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - p. 269-278 AB - The development and design of American Motors' four-wheel-drive (4WD) vehicle known as the Eagle are described. Being the first American 4WD passenger car model, the 1980 Eagle's overall package is based on the Jeep driveline which provides a direct drive to the rear axle and an offset drive on the left-hand side to the engine-mounted front axle. Vehicle development is detailed in relation to the powertrain, transfer case, front driveshafts, front axle, half shafts, front hub, yoke, brakes and wheels, front suspension and steering, rear drive and rear suspension, and body systems and structure. Vehicle testing and development are addressed. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Four wheel drive KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209146 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386136 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Thistle, F L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - INNOVATIVE ALCOHOL TREATMENT PROGRAM FOR THE CURE OF DRUNKEN DRIVING IS SUCCEEDING IN LOS ANGELES PY - 1980/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 6 p. AB - Facts are cited concerning an alcohol safety countermeasures program in which is described one California police officer's educational experience as an instructor for an Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP) being administered in the San Fernando Valley. Initiated at the community level in 35 states under the sponsorship of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the ASAP program seeks to identify the problem drinker driver and to prevent him from using the highways. The ASAP classes are conducted twice a week at adult community schools; the three-hr. sessions are very low-key, emphasizing the facts. The main objective is to convince convicted drunk drivers that they should not drive after drinking. The 12-hr. program is strictly informational, not rehabilitative; responsible drinking, not abstinence, is the theme. Students learn the relationship between alcohol use and psychophysiological changes which cause impaired driving ability. The police sergeant alerts his classes to the fact that police try to make as many drunk driving arrests as possible when bars and restaurants close. Law enforcement officers look for the following clues: running a red light, driving with the window down on a cold night, riding the brakes or using them unnecessarily, and driving without headlights. It is also made very clear to the ASAP students that under the implied consent laws, police have the legal right to check a suspect for blood alcohol concentration; 99% of suspects subjected to the breathalyzer test are booked for drunk driving. The traffic safety expert discusses what to do when one sees a drunk driver and impresses upon the students the high personal cost of a drunk driving conviction. The effect of a number of one-ounce drinks of whiskey on an average man within two hours after eating is explained. Between 80% and 90% of the students consider that the course has been very beneficial. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203633 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386656 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - LE ET LA SAFE SPEED PY - 1980/05 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - 6 p. AB - Negative aspects of speeding are discussed by an alleged collector of many speeding citations in Paris. Primary disadvantages of excessive speed involve citation expenses, accidents and lost lives, and depletion of a country's oil supply. Attention is paid to the theory behind speed limits, i.e., the posted limit designed as the law for optimum conditions, and to minimum speed requirements. The speeding issue is examined from a personal perspective, in terms of driver reaction time and the automobile; slower speeds give a person much more time to react and more space in which to react. The two-second rule requiring a following distance of over 200 feet is noted, and reduced gasoline consumption at fifty-five miles per hour is pointed out. It is concluded that a safe speed is that which allows the individual to maintain complete control of the car, given road conditions, and which permits a safety margin if the road surface changes. A separate note, "Le Conditional Speeding," defines road conditions which govern vehicle speed; these include not only the weather but condition of the vehicle and driver. KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Reaction time KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203983 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386657 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MINOR MAINTENANCE BLUES PY - 1980/05 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - p. 16-21 AB - Preventive automotive maintenance procedures are described to facilitate safe vehicle operation. Defective wiper blades should be replaced. Blade replacement is simple once the correct blade size has been found; the blade and refill should be firmly attached before operating the wipers. A burned out turn indicator or brake light bulb is easy to replace. Hoses should be checked whenever the hood is opened; if they are spongy, collapsing, or fail to spring back from finger pressure, they should be replaced. Hoses which are cracked, split, or show signs of leaking should also be replaced by hoses with the correct internal diameter. The cooling system should never be touched until the radiator cap can be safely opened. Frayed or cracked belts transferring power from the engine's crank to the alternator or generator, water pump, and air pump should be replaced. Fluid level checks are relatively easy since plastic reservoirs permit viewing the fluid without opening. Engine oil and automatic transmission fluids are usually checked with dipsticks. Battery water levels should be checked regularly. When an electrical item malfunctions, one should turn all electrical components off before replacing a fuse with one of the correct amperage. A burned fuse usually indicates an overload in the system; the cause of the overload should be found and corrected. Tools to use in preventive maintenance include pliers, screwdrivers (both slotted and Phillips), an adjustable wrench or two, a plug wrench, and a set of combination open and box-end wrenches. A roll of electrician's tape, duct tape, and bailing wire should also be available. Appropriate components of a car's emergency repair kit are noted. KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385628 JO - Motorland PB - California State Automobile Association AU - California State Automobile Association TI - CONSUMER AND THE CAR PY - 1980/05 VL - 101 IS - 3 SP - p. 52-53 AB - Tips are outlined for finding a reputable auto repair shop. The best approach is to ask friends and relatives; a shop that does good work at a fair price soon gets a good reputation and its satisfied customers spread the word. Housekeeping is a clue to the quality of work at an auto repair facility, as is length of time. It is legitimate to inquire whether the shop's mechanics are certified by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence and to see if the shop displays Bureau of Automotive Repair registration. Once a shop has been selected, a written estimate (preferably two) should be obtained before the work is started, and a written guarantee after the work is completed. Price increases between a new-car order and delivery are addressed. Although some makes of cars are covered by a factory-backed price protection policy, many models carry no such protection, and the only recourse is to discuss the issue with the dealer. The failure of many motorists to keep their cars' engines in proper condition is noted; information is given on engine diagnostic clinics and a mobile unit in California. Mention is made of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's investigation of the General Motors X cars because of a possible defect that could cause engine fires. Also cited is Chryslers' recall of a million 1971 through 1978 vans for a possible cracked frame on Plymouth Voyager and Dodge models with power steering. Information is given on the Auto Safety Hotline (a toll free number to call for reporting or asking about safety defects). KW - Automobiles KW - Certification KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Consumers KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engines KW - Fires KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Mechanics KW - Recall campaigns KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386118 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Marks, J AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - MOTORCYCLISTS: HOW TO STAY ALIVE ON THOSE TWO-WHEELED TORNADOES PY - 1980/05 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - p. 27-31 AB - In an accident, a motorcycle rider is about ten times as likely to suffer injury as is the driver or occupant of a car. Motorcycle-related deaths increased by 24% from 1976 to 1977 and by another 10% from 1977 to 1978. A study sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration concluded that a motorcyclist's best chance for avoiding a crash is to make the bike as conspicuous as possible. A Highway Safety Research Institute (University of Michigan) study found that daytime conspicuity of a motorcycle could be improved if its normal low-beam headlight is turned on, if its high-beam headlamp is turned on and flashing three times/sec., or if the rider is wearing a fluorescent vest and helmet cover. Nighttime conspicuity could be improved if the motorcycle uses additional running lights and the rider is wearing a retroreflective vest and helmet cover. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety advocates a requirement that all cycles/mopeds manufactured in the U.S. have the headlights wired through the ignition. Other recommended motorcycle safety measures include becoming familiar with all controls and safety features of the cycle before getting on the road, never borrowing nor loaning a cycle, inspecting motorcycle systems before riding and scheduling periodic maintenance, slowing down at intersections, and advising passengers about safe riding practices before carrying them. The Motorcycle Safety Foundation says that the most important protective gear is an approved helmet, to be used with a face shield, goggles, or a windshield for eye protection. Other recommended equipment includes leather gloves, strong over-the-ankle boots with heels, and leather clothing. Insurance may be obtained covering the rider, passenger, and motorcyclist for liability only or as part of a more inclusive policy; rates vary and discounts are available in several forms. Other road users also have a responsibility for motorcycle safety. A separate section lists ten important moped safety tips from an Ohio Department of Education report. KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203618 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385630 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE AIR BAGS ARE COMING. PART 1 PY - 1980/05 VL - 63 IS - 5 SP - p. 15-23 AB - Under a pending Department of Transportation (DOT) regulation, passive restraints for all front seat occupants will be required in all cars manufactured after 1 September 1983. Extensive excerpts are presented from a General Accounting Office (GAO) report (27 Jul 1979) on passive restraints. Specifically, the safety effects of air bags and the testing procedures used by DOT to arrive at the requirement are addressed. The DOT decision to mandate passive restraints was based on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) estimate of the life-saving and injury-prevention potential for such systems. This estimate was based on laboratory test results and engineering experience. NHTSA did not perform comprehensive comparative testing between active lap/shoulder belts and each passive restraint system. Most testing was on air bags rather than the automatic shoulder belt/knee bolster system. Test results support the safety potential of passive restraints in frontal collisions; the extent of this benefit and those of other crash modes was based mainly on subjective judgment. Test data on air bags in small cars are also lacking. Efforts are needed to evaluate passive restraint effectiveness in the real world; field data are too limited at the present time. GAO further believes that NHTSA failed to consider adequately the out-of-position occupant problem. KW - Air bags KW - Front seats KW - Frontal crashes KW - Laboratory tests KW - Passenger restraints KW - Regulations KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386633 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Nell, J J AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - BETTER ROADS LEAD TO TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1980/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - Local, state, and government highway agencies contribute to road safety directly by traffic controls and spot improvements, and indirectly by highway program development. Safety competes among other highway development considerations (e.g. economics, capacity of a facility in relation to transportation need, environmental impact). Safety has low priority in new road construction for three reasons: public apathy, low level of traffic safety awareness among highway personnel, and ignorance of accident rates on roads of a certain design. Citizens and highway users have an obligation to report roadway hazards to city and state officials. Citizens should consider the following factors in an effort to improve road safety concern: capability of the local traffic recording system, percentage of funds allocated for road safety, number of safety deficiencies reported to the proper authorities, the agencies responsible for reporting road conditions, availability of educational programs for local road authorities, existence of community road standards, adequacy of traffic control systems in the area, and the citizen's personal commitment to traffic safety. If the public takes a strong stand, road improvements can be realized and lives saved. KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Public interest KW - Public participation KW - Public policy KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203978 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386658 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Worthington, D K AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MAKE A HABIT OF WEARING SEAT BELTS PY - 1980/05 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - p. 24-25 AB - Six practical techniques are offered to help people establish the habit of regularly wearing seat belts: tell others in advance of plans to start wearing seat belts regularly; make buckling up a specific step in the vehicle entry sequence; use seat belts consistently, regardless of distance; require children to use seat belts; create a cue card as a reminder; and concentrate on usage during the first two weeks. Nine studies are cited which provide statistics on the incidence of injuries and fatalities with seat belt use and nonuse. All studies point to the significant safety benefits of restraint system use. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203985 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384715 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - George, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - TESTING: ONE, TWO, THREE. THE EPA (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY) NUMBERS GAME (EMISSIONS CERTIFICATION) PY - 1980/05 VL - 160 IS - 5 SP - p. 41-46 AB - The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) certification testing program of new-car emissions has three components: pre-production certification, assembly line testing, and in-use surveillance, the last of which is being taken over by state inspection maintenance programs. The most time-consuming, expensive, labor-intensive, and troublesome to the automakers is the pre-production certification which involves a 50,000-mile durability test of every engine/drivetrain/emission control combination of each manufacturer, followed by numerous 4000-mile tests of various calibrations. The pre-production certification procedure is described in detail and comments by both industry and EPA personnel involved in the certification process are provided. Separate California state standards for emissions are a complicating factor. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Certification KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Power trains KW - Standards KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202999 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384727 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Sondel, D P AU - National Safety Council TI - IN DEFENSE OF THE 55 M.P.H. SPEED LIMIT PY - 1980/05 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - Opposing views are given to published comments (Penthouse magazine, November 1979) by the editor-at-large of "Car and Driver" magazine condemning the fifty-five mile per hour national speed limit. It is pointed out that most drivers comply with the 55 mph speed limit, and that the 27% increase in speeding tickets from 1973 to 1978 must be viewed in terms of increased miles driven. Interstate highways are not designed for safety and comfort at 80 mph. There are substantial fuel savings to be realized in driving 55 mph. There is no productivity loss associated with the speed limit, and the essence of good transportation is not speed, but rather dependability, economy, safety, and resource use. The safety factor of the 55 mph speed limit has been proved; the fatality rate fell by a half point from 1973 to 1974 (post-implementation of the national limit), compared to all earlier improvements of .1 or .2 of a point. There is enjoyment to be found in driving along the nation's highways, as opposed to trying to get to one's destination as fast as possible. Calling for the defeat of legislators who supported the 55 mph speed limit is a classic example of single-issue politics. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Aesthetics KW - Comfort KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Productivity KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203010 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384716 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - McCann, M K AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - PLASTICS UNDER-THE-HOOD. FUTURE PHENOLIC FORECAST FAVORABLE PY - 1980/05 VL - 160 IS - 5 SP - p. 54-55 AB - Developed primarily to meet Underwriters Laboratory requirements for the appliance industry, General Electric (GE) recently introduced Genal MX582P phenolic molding compound which has the capacity to handle numerous under-the-hood component applications not previously possible. The compound combines high heat deflection temperatures (over 550 degrees F) with the flexural and impact strength and chemical resistance necessary for the engine environment. According to GE, the most likely near-term component possibilities include transmission parts, valve covers, and intake manifolds. Servo-pistons, gear shafts, stator retainers, thrust washers, and front engine covers are future possibilities. MX582P has also been mentioned for use in throttle bodies if the trend towards electronic engine controls continues. The new molding compound is more cost-effective than most other glass-reinforced phenolics. It offers good moldability, mold release, reduced flash, and uniform surface characteristics, and does not require a slow cure. The new phenolic grade is supplied in pelletized form, capable of being molded with conventional thermoset injection systems. KW - Automobile engines KW - Flexural strength KW - Gears KW - Phenolic resins KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Plastics KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203000 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384718 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - McCann, M K AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - BREAKING THROUGH ANOTHER IMPACT BARRIER (AUTOMOBILE SIDE IMPACT TESTING) PY - 1980/05 VL - 160 IS - 5 SP - p. 64-65 AB - Since the late 1960's, Renault has advocated the use of moving deformable versus static or moving rigid barriers for side impact testing of automobiles. Renault developed its own deformable barrier in 1972 and has continued to refine the device for a more accurate simulation of an actual car-to-car lateral impact crash, beginning with data collected in Europe from police, emergency, and hospital units. Data analysis demonstrated that laboratory testing procedures do not always reflect actual accident conditions. The static barrier may be used to simulate car-to-stationary barrier impacts, but most side impact collisions involve two cars. To complement its work with the deformable barrier, Renault regularly conducts car-to-car crash tests. Renault also modified the standard 572 dummy used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to give mobility to the thoracic and shoulder areas. Without this increased movement, the standard dummy could not accurately measure side impact forces. To further refine its system, Renault has developed a dynometric buffer, which sits on top of the barrier and measures differences in force along the line of impact as well as the total impact force. By 1984, NHTSA proposes that all vehicle side impact tests must be conducted with moving deformable barriers. KW - Accuracy KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203002 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384720 JO - Best's Review PB - A.M. Best Company AU - Ellison, C AU - Best (AM) Company TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLES SPARK INDUSTRY INTEREST (INSURANCE COMPANIES) PY - 1980/05 VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - Background is given on the development and characteristics of electric vehicles (EV's) 100,000 of which are predicted to be produced annually by 1980. The Kemper Group is one EV insurer; since 1975, the company has issued EV policies which provide all essential coverages except for electrical breakdown. Certain hazards unique to EV's which pose insurance risks are listed: lack of power steering/brakes which might contribute to accident frequency; quiet running which may contribute to more pedestrian accidents; battery theft; electric shock; hydrogen gas buildup during rapid battery charging (an explosion hazard); accumulation of dangerous levels of gas if charging in a small, enclosed space; run-away vehicles when power cannot be cut off; susceptibility of motor to water damage; and more costly repair work. The biggest question in EV insurability is the absence of a reliable high-volume manufacturer producing vehicles in statistically significant quantity. Kemper's experience with EV claims is described. Special underwriting requirements used by Kemper in insuring an electric car are outlined: vehicle emergency cutoff switch; charger and regenerative braking system equipped with automatic tapering and cutoff control; venting of battery pack encasement; and battery discharge indicator. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Crash rates KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric shock KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electrical equipment KW - Explosions KW - Hazards KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Requirement KW - Risk assessment KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Specifications KW - Theft KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384726 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Bryant, S AU - National Safety Council TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION, TEXAS-STYLE PY - 1980/05 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - The Texas public information and education program in traffic safety, conducted through the Traffic Safety Section of the Department of Highways and Public Transportation, is divided into special subject areas (bicycle and pedestrian safety, restraints, motorcycle safety, drinking and driving, and speeding), for particular target groups, and particular geographical regions. The program is aimed not only at teaching safety skills at an early age but also at reinforcing attitudes and behaviors later in life. The Traffic Safety Section provides learning materials on request to school students as well as to church groups and youth clubs. These materials, designed for the 5-12 age group, include a coloring book, activity book, a puppet safety theater, a sign identification kit, and a make-your-own filmstrip kit. Traffic safety workshops are held for elementary school teachers. Also available to the schools are a nine-hour course curriculum on bicycle safety, and a school safety handbook for students and sponsors. The Texas Youth Safety Program involves high school students in the establishment of a safety committee to plan and conduct traffic safety projects. Television, radio, and newspapers convey traffic safety information to adult drivers. Local media campaigns are designed for the larger metropolitan areas with the most severe traffic problems. There are more than 25 traffic safety specialists/coordinators and 12 public education specialists involved in the Texas traffic safety program. The Texas child restraint program has the commitment of the medical profession as well as civic groups. The Texas Jaycees are promoting compliance with the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit. KW - Adults KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Bicycles KW - Compliance KW - Curricula KW - Drunk driving KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian safety KW - School children KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384717 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Hodges, P D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - CLAYBROOK CALLS THE SHOTS ON SAFETY IN THE '80S (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) PY - 1980/05 VL - 160 IS - 5 SP - p. 58-61 AB - Highlights are presented of an interview with Joan Claybrook, head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and Kennerly Digges, director of NHTSA's office of Passenger Vehicle Research. The relationship between the agency and the automakers is discussed, Ms. Claybrook stating that NHTSA has been extremely responsive to technical comments by the industry. The effect of an upgraded Federal standard on car side door strength is addressed, comparing the side impact performance of the Research Safety Vehicle and that of a modified VW Rabbit. The 60 lb. weight increase and consequent fuel economy penalty in the Rabbit is described as a result of adding on safety features instead of designing them into the original car. It is emphasized that the industry should give safety a high priority in the design of a car. The design flexibility given to manufacturers in meeting the safety standard, and the effective date for the new standard in relation to industry leadtime are addressed. Flammability tests of urethane foam padding indicate that the padding does not pose a fire hazard. Congressional efforts to shelve the air bag and 5 mph bumper standards are considered, and the other NHTSA priorities for passenger car safety are outlined: e.g. pedestrian protection, truck and van rulemaking, and upgraded standard 203 (impact protection of steering control system). KW - Air bags KW - Automobile industry KW - Bumpers KW - Compliance KW - Cooperation KW - Flammability KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Urethane KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203001 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384725 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Maher, A AU - National Safety Council TI - MOTORMEDICS--A NEW DIMENSION IN EMS (EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES) PY - 1980/05 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - A pilot project on the Edens Expressway north of Chicago involves the addition of "motormedics" (paramedics mounted on motorcycles) to the Northfield, Illinois, Rescue Squad medical emergency team. Reconstruction on this section of Interstate 94 has greatly increased the time needed for ambulances to reach accident victims. The motormedics provide rapid, initial first aid and basic life support for accident victims when traffic blocks could delay the arrival of an ambulance by as much as 15 min. Two motorcyclists respond to any call involving injury or illness on the expressway. The Northfield Rescue Squad has a training program for its first responders which covers motorcycle safety, approach procedure, and traffic control. Northeastern Illinois University provides the medics with an initial 12 hours of practice on a motorcycle and eight hours of classes. Instruction is given in basic riding skills, emergency braking, and evasive maneuvers. Part of the practice is devoted to riding on hazardous surfaces found in the construction area. The motorcycles, purchased with a grant from the Allstate Insurance Company Foundation, are equipped with sirens and emergency lights, and carry a basic trauma care medical package, and rescue tool, tracheotomy, air bag, and fire suppression kits. With the motormedics, average response time has decreased fivefold. The program is believed to be the first use of motorcycles for paramedic assistance in the U.S., although motormedics have been used in Paris and on West German Autobahnen. A two-year documented study of the motormedic program is in the planning stage. KW - Construction sites KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response time KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Life support systems KW - Motorcycles KW - Paramedics KW - Reaction time KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203008 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384712 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - X-CAR BRAKES NOT REVOLUTIONARY, JUST DOWNSIZED AND HARDER WORKING PY - 1980/05 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - p. 48-50 AB - Information is provided for the mechanic on servicing brakes used on General Motors "X" cars (Citation, Omega, Phoenix, Skylark). The brakes are conventional Delco-type front disc/rear drum design, but downsizing has affected the one-half in. brake lining surface-to-500 lb. vehicle weight ratio. To maintain adequate braking power, the trend is to use harder-working brake lining (friction) material which makes it more difficult to provide satisfactory service life and balanced braking. Metallics and modified epoxy resins are increasingly replacing asbestos-type lining material. A service tip is given on cleaning dirty linings and selection of lining material. The X car front brake cable routing is explained and diagrammed. A new brake master cylinder assembly has been released for X car use which has aluminum versus steel proportioning valves. Information is given on how to differentiate between the two valves, and tips are provided on valve replacement. A revised pedal travel inspection procedure, and a tip on checking power brake pedal travel are presented. Tips are given for checking the rotor for lateral runout and for measuring its thickness. Complete service specifications for X car brakes are listed. Rear brake drums on X cars were changed from an original design (non-finned) to finned; information is given for their replacement. KW - Brake linings KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Engine cylinders KW - Epoxy resins KW - Master cylinders KW - Metals KW - Performance KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - X-cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202997 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382537 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE AIR BAGS ARE COMING BUT HOW EFFECTIVE ARE THEY? A CONGRESSIONAL REPORT RAISES MAJOR QUESTIONS PY - 1980/05 VL - 63 IS - 5 SP - p. 15-23 AB - Safety implications of air bags, mandated by the Department of Transportation (DOT) for the 1981 model year, are addressed in excerpts from a 1979 report by the General Accounting Office (GAO). The regulation specifies restraints requiring no action by vehicle occupants to protect them from effects of a collision. This requirement could be fulfilled by devices such as automatic lap and shoulder belts introduced in the 1975 Volkswagen Rabbit. Because these devices are practical only in cars with bucket seats, the DOT requires air bags for automobiles with bench-type seats. It is estimated that air bags in all U.S. automobiles will save as many as 9000 lives per year. The requirement will be phased in gradually over a two-year period. Although the air bag is strongly favored by DOT, some large insurance companies, and certain consumer groups, it has been vehemently opposed. Safety and cost issues are paramount in the controversy. The GAO considers that data are lacking on real world crash conditions, especially on air bag performance in small cars, on the effect of air bags on out-of-position occupants, and on human tolerance to injuries. Additional research is recommended on the health and safety risks associated with sodium azide (the air bag inflation agent) including those of scrapping air bag equipped cars. Since laboratory crash tests were limited to full frontal impacts, and no comprehensive comparative testing was done between active lap/shoulder belts and each passive system, the GAO considers the passive restraint mandate to be based on insufficient data. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202503 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382552 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - MOTOR CLINIC SERIES: COOLING SYSTEM SERVICE PY - 1980/05 VL - 153 IS - 5 SP - 6 p. AB - Cooling system operation and procedures for identifying system failure are described. Cooling system breakdowns are generally easy to diagnose. Once the steam has cleared, a cooling system pressure tester reveals the broken hose or leaking radiator that has allowed coolant to escape and cause overheating. When a simple visual inspection and cooling system pressure test will not pinpoint the problem, advanced knowledge of cooling system operation is required. Due to the heat transfer concept, a radiator pressure cap should never be removed until the mechanic squeezes the top hose to check for pressure and heat. Releasing the cap will not cool an overheated engine, and may burn the mechanic. The addition of ethylene glycol to water raises the coolant boiling point. The combination of a pressurized system and antifreeze makes it possible to sustain extremely high engine temperatures without boiling. A solution containing more than 68% ethylene glycol will actually result in less freezing protection than a weaker solution. Pure ethylene glycol has a boiling point far above the safe operating temperature of an engine, and water is required to activate rust inhibitors in a radiator. Cooling system diagnostic and tuneup procedures are detailed. KW - Automobiles KW - Cooling systems KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine tuning KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Overheating KW - Repairing KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202504 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376847 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Ekong, CEU AU - Gabriel, Y H AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - UNUSUAL HEAD TRAUMA BY A REARVIEW MIRROR PY - 1980/05 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - p. 422-423 AB - A 19-year-old woman was found sleeping in a car that had hit a parked car and had moved it several feet. The windshield of her car was shattered. The unbelted victim smelled strongly of alcohol and had a foreign body protruding from her right forehead. Upon medical examination, it was found that the foreign object was the base of the rearview mirror which had been embedded in the patient's forehead. X-rays of the skull revealed that the ball bearing part of the mirror stem was driven beyond the inner table of the right frontal bone, with a depressed skull fracture. No neurological or cervical spine injuries were detected. Following craniotomy and removal of the foreign body, the patient showed no complications at one-year follow-up. This clinical case demonstrates that a relatively small impact, when applied over a small area, is converted to a large force with potential to cause substantial tissue damage. KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194853 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373271 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Haslegrave, C M AU - Taylor & Francis TI - ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFILE OF THE BRITISH CAR DRIVER PY - 1980/05 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - p. 437-467 AB - An anthropometric survey of British car drivers measured 17 dimensions required in the design of cars. The distributions of dimensions were obtained for the male and female driving populations, showing the variations with age, stature, and weight. The survey data have been transferred to a computer file for use in design studies, especially in mathematical models requiring parameters of drivers representative of the whole user population. A factor analysis was used to explore the relationship between dimensions relevant to vehicle design. After normalization to remove the influence of stature and weight on the other dimensions, three factors were extracted and used to construct a set of body indices. These are suggested as shape parameters for the definition of a range of anthropometric dummies and models. KW - Anthropometry KW - Drivers KW - Factor analysis KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Mathematical models KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373274 JO - American Journal of Cardiology PB - N/A AU - James, T N AU - Pearce, W N AU - Givhan, E G AU - Technical Publishing Corporation TI - SUDDEN DEATH WHILE DRIVING. ROLE OF SINUS PERINODAL DEGENERATION AND CARDIAC NEURAL DEGENERATION AND GANGLIONITIS PY - 1980/05 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 8 p. AB - A 32-year-old business executive was seen to slump over his steering wheel while driving, after which the automobile veered and turned over. When taken unconscious to a nearby emergency room, he was pronounced dead on arrival. Because there was insufficient physical injury found to account for his death, and because atrial fibrillation had been detected for the first time on a routine physical examination three months previously, special examination of the cardiac conduction system was performed. A fibroma was present on the right side of the central fibrous body above the His bundle, similar to several fibromas on the mitral valve. Small foci of neuritis were present in the ventricular myocardium and the atrioventricular node. More extensive neural degeneration and ganglionitis were found near the sinus node, which also exhibited an encircling perinodal fibrosis. The collective circumstances strongly suggest cardiac arrhythmia as the cause of death preceding the accident. Careful examination of the cardiac conduction system is warranted in other similar fatal automobile accidents. KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Death at the wheel KW - Fatalities KW - Forensic medicine KW - Heart KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373272 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Hutchinson, T P AU - Haslegrave, C M AU - Taylor & Francis TI - DETERMINATION OF PATTERNS OF HUMAN BODY MEASUREMENTS BY USE OF PARTIAL CORRELATIONS PY - 1980/05 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - p. 475-483 AB - From an anthropometric survey of British car drivers, matrices of correlations between body measurements have been obtained for males and females. These correlations have then been transformed into partial correlations with age, stature, and weight successively eliminated. It is argued that this process reveals patterns of body shape without the need for the complexities of more sophisticated techniques such as factor analysis. KW - Anthropometry KW - Correlation analysis KW - Females KW - Males KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326369 AU - Tarrants, W E AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT: EDUCATION AND TRAINING (REVISED EDITION) PY - 1980/05 SP - 366 p. AB - The bibliography contains abstracts of literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) relating to manpower development, education and training in the field of highway traffic safety. It included NHTSA-sponsored curriculum and course materials, manuals, training aids, education and training guides, manpower staffing guides, and self-study workbook-cassette tape training modules; education and training reports, manuals and curriculum materials prepared by other organizations concerned with highway traffic safety; and education, training and staffing-related articles from periodicals in related fields. It is intended for use by managers and administrators concerned with manpower planning, staffing and training, instructors, course planning and development personnel and others concerned with highway traffic safety. KW - Bibliographies KW - Curricula KW - Deployment KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Labor market KW - Manuals KW - Personnel development KW - Schools KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318980 AU - MILLER, P M AU - Arendt, R H AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REVIEW OF MOTORCYCLE CRASH BARS AND THEIR ROLE IN INJURY PREVENTION PY - 1980/05 SP - 152 p. AB - The study reviewed the status of motorcycle crash bars with emphasis on their possible effectiveness in preventing injuries to motorcycle riders. A literature search and review was undertaken. Manufacturers data on crash bars and motorcycles were assembled. The review of accident data indicates that lower leg injuries may have serious disabling consequences for the victim. Possible effectiveness of production crash bars in reducing the severity of these injuries cannot be determined from the present data base. Several research studies related to motorcycle safety were also reviewed. Performance data on production crash bars are not available in the literature. Results for experimental injury countermeasure devices for motorcycles intended to provide improved lateral protection to riders do not appear to be applicable to current production crash bars. Because of information voids in several areas, it is presently not possible to assess the possible effectiveness of production motorcycle crash bars. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Databases KW - Effectiveness KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Legal responsibility KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318989 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Donelson, A C AU - Jones, R K AU - McNair, J W AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUGS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1980 PY - 1980/05 SP - 267 p. AB - The report presents findings of a study to describe (1) present knowledge about the relationship between drug use by drivers and highway safety, and (2) efforts to detect and prevent drug-impaired driving. Past, ongoing, and planned activities at federal, state, and local levels are identified, including research to define the nature and magnitude of the drug and driving problem and actions to reduce the incidence of drug-impaired driving. An overview of drugs and highway safety summarizes the present state of knowledge and discusses the alcohol-highway safety experience in relation to other drugs. Studies of drug effects on measures of driving performance and surveys of drug use among drivers are then reviewed. Also reviewed are the state of the art and current applications of techniques to detect and measure drugs in body fluids of drivers. The treatment of laws relevant to drugs and driving includes a detailed comparison of state laws dealing with drug-impaired driving, their application and limitations. Enforcement, adjudication, and sanctioning practices are described. Specific examples of other countermeasure approaches, including information and education campaigns, are presented. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Body KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fluids KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Personnel performance KW - Research KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25511/DOT-HS-805-461_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318940 AU - Fisher, F G AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY BELT USAGE LAWS PY - 1980/05 SP - 295 p. AB - The study involved the collection of data from a target group of 21 countries around the world. These countries were contacted or visited to collect the necessary data. A case study was written for each country visited. These case studies, which are quite extensive where data were available, form the bulk of the report. Specific issues were identified by DOT with regard to the seat belt laws that have been enacted. These issues have been discussed for each country where data were available. It was apparent from the data collected that a major issue concerning the enactment of compulsory seat belt usage legislation has to do with the culture and psychological characteristics of the people within the country of interest. It was also found that one's expressed or observed attitude about seat belt usage and mandatory seat belt laws did not correlate with one's behavior regarding the wearing of seat belts. The main factors that influence the frequency with which a person wears his/her seat belt are the level of enforcement applied by the police, the natural propensity for the person to be law abiding and/or the person's personal perspective regarding his/her safety. KW - Attitudes KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Foreign KW - Highway transportation KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25543/DOT-HS-805-490.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326030 AU - MERRITT, J O AU - Miller, J C AU - Kerr, S K AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER VISIBILITY QUALITY: COMPARISON OF VISIBILITY QUALITY METER DATA WITH HUMAN VISUAL PERFORMANCE PY - 1980/05 SP - 61 p. AB - The objective of this investigation was to calibrate the performance of a Visibility Quality Meter (VQM) against a measure of human contrast perception. The VQM quantifies a meaningful aspect of driver visibility quality, modulation transfer. Data were collected from 28 volunteers who represented younger and older United States driving populations. Various simulations of driving-related optical degradation (fogged and iced windshields) were interposed between a subject or the VQM and a visual target. The calibration took the form of qualitative and quantitative comparisons of VQM to human modulation across a wide range of spatial frequencies for the different degradation conditions. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Perception KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Tests KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318500 AU - CLEVEN, A M AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAINING MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DART (DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING TECHNIQUES) SYSTEM PY - 1980/05 SP - 18 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to develop, pilot test, and document a training program for the DART (Data Analysis and Reporting Techniques) system. DART is a computer system designed to aid states in identifying their own highway safety problems through analysis of their own accident data. The resultant training program consists of 15 units of instruction and requires 4-1/2 days of training time. The course emphasizes the practical aspects of working with the DART system tools. Approximately one-half of total training time is devoted to trainee practice. The training package consists of an Instructor Manual prepared to assist the instructor in the day-to-day conduct of each course lesson, a Trainee Manual prepared to serve as a resource document for individuals attending the DART training course, and a set of 50 illustrations (transparencies to be used with the overhead projector) prepared to assist instructor and trainee in achieving lesson and course objectives. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Education KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Information processing KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318499 AU - Phillips, B M AU - Goodman, D M AU - Opinion Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS OWNER USAGE AND ATTITUDES IN GM (GENERAL MOTORS) CHEVETTES AND VW (VOLKSWAGEN) RABBITS PY - 1980/05 SP - 96 p. AB - The study was designed to: (1) evaluate the effectiveness of automatic restraint systems in increasing belt usage, and (2) determine owner attitudes toward the system. Information gathered from owners of vehicles with automatic systems will assist NHTSA in determining levels of acceptance, and problems or areas of resistance to these systems. Such information provides an 'early warning' of critical problem areas that need to be resolved before automatic restraint systems become standard equipment in all cars. Data collected are derived from 2,341 telephone interviews with owners of GM Chevettes and VW Rabbits. Findings indicate that the automatic restraint system with an operative starter-interlock is highly effective as a use-inducing system. There are, however, certain comfort and convenience related problems with automatic systems that need to be resolved. Information programs directed at dealers and the public should help to ensure that the mandate for automatic belt systems is successful. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic control KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Effectiveness KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25546/DOT-HS-805-399.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361381 AU - Desper, L P AU - Orr, B T AU - Council, F M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - INFANT SAFETY SEAT LOANER PROGRAM: A GUIDE FOR SERVICE GROUPS PY - 1980/05 SP - v.p. AB - This manual provides step by step instructions for planning, designing and implementing a loaner program operated by a civic (service) group aimed at a target population within a given locality. Sources for the material in this manual include: NHTSA's "Early Rider Loan a Seat, How to Establish and Operate an Infant and Child Restraint Loan Program"; the Michigan Motor Vehicle Occupant Protection Program's booklet "Loan a Seat for Safety, How to Establish and Operate an Infant and Child Restraint Loan Program"; and a series of national workshops on child restraint. Many of the forms have been developed by the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center based on its experience in setting up and running an infant car carrier loaner program in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Civic centers KW - Implementation KW - Infants KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Public buildings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361380 AU - Orr, B T AU - Desper, L P AU - Council, F M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - INFANT SAFETY SEAT LOANER PROGRAM: A GUIDE FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IN A HOSPITAL SETTING PY - 1980/05 SP - v.p. AB - This manual provides step by step instructions for planning, designing and implementing a loaner program in a hospital setting. The first section offers procedures specifically for health care professionals who work within the hospital setting and want to set up a loaner program. The second section offers guidance to service groups and hospital personnel who will work cooperatively in establishing and maintaining a loaner program within the hospital setting. Sources for the material in this manual include: NHTSA's "Early Rider Loan a Seat, How to Establish and Operate an Infant and Child Restraint Loan Program"; the Michigan Motor Vehicle Occupant Protection Program's booklet "Loan a Seat for Safety, How to Establish and Operate an Infant and Child Restraint Loan Program"; a series of national workshops on child restraint; and existing programs in Borgess Medical Center, Kalamazoo, Michigan and in the Boston Hospital for Women in Massachusetts. The forms have been developed by the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center based on its experience in setting up and operating an infant car carrier loaner program in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Hospitals KW - Implementation KW - Infants KW - Manuals KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328964 AU - HAUSKNECHT, D F AU - Axelrod, M AU - Hoard, R AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF HEAD ACCELERATIONS OF BOXERS-FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1980/05 SP - 85 p. AB - Impacts and closed head injuries resulting from transportation accidents are not well-defined scientifically, because of the scarcity of valid data. Test animals, anthropometric dummies and human cadavers are not sufficient representations to permit correlation of head accelerations with concussive effects. The present effort is a feasibility study of instrumentation boxers during a scheduled bout to obtain the needed data. A miniaturized accelerometer-transmitter would fit unobtrusively in the boxers' mouthpiece and permit blow-by-blow telemetering of head motion data to ringside for later analyses and correlation with observed responses. The feasibility of performing these measurements was examined by conducting a survey of boxing activities (professional and amateur), performing an assessment of the safety and legal requirements, and improving packaging design to enhance boxer comfort and acceptance of a mouthpiece containing the instrumentation. Acceptability tests with a boxer wearing a mouthpiece with a mockup of the instrument and sparring, were conducted. A three-phased plan for conducting the measurements is described and favorable test sites are given. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerometers KW - Concussion KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Instrumentation KW - Legal factors KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Shock (Pathology) KW - Specifications KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329067 AU - Ray, H W AU - Sadof, M G AU - Brink, J R AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DRIVING HABITS, HISTORY AND EXPOSURE SURVEY FOR THE SAFE PERFORMANCE SECONDARY SCHOOL DRIVER EDUCATION CURRICULUM DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1980/05 SP - 127 p. AB - The primary purpose of this analytic study was to assess the reliability of the Driving Habits, History, and Exposure Survey instrument. The scope of the analysis included reliability assessment of personal reports of collisions, violations, and driving exposure estimates. Additionally, an assessment was made of student response rates and the adequacy of the design of items and questions to obtain the desired information. The reliability assessment was made primarily by comparing student Survey responses with responses from an individual student interview, for a selected sample of project students. Also, Survey responses for collision and violation involvement were compared with official records of collision and violation involvement. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Habits KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Reliability KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328850 AU - Durham, A M AU - Moore, W AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURY CAUSATION PARAMETERS PY - 1980/05 SP - 100 p. AB - The project is part of an effort to provide data to support a engineering position on motor vehicle crashworthiness rulemaking policies. Detailed accident data on pedestrian/light vehicle collisions were collected in order to explore the causes and mechanisms of pedestrian injuries. The data is used to support vehicle design changes intended to reduce the severity of pedestrian injuries. The report details nine aspects of the research enterprise -- study area, team structure, sampling procedure, cooperative arrangements, special data collection techniques, and the procedures for on-scene accident investigation, follow-on accident investigation, accident reconstruction, and accident notification. In addition, major problems experienced and the procedures developed for internal review and quality control are discussed. Recommendations for handling problems related to the sample plan are offered. KW - Causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Government policies KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Statistical sampling KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328863 AU - McLean, R F AU - Eckel, C B AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR THREE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS FMVSS 203, 204, AND 212 PY - 1980/05 SP - 175 p. AB - The consumer cost was established for the implementation of each of the Three Federal Vehicle Safety Standards. The standards studied are: (1) FMVSS 203 - Impact Protection from Steering Control - Passenger Cars, (2) FMVSS 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacement - Passenger Cars, and (3) FMVSS 212 - Windshield Mounting. For each standard, a representative sample of makes of models of vehicles or components was establishedd. The components necessary to determine the costs were obtained. Components selected were from the model year of implementation and a baseline year prior to the year of implementation. By an analysis, the consumer cost attributed to the standard was developed. KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Motor vehicles KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328374 AU - PEPLER, R D AU - Naughton, T J AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRUCK RIDE QUALITY AND DRIVERS' HEALTH: METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980/05 SP - 73 p. AB - The authors have conducted a review of the state-of-knowledge about the health effects of long-term exposure to whole body shock and vibration; analyzed the problems of conducting definitive research into the relationship between long-term exposure to shock and vibration and the health of truck drivers; and has developed the requirements for a feasible, scientifically-sound epidemiological research program that can be implemented incrementally. The program contains seven phased and interrelated studies, six of which follow from an initial cross-sectional health survey conducted across the long-haul trucking industry. The initial survey will identify and describe the magnitude and nature of occupational health problems in the industry. Next, a retrospective case/comparison study will examine, analytically, the relationships between numerous personal, work history, and whole-body vibration factors and the occurrence or non-occurrence of disease. Other studies will examine the effects of whole-body vibration in different settings and populations. Each of these studies will provide information which will support the quantification of whole-body vibration (intensity and exposure) as it relates to particular disease development. KW - Crash exposure KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Fatalities KW - Health KW - Methodology KW - Morbidity KW - Occupational safety KW - Research projects KW - Riding qualities KW - State of the art studies KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318434 AU - McDonald, S T AU - Romberg, R A AU - HUME, R D AU - Miller, D K AU - Palmer, J A AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPERVISORY GUIDELINES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION PROGRAMS PY - 1980/05 SP - 132 p. AB - The report is a manual of administrative guidelines designed to assist the program manager in administering a state inspection program. The manual includes practical guidelines covering the areas of organization, staffing, legal management, station licensing and supervision, inspector training and licensing, public relations, data management, and program coordination. The guidelines are generally applicable to all types of motor vehicle inspection programs and focus in on the most frequently used type of system, the state-licensed system of inspection. The manual includes an analysis of the problem and recommendations based on summaries of vehicle inspection program procedures received through the mail from 39 states, telephone interviews with 26 states which use the state-licensed system, and visits to 5 states which were carefully selected to properly represent the different types of state-licensed systems. The recommended guidelines are specifically developed to attack the weaknesses identified and reflect procedures already in use by some of the states or suggested in the literature. The contents of this manual provide the program administrator with an easily usable guide to aid in the identification of problem areas and to improve the quality of inspection services provided. KW - Administration KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Licenses KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Project management KW - Public relations KW - State government KW - Supervision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318181 AU - Reilly, R E AU - Kurke, D S AU - Buckenmaier, CCJ AU - Allen Corporation of America AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION OF THE REDUCTION OF REAR-END COLLISIONS BY A HIGH-MOUNTED AUXILIARY STOPLAMP PY - 1980/05 SP - 53 p. AB - The study was a field validation of the effectiveness of an auxiliary high-mounted stoplamp in reducing rear-end collisions. A previous study (DOT-HS-803-467), using taxicabs, found a 54 percent reduction in relevant rear-end impacts to vehicles equipped with the auxiliary stoplamp. The present study used 5,400 telephone company passenger vehicles, half test, half control, which accumulated 55 million miles during a 12-month continuous data collection period. The results showed a statistically significant 53 percent reduction in relevant rear-end impact rate in the test group as compared to the control group. The findings were thus consistent with the previous study on taxicabs. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Taxicabs KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328230 AU - Woodson, W E AU - Selby, P H AU - Coburn, R AU - Man Factors, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAFETY BELTS: SHOULDER BELT FIT, PRESSURE AND PULLOUT FORCES PY - 1980/04/30 SP - 67 p. AB - A three-part study was conducted to further define comfort requirements for seat belt systems with respect to shoulder belt fit, shoulder belt contact pressure, and 3-point restraint system pullout forces. Objective of the belt-fit portion of the study was to determine how much an originally-proposed shoulder belt crossing specification could be modified (to make it less restrictive on the vehicle designer) if a somewhat smaller segment of the user population was accepted as the criterion for design. As a result, a new compliance envelope was developed and is herein proposed. The objective of the shoulder belt pressure portion of the study was to verify (or modify) the upper pressure criterion limit derived in the original study, using a larger sample of test subjects. The results essentially confirmed those of the original study. Purpose of the shoulder belt pullout force portion of the study was to develop a criterion value for inclusion in the new comfort rulings if this appeared desirable. The value found proved to be essentially the same as one developed in an earlier study of active belt system comfort, "Sources and Remedies For Restraint System Discomfort and Inconveniences", DOT-HS-230-3-674, Final Report dated October 1974). KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Protection KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25547/DOT-HS-805-597.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162608 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393062 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Aronson, R B AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - STIRLING ENGINE. CAN MONEY MAKE IT WORK? PY - 1980/04/24 VL - 52 IS - 9 SP - 6 p. AB - Following a history of the Stirling engine, the Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored program to develop this engine into a fuel-efficient, economical replacement for the internal combustion (IC) engine is described. Present development work is part of a DOE automotive heat-engine program begun in 1978 in which both Stirling and gas turbine engines are being considered. Both engines are to have the following capabilities: fuel economy at least 30% better than a production IC engine of the same class and performance, emission levels meeting or exceeding the most stringent standards, and use of fuels derived from petroleum as well as coal and other sources. Secondary objectives require that the Stirling-powered vehicle have reliability, life-span, cost, acceleration, noise, and safety features comparable to those of IC-powered cars. The Stirling program is being conducted by Mechanical Technology Inc., United Stirling of Sweden (USS), and AM General (a subsidiary of American Motors Corporation. The first of three program phases involves the establishment of a data base through a technology review and extensive testing of existing Stirling engines. Phase 2 is to result in an operational engine with improved power density and performance by 1982, when design of a second engine will begin; in 1984, the engine will be mated to a vehicle meeting program specifications. The final step will be to transfer the technology to a U.S. manufacturer for mass production. Separate sections illustrate and explain the basic Stirling cycle; the Stirling seal problem; the P-40 engine from USS, the baseline for the automotive program; and the four-cylinder Rinia engine. Another separate note outlines the advantages and the remaining design problems of the Stirling engine. KW - Air quality management KW - Design KW - Development KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - History KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stirling engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392299 JO - Motor AU - Greenslade, R AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - LARDY: HOW TO BE SAFE AND LIGHT (ACCIDENT RESEARCH AT RENAULT'S SAFETY CENTER) PY - 1980/04/19 VL - 157 IS - 4045 SP - p. 56-58 AB - Research at Lardy (Renault safety center) is heavily biased towards practical solutions to safety problems, solutions that can be applied to present or future cars. As the result of a correlation program between real accidents and barrier crash tests, Renault has developed a more representative crash test (car impacting barrier at 30 degree angle) and sophisticated dummies based on the results of cadaver tests. To demonstrate its progress in safety research and the validity of its approach, Renault has built a safety car called EPURE (Etude de la Protection des Usagers de la Route et de l'Environment), based on the Renault 5, with the front end and engine of the Renault 14, the longer nose providing a greater crush distance and the lower engine a greater distance between hood and underneath structure to minimize pedestrian injury. The car is equipped with inertia reel belts with a pyrotechnical system to tighten the reels in an impact. Other features include hooks on doors to prevent door bursting in side impact, foam for interior impact cushioning, rounded hood and plastic capping on roof drip channels to prevent pedestrian injuries, and some structural strengthening to the basic chassis. The EPURE exceeds all known and projected safety regulations by a wide margin. Renault estimates that if all cars in France were like the EPURE and if 9% of the users wore seat belts, 1500 fatalities would be prevented each year. KW - Doors KW - Hooks KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety vehicles KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318507 AU - Klein, T M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF THE 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ILLINOIS PY - 1980/04/17 SP - 16 p. AB - The original intention of the 55 mph speed limit law following the Middle East Oil Embargo was to reduce gasoline consumption. A substantial reduction in traffic accidents, particularly fatal accidents, was experienced as a result of both the fuel shortage and the lowered speed limit. The State of Illinois experienced statistically significant reductions in fatal and injury accidents on Federal Aid Interstate and other State marked routes during the 55 mph speed limit time period. In addition, there were reductions in accidents on all road types, regardless of posted speed limit, during the period of the fuel shortage (October 1973-March 1974). KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Safety and security KW - Speed limits KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155745 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386637 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Claybrook, J AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - THAT REASONING IS LIKE CONDEMNING PENICILLIN... BECAUSE IT DOESN'T CURE CANCER. LETTER TO EDWARD T. THOMPSON OF READER'S DIGEST PY - 1980/04/15 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - p. 6-7 AB - The Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration responds to a Reader's Digest article on the questionable effectiveness of air bags. Injuries and fatalities in motor vehicle crashes represent a leading U.S. public health problem, and safety belts have the potential to save lives and reduce risks. The problem is that only about 4.6% of all vehicle occupants wear lap and shoulder belts in cars involved in accidents. Automatic safety belts are similar to manual belts except that the car occupant does not have to remember to use them in order to obtain protection. As an alternative which eliminates the shoulder belt, air bags provide good frontal crash protection. Air bags have been tested more than any other safety system prior to widespread introduction as a consumer product. The 10,000 General Motors 1974-1976 cars with air bags sold to the public have traveled more than 600 million miles and have been involved in more than 230 crashes in which air bags deployed. In these crashes, fatality and serious injury rates were about half the rates in a similar fleet of cars equipped with manual belts. It is suggested that the Reader's Digest present an article that reflects the positive side of the automatic crash protection issue. KW - Air bags KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Statistics UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1506.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203980 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392283 JO - Science News PB - Science Services, Incorporated AU - Raloff, J AU - Science Services, Incorporated TI - KEEPING THAT TIGER IN YOUR TANK (STRETCHING GASOLINE SUPPLIES) PY - 1980/04/12 VL - 117 IS - 15 SP - p. 234-236 AB - Ashland Oil Inc. recently announced the development of a process called atmospheric-reduced crude oil, which permits refiners to obtain 25% more gasoline from a barrel of oil. Residual oil is transformed into 94 octane unleaded gasoline via the process using a catalyst made from microspherical silica-alumina crystals. Crude oil supplies can also be stretched by mixing alcohol with gasoline; ethanol blended in a 10:1 ratio with gasoline (i.e. gasohol) is the most popular example and the one receiving the most Federal support through tax incentives. Today, large-scale commercial gasohol development is especially practical in regions like Brazil where ethanol is produced from abundant sugar cane, where plenty of land is available for cultivation, and where fossil fuels are limited. Production of methanol from wood is more efficient than ethanol from wood or sugar cane. Mobil Oil Corporation has developed a one-step methanol-to-gasoline process using a new type of catalyst, "shape-selective" ZSM-5. This process can also be applied to ethanol. Another alcohol option as a gasoline extender is butanol which has properties closer to those of diesel fuel and gasoline than does ethanol or methanol. Octane boosters offer another promising way to extend gasoline supplies. Gulf Research and Development Company recently reported on a new class of nonmetallic antiknock agents made from aniline dye derivatives. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Crude oil KW - Energy conservation KW - Engine knock KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel additives KW - Gasohol KW - Methanol KW - Processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01411138 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - A report to the Congress on the effect of motorcycle helmet use law repeal: a case for helmet use PY - 1980/04 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident costs KW - Behavior KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver behaviour KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Helmet KW - Helmet usage KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury prevention KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1178936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395320 AU - Golbin, J J AU - Bonne, J AU - Ramsdell, R AU - Bufano, W AU - Suffolk County Department of Probation TI - STATISTICAL VALIDATION AND COMPARISON OF THE SUFFOLK COUNTY PROBATION DIFFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION AND THE NEW YORK STATE PROBATION RISK-ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS PY - 1980/04 SP - 19 p. AB - This report presents the results of a statistical validation study that was conducted in Suffolk County, New York, in early 1978 in order to help determine the most appropriate risk-assessment to use in Suffolk for the federally funded Improved Correctional Field Services Project (ICFS). The Suffolk County Probation Differential Classification instrument and the New York State Division of Probation's Risk Assessment Instrument were validated on the same sample of Criminal Court cases selected by a random sample procedure. This sample was stratified by Superior and Local Court status and selected from the population of offenders sentenced to probation supervision in 1976. The average follow-up time was 34.13 months after the date of sentence to probation. This report is organized to present the definitions of the outcome measures, the follow-up period, validation sample, reliability procedures, classification levels, results and conclusions. KW - New York (State) KW - Probation KW - Recidivism KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213072 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393476 JO - Bicycle Journal PB - Quinn Publications AU - Jarvis, W AU - Quinn Publications TI - MOPEDS VS. NOPEDS PY - 1980/04 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - A potential conflict between mopeds and "nopeds" (Japanese motorized bicycles without pedals) is causing concern in the fledgling U.S. moped industry. The issue, industry leaders believe, could affect not only current moped sales but also consumer's and legislators' perception of motorized two-wheelers. Of the 45 states that have passed moped laws, 40 require operable pedals. Several states are attempting to change the law so that pedals will not be mandatory. The Moped Association of America (MAA) says that the pedal issue is important for three reasons: the pedal can be used to assist the rider in traffic; it helps law enforcement officers differentiate the moped from the motorcycle; and it is an integral part of the whole moped concept. Some motorcycle dealers, prompted by their Japanese representatives, are trying to represent to lawmakers that pedals can be dangerous. Research has indicated that moped buyers do not want to be associated with the motorcycle image and would not purchase nopeds from motorcycle dealers. The moped industry fears that diluting the concept of the moped (defined by the MAA as a 50 cc, 2 hp pedaled vehicle) will result in stricter legislation, ultimately hurting the market through overregulation. The Motorcycle Industry Council (MIC), to which noped manufacturers belong, supports the move to eliminate the pedal requirement. The Council says that while pedals were once essential for mopeds, second-generation mopeds no longer require them because the engines provide sufficient power. The MIC would rather see performance limitations than specific design requirements. KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedals KW - Regulations KW - Two wheeled vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211621 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393478 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - LAS VEGAS DRIVER OFFERS IDEAS FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATION OF THE HANDICAPPED PY - 1980/04 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - Carol Holt, the driver of a lift-equipped special education bus in Las Vegas, explores potential problems that could result from an accident to her vehicle. In the event that the wheelchair lift became inoperable, she demonstrates that five wheelchair students could be evacuated safely, but she believes that extra equipment could speed up the evacuation process. Of ramps, air pillows, and inflatable slides, she indicates that a large air pillow placed on the ground under the rear emergency exit would be the most feasible. She has devised evacuation drill procedures and diagrams (front, rear, and side) and formulated instructions for the bus driver in case of an emergency. KW - Buses KW - Emergency egress system KW - Emergency exits KW - Evacuation KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Wheelchair lifts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211623 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393479 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - MOBILPAGE ADDS SAFETY TO LOADING AND UNLOADING (SAFETY SOUND SYSTEM) PY - 1980/04 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - With the Mobilpage sound system, drivers can instruct children inside and outside a school bus to enhance safety during loading and unloading. There are approximately 15,000 Mobilpage systems on school buses all over the world, with 3,000 added annually. Since system effectiveness depends on proper installation and use, many schools have taken the time and effort to assure that safety sound systems are specified and properly installed on their vehicles. Training programs have also been planned to educate both drivers and students in system use in order to reduce accidents and fatalities, improve discipline, facilitate more efficient loading and unloading, and improve schedules. Since visual signals are often inadequate, the audio device enables a driver to warn children about to dismount and to give specific voice instructions for safe crossing. The audio system can also be useful on athletic and educational trips. Two optional devices have been added to the system's capabilities, a warning alert sound that can penetrate highway traffic noise and a backing alarm. KW - Alarm systems KW - Communication systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public address systems KW - School buses KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393064 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - THE "SOFT-SELL" APPROACH TO BUCKLING UP (GEORGIA SAFETY BELT CAMPAIGN) PY - 1980/04 VL - 80 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - For ten years, a "Bee a Buckler...It Could Save Your Life" message and a cartoon of a bee buckling a safety belt have appeared on Georgia bumper stickers, TV public service announcements, lapel buttons, and at sports events. The campaign was the idea of Ms. Jennie Glasgow, former Girl Scout leader and safety chairwoman of a women's club in Atlanta. Realizing that many car passengers were children too young to read, she thought that children as well as adults might respond to a cartoon character. At least five million people are estimated to have been reached by the campaign since May 1970. The success of the program may be related to its unlimited availability; any organization may obtain assistance in developing a project adaptable to its needs. Care is always taken that the distribution of campaign literature and bumper stickers does not in itself cause traffic accidents. Most recently the campaign has begun to urge parents to protect their children with child restraints. The North Atlanta Civic League believes that the "Bee a Buckler" campaign has played a long term role in the reduction of traffic deaths and injuries in Georgia. The League feels that the low-key approach of the campaign is the reason for its success, that the public responds to gentle reminders rather than to hard-sell tactics. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392293 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - George, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - KEEPING A WATCH ON YOUR TIRES BY NIGHT (LOW TIRE PRESSURE INDICATOR DISPLAY) PY - 1980/04 VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - p. 53-55 AB - William Barabino of Safety Research and Engineering Corporation (North Reading, Mass.) has devised a low pressure indicator system, the Mark I, which alerts the driver when tire pressure falls below safe or fuel-efficient levels. The pneumatic-mechanical valve, inserted through the wheel into the tire cavity, senses pressure drop and relays an ultrasonic signal to a receiver located under the chassis. The signal is sent to a warning buzzer or light on the dashboard. When the vehicle is not in use and there is a drop in pressure below the threshold level, the sensor will detect this and open, allowing a small amount of air in the tire cavity to pass through and it will then reseal. The air passing through the sensor is picked up by an electronic system which activates the memory system. When the ignition is turned on, a light or buzzer will immediately be activated. The ultrasonic telemetry used in the system, since it involves no electromagnetic radiation, does not clutter communications nor require shielding or filtering of the receiver. The emission time to sample less than .8 psig in a DR78-14 tire with a 1462 cu. in. cavity volume and no parallel leak is 70 to 77 sec. Wheel installation takes a few seconds, and no orientation is required. KW - Inflation KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210915 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392298 JO - Simulation PB - Simulation Councils, Incorporated AU - Mazurek, S AU - Rudzinska, K AU - Simulation Councils, Incorporated TI - MODELLING URBAN VEHICLE MOTION TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE PY - 1980/04 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - p. 117-124 AB - A computer simulation method is presented that partially replaces road testing of engines and other components of the power-drive system of urban buses. To calibrate the model, experiments were performed in Warsaw (Poland) traffic using a digital data acquisition system. Analysis of the recorded data showed that two types of vehicle runs were representative of urban traffic; models of these runs were developed and verified. Specific performance criteria were selected for optimum matching of engines and power-transmission systems. A computational procedure is described, based on the models and criteria. Results of applying the simulation method to improving fuel economy and dynamics of a city bus are given. It was found that turbocharging improves both dynamics and fuel consumption more than increasing the number of cylinders. For both free-run and car-following types of bus operation, there are values of axle ratio that maximize the mean speed of the time-minimal run and minimize mean headway between the bus and its leader. For free motion, there is a range of axle ratios that affects vehicle dynamics only slightly but substantially affects fuel consumption. In car-following runs, fuel consumption is greatly affected by the driver's control actions. KW - Axle ratio KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Simulation KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210918 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392292 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Szigethy, N M AU - McCann, M K AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - TURBOS BOOST THE DIESEL'S FUTURE (TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINES) PY - 1980/04 VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - p. 42-46 AB - Although initial costs are high, turbocharging a diesel engine reduces particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions and noise in most cases, and increases power without a fuel economy penalty. Turbocharging has not been more readily adapted by diesel car manufacturers because expensive modifications must be made to the engine in order to maintain the diesel's reliability. The rigors of turbocharging are particularly hard on the lubrication system and on various components in the cylinder head. Two automakers are currently offering turbo diesels in the U.S.: Mercedes-Benz and International Harvester. IH's Scout diesel is built by Nissan; the six-cylinder 3.2 L prechamber diesel puts out 101 hp and has a 22 mpg rating. Mercedes' 3.0 L turbo diesel is used in its larger S-class vehicle; the 1980 Mercedes 300SD diesel develops 120 hp and has a 24 mpg city and 32 mpg highway rating. Overseas, Peugeot and Mitsubishi offer turbo diesel models, and other companies are actively involved in turbo diesel research and development (Volkswagen, Audi, Chrysler, and General Motors). Elements in General Motors' diesel nitrogen oxides reduction program are listed, including modifications to the engine, the fuel system and the car. KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Particulates KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210914 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393065 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - ARE CONTROLS SHACKLING POLICE PURSUIT? (IMPACT OF FUEL ECONOMY AND EMISSION CONTROL STANDARDS ON POLICE PURSUIT VEHICLES) PY - 1980/04 VL - 80 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - The Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) has been working with a Senate committee to draft legislation that would exempt police pursuit vehicles (i.e. those used for enforcement duty) from fuel economy and emission control standards. A statement sent to the committee by the IACP is presented, spelling out its stand. The IACP states that these standards have resulted in the manufacture of police vehicles that do not attain and maintain speeds suitable to apprehend violators attempting to evade the police. This results in longer and more dangerous pursuits, greater danger to innocent third parties, demoralization of officers because of their inability to apprehend certain violators, and deterioration in the enforcement of the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit. The IACP says that for law enforcement efforts to be successful, vehicles with performance capabilities comparable to pre-1974 vehicles are a necessity, at least until attrition makes this vehicle population negligible. KW - Exemption KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Motor vehicles KW - Police vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393063 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Mittelstedt, D G AU - National Safety Council TI - MOVING TRAFFIC SAFELY IN WORK ZONES PY - 1980/04 VL - 80 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - The true extent of the problem of increased accidents in work zones is not known because of incomplete and inaccurate data. To help correct this problem, several significant changes have been included in the 1978 edition of the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD), including the adoption of a set of fundamental principles applicable to construction and maintenance areas. Other sections have been added or modified concerning portable barriers, channelizing devices, pavement markings, and short-term projects. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has prepared a handbook to supplement Pt. 6 of the MUTCD (which covers the work zone). The handbook presents more instructions on the application of traffic control devices in work zones. FHWA issued a final rule on 13 October 1978 providing for several mandatory procedures and one advisory on handling traffic through construction zones. While deficiencies still exist, FHWA is making progress toward improving traffic control in and around work zone areas. Industry too is making advances by improving the energy-absorbing and reflective characteristics of traffic control devices. Responsibility also rests with persons responsible for traffic control plans and their administration. KW - Highway maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211312 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391844 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Waddell, R L AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - DIESELS' UNFOLDING DRAMA PY - 1980/04 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - Fuel economy attained by diesel engines and the market for diesel-powered cars are addressed. By the 1990's, it is estimated that at least 30% of all new cars sold domestically, regardless of size, will be powered by diesel engines. The fuel economy of diesels compensates for their relatively low performance, noise, and smell, particularly since the 27.5 mpg corporate average fuel economy standard promulgated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for 1985 is already outdated. Volkswagen is a diesel leader in the United States, paced only by General Motors in the total number of diesel cars sold. Both General Motors and Ford have plans to import four-cylinder diesel engines. If financially able, Chrysler will introduce a diesel version of its 3.7-liter gasoline engine, with a four-cylinder to follow. American Motors will probably have a General Motors diesel or one supplied by its French affiliate (Renault). General Motors disputes the Environmental Protection Agency contention that diesels pose a threat to public health. The task of emission reduction will be eased by vehicle weight reductions since weight and engine size are major determinants of tailpipe pollution. Component supply (e.g. fuel injection equipment) is the only drawback to diesel market penetration. General Motors offers a good example of what may lie ahead as its diesel penetration grows toward 15-20% of total sales forecast for 1985. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Markets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210703 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391842 JO - Motor AU - Gromer, C AU - Hearst Books TI - SEEING IS BELIEVING (WINDSHIELD WIPER BLADES) PY - 1980/04 VL - 153 IS - 4 SP - p. 48-50 AB - The potential market for windshield wiper blade replacement is discussed. Wiper blades deteriorate in several ways: the wiper edge can wear from the action of abrasive dirt, and rubber can tear or distort out of its holder. As a product of natural rubber, wiper blades are subject to degrading effects of air pollution, road salt, ozone, and sulfur dioxide; northern areas demand heavy wiper use due to adverse weather conditions; and hot southern climates literally bake blades. Since the average life of wiper blades is no more than one year, according to industry sources, most cars on the road are candidates for new wipers. The potential business in blade replacement is substantial since wipers bring high profits, move fast, and install in seconds. Effective strategies in merchandizing wipers include asking the motorist if the blades need replacement, cleaning the customer's windshield and checking blades in the process, and pointing out defective blades when the need for replacement is obvious due to streaks and smears on a wet windshield. High-volume windshield wiper sales depend on an adequate inventory, and wiper blade demand tends to be cyclical (summer months being a slow period). KW - Markets KW - Replacing KW - Rubber KW - Windshield wipers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210701 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391843 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - DISC-O-TECH. THE ADDITION OF A PARKING BRAKE MECHANISM TO THE REAR CALIPER MAKES SERVICING A BIT TRICKY PY - 1980/04 VL - 153 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - Front disc brakes are standard on most cars, but the addition of rear disc brakes is less widespread due to parking brake problems. Cost and weight are major design factors in rear discs, although rear disc brakes have superior heat absorption and rejection capabilities, and they stand up better under heavy use without overheating and fade problems encountered in drum brake use. Discs shed water, heat, and dirt and are much easier to reline than drum brakes. Putting disc brakes on all four wheels makes for shorter stopping distances. The metering valve can be eliminated since there is no major difference in the application time for front and rear brakes. Rear disc brakes on some Chryslers, the Chevrolet Corvette, Cadillacs, and some Ford vehicles are described. Ways of servicing the parking brake mechanism added to the rear caliper are noted. A separate note by Jonathan Gladstone identifies components eliminated by the addition of rear disc brakes, as well as those added. KW - Disc brakes KW - Level of service KW - Parking brakes KW - Service KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210702 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390968 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nerpel, C AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - FREE MPG (MILES PER GALLON) ECONOMY DRIVING TECHNIQUES... PY - 1980/04 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - p. 52-54 AB - Seventeen economy driving tips are discussed which offered a 15% improvement in fuel economy in tests of ten economy cars. These methods can be used by every driver every day to save fuel, regardless of vehicle type and equipment. The techniques cover starting, costing, putting the car in neutral or turning off the ignition when the vehicle is stopped, gear selection, shifting, driving speed, winter driving, driving in winds, and vehicle maintenance. A separate note by Cliff Creager mentions considerations that play a significant role in fuel economy: mechanical condition (compression, ignition system, carburetor, fuel pump, air cleaner, idle adjustment, engine lubrication, cooling system, exhaust system, and transmission), gas users (accessories and habits), and gas savers (equipment such as manual transmission, radial tires, higher axle ratios, pointless distributors and cruise control). KW - Driving KW - Fuel conservation KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210214 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387454 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Hoffmann, E R AU - PAYNE, A AU - Prescott, S AU - Human Factors Society TI - CHILDREN'S ESTIMATES OF VEHICLE APPROACH TIMES PY - 1980/04 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - p. 235-240 AB - Perceptual capabilities of four age groups of Australian school children (5-6, 7-8, 9-10, and 18-25 years) were studied to determine subjects' estimate of the time at which vehicles approached. There were 10 males and 10 females in each group, totaling 80 subjects. The stimulus material involved 24 movie clips filmed from the side of the roadway for an approaching Toyota Corona. Approach speeds were 7.65, 10.15, 12.55, and 15.35 m/sec. Twelve clips showed the vehicle for a distance of 40-meter movement (constant distance condition), while 12 clips showed the vehicle for a time of 4.2 seconds (constant time condition). In subjects' estimates of the time at which the vehicle would have passed them, it was found that all age groups underestimated the time to arrival; underestimation decreased with increasing age. The ability of subjects to scale time was strongly age-dependent. The exponent in a Stevens power law relationship increased with age, as did explained variance. The vehicle's real passing time was underestimate more by females than by males. Data suggest that children reach adult performance at about 12 years of age. KW - Age KW - Approach KW - Approach speed KW - Children KW - Estimates KW - Speed KW - Vehicle approach UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386126 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Darzentas, J AU - Holms, V AU - McDowell, MRC AU - Printerhall Limited TI - DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AT A T-JUNCTION IN DAYLIGHT AND DARKNESS PY - 1980/04 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - p. 186-189 AB - Observations at a semi-urban, priority T-junction at the London-Southhampton trunk road (England) indicate that the gap acceptance behavior of drivers in the left-turn merging maneuver differs significantly between daylight and street-lit, night conditions. This difference appears to be unrelated to differences in the main- or side-road flow and in the main-road speed distribution, or to delay. The only known previous study of day and night gap acceptances at a similar junction by Tsungos and Weiner (1969) considered both crossing and merging and did not consider the street-lit case. Although that study produced different results, no significant differences were found for gaps between four and nine sec. For the merging maneuver, very few accepted gaps of less than four sec. were observed, none at night. The present study found that nearly 30% of the night data fall in this class, which may indicate a real difference in merging gap acceptance behavior between the populations. The main difference found in this study is that (for a closely constant population of side-road drivers), drivers appear to accept appreciably shorter gaps in darkness; a developed simulation model predicts that they thereby have a much higher risk of being involved in a serious accident. Interviews of a small sample of side-road drivers showed that they uniformly thought that they had exercised more caution in decision making during nighttime conditions. This suggests that they overestimate the time gaps available at night. The twilight data are consistent with the hypothesis that the observed difference between day and night gap acceptance is primarily due to the change in background light intensity, and not directly to the use of headlights. KW - Behavior KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Left turns KW - Night KW - T intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203623 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384714 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Claybrook, J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY: VROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT. SPECIAL COMMUNICATION PY - 1980/04 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-15 AB - In 1972, motorcycle manufacturers began to stress power and speed, otherwise known as VROOM. Advertising began to highlight speed and performance rather than economical transportation. Some current stock street motorcycles are capable of exceeding the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit while still in the first of five forward gears. Some people in the industry agree that the trend toward bigger and faster machines should end. Motorcycle death and injury rates have grown nearly as fast as cycling has grown in popularity. Most casualties involve people under the age of 25. Research over the last 30 years has clearly demonstrated the value of safety helmets in saving lives and reducing injury severity. In 1976, when the Department of Transportation lost its authority to withhold highway safety funds from states without helmet use laws, 27 states either repealed or revised their helmet laws, resulting in more motorcycle deaths in 1977 than ever before. More stringent operator licensing is a minimum requirement. In 1976, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) selected California as the test site for evaluating the effectiveness of a model motorcycle operator's manual, knowledge tests, and an off-street skill test. Preliminary results of the project, to be completed in June 1980, indicate a 13% to 20% lower crash rate for groups taking the new NHTSA tests. Another test developed by NHTSA and the Motorcycle Safety Foundation for state use is the Motorcycle In-Traffic Test. Collectively, helmet use, novice training, and stringent operator testing and licensing countermeasures hold significant promise of reducing the growing motorcycle injury and death toll. KW - Crash severity KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver training KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202998 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382559 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Owens, R L AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MOTORCYCLE CORNERING. COUNTERSTEERING: A BETTER WAY OF GETTING OUT OF THE WAY PY - 1980/04 VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - p. 14-18 AB - The technique of countersteering is presented as the best means for the motorcyclist to avoid an obstacle in the fastest time and shortest distance. The collision-avoidance technique and its application are illustrated and discussed. The physical principles involved in the maneuver are explained and illustrated; basically, a gyroscopic action is taking place. When entering a right-hand turn and suddenly noticing an obstacle ahead, a rider, using countersteering, will apply pressure to the right handlebar, causing the front wheel to steer left briefly. This forces the motorcycle to lean to the right. Done correctly, a third of the turn has already been accomplished. As pressure on the right handlebar is let up, the front wheel positions itself in line with the bike. Since the machine is already leaning into the turn, it will stay at that angle of lean and continue around the turn in proportion to lean and speed. It is recommended that the cyclist consult a rider experienced in countersteering (e.g. Motorcycle Safety Foundation instructor) to assist in understanding and practicing this technique. Low speed, supervised practice in the technique is advised before attempting the maneuver without trained supervision. A separate section, "Everything Resists Change," illustrates and discusses the technical side of countersteering: inertia, gyroscopic force, center of gravity, and centrifugal force. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Countersteering KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202510 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382560 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TUNING FOR MILEAGE PY - 1980/04 VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - p. 22-28 AB - Step-by-step instructions (including illustrations) are provided for the car owner on performing a tuneup, the best way to maximize gas mileage and performance. The average tuneup results in an 11.7% improvement in fuel economy. Pre-tuneup procedures are outlined, as well as steps in checking the emission control system (positive crankcase ventilation valve, exhaust gas recirculation valve, heat riser, thermostatically-controlled air cleaner). Instructions are given on determining engine condition to decide whether it can actually be tuned; compression and vacuum gauges are utilized in this evaluation process. The tuneup procedure is described (involving the sparkplugs, points, condenser, rotor, distributor cap, carburetor, and ignition timing). Differences are noted between General Motors and non-GM distributors. Professional tuneups are recommended for fuel injection systems and post-1974 (covered by emission standards) model carburetors. It is stressed that an owner's manual should be consulted when performing any maintenance. Safety precautions when working on a vehicle are listed. KW - Engine performance KW - Engine tuning KW - Instructions KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Mileage KW - Repairing KW - Tune-ups KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202511 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382557 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - PROTECTING YOUR PETROL PIGGYBANK (GASOLINE-SAVING SUGGESTIONS) PY - 1980/04 VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - 6 p. AB - Some driving tips are presented for saving gasoline; it is noted that the key may be awareness of how one drives. Over 70 suggestions are outlined under the following headings: general driving, drag, idling, planning, maintenance, new car shopping, and miscellaneous. Alternatives to personal car use are also proposed (e.g. bicycling, mass transit, carpooling). Some comments are made on the days of low gasoline prices and ways to cope with the next fuel crisis. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Drag KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Engine idling KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Idling KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382558 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DRIVING POSITIONS PY - 1980/04 VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - p. 8-12 AB - Captioned photographs are provided to point out a variety of improper driving positions. The taboos include: one-handed driving (especially holding a drink), steering with hands other than in the 10 and 2 or 9 and 3 o'clock positions, sitting too close to the steering wheel, left foot resting on the car seat, infant harnessed to the unbelted driver via a "front papoose" sling, driving in bare feet, and holding onto cargo on the car's roof. Bad passenger position is illustrated by the picture of a woman seated on the trunk of a convertible with her legs through an open rear window. A balance between tension and comfort is suggested for the driver. He should be tense enough to be alert and attentive to cars, signs, road conditions, etc., but comfortable enough so as not to be distracted from driving. Comfort, not relaxation, is recommended. KW - Alertness KW - Behavior KW - Comfort KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202509 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380637 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Wakefield, R AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - THE REGULATED AUTOMOBILE. PT. 1: EMISSIONS AND NOISE REGULATIONS PY - 1980/04 VL - 31 IS - 8 SP - p. 168-177 AB - A hypothetical 1980 model car is used to illustrate the extent of motor vehicle regulation, and background is provided on the regulatory authority of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. The evolution of automotive emission standards (California and Federal) for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides is traced, including technological approaches used by the automakers in meeting emission requirements. The 1975 model year standards required a 90% reduction in emissions compared to 1970 levels, signaling a revolution in emission control technology. The catalytic converter (and its requirement for unleaded fuel) and electronics developments (fuel injection, ignition timing, exhaust gas recirculation, and air-fuel mixture control) are discussed. The design of new cars to run on 91-octane gasoline, precluding the use of high compression ratios, is examined. The costs of emission control are addressed both in terms of car retail price and loss of variety on the market. Obstacles which reduce the effectiveness of emission regulations in improving air quality are noted: vehicle tampering (emission control technology) and misfueling. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air quality management KW - Catalytic converters KW - Costs KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Ignition timing KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise control KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326379 AU - Smith, M J AU - Ware, A S AU - Pabon, Sims, Smith and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES HIGHWAY SIGN EVALUATION PY - 1980/04 SP - 143 p. AB - The document identifies the needs for a highway sign that will announce significant points or methods of access to the Emergency Medical Services system within the emergency response system. Further, the document validates the use of the "Star of Life" symbol to meet these needs. KW - Arkansas KW - Colorado KW - Comprehension KW - Configuration KW - Design KW - Emergencies KW - Evaluation KW - Highway transportation KW - Idaho KW - Maryland KW - Massachusetts KW - Medical services KW - Minnesota KW - Missouri KW - Nevada KW - New Jersey KW - North Carolina KW - Shape KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162283 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368402 JO - Traffic Laws Commentary AU - Liner, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE PARTICIPATION IN DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS PY - 1980/04 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 28 p. AB - State laws are reviewed that might require a vehicle owner to comply with a safety defect recall campaign notice. Uniform Vehicle Code provisions are examined which allow for registration withdrawal if a vehicle is found unsafe to be moved or operated on the highway as well as provisions which make it unlawful to operate an unsafe vehicle. Also examined are state authority to participate in defect recall campaigns, to enter into agreements and to disseminate information to the public pertaining to such campaigns, and state liability, if any, for breach of contract. There are state laws requiring owner compliance; loss of registration can be an effective penalty. To be most effective in aiding recall compliance, state registration laws or regulations should be amended to clearly define mechanically unfit/unsafe vehicles as including those with defects cited in a recall. Defect detection and correction can be effectively accomplished through a state inspection program. There is some authority in the dealer licensing area for a state to effectively control a defect recall campaign. In most states, using a vehicle that is so unsafe as to endanger any person is a crime. State agencies have the authority to enter into agreements (e.g. with automakers or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) concerning defect recall campaigns, provided this authority is derived from legislation or the state constitution. States would most likely not be liable to third parties who are injured as a result of the state's failure to perform its contract obligations in a recall campaign. States have authority to disseminate information to the public on such campaigns. KW - Compliance KW - Crimes KW - Defects KW - Information dissemination KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Liability KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - States KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318933 AU - Mattson, S AU - Cross, A AU - WAKELEY, H AU - Viergutz, O J AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROPOSED REAR VIEW MIRROR CHARACTERISTICS AND COSTS PY - 1980/04 SP - 49 p. AB - A manufacturing/consumer cost analysis was performed comparing four families of mirror configuration (minimal required for regulation compliance, manufacturer's standard equipment, optional or upmarket, and aftermarket equipment) under present and proposed mirror regulations. Fleet composition (vehicles and mix of mirror configurations) was considered. Representative designs for each family were described with provision for breakaway or foldaway impact protection shown. Effects on fuel economy/consumption, capital equipment and tooling requirements, and maintenance impact were discussed. Significant differences in fuel economy were related to the addition of aftermarket mirror configurations to the model. These designs provide coverage exceeding requirements with accompanying increased weight and frontal surface area. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Configuration KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mirrors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Regulations KW - Shape KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318944 AU - Pozzi, M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ELECTRIC/CONVENTIONAL VEHICLE COMPARISON CRASH TEST PY - 1980/04 SP - 124 p. AB - The report documents results of two tests conducted for NHTSA to compare the safety capabilities of an electric vehicle with those of a conventional internal combustion engine powered vehicle. Each vehicle was impacted into a flat fixed barrier at a nominal speed of 30 mph. Performance relative to Federal Motor Vehicle Standards 208, 212, and 310-75 were determined and the overall crashworthiness of the two vehicles was compared. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuel systems KW - Impact tests KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Speed KW - Standards KW - Traffic speed KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343613 AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PASSIVE BELTS FOR DIFFERENT SIZE OCCUPANTS PY - 1980/04 SP - 334 p. AB - The report presents findings of a combined analytical and experimental research program to: (1) determine the effect of independent variation of the vertical and longitudinal position of the upper anchor point of the Volkswagen Rabbit passive belt on the performance of the restraint system for occupants ranging in size from a 6 yr. old child to a 95th percentile adult male; and (2) to design and develop a vertically adjustable upper anchorage for the VW passive belt and evaluate the performance in impact sled tests. From analyses of results from 40 sled tests (80 occupant exposures) simulating both 30 MPH frontal and angled barrier crashes it is concluded that the location of the existing, fixed anchor point in the 2-door model Rabbit is close to the optimum for the overall range of adult size occupants in terms of performance but the belt geometry does not comply with proposed criteria for belt fit. The data indicate that at least for belt crossing angles near the lower end of the range permitted by the comfort zone, the allowed position of the belt is too low and increases the likelihood of loading the lower abdomen due to occupants rolling over the belt. A vertically adjustable anchor designed for installation inside the door window frame and B-pillar of the 1976 2-door Rabbit is described. Static and dynamic strength proof-tests performed demonstrate that the adjustable anchor is capable of withstanding the belt loads developed during a crash with an adequate margin of safety. KW - Adults KW - Anchorages KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Fasteners KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety KW - Sleds KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318939 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Greyson, M AU - Carroll, H O AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL LEGAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE USE OF ADVANCED ALCOHOL-TESTING TECHNOLOGY PY - 1980/04 SP - 69 p. AB - An analysis was made of the potential legal constraints on the use of existing and proposed devices that would be used at the roadside by police officers to measure driver's blood alcohol concentrations. Examination of current law revealed the chief constraints to be: the constitutional requirement that searches and seizures be "reasonable"; state implied-consent legislation; and court decisions that require the retention of breath ampoules. Constraint resolution strategies include: administering active tests only when probable cause exists: amending implied-consent legislation to permit the use of new devices; and appealing adverse court decisions where necessary. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Examinations KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Roadside KW - Strategy KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361931 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING'S FATAL ACCIDENT FACTS 1980 PY - 1980/04 SP - 57 p. AB - Fatal traffic accidents during 1980 totaled 205 involving 245 fatalities; an "average" year when compared to the years since 1976 which was Wyoming's worst year for fatal accidents. One of the more significant factors involved in fatal accidents during 1980 was the rise of alcohol related accidents, to 59% from a normal 50% level. The number of drivers in fatal accidents without a valid driver's license has increased for the third consecutive year. Economic loss for the 205 accidents is estimated to be nearly 47 million dollars. Sources for the data contained in this report are: The individual's accident report, the investigating officer's accident report, and miscellaneous reports from state's motor-vehicle divisions and newspaper articles. The primary purpose of this report is to analyze the causative factors of fatal accidents and present them so that the Wyoming Highway Department as well as other responsible groups, agencies and individuals can develop programs leading towards one major goal: "The Reduction of traffic deaths in Wyoming". It is intended that all the information in the report pertaining to the fatal accidents which occurred during the calendar year 1980 be used solely for statistical and analytical purposes. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Driving without a license KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328379 AU - Kelleher, B J AU - WALSH, M J AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF OCCUPANT RESPONSES IN FRONTAL CRASHES USING CVS III PY - 1980/04 SP - 108 p. AB - Twelve computer simulations, utilizing the Calspan three-dimensional Crash Victim Simulator (CVS) program, were executed and the input code and output data are stored at the U.S. Army ARRADCOM Edgewood Area Scientific Computer Center located at Edgewood, Maryland. These computer simulations represent 50th percentile occupants, restrained with both three-point belt systems and air cushion restraint systems, seated in both the driver and right front passenger positions of a 1975 Volvo, at crash velocities of 30, 40 and 45 mph. KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Anatomical models KW - Computer programming KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328861 AU - HARRIS, D H AU - Dick, R A AU - Casey, S M AU - Jarosz, C J AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorported AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE VISUAL DETECTION OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED FIELD TEST OF VISUAL CUES AND DETECTION METHODS PY - 1980/04 SP - 56 p. AB - This is the second of two reports on the visual detection of driving while intoxicated. The initial report described the identification of visual cues and development of detection methods that led to a Drunk Driver Detection Guide. This report describes the Guide, and the field test conducted to evaluate and verify the Guide. KW - Behavior KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drunk driving KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway transportation KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Methodology KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327754 AU - Reis, R E AU - Davis, L A AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIRST INTERIM ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE OFFENDER TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1980/04 SP - 108 p. AB - The report is the first interim analysis concerning the effectiveness of the CDUI Project's educational counseling programs for multiple offender DUI's. The State Senate Bill 38 (SB 38) research design had four treatment groups, two forms of group counseling (Skills Workshop and Educational Eclectic Therapy) provided with or without chemotherapy (Disulfiram). The post-conviction presentence (PCPS) research design, used for clients with only one prior DUI conviction, had a no-treatment Control group and a minimum exposure, Biweekly Contacts Only group in addition to the four Counseling/Chemotherapy groups provided in the SB 38 design. Treatment effectiveness was assessed in terms of recorded accidents, DUI offenses, and total moving violations occurring subsequent to random assignment. Survival analysis was used to compare these traffic safety criteria between treatment groups. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Counseling KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Recidivism KW - Safety KW - Treatment KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314394 AU - Fabian, G J AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CALSPAN/CHRYSLER RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE. PHASE III. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL DISCUSSION PY - 1980/04 SP - 128 p. AB - Under the Phase III the design, development, and fabrication of the Research Safety Vehicle (RSV) are summarized in this document. This work constitutes Phase III of a four-phase DOT/NHTSA program for the research, development, fabrication, and testing of the RSV and its completion signifies the end of the Calspan effort under the contract on Phase III. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Chassis KW - Components KW - Design KW - Development KW - Exhaust gases KW - Materials recovery KW - Materials recovery (Mining) KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety vehicles KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328848 AU - HARRIS, D H AU - Dick, R A AU - Casey, S M AU - Jarosz, C J AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE VISUAL DETECTION OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED. FIELD TEST OF VISUAL CUES AND DETECTION METHODS PY - 1980/04 SP - 56 p. AB - A Drunk Driver Detection Guide was developed and tested at a sample of 10 law enforcement agencies at locations throughout the United States. The test was designed to provide both longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses of several measures likely to reflect the impact and utility of using the Guide, and to verify the values contained in the Guide. The DWI experienced police officers who used the Guide expressed doubts about its value in improving their own DWI enforcement ability. However, they considered the Guide to be valuable for increasing patrol sensitivity to important cues, training new patrol officers, preparing DWI arrest reports, and supporting court testimony. KW - Behavior KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Highway transportation KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318897 AU - Fabian, G J AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CALSPAN/CHRYSLER RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE. PHASE III, FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/04 SP - 62 p. AB - In Phase III of the RSV program, the Phase II design of subsystems and components was refined and adapted to exemplify mass production techniques. This report summarizes the integration of the various elements into a coordinated design from which ten vehicles were fabricated for test and evaluation by others in Phase IV. The five-passenger family car is designed to be fabricated by mass production techniques from materials chosen to minimize energy content, rare mineral requirements, and facilitate recycling for recovery and reuse. Using a combination of mathematical modeling on the computer with static and dynamic testing, design issues that remained at the completion of Phase II were resolved; validation tests were conducted to demonstrate performance resulting from these design improvements; and the results were incorporated in the final design. Additional investigations defined emissions and fuel economy, documented the degree of RSV compliance with current Federal Motor Vehicle Standards, and studied the effect of the RSV design on collision repair, producibility, and cost of program goals. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Chassis KW - Components KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mass production KW - Materials recovery KW - Materials recovery (Mining) KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Performance tests KW - Production KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155870 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391459 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Wise, C E AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - IOWA ET AL VS. OPEC (ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES)--CORN STATES UNCORK GASOHOL GUSHER PY - 1980/03/20 VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - 6 p. AB - The controversy over ethanol vs. oil is considered; the development of gasohol and current gasohol-production programs are described. Studies of the energy input of ethanol production, although inconclusive, suggest that with new technology a net energy gain can be obtained. Users of gasohol report better engine performance and better mileage, restricted only by the limited amounts available and the price differential. Increasing production with new methods and equipment should soon reduce the price, permitting conversion of beverage-grade alcohol producing plants to 200-proof ethanol production. The administration's ambitious gasohol program, if implemented on schedule, will provide 40% of the nation's automotive fuel by the mid-to-late 1980's. Current and proposed subsidies and tax exemptions encourage gasohol production. The success of Iowa's promotion of alcohol fuel, including a large new ethanol-producing plant in Sioux City, shows the potential for agriculturally-derived alcohol fuels. Although U.S. oil companies limit the amount of ethanol in gasohol to 10%, the General Motors cars manufactured in Brazil burn an 80/20 blend of gasohol with a few corrosion or other problems. Brazil's alcohol program calls for production of 250,000 cars capable of running on neat alcohol by the end of 1980, and a million pure-ethanol-fueled vehicles by 1985. Increase in the engine's compression ratio because of the high octane level, and changes in the intake manifold design will be necessary. Included are a table comparing the typical properties of gasoline, ethanol and gasohol, and the addresses and phone numbers of research centers prepared to give information on alcohol-fuels development. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Crude oil KW - Ethanol KW - Gasohol KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210488 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390971 JO - Chemical and Engineering News PB - American Chemical Society AU - American Chemical Society TI - AUTO EMISSIONS CONTROL FACES NEW CHALLENGES PY - 1980/03/17 VL - 58 IS - 11 SP - p. 36 AB - To meet stricter emission control standards, 1981 models and beyond will mostly employ three-way catalyst systems for oxidizing hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide while simultaneously reducing nitrogen oxides. Meanwhile, the use of noble metals (rhodium, platinum) as catalysts must be reduced because of limited supply or increased price. Improvements have been made in catalytic converter efficiency by increasing the surface area per unit volume of catalyst support, both monolithic and pelleted. The monolithic support is typified by the cylindrical honeycomb of an extruded ceramic made by Corning Glass Works; this type is used by Ford. More cells and thinner walls in these substrates increase conversion efficiency by several percent and lessen the time required to reach a catalyst-active temperature. General Motors has found that reducing the diameter and lowering the density of pellets in its substrates have improved conversion efficiency and have also increased resistance to poisoning by lead and phosphorus. GM has also found that it can reduce platinum and increase palladium in its converters while still improving performance. Palladium is a good oxidation catalyst, is plentiful, and is cheaper. Although it is relatively more susceptible to poisoning, it is resistant to thermal sintering and has a low "light-off" temperature. The low-density substrate also improves the performance of the rhodium-reducing catalyst in three-way systems. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Catalytic converters KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Palladium KW - Rhodium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318907 AU - MITCHELL, B AU - SCOTT, R A AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SIMULATION OF VEHICLE HANDLING. VOLUME 3. TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR THE FIVE DEGREE OF FREEDOM MODELS PY - 1980/03/01 SP - 56 p. AB - The volume is the Technical Manual for the Five-Degree-of-Freedom-Models and in it mathematical modelling of the vehicle is presented in detail. Information on model validation and operating costs are presented, as well as samples and analyses of simulation output. KW - Braking KW - Computer programming KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Digital simulation KW - Feedback control KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318910 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - SCOTT, R A AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SIMULATION OF VEHICLE HANDLING. VOLUME 7. TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR THE GENERAL SIMULATION PY - 1980/03/01 SP - 280 p. AB - This volume is the technical manual for the general simulation. Mathematical modelling of the vehicle and of the human driver is presented in detail, as are differences between the APL simulation and the current one. Information on model validation and operating costs are also given. A comparison between two mathematical models of tire behavior is made. Extensive output for open and closed loop maneuvers is presented and analyzed. KW - Braking KW - Computer programming KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Digital simulation KW - Feedback control KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318911 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - SCOTT, R A AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SIMULATION OF VEHICLE HANDLING. VOLUME 8. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1980/03/01 SP - 17 p. AB - Major objectives of the study were as follows: To develop an all digital vehicle simulation for handling and braking; To develop a human driver simulation for evaluating handling capabilities of closed loop vehicle-driver systems; and to investigate methods for describing the directional stability and control of automobiles applicable to nonlinear transient response. KW - Braking KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Digital computers KW - Digital simulation KW - Digital techniques KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Feedback control KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Improvements KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314400 AU - Hsia, H S AU - Kidd, J A AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WEIGHT REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS: 1979 SUMMARY SOURCE DOCUMENT PY - 1980/03 SP - 194 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to provide an assessment of the potential for weight reduction for passenger cars and light trucks (including pickup trucks, vans, and utility vehicles of GVWR up to 8500 pounds) in the 1980 to 2000 model year period. Various aspects of vehicular performance are addressed. Four weight reduction scenarios involving material substitution are presented with increasing technological sophistication. In addition to the baseline data, dominant case assessments for high strength steel, fiber reinforced plastic, aluminum, and hybrid reinforced plastics are provided. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Building materials KW - Energy conservation KW - High strength steel KW - Light trucks KW - Materials KW - Materials management KW - Materials replacement KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural properties KW - Substitutes KW - Technology KW - Technology assessment KW - Trucks KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318982 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Donelson, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUG RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. VOLUME III. THE DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF DRUGS OF INTEREST IN BODY FLUIDS FROM DRIVERS PY - 1980/03 SP - 78 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a workshop on the chemical analysis of body fluids for drugs of interest in highway safety. A cross-disciplinary panel of experts reviewed the list of drugs of interest developed in a previous workshop and described an analytical perspective with which to address issues related to their detection and quantitation. Also summarized in the report are discussions of issues in the design of highway safety research involving drug analysis -- the collection, handling, and storage of body fluid specimens; monitoring the quality of analytical results (proficiency testing of laboratories and quality control procedures); interpretation of analytical results, including collateral data needed for interpretation of findings; and the design of surveys of drug use among drivers. KW - Body KW - Body fluids KW - Chemical analysis KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fluids KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155917 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392290 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Waller, J A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A SYSTEMS MODEL FOR SAFETY PROGRAM EVALUATION PY - 1980/03 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-5 AB - A system of program evaluation is presented that examines organizational and programmatic aspects of countermeasures as well as three levels of outcome. Level one outcomes include changes in skills, knowledge, attitudes, and resources. Change in behavior is the level two outcome. The ultimate or level three outcomes are increased cost effectiveness and reduction in death, disability, discomfort, dissatisfaction, and deleterious side effects. Evaluation often requires assessment of level one and two outcomes for gatekeepers as well as for the ultimate population to be reached. Attention also must be paid to separate analysis of high vs. low-risk situations for injury events. The time series approach to evaluation should be used only on those rare occasions where it is not feasible to apply two by two (before and after) design or its modifications. The proposed system was developed and has been used over the past five years for evaluation of the Vermont Lung Center, a national demonstration project funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. The components of the project are: initial prevention of disease, early case finding and treatment to prevent complications, and rehabilitation of those already disabled. These three traditional public health prevention components are comparable to the preinjury, injury, and postinjury phases of safety programming. The project also deals with public and professional education and motivation efforts, hardware development, and to some extent, environmental modification, which also parallels aspects of safety programming. KW - Evaluation KW - Safety programs KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210912 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391846 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Wrigley, A AU - Waddell, R L AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - ENGINEERS SEE THE LIGHT. SAE (SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS) MATERIALS UPDATE (LIGHT-WEIGHT MATERIALS) PY - 1980/03 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - Materials appropriate for use in the mass production of automobiles are reviewed, with reference to weight reduction. Significant contenders in this area are such materials as magnesium, aluminum, stainless steel, laminates, plastics, ferrous metals, and powder metals. Plastic springs are no longer oddities in automobile manufacturing. Aluminum frames and radiators, magnesium engine parts, and stamped stainless steel as a substitute for cast iron and even aluminum are becoming more common. High-performance powder metals spread to more areas to cut machining and weight. Synthetics sandwiched between metal and filigreed with air get more than prototype attention. Hood-weight comparison data for Oldsmobiles are provided in a separate note. KW - Automobile industry KW - Lightweight materials KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210705 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391845 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - McCosh, D F AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - ROLLICKING ROBOTS. MANUFACTURING SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1980/03 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 87-89 AB - The term "robotics" is used to characterize the automobile industry's search for greater productivity. Robot welding is quickly becoming the standard method of body assembly, and paint spraying with robots is another likely application. At the Caterpillar Tractor gray-iron foundry, a robot wields a torch to dry sand molds. The Construction Machinery Division of Rexnord, Inc., uses a robot to load and unload a heat-treat furnace. Robots are common in the die casting industry and can be found stripping finished plastic parts from dies and transferring parts between stamping presses. At General Motors, robot assembly of an electric motor armature is ready for implementation. Delco Electronics Division plans to use robots in assembling car radio components. At the heart of interest in "robotics" is a concept of automatic manufacturing that differs from traditional automation. According to the Robot Institute of America, a robot is a programmable, multifunction manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through varied programmed motions to perform certain tasks. U.S. auto manufacturers buy about half of all industrial robots sold in this country, and interest in robots is growing despite problems. Robot use in Japan has progressed much faster; some estimates place Japanese robot installations as high as 13,000, compared with 2000 in the United States and 1000 in Europe. Companies using robots are noted, and the impact of robots on human employment levels is considered. KW - Automobile industry KW - Industrial robots KW - Labor market KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391852 JO - Traffic Safety Newsletter PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTO THEFT: A MULTI-MILLION DOLLAR OPERATION PY - 1980/03 SP - p. 7-9 AB - Antitheft guidelines are proposed to encourage sound motor vehicle titling procedures and to prevent "fencing" of stolen vehicles. The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) effective in 1981 model year vehicles will help in identification of stolen cars and parts. Three anti-auto theft efforts are: The Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act of 1979; the special investigation units formed by some insurance companies; and a two-year experimental program piloted by the Ford Motor Company requiring VINs to be marked on six major automobile parts of Ford's 1980 Lincoln Continentals and Continental Mark VI's. The Department of Motor Vehicles in New York is using three specially equipped vans in a Federally funded program to detect possible auto theft involving the sale of rebuilt vehicles. Further legislation pending in New York includes an expanded vehicle examination program and tighter controls on businesses dealing in junk, salvage, and rebuilt vehicles. Ten safety precautions are listed for avoiding car theft. KW - Automobiles KW - Prevention KW - Theft KW - Vehicle identification numbers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210710 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391465 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - TAKE THE BUMPS OUT OF THE '80S (AUTOMOBILE SUSPENSIONS) PY - 1980/03 VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - p. 72-75 AB - Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) due to downsizing and to the new low rolling resistance tires on 1980 American cars have been reduced through better shock absorbers, improved isolation of suspension members, and specific reinforcements in the body and frame. Shock absorbers have been fitted with pliacell gas springs, low-friction single-lip seals, and teflon banded piston skirts which reduce NVH and improve impact isolation. The most common way to reduce NVH has been to provide good isolation of the suspension members and powertrain from the body by using thick rubber bushings. Computerized structural analysis has been used to optimize the lightweight body and frame design that complements the entire NVH isolation effort. New with the 1980 models is the use of an independent front suspension on four-wheel drive vehicles; this allows for a much smoother ride. KW - Four wheel drive KW - Front suspension systems KW - Noise KW - Ride quality KW - Shock absorbers KW - Sleeves (Electricity) KW - Suspension systems KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391460 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Randles, J N AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - PASSENGER CAR TIRE DESIGN TRENDS PY - 1980/03 VL - 112 IS - 3 SP - p. 29-33 AB - Issues faced by the tire industry, particularly in the U.K., are addressed: energy consumption, noise pollution, safety, and product liability. An overview is given of the diminishing world supply of fossil fuels, and energy consumption by tires. One estimate is that tires account for 38% of the energy expended in vehicle propulsion. A 10% reduction in tire energy absorption would annually save 2.86 million tons of fuel in Europe alone. Tire parameters related to energy consumption are examined: deflection, tread mix, tread width, and weight and size. The relationship of tire width to noise levels, as well as to handling characteristics, is considered. The present trend is toward greater tire width which improves handling but increases noise levels. Tire safety is discussed in terms of primary safety (i.e. inflated performance), secondary safety (i.e. deflated performance), run flat, and tire pressure. Growing demand is noted in the U. K. for product liability laws such as those in the U.S. It is concluded that every effort must be made to reduce tire energy consumption. A 10% reduction in tire hysteresis losses may be achieved by attention to tread compound at comparatively low cost. Such a reduction would improve the fuel economy by 3.8% (compared to a 3.7% saving via a 10% reduction in vehicle weight). The trend toward low profile tires tends to be unproductive. A major short-term improvement in safety would result from adoption of low pressure warning devices rather than from any major tire development. There is an urgent need to develop a method of bead retention which is acceptable across the tire industry. KW - Design KW - Driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Handling characteristics KW - Inflation KW - Liability KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Sound level KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Weight KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391466 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - MANUFACTURING WITH WATER (HYDRAULIC FLUID FOR AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE PLANT EQUIPMENT PY - 1980/03 VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - p. 78-80 AB - Ford Motor Company's and General Motors Corporation's (GM) conversion to high water base fluid (HWBF) instead of hydraulic oil in their plant equipment is described. HWBF refers to hydraulic fluid that is 95% water, the rest being soluble oil additives. These fluids can be used in most equipment that runs up to 1000 psi which accounts for over 90% of hydraulic equipment in automotive plants. It is estimated that the use of HWBF could annually save more than 10 million gal of oil at Ford plants alone. HWBF is at least six times cheaper than oil. There are drawbacks to using HWBF, but continuing experimentation and experience promise to make it acceptable, even attractive. Ford, which leads in HWBF research, began experimenting in the field because hydraulic oil reservoirs in cutting machines were being contaminated with water-based coolant. The real breakthrough in HWBF technology has come with the development of micro-emulsions which make possible the use of HWBF in piston and vane pumps and result in pump life exceeding 10,000 hr. Ford says the two main problems with HWBF conversion are the need to purchase new, or to convert old, equipment in order to run all equipment on water to avoid maintenance problems. In the development of HWBF, Ford has used a management-to-shop floor approach, while GM has done the reverse. KW - Automobile industry KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - High water base fluid KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210494 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390966 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Wei, E T AU - Wang, Y Y AU - Rappaport, S M AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - DIESEL EMISSIONS AND THE AMES TEST: A COMMENTARY PY - 1980/03 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - p. 267-271 AB - Organic extracts of particulates emitted from diesel engines contain substances which produce mutations in the bacterial assay known as the Ames Salmonella/microsome test. The limitations and value of the Ames test data are discussed under the following topics: mutagenic effects of diesel exhausts, mutagenic potency of diesel exhausts, and identities of the chemical mutagens in diesel exhausts. It is advanced that because diesel exhaust products are mutagenic to Salmonella bacteria in the Ames test does not necessarily mean that they are hazardous to human health. For any overall assessment to be meaningful, the direct-acting mutagens in diesel emissions must first be identified and the toxicology of the pure substances investigated. To illustrate the importance of chemical identification and its relevance to hazard assessment, some hypothetical situations are presented. KW - Bacteria KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Particulates KW - Public health KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210212 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390975 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - TURBO TEARDOWN PY - 1980/03 VL - 153 IS - 3 SP - 5 p. AB - The components and operation of turbochargers are described, specifically those used in 1978 and 1979 Buick engines. The Buick turbocharged engine is equipped with an Electronic Spark Control (ESC) system which comprises a detonation sensor, a controller, and the HEI (high energy ignition) distributor. The ESC senses engine detonation and adjusts the timing to eliminate the knock. Information is provided for the service specialist in diagnosing problems with the turbocharged engine. Instructions are given on checking the various elements of the ESC system in the case of engine detonation or poor performance. Additional problems associated with the turbocharged engine are described: engine detonation caused by sources other than the ESC system, blue smoke and oil consumption, poor power, engine surges, black smoke, and noise. KW - Detonation KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic spark control KW - Engine noise KW - Engine operation KW - Engine performance KW - Engine power loss KW - Engine surge KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Noise KW - Oil consumption KW - Power loss KW - Smoke KW - Troubleshooting KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210219 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390974 JO - Motor AU - Huntington, R AU - Hearst Books TI - TALE OF THE TURBO PY - 1980/03 VL - 153 IS - 3 SP - 11 p. AB - Turbocharging is described as a means to boost small engine horsepower without adversely affecting fuel economy and exhaust emissions. The major problem areas involved in designing a complete turbocharging system for a gasoline engine are discussed: plumbing; carburetor location; boost control; matching of compressor, turbine, and engine; and amount of boost. The potential of turbocharging is mentioned (e.g. in the boost range of 6-8 psi, a 30% to 50% increase in peak hp and a 20% to 30% increase in torque at medium speeds). A separate note covers turbocharging of diesel engines. KW - Diesel engines KW - Gasoline engines KW - Horsepower KW - Torque KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210218 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390976 JO - Motor AU - Hearst Books TI - TUNING THE AIR (CAR AIR CONDITIONING) PY - 1980/03 VL - 153 IS - 3 SP - 5 p. AB - The basics of air conditioning system operation are reviewed. Instructions are provided for the service specialist on air conditioner tune-up. Information is given on how to charge the system when a low-charge condition is encountered. The three methods of leak testing in the case of complete or almost complete refrigerant discharge are described: propane torch, electronic leak detector, and sudsy mixture. Procedures are outlined for charging an empty system. Additional common problems and corrections are noted; they relate to insufficient cooling, no cooling, and noise in the system. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Charging KW - Detectors KW - Engine tuning KW - Leakage KW - Troubleshooting KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210220 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391464 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - George, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - RELAX. YOUR DASH IS IN CONTROL (ELECTRONIC DIGITAL DISPLAYS) PY - 1980/03 VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - p. 42-43 AB - The Aston Martin Lagonda, soon to be available in the U.S., features a sophisticated LED (light emitting diode) digital display panel developed by Javelina Corporation (Richardson, Texas). The instrument cluster consists of a speedometer, tachometer, digital clock with AM/PM indicators, trip odometer, voltage, fuel and oil pressure gauges, temperature gauges for oil and water, and an ambient temperature gauge. When critical levels are reached, the gauges flash to warn the driver. The system also has an "ESO" switch which puts the dash on "essential systems only." When this is engaged, if there is no critical information to be reported, all instruments go black except the speedometer, clock, and fuel gauges. The entire system comes back on if there is a critical situation and stays on until the problem is corrected. A high intensity LED was used to eliminate daylight washout. Javelina is currently developing an LCD (liquid crystal display) for an Aston Martin experimental car. A new LCD display by Integrated Display Systems, Inc. (IDSI) is bright in color, and can be read in sunlight and darkness from a wider angle. General motors will use the system on a 1983 model. IDSI is researching a third generation LCD system which involves color switching in a given section of a display. Another type of digital display is vacuum fluorescence; it offers direct viewing and readability in sunlight. Ford Motor Company and Buick Motor Division have installed this type of display in some 1980 models. KW - Color KW - Digital displays KW - Instrument panels KW - Light emitting diode displays KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210492 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390532 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - Poole, M AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - BACKSEAT CHATTER (SAFETY TIPS FOR A LONG CAR TRIP) PY - 1980/03 IS - 109 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Vehicle items to check before a long trip are listed: steering freeplay, battery, lights, horn, tires (wear and balance), shock absorbers, brake linings or disc pads, spark plugs and points, and exhaust system. Techniques for staying alert include never driving longer than three hours without a five-minute break for a cup of coffee or preferably a brisk walk; avoidance of medication, even aspirin, if possible, as well as alcohol; and selecting road features for conscious assessment (e.g. road surface, lines of telegraph poles, shoulder widths). Several fatigue-fighting physical exercises are outlined for the hands, head, neck, shoulders, and arms. Special hints are provided for the older driver with possibly diminished eyesight: find out if different eyeglasses are needed for day and night driving, never wear sunglasses or tinted lenses for night driving, avoid a completely tinted windshield, and try to maintain the traffic pace. KW - Aged drivers KW - Alertness KW - Drivers KW - Eyeglasses KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rest stops KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Travel KW - Trip KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209901 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390531 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - Skinner, D AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - DO YOU KNOW AND OBEY ROAD SIGNS? PY - 1980/03 IS - 109 SP - p. 4-6 AB - A road sign knowledge test is presented, with ten regulatory, warning, or informative signs pictured, and their identity and meaning given on a separate page. The signs include no right turn, sharp curve to right, speed limit, cul-de-sac, T-junction, right of way, turn right, traffic circle, no overtaking, and no entry. Five traffic control devices are discussed in terms of driver compliance: stop sign, directional arrows on lanes of one-way streets, traffic lights, speed limit signs, and no parking sign. Reasons for motorist's disregard of traffic signs/signals are mentioned: driver's physical or mental state and distractions, obstruction of signs by trees or parked vehicles, and incorrect use of stop signs and traffic light synchronization. It is advised that each driver develop methods to be alert to road signs and to anticipate whether other drivers are going to obey signs. A separate note warns against the use of clogs (wooden soled shoes) by vehicle drivers. KW - Alertness KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Knowledge KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209900 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390742 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - Luxton, P AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - THE TEENAGER OF THE EIGHTIES AND ROAD SAFETY (SOUTH AFRICA) PY - 1980/03 IS - 109 SP - p. 16-17 AB - The impact of technology developments and fuel conservation on teenage driving in the 1980's is considered. Road safety for teenagers is greater than in earlier decades, since improved vehicle design features and seat belt effectiveness increase an individual's chance of surviving a traffic accident. Tires of modern vehicles are of high quality, minimizing single-vehicle collisions resulting from burst tires. The modern car can decelerate and accelerate faster than previous cars because of lower mass, power-assisted brakes, better tire traction, and increased engine performance. Power-assisted steering, improved suspension, smaller vehicle sizes, and better tire traction have also improved maneuverability. Roads have become safer, with research and development in the construction of safe roads an ongoing process. Modern freeways feature safety designs such as breakdown lanes, merging lanes, crash barriers, elimination of sharp bends, illumination at night, bridges structured so that supports are far away from the road surface, breakaway poles on road signs and signals, and open areas for emergency escape routes. Speed is an important factor in collisions. Of the three major factors associated with accidents (vehicle, road, and road user), the human factor is the most important, being present in about 80% of all collisions. Future safe driving in South Africa is found to depend on a balance between improved driver education and increased alcohol consumption with higher vehicle ownership. KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387800 JO - Changing Times PB - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated AU - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated TI - CAR SERVICE CONTRACTS: WORTH THE COST? PY - 1980/03 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - p. 36-38 AB - Extended service contracts are discussed; these provide insurance to cover car repairs beyond the 12 mo. or 12,000 mi. new-car warranty. A table indicates the subcompact through luxury model price range and coverage of 13 new-car extended warranties, and typical coverage is described for individual systems. The typical policy is for three yr. or 36,000 mi.; some cover five yr. or 50,000 mi., others six mo./6000 mi. to 12 mo./12,000 mi. If a new car owner has driven and cared for his vehicle properly, he may not need this extra insurance protection. In some cases, repair of a major mechanical breakdown is covered by the manufacturer after the original warranty has expired. The dealer may talk with the manufacturer and arrange for free repair or a shared-cost agreement. The repair cost may also be covered by implied warranty under the Uniform Commercial Code. Most engines, transmissions, and rear axles can go well beyond 100,000 mi. if they are not abused. On the other hand, mechanical problems do occur, even with reputable makes and models. It is often difficult to get a dealer or the manufacturer to agree to share or pay for the repair cost after the car is well out of warranty; pursuing implied warranty coverage may be too costly in terms of legal fees. The prospective customer must read a policy carefully to determine what sort of coverage is being offered. It is concluded that a 12-mo./20,000 mi. policy may be a good idea for a used car. For a new car, extended coverage is probably not worth the cost unless the car has much complex electronic equipment and many expensive options. KW - Automobiles KW - Contracts KW - Coverage KW - Extended service contracts KW - Maintenance KW - Prices KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Vehicles KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204726 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386135 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FIRST AID AT THE SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT, ARRANGED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ACCIDENT AND TRAFFIC MEDICINE (IAATM), OSLO, NORWAY, 20-23 JUNE, 1979. SURVEY OF PAPERS PRESENTED, (NO. 3) PY - 1980/03 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-10 AB - Ten papers on first aid to accident victims are surveyed. The Australian approach to teaching first aid to the public was discussed. The medical support facility at a race track in Canada was presented as a training model for first aid in motor vehicle accidents. Each section of the circuit is patrolled by a crew composed of a team coordinator who is trained in first aid, several fire and rescue people, and a communications worker who maintains contact with a central coordinator. The teams are available within 30 sec. and are backed up by a mobile team composed of a doctor, several ambulance attendants, and a fire and rescue team, available within less than two min. The importance of adequate training of ambulance personnel in resuscitation and life-support techniques was addressed, with specific reference to a scheme in Bristol, England for the advanced in-hospital training of ambulance attendants. A British technique for turning patients with spinal injuries involves the sandwiching of the casualty between two "scoop stretchers". Intravenous fluid therapy and analgesia and anaesthesia at the accident site were discussed by a Norwegian representative. Testing of groups of amateur and professional drivers and controls in terms of first-aid knowledge was reported by a Yugoslavian team; the results support the need for early and continued first-aid education of the public and especially the periodic reeducation of professional drivers. An analysis was reported of the layman's skill in restoring breathing to an accident victim; inadequate knowledge, due to lack of refresher training over the years, was demonstrated. Also reported were autopsy findings of traffic accident victims which showed that a large percentage of the deaths were the result of asphyxia due to some respiratory tract obstruction. Neck injury patterns in fatal traffic accident victims were presented, based on autopsy results of 130 casualties. Clinical results were reported for 100 cases of traumatic spine injuries with complete or incomplete cord lesions; the importance was stressed of maintaining an airway to prevent suffocation, even at risk of aggravating spinal injury. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Resuscitation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386654 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Grand, F J AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - CHILDREN KILLED IN TRACTOR ACCIDENTS IN DENMARK, 1973-1977 PY - 1980/03 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 2-6 AB - A retrospective study was conducted to determine the number of children killed in (agricultural) tractor accidents (TA's) in Denmark from 1973 to 1977. The TA was defined as a motor vehicle accident where a tractor in motion was directly involved in the accident. Of 583 death certificates examined for children up to 14 years of age, 32 were killed in TA's. The following categories were included in analysis: accidents where a child was killed by a driving tractor, its trailer, or mounted implement; accidents where a child passenger was killed on a moving tractor or on its trailer in collision with another driving motor vehicle; and accidents on and off a public road. For the 32 fatalities, 69% were boys and 31% were girls. The involvement of farmers' children in accidents was high, and the demonstrated accumulation of TA's during the summer corresponded with the level of agricultural activities. All TA's occurred during the day, with two-thirds in the afternoon. The majority of tractors were being used for work processes at the time of the accident, and most fatalities occurred in single-vehicle accidents. Approximately 70% of TA's took place off a public road. Prior approval or acceptance by parents had been given to 81% of the children killed in TA's. Fatal lesions in TA's were clearly related to violent traumatic influences; 84% of children died instantaneously or as an immediate result of the accident. Tractor accident prevention is briefly discussed. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203981 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386655 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Risbo, A AU - Mogensen, F AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES IN GREATER COPENHAGEN PY - 1980/03 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Results are presented from the first 200 calls made to the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) at the Municipal Hospital's Department of Anesthesiology in Copenhagen, Denmark. In an emergency call, the responding vehicle carries an anesthetist who brings a bag containing resuscitation equipment, medicine, and apparatus for intravenous infusion. The emergency vehicle has equipment for cardiac-related calls. The first 200 calls involving physicians from the department occurred over a 20-month period. In 79 cases, the anesthetist was called for road accidents, most often because a person was trapped in a wrecked vehicle. In 14 accident cases, the anesthetist initiated or continued resuscitation with tracheal intubation, manual ventilation, and external cardiac massage, helped by the ambulance crew. The number of call cancellations was significant, especially in road accidents where 45 of the 79 calls were cancelled before the anesthetist reached the accident scene. Equipment items in the emergency medical services bag are listed. KW - Anesthesia KW - Anesthetics KW - Denmark KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380102 JO - ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTS AU - Ojefors, L AU - Research Applications Limited TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN SWEDEN PY - 1980/03 IS - 5 SP - p. 1-3 AB - In 1900, Sweden's first electric vehicle (EV) was introduced in Stockholm; equipped with a silver-cadmium battery, it had a range of 130 km. After 1920, EV's disappeared but returned in the 1940's when there was a petroleum shortage and abundant hydroelectric power. After the war, EV's were limited to city trolleys, many of which were discontinued when Sweden changed from left-to right-hand driving ten years ago. In 1969, a metal-air battery project was initiated mainly by the Swedish National Development Company (SU) to develop a power source for mining operations. Present Swedish efforts on EV's are concentrated on the development of nickel-iron and nickel-zinc batteries for traction. SAAB has produced several prototype EV's for postal use. SU activities also concern drive systems, special vehicles for mines, and the testing of all other EV's developed under government sponsorship. A new company, SETU, has been established to develop EV's for large fleet owners. In Nov 1979, an EV conference was convened, attended by more than 200 people involved in transportation. The meeting was arranged by the Swedish Telecommunication Board which had recently ordered 14 EV's from SETU and the Swedish Board for Technical Development. Various presentations were given on the status of EV's, participants were given the opportunity to drive EV's, and the problems related to EV's and their introduction into the traffic system were discussed: environmental and energy aspects, on-board energy storage systems, fuel cells, high energy density batteries (nickel/iron and vibrocell), and improved lead-acid batteries. KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Nickel zinc batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196575 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380120 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Seidel, H AU - Bastek, R AU - Brauer, D AU - Buchholz, C AU - Meister, A AU - Metz, A-M AU - Rothe, R AU - Taylor & Francis TI - HUMAN RESPONSE TO PROLONGED REPEATED WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION PY - 1980/03 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - p. 191-211 AB - Human response to different doses of whole-body vibration (WBV) was investigated, as well as its adaptation to repeated exposures. Frequency weighting, and the effect of a distinct interruption of prolonged exposure were also evaluated. Eight male seated subjects were exposed for 3 hr. to sinusoidal WBV in the z axis with frequencies of 4 Hz. and 8Hz., at a constant acceleration level of 1.0 msec. to the -2 power rms, with each frequency being repeated four times on consecutive days. Transmissibility, impedance, bioelectrical activity of trunk muscles, postural sway, performance in vigilance tasks, and the subjectively assessed psychological state, efforts, and stress in performing the tasks were investigated. The transmissibility decreased during exposure at 4 Hz. and increased at 8Hz. when a controlled posture was maintained. The power-spectral density distribution and amplitude of postural sway were affected by WBV, with a dependence on both duration and frequency. Performance and ratings exhibited decrements, with greater adverse effects beyond the "fatigue-decreased proficiency" boundary (FDPB); adaptation and habituation were more pronounced at the FDPB dose. Generally, there were no cumulative effects. A 20-min. pause did not essentially affect reactions. KW - Biological factors KW - Environmental impacts KW - Human factors KW - Living things KW - Performance KW - Psychological aspects KW - Response KW - Stresses KW - Vibration KW - Whole-body vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196578 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371201 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Wilkens, R AU - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung TI - WEIGHT REDUCTION USING THERMOPLASTIC CHEMICAL MATERIALS IN MOTOR VEHICLES T2 - GEWICHTSEINSPARUNG DURCH THERMOPLASTISCHE CHEMIEWERKSTOFFE IM KRAFTFAHRZEUG PY - 1980/03 VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - p. 105-107 AB - Selected small automotive parts are used to illustrate the possibilities for materials substitution using thermoplastics. In addition to weight reduction, any fabrication benefits are indicated. The 20 small parts which reduce a car's weight by 4135 gm (about 23 lb.) include gas cap, side mirror, outer and inner door handles, nameplate, taillight housing, headlight trim, rearview mirror, engine fan, and tank cover. The total weight of metal parts was 7392 gm; plastic counterparts weighed a total of 3257 gm. KW - Automobiles KW - Metals KW - Parts KW - Plastics KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369275 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Ervin, R D AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - UNINTENDED RESPONSES OF HEAVY TRUCKS TO BRAKING OR STEERING INPUTS PY - 1980/03 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 14 p. AB - Four types of unintended responses of heavy trucks to braking or steering inputs are discussed: loss of directional control during braking (single unit truck front-wheel lockup and rear spin out, and tractor-semitrailer jackknife and trailer swing); directional instability during cornering; roll instability (rollover); and full trailer amplified directional motions. Design features of heavy trucks are examined which differ from those of cars and contribute to the unintended responses: fore-aft load distribution and the proportioning of brakes and spring stiffnesses, height of the payload, and the presence of articulation joints. The relationship between truck dynamics and accidents is discussed. Among the various accident types characteristic of heavy trucks and truck combinations, the jackknifing of empty tractor-semitrailers and the rollover of loaded units appear to be the most prevalent unintended responses. The accident-avoidance lane change maneuver is considered most likely to cause premature rollover of the trailer. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Jackknifing KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318981 AU - Donelson, A C AU - Marks, M E AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUG RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. VOLUME I. THE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY EXPERIENCE AND ITS APPLICABILITY TO OTHER DRUGS PY - 1980/03 SP - 74 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a workshop concerning the alcohol and highway safety experience, which includes research efforts to define the drinking-driving problem and societal responses to reduce the increased highway safety risk attributable to alcohol. A cross-disciplinary panel of experts examined its history, methodologies employed in research, and approaches to the development and implementation of preventive measures (countermeasures). From these discussions a conceptual framework for use in comparing alcohol and other drugs was developed. Categories include (1) the process of risk identification; (2) measures of risk to indicate impaired driving ability; and (3) approaches to preventive measures that reduce the increased highway safety risk attributable to alcohol and other drugs. The report summarizes comparisons between alcohol and other drugs. KW - Abilities KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326032 AU - Bathurst, J R AU - Essex Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE SKILL TRAINING PY - 1980/03 SP - 125 p. AB - New equipment and techniques for training drivers to avoid crashing following imminent threats from both unmoving objects and other moving automobiles were developed and applied. Sixteen students, ranging from newly licensed teenagers to adults with more than five years of driving experience, were exposed to the realistic crash avoidance experience provided by the new equipment and techniques on a driving range. Initial differences were noted between the beginning drivers and the experienced adults in their respective abilities to avoid crashes. Before leaving the program, however, the drivers of each age and experience subgroup had become significantly better and about equal in their ability to escape the imminent danger faced. More encouraging was that all the students retested nine months after training not only had retained the crash avoidance skills developed, they improved them. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Adolescents KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Specialized training KW - Students KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318976 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS OF TRUCK/TRAILER REAR-UNDERRIDE GUARDS PY - 1980/03 SP - 139 p. AB - The study examined the need for increased protection of large trucks and trailers against passenger care underride during rear end collisions. An analysis was performed of: the use characteristics of large trucks and trailers over 10,000 lbs. GVW; the configuration of current underride guard devices; and the design changes, cost and user impact that would result if improved safety requirements were imposed. Results indicated that the greatest potential underride hazard exists for vans and flat bed vehicles, particularly semi-trailers with sliding tandem axles in the forward position. Of the 545,000 newly registered large straight trucksand trailers in 1978, 260,000 are potential rear underride hazards. Four underride guard designs weighs less than 300 lbs., requires minimal vehicle modification, imposes no restrictions on rear axle slider position, and may be constructed of low cost standard structural steel. Unit cost is estimated at less than $200 over new vehicle purchase price. Ground clearance and weight of the proposed new guard would have minimal impact on user revenues, fuel cost, and loading and docking operations. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Hazards KW - Manufacturing KW - Protection KW - Rear end crashes KW - Requirement KW - Safety equipment KW - Specifications KW - Surveys KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318967 AU - McLean, R F AU - WAKELEY, H AU - Viergutz, O J AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ANALYSIS FOR UPGRADED PASSENGER CAR REAR SIGNAL LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS PY - 1980/03 SP - 98 p. AB - A production cost analysis was performed on four candidate vehicle rear signal lighting system upgrades. The systems studied were: (1) A high-mounted brake (stop) lamp only; (2) A deceleration signal only; (3) Combination of high-mounted brake lamp and the deceleration signal; and a (4) Mandatory yellow (amber) rear turn signal lamp. The specific performance levels for the systems were established and the necessary changes in vehicle hardware were determined. Two of each market size class of vehicles were selected for design studies and quarter-scale design layouts of the vehicle modifications were made. Using standard production cost estimating techniques, the consumer costs of each of the four upgraded systems were estimated. Assuming any upgraded rear lighting requirements to become effective on 1983 models, the effects of leadtime on the manufacturers is discussed. The effects on fuel operating and maintenance costs are considered. KW - Analysis KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Production KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear signals KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318930 AU - Forman, N V AU - Harrison, J F AU - Joyce, W T AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NON-RESIDENT VIOLATOR COMPACT FISCAL IMPACT/COST EFFECTIVENESS: A CASE STUDY PY - 1980/03 SP - 191 p. AB - The study was initiated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in an effort to determine the fiscal impact of membership in the Nonresident Violator Compact (NRVC), and to determine a method for advance assessment of that impact on potential members. Eight (8) jurisdictions, all members of the NRVC, were surveyed to determine their procedures and costs under the Compact. A cost effectiveness formula was generated, which consisted of expenses, reduced expenses, and income. Key reduced expense and income factors were: Number of traffic tickets issued to nonresidents from compact states, man hours saved per traffic stop, patrol officer's labor per hour, average number of miles saved by eliminating immediate arraignment, cost per mile, increased court revenues, and reinstatement fees. Key expense factors were: Patrol, court, and department of motor vehicle personnel costs, communication, forms, and data processing costs. When these factors were tabulated from the compact states surveyed, it was found that cost savings were significant. Further, when factors were tabulated in three non-compact states, cost savings were also significant. KW - Agreements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drivers KW - Expenses KW - Highway transportation KW - Income KW - Interstate compacts KW - Labor market KW - Licenses KW - Manapower KW - Nonresident violator compact KW - Police KW - Savings KW - States KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318496 AU - Pozzi, M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMVSS 212, 219, 301 TESTING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES, ELECTRA VAN 1000, ELECTRA VAN 1000P PY - 1980/03 SP - 162 p. AB - This report presents the results of two electric vehicle-to-NHTSA Fixed Test Device head-on crash tests. These tests were conducted to determine if the vehicles would comply with the fuel spillage requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 301, Fuel System Integrity, the windshield retention requirements of FMVSS 212, and the windshield zone intrusion requirements of FMVSS 219. The standard fixed barrier was replaced by the 40-load cell NHTSA Fixed Test Device for both tests. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Electric trucks KW - Electric vehicles KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel systems KW - Impact tests KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Vans KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318515 AU - Pozzi, M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PICKUP AND VAN SIDE STRUCTURE BASELINE ASSESSMENT. TEST NO. 4. VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE 60 DEGREE RIGHT SIDE IMPACT PY - 1980/03 SP - 89 p. AB - The objective of the test was to provide baseline data for an unmodified pickup truck when involved in a 60 degree right side vehicle-to-vehicle impact crash. For this test, the target vehicle was stationary and set at 60 degrees to the line of travel of the bullet vehicle. The target vehicle was struck one inch rearward of the right door. The bullet vehicle for the test was a 1978 Chevrolet Impala 4-Door Sedan. The target vehicle for Test 3053-4 was a 1978 Ford Courier Pickup. KW - Anatomical models KW - Charts KW - Crashes KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Tables (Data) KW - Testing KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367659 AU - Governor's Task Force on Automobile Theft TI - AUTO THEFT IN MASSACHUSETTS--AN EXECUTIVE RESPONSE PY - 1980/03 SP - 124 p. AB - In an effort to reduce Massachusetts' dubious distinction of being number one in the nation in the motor vehicle theft rate, Governor Edward J. King signed an Executive Order on December 4, 1979 establishing a Task Force on Automobile Theft. The Task Force's mandate was to bring together, for the first time on a state level, the principal parties concerned with the auto theft problem. It was to conduct an intensive, immediate study of the problem, and submit its specific findings and recommendations to the Governor by February 29, 1980. The membership of the Task Force included federal officials, insurance experts, the judiciary, prosecutors, registry officials, state and local police and automobile trade association representatives. Additionally, for the first time ever in a state criminal justice planning unit, victims of this crime were formally represented on this panel. The Task Force conducted public hearings on January 16, 17, and 18, 1980. Its review was comprehensive - examining present investigative and enforcement resources, the prosecution and judicial response, the disposition of offenders, and finally, crime prevention and public education techniques. This Report provides a summary of the Task Force's findings and recommendations, together with the specific legislative and executive reform proposals to carry those recommendations into effect. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash investigation KW - Crimes KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Massachusetts KW - Prevention KW - Prosecution KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - State government KW - Studies KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361372 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - INFORMATIONAL REPORT: 1979 PROGRESS OF THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION PANEL OF THE COMPOSITION OF DIESEL EXHAUST PROJECT AND RESULTS OF PARTICULATE EXTRACTION ROUND-ROBIN PY - 1980/03 SP - v.p. AB - The Chemical Characterization Panel has made good progress in its first year: 1) six formal meetings were held the first year; 2) Unregulated Emissions Priorities and a work plan were established; 3) A solvent Extraction Round-Robin Study was completed; 4) An HPLC Round-Robin dealing with the EPA-RTP "B"-peak class separation is in progress; 5) Data on the efficiency of BaP removal was obtained; 6) An informational report on methods of analysis is progressing and should be available about mid-1980; and 7) The Task Force assignments shown in Appendix B will result in an informational report on the methods considered by this panel as the best state-of-the-art for measuring diesel Unregulated Emissions. This report will be used as a focal point for conducting a workshop for users March 2-4, 1981, in Dearborn, Michigan. It is anticipated that most methods will have had sufficient use prior to the meeting. KW - Air quality management KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical composition KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Emission rates KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants KW - Solvent extraction tests KW - Solvents KW - Tests KW - Unregulated exhaust emissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328221 AU - Reis, R E AU - Davis, L A AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIRST INTERIM ANALYSIS OF FIRST OFFENDER TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1980/03 SP - 216 p. AB - The report is the first interim analysis concerning the effectiveness of the CDUI Project's education programs for first offender DUI's. Treatment effectiveness was assessed in terms of recorded accidents, DUI offenses, and total moving violations occurring subsequent to random assignment. Survival analysis was used to compare control, home study, and in-class education groups. Comparisons were made for the total research sample (all assigned as of October, 1979), for two age subgroups, and three diagnostic subgroups (drinking problem severity). A comparison was also made between the research sample and a sample of non-volunteers to assess ability to generalize results. KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recidivism KW - Specialized training KW - Treatment KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318424 AU - Cornetti, G AU - Fiat Research Center AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF DIESEL ENGINES, FUELS AND LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY PY - 1980/03 SP - 62 p. AB - The chemical and physical properties of diesel fuel are reviewed along with their relationships to the fuel economy and emissions of diesel powered automobiles and light trucks. The fuels considered include both conventional and alternative diesel fuels. Additives are surveyed and their impacts on combustion and overall engine performance are discussed. The fuel economy potential of future lubricants is investigated, particularly (1) upgraded mineral oils, (2) synthetic oils, and (3) colloidal suspension in mineral oils. KW - Additives KW - Automobiles KW - Chemical properties KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lubricating oils KW - Lubrication KW - Performance KW - Physical properties KW - Substitutes KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314444 AU - Trella, T AU - Zub, R AU - Colello, R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE, 1979 SUMMARY SOURCE DOCUMENT PY - 1980/03 SP - 208 p. AB - This report provides an assessment of the potential for spark ignition engines passenger cars and light trucks. The assessment includes: tradeoffs between fuel economy and emissions; improvements in spark ignition engine efficiency; improvements in engine parasitics; improvements due to transmissions; effect of aerodynamic drag and tire rolling resistance on fuel economy; effect on performance and fuel economy of weight and axle ratio; lubricant improvements; impact of fuels; and noise considerations. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Drag KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Lubricants KW - Noise KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Rolling friction KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318165 AU - Garofalo, F J AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE, ELECTRONIC ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION CONTROL PY - 1980/03 SP - 105 p. AB - This report identifies, evaluates, and documents the characteristics and functions of significant electronic engine and powertrain control systems. Important considerations in the assessment are the powertrain variables controlled, the technology utilized, and the fuel economy gains achieved. A detailed analysis, by engine class and control system technology, is made in order to quantify specific advantages of various electronic systems and their capability to achieve increased engine efficiency and vehicle fuel economy. An attempt is made to identify the minimum technology required to move from the 1978 emission standards of 1.5 HC/15.0 CO/2.0 NOx to the 1981 emission standard of .41 HC/3.4 CO/1.0 NOx with no fuel economy losses. This 1981 standard and the level of technology required to achieve it represents a baseline from which an analysis of further potential fuel economy gains via electronic control systems is made. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Chemical bond KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electronic control KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrogen KW - Hydrogen bonds KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Standards KW - Technology KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34200/34262/DOT-TSC-NHTSA-79-55.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314452 AU - Sturm, J AU - Trella, T AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF DIESEL ENGINE, EMISSION TECHNOLOGY PY - 1980/03 SP - 47 p. AB - This report surveys diesel engine emission technologies applicable to passenger cars and light trucks. The general design and operating features are presented and discussed. Current and state-of-the-art concepts are reviewed with the focus on control of diesel emissions through (1) modification of the combustion process, (2) aftertreatment systems, and (3) fuel modifications. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel consumption KW - State of the art studies KW - Supercharges KW - Technology assessment KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314431 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Donelson, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUG RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. VOLUME II. THE IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS OF INTEREST IN HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1980/03 SP - 50 p. AB - The report presents findings of a workshop on the identification of drugs that should be the focus of near-term highway safety research. Drugs of interest are those that have a potential to increase the likelihood of traffic crashes and their attendant losses. This report summarizes efforts by a cross-disciplinary panel of experts (1) to develop a procedure by which to estimate the risk potential of drugs; and (2) to produce an initial rank ordering of identified drugs of interest, based on subjective estimates of their risk potential. Criteria of risk that describe a drug's user population, its pattern of use, and its effects related to driving are outlined. A list of drugs of interest ranked by the procedure developed in this workshop is included. KW - Behavior KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drug tolerance KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Human factors KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314458 AU - Trella, T AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF DIESEL ENGINE, 1979 SUMMARY SOURCE DOCUMENT PY - 1980/03 SP - 166 p. AB - This document assesses the fuel economy potential of diesel engines in future passenger cars and light trucks. The primary technologies evaluated include: (1) engine control strategy and implementation, (2) the engine design variables, (3) emissions and noise, (4) fuels, (5) lubricants, (6) vehicle-engine matching, and (7) the effects of vehicle characteristics. The major findings are summarized. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel systems KW - Fuels KW - Lubricants KW - Noise KW - Rolling friction KW - Strategy KW - Technology assessment KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318178 AU - Trella, T AU - Shen, T AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF DIESEL ENGINE, DIESEL ENGINE DESIGN CONCEPTS, CONTROL STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1980/03 SP - 61 p. AB - Diesel engine design concepts and control system strategies are surveyed with application to passenger cars and light trucks. The objective of the study is to indicate the fuel economy potential of the technologies investigated. The engine design parameters discussed are related to the engine configuration, combustion process, valving, friction, compression ratio, and heat transfer. Various engine control strategies and control implementation are considered. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Combustion KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Evaporation KW - Evaporation control KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injectors KW - Poppet valves KW - Valves KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Wankel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314450 AU - Zub, R W AU - Neckyfarow, C M AU - Lew, W M AU - Colello, R G AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE, EFFECT OF VEHICLE DESIGN VARIABLES ON TOP SPEED, PERFORMANCE, AND FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980/03 SP - 86 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to evaluate the effect of vehicle characteristics on vehicle performance and fuel economy. The studies were performed using the VEHSIM (vehicle simulation) program at the Transportation Systems Center. The computer simulation offers repeatability and can predict minute changes in fuel economy based on relatively small vehicle alterations. The degree to which each vehicle parameter is modified is based upon projections presented in current literature. The results are assessed and an explanation of the interaction of the vehicle design characteristics on performance is presented. KW - Automobile engines KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Rolling friction KW - Simulation KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318169 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN OF FIELD PASSIVE RESTRAINT EVALUATION PY - 1980/03 SP - 75 p. AB - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 will require passive restraints on certain classes of automobiles beginning with the model year 1982. Currently, certain automobile models are equipped with passive restraints. Others are expected to voluntarily offer passive restraints prior to 1982. Alternative approaches to collecting accident data on passive restraint cars during the period up to 1981 were studied. The number of accidents to be expected was estimated, as were the numbers which could be studied using the different approaches. The error of effectiveness estimates obtainable from the different approaches were estimated. KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Estimates KW - Evaluation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Field tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314388 AU - Zellner, J W AU - Wir, D H AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE CAPABILITIES OF MOPEDS. VOLUME I: EXECUTVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/03 SP - 36 p. AB - Moped response, performance, and accident avoidance capabilities are assessed. Moped design features are reviewed. Four instrumented vehicles were evaluated. Full scale tests included: steady turn, lane change, free control stability, roadway disturbances, open and closed loop braking, acceleration/top speed, and hill climb. Two wheeler test procedures and measures are presented, along with subjective evaluations. Sensitivity to operating variables are quantified. Potential safety-related handling problems were identified. A typical moped was modified for increased speed performance, and upgraded brake and tire components. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accident avoidance KW - Braking KW - Climb KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Tests stability KW - Tires KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337871 AU - Abramson, P AU - Cohen, J AU - Stein, H AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE CLAIMS TO DETERMINE BUMPER EFFECT ON CRASH DAMAGE PY - 1980/03 SP - 183 p. AB - The effectiveness of the crash-protecting automobile bumpers required by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 215--Exterior Protection, Passenger Cars was evaluated through an analysis of insurance claims filed with the State Farm Insurance Company. FMVSS-215 was first implemented in 1973, requiring that bumpers meet certain minimum criteria during a 5-mph front barrier crash and a 2.5-mph rear barrier crash. In 1974, FMVSS-215 was expanded to require that bumpers meet minimum standards during corner pendulum crash tests as well. In addition, the barrier test was upgraded to 5 -mph for the rear barrier crash. The current study compares accident claims from three periods: prior to enactment of FMVSS-215 (1972); the first year of the standards (1973); and additional years since upgrading of the standard (1974-78). KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Federal government KW - Impact tests KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Motor vehicles KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329127 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Taylor, T J AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1980 AND 1979 FORD F-150 LIGHT TRUCK WEIGHT AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS PY - 1980/03 SP - 200 p. AB - This report covers the result of a weight and material analysis of a 1979 and 1980 model Ford F-150 light duty truck. The objective of the program was to acquire baseline data on automotive technology being employed to further fuel economy improvements. Such technology includes advances in vehicle design, structural improvements, materials substitution and overall vehicle weight reduction. Both vehicles were torn down to basic component levels, weighed, photographed, materials analyzed and manufacturing methods determined. A comparison was made for each component to determine the extent and condition by which the 1979 and 1980 models differed and the amount of weight saved. Although characterized as an "all new design", the 1980 model weighed only 175 lbs. less. Sixty percent of this reduction was due to reduced materials thickness (Gage), 20% to material substitution, 18% to design changes, and about 2% to overall size reduction. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chassis KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Emission control systems KW - Energy conservation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Frames KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Size KW - Structural members KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314391 AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPLIANCE TEST REPORTS INDEX FOR 1979 PY - 1980/02/25 SP - 1456 p. AB - An index to Compliance Test Reports of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration which were released to the public during calendar year 1979. This is the eleventh in a series of such indexes. The index is divided into eleven sections as follows: Manufacturer, Model year, Model or part number, Fail, FMVSS number, Component or vehicle ID (NHTSA No.), Laboratory test number, CIR number, HS number, Brand or seller, and Tire size or body style. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Design standards KW - Headlamps KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Technical reports KW - Tests KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150956 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362048 JO - Lancet PB - Elsevier AU - Little Brown TI - EPILEPSY AFTER HEAD TRAUMA AND FITNESS TO DRIVE PY - 1980/02/23 VL - 1 IS - 8165 SP - p. 401-402 AB - Driving regulations in Great Britain require an epileptic private car license holder to be free of fits for three years during working hours, with or without anticonvulsant medication, before he is allowed to drive. However, the onus is on drivers to report illness which may affect their fitness to drive, which in turn must depend on advice given to them by their physicians. The three year rule makes it easy to advise patients who have already had fits, but the question of the patient with a condition which predisposes to epilepsy, such as head injury or healed brain abscess, but who hasn't had a fit, remains to be answered satisfactorily. There is also a need for more extensive data before the risks of epilepsy after intracranial surgery can be estimated accurately. Several studies seem to indicate that the use of phenytoin and sodium valproate significantly reduces the incidence of post-traumatic and post-operative epilepsy. So it seems that the dilemma for the doctor who has to advise about driving after head trauma, may be resolved in part by a more systematic and sustained attempt to prevent epilepsy by drugs. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Epilepsy KW - Head KW - Head trauma KW - Injuries KW - Medical disability KW - Medicine KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Physical disabilities KW - Physicians KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082954 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Marijuana, Other Drugs and their Relation to Highway Safety: A Report to Congress PY - 1980/02 SP - 37p AB - This report has been developed by the Department of Transportation in response to Section 212 of Title 11 of the Surface Transportation Act of 1978 (the Highway Safety Act of 1978). This section requires the Secretary of Transportation to report to Congress concerning efforts to detect and prevent marijuana and other drug use by motor vehicle operators. The full report is organized into five chapters: I. An introduction providing a brief history of the report, and a discussion of the similarities and differences between alcohol and drugs as they relate to highway safety; II. The frequency of drug use among drivers and its relation to highway safety; III. The legal approaches to the control of drug use by drivers; IV .Federal and State activity in the detection and prevention of inappropriate drug use by drivers; V. The Secretary's conclusions, recommendations and DOT programmatic actions. KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Drug control KW - Drug use KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Legal factors KW - Marijuana KW - Prevention KW - State government UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25508/DOT-HS-805-229_002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314368 AU - Petrucelli, E AU - STATES, J D AU - Huelke, D F AU - Hames, L N AU - Health and Safety Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INJURY CODING MANUAL, 1980 PY - 1980/02 SP - 117 p. AB - The Injury Coding Manual is a medically accurate, concise and practical handbook for use by investigators trained in the various motor vehicle crash data collection systems under the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The handbook incorporates all revisions contained in the 1980 revision of the Abbreviated Injury Scale, as well as a glossary of commonly used medical terms and symbols, anatomical outlines and charts, and NASS coding conventions. Its twofold purpose is to standardize usage of the AIS and to improve the understanding of and appreciation for injury scaling as an integral component of motor vehicle crash investigation. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Data collection KW - Definitions KW - Injuries KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313254 AU - Boziuk, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF 1977 FORD 300 CID ENGINE PY - 1980/02 SP - 46 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 Ford 300 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of Nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the test was to obtain engine performance data for estimating fuel consumption and emissions for varied engine service and duty and to provide basic engine characteristic data required for the TSC Vehicle Simulator (VEHSIM). KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalytic converters KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313256 AU - Boziuk, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF 1977 AMERICAN MOTORS 304 CID ENGINE PY - 1980/02 SP - 47 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 AM 304 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the test was to obtain engine performance data for estimating fuel consumption and emissions for varied engine service and duty and to provide basic engine characteristic data required for the TSC Vehicle Simulator (VEHSIM). KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalytic converters KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395315 AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - ALCOHOL TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM PY - 1980/02 SP - 13 p. AB - This report deals with driver license suspension, license reinstatement and occupational licenses. The habitual traffic offender, implied consent and deferred prosecution laws are also covered. An outline of the inter-agency program dealing with the problem drinking driver is included. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Deferred prosecution KW - Driver license reinstatement KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Interagency relations KW - Legislation KW - Occupational licenses KW - Probation KW - Prosecution KW - Safety programs KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213067 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391850 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - NOBLE, M AU - Sanders, A F AU - Human Factors Society TI - SEARCHING FOR TRAFFIC SIGNALS WHILE ENGAGED IN COMPENSATORY TRACKING PY - 1980/02 VL - 1 IS - 22 SP - p. 89-102 AB - An experiment is described in which subjects were required to search for familiar traffic signals; for half the time they were also engaged in a manual compensatory tracking task. Experimental variables of the visual search task were color, total number of signals exposed, the number of relevant signals, and the density of the signals. Results showed performance degradation for both tasks when the visual search and the tracking tasks were performed concurrently. Tracking was affected considerably when the vertical distance between a sizable number of signs in an array was 18 degrees of visual angle or greater. Except when color was a perfect cue, visual search was a sequential process, involving a time-consuming inspection of each sign. It was concluded that whenever possible, highly distinctive colors should be used. The optimal design would use as few signals as possible, and where many signs are unavoidable, the use of cueing principles is indicated. KW - Color KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Traffic signs KW - Visual search UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210708 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391847 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - McCosh, D F AU - Beaumier, F B AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - COATINGS AND FINISHES UPDATE. SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1980/02 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - Traditional automotive coatings, such as exterior paint and new under-the-skin corrosion protection, are undergoing careful government scrutiny, and longer finance periods resulting from higher prices are making car buyers more sensitive to product longevity. Corrosion is both a structural and an aesthetic problem. Rust warranties in the United States have been following a pattern set in Canada which required such guarantees in 1977. Paint systems already in place are being forced into wide-scale conversion programs due to Environmental Protection Agency standards for solvent emissions. Courts are becoming involved as well; Fiat motors of North America, Inc., is fighting a court case filed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration demanding the recall of about 134,000 of its 124 models (1970-1974), in addition to an earlier recall of 850 models (1970-1971). Rust, weight, and emission factors are having a significant impact on the selection of coating and finish materials. Both one-side and two-side galvanized steel are being considered. Solvent-based paint systems are being challenged, e.g. by an innovation that involves dry pigment sprayed directly on a metal surface and baked in an oven. Honda and Fiat have successfully powder-painted exteriors overseas, and pilot lines have run at both Ford and General Motors in the United States. American Motors has announced a new corrosion warranty for its 1980 models. The complex mixture of new coatings and processes causes inevitable problems, e.g. compatibility between galvanized steel and "E-coat" primer baths. The proliferation of automotive plastic parts has caused color matching and durability problems on exterior finishes and a need for low-temperature systems. KW - Automobiles KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Finishes KW - Rust prevention KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210706 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391462 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - AUTOMOTIVE HUB DESIGN--PT. 2 PY - 1980/02 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 62-63 AB - Double-row angular contact ball bearings for car wheels are discussed as originated by SKF, an international ball and roller bearing manufacturer. Advantages of this bearing over its predecessor, the single-row bearing, are mentioned: preset clearance, making inadvertent preloading impossible; integral seals protecting the bearing during handling and mounting; sealed bearing containing the correct quantity and quality of grease; nylon cages allowing for reduced noise and lubrication demand; axial compactness; reduced parts; and positively locked inner rings. The three generations of double-row ball bearings now produced by SKF and examples of their application are pictured and described. Generation 1 hub bearings are mounted on hub extensions, thereby relieving the CV-joint shaft of all wheel loads. They can be used in driven and non-driven wheels. Generation 2 bearings, fully interchangeable with Generation 1 bearings, have an integral flange on the outer ring for securing to suspension or wheel. The advance is simplicity; only a stub axle and clamping nuts are needed for mounting. Generation 3 bearings are hub units, structural members of the vehicle suspension. Classed as safety critical assemblies, they have to meet very exacting specifications. Extensive development testing resulted in the establishment of a range of five hub units which meet the needs of most European cars. KW - Ball bearings KW - Bearings KW - Hub units KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210490 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379677 JO - Control PB - National Safety Council, Queensland AU - Sleet, D A AU - Noto, J AU - Parker, B AU - National Safety Council, Queensland TI - THE USE OF SIMULATION GAMING IN SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1980/02 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 17-26 AB - Simulation gaming is defined: a learning innovation which employs surrogate role taking in a game format designed to facilitate decision-making skills. A simulation game is any activity which combines the characteristics of a game (competition, rules, clear outcome) with those of a simulation (replication of real-life phenomena, social interaction, problem solving). Simulation gaming in safety education is outlined, including its advantages, available models, and an eight-step process for design and use. Simulation gaming shifts the emphasis of instruction from information acquisition to skill application. It improves safety education programs in several ways: increased motivation for learning about safety, improved student-teacher interaction, increased student interaction, application of knowledge to personal life, relevance of knowledge to accident prevention, opportunity for guided practice, and explicit performance feedback. Driver training simulators are probably the single best example of simulation use; they also are the only simulation currently used in safety education on a large scale. KW - Decision making KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Game KW - Motor skills KW - Prevention KW - Problem solving KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196283 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373100 JO - Wisconsin Medical Journal PB - State Medical Society of Wisconsin AU - Brahos, G J AU - Mueller, G AU - State Medical Society of Wisconsin TI - LATE COLONIC STENOSIS SECONDARY TO SEAT BELT INJURY PY - 1980/02 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - p. 29-31 AB - While the right colon appears to be relatively protected from delayed sequelae of blunt abdominal trauma, a case is described of late right colonic stenosis secondary to seat belt injury, its pathophysiology, and successful surgical management by right hemicolectomy. The increased use of seat belts, while reducing the severity of some injuries, has given rise to a new spectrum of injuries. Although injuries to the right colon are not often seen, physicians caring for accident victims should be aware of mechanisms of injury, their location, and late sequelae. KW - Abdomen KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189171 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371202 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Strackerjan, B AU - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung TI - GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR AUTOMOBILE CONSTRUCTION IN THE FUTURE AND ITS (SIC) EFFECTS ON THE MERCEDES-BENZ RESEARCH CAR, THE "AUTO 2000" T2 - RAHMENBEDINGUNGEN FUER DEN AUTOMOBILIBAU DER ZUKUNFT UND IHRE AUSWIRKUNGEN AUF DEN MERCEDES-BENZ FORSCHUNGS-PERSONENWAGEN "AUTO 2000" PY - 1980/02 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - p. 69-74 AB - Population statistics and forecasts of available leisure time suggest that there will be future growth in personal automobile travel in West Germany. Daimler-Benz is developing its research passenger car to meet touring requirements: room for five persons, driving comfort (including climate and noise control), a large trunk with easy loading/unloading, high towed load capacity, and engine performance for longer trips. A dual-shaft gas turbine with ceramic components will provide the advantages of lower weight, good vibration characteristics, multi-fuel capability, easy maintenance, and low emissions. Fuel consumption is higher than for piston engines at low speeds, but considerably lower at higher speeds. Electronically or hydraulically controlled automatic transmissions will allow adjustment of driving programs to city and country conditions. Improved safety will result from advanced brake and acceleration controls, reduced steering load, a radar collision avoidance system, air bags/automatic belts, and vehicle design, as well as structural improvements for pedestrian and occupant protection. Computers will provide diagnostic, vehicle system status (e.g. fluid levels), and route information; the car will be equipped with a radiotelephone with channels for telephone traffic, emergency calls, and traffic information. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Electronics KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Future growth KW - Germany KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Radar devices KW - Radio telephone KW - Research cars KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Technology KW - Turbines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188154 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369718 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Voegelin, L AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - FLYING ON THE GROUND. AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMICS: DOWN-TO-EARTH ADVANCES PY - 1980/02 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - p. 40-42 AB - Racing car aerodynamics involves a balance between two conflicting aims: minimizing drag and maximizing downforce. Aerodynamic drag, which represents a car's air resistance, is a function of size (frontal area) and shape (coefficient of drag). At high speed, almost all of a race car's power is used to overcome air resistance. Drag increases as the square of velocity, and the horsepower to overcome it increases as the cube of velocity. Downforce keeps the car's tires in firm contact with the ground, both to transfer power and to provide traction for steering. Race car designers have turned lift (result of high pressure beneath, and low pressure above car moving through airstream) into downforce by using wings and aerodynamic devices mounted upside down. The latest Grand Prix machinery represents a radical approach to aerodynamic design in which the entire car surface is a carefully contoured airfoil. The car becomes an upside-down wing; air is ducted from beneath the car via venturis in the sidepods next to the driver's compartment. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Downwash KW - Drag KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326021 AU - BRAININ, P A AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY AND MOBILITY ISSUES IN LICENSING AND EDUCATION OF OLDER DRIVERS PY - 1980/02 SP - 223 p. AB - The program had as its intent the study of older drivers in private automobiles, their driving behavior, and their safety and mobility. The study covered a problem identification and assessment process followed by the subsequent adaption of the information gathered into mechanisms and suggestions for improvement of the safe mobility of older drivers. Through intensive review of previous research, consultation with other experts, new analyses of existing data bases and experimentation, driving problems and behaviors were described. Older drivers (55+ or 65+) have, at least, equal and probably fewer accidents per driver than any younger age group. Drivers, beginning around 65 and older have more accidents per mile driven than drivers 25-44. Failure to yield right of way, failure to obey signs and signals, turning at intersections (particularly left), inattention, medical impairments, and alcohol are all significant factors in accidents. As a result of this investigation of driving problems, assistance was provided for an older driver education program; a textbook and license renewal manual for older drivers was produced and a model older driver licensing and improvement system was developed. KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Databases KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Highway transportation KW - Manuals KW - Mobility KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Personnel performance KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343622 AU - Hemami, H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE VRTC (VEHICLE RESEARCH AND TEST CENTER) DIGITAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY PY - 1980/02 SP - 35 p. AB - The report is a brief description of the Digital Systems Laboratory of the Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, East Liberty, Ohio. The evolution of the laboratory over the past year, its present status and its planned development and activities over the next few years are described. KW - Computer programming KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Laboratories KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343561 AU - Casey, S M AU - Cross, K D AU - Leaf, W A AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BICYCLISTS' INCLINATION AND ABILITY TO SEARCH BEHIND BEFORE TURNING LEFT PY - 1980/02 SP - 127 p. AB - Research has identified a relatively high incidence (8.4%) bicycle/motor-vehicle accident type in which a bicyclist initiates a left-hand turn without searching to the rear or signaling and is struck by an overtaking motor vehicle. In order to consider countermeasures to this accident type, it was necessary to understand the frequency with which bicyclists actually search behind before turning left, and to determine the ability of bicyclists to maintain lateral stability when looking behind. Hence, two separate studies were conducted. The first, a field-observation study, was performed to assess the frequency with which bicyclists search behind before initiating a left-hand turn. The second experiment measured the magnitude of the inadvertent lateral deviations that accompany a rearward search as a function of the bicyclist's age and riding experience. KW - Behavior KW - Bicycles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Left turns KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Specialized training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25497/DOT-HS-805-893.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337286 AU - SURSI, P L AU - Bayer, A R AU - ESSER, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUEL CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENTS 1979-1980 MODEL YEAR VEHICLES PY - 1980/02 SP - 66 p. AB - Tests were performed to measure the differences in fuel consumption of a cross section of passenger vehicles and light trucks when traveling 55, 60 and 70 mph. A secondary objective was to determine the effect on fuel consumption of using the vehicles' air conditioners. Results showed that an average of eight percent more fuel was required when traveling 60 mph versus 55 mph, and an average of 22.5 percent more fuel was required at 70 mph versus 55 mph. Using the air conditioner required an additional 4.5 percent of fuel, at 55 mph, when compared to a windows closed/air conditioner off configuration. KW - Air conditioners KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Traffic speed KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366503 AU - CHI, GYH AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF BELT USAGE MISCLASSIFICATION ERRORS ON SEAT BELT EFFECTIVENESS ESTIMATES PY - 1980/02 SP - 79 p. AB - The objective of this study is to investigate the extent of biases in the police and occupant reported belt usage classifications (relative to a standard observer as represented by the NHTSA-sponsored investigating team), and the effects these biases have on the belt effectiveness estimate. The data used is the Restraint System Evaluation Program File (RSEP) provided by NHTSA. The study revealed that there is a significant amount of agreement (80%) between occupant and investigator concerning belt usage. There is also a significant amount of agreement (70%) between police and investigator on belt usage, but the agreement is significantly less than that between the occupant and investigator. Despite the presence of significant amounts of agreement between occupant and investigator, and between police and investigator, relative to the disagreements, the occupant consistently tends to overstate belt usage (bias = 0.6) whereas the police tendency to understate belt usage (bias = -0.17) is not as consistent. There is a stronger tendency for police to understate belt usage (bias = -0.44) when the occupants were injured than when they were uninjured (bias = -0.14). More specifically, when investigator reported belt not used, 18.2% of the occupants reported belt used and 26.3% of the cases were reported by police as belted. On the other hand, when investigator reported belt use, only 3.5% of the occupants reported belt not used, while 33.1% of the cases were reported by police as unbelted. KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Effectiveness KW - Errors KW - Estimates KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329146 AU - Kakaley, E AU - Radlinski, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAKING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED 1978 MODEL YEAR TRUCKS AND MULTI-PURPOSE VEHICLES PY - 1980/02 SP - 436 p. AB - Six vehicles were tested to Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 105-75, Hydraulic Brake Systems, to determine the degree to which their performance complied with the requirements of that standard. The vehicle group included a compact pickup truck, a large 4x4 pickup truck, a small 4x4 and large 4x4 multi-purpose vehicle, and two delivery van trucks. Although the standard presently does not apply to any of the vehicles tested, information was desired on their ability to meet the performance requirements of the standard. All of the vehicles were manufactured in the 1978 model year. Braking performance data for stops made on a wet surface are also included. In addition to the performance testing required in the FMVSS 105-75 test procedure, a series of special tests were conducted of vehicle braking on several surfaces ranging widely in skid number to determine the relative correlation of stopping distance with peak and slide friction coefficients measured for each surface. This report presents a description of the test program and an analysis of the results. It includes: descriptions of vehicles, instrumentation, and test site; detailed data sheets, vehicle performance summaries and graphs; surface friction - stopping distance correlation data; and a discussion of results. KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Compliance KW - Dynamic braking KW - Friction KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Instrumentation KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Road tests KW - Safety KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Sliding friction KW - Standards KW - Stopping KW - Stopping distances KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicles KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328225 AU - Naughton, T J AU - Waller, J AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING A MEDICAL CONDITION DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR DRIVER LICENSING PY - 1980/02 SP - 182 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to assess the feasibility of obtaining medical record data for particular medical conditions which could be linked to individuals' motor vehicle driving records. If this linkage could be achieved for sufficiently large sets of medically impaired persons, the resulting medical and driving record data could be used to develop a driver licensing or injury control crash risk management system. The results of the feasibility analysis suggested that it is possible to link records and obtain the required data. This process, however, will require a relatively long-term effort (5-8 years) before good data are available for the medical conditions which are most likely to be found in the U.S. population. Most important would be the chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, coronary heart disease) which will grow in occurrence as the U.S. ages. Recommendations are made. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Epidemiology KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hazards KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - Licenses KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326430 AU - Hemami, H AU - Hendricks, S L AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DATA LINK FROM PDP-11/34 COMPUTER TO HP 9830 CALCULATOR PY - 1980/02 SP - 81 p. AB - The report discusses the design, construction, and use of a one-way data link between the PDP 11/34 computer and HP 9830 calculator located at the Vehicle Research and Test Center (VTRC) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The primary use of this one-way link will be the transmission of simulated crash data from the PDP 11 to the HP so it can be plotted using the equipment and software programs already available on the HP calculator. KW - Calculators KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Plotting KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318433 AU - Zellner, J W AU - Weir, D H AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE CAPABILITIES OF MOPEDS. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/02 SP - 312 p. AB - Moped response, performance, and accident avoidance capabilities are assessed. Moped design features are reviewed. Four instrumented vehicles were evaluated. Full scale tests included steady turn, lane change, free control stability, roadway disturbances, open and closed loop braking, acceleration/top speed, and hill climb. Two wheeler test procedures and measures are presented, along with subjective evaluations. Sensitivity to operating variables are quantified. Potential safety-related handling problems were identified. A typical moped was modified for increased speed performance, and upgraded brake and tire components. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceleration physics KW - Accident avoidance KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Control KW - Design KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mopeds KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tires KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314397 AU - SHERMAN, L AU - Manski, C F AU - Ginn, J R AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES. VOLUME III: FORECASTS OF THE COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLD MOTOR VEHICLE HOLDINGS PY - 1980/02 SP - 243 p. AB - This volume presents forecasts of household vehicle type purchases and holdings over the 1978 - 1985 period covered by Title V fuel economy Standards. The forecasts are based on an econometric model explaining the make, model and vintage composition of individual household vehicle holdings. The empirical analysis is based on a national random sample of households contacted in February, 1976. Two models are estimated, one explaining the compositions of holdings in one-vehicle households, and the other explaining vehicle choices in multiple-vehicle households. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Econometric models KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Households KW - Market research KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public opinion KW - Purchasing KW - Sales KW - Standards KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314370 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Reidy, JCJ AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF FUTURE CONDITIONS UPON MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS PY - 1980/02 SP - 140 p. AB - Near-term and exploratory rulemaking activities described in NHTSA's "5-Year Plan for Motor Vehicle Safety Rulemaking" are studied. Accidents and conditions in which the various Standards can have effects are identified. Changes in the relative frequencies of the accident types and conditions are projected to the year 2000 on the basis of projections of the population, of highway use, and of the vehicle fleet. Changes between 1977 and 2000 in the proportion of traffic-deaths affected by the various Standards are discussed. KW - Casualties KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Highway transportation KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314392 AU - SHERMAN, L AU - Manski, C F AU - Ginn, J R AU - Hill, D H AU - Hill, M S AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES. VOLUME II: CONSUMER SENTIMENTS TOWARDS FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES PY - 1980/02 SP - 204 p. AB - To meet the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) need for a capability of forecasting consumer response to fuel-efficient motor vehicle designs, a statistical analysis was performed on a longitudinal series of Surveys of Consumer Sentiment, administered by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center. This volume examines a broad set of questions concerning consumer attitudes towards energy policy in general and motor vehicle-related conservation efforts in particular. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Behavior KW - Consumers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Market research KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public opinion KW - Purchasing KW - Replacing KW - Sales KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318497 AU - MILLER, P M AU - Rydzynski, P A AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FRONTAL IMPACT TEST DATA - NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROJECT PY - 1980/02 SP - 157 p. AB - Frontal barrier impact data developed by three different test contractors for the NHTSA 'New Car Assessment' project have been reviewed and analyzed. The test series involved 35 vehicles having a test weight range from 2180 to 5362 lbs. Most tests were at a nominal 35 MPH impact velocity. Instrumentation includes vehicle accelerometers, two fully restrained, adult Part 572 dummies in the front seat positions and a 6 year old child dummy restrained with a lap belt in the rear seat. Results were analyzed to assess occupant response characteristics in relation to measured injury criteria values. The major factor with head response, and to a lesser degree with the chest response, are the characteristics of the object struck. Several examples of vehicle occupant responses satisfying FMVSS 208 injury criteria were evident throughout most of the test weight range. Passenger compartment structures were viewed as providing reasonable integrity for the barrier impacts up to 35 MPH. However, this test likely imposes conditions near the structural limit for most vehicles. KW - Accelerometers KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313974 AU - Boziuk, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF 1977 GENERAL MOTORS 350 CID ENGINE PY - 1980/02 SP - 48 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 GM 350 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the test was to obtain engine performance data for estimating fuel consumption and emissions for varied engine service and duty and to provide basic engine characteristic data required for the TSC Vehicle Simulator (VEHSIM). KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Dynamometers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326022 AU - Dynamic Science, Inciorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILE PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENT DEVICE PY - 1980/01 SP - 199p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389081 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated TI - NEIGHBORHOOD TRAFFIC CONTROLS. REVISED EDITION. URBAN CONSORTIUM INFORMATION BULLETIN PY - 1980/01 SP - 29 p. AB - Techniques and services to reduce the volume and speed of vehicle movements and to restrict nonresident parking in residential areas are discussed. The most effective approach to neighborhood traffic control is to provide adequate capacity on designated arterial streets. Although some streets are naturally protected from heavy traffic and excessive speeds by steep hills, winding roadways, and street discontinuities created by terrain features, protection in older residential areas must generally be accomplished by artificial controls. Some of the latter include channelization, cul-de-sacs, islands, rumble strips, on-the-street parking, speed bumps, stop signs, street closings, surveillance and enforcement, traffic signals and diverters, traffic restrictions, and turn restrictions. Problems associated with excessive traffic and vehicle speeds in residential areas are reviewed, and particular attention is paid to traffic control warrants and neighborhood parking restrictions. A planned approach to neighborhood traffic control in St. Louis is described. Federal contacts and programs relevant to traffic in residential areas are identified, and an annotated bibliography is included. KW - Neighborhoods KW - Parking KW - Residential areas KW - Speed control KW - Speeding KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313651 AU - PAULS, L S AU - ASL Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF SUPERIOR ENERGY-ABSORBING MATERIALS FOR SCHOOL BUS INTERIORS. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/01 SP - 106 p. AB - The report documents a study in school bus crashworthiness and is concerned primarily with the design of interior crash padding systems and the identification and selection of outstanding padding materials for this design application. KW - Buses KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Energy absorption KW - Fire resistant materials KW - Flammability KW - Impact tests KW - Materials KW - Selection KW - Shock resistance KW - Toxicity KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313650 AU - PAULS, L S AU - ASL Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF SUPERIOR ENERGY-ABSORBING MATERIALS FOR SCHOOL BUS INTERIORS. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1980/01 SP - 49 p. AB - The study deals with the problem of identifying and selecting superior energy absorbing materials for school bus interiors. The objectives of this program were threefold: (1) develop material selection criteria,(2) identify and select superior energy absorbing materials currently on or nearing the market, and (3) verify material selections, using the established criteria. The established material selection criteria gives consideration to: (1) high temperature performance (i.e., igniteability, flame spread, smoke emissions and toxicity), (2) shock attenuation (compliance to injury criteria), (3) energy absorption, and (4) general design (e.g., cost and weight effectiveness, environmental and vandal resistiveness, etc.). Materials were evaluated and screened, using this established criteria, and a set of preferred materials tested experimentally to verify their compliances to these criteria. Tests included flammability, dynamic drop and sled impact tests. KW - Buses KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Energy absorption KW - Fire resistant materials KW - Flammability KW - Impact tests KW - Materials KW - Selection KW - Shock resistance KW - Toxicity KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721388 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COURT INTERVENTION: PRE-SENTENCE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR DRINKING/DRIVING OFFENSES. PARTICIPANT'S MANUAL PY - 1980/01 SP - 72 p. AB - This is the Participant's Manual for a training seminar on pre-sentence investigation (PSI) techniques for drinking/driving offenses. The seminar is to be presented in two days and should cover the following units: (1) Introduction and Overview; (2) The Problem Drinking Driver; (3) Alcohol and Impairment; (4) The Responsibilities of PSI Personnel; (5) Screening Instruments; (6) Practical Application; (7) Report Writing; (8) Court-Monitored Rehabilitation Programs; and (9) Summary of Recommendations. The manual contains two appendices. Appendix A answers questions concerning alcohol use and abuse. Appendix B contains criteria compiled by a committee of medical authorities from the National Council on Alcoholism to establish guidelines for the proper diagnosis and evaluation of alcoholism, and the alcoholism screening tests developed, respectively, by the National Council on Alcoholism, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, and the state of Michigan. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholism KW - Courts KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Intervention KW - Judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Manuals KW - Pre-sentence investigation KW - Tests KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25504/DOT-HS-900-034.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721389 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COURT INTERVENTION: PRE-SENTENCE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR DRINKING/DRIVING OFFENSES. INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE PY - 1980/01 SP - 141 p. AB - This is the Instructor's Guide for a training seminar on pre-sentence investigation (PSI) techniques for drinking/driving offenses. The seminar is directed toward increasing PSI personnel awareness of the necessity for, and importance of, identification of the level of alcohol abuse among the drinking/driving offender population. This Guide contains a description of the seminar, including: purpose and scope; agenda; the Instructor's role; guidelines for planning; instructional methods; and guidelines for conduct. This is followed by the Lesson Plans, which are presented in the following units: (1) Introduction and Overview; (2) The Problem Drinking Driver; (3) Alcohol and Impairment; (4) The Responsibilities of PSI Personnel; (5) Screening Instruments; (6) Practical Application; (7) Report Writing; (8) Court-Monitored Rehabilitation Program; and (9) Summary. There are two appendices. Appendix A contains questions and answers on alcohol use and abuse. Appendix B contains criteria compiled by a committee of medical authorities from the National Council on Alcoholism to establish guidelines for the proper diagnosis and evaluation of alcoholism, and alcoholism screening tests developed, respectively, by the National Council on Alcoholism, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, and the state of Michigan. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholism KW - Courts KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Intervention KW - Judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Pre-sentence investigation KW - Tests KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25510/DOT-HS-900-035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459204 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390980 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Bonsall, P AU - Printerhall Limited TI - CAR-SHARING--WHERE ARE WE NOW? A PERSONAL VIEW PY - 1980/01 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 2 p. AB - Recent research findings and results of car-sharing schemes in the wake of the 1978 Transport Act allowed for the status, prospects, and objectives of car sharing to be considered from a much more informed standpoint than was previously possible. It has been established that 12% of total trip miles are traveled by passengers in a non-household car in Britain, and 3% in car pools (i.e. different households alternating driving). Although the system-wide impact of increased car sharing is expected to be only marginal, there are specific cases where dramatic benefits could be realized. These include reduction of peak period rush hour public transport demand to allow for removal of one transit bus, provision of an acceptable cushion against withdrawal of public transport service, reduction of private vehicles requiring parking space, and provision of accessibility to a labor pool for an employer. Concentration must be placed on promoting car sharing at specific sites, involving the establishment of organized car-sharing schemes (perhaps including van pooling) rather than reliance on an increase in private car-sharing arrangements. A working party of Leeds seminar participants has initiated a study on various aspects of car-sharing organizations. KW - Advertising KW - Benefits KW - Carpools KW - Parking KW - Ridesharing KW - Travel demand KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389626 JO - Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Program Quarterly Report PB - Department of Energy AU - Department of Energy TI - VEHICLE TESTING OF NEAR-TERM BATTERIES PY - 1980/01 IS - 10 SP - p. 24-27 AB - Vehicle tests on near-term batteries were conducted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to support the Department of Energy's Electric and Hybrid Vehicle research, demonstration, and development program. Four vehicles were used: South Coast Technology (SCT) Electric Volkswagen Rabbit; Jet Industries Electra Van 600; Electric Vehicle Associates Change-of-Pace Wagon; and Battronic Truck Corporation pickup truck. Two (Yardney, ERC) nickel-zinc batteries and one of nickel-iron (Westinghouse) were compared with an improved lead-acid battery (Globe-Union). Coastdown tests established road load characteristics for dynamometer calibration. Vehicles were then tested in their as-delivered condition to establish baseline performance, with the vehicle operating on a chassis dynamometer to maximize test repeatability by controlling environmental conditions and to facilitate instrumentation for measuring energy flow. Near-term batteries were connected to the vehicle propulsion system from an external battery tray positioned near the vehicle. Both baseline and near-term battery tests included constant speed tests at 35 and 55 mph and selected driving schedules (versions of Society of Automotive Engineers J227a). Tests completed only for the SCT vehicle showed that near-term batteries improved vehicle range at 35 mph but not at 55 mph. The baseline lead-acid battery pack delivered with the vehicle was quite consistent in repeatability and efficiency, although 3 of 18 original batteries failed after about 50 charge/discharge cycles. The nickel-zinc batteries showed indications of reduced cycle life and the nickel-iron battery had leakage problems and cell failures. KW - Electric vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Performance tests KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209441 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389625 JO - Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Program Quarterly Report PB - Department of Energy AU - Kirk, R S AU - Davis, P W AU - Department of Energy TI - THE POTENTIAL OF EHVS (ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES) PY - 1980/01 IS - 10 SP - p. 4-13 AB - A summary of the Department of Energy (DOE) outlook on the future for electric and hybrid vehicles (EHV's) is based on the history of EHV's in the United States, the development of government interest leading to DOE's EHV program, and four years of its implementation in partnership with industry. The view is that EHV's offer fuel flexibility for transportation and significant petroleum savings, total energy saving advantages over alternatives, environmental advantages, favorable impact on electric utilities, and advantages to the consumer. DOE's EHV program is designed to assure the availability and broad market acceptance of vehicles that depend primarily on externally generated electricity for propulsion energy, thus minimizing dependence on imported oil while maintaining transportation flexibility. Five projects have been established by DOE: market demonstration; vehicle evaluation and improvement; electric vehicle commercialization; hybrid vehicle commercialization; and advanced vehicle development. DOE plans to stimulate mass production of improved electric vehicles by 1986 and of hybrid vehicles by 1988, and to develop full-performance EHV technology by the early 1990's as candidates for commercialization after 1995. A tabulated summary of performance standards and equipment requirements is provided. KW - Development KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Markets KW - Mass production KW - Production KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209440 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387455 JO - American City & County PB - Penton Media AU - Glennon, J C AU - Buttenheim Publishing Corporation TI - DESIGN IN RURAL ROAD SAFETY...BUT BALANCE ACCIDENT REDUCTION WITH THE COST PY - 1980/01 VL - 95 IS - 1 SP - p. 29-32 AB - Ways of incorporating road safety measures into reconstruction of rural roads, while cost-effectively minimizing accidents, are addressed. Vehicle-to-vehicle collisions on rural roads are far less likely than single-vehicle accidents. Appropriate measures for reducing the number of single-vehicle accidents are wide roadways and shoulders, clear and flat roadsides, gradual alignment, and high-quality traffic signs and signals, the cost of which is generally prohibitive for the mileage on low-volume roads. Local officials are faced with two undesirable options: to spend available funds on improving as many miles of low-volume roads as possible to primary roadway standards; or to avoid unjustified expenditures by making no improvements on low-volume roads. An objective set of guidelines is needed for built-in safety attributes and for traffic control features on low-volume roads which balance maximum safety and minimum cost. Least expensive options for improved rural road safety concern speed limit signs, shoulders, total road width, horizontal curves, centerline markings, no passing stripes, and roadside design. The safety record of rural roads is discussed, and data on recommended roadway widths are provided. KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Road markings KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386881 AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - COMPULSORY SEAT BELT WEARING IN AUSTRALIA: CHARACTERISTICS OF WEARERS AND NON-WEARERS PY - 1980/01 SP - 23 p. AB - At least 90 percent of passenger car occupants aged 8 years and over have a seat belt available in their seat position. Unfortunately many occupants do not wear the belts provided. The differences between wearers and non-wearers are described in terms of factors including age, sex, seating position, type of belt, time of day, day of week and weather condition. Additional data on socio-economic status and drinking habits may be required if the "hard-core" group of non-users are to be effectively tackled. KW - Age KW - Gender KW - Manual safety belts KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200551 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386519 JO - Legal Aspects of Medical Practice PB - American College of Legal Medicine AU - Garfinkel, P E AU - Shlensky, R AU - American College of Legal Medicine TI - SHOULD YOU BE REQUIRED TO REPORT POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS DRIVERS? PY - 1980/01 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 17-19 AB - This article points to the fatality, injury and accident cost statistics and asks whether laws requiring doctors to report certain mental or physical disabilities to state authorities would help prevent these disasters. A review of the laws in various states shows little uniformity. In 25 states laws establish medical advisory boards, but don't specifically direct their creation. Several states have adopted or are considering physician reporting statutes, but the effectiveness of such statutes is hard to ascertain. Many in the medical community continue to oppose mandatory reporting. One reason is a devotion to confidentiality. Another is a doctor's distinct distaste for regulation and government imposition of duties. However, because such reporting would be in the public interest, the question arises as to whether continued physician resistance is justified. KW - Case studies KW - Driver licensing KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Mental illness KW - Physical disabilities KW - Physicians KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380661 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Carroll, H O AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - WINTER MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS OF ROAD AUTHORITIES PY - 1980/01 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - p. 7-11 AB - By a 95-year-old rule, the Michigan road authority's liability for ice and snow is generally restricted to unnatural accumulations. The authority is not liable for injuries caused by natural accumulations of snow and ice, nor by the effects of traffic on them, by snow and ice left behind by plowing, or snow piled alongside a road by plowing. It can be liable when an accumulation of snow or ice is placed in a public way by the authority itself or at its express authorization, or if the accumulation becomes a hazard through a defect created by the road authority or within its power to correct. It is suggested that the law is likely to change, since conditions (equipment) and expectations of citizens have changed radically. Any change is likely to be a return to the basic statutory test of "reasonably safe." The rule should not be regarded as providing a broad, inclusive protection for road authorities, partly because of unresolved questions as to what constitutes "natural" and "unnatural" accumulations. KW - Accumulation KW - Administration KW - Highway administration KW - Highway law KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Michigan KW - Snow and ice control KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196957 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380660 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Baldwin, D G AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - USES OF ROAD LIABILITY LAW IN IMPROVING ROAD SAFETY DECISION-MAKING PY - 1980/01 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - p. 2-6 AB - Since misconceptions about road liability law can lower the quality of road authorities' decisions in efforts to keep their roads reasonably safe, it is recommended that the basic concepts of road liability law be integrated into procedures and guidelines for decision-making. This knowledge can eliminate unjustified concerns, improve decision-making, and lower the potential legal liabilities of a road authority in suits resulting from traffic accidents. The costs of this effort include expenditure of time and money, education of personnel, and careful review and improvement in internal communications, road inspection systems, and recordkeeping systems. KW - Administration KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Highway administration KW - Highway law KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Legal factors KW - Liability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196956 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380662 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Carroll, H O AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ROAD AUTHORITY DECISIONS ON PLACING AND MAINTAINING ROAD SIGNS PY - 1980/01 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - p. 12-16 AB - Michigan courts give no special status to road signs in determining a road authority's liability with respect to claims and litigation. The absence of a sign, a common issue raised by the plaintiff, does not equate with road authority liability, just as the presence of a sign does not eliminate liability. The fundamental question is whether the road was reasonably safe; the results of signing decisions are relevant to that inquiry, as are other road conditions. Michigan law provides guidelines for many signing decisions, some in specific statutes, others in the Michigan Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices and relevant cases. The law encourages the exercise of judgment in making signing decisions, without attaching any special legal significance to these decisions. To the extent that signs make a road safer, they improve the road authority's liability position. Exposure to liability is particularly great in the interval between a decision and the actual installation of a sign. Delay in carrying out an action the authority has deemed necessary will support a finding of negligence. KW - Administration KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Highway administration KW - Highway law KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Michigan KW - Signs KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196958 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379650 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDROGEN FUEL: PROBLEMS AND PROMISES PY - 1980/01 VL - 88 IS - 1 SP - p. 42-45 AB - Hydrogen as a nonpolluting fuel could be carried in a vehicle in liquid or compressed gas form or as a hydride. The Dept. of Energy (DOE), Dept. of Transportation Energy Conservation, Los Alamos Scientific Lab., New Mexico Energy Inst., and the Deutsche Forschung und Versuchsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt are participating in a cooperative effort to demonstrate a vehicle of conventional appearance and performance operating on liquid hydrogen (LH2), as well as an LH2 refueling station operable by personnel with minimal training. A recent study concluded that the greatest drawback to LH2 use in cars was uncertainty regarding safety hazards rather than the energy or cost of liquefaction; these hazards can be offset by modified vehicle physical and performance characteristics. Proven technology favors use of compressed hydrogen gas, but storage density is low. Solar Res. Labs. supports metal hydride storage as offering the greatest potential. The hydride form provides both high storage density and room temperature stability, but requires high dissociation temperatures. Metal hydrides generally incur serious weight penalties; magnesium-base alloys offer the lowest density. In-depth studies are required of hydrogen embrittlement effects on metallic materials. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Compressed hydrogen gas KW - Embrittlement KW - Handling and storage KW - Hydrides KW - Hydrogen KW - Liquid hydrogen KW - Pollution KW - Refueling KW - Safety factors KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196261 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379651 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FORD INTRODUCES INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION ON 4 X 4S PY - 1980/01 VL - 88 IS - 1 SP - p. 46-53 AB - Ford Motor Co.'s new twin traction beam suspension for its 1980 four-wheel drive vehicles uses stamped support arms and a third U-joint in the front axle to achieve independent front suspension (IFS). The new suspension was specially developed for the front drive axle. The IFS uses an integrated systems approach which incorporates suspension functions into the basic axle design (axle support arms are also suspension arms). Ride is improved by reduced reactive forces fed back from the tires due to less unsprung mass and separation of inputs from each wheel. Control is improved because bump deflections at one front tire do not significantly disturb the other tire. With the IFS, gyroscopic moments are not directly additive and shimmy is reduced to a level where the steering damper is no longer deemed necessary. Lower vehicle height and center of gravity are realized with the new design. Overcoming the height disadvantage of the previous monobeam design, the engine oil pan can be lowered because the axle center need not move upward with vertical wheel deflections. Details of the description include the design evolution, the suspension design criteria, packaging, steering, and the final design (specifications for differential carrier, U-joints, slip yoke, knuckle, spindle, and axle arm stamping). KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Axle drive KW - Axles KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Four wheel drive KW - Independent suspensions KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196262 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379658 JO - Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation PB - American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine AU - Risk, H F AU - American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine TI - DRIVING CONTROL AND EQUIPMENT FOR A QUADRUPLE AMPUTEE PATIENT PY - 1980/01 VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - p. 48-49 AB - A 21-year-old quadruple amputee requested and received a driver evaluation with adaptive equipment. A standard model hand control was used in conjunction with a prosthetic left arm for operation of brake and acceleration. An aluminum angle iron, to which the prosthesis was bolted, was welded onto the end of the hand control, permitting the driver to operate the right angle push control. A steering cup for the right stump was attached to the tilt steering wheel. For accessory operation, a special device consisting of two wooden rod-type extensions connected to the turn signal switch was attached over the front-seat back. A slight sideways tilt of the head operates the turn signal, with a tilt to the opposite side to cancel. A slight backwards movement of the head activates a microswitch which sounds the horn. A specially made push-button switch panel located close to the driver's right operates all other accessories (e.g. ignition, headlights, wipers). Shifting was accomplished by bending and contouring a gear shift extension. A motorized seat in a modified van allows easy transfer to an electric wheelchair from the right front side to the driver's seat. The driver fastens the seat belt by positioning her right stump about the seat belt and pulling it down to the locking mechanism. While driving a 1979 two-door car, the patient received her class A driver's license without missing a single point on her test drive. KW - Adaptive equipment (Disabled persons) KW - Amputees KW - Automobiles KW - Disabled drivers KW - Equipment KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Special purpose UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196268 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376305 JO - Journal of Irish Colleges of Physicians & Surgeons PB - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland AU - McDermott, F AU - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland TI - INITIATIVES AGAINST ROAD CRASH INJURY IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1980/01 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 10 p. AB - The lecture discusses initiatives taken by the Road Trauma Committee of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons to reduce fatality and injury on Australian roads. In 1970 the Road Trauma Committee and media initiated a national campaign in support of legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts. Public ignorance and Parliamentary inertia wre encountered. Victoria became the first State in the "Western" world to introduce this legislation. All other Australian States followed. Significant and marked reductions in fatality and injury were achieved and have been maintained. Recognising alcohol as the single most important cause of serious road crashes and injuries in Australia the Committee advocated legislation for compulsory blood alcohol tests on all adult road crash casualties. In 1973-74 legislation was enacted in South Australia and Victoria and in 1976 in Queensland. Results show that more than one quarter of driver casualties have alcohol concentrations above the legal limit of 0.05g%. Half of these exceed 0.15g%. On the other hand less than 3% of the general driving population exceed the legal limit. Further advocacy led in 1976 to the enactment of random roadside breath test legislation in Victoria. The majority of Australian convicted drinking drivers have alcohol-related social problems. A quarter incur reconvictions. The conventional penal approach has failed. Presently the Road Trauma Committee is campaigning for compulsory medical assessment of convicted drinking drivers. Re-issue of a driving licence would be dependent upon evidence of re-education and/or rehabilitation. Pilot re-education programmes have been shown to markedly lessen recidivism. Prevention of drink-driving behaviour is the major strategy. The tactics entail deterrence, improved secondary school and driver education, and the implementation of a national policy for control of alcohol abuse. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver education KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194532 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376846 JO - Connecticut Medicine PB - Connecticut State Medical Society AU - Eisner, J M AU - Rabkin, J A AU - Connecticut State Medical Society TI - POLICE TESTING AND INFORMED CONSENT (BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS) PY - 1980/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-35 AB - Federal case law and Connecticut case law and statutes are reviewed with respect to patient consent and blood alcohol (or other drug) testing by physicians in response to a police request or order. The implied consent provision of Connecticut law and associated cases are examined. The function of the implied consent provision is to alert motorists to the fact that consent to a test is a condition of driving in the state. Although the state cannot force a person to consent to a test, if an arrest is made and the driver refuses to consent, his license will be suspended or revoked. Also addressed is the question of informed consent validity when given by an intoxicated person. It is concluded that tests should not be performed at the request of the police or prosecutor without the consent of the person who is to be tested. The testing physician must also determine that the person is capable of giving an informed consent. In the absence of consent, tests should be performed by the medical examiner or coroner rather than by hospital personnel. Although medically necessary tests may be performed by hospital personnel or an individual incapable of granting consent, on the theory that an emergency obviates the need for consent, the results of such tests should not subsequently be given to the police without either authorization of the individual tested or a proper subpoena, search warrant, or other court order. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Informed consent KW - Laws KW - Physicians KW - Police KW - Suspensions KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326024 AU - Thatcher, C AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILE PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENT DEVICE. VOLUME II: TEST PROCEDURES. (USERS MANUAL) PY - 1980/01 SP - 97 p. AB - The objective of this program was to design, construct, and validate a mobile device for measuring vehicle parameters necessary for an accurate prediction of the vehicle's handling characteristics. As a result of the program, a Mobile Parametric Measurement Device (MPMD) was constructed, and test procedures validated. KW - Automobiles KW - Checkout equipment KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Inspection KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Mechanical measurement KW - Mechanical tests KW - Mobile equipment KW - Performance tests KW - Portable equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326023 AU - Thatcher, C AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILE PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENT DEVICE. VOLUME I: OPERATION. (USERS MANUAL) PY - 1980/01 SP - 60 p. AB - The objective of this program was to design, construct, and validate a mobile device for measuring vehicle parameters necessary for an accurate prediction of the vehicle's handling characteristics. As a result of this program, a Mobile Parametric Measurement Device (MPMD) was constructed, and test procedures validated. The report is of three users manuals--Volume I, Operation; Volume II, Test Procedures; maintenance), test procedures, and data reduction procedures of the MPMD. KW - Automobiles KW - Checkout equipment KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Forecasting KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Inspection KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Mechanical measurement KW - Mechanical tests KW - Mobile equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Portable equipment KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326025 AU - Thatcher, C AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILE PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENT DEVICE. VOLUME III: DATA REDUCTION PROCEDURES. (USERS MANUAL) PY - 1980/01 SP - 42 p. AB - The objective of this program was to design, construct, and validate a mobile device for measuring vehicle parameters necessary for an accurate prediction of the vehicle's handling characteristics. As a result of the program, a Mobil Parametric Measurement Device (MPMD) was constructed, and test procedures validated. KW - Automobiles KW - Checkout equipment KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Inspection KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Mechanical measurement KW - Mechanical tests KW - Mobile equipment KW - Performance tests KW - Portable equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367645 AU - Cowley, J E AU - Cowley (JE) and Associates TI - A REVIEW OF RURAL SPEED LIMITS IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1980/01 SP - 88 p. AB - The National Road Traffic Code is being reviewed by the Advisory Committee on Road User Performance and Traffic Codes (ACRUPTC), and during 1978/79 an assessment of speed limit provisions in the Code was undertaken. The present study was originally performed to contribute to the ACRUPTC review, but it has been subsequently updated to include the changes which were made in late 1979 to the Code provisions and to State and Territory practice. The study has concentrated upon rural speed limits, as the main differences between Code provisions and Australian practice are in this area. The study therefore examines local and overseas information on rural free speeds and speed limits in relation to road-traffic safety; this includes recent Australian speed data obtained from the national survey carried out in 1978/79 under the co-ordination of ACRUPTC. The report recommends options for absolute and differential speed limits for Australian rural roads. KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328241 AU - BERGER, R AU - Colmen, J AU - Automated Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEENAGE SELF-TEST DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1980/01 SP - 22 p. AB - The purpose of the Self-Test on Drinking and Driving for Teenagers is to help adolescents understand the social and psychological forces that influence their decisions in situations where drinking and driving are combined. The Self-Test is self administered and scored to allow youngsters to interpret the meaning of their scores. Eight attitude scales were developed using data from a state-wide field test in Pennsylvania. Teenagers can compare their own profiles on the attitude scales to those obtained from the field test of about 3,000 students. The Self-Test can be used by teenager independently. It is also useful in group settings and as a basis for discussions groups in which teenagers may gain greater insights into the options open to them in choice situations and in making responsible decisions. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Field tests KW - Profiles KW - Psychological aspects KW - Students KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508373 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Average fuel economy standards for light trucks, model years 1982-1985 : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389082 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation TI - AIRPORT ACCESS - URBAN CONSORTIUM INFORMATION BULLETIN PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - The impact of improved airport access on other elements of the transportation network is evaluated. While airports represent the single largest traffic generator in most regions, they attract only a small part of that region's total trips. Satisfying the airport's growing need and yet maintaining equity in transportation throughout a region is a major dilemma faced by many large and medium-size cities. Airport access problems occur in three areas: roads and transit systems up to the airport boundary; roads, parking, and circulation elements within the airport boundary; and movement at the terminal from the curb to the airplane. Solving the airport access problem is complicated, although several airport officials and local planners have attempted to alleviate congestion. Local programs to minimize airport access problems in Los Angeles, New York City, and Washington, D.C., are noted, as well as Federal programs. An annotated bibliography is provided. KW - Airport access KW - Highway transportation KW - Parking KW - Public transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371841 AU - Baksa, E J AU - Wegmann, F J AU - Chatterjee, A AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - Department of Transportation TI - THE USE OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION PY - 1980 SP - 67 p. AB - The basic two-way radio communications system is explained: the carrier wave, radio components, radio frequency, antennas, and power output. Radio systems available to rural transportation are described: one-frequency and two-frequency simplex systems, mobile relay system, and citizens band radio. The role of the radio manufacturer's representative or vendor in establishing a radio communication system is addressed. Case studies are presented of several rural transportation programs in Tennessee utilizing radio communications systems: East Tennessee Human Resource Agency, Progress for People Human Resource Agency, and Caney Fork Development Corporation. The effect of radio on the efficiency, productivity, cost, and management of these programs is examined. A concluding section enumerates the advantages of radio use, discusses radio equipment sophistication and costs, addresses the state's role in two-way radio communications, and provides guidelines for the transportation manager. Appended are a glossary of radio terminology and a list of two-way radio equipment manufacturers. KW - Case studies KW - Citizen band radio KW - Communication KW - Communication systems KW - Guidelines KW - Industries KW - Management KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Radio KW - Rural areas KW - State government KW - State programs KW - Tennessee KW - Two way communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185084 ER - TY - SER AN - 00554891 JO - AEROSPACE REPORT ; ATR-79(7740)-1 -UNTRACED PB - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee AU - FORREST, L AU - LEE, W B AU - SMALLEY, W M AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE DIESELIZATION: FINAL REPORT PY - 1980 IS - -797 SP - 345 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engine exhaust gases KW - Diesel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394050 AU - Virginia Department of Transportation Safety TI - THE FIFTH VASAP ANNUAL REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR AND THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, CALENDAR YEAR 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - This report lists the major accomplishments of the Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Program (VASAP) and describes the Program's "systems approach" to deal with the drinking driver population. The approach incorporates five countermeasures to attack the problem: enforcement, judicial, public information and education, education/treatment, and evaluation. Each countermeasure addresses the problem of driving under the influence (DUI), and attempts to deter new offenders or reeducate those already arrested. 1979 activities in each of the five areas are listed. Data are provided on DUI arrests and VASAP referrals, the administrative structure of VASAP and its fiscal aspects. 1980 VASAP objectives are also listed. KW - Administration KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohol use KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Enforcement KW - Publicity KW - Reviews KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393480 AU - Gallienne, G AU - International Road Federation AU - Prevention Routiere Internationale TI - THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD FEDERATION AND THE PREVENTION ROUTIERE INTERNATIONALE. WORKING FOR THE SAME GOALS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - The role of the International Road Federation and Prevention Routiere Internationale (associations of national road safety associations) in safe road design and accident prevention is outlined. In planning for the future industrial and social uses of the automobile, a major consideration will be developing good road systems for safe and easy travel by cars, buses, trucks, and two-wheeled vehicles (for urban areas). The International Road Federation and Prevention Routiere enable countries around the world to exchange road safety literature and to cooperate in road safety endeavors. Traffic problems and programs in Nairobi, Kenya, are mentioned. KW - Associations KW - Cooperation KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393481 AU - Kipkore, S K AU - Gichaga, F J AU - International Road Federation AU - Prevention Routiere Internationale TI - VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC LAWS IN SELECTED ROADS OF NAIROBI PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - Traffic law violation in Nairobi, Kenya, was studied by collecting data on drivers who caused congestion, tried to beat traffic signals, failed to stop when required, failed to stay in the proper lane in a traffic circle, or failed to give way to pedestrians at a signal-controlled crossing. Also noted were pedestrians who failed to observe traffic lights at a signal-controlled crossing. Study findings demonstrated that it is unsafe to travel in Nairobi, with 3% to 5.8% of drivers failing to conform with traffic light requirements, 2.8% failing to stop at a mandatory stop sign, and 24% failing to keep in proper lanes in a traffic circle. The following measures are recommended to improve the safety of road users: to include road safety as an integral part of environmental education curriculum; to make the training of road users a national government undertaking; to incorporate mandatory safety features in vehicles; to intensify routine traffic law enforcement activities; and to maintain and sign roads properly. KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violators KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393483 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE--PART 5 AND PART 6 PY - 1980 SP - 198 p. AB - Twelve symposium papers explore the effect of engine lubricant viscosity on engine performance. Topics include the use of a Couette high-shear-rate viscometer in measuring the viscosity of engine lubricants, the assessment of shear stability methods for European engine oils, low-temperature starting and pumpability requirements of European automotive engines, the effect of engine oil viscosity on low-temperature cranking and starting and on fuel economy, cold starting and oil pumpability (evaluation of new and used oils in gasoline engines), measurement of the ring to liner oil film thickness in a Caterpillar 1-G diesel engine, laboratory testing of fuel efficient oils, and the prediction of low-temperature engine oil pumpability with the Mini-Rotary viscometer. Also discussed are the use of a radiometric test to determine lubricant effect on journal bearing load capacity, the development of a high-shear-rate capillary viscometer for engine oils, the determination of engine oil frictional characteristics by engine friction and viscosity measurements, and low-temperature viscosity characteristics of used engine oils. KW - Engine oils KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Viscometers KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393475 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY IMPACTS OF PROPOSED TRANSPORTATION PLANS AND PROJECTS. PROCEEDINGS OF A PANEL DISCUSSION, OCTOBER 23, 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 60 p. AB - To address the issue of transportation's role in energy conservation, a panel group was convened consisting of 11 members from Federal, state, and local transportation agencies, Federal and state energy offices, consulting firms, and a university. An edited transcript of the panel's discussion is presented, with professional/educational biographies of the participants, opening and closing statements by the panelists, and a summary of the discussion. The following issues were addressed: the nature of the transportation energy problem, the prospects for technological breakthroughs in vehicles and fuels, the response of transportation agencies, transportation alternatives which yield the greatest energy savings, methods for encouraging energy-efficient land use by transportation, and energy assessment techniques to compare transportation alternatives. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Assessments KW - Energy conservation KW - Land use KW - Technology KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393486 AU - Hart, W AU - Klaus, E E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF FUEL EFFICIENT OILS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A laboratory dynamometer/engine test procedure is described for acquiring fuel consumption data under various operating conditions. A unique aspect of the procedure is the evaluation of fuel consumption at two jacket temperatures. This permits the evaluation of changes in viscosity without changing oil. The ratio of fuel consumption at low temperature to that at high temperature has been defined as viscosity sensitivity index (VSI). If fuel consumption decreases with increased temperature (negative VSI), a large hydrodynamic lubrication component is evident. If fuel consumption increases with increased temperature (positive VSI), boundary lubrication has increased. The test procedure enables engine condition and oil effects such as relative film thickness, apparent viscosity, and friction modifier effectiveness to be evaluated. KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oil spills KW - Oil-film-thickness KW - Thickness KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393482 AU - MacKenzie, A J AU - International Road Federation AU - Prevention Routiere Internationale TI - THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNIFORM STANDARD OF ROADMARKING THROUGHOUT AFRICA PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - The need to establish minimum standards for road markings in Africa is stressed, since road markings impart information in an easily assimilated form within the scope of the driver's natural vision. Markings provide guidance as directional markings, they emphasize lateral road limits, separate traffic as center or lane markings, act as warning signs, can be used to prohibit parking or overtaking with legal enforcement, and can even reduce road maintenance costs. The case for road markings is based on accident prevention statistics and associated economic benefits. Steps to guide the formulation of minimum standards for road markings in Africa concern road design and layout, speed and safety of application, visibility by day and night, drying time, and durability. Advantages and disadvantages of five categories of material are considered: paint (solvent or chemically activated, in thicknesses of 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm); thermoplastics; cold-applied resin based materials; pre-formed strips; and road studs. KW - Resins KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Road markings KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Studs KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393484 AU - Wright, B AU - Mather, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - USE OF A COUETTE HIGH-SHEAR-RATE VISCOMETER FOR MEASURING THE VISCOSITY OF ENGINE LUBRICANTS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - A Couette viscometer is described that can measure engine lubricant viscosity at a temperature of 150 degress C and for a range of shear rates. In this instrument, the heat generation rate can be minimized by making the annular gap very small. The main technical difficulty involves uncertainties in annular gap dimensions measured by an electrical capacitance method; gap size is averaged in the correct way to measure the viscosity of Newtonian fluids. The annular gap varies considerably, depending on rotation speed and sample injection pressure. Temperature rise due to viscous energy dissipation, estimated by viscosity measurements on Newtonian oils, correlates with the rate of energy input (rotation speed times torque). The temperature rise estimated viscometrically, however, is much larger than that predicted by considering heat generation and thermal conductivity of oil. Possible reasons for this discrepancy include rotor metal surface heating and stator and non-Newtonian flow characteristics of supposedly Newtonian fluids. A method of correcting measured viscosity for estimated temperature rise is proposed, and viscometric data for some single-grade oils and multigrade oils are presented. KW - Engine oils KW - Measurement KW - Temperature KW - Viscometers KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393485 AU - Moore, S L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT OF THE RING TO LINER OIL FILM THICKNESS IN A CATERPILLAR 1-G DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Capacitance film thickness transducers were developed for application to the diesel engine which enable the operating profile of the piston ring and ring-to-liner-oil-film thickness to be obtained. The construction and operation of these gauges are described, with reference to the Caterpillar 1-G diesel engine. Oil film thickness between the piston ring and the cylinder liner was obtained by measuring the electrical capacitance between these components. A capacitance probe was devised, and capacitance gauges were calibrated in accordance with film thickness. An important property of the reference oil for capacitance measurements was the dielectric constant. Gauge operation in the Caterpillar 1-G engine showed that the electrical capacitance could be measured between a small probe mounted in the cylinder liner and passing piston rings, enabling the minimum oil film thickness between rings and the linear and the surface profile of rings to be determined. Minimum oil film thickness ranged between 2.0 micrometers near mid-stroke and 0.2 micrometers near top-dead-center. KW - Dielectric properties KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Oil spills KW - Oil-film-thickness KW - Thickness KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393045 AU - Wells, L T AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - THE INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE AND UNITED STATES REGULATION OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - The product life cycle model is used to explain the U.S. trade position in automobiles. According to this conceptual model, certain industries follow a predictable pattern that begins with the U.S. as a net exporter and ends with the U.S. as a net importer. Available corporate strategies to prolong or alter the cycle are mentioned: location of more production facilities overseas; innovation designed to start a new cycle or to isolate the market from the rest of the world; and shifting resources to other activities. Selling an increasingly larger car is discussed as the strategy adopted by U.S. automakers in an effort to differentiate the American product from the product sold in the rest of the world. By 1970, the industry realized that it could not continue to rely on this differentiation strategy. As suggested by the product life cycle model, the trend toward an international "standard car" is examined. Increasing competition faced by the U.S. auto industry because of more open borders and more producers in other markets is addressed. Particular mention is made of the increasing role of state-owned automobile producers like those in Western Europe. Innovation is presented as a possible but unlikely strategy for American producers to avoid tough price competition from foreign imports. The present automobile industry is described as a mature oligopoly, with high fixed costs and vulnerability to foreign competition, but different from other mature industries in ability to differentiate the product, in consumer loyalty, and in national parts and service networks. It is recommended that the U.S. government not adopt a protective policy toward the auto industry. Rather than creating import barriers, or encouraging foreign quotas or state-supported market-sharing arrangements, the government should ensure that the industry does not build links with foreign competitors that will restrain price competition, thus reducing rivalry and innovation. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Innovation KW - Markets KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392304 AU - Ginsburg, D H AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - MAKING AUTOMOBILE REGULATION WORK: POLICY OPTIONS AND A PROPOSAL PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - Four strategic prescriptions for automobile regulation are analyzed: the use of taxes or subsidies to influence consumers' automobile purchasing decisions; breaking up the automobile companies in order to enhance industry competition; moving from state to Federal chartering of automobile manufacturing corporations for better enforcement of compliance with regulations; and placing public representatives on the boards of directors of these corporations for the same reason. Analysis of these prescriptions leads to the conclusion that the first two proposals face an insurmountable practical obstacle and that the last three suffer from fatal errors in logic. The author proposes that the Federal government become significantly involved in sponsorship of private-sector automobile technology research and development by increasing incentives, specifically by sponsoring innovation competitions. Such competitions would free the regulatory process from dependence upon a few regulated firms for technology development that is not in the firms' interest to advance. The competitions would lower the risk and raise the incentives for the considerable potential sources of research and development outside the automobile industry. Difficulties in arranging these competitions include those of patent law infringement and authority of relevant agencies. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Development KW - Government policies KW - Incentives KW - Patents KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392311 AU - Hanson, K O AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECT OF FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS ON CORPORATE STRATEGY IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - The response of automobile manufacturers to increasingly stringent fuel economy regulations is presented as a case study of the effects of regulation on corporate strategy. Fuel economy standards have changed the environment in which major automobile companies operate by making fuel economy a major competitive characteristic, by adding to and altering the risks associated with existing product-market strategies, and by making public policy process a part of a firm's strategic environment. Performance standards enhance firm-to-firm competition, by making the firms compete against the standard itself and among themselves in efficiency and effectiveness in meeting the standard. To comply with Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, automakers must cope with technological, market, financial, and regulatory risk. Among the important changes in the automobile industry's strategic environment brought on by fuel economy policies are those in market segmentation, product mix, pricing, geographical markets, and strategic flexibility. The impact of fuel economy regulations on political strategy includes an end to "stonewalling," an increased commitment to the public interest, the development of differentiated strategies unique to each firm, an increasing attention to building political coalitions with nonindustry groups, an attempt to tie positions taken to broader national concerns (e.g. consumer protection, unemployment), and the use of a more open and candid style to reduce some aspects of regulatory risk. Fuel economy regulations have produced internal organizational changes such as creation of new planning groups, strengthening of government relations organizations, weakening of decentralized divisional staffs, strengthening of research and marketing staffs, and changes in executive personnel. The decision-making process is outlined in the formation of corporate political strategy in response to regulation: impact and momentum of a proposed public policy, firm resources applicable to the issue, values and ideology of executives, social responsibility and propriety of the proposed position, tactical considerations, and implementation. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Decision making KW - Fuel conservation KW - Hazards KW - Markets KW - Politics KW - Quality of work KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393041 AU - Bradley, S P AU - Karnani, A G AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - A RISK ANALYSIS OF THE FUEL ECONOMY REGULATIONS IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - An overview of the methodology and some findings are presented of a study which assessed the impact of the automotive fuel economy standards (AFES) on the four major U.S. automakers. A risk model was used to estimate the financial performance of the manufacturers, given assumptions about their strategy for meeting the AFES and the resolution of exogenous (i.e. economic and marketing) and endogenous (i.e. technological and manufacturing) uncertainties. Within a nominal scenario (i.e. all but fuel economy-related data set at nominal values), four cases were examined: nominal (in this case, fuel economy data set at nominal), optimistic (fuel economy gains higher, costs lower than estimated by Department of Transportation (DOT)), pessimistic (vice versa), and probabalistic (fuel economy variables distributed according to a truncated normal distribution). The risk due to technological and manufacturing uncertainties was assessed. The capital expenditure estimates from a recent DOT report were compared with nominal model output. Three additional scenarios were examined, assuming nominal values for fuel economy-related variables: ideal (downsizing and material substitution on a more voluntary basis, without strict AFES); foreign penetration of mid-size car market, and economic risk (three different demand changes in U.S. market). It was found that the risk due to uncertainty in manufacturability is higher than that due to technological uncertainty, and that the decrease in variable manufacturing cost due to downsizing is more than enough to offset the corresponding increased capital costs. KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Regulations KW - Risk analysis KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393042 AU - AGNELLI, U AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - POLICIES FOR THE PROMOTION OF EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: A EUROPEAN POINT OF VIEW PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Innovation in the auto industry, is discussed, with particular reference to Italy, including the evolution of the product and the production processes. These are directed by government, consumer, and employee demands. The government promulgates motor vehicle standards; the consumer demands an economical, quality product; the industry worker calls for new technology and practices to reduce production-line boredom. It is suggested that increasingly complex regulations to meet a multiplicity of requirements may serve as a means to another end than that originally intended. For example, consumer protection and environmental regulations, although useful, could also be used to set up artificial barriers to markets or to accelerate a process leading toward centralized economic planning. The automobile manufacturers are urged to demand that the various forces involved in regulating innovation use the correct functioning of the market as their yardstick. KW - Automobile industry KW - Innovation KW - Markets KW - Policy analysis KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393058 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION-DISPLAYS AND SENSORS PY - 1980 SP - 106 p. AB - Eighteen papers are compiled on automotive electronic information systems. Liquid crystal and vacuum fluorescent display technologies are discussed. An overview is provided of speech synthesis as another means of providing driver information, and a dot matrix graphic display is described. Display coordinate dimming and visual recognition time of analog and digital systems are addressed. Instrumentation functions discussed include: distance-to-empty, fuel level, time, distance-to-destination, fuel used, and fuel economy. The role of sensors and microcomputers in automotive electronic instrumentation is considered. KW - Automobiles KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Graphic displays KW - Graphics KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Microcomputers KW - Sensors KW - Speech synthesis KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393059 AU - Gooze, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SINGLE-CHIP MICROCOMPUTER REVOLUTION PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Single-chip microcomputers are discussed, from the low-end four-bit product to the high-performance 16-bit product. The relative complexities, cost, and performance tradeoffs are described for each product area. Trends and capabilities for single-chip microcomputers are indicated for the future. A family of single-chip microcomputers will often be offered by a manufacturer with various combinations of ROM (read only memory), RAM (random access memory), and I/O (input/output). Availability of a range of products in the same family allows the user to select the best solution for his particular design. Software compatibility among the various family microcomputers allows much of the program code for one microcomputer to be used in another. Even though a family of parts may be available, the use and efficiency of the ROM, RAM, and I/O resources are as important as the CPU (central processing unit) architecture. KW - Costs KW - Microcomputers KW - Performance KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392289 AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE. 1980 REVISION PY - 1980 SP - 61 p. AB - AIS-80 (Abbreviated Injury Scale, Rev. 1980) is the first revision of the motor vehicle injury rating since AID-76. An introductory section discusses the history of the AIS, fundamental changes in this revision, assessment of multiple injuries, anatomic locating system, sources of injury diagnoses, and the physician's role in injury scaling. Significant revisions during 1978-1979 include those in the area of brain injuries. The injury scaling dictionary contains an index, and sections on external (skin/muscles), head (bony skull and brain, ear, eye, face); neck (including throat); thorax (chest); abdomen and pelvic contents; spine; and extremities, including bony pelvis. Each section lists the individual types of injuries and assigns them a severity rating from AIS 1 (minor) to AIS 6 (maximum injury virtually unsurvivable), and AIS 9 for unknown injuries. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - History KW - Revisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393050 AU - Potter, D S AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - THIRD-PARTY REVIEW (INDEPENDENT REVIEW MECHANISM IN THE REGULATORY PROCESS) PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - In the interest of more credible regulation, a neutral mechanism is advocated for reviewing the scientific data base for controversial regulatory decisions. The need for such third-party input is illustrated with a few examples of General Motors' (GM) experience with the regulatory process (early bumper standards, passive restraints). It is suggested that research contracts could be reviewed by an individual or group familiar with research methodology and contract research. An informal agreement between GM and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is described by which experimental programs will be conducted to resolve the issue of diesel particulate emissions. The initial plan calls for GM to appoint one referee, EPA another, and for the two appointees together to select a third. It is proposed that third-party review might advise the regulators as to the probable accuracy and validity of the results of completed research, based on the experimental methodology used. Such review might also assign values to conflicting data sources and comment on the relative completeness of the data base. A system of independent review could aid the regulator by removing some of the appearance of bias and could ensure that the regulator understood both the strengths and weaknesses of the data base. KW - Accuracy KW - Automobile industry KW - Decision making KW - Methodology KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393052 AU - Stockman, D AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - ADDRESS (FUEL ECONOMY AND EMISSION CONTROL STANDARDS) PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A case is made against mandatory fuel economy standards. It is suggested that fuel economy is optimized in the present fleet, given the prevailing price of petroleum, consumer demand for automobiles with certain performance and design characteristics, and the incremental cost of improved fuel economy in terms of vehicle price increases, utility losses, or life cycle operating/maintenance expense increases resulting from fuel economy improvements. It is also felt that an unregulated automobile market would find the breakeven price and appropriate fuel economy level more efficiently than the policy makers. The rationale behind the fuel economy policy (depressed domestic petroleum prices, balance of payments, security) is criticized. Some questions about the emission control standards (the .413/.4/.4 rule) are related to the scientific basis for oxidant control criteria; the relationship between the tailpipe emission schedule for hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides and the primary ambient standard for ozone; and the carbon monoxide standard. It is suggested that ultimately, more efficient means of exhaust emission reductions might be considered, such as the variable tax or a multicar strategy which recognizes differences in the oxidant problem in different areas of the country. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Government policies KW - Markets KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392306 AU - Mills, D Q AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - THE TECHNIQUES OF AUTOMOTIVE REGULATION: PERFORMANCE VERSUS DESIGN STANDARDS PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The techniques of government regulation of the motor vehicle industry are reviewed as applied to safety, pollution control, and fuel economy. Motor vehicle regulations have always been designated as performance standards rather than design standards. Limitations of performance standards include lack of precision which must be overcome by specification of testing procedure or design supplements; restriction of innovation by the nature of the test procedure; lack of a stable system of measurement; and high financial risk. Performance standards may also have undesirable side effects as unintended consequences of regulatory action. Those for fuel economy regulations are discussed: worsened safety record (because of downsizing), further automotive industry concentration, and supply bottlenecks. It is concluded that performance regulations tend to favor innovations; that design regulations involve less financial risk to manufacturers; and that performance regulations tend to emphasize the short-term characteristics of materials used in products while design regulations tend to emphasize long-term characteristics. It is also concluded that the dynamics of regulatory interaction and controversy between regulators and producers differ between the two types of regulation. It is argued that design regulations supplemented by performance standards, as well as innovative techniques in regulation, may facilitate innovation in manufacturing. The importance of quantifying costs and benefits of regulation is suggested. KW - Automobile industry KW - Design standards KW - Fuel conservation KW - Quality of work KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392308 AU - Hulsen, H V AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - PRODUCT LIABILITY: AGAINST POSSIBLE DISINCENTIVES TO INNOVATION GENERALLY AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENT SPECIFICALLY PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The development of product liability law in the U.S. is outlined. It is advanced that the philosophical foundation for strict liability is less convincing if carried beyond the concept of manufacturing defects to the legal and economic consequences of product design. The definition of design defect is discussed as a major problem confronting the U.S. judiciary, and absolute liability is seen as a strong disincentive to innovation. The Swine Flu program is cited as an example, in which the pharmaceutical companies were unwilling to assume the liability risk of producing a new vaccine. Overextended product liability causes severe problems in cases of directed design (e.g. air bags and antiskid braking systems), as well as in development of possible beneficial design ideas, such as a design for a seat belt buckle which releases eight seconds after an automobile accident occurs. The Interagency Task Force on Product Liability has pointed out the need for spelling out in understandable rules the duty of manufacturers with respect to product design. The cooperation of the government and its agencies, the academic world, and practicing economists, technicians and lawyers is urged to clarify the problem. KW - Automobile industry KW - Disincentives KW - Liability KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392310 AU - John, R R AU - Coonley, P S AU - Ricci, R C AU - RUBINGER, B AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - MANDATED FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS AS A STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980 SP - 26 p. AB - The legislative and administrative history of the mandatory fuel economy standards are reviewed, and the potential of such standards for achieving further improvements in new car fleet fuel economy is assessed. It is expected that the standards will have to be supplemented by policies which encourage research and development in new technologies and which mitigate economic dislocations resulting from efficiency-related changes in the automobile industry. An overview of automobile legislation covers safety, environmental, and fuel economy regulations, including a comparison of the structure and of assigned Executive and Congressional responsibilities for each. Safety regulations cover equipment performance with little flexibility in manufacture and no motive to provide innovative technology; emissions regulations cover vehicle performance, with no equipment required by regulation and a near-term technical fix; fuel economy regulations cover fleet performance, with manufacturer flexibility and with final average fuel economy dependent on consumer behavior. The history of the fuel economy program discusses the background, the rulemaking process, and details of passenger car and light truck rulemaking. "Economic practicality" and fuel economy are discussed: background, community/regional economics, industry compensation and structure, inflation/trade balance, and energy conservation costs vs. benefits. Current and projected technological innovations are contrasted. Current technology involves engine resizing, four- and five-speed transmissions, turbochargers, more sophisticated actuators, sensors and on-board processors for engine control and fuel utilization, and diesel engines. It is stated that the available fuel-efficient motor technology in western Europe and Japan is rapidly being used up, and that the possibility of more stringent fuel economy standards may be a deterrent to innovation. The effects of fuel economy regulations are summarized. Those for the time period up to 1985 include petroleum conservation, rejuvenation and modernization of facilities, competition, and market and financial risk. Prospects beyond 1985 are considered under technology generation and policy alternatives. Appended are a chronological table of Executive branch activities on motor vehicle fuel economy, 1970-1976 (nonmandated), and a summary of fuel economy rulemaking activities for 1977. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economics KW - Fuel conservation KW - Government policies KW - Policy KW - Quality of work KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392312 AU - Bunch, H M AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - THE SMALL CAR MAY BE DANGEROUS TO YOUR HEALTH! THE CONSEQUENCES OF DOWNSIZING PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - An estimate is presented of the effect of vehicle size changes resulting from fuel economy legislation on highway death statistics when most vehicles on the highway meet the 27.5 mpg standard. Interests of special groups (insurance, automobile, and supplier companies) in these effects are outlined. The year selected for evaluation is 1995, since by then at least 85% of the vehicles will be model year 1985 or later and the most stringent fuel economy, emissions, and safety standards will be in force. With the assumption that fatality statistics will adequately represent changes in all injury statistics, and based on a 5% random sample of a million reported accidents in Texas, 1975 and 1976, an analysis is presented of three scenarios: a single-vehicle accident, a car-vs.-truck accident, and a car-vs.-car accident. Included is a prediction of the propensity for each type of accident based on driver age. Future declines are expected in the number of accident involvements per licensed driver due to the increasing age of the driver population. Approximately 6% greater probability of fatality/accident involvement is predicted in the downsized fleet. The use of passive restraints is expected to have major impacts on injury and death statistics, offset almost completely by an anticipated increase in vehicle miles traveled per automobile. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Regulations KW - Small car KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393046 AU - Shimokawa, K AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - HONDA'S ENTRY INTO THE WORLDWIDE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The history of Honda Motor Company's commercial success in the international automobile market is described, beginning with its growth to international reputation with motorcycles. Honda's success in the automobile market resulted from development of the CVCC engine, a technically innovative product that sought advances in pollution control as well as fuel efficiency and practical transportation. The CVCC was developed by adapting, on the basis of accumulated technology, the internal combustion engine from small motorcycle engines to large automobile engines. The engine developed in an atmosphere in which employees were allowed to use their individual creativeness in pursuit of a common objective. The special feature of Honda's business ideology was a human "using-to-capacity" principle combined with a merit rating system. For its marketing system, Honda sold cars to special contract sales stores through company branch stores. Although there were no sales quotas, each dealer had to take full responsibility for payment of cars ordered. So that samll dealers could concentrate on sales activity only, Honda established a nationwide technical service network for inspection, maintenance, and repair. The CVCC paved the way for implementation of strict emission control standards in Japan. Future emphasis is urged on the social aspects of the automobile, including evaluation of transport efficiency, contribution to the gross national product, consumption of oil and energy, and the societal cost. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - History KW - Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Markets KW - Motorcycles KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393048 AU - Alpert, N AU - Holt, E L AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - INTER-INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND THE GOVERNMENT: TWO CASE STUDIES PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Two inter-industry research programs are discussed which were designed to generate necessary information for meeting Federal emission and fuel economy standards. The effects of traditional antitrust concerns on these activities are examined, as well as the effects of Congressional distrust of regulatory agency involvement in these research efforts. In 1968, the Air Pollution Research Advisory Council (APRAC) was set up within the Coordinating Research Council (CRC), which is jointly founded by the American Petroleum Institute and the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. Research programs were developed to study a variety of engineering, atmospheric, and medical problems. Among the results of the CRC-APRAC program are a standard driving cycle for measuring auto emissions, new measuring techniques for polynuclear aromatic compounds, and a better understanding of gasoline and diesel emission characteristics. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began a cooperative effort with the APRAC, an arrangement that was initially distrusted by public interest groups and later by the Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution. The Chairman of the Subcommittee, Senator Muskie, felt that this cooperative effort weakened public faith in EPA's ability to act objectively and independently as a regulatory agency. In late 1973, EPA withdrew from APRAC activities. The Inter-Industry Emission Control Program (IIEC) was organized in 1967 by Mobil Oil Company and Ford Motor Company (later joined by other petroleum and automobile companies) to conduct long-range research on development of low-emission, gasoline-powered vehicles. Although the IIEC program made numerous contributions to the technology of emissions control and fuel conservation, the Justice Department voiced concerns about restraint of trade in emission control devices and issued a consent decree to automakers. This action adversely affected IIEC progress by prohibiting exchange of condidential information on emission control devices among major automakers. It is concluded that in view of the broad-based membership of APRAC and IIEC, the general nature of their programs, and the public availability of all their information, the public might have been better served by a more sympathetic attitude on the part of Congress and the Justice Department. KW - Automobile industry KW - Cooperation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Federal government agencies KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Programs KW - Regulations KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392303 AU - Thornton, R AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - TECHNOLOGY, GOVERNMENT, AND THE FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Congressman Thornton speaks as a former automobile manufacturer ("Handywagons"). Contradictions and inconsistencies in Federal regulation are seen as stifling, rather than promoting and protecting, the automobile industry. A balanced program is recommended, designed to provide substantial regards for innovation, including alternatives to Federally funded projects. Involvement of the private sector by grants, loan guarantees, and tax incentives is suggested. Private companies do not want Federal funds supporting their research programs since any resulting innovations are patented by the government. A change in patent policy is recommended. Direct participation by the government in research and development (R and D) has grown until over half of the nation's R and D effort is conducted under government sponsorship, a situation which raises significant questions about Federal rights and responsibilities in technology development. Many new departments, agencies, and commissions with virtual autonomy are setting administrative guidelines for R and D. Industrial research efforts are also hampered by antitrust laws which prevent cooperation among private firms. The Congressman sponsored a bill to provide a uniform patent policy; another bill would provide patent protection for universities, nonprofit organizations, and small businesses. A Domestic Policy Review Committee has been established to study issues and problems related to industrial innovation. As part of the information gathering phase of this study, a series of joint seminars will be held. Lack of a stable overall rate of innovation is responsible for the recent U.S. trade deficit which results in domestic inflation and dollar devaluation. The Congressional Office of Technology Assessment is studying policy options concerning the future of the automobile in the areas of energy, environment, safety, mobility, and cost. There remains the question of the effect of innovation-related regulation on the export of U.S. technology and domestic industrial activity. KW - Automobile industry KW - Development KW - Future growth KW - Government policies KW - Patents KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392305 AU - ABERNATHY, W J AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - INNOVATION AND THE REGULATORY PARADOX: TOWARD A THEORY OF THIN MARKETS PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - The recent pattern of government initiatives and industry response is examined to determine the prospect for future innovation. Recent achievements in fuel economy, pollution control, and safety are reviewed as a sign of increasing innovation in automobile technology. The existence of thin, high-performance markets has historically been of considerable significance in the process of innovation. The more epochal the innovation, the greater is the need for robust high-performance markets. While encouraging more rapid progress through incremental innovation in established products, intense regulatory pressure can also inhibit more epochal innovation through its effect on thin markets by increasing barriers to development of new technologies, by entrenchment, and by enveloping existing technologies. Incremental and epochal patterns of technological innovation in terms of the technology life cycle model are examined, including the three above-mentioned effects of regulation on the innovation process. It is concluded that the impending energy crisis will require new policies in government regulation and in industry research and development. The problem with regulation is with its undifferentiated application to both established and potentially innovative technologies. To further innovation, there is need for real diversity in relevant markets and selectivity in application of standards to provide encouragement and support (relief from constraint). Federal policy options applicable to this task include procurement, tax incentives or credits, subsidies, direct research and development support, and regulatory waivers. None of these alone is sufficient. KW - Automobile industry KW - Development KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Government policies KW - Markets KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393053 AU - White, L J AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS CONTROL POLICY: SUCCESS STORY OR WRONGHEADED REGULATION? PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - The background and the philosophy of the current automobile emission control policy (i.e. exhaust emission standards for specific pollutants) are discussed. It is suggested that the policy requiring automakers to improve technology for reduced emissions has been selected over alternative policies because the government believes that the pollution problem is purely a technological one and that the industry will respond if pressured. The failings of the standards program are discussed: perverse incentives; the historical record of industry delaying tactics; tampering, use of leaded gasoline, and inadequate maintenance of emission control systems by motorists which result in in-use emissions exceeding the Federal standards; and costly consequences of gradual phasing (i.e. interim standards). It is suggested that the required inspection and in-use standards, with the associated maintenance requirements, may be too late to play their proper role. It is acknowledged that the current emission control program has brought progress, but in a slow, costly, and inequitable manner. An effluent fee program is proposed as a better alternative. Through such a policy, polluters would be required to pay the marginal social costs of their vehicles' emissions. A thorough program would levy fees on all in-use vehicles for all easily measured, harmful pollutants, based on mileage driven in the previous year, emissions reported on an annual test, and the particular fee schedule corresponding to an area's pollution problem. This policy would provide individuals with an incentive to seek out and maintain "clean" cars, and companies with a direct incentive to build and advertise them. Three possible objections to such a program (inequity, administrative and marketing burdens, nonresponse by industry) are countered. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Government policies KW - Incentives KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393055 AU - Berke, R AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - THE RESPONSE OF FLEET OWNERS TO REGULATION-INDUCED TECHNICAL CHANGES IN CAR DESIGN PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Data on passenger car fleet sales (1968-1977) and 1977 distribution of sales among fleet categories (commercial and government) are presented. Factors in the selection of vehicles by fleet managers are discussed, the most important being economic operation and minimal depreciation. Management procedures in professional fleet administration are mentioned, especially vehicle performance monitoring. Three separate but interrelated responses by corporate fleets to increased vehicle costs and operating expenses are discussed: reduced size and weight of fleet cars, better cost control systems to monitor automotive expenses, and increased "charge-back" (i.e. amount charged to operator for personal use of fleet car). Findings are reported from 1975 and 1977 surveys by the National Association of Fleet Administrators and members to develop guidelines for the automakers serving the fleet market. Major problem areas found were rust and corrosion protection, wheel alignment, shock absorbers, weather stripping, paint, and gasoline mileage. Execpt for mileage, fleet administrators' dissatisfaction increased as the vehicle size decreased. Features desired in the future included: fluid level indicators, improved cold-start performance, brake wear indicators, on-board diagnostics, standardized instrument panels, and an antiskid device. Future fleet manager concern about further downsizing and optimism about improved diagnostics is expected. Current regulations are acknowledged as having contributed to safer, more economical, less polluting vehicles. No need for additional regulations is seen at the present time, and the greater use of professional fleets in future regulatory programs is advocated. KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Regulations KW - Sales KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393049 AU - Ketcham, B AU - Pinkwas, S AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - BEYOND AUTOCRACY: THE PUBLIC'S ROLE IN REGULATING THE AUTO PY - 1980 SP - 19 p. AB - Government decisions about automobiles are seen to be based on inadequate, skewed information and made with little regard for the societal effects of cars or highways. A long-term adequately funded commitment to support public participation in transportation decision making is advocated as a solution. For example, it is felt that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration should expand its demonstration program to support public participation in the rulemaking process. The government should also encourage the development of a corps of technicians who can independently evaluate such matters as automobile safety, emissions control, fuel economy, public transportation, and transportation planning and land use. The magnitude of the auto industry's lobbying effort is discussed; much of its influence is based on extensive public relations and advertising campaigns. In the automotive arena, special interests have the field virtually to themselves. Although many public interest and environmental organizations could justifiably be involved with transportation issues, none of the major organizations has a funded program dealing with the automobile. The four major studies are cited which analyze the social impact of the automobile; each of these was heavily represented by special interests. It is acknowledged that the automobile as a consumer product is slowly coming under reasonable regulation. The regulatory process is discussed as being hampered by the illusion that a complex social force such as the automobile can be productively governed by regulating only its component characteristics. The societal costs affecting health, the environment, and urban economies are still poorly understood. The public interest community can contribute to a holistic approach to regulating the auto industry by more actively engaging in transportation politics, in particular by working for the internalization of the societal costs of the automobile and the highway environment. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Decision making KW - Environment KW - Health KW - Public participation KW - Regulations KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393051 AU - Leone, R A AU - Jackson, J E AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - TOWARD MORE EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION FOR PUBLIC REGULATION PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - The regulatory process is discussed as a basis for addressing the issues of institutional capacity and strategy, both public and private, in dealing with regulation of the automobile industry. The following aspects of the process are discussed in terms of three models (simplified, more sophisticated, expanded): public need for collective action, interest group influence, establishment of priorities, implementation of decisions, derived impacts, and goal attainment. It is shown that the regulatory process is interactive, dynamic, and very sensitive to microlevel impacts. These characteristics have important implications for the type of analysis required for effective regulation, the structure of public and private institutions, and the behavior and attitude of individual participants in the regulatory process. For more effective public regulation, methods must be developed to identify at a very disaggregated level those consequences of regulatory activity that have substantial distributional implications for individuals, firms, and regions of the country. Firms must assess the effects of regulation on their competitive positions; public officials must identify the incidence of regulatory impacts and the resulting political pressures. It is suggested that one clear means of recognizing the complexity of the regulatory process would be to institutionalize continuous legislative review, oversight, and direction. It is emphasized that public policy makers and private managers must have better tools for analysis and they must distinguish analysis from decision. All parties in the regulatory process must further distinguish decision from strategy. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Decision making KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Politics KW - Regulations KW - Strategy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392307 AU - Seiffert, U AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECTS OF OBSOLETE REGULATORY STANDARDS ON DESIGN INNOVATION PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The effect of conflicting and complex regulations on automobile manufacturing is outlined: time, money, and natural resources that could more usefully be expended in product development are invested in conforming to regulatory standards, resulting in increased unit costs to the consumer and slower technical innovation. Crash testing is discussed as an example of the effect of regulation, since it is the most time-consuming, most complex, and most expensive form of safety testing. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) position on passive restraints is reviewed as another example. NHTSA changed its position on mandating these restraints after the industry and its suppliers had devoted considerable time and money to develop compatible vehicle systems. To compound the problem, head injury criteria were established only for passive restraint systems. The motor vehicle industry in general accepts the need for uniform and reasonable performance standards relating to vehicle design. Reevaluation of the following Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards is recommended: those for hydraulic brake systems (105); occupant protection in interior impact (201); head restraints (202); steering wheel impact (203 and 204); seats and seat belts (207, 209, and 210); and windshield retention (219). The European system of regulating fuel consumption by taxing is preferred to the NHTSA definition of precise average fuel economy. The following recommendations are offered: development of clear, concise and unambiguous standards with readily reproducible testing methods; allowance of sufficient time for compliance; and international harmonization of standards. KW - Automobile industry KW - Design standards KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fuel conservation KW - Quality of work KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392309 AU - KASPER, D M AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - PRODUCTS LIABILITY: POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENT PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - The basic legal and economic mechanisms of the product liability system are reviewed, as well as the relationship of that system to product safety. The topics discussed include negligence, contributory negligence, strict liability, and comparative negligence. Features of products liability are examined which are most often criticized in practice: jury trials, pain and suffering damages, contingent fees (comparison of British and American practices), collateral sources of compensation (insurance or welfare), contractual provisions ("hold harmless" clauses, contractual indemnity or disclaimer), state-of-the-art defense, and product safety standards and/or requirements. It is concluded that the tort law of products liability is likely to play a strong and potentially positive role in the evolving regulation of automobile safety, but that changes in substantive and procedural laws would enhance their effectiveness in regulating product safety. Comparative negligence law is considered a promising change. Changes are recommended in the contingent fee system. A system is recommended which provides adequate compensation for accident victims without destroying their accident avoidance incentives, and which does not attract litigation by the prospect of recovering damages far in excess of actual losses. The focus of products liability should be on developing and enforcing legal incentives for users and producers that lead to a socially efficient level of product safety. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compensation KW - Effectiveness KW - Employee compensation KW - Laws KW - Liability KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Negligence KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392302 AU - Goldschmidt, N AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - BICYCLE TRANSPORTATION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION. REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND THE CONGRESS PY - 1980 SP - 49 p. AB - Major obstacles to widespread bicycle use are identified in a report on bicycle transportation. Personal deterrents include: low level of awareness and acceptance of bicycle transportation, inability to bicycle safely and efficiently, lack of provisions for bicycle use, and other disincentives (e.g. no knowledge about good routes). Institutional deterrents include: low level of awareness/acceptance, lack of skills and knowledge relative to bicycle transportation, inadequate funds, and lack of communication. The Department of Transportation's (DOT) Comprehensive Bicycle Transportation Program is proposed to promote the safe, increased use of bicycles for transportation, to integrate bicycle transportation into all appropriate DOT programs and activities, and to require consideration of bicycle use in all appropriate DOT-funded projects. A target goal of 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 bicycle commuters by 1985 is proposed. It is estimated that the energy savings from bicycle use in 1985, if goals are met, would be equivalent to 16.4 to 23.5 million barrels of oil. Actions are detailed for implementing DOT's bicycle policy, and planned DOT bicycle program activities are appended. KW - Bicycles KW - Commuting KW - Energy conservation KW - Policy KW - Programs KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392313 AU - Shackson, R H AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - REGULATORY RIPPLE: A CASE STUDY PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The accelerating impact on the technology of electronic engine controls by Federal regulations is traced and its future impact on other parties is assessed. The regulations in question include those for emission control, fuel economy, and limitation of carburetor and engine control adjustment after certification. The regulations for fuel economy and emission control, although conceived separately, combine to require technologies which precisely control air/fuel ratios, exhaust gas recirculation flow rate, and spark timing. These functions are best performed by electronic engine controls and three-way-catalyst technology. These technologies will also reduce the need for carburetor adjustments and tampering. Indications are that by the mid- or late-1980's, over half the cars in use will have some form of electronic controls. Although these systems are designed to be highly reliable and not to require servicing, manufacturers are now training service technicians, developing electronic diagnostic testers, and providing for modular replacement of control components. Besides fuel economy, other benefits from electronic engine control include improved starting and driving performance, and air quality, which obviates the need for the recently mandated inspection programs. The new technology will also result in increased tune-up and carburetor business for service establishments which can diagnose electronic control problems. Capital requirements for the necessary equipment may result in additional business for larger firms and dealers. As the electronic control systems outlive the warranty period, a new specialty establishment may emerge. If diagnostic equipment is tied to a single automobile manufacturer, independent service organizations will suffer and the advantage of free competition will be lost. Two options for anticipating and minimizing impacts of emerging technologies are expansion of the regulatory analysis review, and the interagency review process directed specifically at the identification and study of these questions. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Electronic control KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Regulations KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393040 AU - Popovich, F T AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND THE FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - A review of some activities in the major industries supplying the automotive sector during the past seven years indicates some rapid and imaginative responses to a rapidly shifting market: development of lighter weight, high-strength steels that are easy to form and weld, and of corrosion-resistant steels (zinc coated and prepainted); development of lightweight aluminum alloys and maintenance-free batteries; new applications of plastics; development of corrosion-resistant coatings for zinc and thin-wall, lightweight zinc castings; development of longer lasting tires with increased tread wear, more effective lubricants, and water-based paints (eliminating air-polluting solvents); and development of thinner and lighter high-strength glass. New products include catalytic converters, turbochargers, fuel injection systems, electronic monitoring and control systems, and new families of diesel engines. Apparent future trends include weight changes; the mix of lighter trucks and buses (less than 10,000 lbs.) is getting heavier and the mix of heavier trucks and buses is getting lighter. The passenger car continues to get lighter. Electric vehicles could represent 3% of the 1985 passenger car market. Elimination of the spare tire will reduce tire needs. More trucks as well as passenger cars will be diesel powered. Passenger car engines will be smaller, with fewer cylinders. Turbochargers will supplement smaller gasoline and diesel engines in cars and trucks. Smaller front-wheel drive vehicles will increase on the domestic market and foreign manufacturers will establish a U.S. base. Items to be phased out include catalytic converters, spark plugs, and zinc-coated steel. Overall, there is a substantial decline in materials required to produce the 1985 car, with weight reduced 12%. A 65% share of the vehicle market is predicted for passenger cars in 1985, vs. 74% in 1978 and 83% in 1971. On the other hand, additional regulations to be implemented (passive restraints, noise control, and component and material quality standards) will add weight to future passenger cars. KW - Automobile industry KW - Regulations KW - Suppliers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393047 AU - Claybrook, J AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - REGULATION AND INNOVATION IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Stimuli for innovation within the automotive industry are discussed under the following types: internal stimuli, market structure, inventions, independent research, public expectations or crises, and government regulation. These forces influence the rate of auto industry innovation, as well as its focus, and often interact dynamically. The U.S. automakers have had little internal stimulus since the 1920's for development of motor vehicle innovations, particularly ones concerned with health and safety. In the last decade, Federal regulation has had a substantial influence on the priorities and the performance of the auto industry. Federal regulatory programs on safety, fuel economy, and emissions are stimulating a new level of product innovation. Future trends in auto industry innovation are discussed, including the negative effect of an overall reduction in government resources committed to civilian research and development, and high inflation rates. In conclusion, it is emphasized that a distinction must be made between innovation that is needed to foster consumer health and safety and that which merely refines technology. It is also stated that innovation becomes more necessary as time expands the gap between the growth of problems and the technology available to solve them. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Health KW - Innovation KW - Markets KW - Regulations KW - Safety factors KW - Technology KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393054 AU - FINKELSTEIN, M M AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - CONSUMER SAFETY INFORMATION AS A GOVERNMENT POLICY TOOL PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The consumer's attitude toward automobile safety information is discussed. Various surveys have found that the consumer is concerned about motor vehicle safety, that he has a good understanding of technology for improving safety and that he has a desire for additional safety information. Title II of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act authorizes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to provide public information on the comparative performance of automobiles with respect to crashworthiness, damageability, and ease of maintenance. This information can dispel the notion that all cars within a class are equally safe. With the defect investigations of the Ford Pinto (fuel tank fire hazard) and the Firestone 500 tire, as well as the unacceptable rating by Consumer Union of the Chrysler Omni/Horizon because of poor handling, it was found that a perceived lack of safety costs sales. Automakers respond to consumer behavior in their advertising. It is urged that NHTSA develop a meaningful rating system which will enable the consumer to impose a positive pressure on the industry to improve safety. The data must be presented in an easily understood format, without being meaningless or misleading. The consumer must be told how the information was developed and the magnitudes of differences among automobiles. The measurement and understanding of consumer attitudes are central to the development of crashworthiness ratings. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Defects KW - Government policies KW - Information dissemination KW - Policy KW - Ratings KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393043 AU - WILKINS, M AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - MULTINATIONAL AUTOMOBILE ENTERPRISES AND REGULATION: AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW PY - 1980 SP - 38 p. AB - An historical perspective is provided of the internationalization of the automobile industry and the regulatory environment in which it has evolved. Today, the auto industry consists primarily of multinational enterprises that have foreign investments in manufacturing, assembly, selling, and servicing. The industry is discussed in the following time frames: pre-World War I, the inter-war years, 1945 to 1970, and recent times (1968-1978). Whether in the U.S. or abroad, government regulations of various kinds have had, and will continue to have, an important influence on the industry. National regulations imposed on an international industry seem inevitable, yet anachronistic. Regulations governing safety, pollution, and especially energy, have a new and imposing impact on a thoroughly multinational industry, and the spectre of varying forms of trade restraint seems bound to create distortions in international markets. KW - Automobile industry KW - Cooperation KW - History KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Markets KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393044 AU - Pearce, M C AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION IN THE WORLD AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Worldwide market changes in the auto industry in the 1960's are discussed in terms of the characteristics of the well-established manufacturing centers in the U.S. and in Western Europe and of the emerging Japanese industry. At that time, market requirements were the main forces determining international competition, although changes were taking place that would have much more significance in the 1970's. Government policy is discussed as an emerging factor in the auto industry in the 1970's. Specifically examined are the role of the government as legislator in the U.S., as owner in Western Europe, as promoter in Japan, and as initiator in developing countries. The various government policies in different countries have a profound impact on international competition, and they encourage the leading automobile manufacturers to develop strategies which maximize the opportunities and minimize the threats of government action in various markets. It is questioned whether the U.S. government will be able to continue as legislator without resorting to some form of protection for its auto industry, and whether other governments will implement environmental, safety, and fuel economy measures similar to those in the U.S. It is concluded that no single government can act independently without serious international consequences for domestic economic development and employment. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Cooperation KW - Government policies KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Markets KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393060 AU - BARKER, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MULTIPLEXED LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY) DRIVER INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR USE WITH LOW COST MICROCOMPUTERS PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - A general-purpose LCD (liquid crystal display) driver chip set employing a 2/3 multiplexing scheme is presented. Mask programmable options of either four or three common backplanes are provided. A master/slave approach is employed to yield a more optimum system expansion of frontplanes. Temperature tracking of LC threshold shift can readily be implemented off chip. Internal clock timing can be generated by either an on-board oscillator circuit or an external clock source. The chip set will be capable of operating over a 3 to 6 volt range at temperatures from -40 to plus 85 degrees C. The maximum frame rate will be limited to 250 Hz. These operating parameters should ensure a wide range of applications. KW - Integrated circuits KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Microcomputers KW - Multiplexing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391862 AU - Johnson, D B AU - Huston, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF THE BEHAVIOR OF ARTICULATED RECREATIONAL VEHICLES WITH EITHER FIXED OR POSITION CONTROL OF STEERING PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - The use of a subset of the complete equations of motion to determine the lateral stability of an articulated vehicle is considered. It is shown that, with fixed steering, the path of the vehicle diverges from the nominal path even when each eigenvalue associated with the subset of equations has a negative real part. A linear steering law is introduced which is shown to be effective in controlling the path of the vehicle. Critical speed is significantly affected by the addition of steering control. With control, speed can be higher, lower, or about the same as it is without control. Four different articulated vehicles are treated; the powered vehicle in each case represents a mid-size American car, and the towed vehicles represent utility, boat, travel, and horse trailers. Trailer swing oscillations for the controlled system can be more pronounced, less pronounced, or about the same as those for the system with fixed steering. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Critical speed KW - Critical velocity KW - Equations KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391863 AU - Huston, J C AU - Johnson, D B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF THE NORMAL FORCE DEPENDENCE OF CORNERING STIFFNESS ON THE LATERAL STABILITY OF RECREATIONAL VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - A study of tire cornering stiffness makes use of Bergman's quadratic expression relating cornering stiffness and normal load by correlating tire test data from four different sources. This quadratic expression, as well as linear and constant approximations of it, are used in lateral stability analyses of a car and of a car/trailer system. It is shown that the change in cornering stiffness with normal load significantly affects critical speed. Parameters other than cornering stiffness also change with changes in normal loads: e.g. roll steer, aligning torque, and camber stiffness. These variations may have to be included in order to obtain valid lateral stability information. KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Critical speed KW - Critical velocity KW - Equations KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391859 AU - Zellner, J W AU - Weir, D H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTORCYCLE BRAKING TEST PROCEDURES AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Motorcycle braking test procedures and results are presented from an experiment made to quantify motorcycle accident avoidance qualities. Both straight line and combined cornering and braking maneuvers were used. Test conditions included various initial speeds, turn radii, surface skid numbers, and levels of braking effort for two instrumented motorcycles. The effect of braking on transient yaw response in turns is demonstrated. Overall, the results show that repeatable safety related response and performance measures can be obtained using the prescribed procedures with expert test riders. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle responses KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391855 AU - BERNARD, J E AU - Vanderploeg, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATIC AND DYNAMIC OFFTRACKING OF ARTICULATED VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Although offtracking has been considered as a low speed phenomenon, amenable to analysis via small mechanical models or straightforward calculations, this paper views offtracking from a high speed as well as a low speed vantage point. A mathematical model with one degree of freedom is used to show that there is a speed, well within the routine driving range and independent of radius, at which there will be no offtracking in a steady turn. At higher speeds the trailer will track outside the steady turn circle, and at lower speeds, inside the steady turn circle. The analysis indicates similar behavior in a lane change maneuver; small offtracking was found to occur at the steady turn zero-offtracking speed, and larger offtracking was found to occur at both higher and lower speeds. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Lane changing KW - Mathematical models KW - Offtracking KW - Speed KW - Trailers KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391867 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES, NON-COMMERCIAL COLLISION COVERAGES. VARIATIONS BY MAKE AND SERIES: VANS, PICKUPS AND UTILITY VEHICLES; 1979 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, 1978 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST TWO YEARS PY - 1980 SP - 37 p. AB - Variations in frequency and size of collision coverage claims for damage to 1978 and 1979 model year vans, pickups, and utility vehicles are documented, based on data supplied by nine insurers (Aetna Life and Casualty, Allstate, GEICO, Kemper, Nationwide, Prudential, State Farm, Travelers, and USAA). The total exposure examined for 1978 vehicles was over 700,000 insured vehicle years; for 1979 vehicles, it was over 200,000. Utility vehicles had the highest average loss payments per insured vehicle year and vans had the lowest. Within each vehicle type, there was great variation in the average loss payments for individual makes and models. For each vehicle type and model year, the highest average loss payment per claim was approximately double the lowest average. Appendices contain descriptions of the sources and nature of the data; data analysis methods and definitions; a complete list of the vehicle series designations by class, make, and series; and detailed claim frequency and average loss payment per claim tables. A list of other Highway Loss Data Institute research reports is provided. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391856 AU - Taylor, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NONLINEAR STABILITY AND RESPONSE OF CAR-TRAILER COMBINATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The technique of quasilinearization (describing function analysis) is used to study the effects of saturation of lateral tire force based on the traditional slip law concept in car-trailer combinations. The dynamic slip angle is shown to be greater than the trailer angle, due to trailer swing velocity. Thus nonlinear results are important even for small displacements. Significant changes in frequency and damping ratio from linear values are shown for the transient response of a one degree of freedom model. It is shown that the forced response is of the classical left-leaning softening type, with jump/drop phenomenon; a two degree of freedom model has a very small amplitude limit cycle for operation above the critical velocity; and conversely, a three degree of freedom model has no stable limit cycle above the critical velocity. Thus, response above critical velocity appears to be unbounded. An unstable limit cycle encloses the stable part of the equilibrium solution, providing a possibility for unbounded response below critical velocity. KW - Critical speed KW - Critical velocity KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391858 AU - Kane, T R AU - Fossman, R G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TIRE ROADWAY INTERACTION PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - An experimental investigation was undertaken to discover which one of a number of postulated tire-roadway interaction laws is best suited for the prediction of vehicle behavior. Motion of the rear assembly of a motorcycle was studied when the frame was constrained to rotate about a fixed vertical axis while the wheel was in contact with a moving belt. This led to plots of frame angle versus time that could be compared with corresponding plots produced by using four analytical models of tire-roadway interaction (coulomb friction, modified coulomb friction, classical slip law, and modified classical slip law). The first model was found to match the experimental data better than the other models. KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Rolling contact KW - Slippage KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391865 AU - University of Western Ontario TI - UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO MULTI-DISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT RESEARCH TEAM. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT, APRIL 1, 1979 TO MARCH 31, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 134 p. AB - Multidisciplinary accident investigation case study results are presented for four motor vehicle accidents which occurred within the jurisdictions of the London, (Ontario) Police Force and District No. 2 of the Ontario Provincial Police. The accident types were: dump truck ran-off-road/rollover, car ran-off-road/rollover/fixed-object collision, Two-car head-on collision, and fire truck-ambulance L-type collision. For each accident, a resume, accident site diagram, case summary, and observations are provided. The case summary lists information under the following headings: identification, ambience, highway, traffic controls, vehicles, occupants, description (pre-crash, crash, and post-crash phases), and causal factors. Also included are 33 defect investigation report summaries, four special investigation report summaries, and 28 preliminary bus accident report summaries. A chronological listing is given of seminars, training sessions, police liaison, and public relations activities in which the University of Western Ontario Multi-Disciplinary Accident Research Team has participated in this reporting period. Appended are maps of the accident study area, an annotated Abbreviated Injury Scale, and the SAE Collision Deformation Classification. KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391854 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECREATIONAL VEHICLE DYNAMICS PY - 1980 SP - 102 p. AB - Ten studies are presented of recent research results on the kinematics, dynamics, stability, and control of wheeled recreational vehicles, with special emphasis on car-trailer systems. Topics discussed include the static and dynamic off-tracking of articulated vehicles; nonlinear effects in the stability of car-trailer systems; the dynamics of steady-state turning of car-trailer systems; and handling characteristic diagrams of vehicle systems. The variation of cornering stiffness with normal load and its effect upon lateral stability of wheeled recreational vehicles is also discussed, as well as the effect of steering control on the lateral stability of towed vehicles. Additional studies include the use of the understeer/oversteer gradient in quantifying the maximum hitch loads for trailer towing; braking and simultaneous braking and cornering of motorcycles; and tire-roadway interaction. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Offtracking KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Rolling contact KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391849 AU - Solar Energy Research Institute TI - FUEL FROM FARMS. A GUIDE TO SMALL-SCALE ETHANOL PRODUCTION PY - 1980 SP - 163 p. AB - The current status of on-farm fermentation ethanol production is presented, with an overview of some technical and economic factors. Tools such as decision and planning worksheets and a sample business plan are provided. Production information is given on raw materials, system components, and operational requirements. The information is applied to the design of a representative small-scale fermentation ethanol production plant, with an output of 25 gal of anhydrous ethanol/hr. This representative plant is intended to serve as a model from which an actual facility can be designed, built, and operated. Appendices provide a description of current Federal and state regulations and legislation concerning fermentation ethanol production; information on plant licensing and bonding requirements enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; discussion of environmental considerations for on-farm production of ethanol; reference data and charts; a list of resource people and organizations; a bibliography; and a glossary. KW - Economics KW - Ethanol KW - Production KW - Regulations KW - Small business UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391860 AU - Eke, F O AU - Kane, T R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NONLINEAR STUDY OF THE STEADY-STATE TURNING BEHAVIOR OF CAR-TRAILER SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The equations governing the steady-state turning behavior of car-trailer systems are derived without linearization in any of the motion variables and with full consideration of lateral and longitudinal load transfer. The wheel-roadway interaction forces are expressed as nonlinear functions of tire slip angles. The resulting system of variously nonlinear and transcendental equations is solved numerically for a specific vehicle system, and the principal results are condensed into a carpet plot, which can be used as a handling diagram. KW - Equations KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Trailers KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391861 AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE HITCH LOAD BOUNDARIES FOR TRAILER TOWING PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - An analytically based approach to specifying a maximum allowable hitch load for passenger cars pulling trailers is presented. The change in tow car steady-state directional stability, i.e., understeer, is the basis for the specification. This handling parameter is a function of hitch load, lateral acceleration, tow car to trailer weight ratio, and the amount of load leveling applied by a Class III hitch. Using these variables, an allowable hitch load range was defined as that which would insure positive tow car understeer up to and including 0.3 g cornering. Over 50 combination-vehicle configurations (using three tow car sizes and eight trailers) were then tested in order to validate and revise the analytical boundaries. Based on these results, a tow car stability criterion derived from maximum hitch load considerations appears a valid format for the trailer user and/or manufacturer. It is recommended that in cases where the manufacturer's maximum hitch load is smaller than the criterion, the manufacturer's limit be given precedence. KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391840 AU - Wertz, J L AU - Heitman, P W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTING THE RELIABILITY OF CERAMIC TURBINE COMPONENTS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - General Motors' Detroit Diesel Allison is developing ceramic hot flow path components for application to small vehicular industrial gas turbine engines. A key program element is the development of an appropriate methodology for predicting component reliability. Fast fracture design analysis procedures applicable to brittle material structures have been devised to predict the average performance of a blade attachment coupon (test sample). Coupon failure originates from a localized region of predicted peak stress and defects initiating failure in coupons control the strength of qualification MOR test specimens. The average failure speed of spin coupons is shown to be within 1.6% of the predicted value. Experimental results clearly establish the validity of design procedures. Methods used to obtain and analyze material strength characteristics, finite element modeling, blade coupon reliability computations, blade coupon spin test results, and failure testing are summarized. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Forecasting KW - Gas turbines KW - Performance KW - Performance analysis KW - Reliability KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391857 AU - Tesar, D AU - Matthew, G K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW COUPLING HITCH FOR CAR-TRAILER COMBINATIONS WHICH ELIMINATES SWAYING PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A new trailer hitch is described which effectively removes the dangerous yaw oscillation between car and trailer. The device is a simple linkage which places the "virtual" hitch point at the center of mass of the towing vehicle, decoupling the fundamental mode of energy interchange between the two vehicles and greatly increasing the overall safe speed of operation. Experimental evidence shows that this new coupling passively desensitizes the system from driver error or from poor loading procedures. Even under the worst operational conditions, the system remained stable at very high speeds (80 mph). A brief review of the literature provides additional analytical verification of these results. The device can be mass produced in different sizes and several different geometries for different applications. KW - Hitches KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Swaying KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391864 AU - Kurtz, E F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HANDLING-CHARACTERISTICS SIMULATIONS OF CAR-TRAILER SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - Two theoretical models are described for simulating the handling characteristics of automobiles towing trailers. These models are similar except that one excludes roll dynamically and has only four degrees of freedom, and the other includes roll dynamically and has six degrees of freedom. Both models are extensively validated by comparing digital-computer results obtained from them with experimental data obtained by Systems Technology, Inc. Both models yielded excellent simulations of measurements of handling characteristics, the model with six degrees of freedom being slightly superior. The most important conclusion of the study is that excellent simulations of handling characteristics of car-trailer systems can be obtained with a model having only four degrees of freedom. The study includes a sensitivity analysis to indicate the importance of certain effects included in the models, such as aerodynamic forces, lateral tire flexibility, load-transfer device, nonlinearities, and roll-steer. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Simulation KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391476 AU - WILLIAMS, A E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HOSES--CONVENIENT, CAPABLE CONVEYORS FOR CONVEYANCES (AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS) PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The partnership between the elastomeric hose industry and the automotive industry is discussed, acknowledging the contributions of the various Society of Automotive Engineers' groups which are concerned with hose material and/or performance standards. Attributes of hoses that make them particularly valuable in automotive applications are enumerated: flexibility, resistance to environmental degradation, extensibility and compressibility, resistance to fatigue under flexure, vibration dampening, sound absorption, ability to be preformed into various configurations, and versatility in manufacturing methods. The versatility of the hose is attributed not only to the elastomer but also to its reinforcing materials (textile fibers, metallic wires, plastic monofilaments). Two representative automotive applications, coolant and fuel/emission hoses, are discussed. Challenges are addressed which face the elastomeric hose industry in providing suitable products to meet changes in automotive performance requirements. KW - Automobile industry KW - Elastomers KW - Hoses KW - Materials KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391490 AU - Mercure, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARISON OF GAS TURBINE CONCEPTS PROPOSED FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - One program sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) is reported, involving advanced gas turbines suitable for automobiles with high fuel economy, low exhaust gas emissions, and the ability to operate on alternative fuels. In government-supported research and development in automotive gas turbines dating back to 1972, two contracts were awarded in late 1979. The DOE program is aimed at providing fuel economy 30% above a 1984 automobile powered with a conventional spark ignition engine; exhaust gas and noise emissions meeting strict Federal standards; capability of burning alternate and nonpetroleum fuels; and ability to be mass-produced in the early 1980's. The AiResearch/Ford contract team has proposed a single-shaft gas turbine using high-temperature ceramic components. A drive train using a split-path differential reduction gear and a variable stator torque converter coupled to a production four-speed transmission (fourth gear ratio of 0.67) will be developed in conjunction with the engine. The power train, to be designed for a 1984 Ford rear-wheel drive automobile similar to the 1980 Fairmont, is expected to achieve a combined EPA fuel economy of 36 mpg. Salient features of the engine include minimum case temperature and heat loss, symmetrical ceramic components, variable compressor inlet guide vanes, air-lubricated foil bearing at the hot end, and variable combustor geometry based on a design proven to have low emissions. The General Motors' Detroit Diesel Allison/Pontiac Division contract team has proposed an automotive gas turbine with a power train to be designed for a 1984 Pontiac Phoenix front-wheel drive automobile. Fuel economy comparable to the Ford Fairmont (36 mpg) is expected when operating on similar fuel. Key elements of the General Motors project which required development are small ceramic components, low flow/variable geometry/efficient aerodynamic components, and affordability as a production design. Selected design concepts resulting from study contracts preceding the advanced gas turbine program are noted. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automobiles KW - Ceramic materials KW - Design KW - Development KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gas turbines KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Mass production KW - Noise control KW - Power trains KW - Production KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391472 AU - Lowman, M M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EVOLUTION OF MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR RUBBER (NON-TIRE) PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - A brief history is presented of the development of rubber material specifications for molded, extruded, and lathe cut products. This includes the philosophies of the writing committees as well as the thought processes leading to the SAE J200 (Society of Automotive Engineers)-ASTM D2000 (American Society for Testing and Materials) classification system. Conversion of the system to ISO (International Standards Organization) units is described. KW - History KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Rubber KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391473 AU - Groothuis, I A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF AUTOMOTIVE BELTS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - A brief history is provided of the development of engine accessory and camshaft drive belts, and future automotive belt trends are indicated. Early and current designs (flat, V-, wedge, V-ribbed, synchronous, and variable-speed) are described and illustrated, and materials evolution traced (leather, cloth, rubber, synthetic rubber compounds, rayon, and polyester). Appended are copies of the first SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) standards for fan belts and pulleys (1915) and V-belts (1922), and a 1937 revision to the 1915 standard eliminating the flat belt. For the automobile of the future, the variable-speed, V-ribbed, and synchronous belts will supply the power transmission requirement. There will be an increase in the use of cord fibers that are more stable to heat such as rayon, glass, or new Aramid fibers. KW - Belt drives KW - Design KW - History KW - Materials KW - Standards KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391486 AU - Carriere, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS FOR A PASSENGER CAR SINGLE SHAFT GAS TURBINE ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - Schematics, efficiency curves, and a brief discussion are employed to describe 20 possible transmission concepts for a passenger car powered by a single-shaft gas turbine engine. This type of engine requires a continuously-variable-ratio transmission to permit engine operation at efficient peak cycle temperatures for all power levels, while operating over a limited speed range of approximately 50% speed at idle to 100% speed at full power. Possible transmission concepts are analyzed, including currently available and new gearboxes and various speed variators (fixed and variable stator torque converters, hydromechanical systems, traction drives, slip clutches, and belt drives). It is concluded that differential split power traction drive concepts provide the best overall efficiency across the transmission speed ratio range. Substituting a variable stator torque converter for the traction drive provides high peak efficiency and permits eventual substitution of a developed traction unit. Hydromechanical concepts (Tri-Mode and Orshansky), are excellent in efficiency but may be noisy and costly. Two-shaft or free-power turbine arrangements are conventional, complex, and costly, and may have temperature limitations. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Gas turbines KW - Transmissions KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391487 AU - SHIH, S AU - Trachman, E G AU - Kemper, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE VADETEC INERTIAL DRIVELINE PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A novel driveline arrangement, based on a continuously-variable-ratio mechanical transmission and a strategy for controlling the power train, is discussed. Developed by the Vadetec Corporation, the inertial driveline differs from a conventional power train only in that the engine flywheel is on the opposite side of the clutch and an on-board microprocessor has been added. The flywheel is about two or three times as thick as a conventional flywheel and has about the same diameter. The microprocessor senses required engine power and speeds and can set the throttle opening, vary the transmission ratio, control the clutch, and shut off the engine in response to inputs. When selecting a continuously-variable transmission to use in the inertial driveline, a choice must be made that balances the efficiency level attainable and the transmission speed range. Tests with a 2800-lb, 90-horsepower, four-cylinder, fuel-injected engine showed that the Vadetec inertial driveline significantly improves automobile efficiency under city driving conditions. With a conventional driveline under these conditions, fuel is wasted because the engine is not operating at maximum efficiency; kinetic energy is lost during deceleration and braking; and fuel is consumed during idling when the vehicle is stopped. A continuously-variable transmission with a very wide speed-ratio range is highly desirable in the inertial driveline, even if efficiency must be compromised somewhat. Vehicle performance simulation of the inertial driveline demonstrates a 44% mileage rating improvement over the same vehicle equipped with a conventional driveline. Information on the Vadetec Nutating Traction Drive is appended. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Drivelines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Flywheels KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391470 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Department of Energy AU - American Petroleum Institute TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, SUMMER 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 84 p. AB - Analytical data are presented from 2401 samples of motor gasoline collected from service stations throughout the U.S. The samples represent products of 48 large and small companies which produce and supply gasoline. The following data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts (a map included): gravity, sulfur, gum, benzene, lead, research (R) and motor (M) method octane numbers, antiknock (octane) index ((R plus M)/2), Reid vapor pressure, calculated data for vapor-liquid ratio of 20, and distillation characteristics. Charts are presented which indicate trends of selected motor fuel properties since 1949. Octane distribution percent charts are presented for the four areas (Eastern and Gulf Coast, Central, Mountain, and Western states) for unleaded, regular, and premium grades. The antiknock index averages of gasolines sold in the U.S. were 88.6, 89.3, and 93.7, respectively, for unleaded, regular, and premium grades. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Chemical analysis KW - Data KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Properties of materials KW - Samples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391475 AU - Gatcomb, G L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIAPHRAGMS; PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE (AUTOMOTIVE AND AIRCRAFT INDUSTRIES) PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - A brief history is provided of the use of diaphragm-actuated devices in the automotive and aircraft industries. Although the early history (1900-1920) is difficult to trace, in the late 1920's, the diaphragm-equipped mechanical fuel pump was developed. After the introduction of neoprene in the early 1930's, the first fuel-resistant diaphragm based on this compound (with cotton substrate) was developed in 1935. In the early 1940's butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomers were introduced to meet the performance demands on military equipment. These elastomers for the first time offered a system that was resistant to aromatics and low temperatures. In this period, nylon became available as a replacement for cotton, offering high strength, low weight, and mildew resistance. An adhesive system was developed to marry the elastomers and nylon. The 1946-1960 period once again saw technical advances in elastomers (e.g. silicone, EPDM, polyacrylates) and fabrics (e.g. polyesters, aramides). It was also a period when fuel control devices were becoming more critical. Carburetors, ignition systems, transmissions, fuel pumps, and aircraft fuel controls were being designed to be more efficient and reliable; most of these devices are dependent on diaphragms. Advances were also made in the fabrication and utilization of diaphragms. The worldwide fuel situation is probably the most critical factor in determining the future of diaphragm materials; for example, characteristics of new fuel additives and gasohol must be better understood. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Automobile industry KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Elastomers KW - Equipment KW - Fabrication KW - History KW - Neoprene UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391477 AU - Horve, L A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN ELASTOMERIC RADIAL LIP SEAL PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The radial seal lip and its application are described. The evolution of seal design and material is traced from the early leather oil seals to the present hydrodynamic seals which provide sealing in either direction of rotation. The four families of materials commonly used today for lip seal elements are discussed in terms of their operating environments: nitrile, polyacrylics, silicones, and fluoroelastomers. Tetrafluoroethylene, a nonelastomeric material, is described as being resistant to most fluids and having a wide temperature range but being less able to follow shaft motion than other seal materials. A discussion of current seal design indicates that molded lip designs provide more control of the lip diameter and cross section than trimmed edge designs. Future seal designs and materials are indicated: seals to meet increased temperature demands of smaller powerplants, molded lip seals replacing trimmed lip designs, and upgrading of existing materials rather than development of new ones. KW - Cyanides KW - Design KW - Fluoroelastomers KW - Future concepts KW - History KW - Innovation KW - Materials KW - Nitriles KW - Polyacrylics KW - Polytetrafluoroethylene KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Silicones KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206844 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391463 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - BELT DRIVE TRANSMISSION GEARS UP FOR THE '80S PY - 1980 VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - p. 34-38 AB - An international consortium has been formed to develop, produce, and market a new continuously variable transmission (CVT) that is more efficient than the current stepped transmission. The principals in this venture are: van Doorne's Transmissie B.V. of Holland, whose founder invented this "Transmatic" transmission; Borg-Warner, a U.S. based corporation which is the world's largest independent producer of automotive transmissions; Fiat Auto Company of Italy which will soon introduce the new transmission; and the Dutch Federal government which has temporarily invested money in the project to provide jobs for workers in the Tilburg area where the "heart" of the system will be made. The CVT will eventually be assembled at B-W's Transmission Division in Letchworth, England. The basic mechanism of the CVT is a steel V-belt which runs between a variable-diameter driving pulley attached to the engine driveshaft and another variable-diameter driven pulley in the transmission. The switch from a rubber to a steel belt enabled a reduction in belt and pulley sizes. The ratio range in the present version is 4:1. Theoretically, CVT's enable an engine to run at its most efficient speed while driving the vehicle at many different speeds. The Transmatic provides improved fuel economy, estimated to be 14% to 20% higher than that for conventional automatic transmissions, as well as much greater smoothness. It is expected that the initial cost of the transmission will be comparable to present automatics and will decrease in time. The Transmatic is especially suitable for front-wheel drive cars because it provides a simple system for transmitting torque from the crankshaft to the differential. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Costs KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Front wheel drive KW - Fuel conservation KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391489 AU - WALZER, P AU - Meier-Grotrian, J AU - BUCHHEIM, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE VW-GT 150 (VOLKSWAGEN)--AN EXPERIMENTAL AUTOMOTIVE GAS TURBINE ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Development efforts by Volkswagen (VW) to make the gas turbine power plant competitive with the gasoline engine are described. An experimental automotive gas turbine engine, known as the VW-GT-150, has a two-shaft-type structure with regenerative air preheating and integrated reduction gear. The gasifier and power turbine operate in the power plant's longitudinal axis. The heat exchanger consists of two laterally-arranged regenerator discs. The engine is equipped with variable-inlet guide vanes for the compressor and variable nozzles for the power turbine, and is controlled by an electronic-hydraulic device. Overall power plant volume and weight compare with those of a gasoline engine having similar output. Components include the compressor with backswept blades and variable-inlet guide vane system, turbines with ceramic tip shrouds, the regenerator and flow distribution components, the combustion system with low exhaust gas emissions and multifuel capability, and the electronic control system. Engine test results are presented in terms of response behavior, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emission levels. The experimental vehicle is characterized with respect to driveability, fuel economy, multifuel capability, emissions, and noise. Future use of high temperature resistant materials is postulated. KW - Driveability KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experimental design KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Noise KW - Test results KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391478 AU - Muzechuk, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELASTOMERS FOR ENGINE MOUNTING DEVICES PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - A brief history of engine mounting devices is provided, illustrating early designs and reviewing the evolution of testing from simple material requirements to current small-amplitude dynamic testing of engine mounts. It is pointed out that the improved methods for determining ride performance (dynamic rate, damping coefficient) characteristics have allowed design engineers to take advantage of data generated by computer simulations of vehicles. Improvements in other areas are discussed: rubber-to-metal bonding, rubber compounding (introduction of new elastomers, enhancement of existing materials), and design principles. One major design development is the PLEB (Preloaded Engine Bushing) Mount. The basic concept is to provide precompression to the rubber during the assembly process. For the future, it is stated that front-wheel drive cars and smaller engines will continue to challenge mount engineers. Development goals for future mounting devices are listed, including the development of elastomers with stable characteristics over a wide range of operating conditions. KW - Design KW - Elastomers KW - Engine mounting devices KW - Engine mounts KW - Future concepts KW - History KW - Innovation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391488 AU - Kraus, C E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A TRANSAXLE DESIGN FOR A TRACTION CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - A continuously-variable transmission (CVT) with a transaxle traction design is reported. The CVT will improve fuel economy of an internal combustion engine by 30% to 50%. Many of its advantages remain when used in electric cars, and the CVT is practically essential for flywheel or hybrid vehicles. A transaxle traction CVT can be built by combining positive drive to each wheel and eliminating a separate differential. It is estimated that a CVT will cost less than a four-speed or five-speed manual gearbox plus differential and considerably less than other automatic and differential combinations. Except at very light loads, the transaxle traction CVT's efficiency averages at least 92% throughout the transmission ratio range. A ratio range of 9 to 1 is easily available without regeneration or multimoding gears. Shock loading capacity and maintenance-free life can exceed present transmission designs. Performance and efficiency advantages of the transaxle traction CVT are obtainable almost independent of power source or rating, car weight, and hybrid configuration. For electric vehicles, the design allows high performance with phase-controlled A.C. motors or field-controlled D.C. motors; armature choppers are not needed. Size and weight of the transaxle traction CVT are about the same as those of existing automotive design. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel conservation KW - Performance KW - Traction KW - Transaxles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390972 AU - Reilly, W R AU - Kell, J H AU - Fullerton, I J AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF URBAN STREETS. TECHNOLOGY SHARING REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 508 p. AB - The report on design of urban streets was prepared as the participant's notebook for a four and a half day training course of the same title which has been conducted for a number of Federal, state, and local agencies. The report provides practical, state-of-the-art information to aid in design and operation of streets and highways, with emphasis on functional, operational, and safety aspects of design which apply to minor design revisions as well as to major reconstruction and new construction. Following an introduction containing a general course description, objectives, organization and materials, schedule, and procedures, the following topics are covered: the conceptual approach to urban street design; planning the urban street system; traffic studies; capacity and maximizing techniques; street and intersection design elements; freeway interchange elements; traffic signal design and operations; roadway illumination; traffic signs and marking; pedestrian and bicycle facilities; transit and high occupancy vehicles; and other design considerations. Social and economic impacts of design are reviewed, as well as environmental factors and assessments, evaluation of alternatives, preparation and review of preconstruction documents, contract administration, and management of urban street programs. A course summary and evaluation form are provided. KW - Administration KW - Bikeways KW - City planning KW - Environmental impacts KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Management KW - Pedestrians KW - Road markings KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - State of the art studies KW - Street design KW - Street intersections KW - Street lighting KW - Streets KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391461 AU - Hunt, H D AU - National Telecommunications and Information Admin TI - SIMULATION MODELING OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS) TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 164 p. AB - The application of fundamental computer simulation techniques to the planning and evaluation of an emergency medical services (EMS) system was studied, in order to assist local communication managers and planners in designing, modifying and evaluating their EMS telecommunication system to support the goals and objectives of their EMS system. Assuming time to be a critical EMS system variable, the study examines the time variable by dividing the EMS system functions into nine major processes, which are then factored with flow charts into subprocesses for further analysis. The computer simulation language used is the General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS), a block-diagram language designed to accommodate the discrete nature of the EMS subprocesses. A minimum of user experience is required. A significant bibliography is included. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Simulation KW - Telecommunications KW - Time KW - Time factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391471 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF AUTOMOTIVE ELASTOMER APPLICATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 46 p. AB - Seven papers are compiled on the use of elastomers in the automotive industry. Brief histories are presented of the following: material specifications for rubber (non-tire), automotive belts, the automotive gasket industry, diaphragm-actuated devices in the automotive and aircraft industries, the elastomeric hose industry, the elastomeric radial lip seal, and elastomers for engine mounting devices. KW - Automobile industry KW - Belt drives KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Elastomers KW - Engine mounting devices KW - Engine mounts KW - Gaskets KW - History KW - Hoses KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Rubber KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391474 AU - Brown, D S AU - Gordon, A L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOTIVE GASKET INDUSTRY PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - The application of gaskets in the automotive industry and gasket materials' evolution are reviewed. The primary function of the gasket is to seal oils, fuels, and coolants within and to keep contaminants and air out of engines and other driveline and associated components. Materials used for gasketing have included cork, paper (untreated and treated), rubber, asbestos, steel, copper, aluminum, and plastics. The 1977 Census of Manufacturers is cited to indicate the rapid growth of the gasket industry in recent years; shipments of gaskets, and packing and sealing devices rose 87% between 1972 and 1977. Profiles are presented of 13 major manufacturers and fabricators of gaskets and gasket materials. Continuing efforts to develop a classification system for gasket materials and test methods are described, specifically those of the Society of Automotive Engineers and the American Society for Testing and Materials. The future of the gasket industry is discussed, including two new gasketing concepts (silicone rubber compounds that vulcanize at room temperature when exposed to air, and the anaerobic gasket which cures in the absence of air), and the search for materials to replace asbestos in gaskets (because of its health risk). KW - Anaerobic processes KW - Automobile industry KW - Classification KW - Future concepts KW - Gaskets KW - History KW - Innovation KW - Materials KW - Silicones KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391484 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED GAS TURBINE SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1980 SP - 89 p. AB - Automotive gas turbine development history is summarized in an introduction, and comments on development problems and potential are offered. Consideration is given to the work of Chrysler, General Motors, Ford, American Motors, and manufacturers outside the United States (Volkswagen, United Turbine/Volvo, Noel Penny Turbines, Nissan Motors, Toyota, and Daimler Benz). Department of Energy regulations on gas turbines are examined, and attention is paid to aerodynamic efficiency, cooling schemes, and transmission developments. Seven papers focus on the following topics: an automatic transmission for automotive gas turbine power plants; transmission concepts for a passenger car single-shaft gas turbine engine; the Vadetec inertial driveline; a transaxle design for a traction continuously-variable automobile transmission; the Volkswagen GT-150 as an experimental automotive gas turbine engine; a comparison of gas turbine concepts proposed for automobiles; and a methodology for predicting the reliability of ceramic turbine components. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobiles KW - Ceramic materials KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Cooling KW - Development KW - Drivelines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Gas turbines KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transmissions KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391485 AU - Polak, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FOR AUTOMOTIVE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - In a concentrated government-industry effort to develop an automotive gas turbine power plant as an alternative to spark ignition engines, General Motors has been awarded a 68-month contract to develop an automotive gas turbine. The delivery of a fully-developed power plant in a Pontiac Phoenix front-drive vehicle is scheduled during 1985 for test and evaluation by the Environmental Protection Agency. The goal is to incorporate near-term (five-year) technology capable of a 30% improvement over fuel economy projected for a comparable conventional 1984 automotive power plant. Maximum component efficiency at very low power levels is the key to overall system performance capable of this improvement. The selection between a new continuously-variable transmission or a conventional automatic transmission (CAT) calls for critical examination of the automotive driving cycle, specific fuel/power/speed characteristics of the gas turbine engine, and transmission subsystem performance and efficiency at very low power levels. It is shown that the four-speed CAT with converter clutch and multiple fixed-gear ratio selection provides two advantages: it exhibits maximum component efficiency at very low power levels, a requirement for maximum fuel economy over a 0-60 mph Federal driving cycle; and it permits the gas turbine power train to run near the best specific fuel consumption characteristics for road load speeds of 0-60 mph. The conventional torque converter automatic transmission, with present-day technology including converter clutch variable displacement pump, low output spin losses, and overdrive gearing, is the best transmission selection for the advanced ceramic two-shaft gas turbine engine. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Development KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gas turbines KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390498 AU - Tolhurst, N AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - RIDER EDUCATION POLICY PY - 1980 SP - 30 p. AB - Details are given of the four-year (1976-1979) evaluation of the rider education promotional campaign used by the Illinois Department of Transportation's Motorcycle Safety Program. Initial tasks included developing a month-by-month administrative plan and identifying the needed course sites, instructors, and dealerships. In the first season, 66 trained instructors, 26 sites, and 122 cycles were recruited. The promotional effort was then directed to the general public to fill the 50 scheduled novice courses. A multifaceted attack was designed to include posters, brochures, 24-hr. telephone "hotline," radio, TV, direct mailings, community college catalogs, "T" shirts, racetrack announcements, signs on the cycle trailer (a "rolling billboard"), the Northern Illinois University catalog, and word-of-mouth advertising. All these methods contributed to full enrollment and the success of the program. In 1977, the publicity and registration system was streamlined to make enrollment as simple and convenient as possible. An internal evaluation system for the promotional methods was incorporated in 1978, as well as newly designed posters to lower costs and simplify enrollment. These methods were used again in 1979, and more emphasis was placed upon national exposure in motorcycle publications. In the three years of operation, the publicity campaign has produced steadily increasing registrations, average class size, and advanced bookings. In 1979, the program trained 1189 cyclists compared to 891 in 1977. KW - Advertising KW - Driver education KW - Mass media KW - Motorcyclists KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390499 AU - Truitt, R H AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - PUBLIC RELATIONS, ADVERTISING, AND THE GENERALIZED ICEBERG THEORUM (SIC) (MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE) PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Public relations (PR) is defined as a mind-changing technique used essentially to convince people to think differently about certain subjects. PR is directed at producing copy and materials to reach identified target audiences, and creating projects and plans to achieve a desired effect. It is pointed out that a PR firm's rational argument, in order to be effective, must make sense in terms of the individual's values and commitments. As an example, the approach used by the author's PR firm in a motorcycle helmet use campaign for the Motorcycle Safety Foundation is described. Press releases telling riders to wear helmets and presenting supportive reasons would not work. The approach has been to penetrate the consciousness of the public first by writing about the economic appeal of motorcycles (lower initial and maintenance costs and better fuel economy than cars). The next step has been to point out that many motorcyclists are novice riders, that half of all motorcycle accidents involve riders with less than six months' experience, and that the way to prevent accidents is to choose the right cycle, consider a rider course, and, of course, wear protective clothing. Many stories, pictures, and films have been released making a positive and useful connection between the message about helmets and other information desired by the viewers. Production of publicity materials attuned to current public attitudes is compared with the same firm's efforts to promote road and bridge improvement. A critical difference was found in the connotation of "highway" (negative) vs. "road" (positive). KW - Advertising KW - Helmets KW - Mass media KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Public relations KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390516 AU - Johnson, A F AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MOTORCYCLING SAFETY AND THE INDIVIDUAL RIDER (ONTARIO, CANADA) PY - 1980 SP - 30 p. AB - Motorcycle accident statistics (1957-1978) for Ontario, Canada are reviewed, with particular attention to the effects of compulsory countermeasures. Motorcycle numbers and types and rider population experience are considered and compared with statistics for other motor vehicle classes. Compulsory motorcyclist driving tests and licenses have contributed to a recent steady decline in the motorcycle accident rate. Compulsory safety helmets have resulted in a 16% decrease in the motorcyclist death rate. A law requiring daytime use of motorcycle lights was not found to have a significant effect on the accident rate. The lower accident rates may be related to fewer novice riders in the motorcyclist population. The risk of a motorcycle accident in Ontario is 36.4% lower than for all other motor vehicle accidents. The risk of being injured while riding a motorcycle is equivalent to that for driving a car, while the risk of death is 3.5 times greater. Statistics on convictions indicate a general disregard for traffic laws and a high incidence of alcohol use among motorcyclists. The Canadian Vintage Motorcycle Group and the Motorcycle Patrol of the Ontario Provincial Police (1931-1944 record) are cited as low-risk motorcyclist groups. A philosophy for safe and enjoyable motorcycling is discussed under the following headings: mental attitude, concentration, observation, anticipation, assessment, action and counteraction, technique, technical factors, and safety systems. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Driving tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390517 AU - Kawano, S AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ACTUAL STATUS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS IN JAPAN PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - The 1974-1978 trend in fatal two-wheeled vehicle (motorcycle, moped, bicycle) accidents in Japan is noted, followed by statistical details on 1978 accidents. Of over 2500 two-wheeler fatalities in 1978, 70% involved other vehicles. The accident type (single or multiple vehicle, pedestrian, railroad crossing) and type of vehicle-to-vehicle collision (e.g. head-on, rear-end) are shown. The culpability of the rider or motorist is indicated according to type of collision, type of two-wheeled vehicle, and type of four-wheeled vehicle. Rider statistics cover sex, age, age by vehicle type, and riding experience. Characteristic features are given for head-on, frontal, and side (for right and left turns) collisions. Two-wheeled vehicle accidents are discussed in terms of vehicle, road/traffic, and human factors, and countermeasures are indicated, including safer vehicles, improved conspicuity, and education. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Culpability KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390502 AU - Clark, A W AU - Prolisko, A AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - SOCIAL-ROLE CORRELATES OF DRIVING ACCIDENTS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - In the replication of a previous study (Clark, 1976), a Driver Role Scale once again discriminated between groups of young men in manual occupations with and without accident records. Extensions to the original study found that a Drink Scale and a Leisure Satisfaction Scale also discriminated between the groups, but a Conflicting Communications Scale and a Job Satisfaction Scale showed no difference between the groups. The results are consistent with a model that sees peers as critical role senders requiring drinking, driving, and risk taking. The conclusion is that young men involved in accidents, although not embedded is severely pathogenic social networks, are open to peer group influences that heighten their chances of being involved in accidents. This reinforces the view expressed previously that peer groups rather than the driver himself should be the target and medium for change in safety campaigns. The results can be generalized to motorcycle operation for several reasons: concentration of motorcycle ownership among younger men; a much higher rate of casualty accidents among motorcycles than cars, more than half the motorcyclist fatalities being males under 21; likelihood of young motorcyclists to be subjected to peer pressure to take risks; and likelihood of drinking and riding to be prevalent among young male motorcyclists. KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Motorcyclists KW - Peer groups KW - Peer pressure KW - Risk assessment KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390513 AU - Vanstrum, R C AU - Austin, R L AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - THE PASSIVE APPROACH TO GREATER CONSPICUITY--AN UPDATE ON REFLECTIVE TECHNOLOGY PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - Considerable evidence exists that inadequate visibility and conspicuity of motorcycles and their riders are contributing accident factors. Other than conspicuity (i.e. a measure of how soon a driver sees and reacts to an object), other important dimensions of visibility are recognizability and localizability. Passive devices (reflective motorcycle-rider surfaces), such as fluorescent red, orange, yellow, or yellow green colored materials are optimum during the day. At night, retroreflective sheeting or fabric as a trim to outline shape or as a full-area covering is recommended. The safety helmet and upper torso clothing (which can be reversible) are the prime areas for improving visibility. Motorcycle treatments and special panels/signs are less effective and less desirable in terms of durability and aesthetics, although reflective tires and reflectorization of registration plates are advantageous. Passive devices to enhance visibility are cost-effective from both a benefit-cost standpoint and as a form of low-cost insurance against unknown, uncontrolled risks. KW - Clothing KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Days KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Night KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390520 AU - Dart, O K AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MOTORCYCLE HELMET EFFECTIVENESS IN LOUISIANA PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Effective 1 October 1976, Louisiana's motorcycle helmet law was revised to exclude riders over 17 years of age; the original law (1968) applied to all motorcyclists. The first two years' experience under the revised law was examined to determine if the change had a significant effect on motorcyclist deaths and injuries. Motorcycle registrations increased 127% between 1968 and 1976; motorcycle accidents increased 34% between 1973 and 1978; and fatalities increased 133% between 1975 and 1978. Motorcycle helmet use decreased almost 50% in all accidents, and about 75% among fatalities, in the first two years after the law change. Only 22% of all fatalities wore helmets in 1978, and only 8% of those fatalities under 18 years of age were helmeted (a group supposedly protected by the law). There was a 45% increase in the motorcycle fatality rate in the two years. Severe head injuries were reported in about 65% of fatalities before and after the law was changed, but the fatal head injury rate was 10.5 per 1000 crash-involved riders before and 15.2 after the law change. In 1978, this rate was 8.8 per 1000 helmeted riders but 28.2 for nonhelmeted riders. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390510 AU - Olson, P L AU - Halstead-Nussloch, R AU - Sivak, M AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ENHANCING MOTORCYCLE AND MOPED CONSPICUITY PY - 1980 SP - 29 p. AB - A project was undertaken to determine the possibility of reducing the incidence of multi-vehicle motorcycle crashes by improving motorcycle/driver conspicuity. A crash data analysis, together with an analysis of other published studies, revealed the overinvolvement (relative to cars and trucks) of motorcycles in accidents in which the other vehicle is executing a maneuver across their path (generally a left turn). More than 30 conspicuity treatments were developed and demonstrated for subjective appraisal; a sample of these was selected for field evaluation. The countermeasures were evaluated by recording data on the gap acceptance behavior of unaware motorists in normal traffic. The results indicate that daytime conspicuity can most effectively be improved by use of fluorescent garments or steady or modulating lights. Nighttime conspicuity seems to be aided by use of retroreflective garments and running lights. Limited tests were also run with a moped, using a single treatment. While the results suggest a beneficial effect associated with the use of a fluorescent flag, the response characteristics of the automobile drivers were so much different for mopeds than for motorcycles that the evaluation method may not be appropriate for such slow-moving vehicles. KW - Clothing KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Gap acceptance KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Night KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390512 AU - Tratner, A A AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - REVIEW OF OPTIONS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE, AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR INCREASING MOTORCYCLE CONSPICUITY AND INCREASING PATH-OF-TRAVEL ILLUMINATION EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - Options available to the motorcycle owner, as well as original equipment and aftermarket products, are identified for improving forward illumination and conspicuity of motorcycles. Information was obtained from U.S. and foreign sources on such items as paint colors, auxiliary lighting equipment, reflective materials, and new motorcycle design for better conspicuity. On-the-market products (headlamps, auxiliary lights, taillights, turn indicators, reflectorized materials) were field tested to determine their relative effectiveness. Mandatory minimum standards suggested for street motorcycle lighting equipment are constant-on quartz-halogen main headlight (hi/low) with at least a 7-in. diameter lens; daytime modulated headlamp; constant-on combination turn signals and running lights with multiple direction lenses; four-way emergency flashers; frame or body panel mounted side running lights; side reflectors at fork, rear suspension, fenders; and reflectorized front and rear wheels (rims and/or spokes). Manufacturer and customer approved options for installation are dual main (hi/low) headlamps; auxiliary lamps (fog and driving); daylight lamps (yellow lens) front and rear; deceleration rate modulated stop lamps; mirror and/or handlebar end lights; and windshield perimeter edge fiber optics (glow edge). The most crucial area of research and development is automatic horizon/level compensation of main and auxiliary headlamps. KW - Headlamps KW - Motorcycles KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390519 AU - Winn, G L AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - THE NATURE OF THE REPRESENTATIVENESS AND ADEQUACY OF CURRENT MOTORCYCLE STATISTICS. SECOND REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 29 p. AB - The lack of representative and uniform statistical data on motorcycles due to differences among states in recording motorcycle statistics is addressed. Reliable data are essential to chart trends which will assist consumers, the government, and industry in pursuing motorcycle safety. Primary motorcycle data needs are outlined (registrations, accidents, fatalities, licensed operators), and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's assessment of each state's accident records system by means of the American National Standards Institute D-20 Standard is cited. Suggested improvements to the accident record system are mentioned (incorporation of driver violation/accident records, road design features, vehicle inspection results, and historical vehicle registration data). The possibility of training police in motorcycle data identification is noted. Secondary motorcycle data needs are outlined: exposure data (accidents by model year, per 10,000 vehicle registrations, and per million vehicle miles); information on motorcyclists (e.g. age, sex, driving experience and education, accident record) and motorcycle trips (e.g. origin/destination, road type, distance); weather data; and changes in motorcycles and their use (e.g. safety improvements, demographics, market changes). The interpretation of motorcycle data in safety evaluations is discussed; control groups and subject randomization are addressed, as well as pitfalls in using existing data. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Police KW - Registrations KW - Statistics KW - Training KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390521 AU - Liu, W J AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ANALYSIS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET TEST DATA FOR FMVSS (FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD) NO. 218 PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - Results are reviewed of motorcycle helmet compliance testing conducted by Southwest Research Institute and Dayton T. Brown, Inc. under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In all, 486 helmet models were tested, 74 from the pre-FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard) 218 period and 412 from the post-standard period. Performance was measured in terms of impact attenuation, penetration, and retention under four environmental conditions (ambient, low and high temperature, and water immersion). Helmet performance is compared for the pre-standard period (1971-1972) and for yearly subdivisions of the post-standard period (1974-1978); a simple pass/fail comparison scheme is applied. Passing rates of the helmet models were 12.2% for the pre-standard and 64.6% (overall) for the post-standard period. Failure was primarily for noncompliance with impact attenuation criteria. Typically, a helmet would fail the 200 g-2 msec. criterion on the second drop, under low temperature, and upon the flat anvil. At the 200 g level, no response time exceeded 3 msec.; no helmet failed the 150 g-4 msec. criterion. Heavier helmets generally had higher passing rates than lighter ones. Helmet coverage (partial, full, or complete facial) and passing rates did not show a strong correlation, although tests in the last two years favored helmets with full and complete facial coverage. Although polycarbonate shells had lower failing rates than fiberglass shells, more detailed studies are required. It is concluded that FMVSS 218 has been effective in improving the quality of helmets. KW - Attenuation (Physics) KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fiberglass KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance tests KW - Polycarbonates KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390506 AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - INTERNATIONAL MOTORCYCLE SAFETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, WASHINGTON, D.C., MAY 18-23, 1980. VOLUME 3 PY - 1980 SP - 483 p. AB - Twenty-three papers are compiled from the conference on motorcycle safety. Section 7 contains a brief review of moped research in the U.S. Vehicle handling characteristics, accident experience, and rider education programs are discussed. Three areas of current motorcycle safety research are highlighted in the final section of conference papers: conspicuity, motorcycle accident data, and motorcycle helmets. Conspicuity includes motorcycle equipment and color, as well as types and color of rider clothing. A variety of accident information and a model for the collection of uniform and accurate data are presented. Research on motorcycle helmet usage and effectiveness are discussed, as well as the legal aspects of helmet laws. KW - Crashes KW - Driver education KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390508 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Weir, D H AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ANALYSIS OF MOPED RIDER PERFORMANCE PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - In the first of two studies, novice and experienced moped riders were compared in performing basic control skills on a test course: accelerating from a stop, lane keeping in a straight line and in a turn, normal and rapid stops in a straight line and in a turn, normal and emergency lane changes, surmounting surface obstacles, and body lean. The novices were experienced bicyclists with no moped/motorcycle riding exposure; the expert riders had extensive moped/motorcycle experience. Several maneuvers evidenced little difference between the two groups: accelerating, normal stops (straight, turn), surface obstacles, and lean. Certain maneuvers showed improvement over time among the novices: lane keeping (straight, turn), rapid stop (straight), and normal and emergency lane changes. Results indicate a great similarity between mopeds and bicycles in basic control skills. Skill transfer is almost instantaneous for several performance variables and complete after a few hours for others. The difference in performance after this stage reflects basic aptitude rather than skill acquisition. Rear braking was a skill not mastered after three hours. The second study videotaped moped operation in highway traffic to identify frequent rider errors. Behaviors with the greatest error rates were grouped as follows: rider preparation, vehicle control, observation, signaling, speed adjustment, and positioning. The greatest single source of critical error was improper observation. The number and types of errors were more characteristic of bicycle riders than moped operators. More caution was used by experienced motor vehicle operators, some of whom had ridden motorcycles; the least cautious moped riders were primarily teenagers with limited motorcycle experience. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Motor skills KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390523 AU - ALDMAN, B AU - THORNGREN, L AU - Gustavsson, H AU - Nygren, A AU - Wersall, J AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MOTORCYCLE AND MOPED ACCIDENTS--STUDY OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CRASH HELMETS PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - Police reports and insurance documents were studied for 83 nonfatal motorcycle/moped accidents in Sweden, the riders were interviewed, and 91 helmets from these accidents were examined. Autopsy reports and hospital records were studied for 13 fatal motorcycle accidents. The aim was to evaluate the protective effect of the safety helmet by comparing shell and liner damage with head injury. In the 40 cases where the shell or liner was deformed by direct impact, it appears that more serious injuries would have been sustained if the helmets had not been worn. There was some kind of shell abrasion in 44 helmets; the corresponding injury to an unprotected head in these cases is more difficult to judge. Head injuries and/or deformed liners were found in 21 of these cases; it seems likely that the injuries would have been more serious if a helmet had not been worn. In all, at least 61 persons (about 65%) would probably have been more seriously injured if nonhelmeted. Among the helmets associated with head injury, 24 (60%) displayed no liner deformation. It appears that fiberglass reinforced polyester as a liner material provides somewhat better protection than thermosetting plastics. Full-face helmets seem to provide somewhat better protection than open-face helmets. Reduced weight and improved shock absorption should be main objectives in the future development of all crash helmets. Young and inexperienced moped riders and motorcyclists dominated the accident sample. KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Fiberglass KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Polyester resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390525 AU - Tsongos, N G AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MOTORCYCLE HELMET--USAGE AND RIDER CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Motorcycle helmet usage data are reviewed from surveys in Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Utah both before and after their mandatory helmet use laws were repealed or weakened. The data conclusively show that the law revision had a negative impact on helmet usage. The decrease in usage was greater in urban areas, on roads with lower speed limits, among male cyclists, and during clear weather. Helmet usage data for Los Angeles, California (a state never having a helmet law) are reviewed in relationship to rider characteristics. The data show that helmet usage is higher for older age groups and more experienced riders. People in public service work, professionals, and those with more education are apt to wear helmets, as well as those who ride their motorcycles daily to work and travel longer distances (over five mi.). Since the helmet is the most effective device to protect the motorcyclist from serious head injuries, future research should concentrate on exploring rider characteristics and motivations related to voluntary helmet usage. KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Helmets KW - Human characteristics KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390501 AU - Carney, E AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - REDUCED RISK DRIVING PY - 1980 SP - 43 p. AB - A descriptive outline is presented of a course on the decision-making aspects of reduced-risk driving, in which major topics and subtopics readily lend themselves to both classroom and laboratory instruction. Driving is described as a risk-taking and a mental/physical activity. Driving risk is outlined under the following topics: the concept of risk, characteristics of risk in driving, guidelines for estimating risk, and principles of reduced-risk behavior. Perception is defined, and characteristics of human perception described. Perception of risk in driving is analyzed in terms of a mental exercise in risk perception, probability and consequences, organizing the perception of risk, visual search categories, and effective use of the eyes. The two important foundations upon which reduced-risk decisions must be built are discussed: application of the general principles of reduced-risk behavior, and the designation as most effective decisions those made and physically implemented before any danger occurs. In principle, risk is reduced when the probability of a dangerous event is reduced (both by the driver's operation of his own vehicle and actions he takes to influence the behavior of other drivers); the opportunity to manage a dangerous event is increased (by vehicle placement and selection of speed); and the consequences of any accident (or potential accident) are reduced. Specific guidelines are presented for implementing these principles. KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Hazards KW - Perception KW - Risk assessment KW - Visual search UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390503 AU - Crabb, O L AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - PREPARING ON-ROAD DECISION MAKERS--A DECADE FOR PROGRESS WITH A PROMISE FOR THE 1980'S PY - 1980 SP - 64 p. AB - Progress made in the last decade in developing traffic safety education programs is highlighted, emphasizing the evaluation of decision-making models, the advent of the task analysis approach, and the development of specific instructional objectives. Mention is made of the Motorcycle Safety Foundation rider education materials and programs. In particular, the IPDE System (identify, predict, decide, execute) is described, a multimedia instructional package produced by the Maryland Department of Education in 1972. This educational program was based on three elements: prior research efforts (e.g. at Illinois State University), the IPDE format established by the Automotive Safety Foundation in 1970, and conceptual aspects of a decision-making model developed by Eugene Carney (University of Maryland). The task of operating a motor vehicle is approached from an information processing point of view. An appendix presents the rationale behind the IPDE System; the objectives of each phase of the program are defined and illustrated (in a narrative/overhead transparency format). KW - Decision making KW - Driver education KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motorcyclists KW - Task analysis KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390505 AU - Nagayama, Y AU - MORITA, T AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - SPEED JUDGEMENT OF ONCOMING MOTORCYCLES PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - In the first of two experiments, no significant differences were found among trucks, automobiles, and motorcycles in the subjective evaluation of their approaching speeds. Generally, higher approaching speeds were underestimated and lower ones overestimated, with the critical speed around 40 kph (25 mph). The tendency for subjects to overestimate low speeds was greater at night than during the daytime. The second experiment investigated differences among the vehicle types in terms of gap acceptance. Critical gap size was smaller for motorcycles than for cars and trucks. This cannot be explained by the perception of approaching speed, but rather by such nonperceptual factors as expectancy and/or decision criterion. Critical gap time decreased with increased approaching speed and was larger at night than in the daytime. Future research is recommended on visual recognition of motorcyclists, their conspicuity, communication between motorcyclists and automobile drivers, motorcyclists' safety attitudes, and the emotional aspects of motorcycle riding. KW - Approach KW - Approach speed KW - Days KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Night KW - Perception KW - Speed KW - Subjective analysis KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390507 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MOPEDS: THE 1980'S IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - An overview is provided of safety-related aspects of moped use in the U.S. transportation system during the next decade, based on two separate studies. The first study was undertaken to formulate and apply a procedure to forecast the nature and scope of the potential moped accident problem (e.g. sales volume, usage patterns, and crash rates) and to recommend research and safety program action for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. A broad-based review of the literature was undertaken and data were obtained from police-reported accident data from various states, survey results on moped user characteristics, and a market survey to develop future sale estimates. Research needs were identified: further collection by the states of police-reported moped accident data, collection of nationally representative exposure data for mopeds, development of a decision analysis approach to handling moped safety problems, identification and field testing of specific accident countermeasures, determination of moped licensing requirements, and development of moped helmet standards. The second study, an in-depth analysis of North Carolina moped accidents for 1976-1978, reinforced the proposition that accident countermeasures need to be oriented more toward operators than the roadside. Moped safety considerations were indicated: examining moped angle and turning accidents at intersections and driveways, allowing mopeds on bike lanes and examining the resulting operational performance, using manually actuated traffic signals at selected intersections, prohibiting left turns at high-volume intersections, prohibiting nighttime riding and riding without helmet on high-speed roadways, and requiring "lights-on" during daytime. Applicable suggestions from a bicycle study on improving road characteristics, and the importance of alcohol as a contributing factor in moped accidents are noted. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mopeds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390509 AU - Roush, B AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - WORLD OF MOPEDS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - "The World of Mopeds," an audiovisual presentation (15-min. cassette tape and 35 mm filmstrip), addresses such concepts as road sharing, perceptual skills and techniques, risk assessment, and collision countermeasures. An additional component is an informational brochure entitled "What's Your Moped Intelligence Quotient?" which contains ten questions/answers on safe moped operation. It serves as a reinforcement element when used with the audiovisual materials and as a simple pre- and post-test. Response to the instructional aids throughout Iowa (by schools, community organizations, police departments) has been positive and favorable. Pre- and post-testing have indicated higher knowledge levels. Awareness of mopeds, as well as the responsibility for safe operation, has been evidenced. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driver education KW - Hazards KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Motor skills KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390522 AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MOTORCYCLE HELMETS--THEIR LIMITS OF PERFORMANCE PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - Impact attenuation limits of contemporary motorcycle helmets are discussed and illustrated by case examples. Limitations relate to extent of coverage, impact speed, impact energy, injury type, impact surface, and number of impacts. It is pointed out that current motorcycle helmet design provides a great deal of protection from head injury but no guarantee of a specified level of protection. Coverage by the helmet does not in itself assure protection except in the zone specified by the helmet design standard. Current helmets do not necessarily provide protection for areas beyond a small region on the head, at impact speeds greater than 20 mph, at energy levels more than 110 ft. lb., against impacts with very soft or very hard sharp surfaces, against rotational loading, and on repeated impacts. Recommended areas for further research include biomechanical tolerance limits of humans to head impact trauma, methods to assess impact protection over a greater region of the head, and methods to assess a helmet's ability to prevent skull fractures. KW - Attenuation (Physics) KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390524 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MANDATORY MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAWS IN THE COURTS AND IN THE LEGISLATURES PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - The status of motorcycle safety helmet laws at the Federal level and in each state was determined, and court decisions involving challenges to helmet law constitutionality were analyzed. With a single exception, every state court of last resort that considered the issue has upheld headgear legislation as a valid exercise of state power. The courts are not in agreement, however, as to what is the public benefit justifying the constitutionality of headgear legislation. Some have pointed to indirect social benefits such as lowered welfare costs and insurance rates; other courts have chosen to stress more direct benefits, principally the avoidance of multivehicle crashes due to loss of vehicle control by unhelmeted cyclists struck by a flying object. The almost unanimous conclusion of the courts, that states may constitutionally enact headgear legislation, establishes the narrow legal principle that there exists no constitutional prohibition against passing and enforcing helmet use statutes. The judicial opinions do not necessarily establish whether it is wise or politically advantageous to enact such legislation. No reported cases involving challenges to headgear legislation have been decided since 1977. In 1976, Congress passed legislation prohibiting the Department of Transportation from withholding highway safety funds from states without mandatory helmet use laws. Within two years of the congressional action, a majority of states repealed or weakened their helmet use statutes; the trend toward repeal has since diminished. Legislative interest in headgear statutes remains high, as efforts to strengthen or weaken them are being considered in more than half the states. Debate at the state level has focused on the cyclist's liberty and privacy on one hand, and the resulting losses on the other. For that reason, the constitutional arguments formerly considered by the courts remain important social and political issues. KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390737 AU - Cole, L S AU - Lee Books TI - THE INVESTIGATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE FIRES. A GUIDE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT, FIRE DEPARTMENT, AND INSURANCE PERSONNEL PY - 1980 SP - 62 p. AB - An attempt is made to show how the cause of fires, both accidental and deliberate, may be determined. The parts of the vehicle most often involved in fires are described: the engine, the fuel system, the electrical system, and the exhaust system. The main points to be checked in determining the origin of the fire are listed and discussed. The question of arson is described in some detail. The elements in the prosecution of an arson case are noted. Explosions, and the common causes of explosions are discussed. The temperatures and the color of flames are tabulated, as are also the melting points, and the ignition temperatures of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, paints and lacquers, alkali earths and metals, and explosives. KW - Arson KW - Crashes KW - Explosions KW - Fire causes KW - Fires KW - Flames KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Ignition KW - Ignition temperature KW - Liquid fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390500 AU - Allegrante, J P AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - EXPLAINING SAFETY HELMET USE BY MOTORCYCLE OPERATORS USING A BEHAVIORAL INTENTION MODEL PY - 1980 SP - 29 p. AB - Data were collected during personal interviews at motorcycle dealerships on a multistage cluster sample of 235 motorcycle operators in Illinois, a state without a helmet use law. A follow-up telephone survey obtained self-reported data on subsequent helmet use behavior (50% response rate). Multiple regression analysis was used to test Fishbein's linear model of behavioral intention in predicting intentions to use a safety helmet from attitudinal and social-normative factors. Results show that 53% of the variance in behavioral intentions to wear a safety helmet could be explained from attitudinal and social-normative factors; the average correlation for the relationship behavior was .86. Results also show that self-reported frequency of helmet use varied under several motorcycle operating conditions. The decision to use a safety helmet was found to be primarily under attitudinal rather than social-normative control. Subjects who intended to wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle differed significantly from those who did not on 11 of 16 beliefs about the consequences of helmet use. A factor analysis revealed that beliefs loaded on three principal factors concerning the consequences of helmet use: safety, comfort-convenience, and social image. Intenders differed significantly from nonintenders on the safety and comfort-convenience consequences of helmet use, with intenders holding generally stronger beliefs about the safety consequences. Intenders also minimized the discomfort and inconvenience of helmet use and were less likely to hold inaccurate beliefs about the alleged disadvantages of helmet use. Social image failed to discriminate intenders from nonintenders. Findings indicate that nonintenders are generally not as informed about the safety consequences of helmet use as intenders. This suggests the need and justification for public policy to stress an informational approach to the problem of nonuse now that states appear to be moving away from legislating use. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Helmets KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcyclists KW - Regression analysis KW - Social factors KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390514 AU - Bragg, BWE AU - Dawson, N E AU - Jonah, B A AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - PROFILE OF THE ACCIDENT INVOLVED MOTORCYCLIST IN CANADA PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - In a study which provides both accident and exposure information from the same sample of individuals, a random sample of 2277 motorcyclists in Ontario, Canada were interviewed concerning their travel patterns, accident history, and personal characteristics. Results show that, relative to exposure, accidents occurred more frequently when a rider was traveling alone, without his headlight on, and on a trip in the city. A discriminant function analysis was conducted to identify the variables which differentiated accident-involved from accident-free riders. After miles traveled had been controlled as a contributing factor, age, the report of riding after consuming alcohol, the number of months licensed, and marital status were the discriminating variables. In the high-accident group (15-19 year old, single, individuals who reported riding after drinking and had held a license less than two years) 53% of the respondents had been involved in an accident in the last four years, and 20% had been injured. In the lowest accident group (26 years old or older, married, never rides after drinking, licensed for more than five years), only 14.8% had been in an accident in the last four years and only 1.6% had been in an injury accident. When exposure (km. ridden) is taken into account, these differences increase dramatically, with the high-risk group having an accident rate 18 times greater than the low-risk group. Possible countermeasures suggested include raising the licensing age and an alcohol interlock on motorcycles. KW - Age KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Motorcyclists KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390515 AU - Dooley, B J AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - PATTERN OF MOTORCYCLE INJURIES SUSTAINED BY MOTORCYCLISTS IN VICTORIA IN 1974 AND 1975 PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The clinical records and radiographs of 212 motorcyclists admitted to four hospitals in Victoria, Australia during 1974 and 1975 were examined, and 90 victims were interviewed. The injury patterns of 100 motorcycle fatalities in the state between 1973 and 1974 were examined for comparative purposes. While nearly all the fatalities were the result of head or trunk injuries, the surviving motorcyclists' severe injuries were confined mainly to the extremities. Among the survivors, there was a very high percentage of severe crush injuries to the lower extremities, particularly the lower part of the leg. These injuries included compound fractures of the tibia and fibula and serious intraarticular injuries such as fracture dislocations of the ankle joint, tarsus and metatarsus, and fracture dislocations of the femoral and tibial condyles involving the knee joint. Intraarticular injuries often left severe sequelae with painful, stiff, and subsequently arthritic joints. Although there was no accurate record of helmet performance, there is no doubt that the use of a safety helmet saved many of the cyclists from death and serious injury. Of the 212 patients, only 11 (5%) had cerebral injury with Abbreviated Injury Scale greater than 2, six of whom were left with neurological damage. There were no cervical spine injuries, and there was a surprising absence of perineal damage to the scrotum, urethra, and bladder in view of the motorcycle riding position. There was a particularly low incidence of fractured pelvis among the patients. KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390744 AU - Robbins, D H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - IMPACT HEAD INJURY DATA BASE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 48 p. AB - A literature review of research on head impact injuries was designed to define the existing data base for protective helmet standardization. Existing standards were reviewed to identify possible links between injury data and compliance test procedures and equipment such as helmets, headforms, and impact devices. Of over 160 documents dealing with head injury and the design and standardization of protective headgear, 13 contained major standards. Many documents dealt with engineering and design aspects of helmets, and even more discussed biomechanical and medical aspects of head injury. The existing medical data base of impact tolerance data was limited to specialized, laboratory loading conditions. There appeared to be little correlation between laboratory tests and actual injury events. Few links were observed between injury data and test procedures used in standards, especially in the selection of headforms and the specification of load limits and other performance criteria indicating acceptable or unacceptable performance for a particular helmet. Recommendations include correlation of impact energy, vector direction, and velocity with accident exposure data. For this, further information is needed. Other recommendations are related to preparation of standards, including use of a standardized headform with a dynamic response which reflects human experience. A lack of dependable injury criteria is cited for impacts other than to the front of the head. KW - Biophysics KW - Databases KW - Design standards KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390504 AU - Kenel, F C AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - RISK: ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE (TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT) PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Probability assessment and risk acceptability are discussed as two determinants in an individual's judgment of the safety of an action. Elements influencing an evaluation of probability or acceptability are examined: knowledge about an activity, experience in performing that activity, physical development necessary for performance, and mental state. Examples are presented of efforts to assist road users in developing the ability to make quality assessments of risk. These include: driver training in 12-sec. visual lead time, time and space needs (for following, passing, turning), and vehicle control and response in emergency situations; the American Automobile Association's Preschool Children in Traffic program which uses the family to teach children ages 2 1/2 through 6 to cope with traffic according to ability; and alcohol education for pre-teen through high school youth. Transferability of time and space management skills learned in early childhood to later driving situations is identified. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Children KW - Driver training KW - Hazards KW - Probability theory KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390511 AU - Thomson, G A AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - VALUE OF HEADLIGHT USE FOR MOTORCYCLISTS DURING DAYLIGHT PY - 1980 SP - 26 p. AB - Research is reviewed on motorcyclist and other driver errors and on the relation of voluntary or compulsory daytime headlight usage (motorcycles and other vehicles) to accident rates. These studies indicate that car drivers make more errors than motorcyclists in low visibility situations and that accident rates are much lower with headlight usage, with compulsory usage affecting the types of accidents which occur. Factors related to motorcycle inconspicuity are reviewed or derived: size of object, contrast luminance, and ambient illumination ("external" effects); and visual field, divided attention, expectancy and value, and individual differences ("internal" effects). It is concluded that daytime headlight use would be beneficial. Categorizing New Zealand accidents for 1976 by type and driver/rider errors, four hypotheses regarding the effect of visibility were tested and supported. Of two surveys conducted on light usage patterns in New Zealand in 1979, the first indicated higher usage in rural areas and the second showed that usage varies by time of day, as does the proportion of motorcycles to the total vehicle population (greater during commuting hours and at lunchtime). There was a positive correlation between light usage and larger machines as well as use of full-face helmets. Studies are reviewed which favor legislation over educational campaigns to increase daytime use of headlights; other studies indicate a favorable cost-benefit ratio for running lights. Future research is recommended concerning high- vs. low-beam use, legislation, light use for all vehicles, nighttime conspicuity, individual driver differences with regard to conspicuity and accidents, and auditory devices to alert drivers to motorcyclists. KW - Crash rates KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Headlamps KW - Motorcycles KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390518 AU - KOSHI, M AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - CHARACTERISTICS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS (JAPAN) PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - A statistical overview is presented of the 8807 police-reported motorcycle accidents which occurred in Tokyo, Japan in 1978; data cover accident site, type of single or multiple vehicle or pedestrian collision, and motorcycle maneuver. Collisions with other motor vehicles, mainly at or near intersections, accounted for 85% of the accidents. The three most prevalent collision types were right angle at intersection (25%), with vehicles making right turns (22%), and with vehicles making left turns (15%). These collision types are analyzed in more detail, based on 739 fatal and severe injury accidents; and current intersection safety measures are evaluated by filmed observations of motorcyclist behavior at ten intersections in Tokyo. Right-angle collisions occurred mainly at narrow road intersections without traffic signals. Roadway markings that indicate to bicyclists the shape of an intersection (cross, T, or Y) appear to be effective for motorcycle safety as well. Right-turn collisions occurred mainly at wider intersections with traffic signals. Right-turn guide markings in intersections seem effective for accident prevention. Left-turn collisions occurred equally at intersections with and without traffic signals. Double stop lines permitting motorcycles and bicycles to stop in front of other motor vehicles are a somewhat effective safety measure. Mandatory use of motorcycle headlights during daylight seems to be a very effective measure for preventing left- and right-turn collisions at intersections with and without traffic signals. KW - Behavior KW - Crashes KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389637 AU - Andersen, L C AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - BETTER BIKING: A MOTORCYCLE RIDER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - The Experienced Rider Course (ERC), a ten-hour pilot program, was produced by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF). The ERC curriculum materials included an instructor's guide, student textbook, two 16 mm films, and 13 color slides. The course was field tested in eight states at high schools, colleges, and military bases. Nineteen volunteer MSF instructors trained 300 student volunteers who were licensed riders. Student and instructor questionnaires were analyzed to determine content revisions, optimum course length, target audience, suggested fees, methods of advertising, and delivery system. The ERC pilot data and MSF and the National Public Services Research Institute staff recommended elimination of several slow-speed range exercises, expansion of street strategies and emergency procedures content, and reduction of course time to facilitate a one-day or two-evening program. MSF later revised the ERC into a six and one-half hour course and changed its title to Better Biking: A Motorcycle Rider Improvement Program. The 3-1/2-hour classroom portion, is designed to stimulate group discussion while providing riders with fundamental knowledge and information necessary for successful street operation. The rider's turning, countersteering, and braking abilities are evaluated during three hours of on-cycle range sessions. The riders strive for performance consistency in the ten range exercises rather than quick skill mastery. Focus of the program is on reinforcement of fundamental but critical skills and knowledge. KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Knowledge KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389644 AU - Anderson, J W AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - THE EFFECT OF NEW MOTORCYCLE LICENSING PROGRAMS AND SKILLS TRAINING ON THE DRIVER RECORDS OF ORIGINAL APPLICANTS PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - The effectiveness of two new motorcycle licensing programs in reducing accident frequencies of original applicants was compared to that of the current California program. One improved licensing program comprised an improved manual, knowledge test, and skill test, and remedial skills training for those failing the skill test on the first attempt. The second improved program comprised all but the remedial skills training. The sample consisted of 40,874 applicants for the original motorcycle license in the San Diego and Sacramento areas. The driver record analyses indicated a statistically significant reduction in motorcycle accident frequencies in each of the two new programs, as compared with the current program, during the first six months and first year after application. The group of applicants offered skills training had a statistically significant reduction in motorcycle accident frequencies during the year after application. It was concluded that the new programs and the training were effective motorcycle accident countermeasures. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Knowledge KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389651 AU - OISHI, T AU - Sano, Y AU - Machii, T AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - AERODYNAMIC DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY A FOUR-WHEEL VEHICLE AND ITS EFFECTS UPON A STATIONARY MOTORCYCLE PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - Field experiments were conducted to measure the aerodynamic disturbance generated by four-wheeled vehicles (two vans and a truck) and its effect on a stationary motorcycle (with dummy rider) in terms of lateral force and yawing and rolling moments. It was found that the change in wind pressure caused by a passing four-wheeled vehicle and its effects on a motorcycle increase at a greater rate as the lateral distance between the two vehicles decreases. While a larger vehicle creates a greater disturbance, its effects upon a motorcycle can sometimes be smaller when the lateral distance between the two vehicles is relatively small. These results are similar to those reported for car-by-car aerodynamic effects. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Motorcycles KW - Passing KW - Wind pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389640 AU - Morgan, K J AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ADVANCED MOTORCYCLE TRAINING COURSE CONTENT AND STUDENT EVALUATION PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - In 1979, a pilot project in Toronto (Ontario, Canada) explored the feasibility of an Advanced Motorcycle Rider Training Program. Thirty experienced riders (ranging from 7800 to 100,000 mi. exposure) participated in the four-segment 16-hour program; the first three segments comprised three hours of range practice and one hour of classroom lecture and the fourth segment consisted only of riding. Basic skills were first reestablished to ensure that all students had a complete understanding, both theoretical and practical, of starting, braking, and shifting, and to break bad habits. Theoretical and practical knowledge of cornering followed, which led to a discussion of the virtues of collision avoidance vs. emergency braking, and practice on the Collision Avoidance Simulator Trainer. Reestablished and newly acquired skills were then applied in a traffic environment. Upon program completion, each student's progress was evaluated and discussed with him individually. Judgment was made primarily on the student's ability to improve upon his expertise in motorcycle control. Verbal and written student feedback was very positive, with general agreement that this training was a strong accident prevention method. The key to large enrollment is a promotional campaign aimed at the rider's ego; the rider must convince himself that it is possible for him to ride better. A block syllabus is provided for advanced motorcycle range training. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389641 AU - Van Cott, R AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - TECHNIQUES OF FORMATION GROUP RIDING (MOTORCYCLE TOURING) PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The unique problems confronting the participants or leader in motorcycle group riding programs are identified, based on firsthand experience in the U.S. and Europe. The responsibility of leadership must be accepted by one group member, and basic riding rules of safety established. Each rider should be evaluated for riding ability, physical condition, and stamina. Any touring program must limit each day's ride to roadways or total distances easily accomplished by the weakest rider. On extended tours, accumulative fatigue must be considered. Strict formation riding is a safety tool, since it enables a leader to identify rider fatigue. The staggered formation almost exclusively using the slower right-hand lane has been accepted as the safest approach. Rider positions are based on known experience and physical conditioning. The weakest rider should be placed in the number one position; he can then set the general pace which can be adjusted later if his ability changes. Weak riders should be positioned in the right column, stronger riders in the left; 14 is the maximum formation size. Rest stops and road and weather conditions must be considered in determining daily mileage. Uniformity of equipment, both motorcycle size and proper wearing apparel, must be taken into account. Formation parking with front wheel toward the roadway is recommended. Safety equipment, motorcycle inspections, and daily maintenance are essential elements. In the event of an accident, the group leader must take charge immediately; the alternate leader should oversee the safety of noninvolved group members. An individual cyclist should develop in advance the ability to endure an extended motorcycle trip. KW - Behavior KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drivers KW - Emergency procedures KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Group behavior KW - Groups KW - Motorcycle touring KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Riding techniques UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389655 AU - Taylor, D L AU - Black, S H AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF SUSPENSION DYNAMIC RESPONSE PY - 1980 SP - 26 p. AB - Modeling of the various components of the motorcycle-rider-road system in the analysis of motorcycle suspension comfort and performance is described. Analytical techniques used in suspension design are reviewed, and illustrative numerical examples of each approach are presented. The transient response is based on an extensive numerical simulation program, which is highly detailed and models nonlinear suspension elements, travel stops, wheel liftoff, tire-rim bottoming, and large displacements. The sinusoidal response model is based on a six degree-of-freedom vibrational model which is treated through eigenvalue techniques. The high amount of damping present results in complex mode shapes which are most easily visualized by a dynamic visual image through computer graphics. This is especially important due to the phase shift between front and rear response. The random response analysis uses road power spectral density functions and mode shapes to determine random vehicle response and to estimate the amount of suspension travel required. Proper treatment of the excitation phase shift between front and rear wheels is vital in this method. Ride quality performance criteria are discussed in general and in the context of the numerical examples; the criteria relate to both rider comfort and vehicle control. The use of microprocessors, minicomputer systems, and computer graphics in motorcycle design is mentioned, and areas requiring further research are indicated. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Comfort KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Motorcycles KW - Ride quality KW - Simulation KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389658 AU - Huebner, M L AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ROSTA'S (ROAD SAFETY AND TRAFFIC AUTHORITY) MOTORCYCLE VISIBILITY CAMPAIGN--ITS EFFECT ON USE OF HEADLIGHTS AND HIGH VISIBILITY CLOTHING, ON MOTORCYCLE INVOLVEMENT, AND ON PUBLIC AWARENESS (VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA) PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - The Road Safety and Traffic Authority of Victoria, Australia, launched a publicity campaign in winter 1978 which urged motorcyclists to improve their conspicuity by using headlights in the day and wearing bright colored clothing and helmet. The campaign's slogan "Visibility It's Vital," was publicized through television, the press, outdoor advertising, leaflets, stickers, and mobiles. The success of the campaign in promoting motorcyclist conspicuity was evaluated by three measures: comparison of proportion of motorcyclists using headlights and high visibility clothing before and after the campaign, an interview survey about two months after the campaign to determine age, sex, and driving status of people who had seen the publicity and understood the campaign's objectives, and a brief analysis to compare the proportion of motorcycles involved in daytime accidents before, during, and after the campaign. A similar analysis was made for all other vehicles. It was found that 62% of motorcyclists used headlight shortly after the campaign compared with only 49% before. Similarly, there was a short-term increase in the proportion of motorcyclists wearing light-colored jackets (from 10% to 14%). More motorcyclists wore proper jackets shortly after the campaign compared with before, and more nylon and vinyl materials were used. These trends were reversed six months later. Significantly more motorcyclists were wearing reflective materials shortly and six months after the campaign (6%) than before (1.5%), a change possibly related to increased availability of reflective material. The interview survey revealed that at least 53% of motorcyclists and 19% of other road users had seen and understood the publicity. It was concluded that the campaign was effective in influencing cyclists to improve conspicuity and in increasing the awareness of other road users (and the trade) about motorcycle visibility. More detailed analysis is needed to determine the effect of the campaign on involvement in visibility-related motorcycle crashes. Measures to increase motorcycle safety are discussed: legislation to require daytime use of headlights; education of other road users; and the recommended practice of defensive riding habits for motorcyclists. KW - Clothing KW - Effectiveness KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Publicity KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389631 AU - FASSNACHT, P AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - A STRONG FOUNDATION FOR MOTORCYCLE RIDER EDUCATION THROUGH THE 80'S. A REVIEW OF THE CANADA SAFETY COUNCIL MOTORCYCLE PROGRAM PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - The development of the Canada Safety Council's (CSC) Motorcycle Training Program (MTP) is traced from its early stages when instructional material was developed, through its formal inception in 1974, to the present network of self-sufficient training centers in every major city. The CSC, a nonprofit organization, developed a network of provincial cooperating agencies through which the program would be implemented; Transport Canada and the Motorcycle and Moped Industry Council (MMIC) provided financial support, the latter also loaning motorcycles for course use. By the end of 1978, 16,047 motorcyclists had been trained in the CSC Motorcycle Training Course; during that same period motorcycle registrations declined. The course consists primarily of on-cycle training, with three one-hour classroom lessons on theory (rules of the road, mechanical and electrical knowledge, and defensive riding). Revisions to the course materials in 1977 are outlined, the result of feedback from the training agencies and a review by the National Advisory Committee on Motorcycle Safety and its Course Content Subcommittee. A 1978 consultant report made recommendations on the organizational network and nature of support funding of the MTP, to enable the individual training centers to achieve self-sufficiency. Appended are a list of the roles of the CSC, cooperating agencies, and sponsors in the Motorcycle Training Program; and a course syllabus. KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389633 AU - NEWLAND, R AU - DARBY, J AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - AUTOMOTIVE PRACTICES/PRE MOTORCYCLE RIDER PROGRAM PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - A school-based novice motorcycle rider program has been developed to assist students in achieving the motor skill coordination required to operate and control a motorcycle safely. The stimulus-response (S-R) teaching method is utilized, i.e. the student receives a stimulus through any of the five senses which produces a precise physical response. S-R learning units consist of several muscular movements (of the arms, fingers, legs, feet) presented as an individual event. The student links together two or more S-R units which can be restated and demonstrated in the proper order. The hands-on program comprises three phases: cognitive, fixation, and autonomous. The 40-hour course is taken as an elective for the duration of the school year and students proceed according to their own ability, with some moving through the early stages of the autonomous phase. The teaching/learning strategy, coupled with the S-R units, provides rapid feedback for teacher and student of any breakdown in the learning sequence. Close monitoring has shown that students are successfully learning and mastering motorcycle riding skills. KW - Driver training KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Stimulus-response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389648 AU - Bright, D R AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PENDULUM STABILIZED MOTORCYCLE PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The development of the Pendulum Stabilized Motorcycle, work in progress, and future goals of concept development are described. The Pendulum Stabilized Motorcycle is a three-wheeled vehicle having two parallel and widely spaced front wheels. It combines the leaning characteristic of the conventional single-track vehicle, the steering and braking characteristics of the multiple-track vehicle, and an automatic leaning characteristic provided by an on-board transverse pendulum. A pre-production prototype vehicle (based on the Honda CB750A) has been constructed for testing. The test program evaluated control, stability, and braking characteristics; skid, road hazard, and payload effects; and vehicle conspicuity. Test data indicate that the concept improves all of these factors of motorcycle safety, and that the concept is viable and when developed will provide a safe and acceptable low-cost vehicle. Recommendations for future development include a rigorous and comprehensive dynamics and rider control analysis, the testing of prototype vehicles including small three-wheeled automobiles, determination of the human factors requirements for safe operation, and the estimation of product liability risks. KW - Development KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Prototypes KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Three wheeled vehicles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389650 AU - KOENEN, K AU - Pacejka, H B AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - VIBRATIONAL MODES OF MOTORCYCLES IN CURVES PY - 1980 SP - 43 p. AB - Experimental observations have indicated that the damping of lateral oscillation may decrease when a motorcycle negotiates a curve, possibly the result of an interaction between the in-plane and out-of-plane vehicle motions. This phenomenon is investigated using an eight degree-of-freedom mathematical model of a single-track vehicle. The model allows for the following motion components: lateral, yaw, roll, and steer (out-of-plane), and bounce, pitch, and front and rear wheel hop (in-plane). The model analyzes the strong coupling between the two vibrational modes when a motorcycle corners at large roll angles. The tire is modeled to describe steady-state and transient responses. Eigenvalues of two vehicle configurations have been calculated via a computer program. The expected coupling of vibrational modes has been clearly demonstrated, the most significant phenomena being a destabilization of the wobble mode and possibly the original weave mode and a decrease of the wobble frequency. Future research includes the extension of the model to complete rider behavior (active as well as passive) and refinement of tire behavior to include the irregular road surface. Road and laboratory studies will be conducted to verify and, if necessary, adjust the model. KW - Highway curves KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389629 AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - INTERNATIONAL MOTORCYCLE SAFETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, WASHINGTON, D.C., MAY 18-23, 1980. VOLUME 1 PY - 1980 SP - 426 p. AB - Following summaries of the professional backgrounds of conference steering committee members and session chairpersons and the conference agenda, 19 papers are compiled supporting the theme "Through the 80's Safely." Section 1 papers are on novice rider education; the development and structure of rider education programs are described for the U.S., Canada, the U.K., India, and Australia, including discussions of program effectiveness and profiles of course participants. Section 2 describes a variety of experienced rider education programs, highlighting those from Japan and the U.S. and providing recommendations on program effectiveness and future marketing techniques. The new Motorcycle Safety Foundation program, Better Biking: A Motorcycle Rider Improvement Program, is described in detail. Section 3 covers the development, implementation, and evaluation of motorcycle licensing systems in the U.S., Japan, and Canada. KW - Conferences KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389652 AU - Roe, G E AU - Thorpe, T E AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - IMPROVEMENTS TO THE STABILITY, HANDLING AND BRAKING OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE MOTORCYCLES PY - 1980 SP - 33 p. AB - Experimental and theoretical research is described which demonstrates that the stability, handling, and braking of high-performance motorcycles can be improved by careful chassis design and optimum choice of mass distribution. Wobble oscillation or handling deficiencies in a production machine are unnecessary when it is operated within its speed capability, even when carrying touring luggage. The basic handling, particularly in heavy braking, can be readily improved to a level of safety found on few current models. Recommended road and track-tested modifications include: replacement of the telescopic front fork by a laterally stiff leading link design; dive control and constant trail under braking; tubular main frame with a high lateral (though not necessarily torsional) stiffness; stiff rear fork; preloaded tapered roller bearings wherever possible to improve overall lateral stiffness; and narrow, low-mass engine, mounted low and forward in laterally stiff engine mountings. If these points are observed, steering geometry can be set for light "feel" and easy control, suspension/damper action can be set for correct travel and optimum rider comfort, and tires can be designed for their grip and handling qualities. It is no longer necessary to have a long wheelbase, high rake angle, and firm suspension, and to compromise on tire design to achieve adequate stability. KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389654 AU - Taylor, D L AU - Adiele, C AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - DYNAMIC STABILITY OF A MOTORCYCLE DURING CORNERING PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - The steady-state cornering response of a moderately complex nonlinear model is presented. Open-loop steady-state response is discussed through lateral acceleration as a function of steer torque and speed. The kinematic nonlinearities are shown to have rather weak effects. The concept of oversteer/understeer is generalized to include steer torque as an input. The technique should be useful for comparative studies of parametric values. Use of computer software for the solution of systems of nonlinear equations and for graphic display of results significantly reduces the effort required. The stability of each of the steady-state cornering solutions is investigated using standard techniques of linearization and eigenvalue solution. Plots of the natural frequencies are shown. The straight-line stability of the model is as normally predicted for motorcycles. Stability in curves varies from that of straight-line motion. Although the stability is usually increased at the critical flutter velocities, the cornering motorcycle will be unstable at a slightly slower velocity than straight line motion. Riders may accelerate into a high-speed instability earlier during curves than on the straight (i.e. on long downhill curves). If instability appears during straight-line motion, there is nothing to be gained by changing to a long radius curve (even if room is available). KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Kinematics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389630 AU - CLAYTON, A B AU - Williams, M R AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MOTORCYCLE TRAINING AND TRAFFIC EDUCATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - Traditionally, the only available motorcycle training courses in Great Britain have been those conducted under the Royal Automobile Club/Auto-Cycle Union training scheme initiated in 1947. These consist of 24 one-hr. lessons divided between practical riding and theory. This program receives government financial assistance and support from local interests. In 1974, STEP (Schools Traffic Education Programme) Management Services, a nonprofit organization funded by the motorcycle industry and trade, was established to promote and manage two safety programs, STEP and the National Motorcycle Training Scheme (NTS). STEP, currently taught in 22% of British high schools, is a two-yr. course for 15- and 16-year-old students; it has been received by half a million students since 1974. The program develops the principles of responsible road user attitude and traffic safety in the context of traditional academic disciplines. It primarily uses the project approach to teaching and develops practical traffic awareness by involving students in a moped riding course. The NTS, initiated in 1978 with the endorsement of the Department of Transport (DOT), is a private-public sector partnership providing three training courses (novice, learner rider wishing to pass the DOT test, and advanced rider). All instructors are trained prior to qualification. During April 1978-December 1979, 300 training centers with over 2000 instructors were opened throughout the U.K.; more than 35,000 people have taken the course. A government advisory committee recently recommended improving incentives to take training, and to make training compulsory if enrollment has not increased from the present 15% estimate to 75% of riders within three years. KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389632 AU - MacMillan, B AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE SAFETY COURSE PARTICIPANT PY - 1980 SP - 33 p. AB - In order to establish a rough profile of the motorcycle safety course participant, three surveys are compared: 1977 Motorcycle and Moped Industry Council survey of motorcycle training participants across Canada; 1978 Elliott Research Limited survey of motorcyclists at four major consumer shows across Canada; and 1979 Transport Canada evaluation of the Canada Safety Council's Motorcycle Training Program. Motorcyclists trained on a 125 cc. motorcycle were found to be planning to purchase a larger cc. bike (mean/median 350 cc.), suggesting that larger cycles should be included in the later stages of motorcycle training courses. Canadian provinces with the highest number of trained motorcyclists relative to motorcycle registrations (training noncompulsory) are those in which a provincial licensing test is offered in conjunction with a training program. This suggests that rider training should be integrated with the option of obtaining a motorcycle license. It was found that motorcycle shows attract motorcyclists who are representative of the total motorcycling population, suggesting the concentration of training and risk awareness educational efforts in promotions at these shows. The most important variable predicting the size of motorcycle purchased was months of experience. Since young, inexperienced riders tend to purchase smaller cc. bikes, safety initiatives to restrict size of motorcycle owned would seem fruitless. KW - Demographics KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389647 AU - Blaauw, G J AU - Poll, K J AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - HUMAN FACTORS AND RIDING MOTORCYCLE: EFFECTS OF TYPE OF MOTORCYCLE AND RIDER EXPERIENCE PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - Experienced and inexperienced motorcyclists rode two different 500 cc. road bikes (one a new type of motorcycle for the Royal Dutch Army) in an experiment to study the rider-motorcycle relationship. Steering behavior on asphalt and cobble roads and maneuverability during a lane change were studied at speeds of 70 and 100 kph. Objective tests and rider questionnaires were used to judge ease of operation (start, stop, and riding). Sound levels at the rider's ears were measured by simulating runs on a dynamometer at speeds of 50, 70, and 100 kph. The motorcycles were compared in steering behavior, maneuverability, and operating ease. Sound levels without helmets were too high in all cases. The role of riding experience as an independent variable in evaluating motorcycles was made clear, providing additional information on the dynamic interaction between machine and rider. A comparison of performance between experienced and novice riders and the absence of any learning effects for the latter group between successive trials emphasized the difficulty of the riding task for which necessary skills can only be acquired gradually. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Noise KW - Personnel performance KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389649 AU - Hasegawa, A AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ANALYSIS OF CONTROLLABILITY AND STABILITY OF MOTORCYCLES: ANALYSIS OF STABILITY AT HIGH SPEED DRIVING PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - A conventional and a new simulation model are used to analyze abnormal motorcycle oscillations at high speed (i.e. shimmy), with comparisons between computed and full-scale test results. The conventional model treats the motorcycle-rider as a rigid system with four degrees of freedom (DOF). The new model has four components (frame assembly with engine and rider, upper and lower portions of the front steering assembly, and rear wheel assembly, including part of the rear arm and suspension), each of which has six DOF. While this model provides more accurate calculation of the velocity at which shimmy occurs (plus/minus 10 kph (6.25 mph)), more fundamental data (e.g. moments and products of inertia, frame flexibilities, aerodynamic coefficients) are required before the qualitative relationships between motorcycle stability and specifications can be defined. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Shimmy KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389634 AU - Robinson, A R AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MSF (MOTORCYCLE SAFETY FOUNDATION) CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A motorcycle rider education course was developed in 1973 by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) as an interim program while a research-based curriculum was being developed. The Beginner Rider Course (BRC) was initiated in 1974 to meet the immediate needs of those teaching novices to ride motorcycles. The program contained eight instructional units called Learning Experiences which provided independent study materials and instruction both in the classroom and on the cycle. An evaluation of the BRC by the MSF, in cooperation with the California Department of Education, provided background data for the development of the present Motorcycle Rider Course (MRC). Released in 1976, the MRC offers the latest in teaching techniques and instructional aids to motorcycle safety educators. The MRC combines classroom and on-cycle activities and is performance-based; a new Instructor's Guide contains master schedules, tips on obtaining equipment, and detailed motorcyle range specifications. Four 16 mm color films help build student understanding of safe riding behavior and motorcycling techniques, and three filmstrips provide a basic knowledge of motorcycle parts, maintenance, and insurance. An MRC feasibility study, resulted in revisions to the original course: replacement of on-street sessions with range sessions, and refinement of selected sessions. A five-year evaluation project has been contracted to the New York Department of Motor Vehicles in which motorcycle license applicants will be offered an option of obtaining a learner's permit and volunteering for a motorcycle rider education course or of taking the improved skills and knowledge tests without a learner's permit. Volunteer applicants and those failing the skill test will be assigned to one of three groups (control, Remedial Training Program, or MRC). KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Education and training KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389636 AU - VICTOR, D J AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR MOTORCYCLISTS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - As a result of increasing fuel costs, the number of motorized two-wheeled vehicles (motorcycles, motor scooters, and mopeds) is increasing in every urban area, particularly in cities in developing countries. The number of motorcycle accidents is correspondingly increasing. For example, the proportion of motorcyclists out of total road accident casualties is 16% in Madras, India, and 57% in Surabaja, Java. Since most motorcycle accident victims are in the 17 to 34 age group, they represent great economic loss to a country. Improved traffic behavior and attitudes of all road users essential for accident reduction can be achieved by an integrated and continuous traffic safety education program starting from road crossing drill in early life, continuing through bicycle education in elementary school and motorcycle training in high school, to mass media campaigns in the later years. In cities of developing countries where a large proportion of motorcyclists are school dropouts, motorcycling and road safety instruction at government-sanctioned driver training schools are recommended. Such training should be completed prior to licensing. KW - Developing countries KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389638 AU - Imatake, Y AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN OF MOTORCYCLE SAFE RIDING PROMOTION COMMITTEE (MSRPC)--ESPECIALLY THE EDUCATION OF UNSKILLED RIDERS OF CLASS 1 MOTORBIKES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - In view of dramatic increases in motorcycle accidents in Japan during 1970 and 1971, especially in those involving riders in their late teens using large motorcycles, the Central Motorcycle Safe Riding Committee (MSRPC) was established in January 1972 by the Japan Traffic Safety Association, which includes members from the National Police Agency and other government traffic safety agencies, high school teachers associations, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, the Japan Light Motor Vehicle Association, and university professors. During April-November 1972, MSRPC's were established in each prefecture; members are local counterparts of the central committee. The MSRPC has a qualification system for three instructor types: special instructor (examines instructor qualifications, trains instructors, and prepares teaching materials), instructor (teaches rider education courses), and acting instructor (assists instructors). Two MSRPC courses, one for licensed riders and the other for unskilled riders wishing to pass the licensing exam are directed at high school students; early emphasis has shifted from large motorcycles to class 1 motorbikes because of their increased usage. The current most popular activity is an unskilled education course for class 1 motorbike riders who have passed the license exam; the course is designed to teach basic safe riding techniques. A class 1 motorbike license is obtained by passing a test on traffic laws and regulations; there is no riding exam. MSRPC also sponsors an annual National Motorcycle Safe Riding Contest. KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Japan KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389643 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - MOTORCYCLE LICENSING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The Motorcycle Operator Licensing Program, initiated by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation and carried on by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, consists of knowledge, skill, and performance tests, a knowledge manual, and a skill training course. The three tests have high measurement reliability, which reduces possible influence of test location and testing personnel on license examination scores. All licensing components (tests, manual, and training) are based on a set of behaviors identified as critical to safe motorcycle operation in an analysis of motorcycle operators' tasks. Each element of each component was derived from a systematic analysis of the knowledge and skills underlying those behaviors. The content validity of the Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (MOST) and the Motorcyclist In-Traffic Test (MIT) is supported by independent ratings of performance by expert riders. Questionnaire surveys during pilot tests and a California demonstration project revealed a high acceptability of the three tests among license applicants, even among those who failed the tests. The Motorcycle Operator Manual, Motorcycle Operator Knowledge Test, and the MOST, in combination, have shown to be an effective accident countermeasure. The addition of skill training for applicants failing the skill test adds to the program's effectiveness. The effectiveness of the MIT as an accident countermeasure has not been demonstrated. The MIT is being compared with existing state motorcycle operator road tests relative to examiner and sampling reliability. KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Knowledge KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389645 AU - Sada, Y AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - IMPROVEMENT OF SKILL TEST METHOD FOR MOTORCYCLE DRIVING (RIDING) LICENSE AND REDUCTION OF MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS IN JAPAN PY - 1980 SP - 29 p. AB - Stipulations of the motorcycle licensing law in Japan are outlined: general requirements, motorcycle training and physical condition of applicants, rules of the road test, driving skill test, retraining of license renewal applicants, and rehabilitative education for violators. The driving skill test is outlined in terms of examinee and examiner requirements, test vehicles, preparatory check prior to skill test, test course and components, criteria for passing, and rating method. Improvements in the skill test in 1972 and 1975 are discussed; these have contributed significantly to a reduction in motorcycle accidents. Until 1972, the test components were nearly the same as those for the automobile driver's license test and test motorcycles were limited to the 100 to 125 cc. class. In 1972, medium-sized motorcycles (between 300 and 400 cc.) were added as test vehicles; included in the skill test for these cycles were running on a straight and narrow track, continuous changes in direction, and stopping from specified speeds. The law was changed so that drivers who passed the skill test for small-sized motorcycles were allowed to drive only those cycles. In 1975, large-sized motorcycles (700 cc. and over) were added as test vehicles; test components added for these cycles were a temporary stop and start on a slope and a serpentine course, and the running distance was extended from 1200 m. to 2000 m. The law further stipulated that motorcyclists could only operate the size machine corresponding to the skill test they had taken. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Driving tests KW - Japan KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389635 AU - Thackray, R M AU - Prescott, J C AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - FIELD TEST OF THE MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSE PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - A large-scale field test evaluated the instructional effectiveness, user acceptance, and administrative feasibility of the Motorcycle Rider Course (MRC). Assessment involved use of knowledge tests, on-cycle performance measures, attitude/opinion questionnaires, and tests of street riding skills. For the September 1977-October 1979 period, 50 class sections of the MRC were conducted through the Jefferson County Public School System, near Denver, Colorado. Over 600 students, ranging in age from 16 to 72, were enrolled in the course. Students, parents, instructors, and school administrators were involved in the evaluation process. Results indicate that course graduates acquired the basic skills and knowledge required for street riding; that the MRC is administratively feasible in terms of its schedule, costs, and demands placed upon instructors, students and facilities; that students and instructors found the course to be a valuable and enjoyable experience; and that school administrators and parents approve of the course. It was also concluded that in a course for novice riders, on-street training is not required to develop entry-level skills and knowledge, and that quality rider training need not be "given away", since students are more than willing to pay a modest course fee. Course applicants with some riding experience can be pre-tested and assigned to a shorter version of the course if appropriate. Incentives and/or requirements for novice riders to enroll in MRC training programs are recommended; relatively few riders will enlist voluntarily. Research is recommended to produce more effective training exercises for emergency stopping and evasive maneuvers. KW - Driver training KW - Incentives KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205648 ER -