TY - RPRT AN - 00377498 AU - General Services Administration TI - FEDERAL STANDARDS--AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS--1983 PY - 1982/10/15 SP - 141 p. AB - The 1983 standards for automobiles and light trucks contained in this document are published under the authority of the General Services Administration. The purpose of this document is to achieve a practical degree of standardization in the Federal Automotive Fleet, yet be responsive to the wide range of vehicles required to meet the needs of the various agencies. The standard does not include all varieties which are available, but is intended to cover only those generally used by the Federal Government. This standard establishes classifications for various types and sizes of vehicles, general requirements, and the equipment authorized for government use. It is intended to facilitate the ordering of vehicles and their subsequent competitive, consolidated procurement. The use of these standards reduces the ordering and procurement leadtime and permits a clear understanding of the requirements by ordering agents, contracting officers, quality assurance specialists, and contractors' representative. Ordering activities should be familiar with Federal Property Management Regulation (FPMR) No. 101-26.501, purchase of New Motor Vehicles, for details regarding submission of orders and time schedules for consolidated purchases. The requirement for energy conservation has influenced the selection of vehicle sizes and engines. The basic vehicles are considered to be adequate to satisfy most fleet needs. It is important that agencies adhere to the requirements of FPMR No. 101-38.13, Energy Conservation in Motor Vehicle Management. To make this document helpful and easy to use: (A) standards for passenger automobiles, two wheel drive light trucks, and four wheel drive light trucks are color coded; (B) a description of the alternative sources of motor vehicle support is included; (C) fuel economy values for all applicable classes are included; and (D) a "Fuel Economy Review" is included. KW - Automobiles KW - Energy conservation KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Procurement KW - Purchasing KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386522 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - US Center for Disease Control TI - CARBON MONOXIDE INTOXICATION--A PREVENTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD PY - 1982/10/08 VL - 31 IS - 39 SP - p. 529-531 AB - This article discusses the extent of the carbon monoxide poisoning problem. Transportation related studies point to the hazard of exposure to harmful levels of CO from school buses and recreational vehicles. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Hazards KW - Poisonous gases KW - Recreational vehicles KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372884 AU - United Nations TI - INVISIBLES: INSURANCE. PROBLEMS OF MOTOR INSURANCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PY - 1982/10/08 SP - 19 p. AB - This study analyzes the operational methods and practices of insurers in developing countries in writing motor insurance in general and motor liability insurance in particular, and suggests ways that they, in conjunction with insurance supervisory authorities, can improve performance and results. It discusses ways of minimizing expenses, increasing investment yields and cash flow and holding the line on claim costs. It highlights the important role that can be played by regulatory authorities in securing and promoting adequate premium levels and equitable rating systems for compulsory insurance. Several proposals are made to develop a more equitable rating system which would permit a fairer distribution of costs among insureds and allow authorities more flexibility in granting rate changes. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Developing countries KW - Investments KW - Physical distribution KW - Rates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082963 AU - Anderson, Theodore E AU - Compton, Richard P AU - Snyder, Monroe B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Enforcement, Adjudication and Public Information Strategies for the General Deterrence of Driving While Intoxicated PY - 1982/10 SP - 70p AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) through a contract with the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center (HSRC) is intending to field test the effectiveness of selected general deterrence programs directed at drunk driving that combine enforcement, adjudication and public information procedures. The information in this packet is provided to help explain the project's background, objectives and field test design for jurisdictions interested in participating in the project. The authors are looking for areas with an interest in decreasing the amount of drunk driving in their jurisdiction, and who have an interest in participating in a field test of general deterrence programs that can be implemented within existing resources. KW - Adjudication KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Field tests KW - Highway safety KW - Public information programs KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25639/DOT-HS-EPX-027.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798245 AU - Partyka, S AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - CORRECTIONS FOR THE EFFECT OF DATA SOURCE ON RESTRAINT EFFECTIVENESS ESTIMATES PY - 1982/10 SP - 36 p. AB - Because of the small number of restrained fatalities that can be investigated by a multi-purpose accident sampling system, the computation of restraint fatality reduction effectiveness estimates is very sensitive to random fluctuations in the data. A method for reducing the effect of this problem is described in this report. The approach involves supplementing detailed but scarce data with a less detailed but more abundant source of data. The methods developed in this report are believed to correct for biases in belt usage reporting by police, but they do not correct for biases in the effectiveness estimates that may be due to the different accident experience of restrained and unrestrained occupants. KW - Crash data KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belts KW - Statistical sampling KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495596 AU - FISCHER, A J AU - Lewis, R D AU - University of Adelaide TI - SURVEY OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS RANDOM BREATH TESTING: METROPOLITAN ADELAIDE, 1981 PY - 1982/10 SP - 111 p. AB - In September, 1981, just before the introduction of Random Breath Tests (RBTs) in South Australia, a survey was conducted by students of Economic Statistics at the University of Adelaide into people's attitudes to the tests. The purpose of the survey was two-fold: (1) to find out proportions for and against RBTs and relate this to personal characteristics (age, sex, drinker, etc.) and (2) to test the effect of adding leading questions for or against RBTs and of altering the order in which persons are asked "for" and "against". The household survey included 599 interviews. Results of the main question on RBTs were 58.9% in favour, 11.9% neutral and other, and 29.2% against. Results are also presented in this report following adjustments for biases. Results of the second survey objective were as follows: (A) Questionnaire biased in favour of RBTs - 68.5% for, 11.2% neutral, 20.4% against; (B) Neutral questionnaire - 54.3% for, 14.9% neutral, 30.8% against; (C) Questionnaire biased against RBTs - 53.6% for, 9.6% neutral, 36.9% against. More detailed results are included in this report. Section I is a summary and introduction. Section II, the major portion of the report, consists of detailed summary tables, mostly being cross-classifications of determinants of attitudes to the tests. Section III consists of analysis of variance tables, and Section IV reports the more interesting regressions attempted. There are two appendices. The first consists of summary tables and the second is a copy of the questionnaire used. KW - Adelaide (Australia) KW - Analysis of variance KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Interviewing KW - Questionnaires KW - Random breath tests KW - Regression analysis KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396133 AU - Donnelly, B R AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SPECIFICATION FOR THE NHTSA SIDE IMPACT DUMMY THORACIC SHOCK ABSORBER PY - 1982/10 SP - v.p. AB - A specification for the required performance of the NHTSA Side Impact Dummy (SID) thoracic shock absorber was developed. As a preliminary effort a bench test methodology was developed and three shock absorbers were tested at three impact conditions in order to provide baseline data. The specification consists of an envelope of acceptable shock absorber maximum force and displacement response over a range of impact velocities. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Performance based specifications KW - Shock absorbers KW - Side crashes KW - Specifications KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393612 AU - New South Wales Traffic Authority, Australia TI - SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE EVALUATION OF A DRIVER BREATH TESTING SCHEME PY - 1982/10 SP - 12 p. AB - The implementation of a "random" breath testing scheme as a traffic safety initiative is discussed, with particular emphasis on the evaluation of an initial trial period. The major features of such an evaluation are outlined and the many practical considerations likely to influence it are discussed. Shortcomings in the data necessary for a thorough evaluation are identified and the actions required to remedy these are indicated. The schedule and general design approach of the evaluation exercise are outlined. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - New South Wales KW - Random sampling KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391794 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES IN AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COSTS PY - 1982/10 SP - 55 p. AB - This report describes how the number and cost of auto insurance claims vary from one area to another, leading to differences in insurance premiums by territory within states. In order to place a practical limit on the analysis, three states were chosen for this study--Connecticut, Florida and Ohio. These states were chosen because they possess different economic, demographic, geographical and climatic characteristics. In addition, each state has numerous auto insurance territories ranging from rural to urban areas. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Climate KW - Costs KW - Demographics KW - Economic factors KW - Geography KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389481 AU - Blatt, J AU - Chiplock, L W AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY HELMET EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PY - 1982/10 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes the development of attitude/behavioral change strategies and educational materials designed to encourage the voluntary use of motorcycle safety helmets. The project involved three major phases: Problem Analysis, Materials Selection and Development, and Field Test of Materials. Phase I consisted of a thorough analysis of the reasons for non-usage of helmets, a critical examination of past attempts to change safety related behaviors, and development of new concept approaches for modifying attitudes and behavior. Phase II--Materials Selection and Development involved the development of a comprehensive set of helmet education materials including television and radio public service announcements (PSAs), poster, and brochures. Phase III--Field Test of Materials specified a plan to subject each of the campaign materials to review/critique by a representative cross section of the intended target audiences. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Radio KW - Television KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208761 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386816 JO - Perceptual and Motor Skills PB - Ammons Scientific AU - Sivak, M AU - Olson, P L AU - Farmer, K M TI - RADAR-MEASURED REACTION TIMES OF UNALERTED DRIVERS TO BRAKE SIGNALS PY - 1982/10 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - p. 594 AB - This article concerns the responses of drivers to brake signals in actual traffic. The data were collected in a project investigating the potential benefits of high-mounted brake lights. The responses were obtained from unalerted drivers who at the time of the trial were following behind a test car and in front of a monitoring car. The test car (a compact or a full-size) was equipped on 69% of the trials with one or two supplemental brake lights, mounted just below the rear window or at roof level. A Doppler radar antenna was mounted at the center of the front bumper of the monitoring car. The radar monitored changes in the speed of the subject's vehicle and generated a trace on one track of an event-recorder. A telemetered input from the test car produced a deflection on the second track of the tape, corresponding to the start and end of the brake signal. The trials were run on two different routes, urban and suburban (speed: 32 to 40 km/hr and 56 to 72 km/hr, respectively; inter-car spacing: 1 to 2 car lengths and 3 to 5 car lengths, respectively). Only trials meeting all of the following criteria were included in the analysis: (a) The subject's vehicle did not appear to have braked or decelerated in response to vehicles ahead of or adjacent to the test car, to changes in roadway configuration or a traffic control device, or in preparation for turning off the roadway. (b) The roadway was generally flat. (c) The subject's vehicle was a car, van, or pickup truck. A total of 1,644 data points were collected. On 72% of the trials there was a discernible speed change within the 3 sec. following the signal onset, with a mean delay of 1.21 sec. and a standard deviation of .63 sec. By including no-responses and responses longer than 3 sec, the distribution of the speed-change delays under the present conditions can be characterized by a 72 percentile value of 3 sec. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Measurement KW - Radar KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204069 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386820 JO - Florida Bar Journal PB - Florida Bar AU - Evans, R W AU - Florida Bar TI - ONE MORE FOR THE ROAD PY - 1982/10 SP - p. 691-698 AB - In a year of apportionment, taxes, and the Equal Rights Amendment, the issue of driving under the influence surprisingly received considerable attention by the Florida Legislature. In the Senate and the House, legislators filed no fewer than 13 bills relating to drivers who operate motor vehicles under the influence of alcohol or drugs (DUI). Newspaper editorials, television news coverage, and intensive lobbying by constituents and organizations such as the Mothers Against Drunk Drivers all helped make DUI a major issue in the overloaded 1982 session. Responding to public pressure for reform of the DUI laws, the legislature enacted CS/CS/CS/ for SB's 69, 432, 312, 351, 39, and 285 (Florida Laws, Chapters 82-155, hereafter cited as CS/CS/CS for SB 69), which substantially revises the present DUI statutes. By this new law, which took effect July 1, 1982, Florida has joined a growing number of states which have recently acted to treat DUI offenders more severely. DUI is not a new problem to this state; apparently it is an issue whose time has finally arrived. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Media KW - Penalties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204073 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386505 JO - ROYAL SOCIETY OF HEALTH JOURNAL PB - RSH House AU - Marks, V AU - Royal Society of Health TI - DRUGS AND DRIVING PY - 1982/10 VL - 102 IS - 5 SP - p. 205-210 AB - Following brief comments on the human factors aspect of traffic accidents and legislation for prohibiting drinking and driving, this article discusses the problem of drugs and driving. Two areas are covered: the metabolism of alcohol and drugs and the effects of drugs on behavior. The latter topic is discussed at length, considering prescription drugs, drug-alcohol interactions, leisure drugs and drugs of abuse, and cannabis. In conclusion it is stated that the technology of detecting and quantitating drugs in biological fluids and methods for assessing their physiological, pharmacological and psychological effects are now sufficiently advanced to warrant the setting up of an expert panel to make recommendations as to future research, legislation and means of disseminating knowledge relevant to the relationship of drugs to road traffic safety similar to that done for alcohol. KW - Behavior KW - Driver impairment KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Human factors KW - Impaired drivers KW - Legislation KW - Marijuana KW - Medicine KW - Metabolism KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203884 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386517 JO - JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE PB - Appleton & Lange AU - Maguire, G F AU - Appleton-Century-Crofts TI - PHYSICIANS' KNOWLEDGE OF AUTOMOBILE SAFETY SEATS PY - 1982/10 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 2 p. AB - A questionnaire survey of residents and faculty of the departments of pediatrics and family practice at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine to determine the level of knowledge about child safety seats and the current philosophies and practices regarding automobile safety revealed inadequate factual knowledge about automobile safety seats among resident physicians and teaching faculty. The need was revealed for increased efforts to educate physicians and provide practical experience with safety seats as well as promote general awareness and cognizance of the arguments in favor of safety seat use. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Physicians KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385566 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - GAVAGHAN, P F AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC SAFETY: THE MISUNDERSTOOD PROBLEM PY - 1982/10 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - p. 7-8 AB - This article, while arguing against the perception that the drunk driver is a killer, is irresponsible and should be jailed, notes the need for a comprehensive approach to the problem of alcohol and traffic safety. Such a system should be based on the recognition of the complex relationship interrelating the vehicle, the roadside environment and the driver, and should include such essentials as reliable traffic records, driver licensing, and emergency medical services. The article discusses that group categorized as that of the chronic problem drinker. The importance of correct diagnosis and teatment for such persons is emphasized. A balanced mix of countermeasures is needed, including enforcement, court adjudication, preventive education, and the 55 MPH speed limit. It is pointed out that tough penalties are not the answer, and that the basic long-range goal should be to change societal attitudes in order to discourage excessive drinking before driving. The Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) has always supported the national and local promotion of the responsible drinking guidelines. Some of the DISCUS programs are briefly discussed. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Countermeasures KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Problem drinkers KW - Programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385570 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Plato, K C AU - Bloomfield, G AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - DEVELOPING A STATEWIDE TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION DATA REPORTING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM PY - 1982/10 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This article describes Washington State's efforts to address the question of the development of a Traffic Safety Education (TSE) data base. The planning, activities, and products associated with its formulation and evaluation are described. The data had to fulfill three requirements: it had to be comprehensive; it had to serve multiple purposes ranging from application review to state level evaluations; and the data had to be usable at the local, regional and state levels. The article notes certain considerations and makes certain recommendations regarding the establishment of a state level TSE data base reporting and evaluating system: the formation of such a system should be considered a "special project"; establish channels of intra-agency communication; set aside an initial adjustment time period for all staff; require coordination and consensus on the development and definition of data items; require item definition; have a first year pilot test of the reporting system; and limit first year studies and reports. KW - Databases KW - Evaluation KW - Recommendations KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385718 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Adduci, V J AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE VEHICLE AND THE DRIVER THROUGH THE 1990S PY - 1982/10 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-12 AB - These excerpts are from the Keynote Address at the Annual Conference of the Minnesota Driver and Traffic Safety Education Association, April 2, 1982. The author, V.J. Adduci, President of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association foresees a growing motor vehicle industry that has revolutionized its products and its way of doing business. He makes several points: (1) Manufacturers have products in place to regain their competitive edge in the marketplace; (2) There is a new toughness in the motor vehicle industry that can only come from the kind of marketplace battles seen in recent years; (3) There are expanding market opportunities and U.S. companies are going to be major competitors in these markets; and (4) New attitudes in Washington toward business are here none too soon, with Vice President Bush's Task Force on Regulatory Relief a prime example. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385311 AU - Finegold, J G AU - McKinnon, J T AU - Karpuk, M E AU - Solar Energy Research Institute TI - REFORMED METHANOL PY - 1982/10 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper describes the design and testing of an automotive fuel system that provides hydrogen-rich gases to an internal combustion engine by catalytically cracking, or dissociating, methanol on board the vehicle. The vaporization and dissociation of methanol absorb heat from the engine exhaust and increase the lower heating value of the fuel by approximately 22%. In addition, raising the compression ratio and burning with excess air increase the engine thermal efficiency. Engine dynamometer test results with dissociated methanol demonstrated improvements in brake thermal efficiency compared to gasoline of up to 50% depending on engine speed and torque. Lower speeds and torques produce the largest improvements. This paper presents maps of exhaust temperature and exhaust heat content. The exhaust temperature is almost always high enough for dissociation to occur, but at lower power outputs, there is only enough exhaust energy for partial dissociation of the methanol. This concept also applies to combustion turbines. Steam reformed methanol allows higher efficiency and more power compared to petroleum fuels, liquid methanol, or dissociated methanol. The hydrogen-rich gases do not require cooling before entering the turbine. This paper presents an analysis of the potential technical and economic advantages of this approach along with an outline of a recently initiated experimental program to verify them. KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Design KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel systems KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Methanol KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Turbines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199211 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385593 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Miller, D H AU - Davis, L AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - RESEARCH REPORT--EVALUATION OF BELTMAN TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN PY - 1982/10 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-14 AB - This article first describes the multimedia traffic safety teaching program called "Beltman" whose objectives are to teach pedestrian safety and to increase safety belt usage among kindergarten, first, and second grade students. Then it describes how this program was evaluated by School District 4J in Eugene, Oregon. The instruction program was rated highly by the experimental teachers. KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Methodology KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384680 JO - New York University Law Review PB - New York University, New York AU - New York University, New York TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEDERAL STANDARDS AND LITIGATION IN THE CONTROL OF AUTOMOBILE DESIGN PY - 1982/10 VL - 57 SP - p. 804-847 AB - This paper argues that criticisms directed at federal motor vehicle safety standards are, for the most part, unfounded. Serious problems, however, do plague design defect litigation in its present form. Part I examines federal automobile safety regulation and design defect litigation, and discusses some of the criticisms of each. Part II analyzes the effort to introduce principled decision making to design defect litigation by adopting government regulations as the standard of care. Part III surveys middle ground reform proposals that endeavor to reduce arbitrariness in design defect litigation while preserving the two-pronged structure of automobile design control. KW - Automobiles KW - Decision making KW - Defects KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Litigation KW - Regulations KW - Revisions KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384511 AU - Geller, E S AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORPORATE INCENTIVES FOR PROMOTING SAFETY BELT USE: RATIONALE, GUIDELINES, AND EXAMPLES PY - 1982/10 SP - 92 p. AB - This manual was designed to teach the corporate executive successful strategies for implementing and evaluating a successful industry-based program to motivate employee safety belt use. A rationale is given for the general approach; and specific guidelines are offered for varieties of corporate settings. The use of incentives rather than disincentives is emphasized, and three basic application procedures are specified, depending upon the milieu: 1) direct and immediate rewards, 2) direct and delayed rewards, and 3) indirect rewards. Strategies are outlined for directing peer pressure toward safety belt promotion, and for maximizing cost effectiveness. All procedures and interventions are highlighted with actual examples of materials from prior industry programs that were particularly successful. Twelve case studies of industry-based safety belt programs are presented which successfully applied the principles and procedures suggested in this manual. Each case study includes a specification of the intervention program, the evaluation procedure, the program expense, the outcome of the program with regard to changes in safety belt wearing, and personal testimonials. Outcome data and testimonials support the central theme of this manual, namely that an appropriate application of behavior modification principles can affect remarkable increases in safety belt use and immeasurable benefits to individuals involved in traffic accidents and to the industry as a whole. KW - Case studies KW - Corporations KW - Guidelines KW - Incentives KW - Industries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Motivation KW - Rewards KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25621/DOT-HS-806-389.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380967 AU - Nightingale, N AU - Ernst, W AU - RICHEY, A AU - Simetkosky, M AU - Mechanical Technology, Incorporated AU - Department of the Navy AU - Department of Energy TI - AUTOMOTIVE STIRLING ENGINE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD: JANUARY 1-JUNE 30, 1982 PY - 1982/10 SP - 63 p. AB - This is the second Semiannual Technical Progress Report prepared under the Automotive Stirling Engine Development Program. It covers the sixteenth and seventeenth quarters of activity after award of the contract. Quarterly Technical Progress Reports related program activities from the first quarter through the thirteenth quarters; thereafter, reporting was changed to a semiannual format. This report summarizes activities performed on Mod I engine testing and test results; the manufacture, assembly, and test of a Mod I engine in the United States; design initiation of the Mod I-A engine system; transient performance testing; Stirling reference engine manufacturing and reduced size studies; components and subsystems; the study and test of low-cost casting alloys. The overall program philosophy is outlined, and data and results are presented. KW - Analysis KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Downsizing KW - Engine assembly KW - Engine components KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Manufacturing KW - Pollutants KW - Stirling engines KW - Testing KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193728 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380403 JO - Journal of Fire & Flammability PB - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Kourtides, D A AU - Parker, J A AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF AIRCRAFT POLYURETHANE SEAT CUSHIONS PY - 1982/10 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 250-267 AB - Aircraft seat materials were evaluated in terms of their thermal performance. The materials were evaluated using (a) thermogravimetric analysis, (b) differential scanning calorimetry, (c) a modified NBS smoke chamber to determine the rate of mass loss and (d) the NASA T-3 apparatus to determine the thermal efficiency. In this paper, the modified NBS smoke chamber will be described in detail since it provided the most conclusive results. The NBS smoke chamber was modified to measure the weight loss of materials when exposed to a radiant heat source over the range of 2.5 to 7.5 W/sq cm. This chamber has been utilized to evaluate the thermal performance of various heat blocking layers utilized to protect the polyurethane cushioning foam used in aircraft seats. Various kinds of heat blocking layers were evaluated by monitoring the weight loss of miniature seat cushions when exposed to the radiant heat. The effectiveness of aluminized heat blocking systems was demonstrated when compared to conventional heat blocking layers such as neoprene. All heat blocking systems showed good fire protection capabilities when compared to the state-of-the-art, i.e., wool-nylon over polyurethane foam. KW - Aircraft KW - Chemical compounds KW - Fire resistance KW - Heat blocking systems KW - Materials tests KW - Nonmetallic compounds KW - Nonmetals KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Seats KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380083 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1982/10 SP - 132 p. AB - The objective of this research was to test several representative child restraints, which meet the requirements of the current FMVSS No. 213, on a simulated aircraft passenger seat at 20 mph and to provide data which would help establish if such additional dynamic testing is needed for certification of child restraints for aircraft use. Phase I work involved the calibration of the two anthropomorphic dummies which were used in the dynamic testing phase--a SA103C 3-year old child dummy and an ECE 9-month old infant dummy. Phase II work involved the sled testing of four different types of child restraints on a simulated aircraft seat. Six dynamic tests were performed. Accelerometers were mounted in the dummies, on the rotatable aircraft seat back, and on the sled. The aircraft seat lap belts were equipped with load cells. The test results indicated that the potential injury levels of the child seat occupants in the aircraft seat were below the levels obtained in comparable tests performed in simulated automobile seats tested under the requirements of FMVSS No. 213. Aircraft seat back contact with the child seat occupants appeared to be noninjurious. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379532 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - INCREASING SEAT BELT USE IN THE COMMUNITY PY - 1982/10 SP - 10 p. AB - This report describes a new approach to the promotion of lap/shoulder belt use which has produced usage rates of 60-90 percent. The essence of the program, and what distinguishes it from other approaches, is the use of modest incentives or prizes awarded to randomly selected belt wearers. The incentive approach is applicable at any factory, business, school or other institution where cars regularly come and go. Several different methods of applying the incentive approach that have been tried successfully are described in this report, and comments are included on the community wide approach, the prizes, how to win, stopping the car, and evaluating results. KW - Education KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379571 AU - Yaniv, S L AU - Flynn, D R AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE CRITERIA STUDY: TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1982/10 SP - 38 p. AB - This report summarizes, at the request of the Federal Highway Administration, a multifaceted research program carried out by the acoustics staff of the National Bureau of Standards. The program was designed to (1) identify and quantify the important physical parameters associated with time-varying highway noise caused by various densities of both free-flowing and stop-and-go traffic conditions; (2) investigate, evaluate and compare measures and computational procedures for rating time-varying noise in terms that are relevant to human response; and (3) determine by means of a laboratory study which among several time-varying rating schemes best predicts the acceptability and annoyance caused by traffic noise as heard both outdoors and indoors. The results of this program are briefly described and the implications of the major findings discussed. KW - Annoyance KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory studies KW - Ratings KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic noise KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376596 AU - Woods, B AU - Calderwood, R AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico Traffic Safety Bureau TI - IMPACT EVALUATION OF THE BAT MOBILES IN ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO PY - 1982/10 SP - 65 p. AB - This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Albuquerque Police Department's use of Breath Alcohol Testing Mobile van units (BAT Mobile) in combatting the crime of driving while intoxicated (DWI). The basis of the evaluation is the analysis of alcohol-related accidents in Albuquerque for a ten year period (1972-1981) using interrupted time-series techniques. The analysis uses a proxy measure of alcohol-related accidents -- fatal plus injury accidents occurring on Wednesday through Saturday nights. The analysis provides evidence of a decline in accident rates subsequent to the implementation of the BAT Mobile project. Confirmation that the decline is BAT Mobile related was sought by comparing the study series to other series which were not expected to show the BAT Mobile impact. The comparison series, 1) other urban areas in New Mexico and, 2) Albuquerque fatal and injury daytime accidents, do not show similar rate declines. From an enforcement perspective, DWI arrests have increased with the use of the BAT Mobiles. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Arrests KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376291 AU - O'Neill, B AU - Williams, A F AU - Karpf, R S AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - PASSENGER CAR SIZE AND DRIVER SEAT BELT USE PY - 1982/10 SP - 8 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) claims, on the basis of survey results, that seat belt use in small cars is twice as high as in large cars. The agency interprets this as being due in part to perceptions of higher risk by small car occupants. In fact, little is known about the factors motivating belt use, including whether risk perception is important. A reanalysis of the NHTSA data indicates that most of the differences in belt use by car size can be explained by higher use in imported cars, and by geographical differences in belt use in domestic cars. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Small car KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376298 AU - Geller, E S AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORPORATE INCENTIVES FOR PROMOTING SAFETY BELT USE: RATIONALE, GUIDELINES, AND EXAMPLES PY - 1982/10 SP - 92 p. AB - This manual was designed to teach the corporate executive successful strategies for implementing and evaluating a successful industry-based program to motivate employee safety belt use. A rationale is given for the general approach, which is based on theory and methodology of behavior modification; and specific guidelines are offered for varieties of corporate settings. The use of incentives rather than disincentives is emphasized, and three basic application procedures are specified, depending upon the milieu: 1) direct and immediate rewards, 2) direct and delayed rewards, and 3) indirect rewards. Prior research has demonstrated special motivational advantages of peer pressure, and therefore the manual outlines tactics for directing peer pressure toward safety belt promotion. Also emphasized are strategies for maximizing cost effectiveness, including the procurement of donations from community merchants, the use of contests and games which require few costly rewards, and the application of schemes which take advantage of naturally occurring motivators. All procedures and interventions are highlighted with actual examples of materials from prior industry programs that were particularly successful. Twelve case studies of industry-based safety belt programs are presented which successfully applied the principles and procedures suggested in this manual. Each case study includes a specification of the intervention program, the evaluation procedure, the program expense, and the outcome of the program with regard to changes in safety belt wearing. Personal testimonials support the central theme of this manual, namely that an appropriate application of behavior modification principles can affect remarkable increases in safety belt use and immeasurable benefits to individuals involved in traffic accidents and to the industry as a whole. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376416 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Muller, A AU - American Public Health Association TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MOTORCYCLE DAYTIME HEADLIGHT LAWS PY - 1982/10 VL - 72 IS - 10 SP - 6 p. AB - Currently, 17 states mandate the daytime use of motorcycle headlights. The purpose of these laws is to make the motorcyclists more conspicuous and reduce the number of daytime multi-vehicle collisions. The effectiveness of the laws is examined by comparing the proportion of daytime fatal, front, and side-angle collisions between states with and without such laws. The comparison is based on all motorcycle fatalities recorded by NHTSA for the years 1975-80. The analysis shows no statistically significant difference between states with and without such laws, suggesting that daytime headlight laws are ineffective. Several explanations of this negative finding are explored. KW - Crash rates KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194601 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373619 JO - Energy and Technology Review PB - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory AU - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory TI - ENERGY AND RESOURCE PROGRAMS PY - 1982/10 SP - p. 26-43 AB - The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has long had programs actively pursuing alternative energy strategies. This article examines what research they have done in underground coal gasification, oil shale, massive hydraulic fracturing, transportation research, metal-air batteries, flywheels, roadway-powered electric vehicles, electric vehicle instrumentation, technology information system, shallow solar ponds, geothermal energy, nuclear waste isolation, the SYNROC Project, and the uranium resource survey. KW - Coal gas KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy KW - Energy conversion KW - Energy technology KW - Flywheels KW - Geothermal resources KW - Hydraulic fracturing KW - Hydrofracturing KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Radioactive waste disposal KW - Roadway powered electric vehicles KW - Shale oil KW - Solar energy KW - Spent reactor fuels KW - Technology KW - Uranium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373624 AU - Campbell, B J AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stewart, J R AU - Stutts, J C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE THROUGH AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM PY - 1982/10 SP - 98 p. AB - This project demonstrates the use of modest economic incentives to increase seat belt usage. Even though the wearing of safety belts is the single most cost effective remedy for highway deaths, recent research has shown that less than 11 percent of the American driving population regularly buckles up. Educational campaigns by themselves have generally had little impact. The approach to increasing belt use described in this report is based on the well established learning principle that smaller, more frequent rewards (in this case, cash) can more successfully modify behavior than less frequent albeit greater rewards (greater protection in the event of a crash). The approach is tested at two sites in Chapel Hill, North Carolina -- The Chapel Hill Senior High School (N=1100 students, faculty and staff) and the State headquarters for Blue Cross and Blue Shield, a large insurance underwriter (N=1300). At both locations, baseline shoulder belt observations were made over a period of several months, followed by a period of announced belt use monitoring, an educational phase of 3-4 weeks, a month long incentive phase, and follow-up observations in the absence of any promotional activities. During the incentive phase, a sample of cars was randomly stopped each day while entering/exiting parking areas, and coupons redeemable for $5 were awarded to all belted occupants in the vehicle. As a result of these efforts, shoulder belt usage rates at the high school rose from a baseline average of 20 percent to 34 percent during the educational phase, 53 percent during the the incentive phase, and dropping back to 36 percent during follow-up. The belt use percentages for BCBS were 8 percent baseline, 28 percent education, 56 percent incentive, and 25 percent follow-up. When an estimate of overall restraint use (lap/shoulder belt plus lap belt only) was calculated, incentive phase values for both locations peaked at around 70 percent. The fact that observed belt usage did not return to baseline levels is evidence for some lasting safety belt wearing increases among the two populations studied. KW - Coulomb failure criterion KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189817 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373620 JO - ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTS AU - Harman, RTC AU - Research Applications Limited TI - NEW ZEALAND AC MOTOR VEHICLE PROJECT PY - 1982/10 IS - 15 SP - 3 p. AB - Experience of battery electric vehicles with controlled AC induction motors has defined the motor operating characteristic and the matching vehicle transmission requirements. Three vehicles (Mk I, Mk II, Mk III) are here considered in terms of their objective, their physical arrangement and their performance. They are the past test bed on which the electrical system was developed, the present four seat battery town-car and the future hybrid vehicle. KW - Alternating current motors KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373622 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - WASS, C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - INDIRECT DETERMINATION OF EXPOSURE AND LIABILITY PY - 1982/10 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - p. 365-369 AB - The present study explores a mathematical method for deriving estimates of road-user exposure and liability from accident frequency statistics. Though this approach is somewhat unconventional it is logical in as much as accident occurrence can be considered to be a function of both accident opportunities (i.e. exposure) and personal situational factors (i.e. liability). Isolation of an accident liability component allows for an estimate of exposure, an estimate that is far cheaper and quicker to obtain than those based on survey methods for determining road-user exposure. The mathematical estimates derived here compared favorably with several conventional estimates of road-user exposure. This paper summarizes a book written by the author (Wass, 1977). KW - Crash exposure KW - Estimates KW - Indirect method KW - Liability KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372873 AU - ARORA, H R AU - Transport Canada TI - SEAT BELT USE BY CANADIAN DRIVERS NOVEMBER, 1981. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM PY - 1982/10 SP - 60 p. AB - Since the early 1970's seat belt use has been a major objective of federal and provincial government road safety policy, addressed by public education programmes, by equipment performance standards, under the Motor Vehicle Safety Act, and, in some provinces by compulsory seat belt use legislation. To investigate the effects of these measures, the Department of Transport conducted roadside observation surveys of belt use nationally in 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980 and 1981. All of these surveys obtained records of daytime belt use by drivers of automobiles, classified by age-group and sex. The report presents the results of the 1981 survey. Overall, the national average use increased from 34.7% in 1980 to 36.8% in 1981. Major differences exist among the provinces, the lowest rates having been 5% or less while the highest have exceed 50%. the report also examines the relationship between belt use and the major recorded variables. KW - Age KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371232 AU - Nancekievill, D AU - Finch, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ROLE OF HOSPITAL MOBILE MEDICAL TEAMS AT A MAJOR ACCIDENT PY - 1982/10 SP - p. 147-155 AB - Despite an apparently adequate major accident plan which had been used successfully on two previous occassions, considerable difficulties were experienced by the mobile medical teams at the Moorgate tube train accident, London, England, February 28, 1975. In this article, the authors attempt to describe the role and organization of mobile medical teams, placing particular emphasis on a simple and flexible plan. KW - Crashes KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - London Transport KW - Medical services KW - Planning KW - Rapid transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371063 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SAFETY ACHIEVEMENTS, IMPROVEMENTS OF PUPIL TRANSPORT IN LIMELIGHT PY - 1982/10 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - p. 34-35 AB - School transportation is the safest mode of travel on the road according to National Safety Council statistics. On the basis of this enviable record, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has decided not to pursue vigorously any significant school bus design requirements but to put more emphasis on investigation into the prevention of the human factor involved in school bus accidents. KW - Evaluation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal government agencies KW - Federal programs KW - Government policies KW - Human factors KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371061 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - THE PROPANE CONVERSION CONTINUES PY - 1982/10 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - p. 39-41 AB - This article reports the experience of school bus fleets that have converted to propane. The Giles County School System in Pulaski, Tennessee converted 50 buses to propane and eight more to dual fuel burners. They anticipate enough first year savings to pay for the conversions. In Ohio, the Hillsboro City Schools' operating cost with propane conversion was 76 cents per mile for 1980-81, whereas the average operating cost in Ohio for school fleets for 1980-81 was $1.22 per mile. In addition to fuel cost savings with propane conversion, there are savings in maintenance costs since propane fuel burns more cleanly, extending engine life and decreasing the frequency of routine maintenance services. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371113 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - CARBON BLACK IN TIRE TREADS PY - 1982/10 VL - 187 IS - 1 SP - p. 44-46 AB - This article gives an interesting account of the history of the use of carbon black in tire treads. The company which first used carbon black in the tread compound was The India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Co. of Silvertown, England. It was first used for coloring. The awareness of improved performance from carbon black tread came when George Oenslager conducted tests which demonstrated that the carbon black gave outstanding abrasion resistance. The development of the carbon black industry is traced with reference to processing, marketing, and packaging and shipment. William B. Wiegand in 1920 published the first thorough study on the reinforcement of rubber by carbon black and showed the effects on properties of various quantities of carbon black compared with other powdered fillers. The trends in carbon black production are traced, and in conclusion it is stated that the current trend is for lower quantities of black and oil even though the incentive is to have a black with superior low rolling resistance in tire tread rubber for maximum gas mileage, but with little loss in abrasion or traction performance. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Carbon black KW - History KW - Production KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371141 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Maclaurin, B AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - SEMI-INDEPENDENT SUSPENSIONS PY - 1982/10 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - p. 32-36 AB - Suspensions can be interconnected, wheel to wheel, either resilently by means of springs and dampers, or kinematically by means of generally rigid links. Some suspensions also incorporate both forms of interconnection. The effects of linkage or kinematic interconnection to produce semi-independent suspensions is the subject of this article. KW - Automobiles KW - Kinematics KW - Linkages KW - Links (Networks) KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371090 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Fell, J C AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1982/10 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 31-38 AB - The involvement of alcohol continues to be a major problem in motor vehicle collisions in this country. A 1978 state-of-the-art review made estimates of the percent of fatal injury producing and property damage crashes that are alcohol-involved based upon several individual localized studies. With the recent maturity of the Fatal Accident Reporting System and National Accident Sampling System, more up to date estimates of the alcohol problem can be made. This paper presents some estimates of alcohol involvement in all types of crashes based upon these two national systems and other more recent research into the subject. The bottom line is that we may have been underestimating alcohol involvement in collisions of all severities. The latest statistics indicate that alcohol may be involved in 50-55 percent of injury-producing crashes, and 5-8 percent of property-damage crashes. These figures translate into an enormous amount of fatalities, pain, suffering, and property destruction, not to mention the associated economic drain. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371123 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - O'Connor, F M AU - Slinger, J L AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - PROCESSING AIDS--THE ALL-INCLUSIVE CATEGORY PY - 1982/10 VL - 187 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-31 AB - This paper reviews a very large class of compounding ingredients classified as "processing aids." When compounds are developed, the traditional ingredients of known composition such as process oils, plasticizers, low molecular weight polyethylene, fatty acids, hydrocarbon and phenolic resins and vulcanized vegetable oil can be utilized and evaluated in the laboratory. The proprietary products, on the other hand, are often utilized after the compound is developed but will not process satisfactorily in the plant without some additional help. Many times the choice of product to test will be based on prior experience and the final choice made based on trial and error. Evaluation in the plant will be the final criterion since laboratory tests do not always duplicate actual conditions encountered in production runs. KW - Additives KW - Ethylene resins KW - Fatty acids KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Oils KW - Plasticizers KW - Polyethylene KW - Processing KW - Resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371155 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MASS CASUALTIES: A LESSONS LEARNED APPROACH. ACCIDENTS, CIVIL DISORDERS, NATURAL DISASTERS, TERRORISM PY - 1982/10 SP - 372 p. AB - The First International Assembly on Emergency Medical Services focused on terrorism and mass casualties. It provided accounts of incidents of civil disturbances, man-made, technical disasters, and natural disasters, and their impact on the EMS system. The spectrum of incidents ranged from attempted assassinations of public figures and hostage situations, to mass casualty producing events, such as subway crashes and earthquakes. The unique and significant feature of the Assembly was the "lessons-learned" approach which assisted in learning from the errors and successes of medical response efforts throughout the world. There were sixteen countries represented and the Assembly provided a forum for these nations to exchange experiences and ideas which would improve emergency medical response and care. These Proceedings are a record of the views and experiences of the international faculty in the plenary sessions as well as those of all participants involved in the Speaker/Participant Seminar. KW - Crashes KW - Crisis management KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergencies KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Medical equipment KW - Medical services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184513 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371064 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Foot, H C AU - Chapman, A J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - ROAD SAFETY AND DRIVER BEHAVIOUR PY - 1982/10 VL - 25 IS - 10 SP - p. 863-865 AB - This paper briefly summarizes research efforts concerned with road safety as related to driver behavior. From the perspective that accidents result from inability to cope with the traffic environment, research efforts for preventive measures have centered on engineering, education, and enforcement. Psychological research on accident prevention or countermeasures has concentrated upon road user behavior and upon individual, social, and environmental factors which contribute to accident causation. In relation to driving, research has focused in four main areas: the driving task itself and the skills required; driver characteristics and driving styles; driver education and training; and the effects on driving performance of physiological, psychological or drug-induced states. It is then pointed out that this issue of Ergonomics contains papers which embrace these four fields of research in driver behavior. A brief description of each paper is followed by a few concluding remarks which point to the vital necessity of such research efforts. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Environmental engineering KW - Highway safety KW - Prevention KW - Psychological aspects KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371138 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - FASTENING AND JOINING TECHNIQUES: RECENT ADVANCES PY - 1982/10 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - p. 81-82 AB - This article includes descriptions of a torque-to-yield system for bolt tightening, a stitch-folding gun for rapid fastening of the edges of sheet metal adhesive for metal joints that bonds sheet steel without degreasing or other surface treatment, and pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes. KW - Adhesives KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Bonding KW - Fasteners KW - Joining KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Metal bonding KW - Metal joining KW - Metal working KW - Taping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371233 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METRO SUBWAY ACCIDENT PY - 1982/10 SP - p. 157-162 AB - The Metrorail crash, which occurred on January 13, 1982, in Washington D.C., was one of three major emergencies in the city that day. Together with the Air Florida 90 plane crash and a major winter snowstorm, the metrorail crash heavily stressed the emergency preparedness and medical response capabilities of the area. Several problems were identified in the disaster response to the metrorail derailment and many valuable lessons were learned. This article gives the background of the accident, the problems that were experienced and the recommendations made on safety, communications, equipment and supplies, medical response and the need to review, evaluate and coordiante multi-agencies policies and procedures. KW - Communications KW - Coordination KW - Crashes KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Interagency relations KW - Medical services KW - Rapid transit KW - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186075 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371140 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - FORD SIERRA ... A REVOLUTION IN BODY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1982/10 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - Major new car introductions reflect advances in production as much as advances in product. Ford Motor Company believes that the Sierra will soon become the market leader. Characteristic features of its body Construction are briefly described. Bodyside assembly, engine compartment and underbody assembly, body framing and finishing welding, powertrain and suspension are discussed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Concrete finishing KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Power trains KW - Production KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188117 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371142 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - DIESELS FOR LIGHT VEHICLES PY - 1982/10 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - p. 60-62 AB - In this conference report, the author points out the main themes: fuel consumption - diesel against gasoline engines-diesel fuel trends and performance of future fuels, developments in car diesels, engine noise, turbocharging, engine components, and combustion modelling. KW - Combustion KW - Components KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Noise KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371160 AU - Kelly, J E AU - Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ODOMETER TAMPERING INVOLVING VEHICLES SOLD AT PENNSYLVANIA AUCTIONS PY - 1982/10 SP - 22 p. AB - Purposes of this study were to determine the extent that vehicles sold more than once at a Pennsylvania auction experience odometer tampering and to determine geographical patterns and price differentials concerning those vehicles. Information for a 6 month period was gathered from 14 Pennsylvania auctions and subjected to computer analysis. The study found that up to almost 20% of vehicles sold at auction more than once were rolled back. In at least 35% of the cases it was impossible to determine whether or not odometer tampering had occurred since that data did not appear on particular auction sale invoices. The mean difference in the two selling prices for those vehicles rolled back was $344 more than that for those vehicles that were not rolled back. Individual findings for particular auctions are also reported. The study concluded that the majority of used vehicle sales between dealers at Pennsylvania auctions are interstate. It was unable to document the full extent of the odometer tampering problem since much data was missing. The study found a significant odometer tampering problem to exist. The study recommends that law enforcement officials be granted adequate physical and financial resources, adequate sources of information and more stringent criminal penalties. financial resources, adequate sources of information and more stringent criminal penalties. KW - Interstate commerce KW - Law enforcement KW - Oedometers KW - Prices KW - Tampering KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184518 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371062 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - HOW TO COPE WITH TIRE PRESSURES PY - 1982/10 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 1 p. AB - Proper tire maintenance can help cut operating costs of school bus fleets and contribute to better handling of vehicles. The most critical factor in tire maintenance is proper inflation. Tire pressure should be checked weekly, when the tires are cold. Rotating the tires can extend their use. Keeping the tires balanced and the vehicle properly aligned contribute to more even wear. Finally, tires should be matched if they are to run in dual teams. KW - Inflation KW - Maintenance KW - Pressure KW - Rotation KW - School buses KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188077 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371126 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Goettler, L A AU - Sezna, J AU - DiMauro, P J AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - SHORT FIBER REINFORCEMENT OF EXTRUDED RUBBER PROFILES PY - 1982/10 VL - 187 IS - 1 SP - p. 33-42 AB - In the extrusion of fiber reinforced rubber compounds to produce various industrial profiles, such as the tire bead filler, care must be taken to avoid inherent structural defects produced by the die flow. Surface roughness and edge tearing result from the action of shear and extensional forces on the weak fracture planes within the short fiber composite. Lowering the fiber level and stiffening the matrix (in particular, by reducing oil and increasing carbon black concentrations) improve the coherency of the extrudate by relieving stress concentrations and increasing the green strength of the stock. Die design and processing conditions also play a role in determining the magnitude of the disruptive stresses. The high stiffness required in a tire bead filler can best be provided by short fiber reinforcement. A simple extrusion of a 10 wt. % fiber composite stock through a contoured profile die, following the design criteria set forth in this paper for axial fiber alignment should suffice for production of a tire bead filler strip. Other applications may require some degree of area expansions within the die to produce a higher transverse fiber orientation and stiffness. In all cases, the good processing attributes of the treated short cellulose fiber will promote cost-effective reinforcement. KW - Cellulose KW - Dies KW - Extrusion KW - Fibers KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Machine tools KW - Profiles KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rubber KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371139 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Taylor, G AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - ADVANCES IN VEHICLE AERODYNAMICS PY - 1982/10 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - p. 44-46 AB - A conference on vehicle aerodynamics is reported which emphasized the value of collaboration between academia and industry. This article briefly summarizes the several papers presented at the conference. The papers were as follows: Designing Cars for Low Drag: State of the Art and Future Potential (W.H. Hucho); Vehicle Aerodynamics -- A View from General Motors Research (P. Vickers); Aerodynamic Basis Bodies Suitable for Automobile Applications (A. Morelli); Potential for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction in Car Design (G. Carr); Aerodynamics: Conflict or Compliance in Vehicle Layout (H. Flegl); Techniques for Reducing Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag (J.L. Stollery and K.P. Garry); Measurements of the Structure of Road Vehicle Wakes (P.W. Bearman); Aerodynamic Characteristics of Car Wheels (A. Cogotti); Calculating Three Dimensional Separated Flow Around Road Vehicles (F. Chomaton); Numerical Solutions of Potential and Viscous Flows Around Road Vehicles (V. Losito and others); A Higher Order Boundary Integral Equation Technique for the Computation of Vehicle Flow fields (L.G. Stafford); Computational Analysis of the External Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles (N.G. Markatos); The Influence of Aerodynamics on the Design of Formula One Racing Cars (P.G. Wright); and Cross Wind Effects and the Dynamics of Light Cars (T. Kobayashi and K. Kitoh). KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Calculation KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Computation KW - Conferences KW - Crosswinds KW - Drag KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Sports cars KW - State of the art studies KW - Vehicle design KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371091 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Petrucelli, E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE IN PERSPECTIVE PY - 1982/10 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 39-43 AB - Road-related trauma is a major health problem that requires the leadership, commitment and involvement of the medical profession. A significant contribution to injury-control efforts has been the development and routine use of injury-scaling systems that can provide meaningful and consistent information on how injuries are sustained, and therefore, how they can be ameliorated or prevented entirely. Injury scaling, or the assessment of the severity of trauma-related tissue damage, has a long history. Not until the mid-20th century, however, when the enormous toll from road-related morbidity and mortality was emphasized, did it become obvious that better methods for studying injuries were necessary. These needs increased in importance with the development of organized emergency medical service systems, and improvements in the training of the medical and paramedical personnel who care for the victims of highway and other trauma. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - History KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188087 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371143 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - ELECTRIC CHOKE USING PTC CERAMIC HEATERS PY - 1982/10 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - p. 78-79 AB - By 1981, over 90 percent of all carbureted vehicles built in the U.S. had been converted from engine heated bimetal choke control to electrically heated bimetal choke control. This article reviews the basic technology of Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) electric chokes. These have captured a major part of the American automatic choke market and are already influencing European design. KW - Automatic choke KW - Automobiles KW - Chokes KW - Electric choke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370818 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - 4X4 ALIGNMENT PY - 1982/10 VL - 158 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - This article explains how to make camber corrections on many four-wheel-drive vehicles, including the most popular, with a system of 4x4 camber shims. Included is a list of companies that make 4x4 camber shims. KW - Alignment KW - Curvature KW - Four wheel drive KW - Maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Shims KW - Wheel alignment KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187923 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370823 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - 1983 CARS MORE DOWNSIZING AND THE "AERO" LOOK FROM FORD PY - 1982/10 VL - 162 IS - 10 SP - p. 23-25 AB - Ford is introducing many changes in engines, transmissions, electronics and a new downsized LTD/Marquis in the fall of 1982. The 1.6L four has been fitted with multi-point fuel injection as an option on the Escort/Lynx and EXP/LN7. Among other improvements is the tuned intake and exhaust manifolds and a 9.5:1 compression ratio. The 2.3-L OHC has its staged two-barrel replaced by a single-barrel carburetor. A port injected, turbocharged 2.3-L will be available in the Mustang and Thunderbird. The 5.0-L High output V.8 will have a four-barrel Holley carburetor, new aluminum intake manifold, a higher lift cam, a larger air cleaner and a larger exhaust system. Other improvements are briefly described as well as certain features of the Thunderbird/Cougar, the LTD/Marquis, the Mustang and Capri. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Improvements KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187927 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370667 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ADMINISTRATION'S PROGRESS ON REGULATORY RELIEF PY - 1982/10 VL - 90 IS - 10 SP - p. 9-12 AB - The Presidential Task Force on Regulatory Relief had designated 111 existing regulatory programs for review. Thus far, 51 of these reviews have resulted in final action to revise or rescind inherited regulations, and 35 reviews have resulted in some proposed rulemaking action. 21 of the 51 final actions and 9 of the 35 proposed actions have dealt directly with regulations involving vehicle safety, emissions, or fuel economy. The Reagan Administration has also slowed the growth of new regulations and changed its regulatory philosophy, emphasizing the greater use of incentives based on market performance. Following a discussion of the preceding statements, this report presents a review of recent judicial activities dealing with bumpers, passive restraints, and Ford automatic transmissions; a review of legislative activities relating to the energy tax credit, lead in gasoline, used cars, hazardous pollutants, regulatory reform, energy reorganization, and 1982 supplemental appropriations; and executive department activities dealing with the bumper standard, seat belt assemblies, glazing, fuel efficiency, fuel economy reporting, tires, fuel switching, jeep handling, the Experimental Safety Vehicles conference, and the NHTSA driver and pedestrian programs. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - Markets KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187834 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370460 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - MCELROY, J AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - ILLUMINATING QUEST. AERODYNAMICS CASTS A NEW LIGHT ON HEADLAMPS PY - 1982/10 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - p. 136-137 AB - Flush-mounted headlamps, popular in Europe, are illegal in the U.S. The U.S. auto industry is asking the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to rewrite Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108 and adopt a set of performance regulations, which NHTSA is in the process of doing, but too slowly according to Chrysler. Chrysler has petitioned the agency for permission to use two small rectangular lamps from the four-lamp system, which would allow it to drop the hood and fender line, as well as taper the front end on many of its cars, resulting in fuel economy improvement. Ford has petitioned the agency to use a sealed-beam lamp, which borrows from the European concept of using replaceable bulbs and flush-mounted lenses. One of the delays in rewriting FMVSS 108 is a debate over the benefits of unsealed versus sealed beams. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobile industry KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Europe KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Flush mounted headlamps KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Headlamps KW - Replaceable bulbs KW - Sealed beam headlights KW - Technology KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187716 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370819 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - THE GREAT DEBATE PY - 1982/10 VL - 158 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - Because of the increasing use of aluminum in engine components, there has been a lot of reformulation of antifreezes. There is also quite a bit of disagreement among domestic and some European car manufacturers on what should be used. This article explains the story behind the disagreement, and gives some answers to questions on which antifreeze to use, how much to install, and how often to flush and fill. KW - Aluminum KW - Antifreeze KW - Automobiles KW - Borates KW - Coolants KW - Engines KW - Europe KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Phosphates KW - Silicates KW - Specifications KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187924 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370807 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WILL MOTORCYCLES REQUIRE CATALYTIC CONVERTERS? PY - 1982/10 VL - 90 IS - 10 SP - p. 66-68 AB - This article describes the stationary and vehicle testing of catalytic converters for small two-stroke engines used for two-wheeled vehicles (motorcycles and mopeds). It was found that HC and CO conversions as well as catalytic converter temperatures depend on the amount of secondary air supplied. Various types of pulse air valves were used to optimize the secondary air supply, the most effective being a Pierburg SLS 20 415 with a 250 mm length of pipe and a 6 mm inner pipe diameter. Addition of manifold insulation generally improved efficiency. Catalyst aging caused some decrease in HC conversion while at the same time CO conversion increased. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalytic converters KW - Flow KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Temperature KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187915 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370939 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - CALIFORNIA DOT COMPLETES WHEELCHAIR STUDIES PY - 1982/10 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) has completed two extensive studies on the transportation of the wheelchair passenger in buses. Caltrans first examined the performance of certain securement systems for wheelchairs in dynamic crash situations. The second study dealt with passive lift designs for wheelchairs and how the designs on the market today compared with one another. Both studies then recommended Caltrans' own designs for these devices. The cost of these devices and applications to school buses are discussed briefly. KW - Crash phase KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact tests KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Safety engineering KW - School buses KW - Securement systems KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Wheelchair lifts KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370688 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UNDERBODY AERODYNAMICS: THE NEXT AREA OF REFINEMENT? PY - 1982/10 VL - 90 IS - 10 SP - p. 57-62 AB - Vehicle aerodynamicists are investigating the treatment of the underbody of a vehicle and its effect on drag. Various methods are described. The drag reductions obtained can be used to achieve better fuel economy or better performance. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Drag KW - Flow KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Vehicle underbody UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187849 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370259 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Bedard, P AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - THE GIPPER BOOTS BIG BROTHER OFF OUR DASHBOARDS PY - 1982/10 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 1 p. AB - This is an editorial in favor of the recision of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 127 on February 18, 1982. This Safety Standard prohibited speedometers capable of indicating speeds over 85 mph. The author thinks speedometers are pure information devices and, as such, should be allowed to have numbers beyond 85, and anyway a driver inclined to speed will do so, without regard to speedometer reading. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Psychological aspects KW - Speedometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187577 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370937 JO - Autobody and the Reconditioned Car PB - Spokesman Publishing Company AU - FLETCHER, J AU - Spokesman Publishing Company TI - REPAIRING A DOOR PANEL PY - 1982/10 VL - 61 IS - 10 SP - 3 p. AB - This well-illustrated article explains how to repair a severely damaged rear door panel. It includes advice on mixing light weight plastic and spraying with acrylic lacquer. KW - Automobiles KW - Doors KW - Painting KW - Panels KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188015 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370683 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Jackson, L E AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - RAILROAD/HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TRUCKS TRANSPORTING BULK HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PY - 1982/10 VL - 52 IS - 10 SP - p. 35-37 AB - Following a discussion of the seriousness and magnitude of the problem of railroad/highway grade crossing accidents involving trucks transporting bulk hazardous materials, this article points out two common factors observed in the more recently investigated accidents. The first factor is that these accidents tended to occur near terminals. The second factor is that drivers involved in these accidents appeared to demonstrate an irresponsible or careless attitude at the crossings, which perhaps indicates the need for special licensing for drivers of hazardous materials. The remainder of this article examines several aspects of Operation Lifesaver, the National Safety Council's nationwide program to reduce railroad grade crossing accidents, which could be used to attack the hazardous material truck problem. These aspects include: traffic engineering measures; traffic law enforcement; truck driver education; legislation and regulations; and a uniform coordinated effort by all agencies involved. KW - Agencies KW - Cooperation KW - Crashes KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Government agencies KW - Hazardous materials KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187845 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370685 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - DETROIT NOTEBOOK. TRANSFER SHAFT CAUSES FWD SHAKE PY - 1982/10 VL - 52 IS - 10 SP - p. 14-19 AB - Chrysler advises front end technicians that driveline vibration on the 1979-80 Omni/Horizon equipped with automatic transmission, primarily in the steering column from 25 to 35 mph, can be caused by excessive runout of the transfer shaft in the transaxle. Ford says that a squeaking noise coming from the front of the 1980-81 Fairmont/Zephir, Mustang/Capri, Granada, and Cougar, can be traced to the plastic sleeve and insulator area of the front stabilizer bar. Dodge Division says that the 1978 and later M6 motor home chassis can demonstrate a condition that the owner often describes as "roughness" during braking. This illustrated article explains how to verify those conditions, what parts must be replaced and what to do when adjustments are required to a non-adjustable strut. An insert "Oldie of the Month" explains a common cause of low or spongy brake pedal on 1968-73 Fords. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake pedals KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Drivelines KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Stabilizers KW - Struts KW - Transaxle KW - Transfer shaft KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187847 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370803 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Mercaldo, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE TROUBLESHOOTING QUIZ PY - 1982/10 VL - 221 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - This article considers questions relating to excessive engine-oil consumption, inoperative electric cooling fans, difficulty in shifting gear, and brake adjustments frequently asked by auto owners, and then proceeds to answer them. Failing to change oil and filter at regular intervals can cause engine-sludge buildup which can also be caused by operating an engine at below normal engine temperature. An engine will run cool if it has a faulty cooling system thermostat or if it is used only to travel short distances. An inoperative cooling fan could be caused by a switch failure; the regular fuse and fusible link should be checked. Difficult gear shifts could be caused by a defective pressure-plate assembly. Brake adjustments are often necessary when the star-wheel adjusters are installed incorrectly. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Engine oils KW - Gears KW - Oil filters KW - Temperature KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187911 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370678 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Trijonis, J AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - IMPACT OF LIGHT DUTY DIESELS ON VISIBILITY IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1982/10 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - 4 p. AB - This paper investigates the impact of light duty diesels on California visibility in the early 1990s. It is found that, without increased dieselization, there will be little change in statewide visibility levels from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Visibility impacts from diesels are calculated for various scenarios of diesel use and particulate control. The likely dieselization (20%), do nothing particulate control (0.4g/ml) scenario will change projected statewide emissions slightly for HC(-2%), NOx (+1%), SOx (+5%), and TSP (+1%) but will increase statewide emissions of elemental carbon (soot) by about 80%. Simplistic haze budget calculations indicate that this increase in soot emissions should reduce visibility about 10 to 25% in California. More precise and geographically detailed visibility calculations are performed by applying a lead tracer model to data for 86 California locations. The lead tracer model indicates that the likely dieselization, do nothing control scenario will reduce visibility by about 10 to 35%, with the greatest impacts occurring in and near urban areas. Actual visibility decreases for this scenario may even be much greater, 20 to 50%, because the analysis does not address two other significant factors: (1) increased sulfate levels due to catalytic SO2 oxidation by soot and to higher SO2 emissions, and (2) increased soot emissions due to dieselization of the medium and heavy duty fleets. KW - Automobiles KW - California KW - Diesel fuels KW - Diesel trucks KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Light vehicles KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Soot KW - Sulfates KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187843 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370673 JO - Modern Plastics PB - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated AU - Wood, A S AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - DETROIT MAKES A U-TURN TO UPSIZING; SEES PLASTICS AS FUEL-EFFICIENT WAY TO GET THERE PY - 1982/10 VL - 59 IS - 10 SP - p. 48-51 AB - This article discusses the possibility of mass production of cars made largely of plastics. Plastics are seen as the way to achieve larger, roomier cars without serious reduction in fuel economy. Plastics' virtually unlimited design versatility, parts consolidation, durability, and improving economics are equally important considerations. Current and future applications of plastics by the various auto manufacturers are discussed, along with the various materials available. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Durability KW - Economics KW - Fuel consumption KW - Plastics KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187840 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370256 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Davis, D E AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - DETROIT 1983--THE VIEW FROM ANN ARBOR PY - 1982/10 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 33-34 AB - After reviewing protectionism, Congress, and the state of our cities and our roads, the author takes a look at the automobile business in 1983. The evidence indicates that we will be able to buy some serious performance from GM, better engines are in the pipeline; Ford also promises, better cars that are also fun-to-drive; Chrysler's 2.2 engine is strong and getting stronger, moreover, Chrysler seems to have an edge on styling; and AMC has turned out a car of the year--the Renault Alliance. The final note deals with the difficulty the automotive industry has had, and still has, with automobile dealers and the need to reevaluate the entire franchise system. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobile industry KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Competition KW - Consumers KW - General Motors Corporation KW - International relations KW - Protectionism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187574 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370666 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ADJUSTABLE FACE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNAL HEADS PY - 1982/10 VL - 52 IS - 10 SP - 8 p. AB - This report presents a revised standard of the Institute of Transportation Engineers. The purpose of this standard is to provide a guide for the preparation of minimum purchase specifications for adjustable face vehicle traffic control signal heads. This standard is scheduled to take effect December 1, 1982. KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187833 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370680 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - HOPPER, R H AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - LEFT-RIGHT: WHY DRIVING RULES DIFFER PY - 1982/10 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - p. 541-548 AB - This article gives an interesting account of why vehicles are driven on the right side of the road in some countries and on the left in others. It also indicates which countries follow the right side rule of the road and which follow the left side rule of the road, pointing out especially those countries where recent changes have been made. KW - History KW - Left-hand driving KW - Right hand traffic KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187844 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370804 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - BUYING AN USED FOUR-WHEEL-DRIVE PY - 1982/10 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - p. 20-25 AB - In this second of a 2-part article giving advice to buyers of used four-wheel-drives, it is recommended that the buyer test drive the vehicle and seek answers to certain questions. These questions are listed and discussed. The questions relate to such aspects as engine firing, engine noises, engine gauges, brightening and dimming of headlights with changing of the rpm, brake pedals, engine knock, steering control, transmission noises, brakes, turning radius, tire grip, gear shifts, and engine leaks. It is emphasized that safety considerations should always come first. Therefore, the most important check items should be the tires, brakes and steering. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Brakes KW - Engines KW - Four wheel drive KW - Gears KW - Headlamps KW - Tire grip KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187912 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370806 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINEERING HIGHLIGHTS OF THE 1983 AUTOMOBILES PY - 1982/10 VL - 90 IS - 10 SP - p. 31-46 AB - After pointing out the current emphasis on refinement and improvement in U.S. automobiles and the challenge of the ever-increasing Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) requirements, a company-by-company presentation of the technical highlights of 1983 American cars is given. The companies included are Chrysler, General Motors, Ford and American Motors. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Automobiles KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187914 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370934 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Cimbura, G AU - Lucas, D M AU - Bennett, R C AU - Warren, R A AU - Simpson, H M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INCIDENCE AND TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DRUGS DETECTED IN 484 FATALLY INJURED DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS IN ONTARIO PY - 1982/10 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - p. 855-867 AB - Results are presented of a comprehensive drug study carried out on specimens from drivers and pedestrians fatally injured in Ontario. Toxicological analyses were regularly performed on blood and urine and occasionally on vitreous humor, stomach contents, and liver. The analytical procedures could detect and quantitate a wide variety of drugs including such illicit drugs as Cannabis. With respect to drivers, alcohol was found in 57% of the study sample and drugs other than alcohol, in 26%. However, in only 9.5% of the drivers were psychoactive drugs (other than alcohol) detected in the blood in concentrations that may adversely affect driving skills. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and diazepam accounted for a majority of the findings in this category. KW - Canada KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Pedestrians KW - Psychotropic agents KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology KW - Traffic crashes KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370665 AU - Jonah, B A AU - Dawson, N E AU - MacGregor, C G AU - WILDE, GJS AU - Transport Canada TI - PROMOTING SEAT BELT USE: A COMPARISON OF THREE APPROACHES PY - 1982/10 SP - 4 p. AB - This leaflet gives a brief summary of the paper by the same title. In the original paper three approaches to promoting seat belt use in Canada are described along with evaluations of their effectiveness. These three approaches are: mass media public education; a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP); and the use of feedback whereby a sign is posted at the roadside saying "Drivers wearing seat belts yesterday, X%". KW - Effectiveness KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Selective traffic enforcement program KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic signs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184070 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367673 JO - Metropolitan Life Insurance Statistical Bulletin PB - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company AU - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company TI - CYCLING ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1982/10 VL - 62 IS - 4 SP - p. 4-6 AB - This article points out the tremendous increase in the number of bicycles--from 42.3 million in 1968 to an estimated 62-65 million in 1981. It points out the advantages of this form of transportation, including health and recreational benefits, mobility comparable to motor travel within urban areas, low cost, quiet travel and no pollution; and also its problems and disadvantages, such as a lack of adequate facilities (bikeways, parking, etc.), inconvenience during bad weather, and an increase in the number of accidents. The remainder of this article discusses the increase in bicycle accidents. The following two sets of data are presented: Deaths among riders of pedal cycles by type of accident in the United States, 1960-1978 and Deaths among riders of pedal cycles by age in the United States, 1968 and 1978. KW - Age KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Parking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173104 AU - Prensky, Simon AU - Blair, Richard AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - The Availability of State-Level Highway Accident Exposure Information PY - 1982/09/30/Staff Study SP - 35p AB - A variety of different types of information have been used to standardize or normalize descriptive statistics on highway accident occurrence for the purpose of making comparisons among data from divergent geographic locations, time periods and for specific circumstances. This type of information is commonly referred to as highway accident exposure data. The purpose of the investigation described in this report is to ascertain the availability and accuracy of highway accident exposure data at both the Federal and state levels. The ultimate aim is to develop a computer file of generally available and useful highway accident exposure data. The primary use of this data is to support the analytic and reporting .capabilities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Traffic Safety Programs (TSP). Because many of TSP's activities deal with individual states, an important characteristic of the exposure data system is that information be available by state and, in addition, in as much temporal disaggregation as possible. Among the uses of the automated exposure data file are the following: (1) generation of standard descriptive ·statistics, e.g., the number of accidents or deaths per vehicle mile traveled, per registered vehicle, per licensed driver or per unit population; ( 2) time series analysis of accident rates, possibly including the development of predictive models; and (3) generation of information characterizing the current state of accident t experience in the U. S. KW - Crash data KW - Crash exposure KW - Fatalities KW - High risk locations KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33352/33352.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933432 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379547 JO - BMJ PB - British Medical Association AU - BETTS, T A AU - Birtle, J AU - British Medical Association TI - EFFECT OF TWO HYPNOTIC DRUGS ON ACTUAL DRIVING PERFORMANCE NEXT MORNING PY - 1982/09/25 VL - 285 IS - 6345 SP - p. 852 AB - This study examined the effect of temazepam and flurazepam on driving performance on the next morning after having taken one of the drugs 12 hours prior to testing. A single night-time dose (15 mg flurazepam or 20 mg temazepam) of both hypnotics caused changes in driving behavior the next morning that increased the chance of a road accident. KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Personnel performance KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381831 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--PATTISON HEAD START CENTER SCHOOL VAN, RUN-OFF BRIDGE AND FIRE, NEAR HERMANVILLE, MISSISSIPPI, DECEMBER 17, 1981 PY - 1982/09/22 SP - 26 p. AB - About 7:25 a.m., on December 17, 1981, the driver of a 16-passenger Head Start school van, traveling southbound on a two-lane dirt road near Hermanville, Mississippi, lost control of the vehicle and ran off the right side of a one-lane wooden bridge. The roadway condition on the approach to the bridge was muddy as a result of rain, and there was a light rain at the time of the accident. The van fell about 9 1/2 feet onto a creek embankment and came to rest on its right side. A fire developed in the front engine compartment and, after burning for 11 to 13 minutes, spread through the interior of the van. Five of the 32 occupants of the van were killed and 11 persons were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the driver to stop and align the van with the bridge in the presence of adverse road conditions and an exaggerated steering maneuver that was further aggravated by the van tires striking the sides of the bridge running boards. Contributing to the accident was the lack of guardrails on the bridge. Possibly contributing to the loss of life were the lack of precise Head Start occupant capacity guidelines which permitted an excessive number of passengers in the van, a lack of driver emergency training, and the limited availability of exits. KW - County roads KW - Crash reports KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver training KW - Emergency exits KW - Emergency procedures KW - Evacuation KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - School buses KW - Vans KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370209 JO - Newsweek PB - Newsweek incorporated AU - Newsweek incorporated TI - THE WAR AGAINST DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1982/09/13 SP - p. 34-39 AB - The article which notes that 3 Americans are killed and 80 are injured by drunk drivers every hour of every day, gives examples of several fatal accidents involving drunk drivers and describes efforts to pass laws that will keep drunks off the roads. Already 27 state legislatures have passed tough drunk driving laws. Many (20) states have boosted the legal drinking age. The campaign against drunk driving has been heightened by the launching of Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) which brought into focus the victims of drunk driving. MADD has 83 chapters in 29 states. Remove Intoxicated Drivers-USA (RID) founded in New York has 55 chapters in 29 states. Lobbying efforts by the families of fatal crash victims have led to new laws. In Wisconsin a law went into effect to suspend the license of anyone arrested for an alcohol-related offense even before trial. Most states make driving with a blood alcohol level of .10 a crime. New laws also make prison mandatory and increase penalties for those refusing the blood alcohol test. Preliminary results of the new laws are encouraging. In Maryland drunk driving arrests have gone up 45% and highway fatalities down 20%. Anti-drunk-driving campaigners are pressuring the courts as well as legislators. It is noted that safety experts insist that the focus should be on automobiles and highways and not on drivers, and that conviction and jail is meaningless unless combined with therapy. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187550 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370463 JO - AUTOCAR PB - HAYMARKET MAGAZINES LTD AU - IPC Transport Press, Limited TI - ROBOTS REVISITED PY - 1982/09/11 VL - 157 IS - 4473 SP - p. 15-16 AB - This article takes a close look at the fast growing robot population of the European automobile manufacturers, Japan's robots, and computer-aided-design at the Ford Motor Company. In Japan, robots are becoming increasingly important on the production line. On the production line of the new 3-Series cars at BMW, there are more than 70 new robots boosting capacity by more than 40%. BMW in conjunction with KUKA have developed third generation robots. In France, Renault which has one of the most automated plants and a production level closest to the Japanese, plans to have more and more robots. At Ford Motor Company, 250 robots have been included in tooling up for Sierra production. Robots with senses and those which respond to voice commands are also briefly mentioned. The use of computer-aided-design at the Ford Motor Company has been noted to improve productivity by a ratio of 3 to 1. KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided design KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Foreign KW - Productivity KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187719 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370464 JO - AUTOCAR PB - HAYMARKET MAGAZINES LTD AU - Lewis, M AU - IPC Transport Press, Limited TI - RESTRAINING INFLUENCE PY - 1982/09/11 VL - 157 IS - 4473 SP - p. 30-32 AB - The wearing of seat belts by front seat occupants becomes compulsory in Britain in January 1983. This article discusses the application of this legislation, the exemptions to the law and the use of restraints for children. The new laws do not indicate a minimum age for front seat occupants but the Department of Transport recommends that children under 14 are safer in the rear seats. A car's normal seat belts are designed for adults and risks to children who use them are described. Adjustment accessories and booster seats for children are also described. Some child restraint systems are illustrated by photographs. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Exemption KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187720 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385147 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - US Center for Disease Control TI - STATE ACTION TO PREVENT MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS AND INJURIES AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS PY - 1982/09/10 VL - 31 IS - 35 SP - p. 488-490 AB - In an effort to reduce motor vehicle accidents and deaths, states have begun passing legislation pertaining to child restraints, alcohol use and other issues related to the prevention of motor vehicle deaths and injuries. Twenty one states have enacted laws requiring the use of, or have instituted public education programs on, safety belts or safety seats for children. Experiences in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, are briefly noted. Several states have raised their legal drinking ages. Also, citizens' groups have encouraged state legislatures to pass laws restricting night driving by teenagers, imposing mandatory license suspension for driving while intoxicated, and imposing stiffer penalties for convicted offenders. Although in 1975 all but 3 states had enacted laws requiring helmet use for motorcyclists, by 1982, nine states had no such laws and 22 had amended them to require helmets only for teenaged riders. Other approaches to preventing motor vehicle fatalities among teenagers include raising the driving age and instituting comprehensive driver education programs. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcyclists KW - Penalties KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373585 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - STRENGTHENING TRANSPORTATION POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1982/09/09 SP - 27 p. AB - When starting their terms, incoming Secretaries of the Department of Transportation have not found a system for formulating and implementing Department-wide, long-term policy. Such a system and supporting unit could provide significant benefits on a Department-wide scale. Former Secretaries, on reflection after leaving office, and past and current Department officials believe that opportunities exist to improve policy development and implementation. The Department recently instituted changes which it believes will lead to such improvements. GAO recommends that the Department give attention to long-term policy issues Department-wide when implementing these changes. KW - Development KW - Federal government KW - Implementation KW - Institutional issues KW - Long term KW - Policy analysis KW - Time duration KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation policy KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385606 JO - Journal of Sound and Vibration PB - Elsevier AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - MODAL ANALYSIS OF A HUMAN HEAD IMPACT SIMULATOR PY - 1982/09/08 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - p. 156-159 AB - A human head impact simulator which must not exhibit any resonant frequency below 3000 Hz is tested by experimental and computational modal analyses. A comparison is made of the lowest frequency of the head form to available cadaver and skull data. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Cadavers KW - Experiments KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Modal analysis KW - Modal split KW - Resonance frequency KW - Simulation KW - Testing equipment KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385620 JO - Journal of Sound and Vibration PB - Elsevier AU - OHRSTROM, E AU - RYLANDER, R AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - SLEEP DISTURBANCE EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC NOISE--A LABORATORY STUDY ON AFTER EFFECTS PY - 1982/09/08 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - p. 87-103 AB - Body movements during sleep and subjective sleep quality, as well as mood and performance were investigated after exposure to intermittent and continuous traffic noise during the night. In a first experiment, six young subjects slept in the laboratory for five nights; in a second experiment 12 subjects slept six consecutive nights in the laboratory. A good dose--response relationship was obtained between intermittent noise and subjective sleep quality: i.e., the higher the noise level, the poorer the sleep quality. A similar dose-response relationship was found for body movements immediately following noise peaks during nights with intermittent noise. Performance and mood tended to be worse after intermittent noise. However, these effects did not increase with an increase in noise levels. Compared with intermittent noise, continuous noise had a significantly smaller effect on sleep quality. Mood and performance were not worse after continuous noise. The results suggest that increased attention should be paid to peak noise levels when standards for nocturnal noise are set. KW - After effects KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Disturbances KW - Laboratory studies KW - Sleep KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373913 AU - Lindahl, D M AU - Congressional Research Service TI - THE WEBSTER-HEISE VALVE: A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND ITS FUELS? PY - 1982/09/07 SP - v.p. AB - The efficiency of internal combustion engines has long been limited by the problems associated with fuel preparation and distribution. A new valve technology has been developed which may reduce or eliminate some of those problems. The Webster-Heise valve apparently causes gasoline and other auto fuels to vaporize at low engine temperatures and to mix with incoming air. Preliminary testing suggests potential for major oil conservation, increases in available torque, improvements in fuel economy, and major reductions in lead and other additives and in automotive pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons. The valve also appears to reduce engine octane requirements by 10 to 15 points. Additional testing will be necessary to fully evaluate its potential. KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Octane number KW - Octane requirements KW - Testing KW - Torque KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193952 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370263 JO - Automotive News PB - Crain Communications, Incorporated AU - Plotkin, A S AU - Marketing Sciences, Incorporated TI - SMALL CARS JUST DON'T FIT. HIGHWAYS OUT OF TUNE WITH TIMES PY - 1982/09/06 SP - 2 p. AB - Existing roadside safety mechanisms are not built for small cars and represent increasingly hazardous conditions. This subject was discussed at a conference for highway officials and it was noted there that risks for small cars are increasing in part because: (1) Guardrails at standard height "snaggle" small car wheels, causing abrupt spin out; (2) Collision with concrete median strip Jersey barriers have caused small-car rollovers; (3) Breakaway supports, as well as guardrail terminals developed for larger cars have abruptly stopped or upset small cars in tests; and (4) crash-barrier barrels can be almost as lethal as solid barriers for small cars. Another hazard to small-car drivers is the reduced sight distance. KW - Barrel barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Concrete structures KW - Guardrails KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway safety KW - Median barriers KW - Roadside structures KW - Safety factors KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379410 AU - FITZPATRICK, M U AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering TI - COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENTATION OF PASSENGER (PAC) COMPUTER MODEL PY - 1982/09/03 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is written to give the user of the PAC computer model the specific information he will need to: (a) set up the input file; (b) run the program; and (c) interpret the results. This model describes the interaction between the passenger of a vehicle and an air cushion restraint system in a crash situation. The air cushion is mounted to the dash and the gas generation system in a user specified geometrical arrangement. The entire airbag deployment sequence is modeled. Because of this, the effect of deployment forces on forward positioned passenger are able to be analyzed. The passenger is described by four lumped masses linked together in a prescribed relationship. The airbag is described by two masses. KW - Air bags KW - Interaction KW - Manuals KW - Passengers KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379451 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE EAST CHICAGO, INDIANA, HIGHWAY RAMP COLLAPSE COULD HELP PREVENT SIMILAR ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/09/02 SP - 16 p. AB - The April 1982 collapse of a highway ramp under construction in Indiana killed 13 workers and injured 17. The ramp is part of a highway construction project receiving 90 percent Federal funding. Several Federal, State, local, and private agencies are investigating the accident. The National Bureau of Standards, assisted by the Federal Highway Administration, is investigating the technical cause of the collapse for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Federal action to begin the technical investigation was prompt, and the Bureau appears well qualified to determine the cause. GAO, however, is concerned that Federal and State agencies were not examining and had no plans to examine systemic aspects, such as Federal and State construction monitoring and inspection. GAO is recommending that this be done. GAO is also recommending that the Congress, in considering the need to grant authority to an existing Federal agency to direct and coordinate investigations, provide that such authority enable the agency to conduct independent investigations of both the technical and systemic aspects of accidents involving Federal and federally assisted construction projects. KW - Collapse KW - Construction control KW - Construction inspection KW - Construction management KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal government agencies KW - Inspection KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Prevention KW - Ramps KW - Recommendations KW - Road construction KW - Safety KW - State government KW - System safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721395 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM IN RADAR SPEED MEASUREMENT. COURSE ADMINISTRATOR'S MANUAL PY - 1982/09 SP - 36 p. AB - This Course Administrator's Manual has been prepared to aid the training administrator in planning and managing the Basic Training Program in RADAR Speed Measurement. The overall goal of the course is to improve the effectiveness of speed enforcement through proper and efficient use of traffic RADAR instruments. The course consists of eight units that, together with breaks, span three training days. The training administrator is responsible for all planning activities; establishing prerequisites for admission to the class; recruiting and screening students; electing qualified instructors for each unit; and ensuring that the instructors are thoroughly aware of their specific teaching responsibilities. With the instructors, the administrator adapts the course and its constituent materials to the specific agency's training needs and goals. The training administrator has the ultimate responsibility for the smoothness and technical quality of the course, and must also maintain course records and evaluate the training with a view toward improving future applications. At the same time, the training administrator must ensure that the course meets the training needs of the law enforcement agency(ies) within established budget(s). The contents of this Course Administrator's Manual are as follows: Introduction; The Instructional Program; Course Planning Considerations; Field Supervision Considerations; Course Management and Evaluation; and Appendix A: Sample Written Test. KW - Course administrators KW - Evaluation KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Radar KW - Speed measurement KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721397 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM IN RADAR SPEED MEASUREMENT. TRAINEE INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL PY - 1982/09 SP - 82 p. AB - This is the Trainee Instructional Manual for the basic course in RADAR speed measurement. This manual will be useful in three different ways. First, before the course is conducted, it will allow a preview of the contents, structure, and sequence of units. Second, while the course is underway, the manual will be the principal source of the reference material required in class. Finally, when applying what has been learned in this course to RADAR speed enforcement, the manual will refresh your memory. KW - Manuals KW - Radar KW - Speed measurement KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721396 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM IN RADAR SPEED MEASUREMENT. INSTRUCTOR'S LESSON PLAN PY - 1982/09 SP - 212 p. AB - This Instructor's Lesson Plan manual was prepared to assist the teacher(s) of the basic course in RADAR speed measurement. The goal of this course is to improve the effectiveness of speed enforcement through the proper and efficient use of RADAR speed measurement devices. The contents of this manual are presented in eight Units, as follows: (1) Overview and Introduction; (2) Speed Offenses and Speed Enforcement; (3) Basic Principles of RADAR Speed Measurement; (4) Legal and Operational Considerations; (5) Operation of Specific RADAR Devices: Classroom Segment; (6) Moot Court; (7) Operation of Specific RADAR Devices: Field Practice Segments; and (8) Course Summary. KW - Curricula KW - Instructors KW - Lesson plans KW - Manuals KW - Radar KW - Speed measurement KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25622/DOT-HS-900-071.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459211 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395337 JO - Journal of Analytical Toxicology PB - Oxford University Press AU - Dubowski, K M AU - ESSARY, N A AU - Preston Publications, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL ANALYSIS OF STORED WHOLE-BREATH SAMPLES BY AUTOMATED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PY - 1982/09 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - p. 217-221 AB - A new method was developed to apply the advantages of automated gas chromatographic headspace analysis to delayed measurement of alcohol in whole breath (W-B). End-expiratory breath and vapor-alcohol samples were collected in sealed, heated 22-mL glass vials, stored for 0-15 days, and thereafter analyzed for alcohol by automated GC with aqueous calibrators without further sample preparation. The results were compared with those of direct alcohol determinations in closely adjacent breath samples by IR absorptiometry with an Intoxilyzer. The mean difference between 389 paired-sample breath-alcohol concentrations thus determined was close to zero; the correlation coefficient for linear regression of these results plus corresponding blanks was R=0.989. The new method is practical and reliable for law enforcement, clinical, and research applications of delayed breath-alcohol analysis. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gas chromatography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393923 AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - INJURY SCALING BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1982/09 SP - 25 p. AB - This injury scaling bibliography is a guide to researchers and field users of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). It contains references to scientific articles, technical reports, and conference proceedings that have been identified in the literature as using the AIS or having application to it. Periodic updates are planned. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Bibliographies KW - Injury classification KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393893 AU - Breitenbach, R J AU - McDonald, R M AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond TI - EVALUATION WORKBOOK FOR PUBLIC SAFETY MANAGERS PY - 1982/09 SP - 26 p. AB - This evaluation workbook presents an evaluation worksheet developed for highway safety managers who must evaluate the impact of proposed highway safety programs. The worksheet process provides the manager with an easy to understand, yet sophisticated mathematical procedure for evaluating highway safety programs. It results in a prediction, based on previous years of accident experience, of future accidents expected within the jurisdiction being studied. The actual accident experience can then be compared to the predicted values to yield an indication of countermeasure impact. Also included in the workbook are a prediction/impact summary sheet and the software package for TRS-80 microcomputer. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety programs KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384679 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - INFLUENCE OF TIRE/WHEEL NONUNIFORMITIES ON HEAVY TRUCK RIDE QUALITY PY - 1982/09 SP - 109 p. AB - Nonuniformities in the tire/wheel assemblies of heavy trucks, such as mass imbalance or geometric runout, add to the ride vibrations on the road at the rotational frequency of the wheel and harmonics thereof. On-the-road measurements of the ride degradation attributable to specific nonuniformity conditions are time-consuming and difficult because of the inability to control the individual nonuniformity conditions. Accordingly, an experiment was performed in which a cab-over-engine tractor was mounted on a hydraulic road simulator and exposed to a typical road roughness input, together with simulated tire/wheel nonuniformity inputs in the vertical direction. Subjective ratings of the ride were obtained from a 10-person jury for 100 test conditions covering different amplitudes, frequencies, wheel positions, and combinations of nonuniformities. The jury ratings exhibited the greatest sensitivity to second harmonic inputs at the rear axle, whereas their sensitivity to first and third harmonics were nominally equal, and somewhat lower. For inputs at the front axle, a sensitivity to various nonuniformity combinations (i.e., different harmonics or wheel positions) was sometimes dependent on phasing; but, as a rule, the ride degradation at the most critical phase condition was nominally equivalent to the sum of the degradations associated with the individual nonuniformity components. These findings were used to predict the ride degradation arising from the radial nonuniformities in the wheels of the test tractor. The combined effect of first- through fourth-harmonic radial nonuniformities totaled approximately one point on a 0-10 ride scale, when first harmonics were minimized by balancing and match mounting. Under these conditions, the first through fourth harmonics, respectively, contribute 28, 37, 23, and 12 percent each to the total ride decrement. It appears that the hydraulic road simulator is an efficient and valid method for evaluating truck sensitivity to radial nonuniformity inputs. The development of a similar methodology for studying the effects of nonuniformity excitation in other force directions is recommended. KW - Cab over engine trucks KW - Harmonics KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Nonuniformity KW - Ride quality KW - Simulation KW - Standardization KW - Subjective analysis KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Vibration KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391311 AU - Moreno, L E AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - SIMULATION OF FLASHING SIGNAL OPERATIONS PY - 1982/09 SP - 45 p. AB - Various guidelines that have been proposed for the operation of traffic signals in the flashing mode were reviewed. The use of existing traffic simulation procedures to evaluate flashing signals was examined and a study methodology for simulating and evaluating potential flashing signal schemes was developed. A case study is described in which the performance of existing signal settings versus flashing signal strategies was tested for different levels of main street and side street traffic volumes. The study showed that the main street flow improves with flashing signals in its favor under all circumstances, while increased volumes typically create longer delays at the side street. Major and side street traffic volumes are recommended as the focus of guidelines for using flashing signals during peak flow periods. KW - Arterial highways KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Simulation KW - Traffic volume UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36495/83-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386882 JO - AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT AU - Magazine Art Proprietary Limited TI - DRIVER MOTIVATION IS MAJOR FACTOR IN ROAD SAFETY PY - 1982/09 SP - 4 p. AB - This paper looks at road safety efforts in Australia from the perspective of the Office of Road Safety (ORS), Department of Transport and Construction. The principal function of ORS is to assist in coordinating road safety efforts on a national basis through the Australian Transport Advisory Council (ATAC). ORS is actively involved in a large number of technical committees covering vehicle design, vehicle performance and road user and traffic standards, road safety publicity, and motor vehicle emissions and noise. Other activities of ORS include the administration of the Australian Design Rule (ADR) certification system on behalf of the Australian Motor Vehicle Certification Board (AMVCB) and the management of road safety research and public education programs. The remainder of this paper refers to a recent ORS publication entitled "Making Road Usage Safer," and covers the following topics: roads; motor vehicles; driver behavior; public education; driver education and training; deterrents, penalties and enforcement measures; and the future. KW - Administration KW - Behavior KW - Coordination KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Management KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386509 JO - American Corrective Therapy Journal PB - American Corrective Therapy Association AU - Risk, H F AU - American Corrective Therapy Association TI - FORCES OF NATURE AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON THE PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED DRIVER PY - 1982/09 VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - p. 135-137 AB - This article considers some of the forces of nature and their effects upon the vehicle and the physically handicapped driver. It is emphasized that the driver education instructor must understand thoroughly different force actions on a vehicle in motion when teaching the handicapped person to drive. Those forces discussed include friction between tires and pavement, brake friction, driving around a curve, stopping distance, and the force of an impact. Mention is made of special adaptation of harness systems for proper restraint of a physically handicapped driver and the design of a wheelchair tie down system. KW - Anchoring KW - Braking KW - Drivers KW - Force KW - Friction KW - Highway curves KW - Impacts KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Stopping distances KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386504 JO - Drug and Alcohol Dependence PB - Elsevier AU - Cameron, T L AU - Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Limited TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING AMONG AMERICAN YOUTH: BELIEFS AND BEHAVIORS PY - 1982/09 VL - 10 SP - p. 1-33 AB - Data from research on traffic accident populations clearly indicate that a large proportion of accidents involve drivers under the age of twenty-five. Even after differential exposure to traffic accidents has been controlled for, young drivers remain over-represented in both alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related traffic crashes. The relative risk of crash involvement begins to increase markedly among drivers at even relatively low blood alcohol concentrations. Data from general population surveys confirm these findings. When persons under 25 years of age are compared as a group with those 25 and older, a larger proportion of the young persons in the general population both approved of and reported that they engaged in drinking and driving behavior. However, the actual proportion of young persons in the general population who indicated that they had ever been arrested for driving while impaired, or that they had had a traffic accident as a result of drinking, was quite small. The somewhat limited data available on social, psychological and behavioral correlates of youthful drinking and driving problems indicate some association between feelings of rebellion, hostility and alienation (as measured by attitudes toward parents, school, and society), and increased numbers of traffic violations and accidents. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386512 JO - Israel Journal of Medical Sciences PB - Israel Medical Association AU - Attias, D AU - Tal, Y AU - Winter, S T AU - Jaffe, M AU - Israel Medical Association TI - HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS FOLLOWING CHILDHOOD ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/09 VL - 18 IS - 9 SP - p. 917-920 AB - This study comprises 260 children aged less than or equal to 13 yr hospitalized following accidents during a 9-mo period for a total of 923 hospital days. The ratio of boys to girls was 1.8:1. There were 21 road accidents and 104 accidents in the home; 75.4% of the accidents took place after school hours. Half of the admissions were for head trauma; 96 injuries were serious; and 78 patients required general anesthesia. In 67 families, there had been at least one previous childhood accident requiring hospitalization of the cohort child or a sibling; factors in this group may have been the child's temperament or tension in the home. KW - Children KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203891 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386757 JO - JOURNAL OF POLICE SCIENCE AND ADMINISTRATION AU - GULLBERG, R G AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - VARIATION IN BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION FOLLOWING THE LAST DRINK PY - 1982/09 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - p. 289-296 AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of three variables on defining the shape of the blood alcohol concentration curve following the last drink. These three variables are: (1) time period of alcohol consumption, (2) full or empty stomach, and (3) volume of alcohol consumed. These three variables would presumably sharply influence the shape of the blood alcohol concentration curve following alcohol consumption. The results suggest that regardless of variation in consumption time, volume consumed, or food consumption, the blood alcohol concentration plateau is reached rapidly following the last drink, and does not rise significantly. KW - Absorption KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Metabolism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204032 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385123 JO - British Journal of Oral Surgery PB - Churchill Livingstone AU - Cannell, H AU - King, J B AU - Winch, R D AU - Churchill Livingstone TI - HEAD AND FACIAL INJURIES AFTER LOW-SPEED MOTOR-CYCLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/09 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - p. 183-191 AB - In the United Kingdom there appears to be little available information concerning the prevalence and the patterns of head and of facial injuries sustained in road traffic accidents by motorcyclists wearing protective helmets. The present preliminary survey was of 56 accidents in urban traffic. 50 per cent of surviving motor-cyclists incurred head injuries. Soft tissue facial wounds were sustained by 38 per cent and fractures of facial bones and teeth by 11 per cent of the injured. The majority of the accidents occurred at speeds of 30 m.p.h. or less to riders of machines of small cubic capacity. Motor-cyclists wearing open-face style helmets had more facial damage after accidents than those wearing full-face style helmets. The results of the survey suggest the need for research into the degree of protection against head facial injuries offered by the various helmet styles and their constituent materials. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Face KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Low speed KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protection KW - Protective clothing KW - Protective equipment KW - Protective masks KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203085 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384678 JO - Forensic Science International PB - Elsevier AU - Corfitsen, M T AU - Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Limited TI - INCREASED VISO-MOTORIC REACTION TIME OF YOUNG TIRED DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1982/09 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 121-125 AB - The viso-motoric reaction time of 71 young male drunk drivers was tested during the night at Glostrup police station, Copenhagen county. The persons tested were divided into three groups: rested, tired and very tired, and the group of very tired persons were shown to react significantly slower than the other two groups. The results are compared with official statistics showing tiredness as more important in night traffic accidents than generally assumed by the authorities. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Night KW - Reaction time KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202978 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380739 JO - Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology PB - Australian Academic Press AU - Engelberg, S AU - Mangioni, P V AU - Wozniczka, L P AU - Butterworths Proprietary Limited TI - FINDING SOLUTIONS TO DRINK-DRIVING THE LESSONS OF RESEARCH PY - 1982/09 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 170-182 AB - The need to manage the problem of drink-driving often results in simplistic solutions being suggested. This approach relies on the idea of a "magic cure", namely, that identification of a single, presumed, responsible causative factor allows for the development of a preventive measure that will control or eliminate the problem. The naivety of this view in developing possible, effective drink-driving countermeasures is examined in the light of experience with one magic-cure approach; the view that introduction of legislative deterrents in the form of judicial penalties is the key to eliminating the drinking driver from the road. The limitations of this approach are analysed on the basis of the research evidence, and a number of reasons are presented to explain why this is the case. A more complex intervention approach to the problem of drink-driving is suggested. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - Problem solving KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380677 AU - Michael, R B AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - DISABLEMENT TESTING OF 1981-1982 MODEL YEAR VEHICLES WITH CLOSED-LOOP EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1982/09 SP - 21 p. AB - Because EPA had little data on the emissions of vehicles with exhaust emission feedback systems when they experienced emission control problems, a test program was designed to test many types of these vehicles. Included in the test program were four vehicles equipped with throttle body fuel injection (TBI). One was a 1981 Ford and the other three were 1982 GM cars. The GM cars are the first with TBI produced in large quantity, and it was necessary to know if they differed in emission levels from normally carbureted vehicles. Included in this report is a fifth TBI vehicle (GM) that EPA tested separately in its Ann Arbor laboratory. All other vehicles were tested by a contractor for EPA, Hamilton Test Systems Inc., in Portland, Oregon. The results of this program (presented in this report) can be used to evaluate the likely effectiveness of Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) short tests in order to identify problems with these vehicles, and provide general knowledge of the emission performance of these vehicles when problems may occur. The results by themselves cannot determine the air quality impact of these vehicles, however, since the rate of occurrence of the failures in the field is also a major contributing factor. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Inspection KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Traffic incidents KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380703 AU - Kadell, D J AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE ALCOHOL REEXAMINATION PROGRAM FOR DRIVERS WITH TWO MAJOR TRAFFIC CONVICTIONS PY - 1982/09 SP - 69 p. AB - The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a reexamination for drivers who accumulate two "major violations" within a 3-year period, but who were not otherwise treated by the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Major violations comprise the most serious violations, including driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (DUI) and reckless driving violations. Because major violations often involve alcohol even when the conviction is for a non-DUI offense, the reexamination was designed to evaluate the role of alcohol and to deter subsequent impaired driving through the diagnostic reexamination process and imposition of license control actions. The sample consisted of approximately 12,000 drivers, half of whom were randomly assigned to the reexamination, the other half of whom had treatment withheld (control condition). Results indicated that the information gathered at the reexamination was moderately predictive of subsequent alcohol-involved violations, slightly more so than driving record information alone. Among drivers attending the reexamination, the two most frequent outcomes were no action and license probation; license suspension or revocation was rarely used. A substantial and statistically significant reduction in traffic convictions was attributable to the reexamination. The reexamination group had a lower rate of injury accidents and total accidents, but this latter difference did not reach statistical significance. There was no evidence that the effect of treatment was greater on alcohol-related accidents or convictions than on those not obviously alcohol-related. Based on the sample estimate of accidents prevented, the reexamination was projected to be more likely cost-beneficial than not. Comparisons of drivers for whom no action, probation, or suspension was imposed suggest that license suspension would be a more effective countermeasure than the license probation commonly used in the reexamination. Regarding the diagnostic function of the reexamination, those major convictions without evidence of alcohol involvement were associated with as high an accident risk level as those majors with evidence of alcohol involvement. This equivalence of risk levels is an argument for a blanket countermeasure program rather than for countermeasures tailored on the basis of a diagnosis of alcohol involvement. It was recommended that mandatory license suspension be used in place of the reexamination for drivers with two major convictions, regardless of alcohol involvement. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Probation KW - Reexamination KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic conviction KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380066 AU - Pawlowski, W V AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NORMS AND ATTITUDES RELATED TO ALCOHOL USAGE AND DRIVING: A REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE. VOLUME III: REPORT OF INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWS PY - 1982/09 SP - 149 p. AB - This project provides information about norms and attitudes related to alcohol use and driving. This volume reports the methodology, findings, discussions, and conclusions of individual interviews conducted with early adolescents (ages 13-14), middle-late adolescents (ages 17-18), and young adults (ages 18-25). The interviews were conducted to explore norms and attitudes of drivers who drive after drinking and those who do not. A detailed protocol was used to guide clinical social workers in these open-ended interviews and discussion focused on the following areas: general perceptions and beliefs about drinking; knowledge and beliefs about drinking and driving; behavior patterns and attitudes regarding drinking and drinking and driving; factors that may influence attitude formation; and behaviors regarding drinking and driving. The findings suggest that there are strong influences in our society that encourage drinking and driving. Further, there needs to be more information to help the drinker assess when he/she is impaired and to educate the driver who drinks concerning other drinking and driving issues (e.g. BAC laws). Finally, there are individuals, community organizations and social institutions in our society that, if supported, can have a countering effect on pro-drinking and driving influences. Information on the other aspects of the project can be found in other volumes of this report as follows: Volume I--Review of the Literature; Volume II--A Meta-analysis of Primary Prevention studies; Volume IV--Report of Focus Groups; and a booklet entitled, "Suggestions for Developing Prevention Programs to Reduce the Incidence of Alcohol Impaired Driving." KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25611/DOT-HS-806-331.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193037 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380391 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Finn, T A AU - Strickland, D E AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF BEVERAGE ALCOHOL ADVERTISING. II. TELEVISION ADVERTISING PY - 1982/09 VL - 43 IS - 9 SP - p. 964-989 AB - Findings are reported on the themes and appeals used, techniques of presentation employed, and portrayal of human models in a sample of televised beverage alcohol advertisements aired during the 1979-80 television season. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Appeals KW - Content analysis KW - Human beings KW - Information retrieval KW - Mass media KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380082 AU - Behrens, C AU - BERGER, R AU - Berger, F AU - Psychometrics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF DWI BEHAVIOR PATTERNS AND METHODS FOR CHANGE PY - 1982/09 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify patterns of behavior leading to driving while intoxicated (DWI), and to propose countermeasures for altering these patterns before they result in DWI. Two samples were studied: Los Angeles high school students representing the population of principal interest in this report, 16 to 18 year olds, and convicted DWIs, a comparison group. The study began with a literature review to find other research that dealt with DWI behavior patterns. The behavioral and situational variables, identified in the literature as being associated with DWI, were discussed with 12 focus group meetings of high school students and 11 meetings of convicted DWIs. The final report presents the predominant behavior patterns that emerged from the focus group discussions in both samples. The convergent views of both groups underlie the recommendation for DWI countermeasures given in this report. Both groups strongly urged countermeasures that would emphasize the teaching of planning methods, enabling individuals to avoid driving after drinking. KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Patterns UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25649/DOT-HS-EPX-029.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380067 AU - Pawlowski, W V AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NORMS AND ATTITUDES RELATED TO ALCOHOL USAGE AND DRIVING: A REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE. VOLUME IV: REPORT OF FOCUS GROUPS PY - 1982/09 SP - 75 p. AB - This project provides information about norms and attitudes related to alcohol usage and driving. This volume reports the methodology, findings, discussion and conclusions of three focus groups: two with parents of teenaged drivers and one with adult males (ages 39-59). The parents groups were conducted to explore parents' perceptions of the teenage drinking/driving problems and what can be done to help parents prevent their teenagers from DWI. The adult males group was conducted to explore adult males' perceptions of the DWI problem and what can be done to prevent adult males from DWI. Participants from all the groups agreed that there needs to be a massive public information and education campaign effort to prevent drunk driving. In regards to their own knowledge about alcohol induced impairment, participants in all groups had difficulty describing the early signs of impairment. In general, the findings suggest that adults are concerned about the DWI problem in our society and that they feel that there needs to be more support systems (e.g., public information, government intervention/programming) to create a social environment that is less tolerant of drinking and driving. Information on the other aspects of the project can be found in other volumes of this report as follows: Volume I--Review of the Literature; Volume II--Meta-analysis of Primary Prevention Studies; Volume III--Report of Individual Interviews; and a booklet entitled, "Suggestions for Developing Prevention Programs to Reduce the Incidence of Alcohol-Impaired Driving. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25624/DOT-HS-806-332.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380064 AU - Korenbaum, S AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NORMS AND ATTITUDES RELATED TO ALCOHOL USAGE AND DRIVING: A REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE. VOLUME I: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE PY - 1982/09 SP - 105 p. AB - This project provides information on norms and attitudes related to alcohol use and driving. This volume contains a review and analysis of the literature pertaining to attitude formation and change, attitudes towards alcohol use/abuse, attitudes associated with drinking and driving and primary prevention approaches for reducing drinking and driving. Recommendations included the following: a national survey on attitudes towards drinking and driving should be conducted to identify and assess peoples' attitudes towards drinking and driving; alcohol education programs should be studied to determine whether they can provide an effective means for impacting on the drinking driving behavior of students; and a three-year pilot program should be conducted on community-based prevention of drinking and driving. Information on the other aspects of the project can be found in other volumes of this report as follows: Volume II--Meta-analysis of Primary Prevention Studies; Volume III--Report of Individual Interviews; Volume IV--Report of Focus Groups and a booklet entitled "Suggestions for Developing Prevention Programs to Reduce the Incidence of Alcohol-Impaired Driving." KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25613/DOT-HS-806-329.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380065 AU - Nagy, T AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NORMS AND ATTITUDES RELATED TO ALCOHOL USAGE AND DRIVING: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. VOLUME II: A META-ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY PREVENTION STUDIES PY - 1982/09 SP - 88 p. AB - This project provides information about norms and attitudes related to alcohol use and driving. This volume reports the methodology, findings, discussion, and conclusions of a meta-analysis of primary prevention studies. Controlled studies dealing with the prevention of non-infectious diseases (e.g., heart attack, obesity, hypertension) were analyzed to determine what factors were associated with improvement in recipients receiving primary prevention interventions. The findings indicated that programs in areas related to health or reducing accidents were more successful than programs in areas of substance abuse, mental health and deviance. Technological, pharmacological and combinations of education, information, technology and drug interventions were the most successful interventions. Further, when the site of the intervention was other than a school, the recipients experienced greater improvement. The author concluded that primary prevention interventions can be successful and useful in programming aimed at reducing the incidence of drinking and driving. Although additional primary prevention studies should be analyzed to confirm the outcomes in this study, the study establishes primary prevention as the logical basis for policies and programs aimed at coping with drunk driving and its consequences. Information on the other aspects of the project can be found in other volumes of this report as follows: Volume I--Review of the Literature; Volume III-Report of Individual Interviews; Volume IV--Report of Focus Groups; and a booklet entitled "Suggestions for Developing Prevention Programs to Reduce the Incidence of Alcohol-Impaired Driving." KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25612/DOT-HS-806-330.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380068 AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NORMS AND ATTITUDES RELATED TO ALCOHOL USAGE AND DRIVING: A REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE. "SUGGESTIONS FOR DEVELOPING PREVENTION PROGRAMS TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING" PY - 1982/09 SP - 28 p. AB - This project provides information about norms and attitudes related to alcohol use and driving. This booklet was developed to assist highway safety program officials in assimulating recent research findings on primary prevention into their DWI community-based prevention programming. The DWI prevention activities and program suggestions contained in this booklet are based on the findings of a review of DWI literature and attitude behavior research; a quantitative analysis of primary prevention public health programs; and primary data collected through interviews and focus groups on knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to drinking and driving. Presented herein is background information on the drunk driving problem; approaches for establishing an integrated community-based prevention program; and resources that can support DWI prevention efforts. The suggestions contained in this booklet have not been tested specifically for preventing drinking and driving; however, they are based on statistically factored, features of successful public health primary prevention programs. Information on the other aspects of the project can be found in other volumes of this report as follows: Volume I--Review of the Literature; Volume II--A Meta-analysis of Primary Prevention studies; Volume III--Report of Individual Interviews; Volume IV--Report of Focus Groups. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25614/DOT-HS-806-333.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193039 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379578 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Smart, R G AU - Liban, C B AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AS ESTIMATED BY THE INFORMANT METHOD; A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND SALES DATA PY - 1982/09 VL - 43 IS - 9 SP - 8 p. AB - The informant method of estimating alcohol use yielded higher rates of drinking and of heavy drinking in the general population than did the standard household survey method. The informant method provided estimates of per capita consumption closer to those based on alcoholic beverage sales. Overall, the informant method appears to obtain higher estimates of heavy and problem alcohol use, is cheaper than survey methods and may overcome some selective reporting problems typical of standard surveys. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Data collection KW - Households KW - Informants KW - Sales KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196208 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379772 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Khandelwal, R S AU - Nigam, N C AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - DIGITAL SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A VEHICLE CARRYING LIQUID CARGO ON A RANDOM UNEVEN SURFACE PY - 1982/09 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - p. 195-214 AB - The dynamic response of a railway wagon carrying liquid cargo on a railway track is investigated. The dynamic behaviour of the sloshing liquid-mass is considered through its mechanical model. Two vehicle-liquid system models are considered to determine the dynamic response of the system moving with constant acceleration. The first model (S1) is assumed to respond under the heave mode and is subjected to single base point excitation. The second model (S2) responds under both the heave and the pitch degrees of freedom and is subjected to two-point base excitation. Two vehicle models, N1 and N2, with an equivalent solidified mass of the liquid and corresponding to models S1 and S2 are also considered to compare the vehicle response with and without the effect of the liquid sloshing. The equations of motion for the vehicle-liquid cargo system models (S1 and S2) are nonlinear and coupled. The equations of motion for the vehicle carrying equivalent solid cargo (models N1 and N2) are linear. The track unevenness is assumed to be a homogeneous random process. The vehicle is assumed to move over the track with constant acceleration and is therefore subjected to nonstationary base exitation. The equations of motion are solved numerically using the simulated track unevenness. It is found that the sloshing of liquid reduces the vehicle response whenever the natural frequencies of the vehicle and the sloshing liquid are far apart. The opposite is found to be true whenever the two natural frequencies are close to each other. Further it is found that the model S1 overestimates the heave response and underestimates the free surface response as compared to the model S2. It is concluded that the model S1 is inadequate to take into account the effect of the sloshing of liquid on the vehicle dynamics. KW - Defects KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamics KW - Equations KW - Freight cars KW - Harmonics KW - Liquids KW - Motion KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad tracks KW - Tank cars KW - Track irregularities KW - Vertical dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379575 AU - Doyle, P AU - Mitchell, J F AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION SAFETY INFORMATION REPORT. 1981 ANNUAL SUMMARY PY - 1982/09 SP - 79 p. AB - The "Transportation Safety Information Report," is a compendium of selected national-level transportation safety statistics for all modes of transportation. The report presents and compares data for transportation fatalities, accidents, and injuries for the current and preceding years. Featured in this report is the annual summary of modal safety hazards and safety program highlights for 1981, as well as summary charts detailing modal safety trends from 1971-1981. KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379031 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - O'Farrell, T J AU - Connors, G J AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - OBTAINING DRIVER'S LICENSE RECORDS FOR USE IN EVALUATING ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT PY - 1982/09 VL - 43 IS - 9 SP - 7 p. AB - Despite changing guidelines and a trend toward removing driver's license records from the public record, these documents remain relatively easy to obtain for use in research and clinical endeavors. KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver records KW - Evaluation KW - Research KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195918 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379018 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Graff-Radford, N R AU - Heaton, R K AU - Earnest, M P AU - Rudikoff, J C AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - BRAIN ATROPHY AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT IN YOUNG ALCOHOLICS PY - 1982/09 VL - 43 IS - 9 SP - p. 859-868 AB - A significant correlation between brain atrophy and impairment on neuropsychological testing in young alcoholics was found. Chronological age also correlated with brain atrophy, supporting the hypothesis that excessive drinking causes premature aging of the brain. KW - Aging KW - Alcoholism KW - Atrophy KW - Brain KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Neurology KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195907 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379019 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Ashley, M J AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE. AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1982/09 VL - 43 IS - 9 SP - p. 869-887 AB - Epidemiological data on alcohol consumption, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease are examined. Alcohol consumption is positively associated with cerebrovascular disease. Data on the relationship between alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease are conflicting and incomplete. The evidence suggests that over a range of consumption, the limits of which have not been established, the relationship is negative. However consumption at the high levels usually associated with alcoholism carries an elevated risk. KW - Alcoholism KW - Brain KW - Consumption KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Epidemiology KW - Heart UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379409 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Simone, G A AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ELDERLY DRIVER RETRAINING PY - 1982/09 SP - 93 p. AB - This report documents a study of the traffic safety problems associated with elderly drivers. For the purposes of this study, "elderly drivers" are defined as drivers aged 55 years or older. The study involved five major activities. First, research was reviewed to determine what factors (e.g., deficiencies of performance, health, and knowledge) are most strongly related to the aging process and the accident experience of older drivers. Second, 20 driver education courses made available to older drivers were reviewed to determine what had been and was being done to address these problems. Third, an eight-hour program designed specifically for older drivers by National Retired Teachers Association/American Association of Retired Persons was evaluated. The evaluation design allowed project staff to collect data bearing on subjects personal characteristics, vehicle use patterns, driving problems, and crash and conviction histories. Analysis indicated that the program was effective in increasing subject knowledge. No significant effect on accident rate was found, though the small sample size would allow a modest but significant effect to go undetected. Crash experience did appear to be a function of exposure and medical problems. On the basis of information gained through these three activities, an older driver instructional manual--suitable for distribution by a variety of agencies serving the older community--was developed. Also developed was a set of recommendations to guide the development, content, and instruction approach taken in future programs for older driver retraining. KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Manuals KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25620/DOT-HS-806-336.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376292 AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - RIGHT-TURN-ON-RED LAWS AND MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1982/09 SP - 2 p. AB - This Research Note presents a brief summary of a search of the literature dealing with accident rates following the adoption of right-turn-on-red (RTOR) laws. In all studies cited the accident rates are higher than FHWA's 1976 national projection of increased crashes due to RTOR. The studies referred to include motor vehicle, pedestrian, and bicycle accidents. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Right turn on red KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190359 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376281 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Gold, P N AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - SOME DISADVANTAGES TO URETHANE. PAINT BREAKDOWN, VAPORS AND OVER-RATED BONDING CITED PY - 1982/09 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 2 p. AB - This article by an auto glass dealer from New York state cites personal objections to urethane sealants in auto glass replacements. Among these objections are the following: (1) Trapped humidity between urethane and paint causes rust and paint breakdown; (2) Toxic fumes are released when heat is applied during glass replacement using urethane sealant; and (3) Urethane does not make glass any stronger, as urethane's proponents suggest. It is concluded that butyl sealant will provide better safety characteristics if used properly. KW - Automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sealing compounds KW - Urethane KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373657 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Cunningham, R C AU - Martineau, J AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - THE AUTO GLASS REPLACEMENT MARKET. ANNUAL UPDATE ON SALES TRENDS AND BUSINESS PROSPECTS PY - 1982/09 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 13 p. AB - The trends which affect the auto glass replacement market are examined in this article. They are looked at with respect to four categories: economic, governmental actions, demographic effects, and new competitive forces in the marketplace. Individual items within these categories which are examined in detail include insurance deductibles, safety inspections, mileage driven, deterioration of roads, changes in vehicle glass design, complications of inventory, and higher cost parts. Comments are offered on judicious planning, what not to buy, and the history and future of flat glass usage. Sales forecasts show the following: In 1982, miles driven will increase by 42 million, adding a 96,000 windshield replacement potential to the auto glass replacement market. There will be another 2.8 million vehicles on the road, which should up the market by 104,000 windshields. The off-road vehicle usage and deterioration in road surface will add another 25,000 windshields. Deferred replacements from insurance deductibles add 40,000 windshields. The snap-back from the recession in the second half will add another 30,000. The net result is 5,320,000 windshields to be sold in 1982. KW - Automobiles KW - Equipment replacement KW - Forecasting KW - Glass KW - Markets KW - Parts KW - Replacement KW - Sales KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194185 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371124 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Hess, W M AU - Wiedenhaefer, J AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND CARBON BLACK DISPERSION PY - 1982/09 VL - 186 IS - 6 SP - 16 p. AB - This article deals primarily with carbon black and reviews some of the analytical procedures that have been used to measure carbon black dispersion, as well as the more important types of dispersion phenomena that have been observed. The latter have been divided in three categories: networking, polymer blend phase distribution, and agglomeration. This article illustrates the effects of varied levels of carbon black agglomeration on the properties of a number of different mechanical rubber goods formulations, using automated cut surface roughness analysis procedures. KW - Agglomeration KW - Carbon black KW - Dispersion KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371103 AU - Barber, E J AU - Wagner, D W AU - Ellis, R H AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - THE NEWPORT NEWS, VIRGINIA, EASYRIDE TRANSPORTATION BROKERAGE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1982/09 SP - 248 p. AB - The Easyride transportation brokerage demonstration in Newport News and Hampton, Virginia was initiated in July 1978 to assess the effectiveness of transportation brokerage in achieving higher vehicle occupancies. Easyride is a service of the Peninsula Transportation District Commission, the transit authority serving the cities mentioned above. Easyride promotes that form of ridesharing which best serves a site's employee's needs by collecting trip data at employment sites and providing matchlist and ridesharing promotional materials. Easyride provides special transportation service for the handicapped through Handi-Ride, a demand-responsive transportation service involving both Easyride-provided service as well as contract services provided by a local taxi company. Easyride also brokers special transportation services through a 16(b)(2) procurement review program and a vehicle leasing program available to local social service agencies. Easyride's experience with the rates of matchlist usage and carpool formation demonstrate the need for assistance to employers with follow-up promotions to matchlist distribution. Easyride's Handi-Ride program demonstrates that this type of service can be provided effectively through a combination of user-side subsidies and publicly operated service. A 16(b)(2) procurement review policy and a vehicle leasing program for social service agencies can be useful elements in a comprehensive special services transportation coordination effort. The most significant demonstration finding is that a brokerage program offers a transit authority opportunities to provide alternatives to conventional fixed-route-and-schedule bus service. Brokerage enables the transit authority to provide service extensions in areas and markets unsuited to fixed-route transit and, where appropriate, to substitute alternative service for existing bus service which is not cost-effective. KW - Aged KW - Brokerage KW - Carpools KW - Demonstration projects KW - Management KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ridesharing KW - Vanpools KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371106 AU - Cima, B AU - Hildebrand, L AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE WASHINGTON, DC, PARKING ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM PY - 1982/09 SP - 166 p. AB - This report documents the evaluation of the Washington, DC, parking enforcement program. This comprehensive program is operated by the District of Columbia, Department of Transportation (DC DOT). The program has resulted in the successful integration of civilian ticket writers, vehicle immobilization (with boots) and administrative adjudication into a coordinated parking enforcement program. The report describes the evolution and daily operations of the program. The productivity and cost effectiveness of the enforcement program are analyzed. The program impacts on travel behavior and demand are documented. The reactions of selected interest groups to the program and its financial implications are described. The final section of the report assesses the implications of this program for other urban areas. The positive results of the parking enforcement program in the District of Columbia and similar successes in selected other communities establish a clear rationale for the implementation of an on-street parking management and enforcement program. The transportation and financial benefits of such a program are clear, particularly in terms of decreased parking violations, increased on-street parking space availability, and major increases in net revenues to the city. A parking management program further provides significant other benefits, such as improved transit operations and productivity, improved quality of life in neighborhoods, improved safety, and improved air quality. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Booting KW - Central business districts KW - Enforcement KW - Management KW - Management information systems KW - Parking KW - Parking meters KW - Parking regulations KW - Towing devices KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184456 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371098 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Kropac, O AU - SPRINC, J AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - IDENTIFICATION OF THE SYSTEM VEHICLE-ROAD PARAMETERS PY - 1982/09 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - p. 241-249 AB - In this paper the basic relation for the specification of undesirable vibrations of a vehicle caused by random unevenness of the pavement is derived. This relation has a global character, and is very simply to be physically interpreted. All its parameters may be easily identified from suitably organized experiments. Thus, its use in current operating conditions is possible without additional requirements concerning staff qualification. From this basic relation, proposals for the classification of random pavement unevenness, based on the categorization of global dynamic properties of the relevant vehicles, may be derived. Combining the physical point of view with some economic considerations, the minimization of undesirable vibrations may be attempted when improving, in a balanced proportion, both the quality of vehicles in terms of their dynamic transfer functions and the level of the pavement surface imperfections. KW - Classification KW - Improvements KW - Interaction KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Minimization KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Theory KW - Vehicles KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371060 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Tolonen, J AU - Santavirta, S AU - Kiviluoto, O AU - HONKANEN, R AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - PROFILE OF ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES AS SEEN IN AN EMERGENCY WARD. A ONE-YEAR SURVEY PY - 1982/09 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - p. 38-40 AB - This article reports the results of a one-year survey, 1979, of traffic accident victims treated in the emergency ward of the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. There were 3,261 victims of road traffic injuries. Separate groups of road traffic accidents are compared and the material is analyzed for different organ injuries. Discussion of the data from this analysis centers on causes and consequences of road traffic accidents. KW - Crash causes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371065 AU - Hamilton, E G AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - SINGLE VARIABLE TABULATIONS FOR 1979-1981 NORTH CAROLINA ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/09 SP - 255 p. AB - This reference document contains tables generated from HSRC data tapes of accidents occurring in North Carolina from 1979 through 1981. Each table consists of a column for each year and a row for each value of the data item. The HSRC tapes contain a total of 925,514 units involved in 514,308 accidents in 1979 through 1981. A unit is defined as an accident-involved entity--a passenger car, truck, bicycle, pedestrian, etc. A table is included in the Introduction section of this document which provides a comparison between North Carolina and the nation with respect to several variables which influence accident frequency and configuration. Some of these comparisons indicate that North Carolina is quite comparable to the nation taken as a whole; others indicate differences. KW - Crashes KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371104 AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - THE MILWAUKEE COUNTY USER-SIDE SUBSIDY PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY PY - 1982/09 SP - 106 p. AB - Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, instituted a user-side subsidy program in June 1978 for handicapped users of taxi and chair-car services. The program is funded entirely by county and state contributions. A distinctive feature of the program is that, unlike other user-side subsidy programs that serve both the elderly and the handicapped, Milwaukee County's program serves only handicapped persons. The program limits eligibility to persons requiring the use of a wheelchair, those using a walker or crutches, and the legally blind. The program provides door-to-door transportation for eligible persons using the services of private taxi and chair-car companies. Participants pay the first $1.50 cost of a trip. The program subsidizes the remaining cost, up to a maximum of 9.50 per trip depending upon handicap classification. The program has devised simple administrative procedures for subsidy distribution and has spent approximately 12 percent of the 1980 budget of $1 million on administrative activities. The county's paratransit industry has expanded since the institution of the program and providers appear to be competing actively for program ridership. Enrollment in the program by the eligible population is high, with wheelchair users making the majority of program trips. The program offers a high level of service to the county's most severely handicapped residents, and Milwaukee County's experience should help others anticipate and meet the demand of handicapped persons for low-cost, accessible service. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Level of service KW - Management KW - Paratransit services KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Services KW - Subsidies KW - Taxicabs KW - User side subsidies KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184454 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371116 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Allen, R D AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPOUNDING EPDM FOR COST/PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/09 VL - 186 IS - 6 SP - 5 p. AB - This article discusses the physical and chemical properties of EPDM polymers, cure systems for EPDM polymers in which ethylidene norbornene is the third monomer, and some of the more significant uses of EPDM polymers, as well as compound development formulations for the specific application. Various automotive applications of these synthetic rubbers include: weather-stripping for doors, windows and trunk lids; radiator heater and air emission hoses; various tubing specifications; brake components; and suspension parts. In conclusion it is stated that it is the compounder's responsibility to recognize the polymer's capabilities and to enhance them within the confines of cost and processability to meet the customer's performance requirements. KW - Applications KW - Chemical properties KW - Compounding /ingredients/ KW - Concrete curing KW - Hoses KW - Mix design KW - Physical properties KW - Synthetic rubber KW - Tubing KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370469 JO - Modern Tire Dealer PB - Bill Communications (Akron) Incorporated AU - Orme, T AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - INDUSTRY AND ADVOCATES CLASH AGAIN IN WASHINGTON PY - 1982/09 VL - 63 IS - 11 SP - 3 p. AB - Contentions surrounding the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Uniform Tire Quality Gradation (UTQG) Standards are discussed. NHTSA's proposal to suspend the treadwear portion of UTQG is not supported by companies with much to lose if testing is discontinued. Uniroyal, the Center for Auto Safety, and Smithers Scientific Services Inc dispute NHTSA's contention that treadwear tests were unable to determine the rank order of tires and therefore contributing to misinformation in the marketplace. The Center for Auto Safety threatened court action. The Rubber Manufacturers Association and some other industries, however, supported the NHTSA proposal. They also indicated they would welcome a grading system that produced repeatable and valid comparative results. KW - Durability tests KW - Industries KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Standards KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Uniform tire quality grading KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187723 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370282 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DE-AERATION: AN IMPORTANT RADIATOR DESIGN CONSIDERATION PY - 1982/09 VL - 90 IS - 9 SP - p. 53-56 AB - The process which mixes air and/or combustion gases with the coolant is termed aeration. The opposite process, to undo it, is called de-aeration. This process is performed by the cooling system, specifically the radiator. In this article, a systems approach is considered to establish the radiator design requirements relative to de-aeration, and to understand the mechanics involved in determining de-aeration capabilities. KW - Aeration KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Coolants KW - Cooling systems KW - Deaeration KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Pumps KW - Radiators KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370452 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PRIMER ON HYDRAULIC SYSTEM SENSORS PY - 1982/09 VL - 90 IS - 9 SP - p. 33-39 AB - Performance of hydraulic sensors and related equipment can be affected by their locations and means of mounting. Practices commonly used by manufacturers of sensors and of mobile equipment can cause problems when their systems are merged. Testing of each component in its final installation must precede production. All possible conditions which can be detrimental to sensors, indicators and equipment must be considered as making up the mobile environment. This article includes flow sensors, thermometers, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, cabling and connectors, and electrical and instrumentation considerations. KW - Cables KW - Connectors KW - Electrical equipment KW - Fasteners KW - Flow KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Instrumentation KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Sensors KW - Temperature sensors KW - Thermometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370927 AU - Sivak, M AU - Hill, C S AU - Henson, D L AU - Butler, B P AU - Silber, S M AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Department of Education TI - IMPROVED DRIVING PERFORMANCE FOLLOWING PERCEPTUAL TRAINING OF PERSONS WITH BRAIN DAMAGE PY - 1982/09 SP - 32 p. AB - This study investigated (1) the modifiability of perceptual deficits by simple paper-and-pencil exercises, and (2) the effects of such exercises on driving performance. Eight subjects with acquired brain damage were given 8-10 hours of perceptual training. The training was preceded and followed by repeated evaluations of perceptual skills and in-traffic driving performance. The results indicate that (1) perceptual skills improved following training which consisted of simple paper-and-pencil activities, (2) such perceptual training was associated with improved driving performance, and (3) the degree of driving-performance improvement following perceptual training was directly related to the degree of improvement of perceptual skills. KW - Brain KW - Cognition KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370924 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TURBOCHARGED FUEL-INJECTION ROTARY FROM MAZDA PY - 1982/09 VL - 90 IS - 9 SP - p. 79-83 AB - Toyo Kogyo, the world's sole producer of Wankel powered passenger cars has been accelerating its rotary engine development. First of the new generation engines was the variable intake port 6PI version of the type 12A twin rotor unit. The naturally aspirated rotary has now been joined by a turbocharged version, also based on Mazda's type 12A twin rotor engine having single chamber capacity of 573 cc and employing a Denso electronic fuel injection. This turbo-rotary engine is described in detail. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Fuel injection KW - Mazda KW - Mazda automobile KW - Rotary engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Wankel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370674 AU - Preusser, D F AU - Williams, A F AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - THE EFFECT OF CURFEW LAWS ON MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1982/09 SP - 22 p. AB - Twelve states in the U.S. have curfew laws, which prohibit young drivers from operating motor vehicles during late evening and/or early morning hours. The effect of such laws on motor vehicle crashes was studied in four of these states. In each state studied, the laws were found to substantially reduce the crashes of 16 year olds. Sixteen year old driver crash involvements during curfew hours were reduced by an estimated 69 percent in Pennsylvania (3.7 fewer drivers in crashes per 1,000 16 year old population per year), 62 percent in New York (5.0), 40 percent in Maryland (2.0), and 25 percent in Louisiana (2.0). Except in Maryland, the percentage of the 16 year old population licensed was lower in curfew than comparison states. New York, which has the strongest curfew law, has the lowest 16 year old licensure rate in the U.S., and Pennsylvania is second lowest. It is possible that curfew laws reduce early licensure, in which case reductions in crash involvements resulting from curfews are greater than shown above. KW - Adolescents KW - Crashes KW - Curfew KW - Drivers KW - Laws KW - Night KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370261 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE GREAT DRIVER MAGAZINE: DRINKING RODE TEST PY - 1982/09 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 8-13 AB - Objective tables are provided which are based on the blood alcohol level BAL which is then related to the handling characteristics. The BAL gives the amount of alcohol in the person's system measured in grams per 100 milliliters of blood. A BAL of 0.05 is normally considered "sober" while levels of 0.10 or higher presume driving impairment. Body weight, food or liquids in the stomach affect how fast alcohol is absorbed into the blood system. The tables show beer, wine, dry martini and mixed drinks with two scales--full acceleration and cruising. The full acceleration scale is the total effect that the number of drinks will have on BAL without regard to time. The relationship between time and the BAL is shown on the Deceleration Table. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Charts KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187579 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370805 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LATEST MOTORCYCLES EMPLOY NOVEL FEATURES FOR CONVENIENCE AND ECONOMY PY - 1982/09 VL - 90 IS - 9 SP - p. 83-85 AB - This article points out the novel features of the latest offerings from the Japanese motorcycle industry. Suzuki's mid-size sporting motorcycle comes with remotely adjustable rear shock absorbers. In addition, the rear suspension unit can be adjusted for spring rate. Other technical features are a four-cylinder, twin-camshaft, four-valves-per-cylinder aircooled engine with twin-swirl combustion chamber design, semi-air suspension front fork, and anti-nosedive front suspension mechanism. Honda's popular mid-size four-cylinder model has a stylish "bikini" fairing and an electronic self-cancelling turn-indicator lamp system. Honda's latest fuel economy technologies are incorporated in the scooter single cylinder engine, with the Custom version featuring a microcomputer-controlled electronic instrument display. KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motorcycles KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187913 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370454 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - BUYING AN AWESOME USED FOUR-WHEEL-DRIVE. PART 1 PY - 1982/09 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-27 AB - This article offers illustrated suggestions, mostly questions, to help the consumer find a good used four-wheel-drive vehicle. It also suggests having the vehicle checked out by a reputable independent test center. KW - Consumers KW - Diagnostic centers KW - Four wheel drive KW - Guidelines KW - Purchasing KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187711 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370456 JO - Modern Tire Dealer PB - Bill Communications (Akron) Incorporated AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - ARE TIRE ADJUSTMENTS SLOWLY FADING AWAY? PY - 1982/09 VL - 63 IS - 11 SP - 3 p. AB - This article addresses the subject of tire adjustment from the point of view of tire dealers and tire manufacturers. Manufacturers think the advent of the radial tire and improvements in the state-of-the-art have contributed greatly to a reduction in demands for adjustments. Dealers cite as two of their biggest problems in connection with tire adjustments the lack of a road hazard warranty, and the paperwork required by the producer for each tire adjusted. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Automobile dealers KW - Dealers KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Industries KW - Tires KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187713 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370470 JO - Modern Tire Dealer PB - Bill Communications (Akron) Incorporated AU - Orme, T AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - CLAYBROOK, DITLOW PURSUE THEIR VISION OF SAFETY PY - 1982/09 VL - 63 IS - 11 SP - 4 p. AB - This is an interview between Joan Claybrook, former administrator of NHTSA and now head of Ralph Nader's Public Citizen, Clarence Ditlow, director of Nader's Center for Auto Safety, and the author. The subject is the recent proposal to drop the treadwear portion of NHTSA's Uniform Tire Quality Grading standards and the interview includes a rebuttal by R. Peck, NHTSA Administrator. KW - Consumers KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal government agencies KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Federal programs KW - Interviewing KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Uniform tire quality grading KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187724 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370459 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - IIHS, BACKED BY AUTO INSURERS, SEEKS CRASH CAUSES, COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1982/09 VL - 53 IS - 9 SP - p. 12-17 AB - This is an interview with William Haddon, Jr., M.D., president of the private Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). Mr Haddon explains the role of IIHS: the Institute examines vehicle crashes in three phases, the pre-crash, crash and post-crash phase, then isolates the human, vehicle and equipment, physical environment and socioeconomic environment factors that allowed the accident to happen. Mr Haddon then addresses the cost to society of crashes, 1 percent of the Gross National Product for crash injuries alone, and the practical things that can be done to prevent injuries in crashes, such as safety mechanisms that should be designed and included in the manufacture of motor vehicles. Mr Haddon does not advocate legislated design, but supports the NHTSA system of performance standards, although he thinks there should be more flexibility in rule making on the federal level. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash phase KW - Crashes KW - Economic factors KW - Human factors KW - Impact KW - Injuries KW - Interviewing KW - Physical condition KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187715 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370948 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Tingvall, C AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - IS ADAMS RIGHT?--SOME ASPECTS ON A THEORY CONCERNING EFFECTS OF SEAT-BELT LEGISLATION PY - 1982/09 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - p. 41-47 AB - In this paper a theory formed by John Adams, Dept. of Geography, University College, London, is discussed. By a graphical comparison of accident statistics from 18 countries, Adams has come to the conclusion that one can doubt the effects of seat belt legislation on fatally injured car occupants. Adams' hypothesis is that if a driver puts his seat belt on, he will use the reduced injury risk for taking more risks when driving. This paper argues that Adams' hypothesis cannot be based on the type of data and methods that have been used and discusses factors influencing the outcome of the Swedish seat belt legislation that came into force on January 1, 1975. KW - Data analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370663 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Lunn, A C AU - Evans, R E AU - Ong, C J AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - THE ADHESION OF RUBBER TO STEEL TIRE CORD UNDER CYCLIC LOADING PY - 1982/09 VL - 114 IS - 9 SP - p. 43-48 AB - A study of the dynamic adhesion between rubber and brass-plated steel tire cord revealed that aging and heat had some significant effects on cycles to failure. However, adding certain compounds increased fatigue life and reduced the premature failure rate. A straightforward test procedure to evaluate the dynamic adhesion is described. The test equipment can be set up with a few modifications to a commercially available fatigue tester. Test data showed a power-law relation between applied dynamic load and the mean value of cycles to failure. Significant differences were found between static rubber-wire adhesion as measured by ASTM test method D2229 and dynamic performance under prolonged cycle at low loads. Further work is necessary to correlate these findings with end-use performance in tires. KW - Adhesion KW - Aging KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Heat KW - Repeated loads KW - Rubber KW - Steel KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187832 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370949 JO - Virginia Dept of Hwys and Transportation Bulletin PB - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - 28 WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR VISION WHEN DRIVING AT NIGHT AND IN BAD WEATHER PY - 1982/09 VL - 48 IS - 9 SP - p. 7-8 AB - Ninety percent of all driving decisions depend on good vision. Because it's essential to be able to clearly see the driving scene ahead and around them, good drivers do all they can to ensure maximum visibility, especially at night and in bad weather. Here are 28 tips for seeing the road better this autumn as you face the challenges of shorter days and fog and rainy weather. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Fog KW - Night visibility KW - Night vision KW - Rain KW - Vision KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188025 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370689 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REMOTE CONTROL INCREASES DOOR LOCK SECURITY PY - 1982/09 VL - 90 IS - 9 SP - 1 p. AB - This article describes an infra-red control for central door lockings developed in France by Neiman, and adopted by Renault for its R20 and R30 cars. The miniature transmitter is housed in a matchbox-sized key ring and is aimed through the car window at the receiver detector integrated in the dashboard. Squeezing the sender case triggers the electro-magnetic locking circuit in either the on or off mode. Operating range is two meters. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Door handles KW - Door operating mechanisms KW - Electromagnetic pulses KW - Infrared radiation KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Remote control KW - Remote control systems KW - Renault automobile KW - Renault S.A. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187850 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370257 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - MOTOR CLINIC SERIES: EGR SYSTEMS PY - 1982/09 VL - 153 IS - 3 SP - 10 p. AB - Today's EGR system (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) is an integral part of the engine control function and it is essential to keep it in good working order to ensure good driveability. This article explains the dual function of the EGR valve (the reduction of oxides of nitrogen emissions and the control of spark knock or detonation), the system design, what happens when it fails, and how to diagnose EGR system problem. KW - Design KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187575 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370264 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - THE LATEST GAINS MADE IN WAR ON AUTO-RELATED CRIMES PY - 1982/09 VL - 46 IS - 7 SP - 8 p. AB - Examples are described to show how effectively the California Highway Patrol (CHP) is dealing with motor vehicle thieves and with those using cars in criminal activities. Examples are also used to show CHP's success in dealing with the truck theft racket. Considerable progress has been made by the CHP working in cooperation with the FBI, local law enforcement officers, and national anti-theft organizations in cracking down on truck-stealing conspiracies. The increase in car thefts is attributed to professionalism among thieves and organized crime especially in the major metropolitan cities. Although 20 years ago 90% of the stolen vehicles were recovered, last year, only 55% were recovered. The total cost to society exceeds the actual property loss involved. The role of the CHP in smashing a gigantic insurance racket connected with the "bump racket" is noted. Citizen alertness and involvement has proved effective in helping reduce crimes against motorists. KW - Automobiles KW - Crimes KW - Organizations KW - Patrol KW - Police KW - Public participation KW - Theft KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187582 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370462 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - THE 1982'S TECHNICAL REPORT: GM'S BUICK, OLDSMOBILE, PONTIAC PY - 1982/09 VL - 53 IS - 9 SP - 4 p. AB - The Buicks, Oldsmobiles and Pontiacs are discussed here. The Buicks include the front-wheel-drive Skyhawk, the New Century, Regal, Le Sabre and Estate wagon, Electra and Estate Wagon and the front-wheel-drive Riviera. The brake equipment, replacing the front disc brake pads, front suspensions, wheel alignment, steering and rear suspensions are described. The Oldsmobiles include the new Ciera, Firenza, front-wheel-drive models with the transverse engine mounting, the Omegas, the Cutlass models, front-wheel-drive Tornado and the 88 Custom Cruisers. The brake equipment, front suspensions, wheel alignment and steering are described for these as well as for Pontiac's T1000, J2000, Firebird, Phoenix and A6000, Bonneville G and Grand Prix. KW - Brakes KW - Front wheel drive KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187718 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370468 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - WRECK REPAIR: RESTORING TODAY'S CRASH-DAMAGED UNIBODY COUPES PY - 1982/09 VL - 53 IS - 9 SP - 6 p. AB - The pre-70's frame-and-body construction and the repair of such automobiles is contrasted with the more difficult repair of today's unitized construction cars. The latter cars feature load-carrying body parts and thinner body sheet metal put together with 20 gauge steel of very high strength. All body/frame fabrication takes place on super-accurate jigs and fixtures. European body mechanics treat the repair of such cars with great care. A holding device called a bench which incorporates reference points that duplicate the reference points used during the original construction is needed for the repair of wrecked unitized construction cars. Techniques used in the building of such cars are described. A repair procedure for a 1979 Ford Mustang is briefly described. KW - Benches KW - Crashes KW - High strength steel KW - Loss and damage KW - Mechanics KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Unitized construction KW - Wrecks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187722 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370921 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Freitas, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF ACCIDENT RESEARCH INVOLVING TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT PY - 1982/09 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - p. 46-52 AB - This article reviews 10 key accident studies relating to increased truck size and weight in order to resolve conflicting study results and put them into proper perspective. It begins with a review of accident research terminology, defining such terms as motor vehicle accident, accident involvement, exposure, accident rate, accident involvement rate, and accident severity. Next the 10 key accident studies are reviewed. In general, the trucks involved were large and included single-unit trucks with at least six tires and gross weights of more than 10,000 lb empty and 20,000 lb loaded and all combination trucks (singles, doubles and triples). In conclusion it is stated that often, apparently conflicting results actually involve different issues or different populations of trucks, and the quality of the data or analysis is also sometimes questionable. KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Double trailers KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370268 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - PAINT PRIMER: HOW TO SELECT THE RIGHT TYPE OF PAINT FOR THE JOB AT HAND PY - 1982/09 VL - 158 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This article explains how to select the right kind of auto paint for the individual customer, without being confused by all the paint types that are offered now by manufacturers. There are only two general classes of auto paint--lacquer and enamel, and the confusion comes from the fact that every few years, a new enamel or an additive for use with the current enamel is developed, providing a harder, higher-gloss, and longer lasting finish. So, a thorough knowledge of enamels and additive is necessary in order to offer customers various options, ranging from urethane enamel, the most durable and stable, but the most expensive, to ordinary acrylic enamel with some additives. The article includes some illustrated explanations and a list of books or periodicals published by major paint companies. KW - Additives KW - Automobiles KW - Enamels KW - Lacquers KW - Paint KW - Painting KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370925 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1979-1981 MODELS PY - 1982/09 SP - 30 p. AB - This report presents injury claim frequency results for 1979-1981 model year vehicles. Results are presented in two sections, the first summarizing the results for passenger cars and the second for vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. The frequency of all claims (paid and pending) and the frequencies of claims whose medical payments exceed $250, $500, and $1,000 are shown for those vehicles with sufficient exposure. The results based on the larger medical claims indicate the frequency of occurrence of injuries of increasing severity. KW - Automobiles KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370262 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - St Arnauld, G A AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW DOES YOUR STATE MEASURE UP IN MOTORCYCLE LICENSING? PY - 1982/09 VL - 82 IS - 5 SP - p. 6-8 AB - After a review of the history of motorcycle licensing in the United States, this article provides a quiz which the reader can use to see how his state rates in comparison to others. It is pointed out that because motorcycle licensing is fairly new, there is plenty of room for improvement, and more and more states are improving their licensing programs every year. KW - Driver licensing KW - Highway Safety act KW - Motorcyclists KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187580 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370677 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GROUND SPEED SENSED VIA RADAR PY - 1982/09 VL - 90 IS - 9 SP - p. 47-50 AB - Investigators at TRW, Inc. have developed a refined method for determining true ground speed of off-highway and agricultural equipment. Its sensor is basically a radar sensor which provides a conditioned output signal whose frequency is directly proportional to true ground speed. The radar sensor can interface with on-board microprocessor-based equipment for controlling farm implements with greater accuracy and at higher vehicle speeds than previously possible. Various applications of the sensor are being evaluated for mining, off-road equipment, highway speed measurement, and collision warning system applications. This article deals with the sensor designed for agricultural equipment applications. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Ground speed KW - Microprocessors KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Radar KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187842 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370668 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATIC CRASH PROTECTION--AND SO IT GOES PY - 1982/09 VL - 90 IS - 9 SP - p. 10-14 AB - Since 1969 there have been approximately 60 notices of proposed rulemaking, hearings, and amendments regarding automatic crash protection for the front seat occupants of U.S. automobiles. In 1976 Transportation Secretary William Coleman proposed a voluntary demonstration program of 500,000 cars with passive restraints, but the next Transportation Secretary, Brock Adams, decided against that and mandated automatic crash protection for 1982-84 model cars. Then the Reagan Administration's Transportation Secretary, Ray Peck, rescinded the Adams order and the insurance industry took the matter to court. On August 4, 1982 a federal appeals court ruled that automakers must install passive restraints in 1984-model new cars. Following a discussion of the preceding statements, this report presents a review of recent judicial activities dealing with bumpers; legislative activities relating to the budget and product liability; and executive branch activities dealing with child restraint systems, confidential information on product safety, crash parts, EPA exemptions, EPA stationary sources rule, fuel economy, industrial energy, motorcycle lighting, NHTSA financial aid program, side door strength, tire quality grading, and a vehicle manufacturer list. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Federal government KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passive restraint systems KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187835 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370258 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - EMOTIONS AT THE WHEEL PY - 1982/09 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - Examples are quoted to illustrate what emotions can do to a driver if the driver lets them get out of control. Source of the emotions described here are the need to fight or flee, anger, preoccupation, fear, sorrow, and sadness. Often suicide is disguised and made to appear as motor vehicle accidents. Controlling emotions for safe driving involves discipline. Emotions should be managed constructively. It is advised that one does not let emotional stress build up to a crisis point; avoid situations that will cause emotional stress; use physical recreation to blow off excess energy; and develop conscious control of emotions. KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Emotions KW - Suicide KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187576 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370453 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SEAT BELT SYSTEMS CONTINUE TO EVOLVE PY - 1982/09 VL - 90 IS - 9 SP - p. 59-65 AB - This paper looks at seat belt developments since their first use at the turn of the century. The simple lap belt quickly moved from the "webbing-to-metal" variety to the "metal-to-metal" type, based on higher performance and reliability and more convenient latching. Increasing interest in shoulder straps led to the development of the emergency locking retractor (ELR). Further developments are traced as they led up to current systems. Typical compromises or tradeoffs are illustrated by comparing current systems, which are generically described as the two-retractor system, the continuous-loop system, and the dual-spool system. Further discussion of these current systems centers on manufacturing considerations, comfort and convenience considerations, and performance considerations. In conclusion it is stated that new systems will continue to require evolution in the technology of webbing take-up, webbing preloading, load-limiting on the occupant, and further integration of the restraint system into the seat and body structure. KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Design KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manufacturing KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Technology KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187710 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369743 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Hughes, W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - RECREATIONAL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES PY - 1982/09 VL - 52 IS - 9 SP - p. 16-21 AB - Alternatives that may reduce recurrent congestion on recreational routes are considered. Diversion strategies are a low cost strategy for reducing such congestion. Studies have shown that motorists may be willing to use alternate routes and/or alter their departure times. Traffic surveillance systems are necessary to provide the input for diversion decision making. Timely and accurate driver information systems are also necessary. The results of surveys to determine the willingness of motorists are discussed. It was found that while time diversion strategies have not been adequately tested, route diversion systems have been effective in reducing recreational traffic congestion. If the location of bottlenecks are known, patrol vehicles can provide adequate surveillance for diversion strategies. Variable message signs can provide en-route information. Commercial radio used with a predictive method such as time-series analysis that forecasts traffic conditions at bottlenecks can provide pre-trip information to promote time diversion. Impacts of such diversion also briefly discussed. KW - Departure time KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway traffic control KW - Radio KW - Recreational roads KW - Recreational traffic KW - Routing KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187231 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369745 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - LEFT TURN PHASE DESIGN IN FLORIDA PY - 1982/09 VL - 52 IS - 9 SP - p. 28-35 AB - Recommended guidelines are presented for designing left turn phasing in Florida. The guidelines derived from the results of a literature review, field studies in Florida and other states, surveys of traffic engineers, driver surveys, and from the collective professional opinions of the subcommittee members (traffic engineers) charged with the task. Details are given of each phase of the study. The selection of the type of left turn phasing is discussed, namely, protected only, protected/permissive, permissive/protected, and split phasing. For each type of left turn phasing, an evaluation was conducted of the various types of signal heads, signal head locations, and supplemental signing that could be used. Each type of phasing is discussed in some detail. The recommendations presented are of reasonable technical design, are consistent with design practice in most states, and comply with the requirements of the MUTCD. KW - Evaluation KW - Exclusive phasing KW - Guidelines KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turns KW - Permissive phasing KW - Selecting KW - Signal head KW - Split phasing KW - Traffic signal phases KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187233 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370203 JO - Home & Away (Indianapolis Edition) PB - Automobile Association of America AU - Samples, P AU - Chicago Motor Club TI - AFTERMATH OF AN ACCIDENT: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DAMAGE PY - 1982/09 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - 2 p. AB - This article, which discusses the short- and long-term emotional discomfort generated by accidents, notes that a healthy attitude and a supportive environment go a long way in helping an accident victim recover both physically and emotionally. Although it may be helpful for the victim to talk about it, to do so endlessly may be damaging. Attention must be focussed on positive future-oriented accomplishments of the person. Rehabilitation psychologists use relaxation techniques, group therapy and retraining. Persons with internal injuries such as whiplash or sprained limb often get the least support. Children, whose fears may be exaggerated by their fantasies, need special help. Such resources as grief support groups, individual counseling and Emotions Anonymous can be very helpful for people severely disturbed by their experience. An organization called Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) offers individual and group support for those involved in alcohol-related accidents. Through efforts such as these psychological healing may be hastened. KW - Children KW - Injuries KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Psychological aspects KW - Therapy KW - Traffic crashes KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369744 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Schwartz, S I AU - Colasuonno, S T AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - VIM: NOT JUST ANOTHER ACRONYM PY - 1982/09 VL - 52 IS - 9 SP - p. 23-27 AB - A traffic engineering project which reversed a lane of the Queens Midtown Tunnel which successfully unclogged traffic in East Midtown Manhattan and resulted in free flowing traffic even in the evening rush hours is described. Details are given of the investigation that led to the development of the scheme. The number of vehicles in motion (VIM) in the central business district (CBD) was derived using a set of equations and data gathered in 1980. VIM was then used to assess a proposal for the introduction of 6000 limousines into the CBD traffic. VIM can also be used to study the number of taxis in motion (TIM). The role of taxis in contributing to congestion and the impact of congestion on taxi productivity could also be studied. KW - Taxicabs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187232 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370216 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE AIRBAG MANDATE PY - 1982/09 VL - 65 IS - 9 SP - p. 25-28 AB - Passive restraints were first proposed by the Federal Government in 1969. Under the Carter administration airbags or automatic seat belts in the front seat of new large cars were mandated by September 1981; new compacts by September, 1982; and small cars by September, 1983. The Reagan administration delayed the 1981 deadline shortly after taking office, then repealed the ruling entirely last October. This decision was overturned recently by a U.S. Court of Appeals. This article contains excerpts from the court's decision that set forth the rationale requiring airbags and passive restraint safety systems, excerpts from a report of the General Accounting Office on the effectiveness of airbags, and finally testimony from NHTSA Administrator Raymond A. Peck, Jr., representing the administration's point of view. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Court operations KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal court rules KW - Federal government KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187556 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370222 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - MOTOR REBUILDING SERIES--ASSEMBLY AND ADJUSTMENT. ENGINE REBUILDING: PART THREE PY - 1982/09 VL - 153 IS - 3 SP - 7 p. AB - This article is the final segment of a three-part series on the procedures involved in thoroughly reconditioning a modern, close-tolerance power plant--in this case a Pontiac 2.5-liter engine. The final engine assembly procedure is explained as well as some additional measurements, a procedure for checking true top dead center (TDC) and the precise placement of the camshaft. KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Camshafts KW - Engine assembly KW - Engine disassembly KW - Engines KW - Inspection KW - Reconditioning KW - Reconstruction KW - Repairing KW - Top dead center UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187562 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369734 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Frank, L AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - TRUE CONFESSIONS OF A DRIVING INSTRUCTOR. MAKING THE ROAD SAFE FOR HUMANITY PY - 1982/09 VL - 34 IS - 9 SP - p. 78-82 AB - The experiences of a driving instructor are described and include his initiation into the basics of driver training. KW - Driver training KW - Driving instructors KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187226 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370206 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - INDUSTRIAL ROBOT GROWTH PY - 1982/09 VL - 192 IS - 9 SP - p. 43-45 AB - Presently, the auto industry is at the fore front of the robot age. Ford has set up a robotics center in Dearborn, Chrysler has established a high-tech manufacturing center in Detroit and GM has formed a venture with Fujitsu to import and assemble robots in the Detroit area. So for now, the auto industry is the largest user of robots, but an SME Delphi study predicts this will change by 1985. This article briefly reviews the results of that survey of robot users and their consequences on the work force. An insert "Timetable for Experts' Predictions" is included. KW - Automobile industry KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Data collection KW - Employment KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Forecasting KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Robotics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368931 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - TOMERLIN, J AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - RADAR REVISITED. THE RESULTS OF THE R & T TRAFFIC RADAR QUESTIONNAIRE PY - 1982/09 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - Despite challenges to its reliability and to its potential for improving highway safety, police radar continues to grow in popularity with law enforcement officials, as it cuts down time and effort in issuing citations and is very effective in augmenting state and local revenues. In November 1981, NHTSA published a "termination of rulemaking" that cancelled federal standards for radar performance and operator training minimums, leaving it to the states to consider adopting the model specifications on their own. To date, the only state that has taken action to improve the accuracy of radar speed measurements is Florida. This article includes a review of the answers given to Road and Track's "Traffic Radar questionnaire", and an insert "Bureau of Standards Tests of Six Models of Police Traffic Radar". KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Quality of work KW - Radar devices KW - Radar vehicle detectors KW - Regulation KW - Rule making KW - State government KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186691 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368936 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW TO SQUEEZE 50 MILES PER GALLON FROM A VOLKSWAGEN PY - 1982/09 VL - 158 IS - 3 SP - 2 p. AB - This article describes an engine rebuilding process that boosts mileage up to 50 mpg on all 1,300, 1,500 or 1,600.cc, air-cooled Volkswagen Beetles or Karmann-Ghias. The article highlights the major modifications and gives information on the availability of a 32-page booklet that goes into full detail on what to use, where to get it and how to make it all go together as well as where to buy the complete retrofit package. KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mileage KW - Reconstruction KW - Retrofitting KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186695 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368829 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TIMING YOUR ENGINE FOR PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMY PY - 1982/09 VL - 158 IS - 3 SP - p. 35-38 AB - Correct functioning of the initial spark advance is necessary for smooth, powerful efficient engine performance. This requires checking the system when the car is tuned up or when poor performance symptoms suggest that a spark advance problem is present. If a check of initial advance proves it faultless, but symptoms of incorrect spark advance persist, the operation of the internal secondary advance mechanisms should be checked. Ignition timing may be checked by the magnetic timing meter, also called monolithic timing or electronic timing meter. The use of the stroboscopic timing light is also described. The various steps in timing ignition systems using a light are detailed. When initial timing is adjusted to the correct specifications, but symptoms of incorrect spark advance persist, the vacuum and centrifugal mechanisms should be checked for proper operation. To perform this test with precision, a distributor testing machine is necessary. If the vacuum advance diaphragm is defective, it should be replaced. If the centrifugal advance is not functioning, it could be the result of sticking due to rust or lack of lubrication. The centrifugal advance can also fail because of weak springs or worn advance weights. KW - Centrifugal advance KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Engine performance KW - Engine timing KW - Ignition systems KW - Spark advance KW - Testing equipment KW - Timers KW - Timing devices KW - Vacuum advance KW - Valve timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489756 AU - Robbins, D H AU - Lehman, R J AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Melvin, J W AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - QUANTIFICATION OF THORACIC RESPONSE AND INJURY. THE GATHERING OF DATA. APPENDIX A: INDIVIDUAL TEST REPORTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/08/31 SP - 791 p. AB - This report is Appendix A to the main report entitled "Quantification of Thoracic Response and Injury. The Gathering of Data." Included are individual test descriptions, autopsy results, analog data, and filtered data. In addition to the main report and Appendix A, there is an Appendix B which contains data from rib strength tests. This package of reports presents methods and results for a series of 84 thorax impact tests using human cadaver subjects. KW - Cadavers KW - Human beings KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Test results KW - Thorax KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394301 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Ribler, K J AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SELF-SUFFICIENT ALCOHOL SAFETY SYSTEM PY - 1982/08/31 SP - v.p. AB - This report covers a study of self-sufficient funding sources for alcohol safety programs. The current intensification of public interest in alcohol and highway safety coincides with the recession and a resulting period of retrenchment in State and local government budgets. This emphasizes the need for sources of funds for alcohol safety which call upon those who create the alcohol safety problem to pay the costs of overcoming the problem. This study focused on programs which are self-sufficient by supporting themselves through fines, fees, assessments, or special alcohol taxes. The study was conducted in three phases. First, a detailed and comprehensive search of the literature was made to locate all of the published reports on funding methods for safety programs. The second phase consisted of a data-gathering activity conducted by representatives in each of the 50 States. The current funding sources for each State are summarized in the report. The final phase of the program involved visits to nine States with self-sufficient funding. In these States, meetings were held with those individuals who were concerned with the collection, administration, and expenditure of the funds from fees or fines and from the special taxes. The study concluded that alcohol safety programs can be self-sufficient, but only by obtaining revenues of between $300 and $500 per convicted DWI. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Financing KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Local government KW - Safety programs KW - Self-supporting KW - State government KW - Tax receipts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379408 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Katz, D B AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRESENTING SAFETY INFORMATION TO TRAFFIC VIOLATORS PY - 1982/08/31 SP - 64 p. AB - This report describes the evaluation of a system for disseminating safety information to traffic violators through warnings issued by law enforcement officers. The objective of this approach was to reach traffic violators who are not cited for traffic offenses and, therefore, do not receive the type of safety information given to convicted traffic violators through court-sponsored traffic schools and State driver improvement systems. Through a series of pilot tests conducted in Iowa and Maryland, an informational booklet dealing with the dangers, financial penalties, legal consequences of speeding violation was developed. Informational material was accompanied by a brief open book test that was mailed back to the police. The materials were evaluated for their effect upon accidents and violations in the State of Maryland. The informational materials and tests were bound into warning booklets such that every other driver received the materials. The total sample included 36,906 drivers. Two-thirds of the drivers receiving informational materials returned tests. Records of accidents and violations following issuance of warnings revealed no differences between the groups receiving the warnings with and without informational materials. While the followup period was not of sufficient length to warrant a final conclusion, and additional analysis was recommended, the authors believe that available data justify a tentative conclusion that the informational system was not effective in increasing compliance with the 55 mph limit or reducing speed-related accidents. KW - Effectiveness KW - Information dissemination KW - Legal factors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Penalties KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violators KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379448 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1980-1981 PY - 1982/08/27 SP - 104 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations require accident reports to be filed whenever an accident occurs that involves a motor vehicle engaged in the interstate, foreign or intrastate operations of a motor carrier subject to the Department of Transportation Act and meet the established reporting criteria. The accident statistics reported in the publication were generated by motor carriers of property filing 63,695 accident reports with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety in the calendar years 1980 and 1981. These statistics do not represent all accidents that have occurred within the regulated motor carrier industry. The statistics were compiled from those accidents that meet the reporting criteria as "reportable accidents." This report contains various types of data relating to accidents, fatalities, injuries, property damage, and accident type. The 63,695 accidents reported upon resulted in 5,338 fatalities, 55,682 injuries and over $666 million property damage. The report is divided into seven sections, statistical data summary accidents, the driver, the vehicle, highway environment, time and place, the accident, and trends. KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379407 AU - FITZPATRICK, M U AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOCUMENT THE PARAMETER SENSITIVITY STUDY--OUTLINE A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH AND PERFORM A SENSITIVITY STUDY OF THE PASSENGER AIR CUSHION (PAC) COMPUTER MODEL PY - 1982/08/26 SP - v.p. AB - This report investigates the design and crash environment factors which influence the degree of protective capability offered by an inflatable restraint system to a three year old, forward positioned child. Two separate restraint system designs are investigated--a Chevrolet Citation system designed by MCR Technology and a DeLorean system designed by Fitzpatrick Engineering. The method of investigation is by using the PAC computer model in which various design and crash factors are separately simulated on the computer. The main objective of this study is to ascertain which of these factors influence injury most strongly so that the designer can design systems which minimize injury to the forward positioned child as well as the normally seated adult. KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Computer aided design KW - Injuries KW - Passengers KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379530 AU - Waller, P F AU - Li, L K AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - LOW COST STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING SAFETY BELT USAGE PY - 1982/08/25 SP - 11 p. AB - This article examines some low cost strategies at the state level for increasing safety belt usage. An effective program, originating at the level of the office of the state governor, is considered as the way to cross traditional boundaries separating the functions of different agencies and organizations. Some of the agencies whose activities could be involved in such a program are the State Health Department, the Department of Motor Vehicles, the State Highway Patrol or State Police, the State Attorney General Office, the State Department of Education, the Department of Justice, the Department of Administration, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Labor, the Commissioner of Insurance, the Office of the Governor's Highway Safety Representative, and key state legislators. Among the possibilities foreseen are, to name a few, the sponsoring of child safety seat programs by the Department of Health, regulations influencing driver knowledge and behavior at the time of driver licensing, the use of safety belts by police officers themselves, periodic motor vehicle inspection programs which require safety belts in proper working order, and laws requiring safety belt availability in all vehicles for hire. These and other strategies discussed in this report require commitment and coordination if they are to achieve a significant reduction in injury and death, a reduction that can be achieved through increased safety belt usage. KW - Agencies KW - Coordination KW - Government agencies KW - Manual safety belts KW - State government KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368944 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - CHANGES TO THE MOTOR VEHICLE RECALL PROGRAM COULD REDUCE POTENTIAL SAFETY HAZARDS PY - 1982/08/24 SP - 56 p. AB - Nearly 128 million vehicles, tires, and other related items have been recalled because of safety defects, thereby reducing their potential to cause accidents. In many cases the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's defect investigation process has taken years to complete. Meanwhile, owners continue to drive vehicles that could be defective. About half of the millions of owners receiving recall letters fail to respond by having their safety defects corrected. Some owners do not perceive the defects as problems or do not believe the recalls are important. GAO found that nearly all the recall letters it reviewed were written at too high a reading level and were difficult to understand. Lowering the reading level could increase owner response rates. KW - Crash causes KW - Defects KW - Effectiveness KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Recall campaigns KW - Response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182776 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376304 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - Baker, S P AU - Samkoff, J S AU - Fisher, R S AU - Van Buren, C B AU - American Medical Association TI - FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES PY - 1982/08/13 VL - 248 IS - 6 SP - 8 p. AB - Deaths resulting from work-related injuries during a one-year period in Maryland were identified and reviewed. Of 148 workers killed, all but two were male. Transportation vehicles were involved in 41% of the deaths, with road vehicles accounting for 25% of the total. Other major groups involved nonroad land vehicles (16%) and firearms, primarily handguns (11%). Two thirds of the workers died at the scene or were dead on arrival at the hospital. Head injuries were the most common cause of death. Eleven percent of the workers tested had blood alcohol concentrations of 0.08% by weight or greater. The majority of the deaths involved either hazards that are not addressed by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or workers in categories that are excluded by law from regulation under this act. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head trauma KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupational injuries KW - Occupational safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379406 AU - FITZPATRICK, M U AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENTATION OF DRIVER (DRACR) AND PASSENGER (PAC) COMPUTER MODELS PY - 1982/08/07 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is written to give the user of the DRACR computer model the specific information he will need to: (a) set up the input file; (b) run the program; and (c) interpret the results. This model describes the interaction between the driver of a vehicle and an air cushion restraint system. The air cushion is mounted to a steering wheel/steering column assembly which is modeled to stroke and rotate during the crash. A previous model called DRAC could not model this rotation; hence the descriptor "R" for "rotation" is added to this model to distinguish it from the functionally similar but less powerful DRAC model. KW - Air bags KW - Drivers KW - Interaction KW - Manuals KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369642 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - GAS TURBINES--HIGH-SPEED GAS PY - 1982/08/04 VL - 162 IS - 4161 SP - 4 p. AB - Real technological advances are now being made in gas turbine design which could put it into volume production by the end of the decade. After explaining turbine technicalities this article reviews the development programs of General Motors, Garrett/Ford, and Chrysler. KW - Development KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372114 AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DIAMOND PATTERN FOR USE ON WORK ZONE BARRICADE RAILS PY - 1982/08 SP - 27 p. AB - A controlled field study was conducted to evaluate recently developed work zone channelization panels. Two designs were considered: the first showed an orange diamond on a white background; the other a white diamond on an orange field. Test subjects viewed the orange and the white diamond panel designs and made judgements concerning the legibility, effectiveness and acceptability of the panels. Twenty test subjects viewed the panels during the day, and twenty observed at night. The orange diamond design was more legible than the white diamond design under both day and night viewing conditions. It was also preferred to the white diamond design. The new designs were well accepted by the test subjects. Overhalf the subjects rated the diamond designs either "highly satisfactory" or "superior". At a distance, the panel designs were seen in terms of basic shapes - circles, squares and lines. Fine pattern details were not resolved. The implication is that traffic control devices should show large, bold patterns. Also, the distant appearance should be considered even during the early developmental stages of a traffic control device. KW - Barricades KW - Barrier rails KW - Diamond pattern KW - Effectiveness KW - Field studies KW - Guardrails KW - Highway maintenance KW - Legibility KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic control devices KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450335 AU - Shaw, M AU - Knight, E AU - Rodack, M AU - Trudgen, A AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURE FOR SIDE IMPACT-FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 212 p. AB - This report documents the results of vehicle crash tests, crash reconstruction studies, computer simulations, and sled tests performed under the Countermeasures for Side Impact Research Program. Four full-scale vehicle-to-vehicle front-to-side impact tests were conducted to provide baseline data for the sled test development effort. Reconstruction analyses of the vehicle tests were made, using the CRASH II and SMAC computer programs; these were reasonably successful in duplicating the actual initial test conditions. This contract resulted in the development of a unique bullet-target sled facility and test technique for simulating a front-to-side car-to-car collision. The sled tests were used to evaluate potential padding countermeasures using prototype Side Impact Dummies (HSRI SID). A major problem was encountered in the sled test program due to the excessive "fragility" of the prototype dummies. These problems, investigations, and repairs made are documented in detail to assist NHTSA in the final development of a side impact dummy suitable for compliance testing. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Testing KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396122 AU - FLECK, J T AU - BUTLER, F E AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION OF THE CRASH VICTIM SIMULATOR VOLUME 2, ENGINEERING MANUAL--PART II: VALIDATION EFFORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 246 p. AB - A combined analytical and experimental research project was carried out to develop and examine the validity of an improved version of the computer program used to simulate the three-dimensional dynamic gross motion responses of motor vehicle crash victims. Among the improvements incorporated in the new (CVS-IV) version of the program are a more efficient integration technique, a routine to automatically position a seated occupant in equilibrium, and modifications of the input and output control routines that make it easier to use the program. Measurements of a Part 572 50th percentile male anthropomorphic dummy were made to define an input data set for a simulation model of the dummy. Dynamic pendulum impact tests of dummy sub-assemblies were performed and modeled with the computer program. Detailed comparisons of predicted system responses with those measured in special impact sled tests of the dummy restrained by a three-point restraint belt and by pre-inflated air bag are also presented. KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Crash victims KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pendulum tests KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Three dimensional KW - Training simulators KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396141 AU - Zinke, D T AU - Automotive Safety Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYZE DATA FROM CONTRACT DOT-HS-9-02178 AND WRITE FINAL REPORT SUMMARIZING THE FINDINGS OF THE PAC VALIDATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 66 p. AB - This paper reports on a study of the Passenger Air Cushion (PAC) Computer Model, developed by Fitzpatrick Engineering, in which the validity of the model was checked using actual test data. The PAC computer program was then used to identify key restraint system parameters, and to test their sensitivity in relation to system performance. KW - Air bags KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Simulation KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396126 AU - Shaw, M AU - Knight, E AU - Rodack, M AU - Trudgen, A AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR SIDE IMPACT-FINAL REPORT-VOLUME II, APPENDICES A-D PY - 1982/08 SP - 239 p. AB - This report documents the results of vehicle crash tests, crash reconstruction studies, computer simulations, and sled tests performed under the Countermeasures for Side Impact Research Program. Four full-scale vehicle-to-vehicle front-to-side impact tests were conducted to provide baseline data for the sled test development effort. Reconstruction analyses of the vehicle tests were made, using the CRASH II and SMAC computer programs; these were reasonably successful in duplicating the actual initial test conditions. This contract resulted in the development of a unique bullet-target sled facility and test technique for simulating a front-to-side car-to-car collision. The sled tests were used to evaluate potential padding countermeasures using prototype Side Impact Dummies (HSRI SID). A major problem was encountered in the sled test program due to the excessive "fragility" of the prototype dummies. These problems, investigations, and repairs made are documented in detail to assist NHTSA in the final development of a side impact dummy suitable for compliance testing. KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Pads KW - Prototypes KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394293 AU - Shaw, M AU - Knight, E AU - Rodack, M AU - Trudgen, A AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR SIDE IMPACT--FINAL REPORT-VOLUME III, APPENDICES E-I PY - 1982/08 SP - 223 p. AB - This report documents the results of vehicle crash tests, crash reconstruction studies, computer simulations, and sled tests performed under the Countermeasures for Side Impact Research Program. Four full-scale vehicle-to-vehicle front-to-side impact tests were conducted to provide baseline data for the sled test development effort. Reconstruction analyses of the vehicle tests were made, using the CRASH II and SMAC computer programs; these were reasonably successful in duplicating the actual initial test conditions. This contract resulted in the development of a unique bullet-target sled facility and test technique for simulating a front-to-side car-to-car collision. The sled tests were used to evaluate potential padding countermeasures using prototype Side Impact Dummies (HSRI SID). A major problem was encountered in the sled program due to the excessive "fragility" of the prototype dummies. These problems, investigations, and repairs made are documented in detail to assist NHTSA in the final development of a side impact dummy suitable for compliance testing. KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394294 AU - Shaw, M AU - Knight, E AU - Rodack, M AU - Trudgen, A AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR SIDE IMPACT--FINAL REPORT-VOLUME IV, APPENDICES J-Q PY - 1982/08 SP - 292 p. AB - This report documents the results of vehicle crash tests, crash reconstruction studies, computer simulations, and sled tests performed under the Countermeasures for Side Impact Research Program. Four full-scale vehicle-to-vehicle front-to-side impact tests were conducted to provide baseline data for the sled test development effort. Reconstruction analyses of the vehicle tests were made, using the CRASH II and SMAC computer programs; these were reasonably successful in duplicating the actual initial test conditions. This contract resulted in the development of a unique bullet-target sled facility and test technique for simulating a front-to-side car-to-car collision. The sled tests were used to evaluate potential padding countermeasures using prototype Side Impact Dummies (HSRI SID). A major problem was encountered in the sled test program due to the excessive "fragility" of the prototype dummies. These problems, investigations, and repairs made are documented in detail to assist NHTSA in the final development of a side impact dummy suitable for compliance testing. KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386825 JO - Michigan Bar Journal PB - State Bar of Michigan AU - Ransom, R M AU - Sinas, G T AU - State Bar of Michigan TI - NO-FAULT: MAJOR ISSUES OF THE MOMENT: SUMMARY JUDGMENT, PERPETUAL THRESHOLD, MENTAL ANGUISH PY - 1982/08 VL - 61 SP - 9 p. AB - In the past several years, the authors have spent considerable time on behalf of the Michigan Judicial Institute writing and lecturing about Michigan's no-fault law auto insurance and its ever increasing body of jurisprudence. In the course of those activities, we found that many issues are still unresolved or in dispute in both the tort area and in that area of the law dealing with no-fault first party benefits. Some of these questions are substantial; their resolution will have significant impact on the development of the law and practice in our trial courts. Time and space preclude an indepth discussion of every one of these important topics. However, three specific issues currently in the forefront of attention have special significance for bench and bar. One of these is currently before the Michigan Supreme Court (summary disposition of threshold questions), the second has already been the subject of conflicting analysis in the Court of Appeals (the continuous threshold requirement of Rusinek v Schultz), and the third has yet to be specifically addressed by any appellate court (recognition of a tort for breach of a duty to deal fairly and in good faith in first part no-fault contracts). These three issues are the subject of this article. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Courts KW - Laws KW - No fault insurance KW - Tort liability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386770 AU - Hilger, B A AU - Scott, E S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SINGLE VARIABLE TABULATIONS OF 1981 ACCIDENTS IN THE STATE OF TEXAS PY - 1982/08 SP - 89 p. AB - This report is divided into four sections: (1) Accident Variables; (2) Driver/Vehicle Variables; (3) Casualty/Occupant Variables; and (4) Roadway Inventory Variables for On-System Accidents. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Data KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386013 AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Leaf, W A AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE DISMOUNTED MOTORIST AND ROAD-WORKER MODEL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY REGULATIONS PY - 1982/08 SP - 94 p. AB - Two pedestrian model regulations previously developed by NHTSA were studied to determine their potential safety benefits. One regulation was concerned with the disabled-vehicle situation and called on motorists to position themselves and their vehicles as safely as possible and to employ conspicuity enhancing devices and materials. This regulation was studied in an experimental field setting in which the operational features of the regulation were examined. The results of the study showed that deploying fusees or warning triangles in conjunction with four-way flashers significantly reduced the speed and shifted the placement of vehicles passing a simulated disabled vehicle during daytime and nighttime conditions. No substantial evidence was found to indicate that wearing fluorescent and retroreflective materials influenced the course or speed of passing motorists. It is recommended that the portions of the model regulation concerned with the positioning of vehicles and deployment of hazard warning devices be made available to locales seeking countermeasures against this accident type. Provisions related to wearing conspicuous materials should be deleted as mandatory requirements. The second model regulation studied, involved persons performing road work and called for workers to wear approved fluorescent and retroreflective materials, for standard traffic control devices to be employed, for permits and inspection of road work sites and for drivers to yield to workers and workers to avoid sudden movements into the path of vehicles. Detailed analyses of accident reports for cases where road workers were struck, indicated that there were a variety of precipitating factors involved and that rather than being an unitary accident type, these crashes were made up of several sub-types. It was concluded that even if the portions of the model regulation related to worker conspicuity and dart-out behavior were fully effective, only a minority of road worker accidents would be affected. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Flashers KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Regulations KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic incidents KW - Visibility KW - Warning devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25642/DOT-HS-806-445.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199836 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385126 JO - Western Journal of Medicine PB - California Medical Association AU - Chang, A AU - Levy, E AU - California Medical Association TI - INFANT PASSENGER SAFETY EDUCATION IN PERINATAL SERVICES IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1982/08 VL - 137 IS - 2 SP - p. 162-165 AB - Of 166 hospitals surveyed in California, 53 (31.9 percent) routinely provide some information on infant car-safety to parents of newborns and 115 (69.2 percent) were interested in developing a more comprehensive program of infant passenger safety. More than 80 percent of the hospitals estimated that less than a fourth of the infants were safety restrained on leaving the hospital. Larger hospitals provided more car safety education and expressed greater interest in developing comprehensive programs in the future. Although present services are limited, there is interest in expanding infant passenger safety education not only in perinatal services but in childbirth classes as well. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Hospitals KW - Infants KW - Parents KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385131 JO - East African Medical Journal PB - Kenya Literature Bureau AU - ASOGWA, S E AU - Kenya Literature Bureau TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT CASUALTIES AND THE USE OF CRASH HELMETS PY - 1982/08 VL - 59 IS - 8 SP - p. 550-554 AB - An on-the-spot study of 201 motorcycle casualties in Nigeria showed a high percentage of possession of crash helmets following the crash helmet legislation in the country. The mode of participation in road crashes was mostly by collision with motor cars and lorries. The anatomical distribution of injuries of those who died on the spot was found to be mostly on the head while among those who were taken to hospital the lower limbs were mostly injured. The prevention of motorcycle accident and its sequelae based on prevention of the occurence and amelioration of the effects of accidents are discussed. KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203092 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384673 JO - Drug and Alcohol Dependence PB - Elsevier AU - DAMKOT, D K AU - Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Limited TI - ALCOHOL INCIDENCE IN RURAL DRIVERS: CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION AND CLUES FOR COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1982/08 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 305-324 AB - A roadside survey operated at 42 rural sites in Vermont, U.S.A. between 10:30 p.m. and 3:00 a.m. obtained breath alcohol concentrations (BAC) from 1663 motorists. Interview data concerning biographical variables, drinking patterns, and knowledge about drinking and driving were also obtained. BACS of 0.10 or higher were found in 4.6% of this nocturnal driving population. Interview results confirmed that young male motorists are an important population-at-risk, but older male and female liquor drinkers are also prevalent. The importance of heavy and frequent beer drinking was noted, and the prevalence of a double standard with regard to beer and liquor was apparent. Intervention strategies and ideas are suggested on the basis of the data obtained in this study. KW - Age KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380676 AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - ANALYSIS OF IN-USE FUEL ECONOMY DATA: STAGE I PY - 1982/08 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes the need for, and the background work done on, adjusting the EPA MPG values to more closely correspond to actual fuel economy experience on the road. The majority of the report deals with the derivation of mathematical algorithms that could be used to perform the needed adjustment. Using an extensive data base of in-use fuel economy, algorithms are developed which depend on certain design features of the vehicles. Substantial improvements in the accuracy of the Fuel Economy Labeling and Gas Mileage Guide Programs will result when adjustments to the current values are adopted. KW - Algorithms KW - Fuel consumption KW - Labeling KW - Mileage KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380406 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RATES IN KENTUCKY (1980) PY - 1982/08 SP - 41 p. AB - A primary objective of this study was to determine average accident statistics in Kentucky in 1980 for use in identifying hazardous locations. To identify locations having an abnormal accident history, norms must be established and these norms must be kept up-to-date to maintain a reliable identification program. Average accident rates were calculated using several methods of classifying highways. Average rates for counties and cities were calculated, and counties and cities with the highest rates for their population category were identified. A series of curves were drawn giving criteria which can be used to determine whether a particular location has an accident problem. KW - Cities KW - Classification KW - Counties KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Highway classification KW - Highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380063 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Leaf, W A AU - Hale, A AU - Farrell, M L AU - Cross, K D AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR BICYCLIST/MOTOR-VEHICLE PROBLEM TYPES VOLUME III--MODEL REGULATIONS PY - 1982/08 SP - 93 p. AB - A detailed re-analysis of previously collected bicycle/motor-vehicle accident data (Cross and Fisher, 1977) was undertaken to define potential countermeasures. Countermeasure development was then undertaken in the areas of Training (see Volume I), Public Education (see Volume II) and Model Regulations (this Volume). Eight model state laws or municipal ordinances were developed and are reported herein. These are: Model Bicyclist Conspicuity Law, Model Law for Bicyclist Position on the Highway, Model Highway Entry Law, Model Minimum Age Law for Bicyclists, Model Driveway Parking Ordinance, Model Law to Remove Visual Obstructions, Model Regulation to Prohibit Riding Bicycles on Sidewalks, Model Bicycle Safety Patrol and Violation Disposition Ordinance. Recommendations for implementing and field testing the developed regulations are included. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Education KW - Laws KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25615/DOT-HS-806-328.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380061 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Leaf, W A AU - Hale, A AU - Farrell, M L AU - Cross, K D AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR BICYCLIST/MOTOR-VEHICLE PROBLEM TYPES VOLUME I--METHODS AND TRAINING PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS PY - 1982/08 SP - 88 p. AB - A detailed re-analysis of previously collected bicycle/motor-vehicle accident data (Cross and Fisher, 1977) was conducted to define potential countermeasures. Countermeasure development was then undertaken in the areas of Training (this Volume), Public Education (see Volume II) and Model Regulations (see Volume III). Three programs suitable for use as training materials were produced. These were a fourth grade comprehensive curriculum and separate, brief guides for parents and police officers. Recommendations for implementing and field testing the developed training programs are included. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Education KW - Laws KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380405 AU - Crabtree, J D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION DATA PY - 1982/08 SP - 26 p. AB - As part of an attempt to calculate accident rates for different vehicle types on various kinds of roads, it was necessary to determine the percentage of each vehicle type in the traffic stream for each type road. This was accomplished by summarizing Kentucky's Vehicle Classification File. The procedure used in summarizing the file and the results of the summary are presented in this report. Vehicle distributions are reported by number of lanes, by functional classification, by administrative classification, by federal-aid system, by hour of day, by day of week, and by month of year. It is believed this report provides the most extensive and accurate data currently available on vehicle type distributions in Kentucky. KW - Crash rates KW - Data KW - Traffic distribution KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle distribution KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380060 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Smist, T E AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STEERING COLUMN SPECIAL STUDY DATA ANALYSIS PY - 1982/08 SP - 124 p. AB - This is a report of a statistical and engineering analysis of the performance of steering assembly safety mechanisms, particularly the energy absorbing device (EAD) and the anti-intrusion mechanism (shear capsule). Objectives of the study were to identify conditions of more successful and less successful operation of the EAD's and anti-intrusion components, to determine the relation of both EAD compression and column intrusion to crash severity and driver injury severity, and to compare performance between specific EAD column designs and vehicle types. The analyses were performed on the Steering Column Special Study data collected within the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). Study objectives were achieved through three tasks. Task 1 comprised a statistical analysis of EAD functioning, while Task 2 was a statistical analysis of intrusion data, and Task 3 was an engineering evaluation to determine the effects of various impact parameters and occupant kinematics on EAD column performance. The EAD's were found to compress rather little even in more severe crashes, but EAD-equipped vehicles did appear to have slightly less driver chest injury than non-EAD vehicles. No crash conditions in which EAD's clearly functioned best were found. Rearward steering column intrusion in vehicles with shear capsules appeared mainly with major deformation of the column mounting area. A model predicting EAD performance from area of impact, driver trajectory, and other crash conditions was generally supported. KW - Anti-intrusion devices KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Performance KW - Safety and security KW - Safety equipment KW - Steering columns KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380062 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Leaf, W A AU - Hale, A AU - Farrell, M L AU - Cross, K D AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR BICYCLIST/MOTOR-VEHICLE PROBLEM TYPES VOLUME II--PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION MESSAGES PY - 1982/08 SP - 88 p. AB - A detailed re-analysis of previously collected bicycle/motor-vehicle accident data (Cross and Fisher, 1977) was conducted to define potential countermeasures. Countermeasure development was then undertaken in the areas of Public Education (this Volume), Training (see Volume I) and Model Regulations (see Volume III). A set of 10 TV spots in storyboard form, four radio scripts and a camera-ready reproducible of a poster were developed. Recommendations for implementing and field testing the developed messages are included. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Education KW - Laws KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25625/DOT-HS-806-327.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193033 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379545 JO - American Journal of Psychiatry PB - American Psychiatric Association AU - Mathew, R J AU - Weinman, M L AU - Semchuk, K M AU - Levin, B L AU - American Psychiatric Association TI - DRIVING PHOBIA IN THE CITY OF HOUSTON: A PILOT STUDY PY - 1982/08 VL - 139 IS - 8 SP - 3 p. AB - To study the fear of driving phenomenon the authors contacted 48 subjects who, in response to a newspaper article, had expressed an intense fear of driving in the city of Houston and compared them with an age and sex-matched control group. The information elicited from the subjects suggested the existence of a driving phobia. No significant differences emerged between the phobic subjects and the controls on relevant driving history and background. Although the phobic subjects reported significantly higher levels of anxiety while driving in normal and difficult situations, most of them reported anxiety of phobic intensity only about difficult driving situations, such as driving on freeways and in congested traffic. KW - Age KW - Cities KW - Driving KW - Fear KW - Freeways KW - Gender KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196186 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379434 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - LEG BURNS FROM MOPEDS PY - 1982/08 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - p. 304-305 AB - Accidents are responsible for more than 50% of childhood fatalities, and therefore, they represent a major pediatric problem in the United States today. Mishaps result in countless children being severely injured every day. Even as our society attempts to prevent injuries from previously proven hazards, children are presented with new means of incurring bodily injury. Indeed, the growing popularity of the moped has resulted in the increasingly clear understanding of its danger to children. We report on two patients who came to our clinic within a period of six days; their injuries illustrate what we feel is yet another danger of this vehicle. KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Children KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Mopeds KW - Personal injury UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379405 AU - Naughton, T J AU - PEPLER, R D AU - Waller, J AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INVESTIGATE ROAD ACCIDENT RISK LEVELS FOR HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION) VICTIMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 81 p. AB - The crash risk was studied of 725 licensed drivers (552 male and 173 female) in Chittenden County, Vermont, who had been hospitalized for Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) in Burlington, and discharged between January 1, 1975 and December 31, 1979. The crash risk was studied also of two matched comparisons for each patient--an age-sex-residence (ASR) and a sex-residence (SR) match, who had not been hospitalized with IHD over the sample period. The overall crash rate for IHD patients was 4.8 percent per year as compared to 6.8 percent and 8.2 percent for the ASR and SR comparison groups, respectively. The overall crash rate in the State of Vermont in 1980 was a little over 7 percent. An associated NRTA-AARP study showed that following hospitalization, IHD patients drive, on the average, 20 percent less miles than before, and tend to avoid stressful or hazardous driving environments. This study does not support a claim that other medically impaired drivers (e.g., diabetics or epileptics) have equivalent low crash risk potential. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Hazards KW - Heart KW - Highways KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377931 JO - American Journal of Cardiology PB - N/A AU - Weil, M H AU - Anderson, G J AU - Technical Publishing Corporation TI - THIRTEENTH BETHESDA CONFERENCE: EMERGENCY CARDIAC CARE PY - 1982/08 VL - 50 SP - p. 365-420 AB - The specific objective of this Conference was to provide guidelines for optimal emergency cardiac care before hospital admission, in the Emergency Department and in the 6 hours after hospital admission. In recognition of the rapidly increasing complexity and costs of cardiologic care, the focus was on options by which the highest quality of life-saving cardiac care could be consistently and economically delivered in the context of current Emergency Medical Service systems and the resources of community hospitals. Methods of organization, staffing and patient care were evaluated together with specific professional requirements for competent diagnosis and treatment. The Conference sought to delineate those components that are of proven value and importance and to identify practices that would best be curtailed or discontinued. KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Heart KW - Physicians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376423 AU - Yaksich, S AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG--ALCOHOL'S INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL HIGHWAY CRASHES PY - 1982/08 SP - 9 p. AB - This report examines the role of alcohol involvement in fatal highway crashes by an analysis of the data on fatal accidents obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for the year 1980. It is stated that FARS data, as imperfect as they are in many respects due to different state reporting procedures provide the best evidence that we have only been seeing the tip of the iceberg in terms of the major role alcohol impairment plays in deaths and injuries on our highways. KW - Data analysis KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190431 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373625 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Allard, R AU - American Public Health Association TI - EXCESS MORTALITY FROM TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AMONG ELDERLY PEDESTRIANS LIVING IN THE INNER CITY PY - 1982/08 VL - 72 IS - 8 SP - p. 853-854 AB - Age-specific death rates for pedestrian-car accidents among the populations living in four contiguous areas of a large city, one being the downtown area and the others gradually more removed from it, were compared. The rates are highest downtown and decrease progressively in the outlying areas, the absolute differences between areas being largest above age 65. These data suggest that pedestrian accident prevention efforts should take into account the specific needs of the elderly living in the inner city. KW - Aged KW - Central business districts KW - Cities KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Innercity KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Suburbs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373586 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC REVIEWS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY PY - 1982/08 SP - 58 p. AB - This booklet is designed to assist in reviewing existing facilities to identify items which create or contribute to inefficient traffic operations. The Traffic Reviews for Operational Efficiency is a step-by-step procedure to review traffic operations and those features which directly affect traffic flow. It consists of an office review, a field review which can be completed in one day, and preparation of a report. The traffic review described in this booklet can be performed by government transportation agencies, cooperatively or independently, or by non-government organizations, provided they have the appropriate technical capability. A publication with the same title was prepared in 1973 to assist States, counties, and other governmental units in making traffic reviews for operational efficiency. This booklet is designed to replace that publication, not only for updating, but to relate the review to the monetary, environmental, and energy concerns which have assumed prominence. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highway operations KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371059 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1981 CRC OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT SURVEY PY - 1982/08 SP - v.p. AB - In the 35th annual statistical survey of current model vehicles conducted by the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., test data were obtained on 429 1981 model vehicles, including nine select models of special interest. Maximum octane number requirements at either full- or -part-throttle operating conditions were determined. Included also are the octane number requirements as determined by the new 50th percentile acceleration technique designed to more nearly represent customer-type driving. Surface ignition and rumble, if present, were also reported. Passenger cars and light-duty trucks including non-commercial vans (1/2-3/4 ton without four-wheel drive) were tested according to a weighted distribution. The order of testing reference fuels was the same as the 1980 Survey, which is as follows: (1) tank fuels; (2) high sensitivity full-boiling range unleaded fuels; (3) average sensitivity full-boiling range unleaded fuels; (4) primary reference fuels. Sixteen laboratories participated in this Survey and submitted data on US vehicles; fourteen of these laboratories also reported data on imported vehicles. Participating laboratories are listed in Appendix A. Members of the CRC Analysis Panel are identified in Appendix B. KW - Accelerating (Process) KW - Accelerating agents KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Fuels KW - Ignition KW - Laboratories KW - Light trucks KW - Noise KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186270 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371115 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Steen, D J AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - COMPOUNDING AND LABORATORY TESTING FOR RUBBER PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/08 VL - 186 IS - 5 SP - p. 25-27 AB - This article briefly points out that the laboratory testing program for rubber compounds must compliment the end use of the compounds, that a single test result is only an indication of performance and must be evaluated along with other test results, that compound processability is needed even at the compromise of certain physical properties, and that the compound must be compatible with the selected molding method. It is further pointed out that to achieve these conditions, one must use standard test methods or, in the absence of such standard methods, rely on the assistance of the end user in establishing performance criteria. KW - Compounding /ingredients/ KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Quality of work KW - Synthetic rubber KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371159 AU - Rubin, L R AU - Rubin (Lorrie R) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILDREN IN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS: THE EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY PY - 1982/08 SP - 72 p. AB - When a child dies, the surviving family members experience a myriad of changes within themselves and the family system. The purpose of this research is to explore the emotional costs following the death of a child in an automobile or pedestrian oriented accident and the resulting long-term consequences of the loss. Using the case study method, nine families were interviewed following the deaths of their children. The research describes both the qualitative and quantitative perspective to surviving family members and the social and psychological damage which ensues. The case studies reveal a high incidence of marital and family erosion, alcohol and drug abuse, psychological instability and prolonged disability as several resulting factors after the deaths. KW - Case studies KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Families KW - Fatalities KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371129 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Souffie, R D AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - SEGMENTED POLYETHER-ESTER COPOLYMERS PY - 1982/08 VL - 186 IS - 5 SP - p. 17-24 AB - This article touches lightly on the chemistry of the manufacture and structure segmented polyether-ester copolymers, and relates their physical properties and environmental resistance characteristics to their molecular makeup. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Elastomers KW - Impact strength KW - Low temperature KW - Physical properties KW - Polymers KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Shock resistance KW - Thermoplastic elastomers KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188111 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371122 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - COLLINS, F AU - Derby, T AU - Moses, C AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND SIMPLE MATERIAL PROPERTIES. PART II PY - 1982/08 VL - 186 IS - 5 SP - p. 29-35 AB - This is the second part of a two-part article discussing performance evaluation of rubber products using finite element analysis. This part contains the end of the section discussing stress analyses including considerations of fatigue. After that, there is a section describing the analysis to determine temperature distributions within a rubber part due to internal heat generation. Finally a thermal analysis is performed in order to determine state of cure. KW - Concrete curing KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Finite element method KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rubber KW - Sleeves (Electricity) KW - Structural analysis KW - Temperature KW - Temperature distribution KW - Thermal analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371158 AU - Kaufman, G AU - Bilge, B AU - Bilge-Kaufman Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS UPON AMERICAN FAMILIES PY - 1982/08 SP - 143 p. AB - Long term effects of traffic accidents upon nine families in which one or more members were badly injured or killed are described in detail. Information was collected through open-ended interviews with the victims, or in the event of death, with the decendents' closest of kin. Also interviewed in some cases were other relatives, friends, neighbors, medical personnel, lawyers, and social workers who helped the victims and their families after the accident. In some families financial costs paled in comparison to the victims' continuing pain, disability, and psychological stress and other family members' emotional strain and added burdens of care. In others, economic hardship blighted the victims' convalescence and rehabilitation and deepened the entire family's misery. In all families, the quality of life deteriorated markedly for at least a year, and in some, accident-related problems have persisted for much longer periods and may affect succeeding generations. Social costs of serious accidents are far-reaching. Healthy, productive individuals are lost or reduced to dependence upon others. Relatives, friends, neighbors, and many professionals divert energy from more constructive tasks to remedial and maintenance efforts. Time-consuming litigation stemming from motor vehicle accidents clogs the courts and often produces unsatisfactory results. KW - Accident costs KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Families KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Pain KW - Physical disabilities KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety and security KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370251 AU - Mateyka, J A AU - Magro, W R AU - Karlin, A S AU - Yee, D J AU - Wasserman, D M AU - Derr, K E AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF MAJOR SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. VOLUME 4: NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE PARTS AND COMPONENTS SUPPLIERS PY - 1982/08 SP - 302 p. AB - This study summarizes extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materials, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. The results of this effort are published in seven volumes -- Volume I: Overview; Volume II: Iron, Steel, and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume III: Plastics, Glass, and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume IV: North American Parts and Component Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume V: Multinational Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; Volume VI: Foreign Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; and Volume VII: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Fiberglass KW - Glass KW - Machine tools KW - Materials KW - North America KW - Parts KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370253 AU - Mateyka, J A AU - Magro, W R AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF MAJOR SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. VOLUME 6: FOREIGN AUTOMOTIVE PARTS AND COMPONENTS SUPPLIERS PY - 1982/08 SP - 134 p. AB - This study summarizes extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materials, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. The results of this effort are published in seven volumes --- Volume I: Overview; Volume II: Iron, Steel, and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume III: Plastics, Glass, and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume IV: North American Parts and Component Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume V: Multinational Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; Volume VI: Foreign Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; and Volume VII: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Fiberglass KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Glass KW - Machine tools KW - Materials KW - Parts KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370472 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - ADVANCES IN ENGINE COMPONENTS. DEVELOPMENTS AT AE GROUP COMPANIES, 1982 TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM REPORT PART TWO: BEARINGS, VALVE-SEATS, CAMSHAFTS, VALVE-SPRINGS AND PISTON RINGS PY - 1982/08 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - p. 28-30 AB - This article contains five papers: (1) Crankshaft Bearings, Glacier Metal Co. Ltd.; (2) Valve Seat Inserts, Brico Engineering Ltd.; (3) Camshafts and Followers, Lydmet Ltd.; (4) Valve Springs, Tempered Spring Co. Ltd.; and (5) Piston Rings, Hepworth & Grandage Ltd. KW - Bearings KW - Camshafts KW - Components KW - Crankshafts KW - Engines KW - Piston rings KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187726 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370690 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - PARSONS, K C AU - GRIFFIN, M J AU - Whitham, E M AU - Taylor & Francis TI - VIBRATION AND COMFORT III. TRANSLATIONAL VIBRATION OF THE FEET AND BACK PY - 1982/08 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - p. 705-719 AB - The effects on discomfort of the frequency and direction of the translational vibration of footrest and flat firm backrest have been studied in two experiments. At frequencies in the range 2.5-63Hz, the first experiment determined the levels of fore-and-aft, lateral and vertical vibration of the feet of seated subjects which caused them discomfort equivalent to that from 0.8m/sq s r.m.s. 10 Hz vertical vibration of a firm flat seat. The levels of fore-and-aft, lateral and vertical vibration at the back of a seat which were equivalent to 0.8m/sq s r.m.s. 10 Hz vertical seat vibration were determined in the second experiment. The vibration of the feet or back occurred without simultaneous vibration at the seat. Individual and group equivalent comfort contours are presented. It is concluded that the data provide a useful initial indication of the relative contribution of foot and back vibration to discomfort. Equivalent comfort contours for foot vibration were similar for all three directions of vibration. The contours for vibration of the back show a high sensitivity to fore-and-aft vibration. The results obtained from two additional studies show that vibration from a backrest and other variations in seating conditions can influence subject comfort. KW - Comfort KW - Females KW - Males KW - Seats KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370249 AU - Mateyka, J A AU - Magro, W R AU - Karlin, A S AU - Yee, D J AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF MAJOR SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. VOLUME 2: IRON, STEEL AND ALUMINUM SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1982/08 SP - 338 p. AB - This study summarizes extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materials, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. The results of this effort are published in seven volumes --- Volume I: Overview; Volume II: Iron, Steel, and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Volume III: Plastics, Glass, and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume IV: North American Parts and Component Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume V: Multinational Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; Volume VI: Foreign Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; and Volume VII: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile industry KW - Fiberglass KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Glass KW - Iron KW - Machine tools KW - Materials KW - Plastics KW - Steel KW - Suppliers KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370457 AU - Wright, P H AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Park, C Y AU - Karpf, R S AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - EFFECT OF PAVEMENT MARKERS ON NIGHTTIME CRASHES IN GEORGIA PY - 1982/08 SP - 17 p. AB - During 1976-1978, the Georgia Department of Transportation installed reflectorized pavement markers on the centerlines of nearly 700 curves in Georgia which had horizontal curvature in excess of six degrees. Nighttime crashes were reduced by about 20 percent compared to daytime crashes at these sites subsequent to the installation of the markers. Nighttime single-vehicle crashes were reduced more than other nighttime crashes. KW - Center lines KW - Curvature KW - Effectiveness KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night visibility KW - Pavements KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183935 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370691 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - GRIFFIN, M J AU - PARSONS, K C AU - Whitham, E M AU - Taylor & Francis TI - VIBRATION AND COMFORT IV. APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS PY - 1982/08 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - p. 721-739 AB - In this conclusion to a four-part series of papers, an interpretation of the experimental data presented in the earlier three papers is given. The results obtained from the experiments are compared with those obtained by other researchers. A set of simplified approximations to the various equivalent comfort contours are defined and a general approach to the prediction of discomfort due to multi-axis, multi-input complex vibration is given. It is shown that the results for translational vibration of a seat surface supporting the body are reasonably consistent with some previous studies. Although the contours for fore-and-aft and lateral vibration are in agreement with those in ISO 2631 (1978) there is evidence that sensitivity to vertical seat vibration above 8 Hz should be greater than defined in that standard. It is shown that the results for rotational seat vibration differ by an order of magnitude from those published by other authors but that this difference may be explained by the positions of the centres of rotation used in other studies. It is shown that simple approximations to the median equivalent comfort contours for translational and rotational seat vibration and translational foot and back vibration may be defined by contours on acceleration frequency graph having a slope of O dB per octave (constant acceleration) and 6 dB per octave (constant velocity). For most conditions these contours fall within the 25th-75th percentile of the experimental data. The application of these contours as frequency weightings for general vibration evaluations is discussed. KW - Comfort KW - Females KW - Males KW - Seats KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370252 AU - Mateyka, J A AU - Magro, W R AU - Karlin, A S AU - Yee, D J AU - Wasserman, D M AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF MAJOR SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. VOLUME 5: MULTINATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE PARTS AND COMPONENTS SUPPLIERS PY - 1982/08 SP - 280 p. AB - This study summarizes extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materials, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. The results of this effort are published in seven volumes --- Volume I: Overview; Volume II: Iron, Steel, and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume III: Plastics, Glass, and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume IV: North American Parts and Component Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume V: Multinational Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; Volume VI: Foreign Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; and Volume VII: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Fiberglass KW - Glass KW - Machine tools KW - Materials KW - Multinational KW - Parts KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370254 AU - Mateyka, J A AU - Magro, W R AU - Wasserman, D M AU - Yee, D J AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF MAJOR SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. VOLUME 7: MACHINE TOOL SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1982/08 SP - 126 p. AB - This study summarizes extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materials, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. The results of this effort are published in seven volumes --- Volume I: Overview; Volume II: Iron, Steel, and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume III: Plastics, Glass, and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume IV: North American Parts and Component Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume V: Multinational Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; Volume VI: Foreign Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; and Volume VII: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Fiberglass KW - Glass KW - Machine tools KW - Materials KW - Parts KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183774 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370273 JO - Motor AU - Huntington, R AU - Hearst Books TI - PERFORMANCE CORNER PY - 1982/08 VL - 158 IS - 2 SP - p. 12-13 AB - The article notes that aftermarket suppliers have pointed out that the extended service intervals recommended by car manufacturers could lead to excessive wear and part failure. The article also describes several technical developments now on the market. Chevrolet will soon have a forged steel crankshaft in the 90 deg Chevrolet V6 engine. A-1 Conversions has put out a new kit that allows switching back and forth from gasoline to propane. Chevrolet has introduced a high-performance, fuel-injected vs engine with cross-ram manifolding for some 1982 models. B & M Automotive has announced a "hot-up" kit for the late GM TurboHydro 350C unit with lockup torque converter. Keene-Bell have a new aluminum 4-barrel intake manifold for the Buick V6 engine. The Eckler Corvette specialists have a new fiberglass replacement rear leaf spring for 1963 and later Vettes. The article indicates optimism about the future of the specialty equipment market despite the heavy government regulation of passenger cars and rising fuel prices. KW - Automobile engines KW - Conversion KW - Crankshafts KW - Equations KW - Gasoline KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Manifolds KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Torque converters KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187589 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370922 JO - Publication of: Transporthaelsan PB - Transporthaelsan AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - SEAT BELT AND CHILD RESTRAINT SURVEYS 1981 PY - 1982/08 SP - p. 20-21 AB - The 1981 MOT Seat Belt Survey indicates that seat belt wearing by front seat adults is maintaining a high rate. The use of restraints is increasing but is still at an unacceptably low rate. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Females KW - Front seats KW - Infants KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passengers KW - Rear seats KW - Restraint systems KW - Statistics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370686 AU - Williams, A F AU - Karpf, R S AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - TEENAGED DRIVERS AND FATAL CRASH RESPONSIBILITY. PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 22 p. AB - Teenaged drivers, especially males, have much higher rates of fatal crash involvement than older drivers. Data presented in this paper show the following: (1) Young drivers up to about age 25, especially 16 and 17 year olds, are more often responsible for their fatal crashes and resulting deaths than are older drivers. Young male drivers are more likely than young females to be responsible for their fatal crashes; (2) Teenaged drivers are responsible for more deaths per license holder than drivers of all other ages; they are responsible for about five times as many crash deaths per license holder as drivers aged 35-64; (3) Teenaged male drivers have by far the highest rates of involvement in crash deaths, and deaths for which they are responsible. Per license holder, male teenaged drivers kill more than four times as many people as female teenaged drivers; (4) Male teenaged drivers were involved in 84 percent of the 6,086 1978 passenger vehicle occupant deaths studied for which teenagers were probably responsible. Female teenagers accounted for 16 percent; and (5) Teenaged drivers more often kill other people than themselves. For example, more than half the people killed by teenagers in 1978 were their own passengers, or drivers and passengers in other vehicles, whereas the majority of people killed by drivers aged 21 or older were themselves. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Crash victims KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Males UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370248 AU - Mateyka, J A AU - Magro, W R AU - Karlin, A S AU - Yee, D J AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF MAJOR SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. VOLUME 1: OVERVIEW PY - 1982/08 SP - 168 p. AB - This study summarizes extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materials, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. The results of this effort are published in seven volumes---Volume I: Overview; Volume II: Iron, Steel, and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume III: Plastics, Glass, and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume IV: North American Parts and Multinational Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; Volume VI: Foreign Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; and Volume VII: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Fiberglass KW - Glass KW - Machine tools KW - Materials KW - Parts KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370250 AU - Mateyka, J A AU - Magro, W R AU - Karlin, A S AU - Yee, D J AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF MAJOR SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. VOLUME 3: PLASTICS, GLASS AND FIBERGLASS SUPPLIERS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1982/08 SP - 304 p. AB - This study summarizes extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materials, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. The results of this effort are published in seven volumes --- Volume I: Overview; Volume II: Iron, Steel, and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume III: Plastics, Glass, and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume IV: North American Parts and Components Suppliers; to the Automotive Industry; Volume V: Multinational Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; Volume VI: Foreign Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; and Volume VII: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile industry KW - Fiberglass KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Glass KW - Iron KW - Machine tools KW - Materials KW - Plastics KW - Steel KW - Suppliers KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370467 AU - Wright, P H AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SURVIVABILITY OF REFLECTORIZED PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - 1982/08 SP - 7 p. AB - Recessed pavement markers were found to outlast raised pavement markers by at least a factor of two in Georgia. It was also found that over 95 percent of the reflectorized pavement markers of the recessed variety installed by the Georgia Department of Transportation to reduce the frequency of run-off-the-road crashes on sharp curves remained in place for up to five years and up to ADTs of 4,700. KW - Durability KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Recessed pavement markers KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369747 JO - AAMVA Bulletin PB - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - MOTOR VEHICLE LAW REVIEW PY - 1982/08 VL - 47 IS - 8 SP - p. 8-9 AB - The 14th Annual AAMVA Institute on Motor Vehicle and Traffic Law focussed on innovative efforts to attack the problem of drunk driver through the use of administrative suspensions. New procedures instituted by Minnesota, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to provide for the pre-conviction suspension of drivers arrested for drunk driving were examined in detail. Other topics included: a review of the constitutional aspects of alcohol/homicide accident investigations; the state role in enforcement of safety equipment compliance; important federal legislation; the question of when state safety regulations constitute a burden on interstate commerce; the legal problems involving abandoned motor vehicles; the International Registration Plan; Section 19 of the Motor Carrier Deregulation Act; licensing of aliens and non-English speaking applicants; compulsory insurance legislation; and legal aspects of the Driver License Examiner Certification Program. KW - Abandoned cars KW - Abandonment KW - Compliance KW - Deregulation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driving tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Homicide KW - Insurance KW - Interstate commerce KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Safety equipment KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369748 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - TANK TACTICS PY - 1982/08 VL - 158 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - The main cause of garage fires is identified as carelessness in the storing and handling of gasoline. The article describes situations that can arise in gasoline storing and handling and the precautions that should be taken to prevent catastrophes. A mechanic should always be alert to the possibility of a gas tank leak. Every mechanic should check the gas tank of every car before lighting a torch or striking an arc. When cars are brought in with leaks, special precautions (listed) must be taken. Effective ways of stopping leaks are described. The safe way to remove gasoline from a car and the ideal way to remove a tank are described. If the tank is going to be soldered, it must be thoroughly flushed out. The article urges every care and precaution against fires and explosions in garages. KW - Explosions KW - Fires KW - Fuel storage KW - Fuel tanks KW - Garages KW - Gasoline KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Leakage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187236 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369638 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Bauman, R AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - YOU, YOUR AUTOMOBILE AND MR. MURPHY PY - 1982/08 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - This article applies Murphy's axioms to problems encountered with automobiles. Examples are used to illustrate the axioms. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187185 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369733 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Maddukuri, C S AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - A NUMERICAL MODEL OF DIFFUSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE NEAR HIGHWAYS PY - 1982/08 VL - 32 IS - 8 SP - p. 834-836 AB - A numerical model, which can be used to study the dispersion of carbon monoxide emissions from automobiles traveling on a highway, is described. The model is based upon the semi-empirical equation of turbulent diffusion. The performance of the model has been tested using carbon monoxide concentration data obtained near highway 401 in the city of Toronto, Canada. KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187225 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369632 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - INNOVATIVE SCHOOL BUS DESIGNED FOR HANDICAPPED PY - 1982/08 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - A new concept of vehicle that could be produced with techniques available today is presented. The bus offers a low degree of sophistication and easy maintainability, it provides transportation for children with various physical disabilities and great differences of mobility. Rapid wheelchair entry/exit is provided by a low angle ramp directly into the vehicle and securement of wheelchair is also provided. Removable seats allow different distributions and variation in the number of wheelchairs. The passengers are secured by a restraint bar. A honeycomb chassis permits a low floor 32 cm from the ground. In addition, 25 cm height variation is provided by a hydropneumatic suspension system. The bus is 850 cm long, 250 cm wide, has small tires of 65 cm in diameter and weights approximately 3500 kg. Power is provided by a diesel engine of 120 hp with automatic transmission, speed is a maximum of 100 km/hour. It has a steel structure and the body is polyester sandwich panel with foamed core. The exhaust system discharges above the roof. KW - Accessibility KW - Children KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Occupant restraint KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Restraint systems KW - School buses KW - Small buses KW - Technological innovations KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187182 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369742 JO - State Government News PB - Council of State Governments AU - Council of State Governments TI - DON'T DRIVE DRUNK PY - 1982/08 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - p. 3-5 AB - For those caught drinking and driving, tough new laws mandate jail terms, higher fines and license suspension. These laws are aimed at making sure the drunk driver is punished. Jail terms of one or two days are mandated in several states, while other states mandate minimum fines, stipulate community work, traffic school, alcohol education and suspend or revoke licenses. Maryland's drunk driving law, which lowered the intoxication level and allowed for arrest and roadside breath tests, is credited with a 30% decline in traffic deaths. States have also raised the legal drinking age to 21. Some states have services which offer to drive drinkers home. The plea bargaining issue is also discussed in this article. California changed its laws to make plea bargaining more difficult and Kansas and Wyoming eliminated it. About 21 states make it automatically illegal to operate a vehicle with a blood alcohol level of 0.10% or above. The threshold is 0.08% in Idaho, Maryland and Utah and 0.07% in Minnesota. Some states have hiked penalties for refusal to take the breath test. Task forces formed in several states have promoted the passage of tougher laws. Samples of recent tougher drunk driving laws in some 30 states are briefly summarized. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver education KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Judicial processes KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Plea bargaining KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187230 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369630 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - ON-BOARD COMPUTERS IMPROVE ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY PY - 1982/08 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - This article focuses on a new system developed by Engler Vehicle Management Services, a division of Sangamo Weston, Inc. According to Engler, a vehicle Management System may control the speed of the engine and of the vehicle, improve fuel economy, build driver awareness, increase safety, reduce maintenance costs, extend the life of the vehicle, and collect other data that may be used by a fleet to improve its efficiency of operation. KW - Computers KW - Data analysis KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Information processing KW - Management information systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mobile computing KW - On board computers KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187180 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369637 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Cruzic, K AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - TEN TIPS FOR PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1982/08 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - Rules that would help ensure pedestrian safety are listed. They include the following: don't jay walk; don't cross on a red light; walk straight across when crossing a street; yield right of way to vehicles at intersections with no crosswalks; walk on sidewalk whenever possible; drivers should be alert to the presence of children in any residential area; drivers should be specially careful at twilight; and dress for visibility. KW - Clothing KW - Intersections KW - Jaywalking KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Residential areas KW - Traffic violations KW - Twilight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187184 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369749 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - RABBIT REWORK. TROUBLESHOOTING THE VOLKSWAGEN DIESEL PY - 1982/08 VL - 158 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - Guidelines are given for troubleshooting and dealing with some problems encountered with diesel engines such as Volkswagen engines. If rough idle is the problem, the idle speed should be checked. Ways of checking idle speed are described. If idle speed is high enough, a systematic check must be made for other malfunctions such as a cracked injection pump mounting plate and for loose or deteriorated engine mounts. Fuel leaks should be traced and corrected. An exhaust temperature check with a pyrometer is also advised. If there are substantial differences between cylinders, the injectors and their tubing should be examined. If temperatures are all reasonably close, valve and injector timing should be checked. Defective fuel injectors are one of the common causes of rough idle. Injector testing is done with a "pop tester" which is a pump with a pressure gauge that enables the checking of spray pattern, injector leaks and the opening pressure of the injector. Black smoke on hard acceleration or white smoke are diesel fuel-related problems and ways of dealing with them are described in this article. KW - Diesel engines KW - Emission control systems KW - Engine idling KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Leakage KW - Mechanical failure KW - Smoke KW - Temperature KW - Timing KW - Troubleshooting KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187237 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369750 JO - Motor AU - Zino, K AU - Hearst Books TI - FUTURE SHOCK. NEW DOUBLE-TUBE GAS SHOCKS PROMISE THE PERFORMANCE OF EXPENSIVE EUROPEAN GAS DESIGNS AT A PRICE YOUR CUSTOMERS CAN LIVE WITH PY - 1982/08 VL - 158 IS - 2 SP - 7 p. AB - A new type of shock absorber that promises to improve the ride and handling of small cars and which is about to be introduced by American Companies is discussed. These new low-pressure gas shocks, as they are called, deal with motion better than the hydraulic shocks of the past. The design and working of hydraulic shocks are first described followed by a description of gas pressure shocks, both single tube gas design and double tube gas shocks. Driving impressions and design problems are noted. Both performance improvements and price benefits are expected from low-pressure gas shocks. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Design KW - Driving KW - Gas shock absorbers KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Low pressure KW - Pressure KW - Shock absorbers KW - Small car KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187238 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370204 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - FLEMING, W J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - AUTOMOTIVE TORQUE MEASUREMENT: A SUMMARY OF SEVEN DIFFERENT METHODS PY - 1982/08 VL - T-31 IS - 3 SP - p. 117-124 AB - Various methods of torque measurement which are utilized in the automotive industry are reviewed. Seven methods are described in order of usage, starting with the most frequently used types and continuing to less frequently used types of torque measurement. Performance limitations for each method of torque measurement also are summarized. KW - Accessibility KW - Magnetostrictive sensors KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance KW - Sensors KW - Torque KW - Torquemeters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369631 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS SAVE FLEET MAINTENANCE DOLLARS PY - 1982/08 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - The use of synthetic engine oil in the 60-bus fleet operated by the Ithaca, New York, School District has permitted extended oil change intervals, improved cold weather starting, reduced oil make-up needs, and improved fuel economy. There is also evidence that the synthetic engine oil has been instrumental in reducing engine deposits and wear. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lubricants KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - School buses KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187181 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369732 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - BAINES, T M AU - Somers, J H AU - Hellman, K H AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - EFFECTS OF FUEL VARIABLES ON DIESEL EMISSIONS PY - 1982/08 VL - 32 IS - 8 SP - p. 810-813 AB - The body of information presented in this paper is directed towards engineers in the field of environmental sciences involved in measuring and/or evaluating the emissions from a variety of diesel engines or vehicles. This paper summarizes recent data obtained by EPA on identification and quantification of different emissions (i.e. characterization) from a variety of diesel engines. Extensive work has been done comparing emissions from some light duty diesel and gasoline passenger cars. The work on the diesel vehicles was expanded to include tests with five different diesel fuels to determine how fuel composition affects emissions. This work showed that use of a poorer quality fuel frequently made emissions worse. The investigation of fuel composition continued with a project in which specific fuel parameters were systematically varied to determine their effect on emissions. EPA is presently testing a variety of fuels derived from coal and oil shale to determine their effects on emissions. EPA has also tested a heavy duty Volvo diesel bus engine designed to run on methanol and diesel fuel, each injected through its own injection system. The use of the dual fuel resulted in a reduction in particulates and NO but an increase in HC and CO compared to a baseline Volvo diesel engine running on pure diesel fuel. Finally, some Ames bioassay tests have been performed on samples from the diesel passenger cars operated on various fuels and blends. An increase in Ames test response (mutagenicity) was seen when the higher aromatic blend was used and also when a commercial cetane improver was used. Samples from the Volvo diesel bus engine fueled with methanol and diesel fuel showed that use of a catalyst increased the Ames response. KW - Buses KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalysts KW - Coal KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Oil shales KW - Particulates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369641 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - DON'T GO WRONG ON MASTER CYLINDERS, USE THESE TIPS TO REPAIR THEM RIGHT PY - 1982/08 VL - 52 IS - 8 SP - 8 p. AB - Hydraulic brakes entered regular production on U.S.-built cars and trucks about 50 years ago. Prior to the mid 1960's a conventional brake system (four-wheel brakes) used a single master cylinder per vehicle, next came upgraded brake systems that use, effectively, two master cylinders in one housing. This well-illustrated article, written for brake system mechanics, looks at the over-all overhaul requirements of master cylinders. KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Engine cylinders KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Maintenance practices KW - Master cylinders KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187188 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369643 JO - Journal of the American Optometric Association PB - American Optometric Association AU - Garber, J M AU - American Optometric Association TI - CORNEAL CURVATURE IN THE FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1982/08 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - p. 641-644 AB - In a preliminary report of the ocular characteristics of the fetal alcohol syndrome, (FAS) 17 Southwestern Indian FAS children were examined for ocular care. Of the seventeen examined, 12 could be measured with keratometry. 100% had corneal curvature of 45.75 and greater with an average horizontal curvature of 47.55 diopters and an average vertical curvature of 49.35 diopters. Steep corneal curvature was found to be a consistent and major characteristic of these FAS children. KW - Astigmatism KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Eye KW - Fetal alcohol syndrome KW - Keratometry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187190 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368923 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MOTORCYCLE MAINTENANCE: PART 2 PY - 1982/08 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-27 AB - In this second of a two-part article, the focus is on the motorcycle chassis service: tires, wheel spokes, rims, brakes, handle bar, throttle, clutch and brake cables, mirrors, shock absorbers, steering, and the chain. The article includes a list of problems and how to troubleshoot them, and a quiz in form of a learning tool. KW - Chassis KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Motorcycles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186688 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368929 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - HIGHTECH DASHBOARDS PY - 1982/08 VL - 162 IS - 8 SP - p. 21-24 AB - Not long ago electronics were mainly in the realms of engine controls, developed on a crash basis to meet stringent emissions and fuel economy regulations. Today, these regulations having been largely satisfied, designers are focussing on satellite navigation, CRT dashboards, cellular telephone data links, cars that talk and cars that listen. But whatever the outcome of the designer's imagination, there seems little doubt that electronics will provide more efficient packaging, better quality and reliability, and it will greatly expand the capabilities of the automobile. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369318 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Geraghty, J AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - RX FOR PERFORMANCE: STARTER PROBLEMS PY - 1982/08 VL - 42 IS - 8 SP - p. 100-101 AB - This article focuses on the problem of poor engine cranking at high temperature in General Motors cars. After reviewing the modifications described by GM to solve starter problems (replacement solenoid spring, heavy-duty solenoids, and a kit for transfer of the solenoid away from heat sources), the author explains how to make sure that the problem has been properly diagnosed and considers the cases of rebuilt starters of the wrong type, poor engagement of the starter pinion gear, sticking mechanical spark advance systems, and voltage drop in the line supplying power to the "S" terminal on the solenoid. KW - Automobiles KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Hot weather KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Solenoids KW - Starters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186981 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369320 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - THOMPSON, J AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - BRAKE CONTROLLERS... THE BRAINS OF YOUR TRAILER'S BRAKING SYSTEM PY - 1982/08 VL - 42 IS - 8 SP - p. 122-124 AB - This well-illustrated article explores the different theories concerning the mechanical functioning of a brake controller, reviews the different kinds of devices on the market today, and explains how to install them. It includes a partial list of manufacturers. KW - Brake controllers KW - Brakes KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Proportional braking KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186983 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369345 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Mercaldo, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - THE THINKING MAN'S GUIDE TO CAR MAINTENANCE. DISC-BRAKE SYSTEMS PY - 1982/08 VL - 221 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - The importance of performing a complete disc-brake inspection is emphasized and the inspection procedure is described. The inspection should include testing the brake-pedal height and pressure, examination of the exterior of the master-cylinder for brake fluid dampers, checking of hoses leading from the master cylinder to the wheel calipers. The wheels should be removed to inspect the two flexible brake lines that connect the calipers to the system steel lines. The discs should be examined for signs of overheating and cracks or scores, as well as for thickness. Another critical measurement requires using a dial indicator to gauge disc lateral runout. The method of changing friction pads and the reassembly of the system are also described. KW - Brake fluids KW - Brake linings KW - Brake pedals KW - Braking performance KW - Disc brakes KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186992 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368922 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - FREEWAY STAR AND HOW TO BE ONE PY - 1982/08 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 8 p. AB - This article reviews driving techniques and proper skills for safe in-city freeway driving: getting on the freeway, lane to lane, passing and interchanges, and getting off the freeway. KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Freeway driver KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeways KW - Personnel performance KW - Ramps (Interchanges) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368953 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GASEOUS TRANSPORTATION FUELS: A STUDY PY - 1982/08 VL - 90 IS - 8 SP - p. 64-69 AB - This article examines gaseous fuels as possible substitutes for gasoline. The gaseous fuels considered are natural gas, liquified petroleum gases, and synthetic natural gas. Tables are included showing physical and chemical properties, sources, percent changes in energy economy for equivalent operation on gaseous fuels, and the total relative energy efficiency for gaseous fuels. Conclusions are: that gaseous fuels in either compressed or liquid form can be used as transportation fuel, but have drawbacks of limited range and unknown safety problems; gaseous fuel combustion is not pollution-free and requires equipment for emission control similar to current engines; some efficiency improvement is possible during cold-start operation compared with gasoline cold-start; no significant efficiency difference exists during fully warmed-up operation. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternate fuels KW - Energy efficiency KW - Gases KW - Gasoline KW - Liquefied gases KW - Natural gas KW - Petroleum KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186705 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369317 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Brown, D E AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - GMC C-1500 TEST PY - 1982/08 VL - 42 IS - 8 SP - 4 p. AB - An evaluation of a 24-foot Alpenlite fifth-wheeler and a 1982 GMC High Sierra shortbed truck is made. The Alpenlite trailer is found to be an ideal choice for a full-timing couple or a small vacationing family seeking comfort, convenience and reliable construction. The truck is equipped with a 305 V-8 engine containing Electronic Spark Control (ESC) and an automatic overdrive transmission coupled to a 3.08 axle ratio. The article includes two inserts: "Specifications Alpenlite 24' Fifth-wheel" and "1982 GMC C-1500 Performance and Specifications". KW - Driving KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Specifications KW - Trailers KW - Truck performance KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186980 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369344 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Lindsley, E F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - DAMAGE UNCRUNCHER FOR UNIT-BODY CARS PY - 1982/08 VL - 221 IS - 2 SP - p. 86-88 AB - The inadequacy of conventional repair methods when applied to unit auto bodies is discussed. Unit body design is a construction technique (adopted by manufacturers to reduce costs and improve gas mileage) which eliminates the frame and the body shell becomes a very strong, highly stressed load bearing member. In this new design, the engine, steering gear, axles and transmission are mounted directly on the easily deformed body shell. The broad-range steering and alignment adjustments are eliminated. High strength steels are used which are much thinner and can no longer be welded, hammered, or heated without being weakened or warped. To replace a damaged body panel, the old panel must be cut out at the factory seam and the new panel must be Mig (metallic-inert-gas) welded in place. Examples are given to illustrate the need for modern bench repair systems to do the repair work formerly done by the local body man. KW - Alignment KW - Automobile bodies KW - High strength steel KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Steering gears KW - Unit-body cars KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186991 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369319 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Klein, S AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - DO-IT-YOURSELF: SERVICING THOSE RUNNING LIGHTS PY - 1982/08 VL - 42 IS - 8 SP - 2 p. AB - This article explains how to construct and operate a Running Light Tester to check the running lights without connecting the tow vehicle to the trailer. This tester can also be used to check the stop, tail and backup lights but will not work for the directional turn signals. KW - Backup lights KW - Inspection KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Rear lighting KW - Running lights KW - Taillamps KW - Testing equipment KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368928 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Hodges, P D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - TAPPING THE ON-BOARD ELECTRONICS MARKET PY - 1982/08 VL - 162 IS - 8 SP - p. 16-17 AB - Consumers' daily exposure to all kinds of electronic gear will spark acceptance and desire for automotive on-board electronics. This short article reviews what the major automotive suppliers and automakers are offering now, and what plans they have for the future. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Electronics KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186689 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368955 JO - Best's Review PB - A.M. Best Company AU - Best (AM) Company TI - AUTO INSURANCE--1981 PY - 1982/08 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - p. 13-16 AB - Direct auto insurance premiums written in the U.S. in 1981 totalled $41.3 billion, an increase of only 4.9% over 1980. In 1980, auto insurance premiums rose 7.1% and in 1979 the gain was 98%. The four categories of automobile insurance showed the following gains in 1981: private passenger liability premium volume gained 6% to $18.6 billion; commercial auto liability premiums were off by less than 0.1% to 4.9 billion; private passenger physical damage premiums were ahead 7% to $14.1 billion; commercial auto physical damage premiums declined 1% to $2.7 billion. The direct writers have shown consistent growth in auto insurance, outpacing the other marketing groups to become the dominant force in the market, particularly in the private passenger field. Among the top 50 writers of private passenger auto insurance, three companies had premium gains of over 30%. California is the leading state in the private passenger auto insurance market. Over the five years from 1977-1981, the direct writers have shown a compound growth rate in premiums of 10.4%, while the national agency companies show one of 5.3% and the regional/specialty companies 5.8%. Commercial auto, representing 18.5% of the total auto insurance business remains in the hands of national agency companies. The market in commercial auto insurance is highly competitive and widely dispersed. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Insurance rates KW - Liability insurance KW - Markets KW - Passengers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186707 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368948 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Briglia, P M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - AN EVALUATION OF 4-WAY STOP SIGN CONTROL PY - 1982/08 VL - 52 IS - 8 SP - p. 16-19 AB - The Michigan Department of Transportation installed four-way stop signs at low volume, high speed, rural intersections in an effort to remedy the persistent night-angle accident pattern occuring at these intersections. This article reports the results of a performance comparison study of these installations with the two-way stops they replaced. Factors evaluated include accident experience, motor vehicle operating costs, travel time, fuel consumption, and air quality impacts. KW - Crash rates KW - Environmental impacts KW - Four way stop signs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intersections KW - Low volume roads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multiway stop signs KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rural areas KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186703 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369360 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING GM'S COMPUTER COMMAND CONTROL SYSTEM. PART 2 PY - 1982/08 VL - 158 IS - 2 SP - p. 35-38 AB - In part 2 of this two part article on General Motors' Computer Command Control (CCC) system, the author explains how the system is switched into diagnostic routing and how its trouble codes are read and what they mean. KW - Automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Mechanics (Persons) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369361 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Breault, J AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW TO KEEP YOUR CAR FROM BEING STOLEN PY - 1982/08 VL - 158 IS - 2 SP - p. 97-100 AB - Many of today's antitheft devices include highly sophisticated electronic circuitry; others are quite simple. They are divided into three basic categories: (1) Alarm networks; (2) specialized locks for windows, doors, hood, trunks, wheels, ignition or steering; and (3) Ignition-or fuel-system immobilizers. The most efficient is a vehicle-protection system incorporating a good alarm and devices from one or both of the other categories. This article discusses these devices and includes a list of sources for security systems and components. KW - Alarm systems KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fuel system components KW - Fuel systems KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Ignition systems KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Protection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368949 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ADVISORY AND REGULATORY SPEED SIGNS FOR CURVES: EFFECTIVE OR OVERUSED? PY - 1982/08 VL - 52 IS - 8 SP - p. 20-22 AB - An experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of several different sign configurations that indicated the presence of a horizontal curve ahead on two-lane, two-way rural roads. The experiment was carried out at two sites in central Maine. This article presents an analysis of the results of that study. In general, it was found that drivers' behavior differed from what was desirable and that no sign configuration could be concluded to have been more effective than the others. KW - Advisory signs KW - Behavior KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Experiments KW - Highway curves KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Signs KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368954 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Ceppos, R AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - THE RISE AND FALL OF RALPH NADER PY - 1982/08 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 6 p. AB - The article discusses what it describes as the change of heart of the U.S. public towards safety requirements in automobiles. For the first time in the history of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), there is a widespread rollback in safety standards. Ralph Nader's position on the safety needs and standards of motor cars is critiqued. An attempt is now being made to modify driver behavior. NHTSA will direct efforts toward an all-out drive for seat belt use and will support stiffer drunk-driving laws. It is noted that the U.S. traffic-death rate is the lowest in the world and that the automobile death rate has been decreasing since the turn of the century. The effects of the 55 mph speed limit is considered questionable. It is observed that General Motors has been working with the government even before there were regulations, and their lack of success in selling air bags to the public is noted. A five-point plan for highway safety is offered: rescind the 55 mph speed limit; follow up the NHTSA seatbelt campaign; institute 6-month license suspension for drunk driving; raise legal drinking age to 21; drop all high-school driver-education programs. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Driver education KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Legal drinking age KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed limits KW - Suspensions KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368779 AU - Westenberg, D A AU - Schaeffer, K H AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE DEMAND PY - 1982/08 SP - 132 p. AB - This report discusses the level and nature of world motor vehicle demand for the period 1980-1990. A general understanding of the structure of motor vehicle demand is developed. Published demand forecasts, varying widely, are gathered and their discrepancies explained. Based on analyses of individual nation motor vehicle registrations, sales data, economic variables, and energy situations, together with the general determinants of vehicle demand, sub-regional and regional demand forecasts are developed into a "most likely forecast range." KW - Automobiles KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Motor vehicles KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182634 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369592 JO - Washington Post AU - ANDERSON, J AU - Washington Post Company TI - SEAT BELTS DO SAVE LIVES--DON'T BUY A LIE! PY - 1982/07/25 SP - 1 p. AB - A $7 million media blitz and public relations campaign will aim at reaching, informing, persuading and reinforcing the importance of seat belt use. The campaign will try to educate the public in the proper way to use seat belts. It is noted that half of the fatalities involving passenger cars last year could have been avoided by seat belt use. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Driver education KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369593 JO - AUTOCAR PB - HAYMARKET MAGAZINES LTD AU - BROWN, S AU - IPC Transport Press, Limited TI - BREAKDOWN LOWDOWN PY - 1982/07/17 VL - 157 IS - 4465 SP - p. 18-20 AB - There is today in Britain, a wide choice of breakdown rescue services which offer schemes tailored to individual requirements and make arrangements for the breakdown cover to be applied to the vehicle and not to the individual owner/driver. There are schemes to cater for the owner who only needs help in the case of a major breakdown as well as special short term cover for holidays. While most of the services offer broadly the same cover, there are vital differences in the small print exclusions. This article surveys what is available among the major British breakdown services. These services include the following: the Automobile Association rescue and relay teams; the Red Rovers; the Royal Automobile Club; Company of Veteran Motorists; National Breakdown Recovery Club; MAA Gold Star; and the Car Recovery Service Club. KW - Automobiles KW - Breakdown KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Mechanical failure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376294 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--TRUCK ENGINE FUEL TANK PUNCTURE BY BRIDGE REPAIR PLATE, DIESEL SPILL AND MULTIPLE VEHICLE SKIDDING COLLISIONS, INTERSTATE ROUTE 10, LAKE CHARLES, LOUISIANA, AUGUST 27, 1981 PY - 1982/07/15 SP - 39 p. AB - About 10:25 p.m. on August 27, 1981, a tractor-semitrailer loaded with steel pipe was traveling eastbound across the Calcasieu River Bridge, a 1 1/4-mile long, four-lane divided highway bridge on Interstate 10 at the city limits of Lake Charles, Louisiana. As the truck was descending the east side of the bridge, the tractor's left side fuel tank was struck and penetrated by a dislodged bridge repair plate that had been used to cover a hole in a pavement expansion joint. As a result of about 75 gallons of diesel fuel leaking onto a 1/2-mile section of the bridge, 26 vehicles were involved in a series of skidding collisions. Three persons were killed, and 18 persons were injured; there were no fires. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the loss of vehicle control on a slippery highway surface, produced by a diesel fuel spill from a truck fuel tank punctured by a dislodged steel plate used as a temporary repair of a bridge expansion joint. Contributing to the accident was the failure of the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development to make a permanent repair at that joint. KW - Bridges KW - Citizen band radio KW - Crash reports KW - Diesel fuels KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Expansion joints KW - Fuel tanks KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Maintenance KW - Police KW - Puncture KW - Spillage KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Television cameras KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic signal hardware KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369594 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - COULD CARS BE MADE TO LIVE LONGER? PY - 1982/07/14 VL - 162 IS - 4158 SP - 1 p. AB - Legally, in Canada a car owner can expect his car to remain free from structural damage under normal operating conditions during the first 72 months or 240,000 km. Cars in Sweden have a median life of 15 1/2 years (in 1980) and cars in Britain of 11 1/2 years. This information led the author of this article to investigate what means the British buyer had to evaluate car life--there aren't many--and to compare these means to those of the Swedish buyer, who has at his disposal an annual survey of the median life and the weak points of cars, published by the Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company (Svensk Bilprovning). It seems that longer car life in itself is not a sales asset as genuine durability carries a fairly high price tag. The author gives also a cursory look to car leasing and asks for readers' reactions. KW - Automobiles KW - Leasing KW - Service life KW - Sweden KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369605 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - THE LAW OF 55... PY - 1982/07/14 VL - 162 IS - 4158 SP - p. 6-7 AB - This article holds that regardless of the current Administration's failure to keep its promise to repeal the 55 mph speed limit, the present actions by individual states may well lead to the eventual repeal of the law. California is one of the many states that are learning to face up to the futility of the law. Approaches taken by various states faced with the difficulty of enforcing the 55 mph limits are briefly noted. These include a token $5 energy wastage fine from motorists apprehended at speeds between 55 mph and their pre-1974 limit. The Reagan Administration's token contribution to lifting the limit has been to relax compliance standards and methods for determining State's compliance. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compliance KW - Federal government KW - Laws KW - State government KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379577 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION BY WISCONSIN AND MICHIGAN AND THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (GAO/CED-82-110) PY - 1982/07/13 SP - 7 p. AB - This is a letter from Henry Eschwege, Director of the U.S. General Accounting Office, to Secretary of Transportation Drew Lewis concerning the administration of the highway right-of-way program by Wisconsin, Michigan and the Federal Highway Administration. A survey disclosed several weaknesses. Wisconsin did not promptly return to the Federal Government several million dollars in revolving fund advances used to acquire land for highway projects that were subsequently dropped. Additionally, Wisconsin used revolving funds to acquire land for projects that would not be built within the required time limitation. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) division office in Wisconsin believed it did not have the authority to initiate action to require repayment of the advances before the expiration of the required time limit unless notified by the State that the projects would not be built. In Michigan, construction had not begun within the required time limitation on right-of-way projects for which the State received about $2 million in regular Federal-aid funds. The FHWA division office in Michigan did not initiate action to recover these funds because it believed the time limitation had not expired. In both Wisconsin and Michigan, some land costing about $16,000 was erroneously acquired under the requirement to purchase uneconomic remnants. The letter continues with further comments on the survey methods and results and offers several recommendations. KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Financial responsibility KW - Fund allocations KW - Project management KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) KW - States KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396120 AU - Hand, D H AU - National Technical Systems AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND VEHICLE ACCELERATION IN A 30 MPH FRONTAL IMPACT TEST-1983 FORD R100 RANGER STYLESIDE-PICKUP-NHTSA 830603 PY - 1982/07/12 SP - 116 p. AB - The Office of Passenger Vehicle Research (OPVR) Occupant Packaging Branch (OPB) has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. The vehicle collision reported herein was performed under Contract No. DOT-HS-9-02273 entitled "Vehicle Safety Compliance Testing of Windshield Mounting, Windshield Zone Intrusion and Fuel System Integrity in a Frontal Collision", which established data on a truck type vehicle for which very little such data is presently available. The information collected includes occupant injury measurement (Ref. FMVSS 208) as well as seat belt loads, and vehicle acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel systems KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Vehicle tests KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371149 AU - Hand, D H AU - National Technical Systems TI - OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND VEHICLE ACCELERATION IN A 30 MPH FRONTAL IMPACT TEST--1982 TOYOTA LAND CRUISER - 2 DOOR HARDTOP--NHTSA 820611 PY - 1982/07/12 SP - 113 p. AB - The Office of Passenger Vehicle Research (OPVR) Occupant Packaging Branch (OPB) has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collision. The vehicle collision reported herein was performed under Contract No. DOT-HS-9-02273 entitled "Vehicle Safety Compliance Testing of Windshield Mounting, Windshield Zone Intrusion and Fuel System Integrity in a Frontal Collision", which established data on a truck type vehicle for which very little such data is presently available. The information collected includes occupant injury measurement (Ref. FMVSS 208) as well as seat belt loads, and vehicle acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant response KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184507 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369346 JO - Automotive News PB - Crain Communications, Incorporated AU - Kahn, H AU - Marketing Sciences, Incorporated TI - MAKERS ASK PRODUCT-LIABILITY SHIELD PY - 1982/07/12 SP - 2 p. AB - Ford Motor Co., General Motors and the Automobile Importers of America have asked a Senate Commerce Subcommittee to consider reinstating in pending legislation some language on federal safety standards being used as at least a partial shield against product liability suits. Such provision had existed in earlier drafts of the product liability bill, but Senator Robert Kasten dropped it before introducing his bill on June 16, 1982. This article discusses the hearings and the impacts of the legislation. KW - Compliance KW - Federal government KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hearings KW - Judicial processes KW - Law suits KW - Legislation KW - Legislative intent KW - Liability KW - Litigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186993 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369369 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - DESIGN ON A DOWNGRADE PY - 1982/07/10 VL - 162 IS - 4156 SP - p. 62-63 AB - In this controversial article, the author believes that even though car design has improved tremendously since the fifties, standards have actually deteriorated in recent years in certain fundamental and important areas. For the average driver, who uses his car everyday to transport himself, his family or his things, the dynamic behavior of his car, or, above a certain threshold, its roadholding or handling capabilities simply do not matter very much. Front wheel drive, space efficiency, good visibility, bumpers, spare tires, storage space, pedal layouts and controls are discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Needs assessment KW - User needs KW - Vehicle design KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379444 AU - BROWNE, A L AU - Potts, G R AU - General Motors Corporation TI - TIRE POWER LOSS: THE EFFECT OF HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH THE WHEEL PY - 1982/07/08 SP - 27 p. AB - Previously reported analysis has indicated and experiments have confirmed that the thermal state of a tire and the factors which affect it have a large influence on tire power loss. An experimental program was conducted to determine the potential for power loss reduction through reductions in one of these factors--the rate of heat flux from tire to wheel. The specific approaches studied ranged from applying thermally insulating coatings on selected wheel surfaces to using inner tubes. A maximum power loss reduction of 7.4% was achieved by applying a 1 to 2 mm thick layer of body undercoating to the externally exposed surfaces of a styled aluminum wheel. KW - Aluminum KW - Heat flow KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Power loss KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Thermal properties KW - Tires KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192406 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369607 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Guenther, R AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - SAVING ENERGY WITH HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS PY - 1982/07/08 VL - 54 IS - 16 SP - p. 79-83 AB - Accumulators are normally used to absorb shock in hydraulic systems. But they can serve another important function: energy conservation. Recent research has shown that three basic energy-saving accumulator circuits fit most needs. New design techniques have been developed to size accumulators for these circuits. KW - Accumulators KW - Dwell time KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy efficiency KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Storage batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187163 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369368 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - GOING SPARE PY - 1982/07/03 VL - 162 IS - 4156 SP - p. 28-30 AB - The controversy surrounding space saver tires is investigated and their behavior in use is tested in an Audi Quattro and a Renault 18 Turbo on a circuit consisting of a combination of constant radius curves and a high-adhesion surface. In Great Britain, opinions are divided as to whether the space saver spare tire is the best thing as far as maximum space utilization and fuel economy, or a serious safety problem. KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Legislation KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Space saver tires KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371150 AU - Hand, D H AU - National Technical Systems AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND VEHICLE ACCELERATION IN A 30 MPH FRONTAL IMPACT TEST--1982 CHEVROLET S-10-PICKUP - NHTSA 820607 PY - 1982/07/02 SP - 115 p. AB - The Office of Passenger Vehicle Research (OPVR) Occupant Packaging Branch (OPB) has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collision. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. The vehicle collision reported herein was performed under Contract No. DOT-HS-9-02273 entitled "Vehicle Safety Compliance Testing of Windshield Mounting, Windshield Zone Intrusion and Fuel System Integrity in a frontal collision", which established data on a truck type vehicle for which very little such data is presently available. The information collected includes occupant injury measurements (Ref. FMVSS 208) as well as seat belt loads, and vehicle acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant response KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368340 AU - Voas, R B AU - Pyramid Planning AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING: SCANDINAVIAN LAWS, TOUGH PENALTIES AND UNITED STATES ALTERNATIVES PY - 1982/07/01 SP - 72 p. AB - This paper reviews what is known of the effectiveness of U.S. and Scandinavian drinking driving laws with a view to making recommendations for the strengthening of this nation's programs. In making this review, the current paper owes much to the excellent summary of international deterrence programs by Ross. The basic conclusion--that there is evidence for the effectiveness of enforcement programs accompanied by public information activities which insure that there is a perception of increased probability of detection--is endorsed in this paper. An attempt has been made to more clearly analyze the nature of the enforcement procedures which produced the successful cases which Ross reviewed. The present paper proposes that rather than Ross' terms "Scandinavian" and "Traditional", that the types of enforcement be labeled more descriptively as "behavior based" and "chemistry based". The specific distinction between these two types of enforcement can be recognized from the way in which they handle the three steps of the apprehension process; vehicle stopping, deciding whether to investigate for DUI, and the method of gathering evidence. With regard to penalities, this paper suggests that they perform at least four roles; contribute to general deterrence, contribute to special deterrence, raise revenues, and contribute to (or interfere with) court functioning. Each type of penalty needs to be considered in light of these four functions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Foreign KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Penalties KW - Publicity KW - Revenues KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365751 AU - Koppa, R J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF DRIVER INSTRUCTOR FACTORS PY - 1982/07 SP - 119 p. AB - This report documents the procedures and findings of a preliminary study of biographical, demographical, and professional background factors of instructors in driver education. A number of driver education programs in Texas were visited by researchers armed with structured interview and observational procedures, and those programs were captured in a cross-sectional set of data. Student scores on an especially designed knowledge test were gathered, and these students were tracked for twelve months through their driver records with the Texas Department of Public Safety. Sixty-one instructors and nearly 1300 students formed the basis for the study. The study also featured an extensive literature survey, the results of which are documented in this report. KW - Characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Instructors KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393614 AU - Goldsmith, H AU - Kearns, I AU - New South Wales Traffic Authority, Australia TI - IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORING OF ALCOHOL IN TRAFFIC CRASHES THROUGH MASS DATA SYSTEMS PY - 1982/07 SP - n.p. AB - There are three sources of information on involvement of alcohol in traffic crashes: police accident reports which give results of breath tests of controllers of vehicles involved in traffic crashes; reports from Clerks of Petty Sessions on blood alcohol information for those people killed in traffic crashes for whom a Coroner requests a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) analysis; reports obtained directly from the Health Commission's Division of Analytical Laboratories (DAL), where most post mortem blood samples are analysed. The last of these three sources is considered to be the most comprehensive with respect to alcohol information. Analyses were performed on the 701 fatalities for which DAL data were available. The results of these analyses indicate that there were significant differences in BAC for age and sex of fatalities. However, no significant difference in BAC was detected for class of road user, survival time of fatality after crash or month of crash. Simple curves such as log-normal and Pearson distributions were fitted to the data. Mixed distributions such as sums and products of distributions were also fitted. The mixed distributions gave the best fit to the data, as would be expected. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393613 AU - Herbert, D C AU - New South Wales Traffic Authority, Australia TI - THE SIZE OF THE DRINK-DRIVING PROBLEM FOR ROAD SAFETY IN NEW SOUTH WALES--UPDATE 7TH JUNE, 1982 PY - 1982/07 SP - 13 p. AB - In 1981 blood alcohol analyses were conducted on 540 of the 650 drivers and motorcycle riders who died in crashes in New South Wales. Among these 540, 224 or 41.5 percent had illegal concentrations of alcohol when tested. Similar analyses for Victoria showed 39.4 to 48.7 percent with illegal concentrations over the years 1975 to 1979. Blood alcohol analysis of hospitalised motorists is compulsory in Victoria but not in New South Wales. In Victoria over the years 1978 to 1980, 20.5 percent of injured drivers and riders attending hospital had illegal concentrations. A similar result would be expected in New South Wales. Breath alcohol tests are conducted in New South Wales on many drivers and riders surviving crashes but no estimate can be made of the percentage who had illegal concentrations, because a sufficient proportion are not tested. For the dead drivers and motorcycle riders of New South Wales, drunk driving is primarily a problem for males, especially for those in the 20 to 24 year old bracket. However, 27 percent of those tested and who were aged 40 or more, had illegal concentrations. KW - Age KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - New South Wales KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208281 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386823 JO - Michigan Bar Journal PB - State Bar of Michigan AU - Braden, J A AU - State Bar of Michigan TI - STATUTORY VALIDITY OF EXCLUSIONS FROM AND LIMITATIONS ON AUTOMOBILE LIABILITY COVERAGE PY - 1982/07 VL - 61 SP - 6 p. AB - This article distinguishes between the various types of liability coverage and identifies the statutes applicable to each. The following are considered: pre-no-fault basic liability coverage (statutory background, named driver exclusions, injured persons exclusions, auto dealer policies); residual liability insurance (statutory background, injured persons exclusions, other exclusions); "drive other cars" coverage (pre-no-fault authority, no-fault authority, other exclusions); and uninsured motorist coverage (under Section 3010, under no-fault). The article concludes that since statutes require residual liability coverage, any exclusions from such coverage not authorized by statute are void. On the other hand, since the statutes require neither "drive other cars" nor uninsured motorist coverage, exclusions from and limitations on such coverage do not run afoul of any statute. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Exclusion KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Liability KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386824 JO - Michigan Bar Journal PB - State Bar of Michigan AU - Sullivan, J I AU - State Bar of Michigan TI - THE SEAT BELT DEFENSE SHOULD BE RESURRECTED UNDER PURE COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE PY - 1982/07 VL - 61 SP - p. 560-563 AB - The pure form of comparative negligence in the Placek v Sterling Heights case is discussed, and it is pointed out that pre-Placek case law holding evidence of seat belt non-use inadmissible in auto negligence cases is wholly inconsistent with the doctrine of pure comparative negligence, and that such evidence should be admissible in cases where there is evidence to support causation or aggravation of injuries due to plaintiff's failure to use an available restraint system. Two cases are cited to support inadmissibility of seat belt non-use evidence: Romankewiz v Black and Placek v Sterling Heights. Other cases discussed in this article are the Bentzler v Brown case in Wisconsin, the Pritts v Lowry Trucking in Pennsylvania, Polyard v Terry in New Jersey, and Fischer v Moore in Colorado. It is noted that the extent that proof can be offered to support a finding by the jury that plaintiff's injuries were enhanced or increased by non-use, evidence of availability and non-use of seat belts should be submitted to the jury. KW - Courts KW - Defense KW - Evidence KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Negligence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386018 AU - Thackray, R M AU - Prescott, J C AU - Applied Science Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD TEST OF A MOTORCYCLE SAFETY EDUCATION COURSE FOR NOVICE RIDERS PY - 1982/07 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this study was to subject the Motorcycle Safety Foundation's Motorcycle Rider Course (MRC) to a large-scale field test designed to evaluate the following aspects of the course: (1) Instructional Effectiveness, (2) User Acceptance, and (3) Administrative Feasibility. Results of the field test evaluations indicated that: Course graduates acquired the basic skills and knowledge required for street riding; The MRC is administratively feasible in terms of its schedule, costs and demands placed upon instructors, students and facilities; Students and instructors found the course to be a valuable and enjoyable experience; and School administrators and parents approve of the course and would like to see it continued in their school system. Findings regarding a number of other rider education research issues are also reported. KW - Driver education KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25656/DOT-HS-806-451.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201550 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386510 JO - British Journal of Surgery PB - Wright (John) and Sons, Limited AU - Dajee, H AU - MacDonald, A C AU - Wright (John) and Sons, Limited TI - GASTRIC RUPTURE DUE TO SEAT BELT INJURY PY - 1982/07 VL - 69 IS - 7 SP - p. 436-437 AB - Automobile accidents often result in multiple injuries. The use of seat belts has resulted in a 60 percent decrease in injury and a 35 percent reduction of major or fatal trauma. However, the seat belt can also be a cause of injury. Hollow gastrointestinal rupture occurs in 11-18 percent of all patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Of these patients, 0.9-1.7 percent have stomach rupture. However, to date, only one previous case of stomach rupture from seat belt injury has been reported. KW - Abdomen KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Stomach KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385737 AU - Filkins, L D AU - Flora, J D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED ACCIDENTS AND DUIL ARRESTS IN MICHIGAN: 1978-1980 PY - 1982/07 SP - 92 p. AB - Thirteen years (1968-1980) of Michigan accident data and three years (1978-1980) of DUIL arrest data were analyzed to assess the impact of first lowering the minimum legal drinking age from 21 to 18 years on January 1, 1972 and subsequently raising it back to 21 on December 23, 1978. Both HBD (Had Been Drinking) rates and, for later years, frequencies were used. The results clearly show that the minimum legal drinking age influences drinking-driving patterns among the affected age group. Alcohol-related accidents increased among 18- to 20-year-old drivers when the legal drinking age was reduced to 18. In non-fatal accidents, both HBD rates and frequencies decreased for drivers aged 18-20 when the legal drinking age was raised. In fatal crashes, both HBD and HNBD frequencies decreased with the increase in the legal drinking age, resulting in no significant change in HBD rate. The affected age group was the only one showing such decreases. Other ages showed increases or no change in HBD frequencies. Analysis of age cohorts confirmed these findings. Every cohort showed a marked increase in HBD rate when it could first drink legally. There was also a noticeable increase at age 18 among later cohorts, suggesting that a residual effect of the lower legal drinking age period persists. The DUIL arrest data also strongly demonstrate the effect of the increased legal drinking age in 1979. All age groups except 18-20 had more arrests in 1979 than in 1978, while the 18-20 group concurrently had fewer arrests. An analysis of the accident and arrest data shows that the variability in HBD accidents from county to county is primarily a function of population differences, but that fewer alcohol-related accidents are associated with greater DUIL enforcement. DUIL enforcement indexes for all 83 counties are given for 1978-1980. KW - Age KW - Arrests KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal drinking age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199616 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381296 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Riedl, K AU - LUGNER, P AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - DETAILED INVESTIGATION OF STEADY-STATE TURNING OF SINGLE TRACK VEHICLES T2 - NAEHERE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR STATIONAEREN KURVENFAHRT VON EINSPURFAHRZEUGEN PY - 1982/07 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - p. 175-193 AB - In the paper the steady state turning of single track vehicles on a horizontal, even road is investigated, supposing the air to be at rest. The vehicle model used has six degrees of freedom: rolling, yawing, pitching and bouncing of the vehicle, rotation of the front wheel system (steering) relatively to the main frame and distortion of the rear wheel system due to limited stiffness of its linkage, and also takes into account wind drag and gyroscopic effects generated by wheels and other vehicle components. A special importance is given to the geometry of the vehicle. The results show a comparison of two types of motorcycles with different geometries and tires. To characterize the vehicle behaviour the roll, side slip and steering angle as functions of the normal acceleration are used. A more detailed study in respect to the steering torque is added. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Drag KW - Geometry KW - Gyration KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Motorcycles KW - Single track KW - Steady state KW - Steering KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381833 AU - Walton, C M AU - Yu, Chenjie AU - Ng, P AU - Tobias, S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF RECENT STATE TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT STUDIES PY - 1982/07 SP - 164 p. AB - With the growing interest nationally in the effects of increased size and weight of motor carriers on the existing highway infrastructure, there is a need to remain current on the various studies being conducted by the various states. This report documents the status of current legislation of each state with respect to laws governing truck size and weight. Emphasis was placed on laws pertinent to the operation of larger motor carriers such as "doubles" and "triples," overall vehicle length, width, axle weight, and gross vehicle weight. A survey of all states was made to ascertain the current status of truck size and weight studies and highway cost allocation studies. The survey results as well as details of the studies are summarized herein. Ten states were found to have conducted studies for which reports, papers, or some documentation was available. The documents were analyzed to determine the objective and scope, methodology, data sources, findings, and summary. Efforts were made to gain insight into national implications from the aggregated findings of the individual studies. Many interesting findings surfaced regarding pavement and bridge costs aspects of increased truck size and weight. Other pertinent findings regarding data sources and methodology were found to be useful in furthering aspects of the comprehensive Texas study. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Cost allocation KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Laws KW - Length KW - Motor vehicles KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle length KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380578 AU - Binzer, G AU - Edmonds, H J AU - Hanson, R H AU - Morganstein, D R AU - Waksberg, J AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NASS ESTIMATION VOLUME II: APPENDIX PY - 1982/07 SP - 494 p. AB - This is the final report describing an automated system for computing statistical estimates and associated sampling errors for items in the NASS analysis file. Most of the components of the system are programmed for the SAS environment. A primary feature of the system is the capability of estimating a wide variety of national statistics, from simple totals to complex transformations of data items, at the discretion of the user. The system computes sampling errors using the method of balanced half-sample replications. Additionally, the system permits the use of ratio estimation techniques, which may result in mean square errors below those obtained using unbiased inflation estimates. No software revisions are required as the NASS expands from 10 to 75 survey PSU's. The report discusses the use of a previously developed computer program to impute data values for NASS items subject to nonresponse. An experiment using the imputation procedure on 1979 NASS data is described, and the effectiveness of the imputation is summarized. KW - Computer programs KW - Estimating KW - Highways KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical sampling KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380577 AU - Binzer, G AU - Edmonds, H J AU - Hanson, R H AU - Morganstein, D R AU - Waksberg, J AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NASS ESTIMATION VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1982/07 SP - 494 p. AB - This is the final report describing an automated system for computing statistical estimates and associated sampling errors for items in the NASS analysis file. Most of the components of the system are programmed for the SAS environment. A primary feature of the system is the capability of estimating a wide variety of national statistics, from simple totals to complex transformations of data items, at the discretion of the user. The system computes sampling errors using the method of balanced half-sample replications. Additionally, the system permits the use of ratio estimation techniques, which may result in mean square errors below those obtained using unbiased inflation estimates. No software revisions are required as the NASS expands from 10 to 75 survey PSU's. The report discusses the use of a previously developed computer program to impute data values for NASS items subject to nonresponse. An experiment using the imputation procedure on 1979 NASS data is described, and the effectiveness of the imputation is summarized. KW - Computer programs KW - Estimating KW - Highways KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical sampling KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380073 AU - Rana, R H AU - Quane, R P AU - Statistica, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF MOTORCYCLE EXPOSURE DATA. VOLUME II: SUPPLEMENTAL DATA PY - 1982/07 SP - 241 p. AB - The National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) collects motorcycle accident statistics as a component of both the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) and Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). At present there is no mechanism for collecting comparable motorcycle exposure data to be used in computing accident rates and performing other statistical analyses of the data. The objective of this contract was to identify sources of motorcycle exposure data, make a determination of its usefulness with respect to available motorcycle accident data and recommend ways to collect in a reliable but cost effective manner those data which are not sufficient for our requirements. Four "national" surveys were found to yield varying components of motorcycle exposure data. The surveys are described in detail in Volume I with some results shown. Volume II contains more exhaustive tables of the exposure data reported. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Highways KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety and security KW - Surveys KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193042 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380390 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Strickland, D E AU - Finn, T A AU - Lambert, M D AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF BEVERAGE ALCOHOL ADVERTISING. I. MAGAZINE ADVERTISING PY - 1982/07 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - p. 655-682 AB - Findings are reported on the content of themes and appeals used, techniques of presentation and portrayal of human models in 3131 beverage alcohol advertisements appearing in 494 issues of national circulation magazines. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Appeals KW - Content analysis KW - Human beings KW - Information retrieval KW - Mass media KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Periodicals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380072 AU - Rana, R H AU - Quane, R P AU - Statistica, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF MOTORCYCLE EXPOSURE DATA. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1982/07 SP - 265 p. AB - The National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) collects motorcycle accident statistics as a component of both the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) and Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). At present there is no mechanism for collecting comparable motorcycle exposure data to be used in computing accident rates and performing other statistical analyses of the data. The objective of this contract was to identify sources of motorcycle exposure data, make a determination of its usefulness with respect to available motorcycle accident data and recommend ways to collect in a reliable but cost effective manner those data which are not sufficient for our requirements. Four "national" surveys were found to yield varying components of motorcycle exposure data. The surveys are described in detail in Volume I with some results shown. Volume II contains more exhaustive tables of the exposure data reported. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Highways KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety and security KW - Surveys KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193041 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379724 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - POPP, K AU - KRAUS, A AU - Heiss, T AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE VEHICLE ON A PERIODIC GUIDEWAY PY - 1982/07 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - p. 107-120 AB - The dominant vertical motions of a simple vehicle traveling on a flexible periodic guideway is investigated. The mathematical model leads to a state equation with periodic coefficients and periodically jumping states. The aim of the paper is the dynamic analysis of the vehicle-guideway system with respect to stability, guideway deflections and vehicle accelerations. As alternative to the common simulation technique, the analytical solution based on Floquet theory is applied. Both methods are implemented in a computer program and used to perform a detailed parameter study which shows the dependence of the dynamical system behavior on the nondimensional system parameters. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Dynamics KW - Flexible guideways KW - Guideway design KW - Guideway dynamics KW - Guideways KW - Motion KW - Parameters KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Structural design KW - Vehicles KW - Vertical motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379557 JO - Journal of the Acoustical Society of America PB - Acoustical Society of America AU - Yaniv, S L AU - Danner, W F AU - Bauer, J W AU - Acoustical Society of America TI - MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF ANNOYANCE CAUSED BY TIME-VARYING HIGHWAY NOISE PY - 1982/07 VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - p. 200-207 AB - Twenty-eight audiologically normal adult subjects participated in a study designed to assess how well six noise-rating indices would predict the annoyance caused by 3-min recorded samples of traffic noise obtained from both nominally constant-speed and stop-and-go traffic. The study was performed in a laboratory simulating a home environment. Annoyance judgments were obtained through the use of a magnitude estimation technique involving a 10-point scale. Subjects were also asked if they could accept each of the 24 traffic sounds if heard on a regular basis in their homes. Data obtained indicate that the simpler noise-rating indices, such as the average sound level and the level exceeded 10% of the time, predict annoyance as well as, if not better than, complicated schemes incorporating a measure of either variability or rate-of-change of levels with time. Thus it appears that the measurement and computational burdens associated with these complicated schemes are unwarranted. KW - Annoyance KW - Forecasting KW - Measurement KW - Ratings KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379404 AU - Galganski, R A AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF PRODUCTION BELT SYSTEM ASSEMBLY FOR THE PLYMOUTH HORIZON AND PLYMOUTH RELIANT PY - 1982/07 SP - 260 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings of an experimental research program intended to improve the front-seat occupant protection potential provided by two current-production Chrysler Corporation automobiles in nominal 35 mph frontal impact exposures. It was demonstrated conclusively in both developmental sled testing and in full-scale evaluation crash testing that this capability can be significantly enhanced by making relatively simple, production-type changes to selected occupant compartment interior systems, i.e., the standard-equipment belt restraint system, seats and steering column. Overall occupant performance as measured by FMVSS 208 injury criteria and dummy kinematic response was upgraded from highly unacceptable in baseline New Car Assessment crash tests to very acceptable in similar Belt System Assembly program tests. It is postulated that the same basic modification concepts successfully applied herein could also be effectively utilized in other selected vehicles which exhibit good front structure energy management and compartment integrity characteristics but still fail to provide satisfactory frontal impact occupant protection. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Front seats KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Interior KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Steering columns KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379403 AU - Bragg, BWE AU - Finn, P AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUNG DRIVER RISK-TAKING RESEARCH: TECHNICAL REPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDY PY - 1982/07 SP - v.p. AB - This report follows an earlier volume entitled Young Driver Risk-Taking Research: The State of the Art by Jonathan Hodgdon, Barry W. E. Bragg, Ph.D., and Peter Finn (Abt Associates Inc., March 1981, DOT HS-805-967). The present volume presents the results of an experiment conducted to determine if young drivers (males aged 18-24) perceive the risk of accident involvement differently from experienced drivers (males aged 38-50). Subjects rated the risk of accident involvement for driving situations in general and for specific driving situations depicted in photographs and on videotape, and they rated the risk of accident involvement while driving and riding as a passenger in 15 real-world traffic situations. The effect of seat belt use on perceived risk of accident involvement was also assessed. The results show that young drivers do perceive the risk of accident involvement differently than do experienced drivers. Specifically, young drivers see speeding as less risky than do experienced drivers, while driving on snow-covered roads is seen as more risky by young drivers. As young drivers became more familiar with a driving location (e.g., an intersection) they reduced their rating of the risk of an accident, while experienced drivers did not. Requiring a young driver to wear a seat belt maintained a higher perceived risk of an accident without significantly altering their objective risk. Young drivers saw themselves as significantly less likely to be involved in an accident than their peers, while experienced drivers saw their own chances of accident involvement as comparable to those of their peers. The results of this study suggest that increasing the perception of risk of an accident for younger drivers would be helpful in reducing risk taking behavior. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379042 JO - Safety Canada PB - Canada Safety Council AU - Canada Safety Council TI - MONTH-OLD BATTERY EXPLODES, CAUSES INJURY PY - 1982/07 VL - 26 IS - 7 SP - 2 p. AB - Injuries that could be caused by exploding batteries are described and one specific accident at a self-serve station in Ontario, Canada is recounted. It is urged that service station attendants have first-aid training. Eye protection should be worn by persons working on a battery. Special care should be taken when boosting a battery or when checking connections. A battery that has given problems should be thoroughly checked at the earliest opportunity. The Canada Safety Council has issued a special pamphlet on battery boosting. KW - Electric batteries KW - Explosions KW - First aid KW - Maintenance KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Service stations KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195929 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376278 JO - Journal of Fire & Flammability PB - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Sarkos, C P AU - Hill, R G AU - Howell, W D AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A FULL-SCALE WIDE-BODY TEST ARTICLE TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF INTERIOR MATERIALS DURING A POST CRASH FUEL FIRE PY - 1982/07 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - p. 172-202 AB - The focal point of this work is a full-scale, wide-body test article, constructed from a surplus C-133 aircraft. This paper describes the following major elements of the development and application of the C-133 article to study postcrash cabin fires: (1) initial development, capabilities and instrumentation; (2) derivation of fuel fire test conditions based on physical modeling and large-scale fire tests; (3) characterization of cabin fire hazards arising solely from an external fuel fire without the contribution of interior materials; (4) characterization of cabin fire hazards resulting from the exposure of wide-body interior materials to an external fuel fire (the fuel fire, by itself, would be clearly survivable over the test duration if the interior were noncombustible); and (5) evaluation of the effectiveness of urethane seat cushion fire blocking layers and improved cushioning materials over a range of test configurations. The results of the extensive tests that have been performed to date, especially over the past 12 to 18 months, are beginning to improve our understanding of the cabin hazards and important parameters associated with postcrash fire, and, by the example of seat cushions, illustrate how safety benefits can be realized by the useage of improved materials. KW - Aircraft KW - Fire resistance KW - Fireproof materials KW - Fires KW - Fuels KW - Full scale KW - Interior KW - Materials tests KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376302 AU - United States Senate TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY AND COST SAVINGS AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1982 PY - 1982/07 SP - 17 p. AB - The Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation to which was referred the bill (H.R. 6273) to amend the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1983, 1984, and 1985, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon without amendment and recommends that the bill do pass. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the Department of Transportation (DOT) is responsible for motor vehicle safety on our Nation's highways. While existing safety standards have been successful to date, traffic fatalities are likely to significantly increase primarily due to the shift to smaller, more fuel-efficient automobiles which are inherently less safe in crashes than larger cars, unless major safety improvements are made. This legislation amends the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1983, 1984, and 1985 for the purpose of carrying out various NHTSA programs. The legislation would also clarify State authority in enforcing motor vehicle equipment safety standards, establish a voluntary tire registration system for independent dealers and distributors, and provide the Secretary of Transportation with authority to issue public recall notices of defective tires. KW - Appropriations KW - Compact automobiles KW - Defects KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Recall campaigns KW - Small car KW - Standards KW - Tires KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190373 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373666 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Matross, R AU - Hines, M AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - BEHAVIORAL DEFINITIONS OF PROBLEM DRINKING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS PY - 1982/07 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - p. 702-713 AB - This paper reports the results of a study to define empirically dimensions underlying perceived signs of problem drinking. This study extends and complements previous studies. A second purpose of the study was to examine correlates of perceived drinking signs, most notably the respondent's sex and own drinking patterns, within the population of interest, college students. In summary, four hundred college students rated the extent to which 53 behaviors and situations were indicative of problem drinking, yielding six factors (motivations; consumption; negative consequences; intoxication; social concern; and drinking at inappropriate times). Significant differences were found between men and women on four factors and among quantity-frequency drinking categories on all six factors. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gender KW - Intoxication KW - Motivation KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194194 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373668 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Kleinot, M C AU - Rogers, R W AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE COMPONENTS OF ALCOHOL MISUSE PREVENTION PROGRAMS PY - 1982/07 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - p. 802-811 AB - This paper presents the results of an experiment which examined systematically the effects of information about the severe consequences of excessive drinking, vulnerability to these consequences, and the efficacy of moderate drinking in avoiding these problems on intentions to moderate alcohol use. It was found that intentions to moderate drinking habits were affected by all three of these variables, which are not only familiar components of many alcohol misuse prevention programs, but are also components of theories of coping with threat that have been applied to many other health programs. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Information dissemination KW - Prevention KW - Public health UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194196 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373628 JO - Journal of Fire & Flammability PB - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Ndubizu, C C AU - Zinn, B T AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - SOOT SUPPRESSION IN NONCHARRING POLYMER DIFFUSION FLAMES PY - 1982/07 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - p. 163-171 AB - This paper presents results of an investigation aimed at obtaining soot reduction by suppressing solid fuel gasification rate under fire conditions. Tests were conducted with polyethylene diffusion flames and various techniques were used to alter the heat balance on the fuel surface, thereby changing the fuel gasification rate. The resulting soot production rates were measured and analysis of the data shows that fire retardant additives whose presence in the fuel decreases its gasification rate are also effective soot suppressants. In particular, alumina trihydrate which also liberates water into the pyrolysis region was found to be an effective soot suppressant. KW - Additives KW - Fire resistance KW - Fly ash KW - Gasification KW - Materials tests KW - Pollution control KW - Polymers KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373667 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Wendling, A AU - Kolody, B AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE MORTIMER-FILKINS TEST AS A PREDICTOR OF ALCOHOL IMPAIRED DRIVING RECIDIVISM PY - 1982/07 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - p. 751-766 AB - This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the Mortimer-Filkins (M-F) test as a predictor of differential rates of recidivism for alcohol-impaired drivers. The M-F test proved to be of marginal utility in the prediction of alcohol-impaired driving recidivism. On the basis of data presented, past driving behavior was clearly the best predictor of future driving behavior. KW - Behavior KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Forecasting KW - Mortimer-filkins test KW - Recidivism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194195 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373669 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Harburg, E AU - Gleibermann, L AU - Ozgoren, F AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - COLOR BLINDNESS AND ALCOHOL USE PY - 1982/07 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - p. 829-833 AB - This paper reports the results of a study on the relationship of color blindness and alcohol consumption in a normal population where drinking behavior ranges from abstinence to heavy use. Two lines of reasoning have developed from prior studies: (1) that pharmacological appetite for alcohol may be related to a specific gene on the X chromosome and (2) that color-vision defects associated with alcoholism are an acquired condition. Results of the present study cannot resolve this question but appear consistent with either hypothesis. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Color blindness KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194197 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373910 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Volicer, B J AU - Volicer, L AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - RANDOMIZED RESPONSE TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING ALCOHOL USE AND NONCOMPLIANCE IN HYPERTENSIVES PY - 1982/07 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - p. 739-750 AB - Hypertensives reported a greater incidence of daily use of alcohol and higher noncompliance in taking prescribed medicines by a randomized response technique with a dichotomous response as compared with direct response, and more mean drinks per week, but similar compliance in taking prescribed medicines, by a randomized response technique with a quantitative response as compared with direct response. KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Hypertension KW - Random response technique KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371125 AU - LUND, A K AU - Williams, A F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - PUBLIC OPINION SURVEYS ON OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION PY - 1982/07 SP - 8 p. AB - In the United States during the last decade, more than 20 public opinion polls have included questions on occupant crash protection. This research note summarizes the findings from these polls. KW - Air bags KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Public opinion KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184479 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371121 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - COLLINS, F AU - Derby, T AU - Moses, C AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND SIMPLE MATERIAL PROPERTIES. PART I PY - 1982/07 VL - 186 IS - 4 SP - p. 19-24 AB - This, the first of a two-part article, discusses performance evaluation of rubber products using finite element analysis. The evaluation is performed using a large rubber bushing. First, stiffness analyses of rubber parts are presented. Following this is a section discussing stress analysis including considerations of fatigue. The end of the section on stress analyses is in the second part of the article. KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Finite element method KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rubber KW - Sleeves (Electricity) KW - Stiffness tests KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371117 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Sezna, J AU - Jerdonek, J A AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - IMPROVED CONTROL OF RUBBER PROCESSING THROUGH COMPUTER DATA ACQUISITION PY - 1982/07 VL - 186 IS - 4 SP - p. 25-28 AB - This article first describes the common tests which are used for production control of rubber stocks. These tests are applied at key stages, which are as follows: (1) raw materials; (2) during mixing; (3) after mixing/during shaping; (4) after shaping; and (5) after cure. The article then explains the necessity of computers for enhanced data acquisition and describes the Modular Data System (MDS), with the use of which manufacturers can: (1) automatically reduce a test to key results; (2) quickly indicate out of specification materials; (3) store test data, both long and short-term; and (4) perform statistical analysis of the data. It is pointed out that the MDS gives final test results at the instrument, eliminating dependence on a central computer to compute test results, and that the Modular Data Coupler may be operated alone, allowing the system to grow in increments. KW - Data collection KW - Data processing operations KW - Information processing KW - Modular data system KW - Production control KW - Rubber KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370270 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Utley, E H AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE CONTINUING NEED FOR DRIVER EDUCATION PY - 1982/07 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 2 p. AB - This article presents the views of GEICO (Government Employees Insurance Company) on the minimum licensing age and on the need for driver education prior to licensing of young drivers. Looking at the lifestyle of teenagers and their parents, it is observed that withholding licenses until age 18 may make gains in traffic safety, but may result in loss of mobility, convenience, and employment. This is seen as an area requiring considerably more study and discussion to determine if the gains outweigh the losses. Regarding driver education, GEICO believes it is worthwhile since their statistics show that young drivers with driver training cause fewer losses. The remainder of this article discusses improving driver education, the impact of movies and TV on teenagers' attitudes toward driving, parent involvement in driver education, and the minimum drinking age. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Legal drinking age KW - Mobility KW - Parent involvement KW - Parents KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370682 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ALCOHOL-GASOLINE BLENDS IN 1980 MODEL AUTOMOBILES. PHASE I-ETHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS PY - 1982/07 SP - 175 p. AB - The Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) conducted tests to determine effects of ethanol-gasoline blends on emissions, fuel economy, and driveability of fourteen 1980 model-year vehicles representing several emission-control technologies. Two types of blends were prepared: in one blend, the effect of ethanol addition on volatility was not counterbalanced; in the other two, it was counterbalanced by volatility adjustment. Ethanol in gasoline resulted in a statistically significant decrease in exhaust CO emissions; increase in exhaust NOx, aldehyde, and ethanol emissions; increases in organic and ethanol evaporative emissions; poorer driveability; more vapor lock; and improved energy economy (mi/MBtu). Changes in exhaust organic emissions and fuel economy were not significant for the vehicle fleet as a whole. Statistically significant effects of volatility adjustment were found, but these were smaller than the effects of ethanol addition. KW - Air quality management KW - Driveability KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370277 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - GRIFFIN, M J AU - Whitham, E M AU - PARSONS, K C AU - Taylor & Francis TI - VIBRATION AND COMFORT I. TRANSLATIONAL SEAT VIBRATION PY - 1982/07 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - p. 603-630 AB - A series of studies of discomfort caused by multi-axis vibration at the seat, feet and back of seated persons is described. This first paper reports on studies with translational seat vibration. Two experiments concerned with the effects of level, frequency and direction of the translational vibration of a firm flat seat are reported. At octave centre frequencies from 1 to 63 Hz the first experiment determined the levels of fore-and-aft, lateral and vertical seat vibration which caused discomfort equivalent to 0.5 and 1.25 m/sq s r.m.s. 10 Hz vertical seat vibration. In the second experiment, comfort contours equivalent to 0.8m/sq s r.m.s. 10 Hz vertical seat vibration and subject transmissibilities were determined from 18 males and 18 females at preferred third-octave centre frequencies from 1 to 100 Hz. In both studies the feet of subjects were not vibrated and there was no backrest. It was concluded that the shapes of equivalent comfort contours need not normally depend on vibration level. The forms of both individual and group equivalent comfort contours and seat-to-head transmissibilities are presented. Significant correlations were found between subject characteristics (size and transmissibility) and subject relative discomfort. The males and females produced similar equivalent comfort contours. Information on the computerized application of the method of constant stimuli which was developed for the series of experiments is presented together with a consideration of alternative methods of determining the central tendency of the data. A method of assessing the effect of vibrator distortion on judgements of equivalent discomfort is also defined. KW - Comfort KW - Females KW - Information processing KW - Males KW - Seats KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187593 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370260 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Gusfield, J R AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE GRASS-ROOTS MOVEMENT AGAINST DRINKING-DRIVING PY - 1982/07 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 1 p. AB - This brief article describes the current movement against drinking and driving as largely one of expressing the feelings of the public about drinking driving, and cautions us not to assume an aroused public of sizable proportions. It also points out the difficulties which new legislation is imposing on the courts. Also discussed is the observation that while the movement maintains that this is a just society in which the behavior of drinking-driving should be punished as reprehensible behavior, there seems little incentive to accept the costs that a more determined enforcement would entail. KW - Costs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Public interest KW - Public opinion KW - Public policy KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187578 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370279 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Egelund, N AU - Taylor & Francis TI - SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY AS AN INDICATOR OF DRIVER FATIGUE PY - 1982/07 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - p. 663-672 AB - The effect of distance driven on three physiological variables taken to be indicators of fatigue was investigated on a 340 km highway circuit with eight inexperienced drivers as subjects. The physiological variables used were spectral values of heart rate variability in the 0.05-0.15 Hz region (0.1 Hz HRV) supplemented by standard deviation of heart rate mean (S.D. HRV) and heart rate mean (HR). The analysis showed a significant relationship between 0.1 Hz HRV and distance driven while S.D. HRV and HR showed no direct relationship. The reason for this differential effect on the three physiological variables was discussed, and it was concluded that 0.1 Hz HRV seems to be a sensitive indicator of driver fatigue. KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heart KW - Physiological aspects KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187595 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370684 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - APETAUR, M AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - REMARKS ON THE THEORY OF VEHICLE VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS BASED ON THE ON-THE-ROAD MEASUREMENTS PY - 1982/07 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - p. 143-173 AB - Basic relation between input spectral density matrix and output spectral density matrix of a linear stochastically excited dynamic system is indicated. General conclusions regarding the output processes spectral densities, coherences and phase angles in respect to the input processes stochastic properties are drawn. The possibility of the determination of the system's transfer functions when input and output spectral density matrices are known is discussed. Applications of the obtained results in vehicle vibrational analysis when the vehicle is considered as one-input, two-input or multiinput system are shown. KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Power spectra KW - Rolling contact KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Transfer functions KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vibration KW - Vibration tests KW - Vibrational testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187846 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370932 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF THE MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ON AUTOMOTIVE CRASHES INVOLVING YOUNG DRIVERS PY - 1982/07 VL - 13 IS - 1-2 SP - 12 p. AB - Automotive crash data for Michigan, Maine, New York and Pennsylvania during the period 1972-1979 were analyzed month by month to examine how changes in minimum drinking age laws affect numbers of young drivers involved in crashes. Findings showed that raising the minimum legal drinking age in Maine in 1977 and Michigan in 1978 decreased alcohol-related crashes by about 20 percent among young drivers in both states. The study design, methods, and findings are discussed, along with arguments for and against legislation restricting sale of alcoholic beverages to persons under age 21. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188010 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370271 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Meyerhoff, R A AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE MYTH SYSTEM OF FUEL-EFFICIENT DRIVING PY - 1982/07 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 2 p. AB - This article examines eleven fuel saving myths in an attempt to educate drivers concerning fuel-efficient driving. After equipping a driver education fleet and some personal cars with fuel measuring equipment, tests were performed to evaluate various fuel-saving tips found in magazines, films and pamphlets. The results were not only surprising, but rewarding. KW - Driving KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Guidelines KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187587 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370272 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Kenel, F C AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - YOU SAY YOU ARE INTERESTED IN FUEL EFFICIENT DRIVING? PY - 1982/07 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - p. 11-12 AB - Pointing out that, according to EPA data, "hard" versus "easy" acceleration affects fuel economy, this article states that "hard" or "easy" acceleration can only be determined through the use of a driver feedback device which measures the vacuum pressure inside the intake manifold. The discussion which follows centers on the experimental results obtained on four separate feedback devices in an experiment conducted by Bendix Corporation for the U.S. Department of Energy. The highest ranked device is a Gastell vacuum sensor system. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Driver feedback devices KW - Driving KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gastell vacuum sensor system KW - Measuring instruments KW - Vacuum gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370265 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Department of Energy TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, WINTER 1981-82 PY - 1982/07 SP - 67 p. AB - Analytical data for 905 samples of motor gasoline, were collected from service stations throughout the country and were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies. The data were submitted to the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center for study, necessary calculations, and compilation under a cooperative agreement between the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (BETC) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). The samples represent the products of 30 companies, large and small, which manufacture and supply gasoline. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts into which the country is divided. A map included in this report, shows marketing areas, districts and sampling locations. The report also includes charts indicating the trends of selected properties of motor fuels since winter 1959-60 survey for the leaded gasolines, and since winter 1979-80 survey for the unleaded gasolines. Sixteen octane distribution percent charts for areas 1,2,3, and 4 for unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 90.0, unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 90.0 and above, leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 93.0, and leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 93.0 and above grades of gasoline are presented in this report. The antiknock (octane) index (R+M)/2 averages of gasoline sold in this country were 87.4 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.7 for unleaded 90.0 and above, and 88.9 for leaded below 93.0. Only one sample was reported as 93.0 for leaded gasolines with an antiknock index (R+M)/2 93.0 and above. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Chemical analysis KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Lead free KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Marketing KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Physical analysis KW - Properties of materials KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183790 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370278 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - PARSONS, K C AU - GRIFFIN, M J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - VIBRATION AND COMFORT II. ROTATIONAL SEAT VIBRATION PY - 1982/07 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - p. 631-644 AB - This second paper in a series of studies of the discomfort produced by multi-axis vibration is concerned with rotational seat vibration. The effects of level, frequency and direction of the roll, pitch and yaw vibration of a firm flat seat have been studied in two experiments. At octave centre frequencies in the range 1-31.5 Hz the first experiment determined the levels of roll, pitch and yaw seat vibration which caused discomfort equivalent to 0.5 and 1.25 m/sq s r.m.s. 10 Hz vertical seat vibration. In the second experiment, comfort contours equivalent to 0.8 m/sq s r.m.s. 10 Hz vertical seat vibration were determined from 18 males and 18 females at preferred third-octave centre frequencies from 1 to 31.5 Hz. In all cases the axis of rotation passed through the centre of the seat surface. There was no vibration of the feet and no backrest. It was concluded that the shape of equivalent comfort contours need not normally depend on vibration level. Both individual and group equivalent comfort contours are presented. Although there were significant correlations between subject size and subject relative discomfort it is not thought that these correlations have much practical application. In all three axes the median contours of vibration acceleration increase in proportion to vibration frequency. Sensitivity is greatest for roll vibration and least for yaw vibration of the seat. KW - Comfort KW - Females KW - Males KW - Seats KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187594 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370266 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Dunn, L W AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - NHTSA'S HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM PRIORITIES--HOW TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATORS CAN PARTICIPATE PY - 1982/07 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - This article discusses the two NHTSA priority areas which most closely relate to driver education programs: alcohol countermeasures and occupant protection. These program areas will receive the bulk of NHTSA program resources along with three other highway safety program areas. Traffic safety educators adjusting their programs to take advantage of the new materials and resources being developed and offered will be in a position to receive increased community support for their programs and contribute to the reduction of fatal accidents and injuries on the nation's highways. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Drunk driving KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Occupant restraint KW - Programs KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187583 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370274 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE ONE VEHICLE ACCIDENT PY - 1982/07 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - p. 13-14 AB - This article points to the single vehicle accident as an increasingly important cause of autocide, injury and destruction. The single vehicle accident now accounts for a majority of motor vehicle deaths. An important factor in these crashes is alcohol. Youthful drivers are at particular risk. It is concluded that, since most one car accidents result from driver failure, preventive strategies must include efforts to change the driving behavior of drinkers. Other efforts include consistent and stringent enforcement policies equitably carried out and studies to determine the impact of raising the drinking and/or the driving age. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Suicide KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187590 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370276 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Houston, R AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE SAFETY BELT CONVINCER PROGRAM IN OREGON PY - 1982/07 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - This article gives an overview of the Safety Belt Convincer Program, which is part of a larger, federally funded Oregon Youth Traffic Safety Project whose purpose is to challenge Oregon's youth to do something about needless highway deaths and injuries, particularly among young drivers. The Convincer is a trailer featuring a retractable sliding individual seat which is raised with its safety belted passenger to the top of an incline and then released to slide downward and collide with a barrier at approximately 7 mph. Topics discussed include demand for demonstrations, scheduling demonstrations, maintenance of the Convincer, liability insurance, operation of the Convincer, and evaluation of the effectiveness of Convincer demonstrations. KW - Adolescents KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Scheduling KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187592 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370461 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Christophersen, E R AU - Sullivan, M A AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - INCREASING THE PROTECTION OF NEWBORN INFANTS IN CARS PY - 1982/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-25 AB - Recently the American Academy of Pediatrics instituted a major campaign ("The First Ride--A Safe Ride") in order to encourage all parents to use an infant restraint seat for their newborn's first ride in an automobile--the ride home from the hospital. In the present study the effect of the behavior of the hospital staff on parents' use of infant restraint seats was examined. The study involved 30 mother-infant pairs who were selected sequentially from an obstetrics unit and randomly assigned to two groups. A control group was discharged from the obstetrics unit with no particular emphasis on car safety and no loaner restraint seat available. An experimental group was offered a loaner restraint seat at the time of discharge, with a staff person demonstrating how to put the infant into the restraint seat, how to carry the infant in the seat out to the car, and how to fasten the restraint seat in the automobile with the auto lap belt. Correct use of the loaner restraint seat on the first ride home was observed in 67% of the experimental mothers and in none (0%) of the control mothers. Although this difference was no longer significant at four- to six-week follow-up this study points out the short-term impact that hospital staff can have on the parents' use of restraint seats. Additional techniques are needed to maintain parents' use of restraint seats throughout childhood. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Hospitals KW - Infants KW - Parent involvement KW - Parents KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187717 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370207 JO - ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTS AU - BERTRAN, E AU - Martinez, L AU - Miguel, J AU - Munilla, I AU - Institution of Electrical Engineers TI - A MICROCOMPUTER-BASED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES PY - 1982/07 IS - 14 SP - p. 4-8 AB - This paper describes a microcomputer-based algorithm used to control a dc separately excited motor for electric vehicle drive. The control programme consists essentially of two secondary programmes which perform respectively the command, and the output decision making tasks. The algorithm simulation on a Hewlett-Packard Model 64000 Logic Development System showed that it was possible to achieve an average execution time of 1 millisecond which is very short when compared to the mechanical time constant of the motor. KW - Algorithms KW - Control systems KW - Direct current KW - Electric vehicles KW - Feedback control KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Microprocessors KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187549 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369589 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CHP KEPT BUSY SAVING LIVES PY - 1982/07 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 9 p. AB - Examples are given of life-threatening emergencies connected with the transport of toxic chemicals in which the California Highway Patrol (CHP) has assisted and helped save lives. Details are described of the emergency which occurred on November 5 1981 at Castaic on Interstate 5 when propylene dichloride (a volatile chemical) ate its way out of a parked tanker truck spilling on the ground. A poisonous cloud of phosphoric fumes spreading from a ruptured 4,000- gallon chemical tank in Tustin on August 9 1981 required the evacuation of 2,000 residents. A flammable poisonous spill emergency developed in the Ontario area on September 28 1981 which resulted in the closing of Milliken off ramp on Interstate 10 for nine hours. It is the thoughtful reasoning of those who investigate the dangerous chemical spills that will eventually make highway travel safe for both truckers and car drivers. It is noted that spills will increase unless active government steps are taken to curb them. The National Research Council has estimated a projected growth of 9,000 truckloads of radioactive material on the nation's highways. The government will have to study the socioeconomics of the problem. KW - Emergencies KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Patrol KW - Radioactive materials KW - Spillage KW - Spills (Pollution) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370208 AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR ACCIDENT STATISTICS 1981 PY - 1982/07 SP - 27 p. AB - This annual publication is a study of the data compiled and developed from an analysis of the motor vehicle traffic accidents for all street and highway systems in North Dakota. This data is received from reports submitted by law enforcement agencies in their investigations of all traffic accidents resulting in death, personal injury, or property damage of $400 or more during 1981. The contents are: General Accident Statements; Cost of Traffic Accidents; Fatalities-State and National Rate; Map-Fatality Rates by County; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Accidents by County; Fatalities on Major Holidays; Accidents and Fatalities by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Accidents; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Accident Involvement by Age, Sex and License of Driver; Alcohol Statistics; Traffic Violations/Convictions; Accidents by Type of Driver Violation/Circumstance; Accident Summary by Month; Road Surface and Weather Conditions; Accidents by Light Conditions; Manner of Multi-Motor Vehicle Collision; Type of Motor Vehicle Accidents; Reportable Accidents by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Accidents by Object Struck; Vehicle Involvement by Vehicle Defect; Accidents by Population and Roadway; and Non-Traffic Accidents. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Statistics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183722 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369599 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - BAINES, T M AU - Somers, J H AU - Hellman, K H AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - EPA MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION PROJECTS ON LIGHT AND HEAVY DUTY DIESELS PY - 1982/07 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - p. 725-728 AB - The body of information presented in this paper is directed towards engineers in the field of environmental sciences involved in measuring and evaluating the emissions from a variety of diesel engines or vehicles. This paper summarizes recent data obtained by EPA on identification and quantification of different emissions (i.e. characterization) from a variety of diesel engines. The effects of turbocharging, advanced injection timing, indirect vs. direct injection, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and different fuel pumps on HC, CO, NOx, sulfates, aldehyde, and particulate emissions were determined by testing several heavy duty diesel engines. A heavy duty gasoline engine was tested for comparison. Limited testing was done on a diesel bus engine under malfunction conditions (conditions different from manufacturer's recommended specifications). KW - Advanced injection timing KW - Aldehydes KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel pumps KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Light trucks KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Sulfates KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187155 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369610 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ROAD GAMES PY - 1982/07 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 7 p. AB - This article presents some "Road Games" that drivers as well as their passengers can play as they ride. The purpose for these games is not only to keep children and other passengers from being bored or from fighting or distracting the driver, but also to keep everyone alert. KW - Alertness KW - Children KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Game KW - Passengers KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369611 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAFETY'S FUTURE 1990 PY - 1982/07 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - p. 10-11 AB - These brief comments highlight issues in the future of traffic safety research as presented at the SAE 1982 International Congress in Detroit. Five areas for traffic research were recognized: police, emergency, alcohol, education and passive restraints. Two major focal points for future traffic safety research were identified as accident avoidance and driver responsibility. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Drivers KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Research KW - Responsibilities KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369617 AU - FORD, C R AU - GREEN, J A AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - DRIVER RECORD ANALYSIS SYSTEM ENHANCEMENT PY - 1982/07 SP - 120 p. AB - The Michigan Driver Incident Record Analysis (MDIRA) computer program is an interactive analysis package that allows special counts to be made of Michigan driver incidents (convictions, accidents, and improvement actions). These counts can be quite complex. For example, the question "how many drivers have had two speeding tickets within three years, or three drunk driving convictions within six years, or both" could be answered by the program. Such information has value for policy planning within the Department of State. As originally implemented, the first version of the MDIRA program developed by HSRI proved to be a valuable tool in analyzing driver incident data. Time did not permit, however, for the program to be fully refined and optimized. With the completion of the current project, the MDIRA program has been greatly enhanced. Operational costs have been dramatically reduced, and the program's user-interface has been smoothed and polished. As a result, the potential usefulness of the MDIRA program may now be more fully realized. KW - Computer programs KW - Driver records KW - Highway safety KW - Incidents KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369603 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE BACKYARD MECHANIC BACK TO BASICS PY - 1982/07 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - p. 20-27 AB - This article focuses on the basic principles of motorcycle maintenance. Emphasis is put on knowing and following all the owner's manual instructions, getting and utilizing a service manual, specialized tools that are required; cleaning the engine and specialized parts before starting the tune-up. Then the article gives instructions, illustrated with photos on how to do the tune-up. Three inserts are included "Safety First", Continuity Tester", and "Starting Checklist." KW - Engine tuning KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Motorcycles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Tools KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187159 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369626 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - MOTOR REBUILDING SERIES--MEASUREMENT AND ASSEMBLY. ENGINE REBUILDING: PART TWO PY - 1982/07 VL - 158 IS - 1 SP - 6 p. AB - This article, the second in a three-part series, explains how to begin the engine assembly procedure and how to make the various clearance measurements that are necessary. The project engine is Pontiac's 2.5-liter "iron duke," the standard equipment offering in all GM X-cars. It expired under the hood of a 45,000-mile 1981 Buick Skylark and was rebuilt at Dana Corporation's Ottowa Lake Training Center. The first part of the assembly and measurement procedure is outlined step by step in a series of captioned photos. KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Automobile engines KW - Engine assembly KW - Engines KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Measurement KW - Reconstruction KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369727 AU - Eicher, J P AU - Robertson, H D AU - TOTH, G R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK ACCIDENT CAUSATION PY - 1982/07 SP - 215 p. AB - Accidents involving large trucks (more than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight) are a serious safety problem on our Nation's highways. In 1979-1980 large trucks were involved in an annual average of 5.7 percent (385,000) of all police-reported accidents. Yet, they accounted for 11.8 percent (5,360) of all fatal accidents, in which 5,874 persons died. This report identifies the driver, vehicle, and the highway/environmental factors and the operational practices which contribute to the frequency and severity of accidents involving large trucks. Analyses did not reveal any single solution which, if implemented, would guarantee alteration of the truck accident problem. They did, however, indicate areas in which the greatest probability exists of reducing the number of truck accidents and their consequences. KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369741 AU - Weisbrod, G AU - Loudon, W AU - Pitschke, S AU - Reid, P AU - Rittenhouse, B AU - Hazard, H AU - Wojno, J AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - DOWNTOWN CROSSING: AUTO RESTRICTED ZONE IN BOSTON PY - 1982/07 SP - 334 p. AB - The Downtown Crossing auto restricted zone, implemented in 1978, involved the elimination of all auto traffic from a zone of twelve blocks encompassing six different streets in Boston's central business district. Some of the blocks were pedestrian-only zones, some were originally a transitway and later converted to a pedestrian-only zone, and some remained open only for taxi access. A series of physical improvements, including bricking of the streets and the placement of benches, new lighting and information kiosks, was completed in 1979. Additional aspects of the project included the extension of local bus route to better serve the auto restricted zone, and extensive promotion activities. The evaluation report examines conditions before, during, and after construction of the Downtown Crossing zone, including organizational arrangements and impacts on traffic movement, transit ridership, goods deliveries, pedestrian movement, air and noise quality, shopper behavior, and business conditions. The study found that pedestrian activity and store purchases increased following the closing of the streets, although most of the increase was attributable to midday trips by the large number of office workers nearby. There were also clear shifts from auto to transit as a mode of travel for both area employees and other shoppers. Expected increases in traffic congestion on nearby streets did not occur; in fact, there was a decrease in overall traffic volumes in the area due to both the mode shift among area visitors and the diversion of some traffic to streets much further away. Both businesses and pedestrians felt the program was helpful in improving downtown conditions. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Central business districts KW - Delivery service KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Modal shift KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian malls KW - Public transit KW - Retail trade KW - Ridership KW - Taxicabs KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic restraint KW - Vehicle restrictions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5600/5608/932a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369601 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - INCREASING SMALL CAR ENGINE LIFE PY - 1982/07 VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - p. 58-59 AB - In order to get better gas mileage, car factories have had to increase operating temperatures, take weight out of almost every component of the vehicle and improve its aerodynamics. This in turn has led to accelerated wear on the small engine and transmission failure caused by overheating. The automotive aftermarket sees great potential in that but must educate the consumer on what downsizing does to the components they service. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Mileage KW - Overheating KW - Service life KW - Small car KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369735 AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - THE NEW U.S. AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1982/07 SP - 130 p. AB - The papers presented at the Management Briefing Seminar in 1981 are published here. Many of the papers look toward a future when current challenges will be resolved and a new industry will have emerged. This new industry is expected to be much influenced by European and Japanese methods. Among the specific topics covered were the significance of the Japanese presence in the U.S., economic expectations, Delphi forecast of automotive trends, automotive suppliers, government viewpoints, engineering trends, Japanese manufacturing, trucks, vehicle design impact on the aftermarket, magnesium, and opportunities in Latin America. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economic factors KW - Engineering KW - Forecasting KW - Future growth KW - International trade KW - Magnesium KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183427 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369322 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BELT-DRIVEN CVT IS 85% EFFICIENT PY - 1982/07 VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - p. 36-40 AB - A wide ratio, rubber V-belt-driven continuously variable transmission (CVT) was installed and tested in a 1979 Plymouth Horizon with a 1.7-L engine. It was then compared to a three-speed automatic transmission and the results showed a 17 percent improvement in mechanical efficiency and a 15 percent improvement in combined fuel economy. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobiles KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186985 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369323 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DO INTERIOR PLASTICS EMIT HARMFUL ORGANICS? PY - 1982/07 VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - p. 60-61 AB - Six subcompact automobiles were evaluated for the emission of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and other organics into the passenger compartment. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to quantify VCM's presence near the limits of detection. Sampling was carried out after a ventilated car was closed and held at 45 degrees C and 65 degrees C for several hours. At the higher temperature, analyses identified 147 organic compounds inside the cars that were not present in ambient air in the cars' vicinity. KW - Automobiles KW - Carcinogens KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Gas chromatography KW - Interior KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Organic compounds KW - Plastics KW - Vinyl chloride monomer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186986 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369349 JO - Traffic Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Eck, R W AU - Polus, A AU - Halkias, J A AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - COAL TRUCK IMPACTS ON HIGHWAY SAFETY AND TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1982/07 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - p. 469-484 AB - Local citizens, planners, and highway engineers are devoting increased attention to evaluating the impacts of the growing number of coal trucks on the highway system. This article examines one particular aspect of the coal truck problem. It quantifies the impact of coal trucks traveling over narrow, mountainous two-lane, two-way highways on delay and safety of other highway users. This was achieved by using a computer simulation model to determine accident rates and delay times for several levels of truck traffic flows and different geometric conditions. Analyses of the simulation results indicated that the presence of trucks on long grades can increase accident involvement rates; that the presence of coal trucks on the upgrade, downgrade and rolling sections increased the likelihood for instabilities in the traffic flow; that coal trucks with low-performance characteristics reduced considerably the level of service of the study sites; and that coal trucks on long grades increased the delay to passenger cars significantly. KW - Coal KW - Crash rates KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Highway capacity KW - Impact studies KW - Level of service KW - Mountains KW - Rural highways KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck effect on highway capacity KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Upgrade KW - Upgrades (Roads) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186996 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369365 JO - Trial PB - Association of Trial Lawyers of America AU - Teret, S AU - Downey, E AU - Association of Trial Lawyers of America TI - AIR BAG LITIGATION--PROMOTING PASSENGER SAFETY PY - 1982/07 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - 6 p. AB - In spite of polls demonstrating consumer demand for air bags, in spite of a technology (99.995 percent reliability) developed and ready for use, and in spite of government efforts since 1969 to mandate the installation of automatic restraints in cars, the automobile manufacturers have withheld air bags from the public, even as optional equipment. This article examines the reasons for this failure to make available the most effective method of reducing motor vehicle deaths and injuries, pointing out that such a failure can be an actionable wrong, and that the initiation of air bag litigation may be the most effective way of getting air bags in cars. The discussion includes a description of air bag systems and how they work, a history of air bag development, presentation of empirical data, discussion of liability, and comments on public health significance. KW - Air bags KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public health KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187007 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368938 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - EVANS, D AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - THE SECRET OF BUILDING A FAST CHASSIS: MINIMIZE ITS "BUMP" OR "ROLL" STEER PY - 1982/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 11-16 AB - The phenomenon of "bump steer" and "roll steer" are explained. The MacPherson strut which minimizes the effect of suspension changes on bump steer and roll steer is noted. It is possible to minimize bump steer by using a leaf spring with the axle mounted directly in its center and identical spring mounts at front and rear. A solid front axle and the steering mounted directly to the axle will also help minimize the problem. Bump and roll steer tendencies are greatly exaggerated in racing cars. The various steps in the process of checking and correcting the chassis are described. KW - Axles KW - Chassis KW - Leaf springs KW - Springs (Vehicles) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186696 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369306 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - Pendery, M L AU - Maltzman, I M AU - WEST, L J AU - American University TI - CONTROLLED DRINKING BY ALCOHOLICS? NEW FINDINGS AND A REEVALUATION OF A MAJOR AFFIRMATIVE STUDY PY - 1982/07 VL - 217 IS - 4555 SP - p. 169-175 AB - Controlled drinking has recently become a controversial alternative to abstinence as an appropriate treatment goal for alcoholics. In this study we reexamine the evidence underlying a widely cited report by Sobell and Sobell of successful controlled drinking by a substantial proportion of gamma (physically dependent) alcoholic subjects in a behavior therapy experiment. A review of the evidence, including official records and new interviews, reveals that most subjects trained to do controlled drinking failed from the outset to drink safely. The majority were rehospitalized for alcoholism treatment within a year after their discharge from the research project. A 10-year follow-up (extended through 1981) of the original 20 experimental subjects shows that only one, who apparently had not experienced physical withdrawal symptoms, maintained a pattern of controlled drinking; eight continued to drink excessively--regularly or intermittently--despite repeated damaging consequences; six abandoned their efforts to engage in controlled drinking and became abstinent; four died from alcohol-related causes; and one, certified about a year after discharge from the research project as gravely disabled because of drinking, was missing. KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369315 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Tuohey, M H AU - National Safety Council TI - RESTRAINT PROGRAM CLICKS AT KODAK. EMPLOYEE BELT USE INCREASES STEADILY WITHOUT ARTIFICIAL INCENTIVES PY - 1982/07 VL - 82 IS - 4 SP - p. 6-8 AB - A safety belt use promotion program which has been successful without any artificial incentives is described. A task force was first established to explore the possibilities of a campaign to promote the use of belts and other safety restraints. The American Seat Belt Council's "Saved by the Belt" campaign was adopted with modifications. This program provides recognition in the form of a certificate of membership in a club to people saved from serious injury or death by wearing safety belts. A 27-minute motion picture, "Room to Live" which effectively demonstrates the value of auto restraints was made available before the start of the program. Also, posters are distributed monthly. Before and after studies have shown that the campaign has been effective. Attention is also being focused on the use child restraints. KW - Advertising KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motion pictures KW - Passenger restraints KW - Programs KW - Restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186978 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368934 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Sarungi, P M AU - Pallangyo, N AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - REVIEW OF 179 DEATHS DUE TO CHEST INJURIES RESULTING FROM MOTOR TRAFFIC CRASHES DURING 1977-1980 AT MUHIMBILI MEDICAL CENTRE PY - 1982/07 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 33-34 AB - This paper focuses attention on the grim and serious reality of chest injuries resulting from Road Traffic Crashes and their far-reaching consequences. In this study, 179 fatalities brought to Muhimbili Mortuary and deaths which occurred in Muhimbili Medical Centre were included. The study focuses on instant deaths, deaths on the table and deaths in the Intensive Care Unit in the Hospital. The pathological findings reveal how serious the chest injuries are and how these injuries impose great challenge to all concerned in preserving life. KW - Crashes KW - Death rate KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Pathology KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186693 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369364 JO - Trial PB - Association of Trial Lawyers of America AU - PETERS, G A AU - Association of Trial Lawyers of America TI - BATTERY EXPLOSIONS--CAUSE AND CURE. PART II PY - 1982/07 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - 5 p. AB - This article examines some of the causes of battery explosions and presents remedies that could minimize the dangers that now exist. It also points out that as automotive vehicles are "improved" the design changes may exacerbate battery problems. The sealed-cover or maintenance-free battery is singled out as a major battery improvement in terms of safety. In conclusion, the article points to the uninformed consumer as to the reason why some battery manufacturers seem reluctant to provide a battery that is as safe as permitted by modern technology and current economics. KW - Attitudes KW - Consumers KW - Electric batteries KW - Explosions KW - Hazards KW - Insurance claims KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Liability KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Maintenance-free batteries KW - Public health KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety equipment KW - Vehicle design KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187006 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369350 JO - Traffic Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Chadda, H S AU - McGee, H W AU - Ligon, C M AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCOMMODATION IN HIGHWAY WORK ZONES PY - 1982/07 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - p. 485-499 AB - This article summarizes key findings of a study on pedestrian safety in highway work zones--the state-of-the-art and current practice for pedestrian accommodation in work zones. Findings are based primarily on work zones involving highway construction maintenance activities but consideration is also given to other work-zone types involving buildings, public works projects and utility operations. Review of current traffic control and construction manuals and handbooks revealed only brief reference to pedestrian planning and safety considerations in work zones, with the exception of pedestrian accommodations required in connection with building construction activity by local building codes. The following observations and conclusions came from this study: (1) pedestrians can be found at nearly every work zone; (2) pedestrians should have the same right to traverse a work zone as does a vehicle, even if detouring or rerouting is required; (3) pedestrian routes should be well marked, safe, and easy to follow; (4) in residential and commercial areas, adequate pedestrian access should be provided to properties abutting a work zone; (5) logical, visible, and direct paths will be followed by pedestrians; and (6) a minimum of special devices should be provided for special user groups such as the elderly and handicapped, with designs including ramps and curb-free walkways. It is also concluded that guidelines for pedestrian accommodation in highway work zones should be developed at the federal level. KW - Aged KW - Building codes KW - Construction sites KW - Detours KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Right of way KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road markings KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186997 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368939 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - REFRESHER COURSE. USING SWAY BARS CORRECTLY PY - 1982/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 44-45 AB - Modern American cars with conventional suspensions tend to demonstrate substantial understeer as a matter of design which can lead to "plowing" or scooting off the road front end first. Careful selection and installation of sway bars, also called stabilizer bars or roll bars is probably the only way to achieve meaningful, upgraded vehicle handling by control of body roll. This article gives guidelines for the selection and installation of sway bars meeting the vehicle's requirements. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Building KW - Driving KW - Facilities KW - Handling characteristics KW - Installation KW - Steering KW - Sway bars KW - Understeer KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186697 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369351 JO - Motor AU - Zino, K AU - Hearst Books TI - MOTOR CLINIC: TILT! THE INSIDE STORY ON QUESTIONABLE ELECTRONIC IGNITION COMPONENTS PY - 1982/07 VL - 158 IS - 1 SP - 6 p. AB - Design elements that are of concern in electronic ignition components are identified as follows: inferior circuits, elimination of circuits, incorrect grounding, shielding problems that can cause triggering of oil, and components that do not meet specifications. Problems associated with the contact point system are noted. The working of the basic electronic circuit is explained, and the causes of ignition problems are discussed. The Ford module, the Chrysler electronic ignition system and the General Motors (GM) ignition System are discussed. The Chrysler electronic control unit contains the simplest circuitry of all and the GM HEI ignition System is the most sophisticated of all electronic ignitions. Design weaknesses are also discussed. KW - Components KW - Design KW - Electric circuits KW - Electrical grounding KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic ignition systems KW - Ignition systems KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186998 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368940 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - RATING A VEHICLE'S HANDLING ABILITY: THE FIRST STEP IN A CHASSIS-TUNING JOB PY - 1982/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 49-54 AB - The main points in rating vehicle handling are listed and include acceleration, braking, ride, straight line, cornering and road feel aspects. The oversteer/understeer/ drift characteristics of cars are also considered. The advantages of the wider tire is noted. The free control wring-out and the accident avoidance test are discussed. Basic chassis tuning features for quick fix of understeer or oversteer are listed. Improvement of handling may also be achieved by the application of specially-engineered sway bars at both the front and rear ends. KW - Chassis KW - Driving KW - Engine tuning KW - Handling characteristics KW - Tuning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186698 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369359 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING GM'S COMPUTER COMMAND CONTROL. PART 1 PY - 1982/07 VL - 158 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-52 AB - In this part one of a two-part article, the author discusses General Motors' Computer Command Control system (CCC). This system is installed on some 1980 and on all 1981 and 1982 passenger car engines except diesels. The system's components and what they do are reviewed. KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Control systems KW - Design KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Mechanics (Persons) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187002 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369321 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATERIAL DECISIONS BASED ON ECONOMICS AND ENERGY PY - 1982/07 VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - p. 29-34 AB - Potential weight savings were estimated for intensive use of high strength steels, plastics and aluminum in a 1980 General Motors "X-car". Fuel economies of the specific material-intensive vehicle were calculated for the EPA composite city/highway driving schedule and also on the basis of drivers' actual road experience that fuel consumption averages 19 percent more than the EPA test values. Lifetime comparisons of fuel and material costs were made. Other fuel economy options are described. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light vehicles KW - Lightweight materials KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369324 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PLASTIC FUEL TANKS: A STATUS REPORT PY - 1982/07 VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - p. 63-69 AB - Plastic fuel tanks have been in large scale production at Volkswagenwerk AG since 1973 and are being considered for nearly all European passenger cars. Some of the recognized advantages of a plastic fuel tank over a metal one are: good long term behavior of material characteristics, problem-free performance in safety tests, low thermal conductivity and good performance during fires, cost savings and weight savings, no corrosion problems, and more freedom of design. This article describes the tests developed by Volkswagenwerk AG to meet the safety requirements. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Ethylene resins KW - Fire resistance KW - Fuel tanks KW - Germany KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Polyethylene KW - Safety KW - Technology KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186987 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369316 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - SOCIAL PRESSURES AND POPULAR ATTITUDES TOWARD DRINKING ARE TARGETS OF TV AND RADIO ADS PY - 1982/07 VL - 82 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - A media campaign launched by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) is discussed. Three types of campaign materials are used: TV public service announcements; radio public service announcements; and printed materials including posters, magazines, advertisements, articles, and brochures, etc. The campaign was developed on the basis of a literature review on drinking practices among teenagers and women, and the proposed campaign material was tested on focus groups. Attitudes revealed in focus group studies are noted. Two brochures aimed at teenagers are briefly described as well as television spots on how women can avoid drinking problems and refuse unwanted drinks. The pregnant woman's duty to her family is the focus of other TV spots. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Females KW - Mass media KW - Radio KW - Social factors KW - Teenage drivers KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186979 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368933 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Bowden, C L AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: DRIVER'S LICENSING IMPLICATIONS PY - 1982/07 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 29-32 AB - Persons with psychiatric disorders constitute a large and challenging group of cases coming before state medical advisory boards for driver licensing. General medical conditions of importance to driving ability often go undiagnosed in psychiatric patients. In general, assessing driving capability of persons with psychiatric disturbances is better done on the basis of functional criteria, rather than diagnostic classification. An approach to functional assessment is presented in this paper. KW - Aged drivers KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Guidelines KW - Medical advisory boards KW - Mental disorders KW - Psychiatric abnormalities KW - Psychiatry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186692 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368935 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Hales, R H AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - FUNCTIONAL ABILITY PROFILES FOR DRIVER LICENSING EXEMPLIFIED BY THE VISUAL PROFILE PY - 1982/07 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 35-38 AB - All states require licensing of drivers, in part to help protect the public against those drivers whose medical disorders are likely to lead to crashes. However, public protection by law should be involved in developing sound medical criteria for licensing based upon functional ability to measure skill, judgment and concentration. In 1979, a Medical Advisory Board (MAB) to the Utah Driver License Division was established by law. One of its first tasks was the development of medical guidelines for physicians, examiners, and applicants to aid in assessing driver qualifications. The principles and concepts, and the representative visual standards and functional profile presented here, derive from the actions of the Board, and can serve as guidelines in other states. KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver restriction KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Guidelines KW - Legislation KW - Medical advisory boards KW - Standards KW - Vision KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186694 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369325 JO - Best's Review PB - A.M. Best Company AU - Kaufmann, S J AU - Plaxico, C M AU - MITCHELL, T J AU - Best (AM) Company TI - NAMED DRIVER EXCLUSIONS: FREEDOM TO CONTRACT VS FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PY - 1982/07 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - 6 p. AB - The key points are noted of a report by the Virginia Bureau of Insurance on whether named driver exclusions should be permitted under motor vehicle liability insurance policies in Virginia. Named driver exclusions are permitted in 36 of the 51 American jurisdictions. The report contains a survey of court cases from selected states on named driver exclusions, and a discussion of the numerous advantages and disadvantages of named driver exclusions. The report also contains a listing and evaluation of a wide range of options concerning the use of named driver exclusions. The report considered options permitting named driver exclusions only under some circumstances. The study concluded that if named driver exclusions are permitted, certain conditions should be imposed. Another option that is considered is to permit named driver exclusions based upon an objective standard such as a point system. These and other recommendations made by the Bureau are noted in this article. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Courts KW - High risk drivers KW - Liability insurance KW - Named driver exclusion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368780 AU - Koppa, R J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF DRIVER INSTRUCTOR FACTORS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/07 SP - 17 p. AB - This report documents the procedures and findings of a preliminary study of biographical, demographical, and professional background factors of instructors in driver education. A number of driver education programs in Texas were visited by researchers armed with structured interview and observational procedures, and those programs were captured in a cross-sectional set of data. Student scores on an especially designed knowledge test were gathered, and these students were tracked for twelve months through their driver records with the Texas Department of Public Safety. Sixty-one instructors and nearly 1300 students formed the basis for the study. The study also featured an extensive literature survey, the results of which are documented in this report. Descriptive statistics on a reasonably broad sampling of two- and three-phase (with one four-phase) driver education programs and their personnel should prove useful to researchers. Inferences from these data of statistical significance were tentative at best. Suggestions were that older teachers tended to be less effective in producing drivers with clean records, perhaps because their presentations have become routinized. Those who followed what are considered to be accepted methods of instruction produced more drivers with violations than those who were less orthodox. Subjective rankings of instructors was a better positive predictor of good driver production than structured checklists. KW - Age KW - Driver education KW - Driving instructors KW - Effectiveness KW - Interviewing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182635 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368800 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - O'Hanlon, J F AU - Haak, T W AU - Blaauw, G J AU - RIEMERSMA, JBJ AU - American University TI - DIAZEPAM IMPAIRS LATERAL POSITION CONTROL IN HIGHWAY DRIVING PY - 1982/07 VL - 217 IS - 4554 SP - p. 79-81 AB - Nine expert drivers operated an instrumented vehicle in tests over a highway at night after being treated with diazepam (5 and 10 milligrams), a placebo, and nothing. They reacted to 10 milligrams of diazepam with increased lateral position variability. Potentially dangerous impairment was inferred from the reactions of some subjects. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Lateral placement KW - Night KW - Personnel performance KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186601 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368848 JO - Bicycling PB - Rodale Press, Incorporated AU - Brown, S C AU - Rodale Press, Incorporated TI - TOOL TIPS: NUTDRIVERS PY - 1982/07 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - In this second article in a series discussing procedures for using tools properly, the author examines nutdrivers (also called spintite), "T" wrenches, and "Y" wrenches-All three tools are very useful for in-shop bicycle work. KW - Bicycles KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Nutdrivers KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Tools KW - Wrenches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368781 AU - Koppa, R J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF DRIVER INSTRUCTOR FACTORS PY - 1982/07 SP - 118 p. AB - This report documents the procedures and findings of a preliminary study of biographical, demographical, and professional background factors of instructors in driver education. A number of driver education programs in Texas were visited by researchers armed with structured interview and observational procedures, and those programs were captured in a cross-sectional set of data. Student scores on an especially designed knowledge test were gathered, and these students were tracked for twelve months through their driver records with the Texas Department of Public Safety. Sixty-one instructors and nearly 1300 students formed the basis for the study. The study also featured an extensive literature survey, the results of which are documented in this report. Descriptive statistics on a reasonably broad sampling of two- and three-phase (with one four-phase) driver education programs and their personnel should prove useful to researchers. Inferences from these data of statistical significance were tentative at best. Suggestions were that older teachers tended to be less effective in producing drivers with clean records, perhaps because their presentations have become routinized. Those who followed what are considered to be accepted methods of instruction produced more drivers with violations than those who were less orthodox. Subjective rankings of instructors was a better positive predictor of good driver production than structured checklists. KW - Age KW - Driver education KW - Driving instructors KW - Effectiveness KW - Interviewing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182636 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368795 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Grable, R AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - GROUND-EFFECTS FOR THE STREET PY - 1982/07 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 4 p. AB - The concepts of downforce and ground-effects are explained and the effects of vehicle speed are examined. Downforce (force pushing the vehicle vertically down onto the road surface, thus increasing the cornering ability) may be developed by creating a low-pressure area under the car by three methods: mechanical evacuation, vehicle low pressure, and the venturi principle. Mechanical evacuation may offer the greatest degree of adoptability to passenger cars. Vehicle low pressure method is the easiest from an engineering standpoint and uses the low pressure area created by the vehicle itself to evacuate the vacuum chamber under the car. The venturi method is the most difficult to build. Studies favor onboard auxiliary systems to power ground effects for street applications. Being an independent system, it also offers the versatility of being used in a low mode or turned off when minimum drag is desirable. Such systems would require driver training and safety interlocks. KW - Automobiles KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Downforce KW - Downwash KW - Driver training KW - Ground effect KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186597 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368850 JO - Bicycling PB - Rodale Press, Incorporated AU - Prehn, T AU - Rodale Press, Incorporated TI - CORNERING FOR RACERS. PLUS A FEW POINTERS FOR EVERYONE PY - 1982/07 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - 3 p. AB - Taking the proper "line" is really what cornering is all about: the line is the path you travel through a corner with the minimum amount of lost speed. This illustrated article explains how not to pedal through a sharp corner and always keep the inside pedal up, which is the best position to have when cornering in a group, how to lean your body in the direction of the corner, how to use the brakes properly, what to do in the case of rain, sand or gravel, and finally how and where to practice. KW - Bicycling KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Cyclists KW - Maneuvering KW - Racing KW - Riding techniques KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186635 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368851 JO - Bicycling PB - Rodale Press, Incorporated AU - Allen, J S AU - Rodale Press, Incorporated TI - ASSERTIVE CYCLING. TAKING YOUR PLACE ON THE ROAD PY - 1982/07 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - p. 59-63 AB - This article suggests some techniques for riding a bicycle safely on rural roads and highways. The correct lane position may be anywhere from the right edge to (occasionally) left of the center of the right lane, depending on lane width and sight distances. Use of common sense, of courtesy when possible, of assertion if necessary, and knowledge of traffic law make it possible to safely share the road with all types of vehicles. KW - Cyclists KW - Defensive drivers KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Maneuvering KW - Mountains KW - Riding techniques KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186636 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368797 JO - Home & Away (Indianapolis Edition) PB - Automobile Association of America AU - Chicago Motor Club TI - IS GASOHOL RUNNING OUT OF GAS? PY - 1982/07 SP - p. 14-15 AB - Although gasohol is no longer the subject of media headlines and public demonstrations, 800 million gallons of gasohol were sold in the United States in 1981, about 15% more than in 1980. 1982 is expected to be another bumper year for gasohol. However, producers see it as a maturing but still young industry. In response to marketplace pressures, manufacturers, promoters and retailers are changing marketing strategies. Instead of touting it as an alternative fuel, they are emphasizing gasohol's octane-enhancing qualities. Gasohol is finding more acceptance when it is labelled "Super Unleaded." Users of gasohol also have the benefit of a 4 cents-per-gallon exemption from federal excise tax. Tax exemption measures have led to surveys in gasohol sales in Iowa and Illinois. It is noted that while gasoline consumption has decreased in the U.S., gasohol consumption has increased, thus indicating that gasohol is here to stay. This is also borne out by the commitment by large corporations to build ethanol plants. KW - Exemption KW - Gasoline KW - Lead free KW - Marketing KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Sales KW - Taxation KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186599 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368365 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DRUNK DRIVING LAWS PY - 1982/07 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - p. 8-9 AB - Laws regarding drunk driving have very precise meanings. Presumptive laws operate in some states where the judge or jury can presume a driver was impaired if the amount of alcohol in the blood equals or exceeds an amount specified by the law. State laws presume intoxication at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of usually 0.10 percent (0.08 in some states). A high BAC and impaired driving behavior is evidence of driving while intoxicated under presumptive laws. The illegal per se laws adopted by 19 states make it illegal in and of itself to drive with a specified BAC--0.10 percent in 18 states and 0.13 percent in Iowa. The illegal per se law provides prosecutors and defendants with an objective standard for assessing guilt or innocence and eliminates subjective evaluations by the police. The constitutionality of the above law has been studied and accepted. A table listing the 51 states and the law operating in each is included. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Per se laws KW - Presumptive laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368367 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES COLLISION COVERAGE. INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1982 MODELS PY - 1982/07 SP - 28 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results of the collision coverage loss experience of 1982 model year passenger cars during their first months of availability. The principal findings on the study are as follows: (1) the initial collision coverage losses for the 1982 models increased over the 1981 model year results during the same calendar period. The overall claim frequency increased by three percent and the average loss payment per claim by six percent, resulting in a ten percent increase in the average loss payment per insured vehicle year; (2) sports and specialty models again had the worst collision coverage loss results and station wagons the best. Generally, four-door models had better results than corresponding two-door models and bigger cars better results than smaller ones; and (3) there were large variations in the collision coverage loss experience of individual vehicle series, even among cars of the same body style group and size class. KW - Accident costs KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179158 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367985 JO - Steering Wheel PB - Texas Motor Transportation Association AU - Berger, A AU - Texas Motor Transportation Association TI - KNOW ENGINE PROTECTION SYSTEMS PY - 1982/07 VL - 47 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - This is a condensation of a lengthy article on engine protection systems which monitor engine oil and water. No system claims to offer 100% protection for all oil and/or water problems. The four most important keys to any engine protection system are to know exactly what a system will do in terms of protection, when this will occur, how it will occur, and, most importantly, what the system will not do. This article outlines the different concepts for engine protection offered by protection systems manufacturers. KW - Automobiles KW - Coolants KW - Engine oils KW - Engines KW - Monitoring KW - Oil pressure KW - Protection KW - Warning systems KW - Water KW - Water table UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182094 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367923 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Estes, B AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - CHEVY BLAZER PY - 1982/07 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - p. 78-82 AB - This article examines the 1982 diesel/overdrive Chevrolet Blazer. It compares its fuel consumption driving solo and towing a 5120-pound trailer. It then compares its performance to that of the same 6.2-liter diesel engine in a Suburban. The article includes several inserts: Performance and specifications of the 1982 Chevrolet Blazer, 6.2-liter Diesel Trailer-Towing limits by GCWR (gross combined weight rating) and GM's four-speed overdrive transmission. KW - Chevrolet automobile KW - Chevrolet blazer KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Gross combined weight rating KW - Performance KW - Specifications KW - Towing devices KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182062 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367922 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Estes, B AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - TROUBLE SHOOTING HITCHES PY - 1982/07 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - 3 p. AB - This article explains the function of a load-distributing or "equalizer" hitch used on most tow vehicles. It explains also how to see if the hitch is installed and adjusted properly and what to do if the ball mount is in improper position or if the spring bar is improperly adjusted. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Building KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Facilities KW - Hitches KW - Installation KW - Load distributing hitches KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182061 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367931 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Mercaldo, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE TROUBLE-SHOOTING QUIZ PY - 1982/07 VL - 221 IS - 1 SP - p. 105-108 AB - This quiz on auto maintenance consists of four questions and four answers: What is the problem when: (a) the water-temperature light glows intermittently; (b) the engine hesitates when it's cold; (c) the tires squeal when turning; and (d) the engine losses power at cruising speed. KW - Automobiles KW - Cruising flight KW - Cruising speed KW - Engine operation KW - Engine power loss KW - Hesitation/engine KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Power loss KW - Temperature light KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376293 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--PACIFIC INTERMOUNTAIN EXPRESS TRACTOR CARGO TANK SEMITRAILER/EAGLE F.B. TRUCK LINES, INC. TRACTOR LOWBOY SEMITRAILER, COLLISION AND FIRE, U.S. ROUTE 50, NEAR CANON CITY, COLORADO, NOVEMBER 14, 1981 PY - 1982/06/22 SP - 35 p. AB - About 8:10 a.m., m.s.t., on November 14, 1981 a westbound tractor cargo tank semitrailer loaded with approximately 9,000 gallons of gasoline sideswiped an eastbound tractor-lowboy semitrailer while attempting to negotiate a right-hand curve on a three-lane highway near Canon City, Colorado. When the cargo tank of the westbound vehicle was punctured during impact, fire erupted and rapidly engulfed the two accident vehicles and a passenger car not involved in the impact. In addition to extensive property damage, eight vehicle occupants were killed and two seriously injured as a result of the postcrash fire. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the Pacific Intermountain Express truckdriver to maintain his vehicle within the proper traffic lane during an evasive maneuver in a right curve at a speed in excess of the vehicle's critical overturn stability. Contributing to the driver's loss of control was the driver's cumulative fatigue. Contributing to the accident severity and loss of life were the puncture of the cargo tank and the ignition of the released gasoline cargo immediately following impact. KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fires KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Rollover crashes KW - Three lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399238 AU - THURSTON, J F AU - Garrett Turbine Engine Company AU - Harry Diamond Laboratories TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A FLUIDIC ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM FOR MOTORCYCLES-PHASE III PY - 1982/06/11 SP - 53 p. AB - A mechanical/fluidic sensor was designed, built, and tested. The input to the device is angular acceleration or deceleration and the output is a pneumatic pressure signal which is related to the time rate of change of acceleration. The sensor, intended for use in an antilock brake system for motorcycles, performs satisfactorily. Recommendations for further development are included. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Fluidics KW - Motorcycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371151 AU - Hand, D H AU - National Technical Systems AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND VEHICLE ACCELERATION IN A 30 MPH FRONTAL IMPACT TEST -- 1982 DODGE RAMPAGE - PICKUP - NHTSA 820608 PY - 1982/06/09 SP - 105 p. AB - The Office of Passenger Vehicle Research (OPVR) Occupant Packaging Branch (OPB) has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collision. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. The vehicle collision reported herein was performed under Contract No. DOT-HS-9-02273 entitled "Vehicle Safety Compliance Testing of Windshield Mounting, Windshield Zone Intrusion and Fuel System Integrity in a Frontal Collision", which established data on a truck type vehicle for which very little such data is presently available. The information collected includes occupant injury measurements (Ref. FMVSS 208) as well as seat belt loads, and vehicle acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant response KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452243 AU - Styles, W J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE FLASHING RED STROBE SIGNAL PY - 1982/06 SP - 26 p. AB - This original study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental Red Strobe Traffic Signal device in reducing motor vehicle accidents at some signalized intersections. The red strobe signal indication is expected to attract driver attention to the necessary stop condition provided by one or more additional red signal indications. The results of this study are inconclusive as to the effectiveness of this device. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Flashing red KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Strobes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452242 AU - Styles, W J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE FLASHING RED SIGNAL AHEAD SIGN PY - 1982/06 SP - 108 p. AB - This evaluation was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of the RED SIGNAL AHEAD (RSA) sign and develop guidelines for its use. The RSA sign is intended to increase motorist awareness of a traffic signal when this dynamic device is placed in advance of an unexpected signalized intersection. In brief, this study concludes that the RSA sign has the potential to be an effective device in reducing right angle accidents at signalized intersections where certain geometric and traffic conditions exist. The results of this study followed an investigation into accident and non-accident measures of effectiveness (MOE's). Non-accident MOE's included approach speeds, through on yellow/red interval movements and initial brake application locations. The MOE's were examined for a composite of all locations and by variations in certain key elements. Those elements considered to be significant were approach geometry, sight distance, and traffic volume. Two analyses were performed with the accident data. A three year Before/After (B/A) accident study and a one year B/A accident study with a "control" group. Both accident analyses concur that a significant reduction in right angle accidents followed the installation of the RSA sign. The analyses were not conclusive regarding effects on rear end, total and truck accidents. There was some indication that rear end accidents tend to increase. For total accidents as well as truck accidents the two analyses disagree on the RSA sign's effectiveness. The non-accident MOE's revealed that the RSA sign influences approach speeds, but does not appear to affect through on yellow/red interval movements. Also, the initial brake applications appeared to be a function of the geometric approach to the intersection. These same non-accident MOE's and the above accident MOE's were used to compare the RSA sign with the SYMBOL SIGNAL AHEAD/YELLOW (continuously) Flashing Beacons (W3-3/YFB) device. KW - Approach KW - Approach lanes KW - Approach speed KW - Before and after studies KW - Braking KW - Driver information systems KW - Evaluation KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Geometric design KW - Intersection approach KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear end crashes KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Sight distance KW - Signalized intersections KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic volume KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399250 AU - Hannemann, N E AU - SYSON, S R AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT-STUDY OF STEERING ASSEMBLIES FOR EVALUATION, RATING AND IMPROVEMENT OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/06 SP - 305 p. AB - A series of static component and dynamic systems tests were conducted on a number of production steering assemblies. Based on the results of these tests the protective capability, afforded the unrestrained driver, for each steering assembly was evaluated and rated against the other production steering assemblies. The Hybrid III dummy was used in the dynamic tests and chest deflection was one of the response criteria used to assess performance. In addition to recording the standard performance criteria on the Hybrid III during the dynamic testing, new techniques were developed for measuring chest contact area and abdomen penetration. The final dynamic testing method gives a much more realistic evaluation of the safety performance of steering assemblies than the current FMVSS203 test procedure. KW - Abdomen KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Steering columns KW - Steering wheels KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396150 AU - Reis, R E AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE TRAFFIC SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL COUNSELING PROGRAMS FOR MULTIPLE OFFENSE DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1982/06 SP - 165 p. AB - This document is the final report concerning the effectiveness of the CDUI Project's educational counseling programs for multiple DUI offenders. There is a complemental report on education program effectiveness for first offenders. Multiple (second) offense drunk drivers were randomly assigned to year-long group counseling--with and without chemotherapy (disulfiram), or biweekly contacts (26, 15-minute interviews over a year), or a non-treatment control group. Treatment effectiveness was measured by DUI offenses, accident involvement, and client life changes occurring subsequent to assignment. Considering the total second offender research sample, the results indicated that the counseling programs produced a significant reduction in DUI recidivism relative to the control group. The addition of chemotherapy to counseling had no significant effect on recidivism. Biweekly contacts were found to be as effective in reducing DUI recidivism as group counseling during the treatment period, but there was a tendency for the biweekly contacts effect to diminish more rapidly following the end of treatment contact. The analysis of client subsamples suggested that the biweekly contacts procedure was not appropriate for all clients. The procedure appeared particularly ineffective for the more highly educated clients (one or more years college). The Project's treatment programs had no significant effect on accident involvement. Neither of the secondary interventions, letter monitoring or follow-up interviews, had any traffic safety impact. For clients who completed their counseling program, chemotherapy was effective in helping them reduce their total alcohol consumption. Consumption was maintained at a lower level than would have been expected without chemotherapy for up to 14 months beyond the termination of the disulfiram support. Other life areas showed no treatment effects. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Chemotherapy KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Group counseling KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Psychotherapy KW - Recidivism KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396151 AU - Reis, R E AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE TRAFFIC SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR FIRST OFFENSE DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1982/06 SP - 101 p. AB - This document is the final report concerning the effectiveness of the CDUI Project's education programs for first DUI offenders. There is a complemental report on educational counseling program effectiveness for multiple offenders. First offense drunk drivers were randomly assigned to a home study program, an in-class education program, or a non-treatment control group. Treatment effectiveness was measured by DUI offenses, accident involvement, and client life changes occurring subsequent to assignment. When the total first offender research sample was analyzed, the results indicated that both of the education programs produced significant reductions in DUI recidivism relative to the control group but there was no significant difference between the home study and in-class education methods. The analysis of client subsamples suggested that the home study program was not appropriate for all clients, but for the majority of clients the two education methods were equally effective. The Project's education programs had no effect on accident involvement, or on client life status. Neither of the secondary interventions, letter monitoring and follow-up interviews, had any traffic safety impact. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recidivism KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387425 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1982 DRIVER LICENSE. ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1982/06 SP - 48 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. possessions and territories, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. An additional section is included showing comparable data for Canada. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Fees KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385579 JO - Australian Road Research PB - ARRB Group Limited AU - Anderton, P J AU - Cole, B L AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - CONTOUR SEPARATION AND SIGN LEGIBILITY PY - 1982/06 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 103-109 AB - Closely adjacent contours can reduce the legibility of a character or word, a physiological phenomenon known as contour interaction. The legibility of an alphanumeric legend can be reduced as a consequence of this phenomenon if the spacing between letters is narrowed, although it has been shown that the loss of legibility is usually too small to be of practical significance. In this paper it is shown that a bold surrounding contour can cause a more significant loss of legibility. However, variation in the luminance (brightness) of the display within the range of 30 to 100 cd/sq m does not affect legibility or the extent of contour interaction. KW - Contours KW - Design KW - Legibility KW - Luminous intensity KW - Separation KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203305 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385590 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Garg, A AU - BAKKEN, G M AU - Saxena, U AU - Human Factors Society TI - EFFECT OF SEAT BELTS AND SHOULDER HARNESSES ON FUNCTIONAL ARM REACH PY - 1982/06 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - p. 367-372 AB - A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different types of harnesses (lap belt, lap belt with crossed shoulder harness, and lap belt with parallel shoulder harness) on functional arm reach. Six male college students grasped a rotatable cylindrical handle as far away from the seat reference vertical line as was comfortably possible. Three different vertical heights and eight different azimuth angles were used. Contour curves for the reach envelopes are presented. The type of harness and height level had a significant effect on arm reach. Reach envelopes for the crossed and parallel harnesses were, on the average, 15 and 24% lower than the reach envelope for the lap belt. Of the three reach heights compared, the 110.5-cm reach envelope provided the greatest functional arm reach. KW - Arm reach KW - Human subject testing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203316 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385592 JO - Australian Road Research PB - ARRB Group Limited AU - CAIRNEY, P T AU - Sless, D AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - EVALUATING THE UNDERSTANDING OF SYMBOLIC ROADSIDE INFORMATION SIGNS PY - 1982/06 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 97-102 AB - A set of uniform roadside information symbolic signs proposed by NAASRA for inclusion in Australian Standard AS1742 was evaluated in a Recognition Test and a later Recall Test. Although the five groups of respondents, who differed widely in driving experience, differed in the proportion of correct answers given, there was a moderate degree of consistency as to how well signs were understood. While the "Youth Hostel" and "Petrol and Repairs" signs gave rise to particular difficulty on the Recognition Test, only the latter was poorly identified on the Recall Test. Between-group differences in per cent correct identification in both tests were apparently related to driving experience, with the group of elderly respondents giving fewest correct answers. Signs differed in the extent to which prior exposure aided correct identification. The sources of the difficulties experienced by the elderly are discussed in terms of expectations about symbolic signing systems and difficulties in translating unfamiliar symbolic material. KW - Driver information systems KW - Perception KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recognition KW - Roadside information KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385608 AU - DeLCan Consulting Engineers and Planners AU - Transport Canada TI - ON HIGHWAY EVALUATION OF SPLASH AND SPRAY DEVICES UNDER COLD WEATHER OPERATING CONDITIONS. PHASE II FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - v.p. AB - The risk of a traffic accident is greatly increased when visibility is reduced under adverse weather conditions. One source of reduced visibility is the generation of water splash and spray from vehicles traveling at high speeds on a wet road. The vehicle after market industry has developed add-on devices to reduce the effect of truck splash and spray on adjacent vehicle lanes. One of these devices, the textured wheel flaps with skirt, is the subject of this investigation which was designed to determine whether its performance is susceptible to degradation under winter conditions as a result of ice or snow build-up, and whether its durability is markedly inferior to a standard flap. KW - Cold weather KW - Degradation KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Operations KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201540 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385589 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Sturgis, S P AU - Osgood, D J AU - Human Factors Society TI - EFFECTS OF GLARE AND BACKGROUND LUMINANCE ON VISUAL ACUITY AND CONTRAST SENSITIVITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR DRIVER NIGHT VISION TESTING PY - 1982/06 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - p. 347-360 AB - The visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of two groups of 30 male and female drivers (aged 20-25, 40-45, and 60-65 years) were measured over a range of background luminances and in the presence of glare. Results showed that (1) visual acuity decreased significantly with both increasing age and decreasing background luminance, (2) threshold target luminance increased significantly with age, (3) glare had a multiplicative effect on threshold target luminance that was independent of age, and (4) there were high correlations between vision measures made at "high" and "low" background luminances and under glare. It is concluded that a "night driving" vision test could be successfully based upon measurement of visual acuity at low luminance. Whereas the rate at which drivers would fail such a test is dependent upon the acuity required and the definition of "low" luminance chosen, the failure rate would increase significantly with age; this would primarily affect the older portion of the driving population. KW - Age KW - Backgrounds KW - Contrast KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Females KW - Glare KW - Luminous intensity KW - Males KW - Night vision KW - Sensitivity KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385778 JO - Evaluation Review PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Medoff, M H AU - Magaddino, J P AU - Sage Publications, Incorporated TI - AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF NO-FAULT INSURANCE PY - 1982/06 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 373-392 AB - A cross-sectional study of state loss experiences in 1977 were analyzed to test whether or not states that adopted no-fault automobile insurance laws experienced a reduction in deterrence. The results showed that pure no-fault states, mandatory no-fault states, and compulsory no-fault states experienced increases in their loss ratios of 7.449%, 6.308%, and 3.955%, respectively. Further analysis found that states that adopted no-fault insurance did not have significantly higher loss experiences before the adoption of such laws. Estimates of the cost savings from the adoption of no-fault insurance suggest annual benefits in the range of $28.8 million to $67 million. Employing these estimates to construct a benefit-cost ratio implies a ratio between 1.17 and 1.31. However, such estimates are subject to important qualifications and the conclusion that no-fault automobile insurance is economically efficient is tenuous, at best. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Deterrence KW - Laws KW - Losses KW - No fault insurance KW - Safety KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381371 AU - Energy and Environmental Analysis, Incorporated AU - Department of Energy TI - ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT AND PROJECTED FUTURE TRENDS IN LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE FUEL SWITCHING. SUBTASK 1 REPORT. PY - 1982/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report identifies and examines trends in the fuel switching behavior of owners of light-duty vehicles during the period 1978 through 1981. Variations in fuel switching are assessed with respect to regional differences, fuel price differentials, seasonal fluctuations, type of service station retail outlet, vehicle category, and vehicle age. In addition, the sensitivity of the market share of leaded gasoline to a range of alternative future trends in vehicle fuel switching is assessed with the aid of the U.S. Department of Energy's Highway Fuel Consumption Model. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automobiles KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Light trucks KW - Light vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Prices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380584 AU - Inigo, R M AU - MCVEY, E S AU - Moore, J W AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Department of Transportation TI - APPLICATION OF IMAGE PROCESSING TO VEHICLE GUIDANCE AND SAFETY PY - 1982/06 SP - 169 p. AB - This report covers the second year of the two-year research contract on the application of image processing to vehicle guidance and safety. The purpose of the research was to establish fundamental system concepts for using machine vision in the control of vehicles and to make feasibility studies on the various technologies involved. The results are aimed towards building experimental hardware for one or more modes of system operation. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Guidance systems KW - Guidance systems (Aircraft) KW - Image processing KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380070 AU - Freedman, M AU - Davit, P S AU - Ketron, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED CONSPICUITY TO THE SIDES AND REAR OF MOTORCYCLES AND MOPEDS PY - 1982/06 SP - v.p. AB - This research utilized accident data analysis, expert opinion, a controlled laboratory simulation study and an observational field study to determine whether practical and feasible vehicle-mounted side and rear conspicuity aids could be developed for motorcycles and mopeds. Significant differences between various side and rear conspicuity-enhancing treatments were found in the laboratory study that simulated their appearance in day and night, urban and rural conditions. Although the observational field study did not indicate significant driver behavioral differences in response to each treatment, a trend suggesting that a twin or triple taillamp improved rear conspicuity and that reflectorization improved side conspicuity was noted. KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Side KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379401 AU - Fancher, P S AU - O'Day, J AU - Winkler, C B AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RETARDERS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES: PHASE II FIELD EVALUATIONS PY - 1982/06 SP - 109 p. AB - A field survey of 117 heavy trucks operating on severe grades near Cumberland, Maryland has produced findings indicating that the average temperature of brakes on vehicles equipped with retarders is approximately 60 deg C less than that found on vehicles without retarders. No evidence was found to suggest that commercial vehicles equipped with retarders have foundation brakes which are better maintained than those installed on nonretarder-equipped vehicles. In fact, truck brake maintenance appears, in general, to be rather poor, given that many of the inspected vehicles had one or more brakes out of proper adjustment. It can be concluded that the lower temperatures observed on vehicles equipped with retarders should lead to benefits in both safety and brake wear. The retardation forces deriving from engine "drag," aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and retarder systems were measured in a test program utilizing a trailer to serve as a "Mobile Retardation Dynamometer" (MRD). The characteristics of the MRD are described. Retardation measurements performed on two tractors and three retarders are presented. A detailed description is given of the calculation procedure developed to predict the retardation performance of trucks. Example calculations employing data obtained with the MRD are presented. The procedure, as presented, assists the user in selecting a retarder for a particular application. KW - Brakes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Temperature KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379402 AU - Gilmour, J L AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER COST EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS--FMVSS 103 AND 104 PY - 1982/06 SP - 193 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementations of FMVSS 103 and 104 were determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicle components. These standards cover: (1) FMVSS 103 Windshield Defrosting and Defogging Systems; and (2) FMVSS 104 Windshield Wiping and Washing Systems. A group of comparable makes and models was selected which was representative of vehicle systems prior to and after the effective date of the standards. Components removed from the selected vehicles were used to establish the changes in the comparable systems. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the implementation of the standards. KW - Analysis KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Macroanalysis KW - Manufacturing KW - Microanalysis KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379427 AU - Essex, D W AU - Weinerth, W D AU - Health Care Agency TI - EFFECTS OF TREATMENT ON THE DUI OFFENDER IN VENTURA COUNTY PY - 1982/06 SP - 14 p. AB - The Alcohol Information School (AIS) treats persons for problem drinking and/or alcoholism. Participants are those persons referred by courts following conviction for a first or subsequent offense of driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor (DUI). First offenders are assigned to the Level I program for five weeks of treatment. Multiple offenders are assigned to the Level II program for one year of treatment, in lieu of license suspension or revocation. Three studies examined the effectiveness of the AIS programs by (a) determining the percent of participants who were not rearrested for a DUI or related offense for up to four years after their original conviction, and then (b) comparing these survival rates to the survival rates of other DUI offenders who either received no treatment or who had their licenses suspended or revoked. There were two biases in the data that require further research for clarification. However, they tended to offset each other. Overall, the three studies supported an AIS treatment effect: in all 13 key comparisons the AIS participants had a higher survival rate, and in 11 of the 13 comparisons the survival rates were significantly higher. Level I participants had an average 10% higher survival rate than did a statewide sample of DUI first offenders who received no treatment, and a 6% higher survival rate when compared to a Ventura no treatment sample. Level II participants had an average 5% and 10% higher survival rate than did a statewide sample of DUI multiple offenders who had their licenses either suspended or revoked, respectively. Drop outs from the Levels I and II programs were at significantly higher risk of repeating their offense when compared to completers, suggesting that drop outs may be a logical target for additional countermeasures. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recidivism KW - Schools KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379452 AU - Peck, R C AU - KUAN, J AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - A STATISTICAL MODEL OF INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENT RISK PREDICTION USING DRIVER RECORD, TERRITORY AND OTHER BIOGRAPHICAL FACTORS PY - 1982/06 SP - 50 p. AB - The present report is a revised version of a report chapter prepared in 1979 as part of the California Department of Insurance study pursuant to Assembly Concurrent Resolution 100. The objectives of the study were: (1) to determine the relative importance of territory, prior driving record and other variables in predicting future accident involvement; and (2) to determine whether a driver's area of residence is a fair and actuarially sound rating factor. Starting with two separate random samples totaling more than 90,000 drivers, various prediction models were developed using multiple regression techniques to predict subsequent three year accident involvement frequency. Although both territory and prior driving record proved to have some validity in predicting a driver's accident risk, the accuracy of the prediction was low, with multiple correlations ranging from .08 to .25. Prior driving record, particularly a driver's previous number of traffic convictions, was a much better predictor than was territory. Although absence of accident cost (insurance loss) information precludes precise validation of insurance rate setting practices, both territory and prior driving record appear justifiable as rate factors. However, the relatively small unique predictive contribution of territory suggests that territory may be less important than previously believed. KW - Accident costs KW - Correlation analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Driver records KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Insurance KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Random sampling KW - Rates KW - Residential location KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373915 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Tidbury, G H AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - VEHICLE STRUCTURAL MECHANICS PY - 1982/06 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This article reports on the SAE conference on vehicle structural mechanics, the fourth in the series, held on November 18-20, 1982. As in previous conferences the emphasis was on finite element structural analysis but there was a significant difference in style. There is now a trend toward a large mesh or even an "all beam" idealization of the structure, rather than the fine mesh idealization of previous authors. The international recognition of the conference was emphasized by the number of countries contributing papers. There was a lack of papers resulting from joint research by the industries and universities. The conference was divided into five sections: crashworthiness; non-linear system analysis; structural optimization; analytical methods; and analysis and design applications. The papers presented in each of these sections are briefly summarized in this article. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Conferences KW - Crashworthiness KW - Finite element method KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Optimization KW - Structural mechanics KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373596 AU - CHI, GYH AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF FMVSS 213 (CHILD SEATING SYSTEMS) PY - 1982/06 SP - 76 p. AB - This study investigates the effect of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213 (Child Seating System) in terms of reducing injuries to children age 0-4 in crashes. The analysis is based on the police reported accident files from the states of New York (1975-1978) and Maryland (1977-1980). Because police reported accident data do not contain the necessary details needed to conduct a proper evaluation of the standard, this study is limited to measuring the effectiveness of child seating systems of all kinds as they were used on the road whether or not properly installed and/or used. The results necessarily underestimate the true effectiveness of properly used and dynamically tested child seating systems. The analysis suggests that both lap/lap and shoulder belts and child seating systems are most effective in reducing serious to fatal injuries in children, and less effective, though still significant, in reducing moderate to fatal, or any injuries. Although lap/lap and shoulder belts appear to be more effective than the child seating systems, the difference is not statistically significant. It is felt that this apparent difference could perhaps be attributed to improper usage of child seating systems. Child seating systems placed on the front seats are significantly more effective that lap/lap and shoulder belts in reducing all levels of injuries, and particularly in serious to fatal injuries for children age 0-1. KW - Children KW - Evaluation KW - Front seats KW - Highways KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Safety standards KW - Seats KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186035 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373569 JO - Traffic Research Circular PB - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand AU - Hurst, P M AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PY - 1982/06 IS - 19 SP - 9 p. AB - This circular presents the results of a survey by Market Research of New Zealand to ascertain whether the observed trends from earlier surveys were continuing. The surveys pertained to alcohol impaired driving and revealed a progressive hardening of attitude against the impaired driver, and a gradually increasing support for the enforcement of drinking-driving laws. The current survey revealed that the hardening of public attitudes toward the impaired driver continues to progress. This is especially evidenced by the increased endorsement of random testing. There is a general increase suggested for traffic safety awareness, as witnessed by increased support for the 80 km/h speed limit. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371133 AU - Collins, B L AU - Lerner, N D AU - Pierman, B C AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health TI - SYMBOLS FOR INDUSTRIAL SAFETY PY - 1982/06 SP - 157 p. AB - Written signs are commonly used in industrial sites to provide hazard warnings and safety information. The use of safety symbols may increase the effectiveness of safety communication, because such signs are language-free, and because they can be recognized more rapidly and accurately than written text even under some conditions of interference and distraction. The effectiveness of safety symbols critically depends upon the selection of symbolic images which are readily understandable to the intended audience. A four phase evaluation of a set of selected industrial worksite symbols is described. The four phases involved identification of 33 key safety messages, selection of candidate symbols for each message, evaluation of the understandability of the candidate symbols, and determination of the preference for the 87 candidate images, using both industrial and nonindustrial (naive) personnel. Symbol understandability, in terms of percentage of correct responses and confusions, varied widely for the thirty-three referents. Despite standardized use or a number of years, the radiation, biohazard, and laser symbols were frequently misidentified. Symbols for protective gear, first aid, and emergency equipment were generally correctly identified. The different images selected for various hazards show the greatest range in understandability, with the results for symbolic versions of entanglement, electricity, corrosion, and overhead hazard being quite different. The preference data generally support the understandability data, with the most correctly identified image usually being the most preferred image. Participants also provided insightful comments about the reasons for their choices, including ideas about the visibility, representativeness, and effectiveness of the images proposed for each referent. KW - Communication media KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Mass media KW - Pictograms KW - Safety KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Standards KW - Symbols KW - Visual aids KW - Visual perception KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371153 AU - Stevens, H O AU - Arne, V L AU - Shadlesky, P S AU - Thiokol Chemical Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE PYROTECHNIC INFLATOR FOR AUTOMOBILE INFLATABLE RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1982/06 SP - 140 p. AB - A general computer program was developed that simulates the performance of pyrotechnic inflators designed specifically for automobile inflatable restraint systems. The output format is compatible with the existing NHTSA DEPLOY program and as such, can be used directly in a systems analysis approach to inflatable restraint system design. The simulation has been verified by both existing data and specific inflator tests conducted under this study. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted which illustrates the effectiveness of the simulation and identifies necessary changes for further program improvement. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Inflatable devices KW - Passenger restraints KW - Pyrotechnics KW - Restraint systems KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184511 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370275 JO - Fleet Owner PB - Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - RETREADING RADIALS: NEW DEMANDS GENERATE AUTOMATED TECHNIQUES PY - 1982/06 VL - 77 IS - 6 SP - p. 107-108 AB - By 1985, an estimated 65 percent of the U.S. replacement truck tire market is forecast to be radial, up from today's 40 percent share. At the same time, the use of retreads is on the rise as new-tire prices escalate. Fleets are retreading their tires one or more times and experts say that a good steel-belted-radial-truck-tire casing can be retreaded three to four times and will give 10 percent better mileage than the original tire. This article focuses on the new radial-retreading technology, imported from Europe, which is now gaining acceptance in the United States, specifically the Italian "Italmatic System" introduced by the Oliver Rubber Company, Oakland, California. KW - Photomechanics KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Retreaded tires KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370679 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - INFORMATIONAL REPORT ON THE MEASUREMENT OF DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PY - 1982/06 SP - 150 p. AB - Diesel particulate is a complex mixture of many components, including carbonaceous solid particles, several thousand hydrocarbon species adsorbed/condensed on particles, sulfates, metal oxides, and wear material. This report deals with the measurement of total particulate mass, not its chemical characterization. This report is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides introductory material relevant to the report. Chapter 2 describes laboratory practices to be followed in the individual measurements. Chapter 3 explains how unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon particles interact to give dilution system effects. Chapter 4 discusses the repeatability and interlaboratory comparisons of particulate mass measurements from both light-duty and heavy-duty diesel engines. Chapter 5 delineates the variety of dilution tunnel configurations in use for light-duty and heavy-duty engine steady-state and transient applications. Chapter 6 describes research methods of measuring the real-time diesel particulate mass emission rate for engine diagnostic purposes. Chapter 7 presents a detailed list of conclusions and recommendations from each of the other chapters. KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Dilution KW - Emission rates KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Laboratory tests KW - Light vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184092 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370217 JO - Fleet Owner PB - Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated AU - Hall, W AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - ADDING LIFE TO YOUR AIR-BRAKES PY - 1982/06 VL - 77 IS - 6 SP - p. 98-108 AB - About 85% of all problems associated with air valves are caused by some form of system contamination. Keeping the air systems "dry" and free of dirt and other contaminants will protect the air compressor and ensure efficient braking and air delivery. A troubleshooting chart is provided to help pinpoint causes of problems. Anti-contaminant design is considered and observations are made regarding the use of antifreeze. Air dryers will help prevent water freezing and recommendations are made as to their correct use. Recommendations are also made with regard to the safe and effective cleaning of the system and the regular draining of the air tanks. It is stressed that preventive maintenance is vital. KW - Air brakes KW - Air compressors KW - Antifreeze KW - Cleaning KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Design KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Troubleshooting KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187557 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369639 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Radermacher, K AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - THE BMW ETA ENGINE CONCEPT PY - 1982/06 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - p. 21-24 AB - BMW's ETA engine represents a promising concept in terms of fuel economy and low noise levels, without presenting any significant disadvantages in any other respect. The diesel engine, in turn, is characterized by two features that are important to the customer: it offers even greater fuel economy in city traffic, but is a lot more expensive to purchase. The author shows, by rational argument that suitably designed gasoline engines, such as the ETA, can challenge the diesel in terms of operating efficiency. KW - Bayerische Motoren Werke KW - Bmw/bayerische motoren werke KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electronics KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369612 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Whisman, M L AU - Woodward, P W AU - Department of Energy TI - TRENDS IN MOTOR GASOLINES: 1942-1981 PY - 1982/06 SP - 27 p. AB - Trends in motor gasolines for the years of 1942 through 1981 have been evaluated based upon data contained in surveys that have been prepared and published by the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (BETC). These surveys have been published twice annually since 1935 describing the properties of motor gasolines from throughout the country. The surveys have been conducted in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute (API) since 1948. Various companies from throughout the country obtain samples from retail outlets, analyze the samples by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures, and report data to the Bartlesville center for compilation, tabulation, calculation, analysis and publication. A typical motor gasoline report covers 2400 samples from service stations throughout the country representing some 48 companies that manufacture and supply gasoline. The reports include trend charts, octane plots, and tables of test results from about a dozen different tests. From these data in 77 semiannual surveys, a summary report has thus been assembled that shows trends in motor gasolines throughout the entire era of winter 1942-1943 to the present. Trends of physical properties including octane numbers, antiknock ratings, distillation temperatures, Reid vapor pressure, sulfur and lead content are tabulated, plotted and discussed in the current report. Also included are trend effects of technological advances and the interactions of engine design, societal and political events and prices upon motor gasoline evolution during the 40 year period. KW - Data KW - Gasoline KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Physical properties KW - Politics KW - Prices KW - Samples KW - Service stations KW - Sulfur KW - Tables (Data) KW - Technology KW - Test results KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369737 JO - VTI Topics PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Kolsrud, B AU - Nilsson, G AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - TRAFFIC PROCESS PROGRAMME. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROAD SURFACE AND JOURNEY SPEED. STAGE 2. COMPARISONS BETWEEN SURFACE TREATMENT AND PAVEMENT RENEWAL PY - 1982/06 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - p. 3-4 AB - The bulletin describes the second stage (first stage of the study found that speeds increased somewhat after maintenance measures on heavily worn roads) of the study which compared roads where surface treatment had been applied with roads where pavement renewal had been carried out. Seventeen locations were studied where the pavement had been improved by maintenance, measurements being made before and after the surfacing material was applied. Comparisons were made with control locations. No differences were found in the effects on speed between the two types of pavements, or with regard to before and after characteristics at the newly surfaced locations. However, a general and statistically significant average speed increase of 1.4 km/h occurred as a result of the application of surface maintenance. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187227 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369739 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - ADVANCES IN ENGINE COMPONENTS. DEVELOPMENTS AT AE GROUP COMPANIES, PART ONE: PISTON DEVELOPMENTS PY - 1982/06 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-27 AB - A conference which focussed on research and development in engine components that has led to improvements in the efficiency of the overall power unit is reported. A paper on "Light Weight Pistons for Petrol Engines" described how three routes to piston weight reduction in the interests of fuel economy could lead to a 25% reduction in reciprocating mass -- without risky and expensive solutions. A paper on "New Piston Features for Truck, Off-highway and Industrial Design Engines" maintained that important design/development features governing the shape of heavy-duty high-speed diesel engine pistons are controlled expansion skirts, cross-hole strength, crown cracking, insulated crowns, oil cooling and high top-rings. A paper entitled "AEconoguide Low Friction Piston Skirt Design" described a new piston in which the normal full contact area of the skirt profile on thrust and non-thrust faces is replaced by small pads standing 0.025 mm proud of the skirt. These are machined on specially designed equipment. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Engine components KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187229 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369627 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Smith, J D AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - TACKLING GEAR NOISE PROBLEMS PY - 1982/06 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - p. 13-15 AB - This article gives an account of work carried out by researchers at Cambridge University in the field of gear induced vibration and noise. The major problem addressed is the determination of the transmission error (TE) of the drive. TE is defined as the difference between the actual output shaft position and the position that the output shaft would be if the drive were perfect and had no errors or deflections. It is usually inferred that torque is constant. The discussion is presented under the following sub-headings: the importance of TE; sections of investigation; measurement of TE; system response to TE; and future developments. KW - Development KW - Gears KW - Noise KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transmission errors and interference KW - Transmissions KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187177 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369629 JO - Changing Times PB - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated AU - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated TI - CAR REPAIRS THAT CAN WAIT PY - 1982/06 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - p. 32-33 AB - This article explains the difference between the minor signs of distress from your car that you can delay investigating and repairing for a while, and the major signals that tell you to do something fast, lest you end up with big and expensive trouble. Investigated are fluid leaks, shocks and tires, the exhaust system, brake pads and linings, drive belts, and tune-ups. KW - Automobiles KW - Belt drives KW - Brake shoes KW - Brakes KW - Emission control systems KW - Engine tuning KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fluids KW - Leakage KW - Maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Shock absorbers KW - Tires KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187179 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369738 JO - VTI Topics PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - NYGAARD, B AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - EXPERIMENTS WITH A LANE CHANGE SIGN AND DIFFERENT ROAD SIGNS PY - 1982/06 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - p. 11-13 AB - Several different suggestions for the design of a new sign indicating a lane change have been presented and their effectiveness investigated through interviews. The immediate understanding of the meaning of the signs and the reactions to it were studied. The replies given by test subjects are discussed in the report. It is noted that the results obtained should be checked against a field experiment under realistic conditions. Such an experiment is expected to be reported shortly. KW - Design KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Interviewing KW - Lane changing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187228 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369636 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THE FIRST NORDIC CONGRESS ON TRAFFIC MEDICINE SWEDEN, 8-11 JUNE 1982, LINKOEPING UNIVERSITY PY - 1982/06 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-26 AB - Comments made at the conference are recorded in this article. Traffic accidents in Nordic countries have been noted to have decreased in recent years. A collective approach to questions of traffic safety has yielded results. The interdisciplinary nature of traffic medicine has made possible the coordinated study of the components of the traffic system, namely the individual, the vehicle, and the environment. The director's address analyzed the situation and covered such aspects as mortality and morbidity statistics, accident trends in developed countries, and the economic costs of accidents. The need for a program of a road accident prevention is discussed. The main elements of a comprehensive program are discussed and include intersectoral coordination, information and statistics, health factors and human behavior, life styles and environment factors, vulnerable groups, safety education, planning and organizing of emergency services, long-term effects of injury-causing accidents, and legislation. The traffic safety of children is covered in another presentation. A further presentation notes the need for coordinated research in road and traffic activities and human behavior. Resolutions adopted by the First Nordic Congress on Traffic Medicine are summarized. These resolutions relate to the responsibility for the prevention of road traffic accidents, driver vision, alcohol and drugs, and cyclists. KW - Accident costs KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Automotive medicine KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Interdisciplinary KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Laws KW - Minors KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187183 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369367 JO - Collision PB - Info--Quest, Incorporated AU - Wayne, A J AU - Info--Quest, Incorporated TI - HANDLING U.S. CUSTOMS FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT PY - 1982/06 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 48-51 AB - This article gives general information on commercial importing of automotive equipment, parts or accessories. After suggesting that for purchases that will not fit into a suitcase, the purchaser needs a broker's help through customs regulations, duty rates and entry procedures, the article covers specific topics as follows: documents; transport; insurance; customs; and landed cost. An insert provides duty rates on selected items from the Tariff Schedules of the United States as of March 24, 1982. KW - Accessories KW - Automobiles KW - Customs administration KW - Duties KW - Imports KW - International borders KW - Laws KW - Parts KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369363 JO - Trial PB - Association of Trial Lawyers of America AU - PETERS, G A AU - Association of Trial Lawyers of America TI - BATTERY EXPLOSIONS--WITH ACID EJECTED INTO EYES AND FACE. PART I PY - 1982/06 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 6 p. AB - This article examines the phenomenon of exploding batteries from accident data that suggest the magnitude of the problem and from a study of the attitudes that have created and perpetuated the problem. It concludes that we have a serious public health and safety problem where thousands of motorists and service mechanics are being injured each year and where few consumers recognize and comprehend the potential danger that lies beneath the hoods of millions of automobiles. It asks: Should consumers expect an unending series of battery explosions that propel acid into human eyes, or should they have the right to expect that such avoidable individual tragedies will terminate in the near future? KW - Attitudes KW - Consumers KW - Electric batteries KW - Explosions KW - Eye KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Liability KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Public health KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187005 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00369355 AU - Sharman, P W AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers TI - THE EFFECT OF JOINT FLEXIBILITY ON THE TORSION OF A VEHICLE BODY PY - 1982/06 VL - 196 SP - p. 191-197 AB - Experiments on thin fabricated box members in a tee joint configuration revealed deformations which could not be correlated with beam-type models, even when spring elements were introduced at the joint. The behaviour was also observed in finite element analyses of the joints. Part of the cab structure of a heavy goods vehicle which formed a plane frame with fabricated members of closed cross-section was tested in torsion and the stiffness compared with theoretical predictions. The application of classical beam and torsional theory gave a result which was approximately ten times the experimental value. A further theoretical estimate, which included the joint flexibility as predicted by a finite element model of the localized region at the joint, gave an improved result which was 26 per cent higher than the experimental value. U1 - Institution of Mechanical Engineers Proceedings KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Finite element method KW - Flexibility KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Torsion KW - Vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369358 AU - Williams, A F AU - Wells, J K AU - LUND, A K AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SEAT BELT USE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS PY - 1982/06 SP - 17 p. AB - Seat belt use of drivers was observed at six high schools in Maryland and, for comparison, at locations near each school. Belt use rates varied with socioeconomic status of the areas in which the schools were located. Use rates for high school drivers ranged from one percent to 21 percent; for non-high school drivers the range was 8 to 31 percent. For the six schools, the ranking of use rates from lowest to highest was the same for high school and non-high school drivers. However, at each school, belt use rates for high school drivers were lower than for non-high school drivers. At five of the schools, use rates for non-high school drivers were more than double the rates for high school drivers; they were more than five times as high at three schools. Since teenagers have much higher crash rates than older drivers, they are more likely to need crash protection. Prior research suggests that the most reliable way substantial increases can be made in the extent to which teenagers are restrained in crashes is by providing restraints that work automatically, such as air bags. KW - Adolescents KW - Air bags KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Belt use rate KW - High schools KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety equipment KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183089 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00369353 AU - Radermacher, K AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - FISITA MEDAL LECTURE--THE BMV ETA ENGINE CONCEPT PY - 1982/06 VL - 196 SP - p. 95-103 AB - The desire to conserve mineral oil reserves has resulted in drastic increases in the cost of fuel which has become the predominant factor in operating cost criteria. Thus intensive efforts are being made throughout the automotive industry to reduce fuel consumption. Next to minimizing resistance forces, the optimization of engine and transmission offers the greatest potential for achieving this goal. For spark ignition engines this is best achieved by adapting the most efficient engine parameters to coincide with the general operating conditions. The BMW Eta engine concept when compared with current engine characteristics gives a comparable vehicle performance at considerably lower engine speeds with higher torque output. In general operating conditions this results in fuel savings of up to 15 per cent. U1 - Institution of Mechanical Engineers Proceedings KW - Electronics KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Optimization KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Torque KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186999 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369366 JO - Collision PB - Info--Quest, Incorporated AU - Info--Quest, Incorporated TI - COLLISION AUTOMOTIVE SURVEY--ARE YOU UP ON YOUR RULES AND REGS? PY - 1982/06 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 4-6 AB - A survey was conducted to determine what type of consumer protection is available with regard to automobile sales, insurance, salvage, and repair. The survey covered 10 Northeastern states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Survey results are presented in chart format with brief discussion following. Overall it was found that each state protects its consumers, but the laws and regulations vary from state to state. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Laws KW - Protection KW - Purchasing KW - Regulations KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Salvage KW - States KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187008 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00369354 AU - Cernes, C D AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - ROAD TRANSPORT--OUR OPPORTUNITIES PY - 1982/06 VL - 196 SP - p. 149-164 AB - The chairman addresses the impact of future change on the life of the professional automotive engineer, external factors influencing change, the British bus industry requirements, the export bus industry requirements, process innovations and products innovations. U1 - Institution of Mechanical Engineers Proceedings KW - Automotive engineering KW - Buses KW - Forecasting KW - Industries KW - Innovation KW - Technology KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187000 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368799 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Shain, M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND SAFETY: AN UPDATED PERSPECTIVE ON PROBLEMS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN THE WORKPLACE PY - 1982/06 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 239-246 AB - The relationship between alcohol, drugs and accidents in the workplace is explored in the context of available evidence, the balance of which suggests that the contribution of substance abuse and misuse to personal injury and property damage losses has been underestimated. Recommendations are made which require that a more complete data base be developed in this area. Necessary steps are seen as: (1) conducting independent prevalence surveys of alcohol and drug use in specific work organizations; (2) relating this information to safety-related behaviour as monitored through, (a) observation and interviews and (b) searches of official records, in particular, Workmen's Compensation files. Collaboration from the outset with key interest groups such as Safety Associations, Unions, concerned health and safety agencies as well as management is recommended as the prerequisite to the effective implementation of such a research programme and its results. In the interim, it is recommended that all interested parties take a close informal look at their own areas of responsibility in order to determine the probability of losses to life, limb and property caused by alcohol and drugs. Also, it is suggested that the relationships between the management of alcohol and drug related problems and the management of safety be more closely coordinated. The emphasis, however, should be as much on heavy drinking as on alcoholism, and as much on inappropriate prescription use of drugs as on illicit drug abuse. KW - Alcoholism KW - Alcohols KW - Crashes KW - Drugs KW - Health KW - Safety KW - Workplaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186600 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368847 JO - Bicycling PB - Rodale Press, Incorporated AU - Brown, S C AU - Rodale Press, Incorporated TI - TOOL TIPS: ADJUSTABLE WRENCHES PY - 1982/06 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - p. 114-119 AB - This is the first in a series of articles discussing procedures for using tools properly. Here, the small crescent-type adjustable wrench extremely versatile for bicycle on-the-road repairs, is examined first, then a large "spud" or "monkey" wrench. The article includes discussions of the size, the material, wrench sizing (Metric U.S. Standard and Whitworth), and proper use. KW - Bicycles KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Tools KW - Wrenches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368846 JO - Bicycling PB - Rodale Press, Incorporated AU - Allen, J S AU - Rodale Press, Incorporated TI - STOPPED TRAFFIC NEEDN'T STOP YOU. HOW TO NAVIGATE IT SAFELY PY - 1982/06 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - The hazards and safety rules for navigating on a bicycle in congested traffic are discussed. The potential hazards of riding in stopped traffic are noted and advice is given based on long experience in bicycle riding. Special care should be taken with long vehicles such as trucks and buses in stopped traffic. Remarks are also made regarding the negotiation of turns. Bikepaths and walkways away from streets present a different set of hazards which are briefly discussed. The problems with bikelanes are also covered. Bikepath and bikelane intersections with streets may force one to violate the rules of the road. It is advised that if there is no legitimate way to cross or if one is in a hurry, these situations should be avoided by riding on a different route. Statistics indicate that bikepath riding is more than twice as dangerous as street riding and that sidewalk riding is even more dangerous. It is noted that the best investment in making bicycling safe is not through bikepaths but by publicizing the need for riding safely, courteously and correctly on the road. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bikeways KW - Buses KW - Cyclists KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Traffic congestion KW - Trucks KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186631 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368791 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Wakefield, R AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - CHANGING TIMES. OUT WITH THE 85-MPH SPEEDOMETER PY - 1982/06 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - 1 p. AB - This article describes the reasons causing the rescission of a Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, the so-called speedometer-odometer rule, which required, beginning with 1980 models, the use of both mph and km/h on speedometer faces, limited dial readings to 85 mph and 140 km/h, and called for visual emphasis of the national 55 mph speed limit. Also included in this very short article, are the results of a telephone survey of major manufacturers and importers who were asked to state their intentions. In general, most importers are likely to return to speedometers indicating their cars' performance potential, while American manufacturers appear unanimous in staying with the current limitations. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Imports KW - Industries KW - Oedometers KW - Speedometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186593 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368849 JO - Bicycling PB - Rodale Press, Incorporated AU - Allen, J S AU - Rodale Press, Incorporated TI - IT'S TIME TO CONSIDER WIDER RIMS AND TIRES AGAIN PY - 1982/06 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - p. 121-122 AB - In the next few years the quality of U.S. and Canadian roads can be expected to deteriorate due to economic factors, tax payers' revolts and decreasing use of automobiles, leading to less pressure and gas tax revenues to keep the roads up. Bicyclists should prepare for rough road conditions by equipping their bikes to take wider tires. This article discusses rim and tire sizes, manufacturers, installation and adaptation. KW - Bicycles KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Inflation KW - Installation KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Rims KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368784 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GET IT TOGETHER. SAFETY BELT AND CHILD SAFETY SEAT EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM. LEADER'S GUIDE AND RESOURCE MATERIALS PY - 1982/06 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is designed to help interested groups to actively participate in the "Get It Together" Safety Belt Campaign. It contains background information and materials necessary to dispel the most common myths that prevent widespread safety belt usage, and guides for conducting meeting presentations, grassroots education programs, and creative outreach projects to get members, family and community to buckle up. The material and information given are instrumental in conveying the messages of risk perception, crash dynamics and safety belt effectiveness in easily understood and convincing terms. The manual provides a basic program text to follow as well as suggestions and resources for creating your own presentation format and activities. Developing communications with other safety and health advocates can help you obtain additional support and resources for conducting outreach programs. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186226 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368792 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - TRUCK WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION. SAFE, PROPER LOAD BALANCING SAVES WEAR AND REDUCES LOSS PY - 1982/06 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 4 p. AB - The only way a truck dealer can be sure the truck he sells can meet the requirements specified by the prospective owner is by making a weight distribution analysis when developing the specifications. A truck must have the proper gross vehicle weight rating (GVW), the proper wheelbase to distribute the load to the axles, plus adequate axle, spring and tire capacity to support the load. This article explains how to calculate the weight distribution analysis and includes an example. Several diagrams and descriptions are included: Vehicle Dimensions, Weight Distribution, Weight Distribution Example, and Nominal GVW Rating Guide. KW - Axle loads KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight KW - Weight distribution analysis KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186594 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368828 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - Woodruff, D AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - THE NEW HELMET TECHNOLOGY PY - 1982/06 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 6 p. AB - The strides made by the helmet industry in helmet design and technology are reviewed. Design changes aim at better fit and making the helmet more streamlined. Some helmets such as the Turbo fit snugly but are also more confining and may take the wearers a while to adjust. Progress is being made in making helmets more bearable in hot weather. The German Romer company manufactures a model with a unique venting system. The problem of faceshield fogging is also being attacked. Air bags in some models help assure fit. Unique creations such as the Porsche Design CP-3 helmet, and designs to accommodate the convenience of eyeglass wearers such as the Uvex X-45 are also described. Two classes of plastics materials are used for helmet shells, namely plastic laminates (fiberglass- reinforced plastics) and injection-molded plastics, or thermoplastics and thermosets. The technology related to these materials used in helmet manufacture is briefly described. Polycarbonate plastics are being increasingly used in the U.S. for injection-molding helmet shells. The controversy surrounding its use is noted. The use of fiberglass for vented helmets with recessed portions for flush-mounted faceshields etc. is also noted. Another option is the use of fibers such as Kevlar alone or in conjunction with glass fibers. Nylon is also being used in helmet shields. Comments are made regarding the selection of helmets and the standards set by the Snell Foundation and the U.S. Department of Transportation. KW - Design KW - Fiberglass KW - Helmets KW - Kevlar KW - Materials KW - Nylon KW - Plastics KW - Polycarbonates KW - Technology KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Thermosetting materials KW - Thermosetting plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367924 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - HITCH PITCH PY - 1982/06 VL - 157 IS - 6 SP - 5 p. AB - This article, intended for the businessman/mechanic, focuses on the selection of the proper size hitch, its installation, the connection of the trailer lighting system to the car (a schematic is included), the function of electric and surge trailer brakes, fifth-wheel-type hitches for RV trailers and engine cooling. It indicates that most rules and regulations pertaining to trailering equipment are defined in Regulation V-5, published by the federally chartered Vehicle Equipment and Safety Commission. A list of manufacturers is included. KW - Building KW - Connecting devices KW - Electric brakes KW - Facilities KW - Fasteners KW - Hitches KW - Installation KW - Lighting equipment KW - Regulations KW - Size KW - Surge brakes KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182063 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367973 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - DETROIT NOTEBOOK. B300 BRAKE FIX SET FORTH BY CHRYSLER PY - 1982/06 VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - p. 43-45 AB - This article describes brake problems which technicians may encounter on Chrysler 1973-1977 B300 trucks, 1982 model Lincoln Continentals, 1981 model Chrysler products Aries and Reliants, and late model rear wheel drive Fords. It also includes revised front end alignment (caster) specifications for the 1982 model American Motors Eagle. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Brake pedals KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367988 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - MARIJUANA: AN OLD DRIVING MENACE THAT'S STILL WITH US PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 8 p. AB - "Don't risk your life and the lives of others by driving stoned on marijuana." So states the author of this article following an overview of the extent of the marijuana problem in California, and an overview of the various research efforts completed and underway to determine the exact effects of marijuana, alone and in combination with alcohol. Predicting an increase in the highway death toll in spite of anti-drunk driving laws that are saving lives, the author offers his suggestions for dealing with the marijuana problem. These are summarized as follows: (1) correctly estimate its scope; (2) find the percentage of THC or marijuana cannabinoid level in the blood to constitute legal intoxication; (3) educate the public, especially the young, regarding driving ability impairment caused by using marijuana and how such impairment can cause fatal accidents; and (4) focus public attention on the health hazards, physical and mental, which can result from continuous marijuana use. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Driver impairment KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Health KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Marijuana KW - Problem solving KW - Publicity KW - Research KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367961 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAE MAY NOT SPELL SAFETY BUT THE MEMBERSHIP KNOWS HOW PY - 1982/06 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-11 AB - This article is a report on the highlights of the 1982 SAE International Congress and Exposition. SAE's support of automotive safety was obvious throughout its technical presentations on pedestrian accidents, the design of three-wheeled cars, trailering, driver interaction with the steering system, restraining belt and dash-cowl-firewall design, interior seat packaging, nighttime center line visibility, computerized suspension design, and low tire pressure warning devices. KW - Attenuation (Physics) KW - Automotive systems KW - Center lines KW - Conferences KW - Crash cushions KW - Extrusion KW - Impact extrusion KW - Instrument panels KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Suspensions KW - Three wheeled vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368368 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, THEFT COVERAGES. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THEFT LOSS PAYMENT AMOUNTS. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1982/06 SP - 17 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report summarizes the distribution of payments for theft losses for 1979, 1980, and 1981 model year cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. The principal findings with regard to passenger cars are as follows: (1) Sports and specialty models generally had greater percentages of large theft losses than other models within the same size class; (2) Subcompact sports cars, in particular, tended to have the greatest percentages of large theft losses; and (3) There were large differences among individual vehicles in the extent to which large loss payments contributed to their theft loss experience. For example, over twenty percent of the theft loss payments for the 1980 Chevrolet Corvette exceeded $10,000 whereas only five percent of the payments for the 1980 Chevrolet Caprice two-door exceeded $2,000. The principal findings with regard to vans, pickups, and utility vehicles are as follows: (1) Intermediate-sized utility vehicles had greater percentages of large theft loss payments than other vehicles; and (2) There were large differences among individual vehicles in the distribution of the size of theft loss payment amounts. For example, 36 percent of the theft loss payments for the 1980 Ford Bronco exceeded $6,000, compared to 13 percent for the 1980 Jeep CJ-5. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Payment KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Sports cars KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179159 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367906 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Nemeth, Z A AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - A DRIVER BASED STUDY OF FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION LANE CLOSURES PY - 1982/06 VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - p. 18-21 AB - This paper focuses on the areas of merge and speed control at four-lane rural freeway lane closures. The following issues are addressed: (1) Investigation of the merits of implementing reduced speed limits; (2) Investigation of the impact of different (real and hypothetical) merging strategies on the standard deviation of the speed distribution at the beginning of the taper; and (3) Effectiveness of the standard construction zone traffic control devices in promoting early merge. KW - Effectiveness KW - Four lane highways KW - Freeways KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Merging control KW - Merging control system KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182054 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368361 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Langley, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES CODES FOR DESCRIBING INJURIES AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING INJURIES: A CRITICAL COMMENT AND SUGGESTION FOR IMPROVEMENT PY - 1982/06 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 195-197 AB - The International Classification of Diseases codes for describing injuries and the circumstances surrounding injuries are reviewed. Several inadequacies in both classification systems are identified. In the former, many of the inadequacies are a direct result of the integral coding system and it is suggested that a modular coding system would be superior. In the latter, the inadequacies are largely a result of a single code attempting to cover a variety of facets of the circumstances surrounding injury. The adoption of a variety of codes would overcome this shortcoming. KW - Coding systems KW - Injuries KW - International classification of diseases KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182289 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368362 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Baker, S P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - INJURY CLASSIFICATION AND THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES CODES PY - 1982/06 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 199-201 AB - Improvements in the widely used International Classification of Diseases (ICD) are important to our ability to study and prevent injuries, ICD "N" codes would be far more useful if they provided more detail, especially for internal injuries, and if they were modified to facilitate conversion to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). A modular system for ICD "E" codes should include the etiologic agent, vector or vehicle, event or circumstances, and intent. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Coding systems KW - Injury classification KW - International classification of diseases KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367962 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Witz, S AU - Larm, A M AU - Elvin, B M AU - Moore, A B AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTANTS AND METEOROLOGY AT A LOS ANGELES SITE PY - 1982/06 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - p. 643-644 AB - A study was made of the influence of meteorology on the concentration of lead and other auto emission related pollutants at the Lennox Station (No. 76) in the Los Angeles Basin. This station has historically exhibited the highest annual average lead concentrations in the Basin. Results of this multilinear regression analysis indicated that the monthly and seasonal variation in lead and other traffic-related pollutants were affected by four meteorological variables, namely wind direction, wind speed, early morning temperature, and frequency of surface inversions. Equations obtained in this regression analysis are presented in this article along with observed and calculated data for lead, carbon monoxide and elemental carbon concentrations. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Equations KW - Exhaust gases KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Meteorology KW - Regression analysis KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Temperature KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182075 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367991 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pilkington, G B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCTION OF TRUCK-INDUCED SPLASH AND SPRAY PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-12 AB - This article reviews previous research on the aerodynamic disturbance caused by trucks traveling on a roadway and on truck-induced splash and spray on wet pavements. The major part of the article is devoted to discussion of an FHWA study on splash and spray which was conducted under Project 1U, "Safety Aspects of Size and Weight of Heavy Vehicles," in the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development. The study included wind tunnel experiments, driver simulator experiments, full-scale tests with various truck configurations and truck-mounted devices to improve air flow around the trucks and reduce splash and spray, cost effectiveness analyses, and over-the-road evaluations in coordination with manufacturers. In conclusion, it is stated that this research successfully demonstrated that the adverse aerodynamic effects of large trucks can be reduced by devices that effectively reduce splash and spray. Briefly mentioned are current research efforts in this area by FHWA and NHTSA. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Research KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367974 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carrier, H AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - BUSHING REPLACEMENT: LUCRATIVE ADD ON TO SUSPENSION SERVICE REPERTOIRE PY - 1982/06 VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - 7 p. AB - This illustrated article tells the service technician how to replace bushings found throughout front and rear suspension systems. Twelve drawings are used to clarify the text. The article states that bushing replacement is a relatively simple procedure, but it does require a little special know-how and suitable tools. KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics KW - Repairing KW - Sleeves (Electricity) KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367932 JO - Washingtonian PB - Washington Magazine Incorporated AU - Weiss, M J AU - Washington Magazine Incorporated TI - IS IT A CREAMPUFF OR A CLUNKER? PY - 1982/06 VL - 17 IS - 9 SP - p. 179-185 AB - With skyrocketing new-car costs and high interest rates, more people are buying used cars than ever before. After reviewing briefly the situation at local dealers, this article gives advice on how to find a good used car: Late-model cars generally make the best buys because new cars depreciate faster than old ones; gas-guzzlers should not be ignored; unpopular styles and colors can often mean good buys; and it is not the car's mileage that's important, but the way it has been driven. The article includes a brief review of used-car sales regulations in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia and two inserts "The '78 Cars That Have Held Their Value Best--and Worst", and "The Safest and Longest-Lasting". KW - Depreciation KW - Durability KW - Mileage KW - Present value KW - Purchasing KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Used vehicle industry KW - Value KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182066 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367993 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - MAKING THE DOUBLE FLARE PY - 1982/06 VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - p. 46-48 AB - This article describes a method for making a double flare on brake tubing for vehicles that do not have individually-shaped replacement brake tubing. The replacement steel tubing must be fashioned from bulk tubing bent to the shape of the old tubing being replaced, and the double flare formed with a special tool. KW - Brake components KW - Brake tubing KW - Brakes KW - Double flare/brakes/ KW - Flares KW - Repairing KW - Tooling KW - Tools KW - Tubing KW - Types of brakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367979 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - ABBOTT, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRADE SEVERITY RATING SYSTEM PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 30-34 AB - This article reviews the history of the development of a grade severity rating model, the implementation of the current Grade Severity Rating System (GSRS), and the ongoing research efforts to select and simulator test signs to identify the most effective sign for transmitting weight-specific speed information to truck drivers. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Grade severity rating KW - Highway grades KW - Implementation KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368345 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Santiago, A J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPDATE OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION VALUES IN THE NETSIM TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-29 AB - NETSIM, which is a sophisticated model for evaluating feasible traffic control strategies and geometric designs, simulates the operation of urban traffic by generating the trajectory of each type of vehicle in the system as it traverses a specified network of urban streets (links) and intersections (nodes). In this 2-phase study, NETSIM was used to determine vehicular fuel consumption and emissions for the passenger vehicle fleet. In the first phase, the present and near future passenger vehicle fleet were defined and the vehicles for which fuel consumption and emission tables should be developed were determined. It was determined that 1979-1985 would define the current and near-future passenger vehicle population, and all passenger vehicles manufactured and sold (domestic and foreign) during that time were investigated. These vehicles were defined by engine size (displacement) and engine-drivetrain combination. Data analysis showed that 21 engine-drivetrain combinations accounted for 74 percent of the 1979-1985 passenger vehicle population. In the second phase of the study, 15 of the 21 combinations are being studied in order to develop fuel consumption and emission tables derived from fuel consumption and emission maps. Comments are made of the development of these maps. The successful completion of this study will update and improve the capabilities of the NETSIM model. KW - Automobiles KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Streets KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367960 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - WHEN YOU CALL ME THAT--SMILE PY - 1982/06 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 7 p. AB - This profusely illustrated article describes Dynamic Science Incorporated's (DSI) crash testing program in Phoenix, Arizona, which provides input for the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. The main crash data are collected with electronic devices called triaxial accelerometers attached to and in various anthropomorphic dummies, and transmitted to a control center via 14-channel "Remote Signal Conditioning Modules." The article presents the information from the viewpoint of one of the dummies. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Impact tests KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial testing machine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182073 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367631 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Mercaldo, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEMS. WHAT CAN GO WRONG? PY - 1982/06 VL - 220 IS - 6 SP - p. 95-97 AB - A periodic inspection of the fuel system--fuel tank, delivery line, pump, filter, charcoal canister, and vapor-recovery line--can reduce the chances of fuel-delivery system malfunctions happening. But if a problem does occur, understanding how the system works and knowing how to trouble-shoot it, can help correct it quickly. This article explains how to inspect the system, how to track down problems and how to change a mechanical pump. Two illustrations are included: the complete fuel system, and the mechanical pump. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Fuel pumps KW - Fuel systems KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181856 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367633 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Klein, S AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - DO IT YOURSELF. IMPROVING OUTSIDE LIGHTING TECHNIQUES PY - 1982/06 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - p. 128-129 AB - This article explains how to install indicator lights for D.C. circuits (Entry Light Indicator), A.C. circuits (Awning Lantern Indicator) and on-off switches in recreational vehicles. KW - Alternating current KW - Building KW - Direct current KW - Facilities KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Installation KW - Lighting equipment KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Switches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181858 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367667 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Jordan, M AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - THE HISTORY OF 4WD. FROM GETTING STUCK TO GETTNG STICK PY - 1982/06 VL - 27 IS - 12 SP - p. 49-53 AB - The history of four-wheel-drive, from 1902, when the first 4wd vehicle appeared in the form of a truck with an electric motor at each wheel, through World War I and World War II with the Jeeps, then the building of the civilian versions, the racing car versions, to present times and the Audi Quattro, is related. In many ways, some of the questions posed by 4wd have yet to be answered, but reviewing its history shows that the all-important shift in attitudes has already taken place. The issue is no longer "Why 4wd?" but "Why not?" KW - Automobile industry KW - Four wheel drive KW - History KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181874 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367674 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gregory, FMH AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - PUTTING IN THE FIX. HOW TO STACK THE ODDS IN YOUR FAVOR IN THE AUTO REPAIR GAME PY - 1982/06 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - The profound changes in the auto industry during the past decade have had a major impact on the service end of the business. The demands of emission control, safety, and fuel economy have radically altered automotive technology. Consequently, picking a mechanic or a repair shop has become even more difficult for the motorist. This article offers suggestions on shopping for a dealer who offers good service when buying a new car, and things to look for in selecting an independent mechanic or repair shop. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Maintenance facilities KW - Mechanics KW - Repair shops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181878 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367621 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLE SHOOTING FORD'S MICROCOMPUTER CONTROL UNIT, PART 2 PY - 1982/06 VL - 157 IS - 6 SP - p. 35-38 AB - Part 1 of this 2-part article outlined which engines have the microcomputer control unit (MCU) and contained a chart listing its parts. This chart is necessary to perform the diagnostic tests explained in the present article. The purpose of troubleshooting the MCU is to determine if a part of the system is causing poor engine performance. To do so, one of two instruments is needed: the Self-Test Automatic Readout (STAR) unit, or an analog voltmeter. This article reviews how to use both instruments in 2.3-liter engines, 4.9-liter engines and V8 engines. KW - Automobiles KW - Control devices KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Repairing KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181846 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367623 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Estes, B AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - BRAKE CONTROL CHOICE PY - 1982/06 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - p. 135-136 AB - This short article reviews the different types of controllers which are used with electric trailer brakes. The purpose of a trailer brake controller is to synchronize trailer brake actuation with tow vehicle brake actuation as closely as possible. Trailer stability can be affected by independent use of trailer brakes and this is where the controller choice affects how the trailer brakes are used. All units are automatic, but some offer the driver a manual over-ride which is very useful at times for sway-damping. KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Control systems KW - Controllers KW - Swaying KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367277 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Huber, K R AU - Fredette, H O AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG, NUMBER 4 PY - 1982/06 SP - 82 p. AB - The Occupant Protection Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on restraint systems (adult and child) and motorcycle helmets. It lists materials produced for campaigns, along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Helmets KW - Information dissemination KW - Occupant restraint KW - Publicity KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367278 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Huber, K R AU - Fredette, H O AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL/SAFETY PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG, NUMBER 6 PY - 1982/06 SP - 240 p. AB - The Alcohol/Safety Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on alcohol and highway safety. It lists materials produced for campaigns along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396125 AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH TO RESTRAINT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION-SLED TEST SUPPORT. APPENDICES PY - 1982/05/27 SP - v.p. AB - This report covers the final phase of a three phase program whose overall objective was to demonstrate the validity of the systems analysis approach to restraint systems development. The term "systems analysis approach" is used to convey the concept of using high speed computing techniques to design and integrate airbag restraint systems into the subject vehicle in a way that is optimally compatible with its crash environment. If successful, the necessity of conducting a large number of preliminary tests prior to converging to the final design will be minimized since the many interrelated parameters that affect restraint system performance can be investigated in a highly efficient manner through computer simulation. KW - Air bags KW - Design KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215952 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386506 JO - Brain Research PB - Elsevier Science Publishers BV AU - Suzuki, S AU - WATANABE, S AU - Homma, S AU - Elsevier Science Publishers BV TI - EMG ACTIVITY AND KINEMATICS OF HUMAN CYCLING MOVEMENTS AT DIFFERENT CONSTANT VELOCITIES PY - 1982/05/27 VL - 240 IS - 2 SP - p. 245-258 AB - Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in the human lower extremity while subjects performed bicycling movements over a range of constant pedalling velocities. Kinematics of knee and hip cyclical movements were analyzed from 16 mm film. The reciprocal pattern of activation in agonist and antagonist muscles and timing of EMG initiation relative to knee joint were studied. Reciprocal activation of rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles was generally observed to occur during the mid-extension or mid-flexion phase of knee movements. This timing of activation pattern coincided well with the period of peak angular velocity and zero angular acceleration. As pedalling speeds approached maximum, activation times of the bifunctional, biarticular rectus femoris, biceps and gastrocnemius muscles were considerably advanced in phase relative to knee joint angles, whereas, EMG initiation of monofunctional, single joint, tibalis anterior and vastus medialis muscles maintained a relatively stable knee position-activation time relationship. At higher velocities, biceps femoris EMG activity was characterized as having a double burst pattern of activation. A less distinctive double burst pattern was seen in the rectus femoris EMG at higher cycling speeds. EMG pattern analysis of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles revealed an earlier onset of activity for both muscles during maximum cycling velocities, relative to cyclical phases of the knee joint angle. Considerable overlapping of the EMG bursts was seen beyond pedalling rates of 1 Hz. Co-contraction between rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles could be observed during the acceleration period involving an abrupt switch to maximum pedalling performance. When co-contraction was observed, the joint angular acceleration curves observed during the knee flexion period accounted for a larger portion of a single cycle, and were more irregular than the angular accelerations observed during knee extension. KW - Cyclists KW - Kinematics KW - Knee KW - Motion KW - Pedalling KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379400 AU - FITZPATRICK, M U AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH TO RESTRAINT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION--SLED TEST SUPPORT PY - 1982/05/27 SP - v.p. AB - This report covers the final phase of a three phase program whose overall objective was to demonstrate the validity of the systems analysis approach to restraint systems development. The term "systems analysis approach" is used to convey the concept of using high speed computing techniques to design and integrate airbag restraint systems into the subject vehicle in a way that is optimally compatible with its crash environment. If successful, the necessity of conducting a large number of preliminary tests prior to converging to the final design will be minimized since the many interrelated parameters that affect restraint system performance can be investigated in a highly efficient manner through computer simulation. KW - Air bags KW - Computer aided design KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376425 JO - Canadian Medical Association Journal PB - Canadian Medical Association AU - Verreault, R AU - Stulginskas, J AU - KEYL, P AU - READ, J AU - PLESS, I B AU - Canadian Medical Association TI - USE OF AUTOMOBILE SEAT RESTRAINTS BY CHILDREN IN TWO CANADIAN CITIES PY - 1982/05/15 VL - 126 SP - 5 p. AB - A telephone survey was conducted in Montreal and Calgary to determine the extent to which parents use safety restraints for their children in cars, the types of restraints used and the factors associated with such use. Of the combined sample 39% reported that their child regularly used a restraint, and 47% of the children in Montreal and 55% of those in Calgary wore an age-appropriate safety device. Birth order and the child's and the respondent's ages were significantly related to the use of restraints. However, the respondent's use of seatbelts was the factor most likely to affect the rate of use of restraints for children. Although a large proportion of the parents with younger children owned a carseat, one in four did not use it regularly. Parents who did not use carseats believed they were useless or dangerous; many preferred to hold the child in their laps or arms. The seatbelt law in Quebec and the existence of a carseat rental program in Calgary appear to have had some influence on the rate of use of restraints for children. KW - Canada KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367934 AU - Williams, A F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - TEENAGE DRIVERS AND ALCOHOL USE PY - 1982/05 SP - 3 p. AB - This Research Note briefly states the extent of the problem of motor vehicle fatalities attributed to teenage drivers, then presents four key facts which summarize existing knowledge concerning teenaged drivers and alcohol use. Since Research Notes have the goal of making information publicly available on a timely basis, for more extensive information on the subject presented the reader is provided with a list of references in support of the conclusions presented. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178845 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367903 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - TECHNOLOGY TO PSYCHOLOGY: PECK SHIFTS NHTSA ATTACK PY - 1982/05 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - p. 12-20 AB - This is the conclusion of a two-part interview with Raymond A. Peck, Jr., administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Mr. Peck now discusses future NHTSA plans and policies. On the issue of safety belts, NHTSA will focus on a behavior modification program rather than on technology. The program will have four integral elements: reach people, inform people, persuade people, and enforce and reinforce. There will probably not be a notice of rule making on high center-mounted brake lights, because the problem is more complex than anticipated. The Uniform Tire Quality Grading System investigation is not completed and research is being done on truck splash and spray and rear underride. KW - Behavior KW - Behavior modification KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices KW - Safety standards KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Standards KW - Trucks KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399234 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELTS. A HISTORY LESSON FOR ADULTS PY - 1982/05 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure describes what happens to a car and its contents during a crash at 30 mph and makes the point that the safest place to be in, in the event of a crash, is in the car seat within the car. Anchored to the cars frame and spaced several feet from the dashboard, most car seats manage to survive crashes. If more occupants were anchored to the frame, like the car seats, most people would survive crashes; and if people used safety belts, they would be effectively anchored to the frame. The brochure also points out that the safest place to be is inside the car. Occupants ejected from the car in a collision are 25 times more likely to die. If the occupant is not ejected but remains within the car, the occupant will ricochet about the compartment before the car comes to rest. This may mean injury and loss of consciousness that will incapacitate the occupant from freeing himself from the wreckage. KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394392 AU - Forbrich, N L AU - Johnson, S W AU - Maine Health Information Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PY - 1982/05 SP - 93 p. AB - This contract extension was to continue to generate data from Maine's EMS management system for the purpose of evaluating EMS effectiveness. This study suggests support for the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in patient outcome between the reference group receiving BLS treatment and a comparison group receiving ALS treatments. Incomplete data complicated the process of implementing the proposed evaluation design using ridit analysis. The resulting modifications to the design will facilitate repetition of the study using 1981 data in hopes of generating more cells for analysis. Ambulance personnel should be encouraged to record accurate and complete prehospital data so that EMS effectiveness can be documented for funding purposes. KW - Data collection KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Life support systems KW - Maine KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381350 AU - Streufert, S AU - Streufert, S C AU - Denson, A L AU - MS Hershey Medical Center AU - Office of Naval Research TI - INFORMATION LOAD STRESS, RISK TAKING AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSIVITY IN A VISUAL-MOTOR TASK PY - 1982/05 SP - 25 p. AB - The effects of four levels of information load on physiological responsivity (blood pressure and heart rate) and on risk taking were analyzed and compared to previous results concerning the effects of load on performance. Twenty-five adults participated in a hand-eye coordination task of moderate complexity. The task was designed to permit strategic responding, risk taking and retaliatory behavior. Risk taking was measured as the degree to which subjects acted to increase the probability of a major loss in the face of potential minor gains. It is argued that an expected stress effect on risk taking and performance can be defended only if load would result in elevated arousal with risk taking and with decreasing levels of performance. It was found that participation in the present task was associated with some degree of arousal and that persons with greater (diastolic) arousal tended to take greater risks. Load affected risk taking but was not related to physiological responsivity. The potential that load as a stressor functions as a cognitive modifier of performance, and does not represent a precursor of strain (and stress), is considered. Suggestions for future research are made. KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Risk assessment KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197753 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380585 JO - Publication of: Indian Roads Congress PB - Indian Roads Congress AU - Lay, M G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - RELEVANT RESEARCH FROM ARRIP PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 1-7 AB - The paper lists those research projects collected in ARRB's 1981 survey of road research in Australia and published in the associated volume, ARRIP. Twenty-five projects are listed and are seen to fall into the four categories of the energy implications of planning, policy, vehicles and traffic and of traffic emissions. No review is offered of the research coverage detected. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highway traffic control KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380769 AU - Jarvi, V M AU - Michigan Department of Transportation TI - A SAFETY EVALUATION OF THREE-FOOT PAVED SHOULDER PROJECTS IN 1977 PY - 1982/05 SP - 45 p. AB - This report evaluates the effect on accident experience of providing three-foot paved shoulders. Fifteen project locations were selected from five of the department's nine highway district areas. Control sites selected for comparison had similar operational, geometric, and geographic characteristics. These rural roadway segments were high speed, two-lane, two-way roadways. Approximately 111 miles of three-foot paved shoulder projects and 97 miles of non-paved shoulder control sites were evaluated. The average daily traffic ranged from about 1,300 to 8,300 vehicles for the project locations and control sites. The accident experience for two years "before" and "after" was reviewed for each project and for the corresponding control site. Only accident information for mid-block locations was used for analytical purposes with intersection-related accidents excluded. The selection of both project locations and control sites were non random samples. The total number of accidents, property damage accidents and injuries for the project locations increased. The number of injury accidents was unchanged while the number of fatal accidents and fatalities decreased. The total number of accidents, property damage accidents, injury and fatal accidents increased for the selected control sites. Accident types (i.e. run-off-road, head-on, sideswipe, rear-end) increased in some categories and decreased in others for both project and control sites. Statistical tests to determine the significance of the changes were utilized and are discussed within the text. It is concluded that this shoulder treatment had a statistically significant impact on reducing the frequency of run-off-roadway, vehicle overturn, sideswipe-opposite and fixed-object (sign) accidents. Although total accidents at the test sites increased 6 percent, this was 19 percent less than the expected value for total accidents predicted using the 29 percent increase at the control sites. Volume changes at the control and test sites were similar. KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Paved shoulders KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380763 JO - Wisconsin Bar Bulletin PB - State Bar of Wisconsin AU - HAMMER, T J AU - State Bar of Wisconsin TI - THE NEW OMVWI LAW: WISCONSIN CHANGES ITS APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF DRINKING AND DRIVING. PART II PY - 1982/05 VL - 55 SP - 5 p. AB - This is Part II of a two-part series on Wisconsin's new laws governing motor vehicle offenses involving the use of alcohol or controlled substances, which became effective May 1, 1982. In this second segment, the substantive changes in the OMVWI (operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicants or controlled substances) law and the revisions in those laws dealing with the causation of death or bodily harm by the drinking driver are analyzed. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Homicide KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Revisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379585 AU - Bingham, DCH AU - Crane, C AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - ROAD WHEEL STRESSES PY - 1982/05 SP - v.p. AB - As part of an investigation to establish realistic laboratory fatigue tests for vehicle components, the factors affecting the stresses generated in saloon car road wheels and methods of measurement of these stresses under service conditions were studied. The study showed that the road surface roughness is of relatively minor importance when compared with the effects of lateral acceleration, and that an adequate measure of the stresses generated under service conditions can be derived by measuring the whole body lateral acceleration and vehicle speed only. Results from tests carried out over public roads during this study and from a number of earlier tests over British and continental routes are presented. KW - Fatigue tests KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Road tests KW - Speed KW - Stresses KW - Traffic speed KW - Wheel stresses KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379398 AU - Orme, T AU - Schechter, B AU - Ware, A S AU - Pabon, Sims, Smith and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYERS TO ENCOURAGE THEIR EMPLOYEES TO USE SAFETY BELTS (PHASE 1) PY - 1982/05 SP - 145 p. AB - For the purpose of motivating employers to encourage their employees to use safety belts, a manual for employers, "The Profit in Safety Belts: A View for Employers", is developed. The manual brings to the attention of employers the various cost elements, both direct and indirect, which are involved in employee motor vehicle accident-related injuries. Further, it illustrates through cost analysis of five pairs of parallel or similar case histories the potential savings employers can accrue when their employees use safety belts on and off-the-job. The featured cases are drawn from the files of seven participating employers. Finally, the manual features brief synopses of five employer programs which show indications of success/effectiveness in encouraging employees to use safety belts. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Employee participation KW - Employers KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25618/DOT-HS-806-258.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379397 AU - Stewart, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 105 (PASSENGER CAR HYDRAULIC BRAKES) PY - 1982/05 SP - 76 p. AB - This study investigates the effects of dual master cylinders and disc brakes which were introduced by automobile manufacturers to meet the 1968 and 1976 versions, respectively, of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 105. Regression analyses were used to determine the effects of dual master cylinders and disc brakes with respect to two performance variables: (i) the percentage of accident-involved cars reported to have brake defects, and (ii) the percentage of time that a car of a given class was the striking car in two-car front-to-rear crashes. Data for the analyses were taken from North Carolina accidents occurring between 1971 and 1979. Both dual master cylinders and disc brakes were found to be statistically significant in reducing the percentage of cars in accidents with brake defects. Neither, however, was found to be significantly associated with the percentage of striking cars in two car front-to-rear crashes. KW - Brakes KW - Defects KW - Disc brakes KW - Dual braking systems KW - Engine cylinders KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Highways KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Master cylinders KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379399 AU - Weber, K AU - Melvin, J W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTING OF CHILD OCCUPANT PROTECTION CONCEPTS PY - 1982/05 SP - 54 p. AB - Alternatives to officially accepted restraint systems for children were tested to show the dangers of or potential value of these concepts. Results are given in terms relating to FMVSS 213. The discussion and conclusions highlight important points that will benefit public understanding and use of restraint systems. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377929 AU - Landrum, J AU - NEFF, R AU - Miles, S AU - Windham, G AU - Pritchard, T AU - Wells-Parker, E AU - Roebuck, J AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MISSISSIPPI DUI PROBATION FOLLOW-UP PROJECT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/05 SP - 29 p. AB - This project encompassed the period from July 1, 1975 to July 31, 1981, incorporating 5,096 referrals who were classified as nonproblem or problem drinkers and randomly assigned to: (1) probation, (2) rehabilitation, (3) probation plus rehabilitation, or (4) control (no treatment). Probation was of the contact variety but not intensive (12 monthly sessions totaling no more than six hours of contact). Rehabilitation was alcohol safety school (for nonproblem drinkers) or group therapy (for problem drinkers). The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of probation in comparison to traditional countermeasures. The primary evaluation criterion was rearrests through 24 months of tracking. Secondary evaluation criteria included rearrests through 36 months (available on early entries only), accidents, and changes in lifestyle as measured by the Life Activities Inventory. Neither probation nor the traditional treatments showed conclusive evidence of effectiveness with either nonproblem or problem drinkers. However, strong validity evidence was provided for the drinker classification scheme: significantly more rearrests, accidents, injuries, and serious injuries among problem drinkers. Thorough cost/benefit analyses were completed, and alternative cost/benefit models were developed and compared. An unexpected treatment effect of the Life Activities Iventory was strongly suggested, though only among nonproblem drinkers. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Probation KW - Problem drinkers KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376433 AU - O'Neill, B O AU - Williams, A F AU - Dubowski, K M AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - VARIABILITY IN BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR ESTIMATING INDIVIDUAL RESULTS PY - 1982/05 SP - 16 p. AB - Sixty-four male subjects participated in drinking sessions in which situational elements characteristic of real-life drinking patterns were varied under carefully controlled experimental conditions, and the time course of BACs determined. The results indicated that type of alcoholic beverage and rate of consumption made very little difference in peak BACs attained, and only minor difference in elapsed time to reach peak BAC. There was, however, great variability in the peak BACs attained by the different subjects, even though major individual and situational characteristics known to affect alcohol absorption were controlled. Although only males of certain ages were included, and all fasted for four hours before drinking commenced, the data indicated that it is not improbable that two individuals, one receiving double the dose of the other, will have similar peak BACs. Such a finding indicates the inappropriateness of nomograms based on mean results from experimental studies if those nomograms are intended to guide the drinking behavior of individuals. Nomograms should estimate the range of BACs, especially the maximum BAC that can be expected following drinking, in addition to the mean. Alcohol nomograms and tables based on average results from experimental studies can be misleading since they could frequently result in people seriously underestimating or overestimating their peak BACs. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Estimating KW - Experiments KW - Males KW - Nomographs KW - Test results KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190443 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370813 JO - Traffic Safety Newsletter PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Hagen, R E AU - Williams, R L AU - McConnell, E J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF LICENSE SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION FOR DRIVERS CONVICTED OF MULTIPLE DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OFFENSES--AN OVERVIEW OF THREE STUDIES PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 13-20 AB - Three studies of the effects of licensing action on multiple DUI offenders are reported. The first two assessed the impact of license suspension or revocation compared to no licensing action or participation in an alcohol abuse treatment program. The third study dealt with the effects of licensing action on the DUI offender. The results showed that licensing action for multiple DUI offenders had a more positive traffic safety effect than either no licensing action or treatment programs. Both the magnitude and the duration of this effect are documented. KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Suspensions KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187918 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370821 JO - Traffic Safety Newsletter PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Hauser, R AU - Klingberg, C L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LICENSE REVOCATION AND ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT PROGRAMS FOR HABITUAL TRAFFIC OFFENDERS PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 21-29 AB - The Washington Habitual Traffic Offender Act was evaluated to determine its effectiveness in reducing traffic violations and accidents. The law requires a 5-year license revocation for drivers who have accumulated three or more major traffic convictions or 20 or more total convictions. The law also permits a stay of the revocation for alcoholic drivers who have undertaken an approved alcoholism treatment program. The study was designed to assess the subsequent driving performance of revoked drivers and stayed drivers compared to control groups of drivers who were eligible for but did not receive these sanctions. It was found that revoked drivers had significant reductions in moving violation convictions and accidents compared to control group drivers. Stay of revocation, however, had no impact on subsequent driving performance. The data were consistent with the possibility that revoked drivers continue to drive during the license denial period but may drive more cautiously in an attempt to avoid detection. The stayed drivers, in contrast, apparently did not modify their driving behavior compared to control group drivers. KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personnel performance KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369613 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING'S 1981 TRUCK ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1982/05 SP - 39 p. AB - This publication provides statistical data relating to truck-involved accidents which occurred on Wyoming streets and highways during 1981. The data is presented in the form of graphs, tables and commentary to illustrate the truck-involved accident problem in Wyoming. This report is intended to provide data relating to commercial type vehicles; therefore, data on pickups and camper type vehicles have been eliminated. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369598 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Ervin, R D AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - FIRES DURING REFUELING WITH NO. 2 DIESEL FUEL PY - 1982/05 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - p. 1-6 AB - Under certain conditions, No. 2 diesel fuel vapor can explode in a flash fire and injure the person refueling a diesel-powered truck. An HSRI team conducted an experimental study to examine those conditions and review industry practices that can create them. The experiments demonstrated how No. 2 diesel fuel vapor can ignite when the temperature of the fuel is greater than its flash point. Because of wide spread use of fuel additives and fuel heaters, that condition exists quite frequently during midwinter thaws and also during hot midsummer weather. Trucking companies and operators can take some obvious steps to avoid dangerous conditions by exerting closer control over the use of fuel additives and fuel heaters and by explaining the danger of explosives fire from No. 2 diesel fuel to their drivers. KW - Additives KW - Diesel fuels KW - Diesel trucks KW - Evaporation KW - Explosions KW - Fires KW - Flash point KW - Refueling KW - Vapors KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369736 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - CARSTEN, O M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - STUDY OF CAR/TRUCK CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1982/05 SP - 87 p. AB - This report provides descriptive information about truck-car accidents in the United States using primarily data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). In 1980 14 percent of all fatal accidents (37 percent) of fatal multi-vehicle accidents) involved at least one car and one truck. Over half of these involved pickups and vans, while about one-seventh involved combination vehicles. Trucks, especially combination vehicles, are overinvolved in fatal accidents relative to FHWA estimates of miles traveled by different vehicle types. Truck-car involvement rates increased substantially from 1977 to 1979 but declined in 1980 (mainly for combination vehicles). Other descriptive data are presented on fatality ratios in truck-car fatal crashes by type of truck and weight of car; on type of road; on road alignment; on road wetness; on light condition; on age of driver; on seat belt use; on vehicle rollover; on vehicle fire; on causative factors; on manner of collision; and on time of day and time of week. KW - Age KW - Alignment KW - Automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fires KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pavements KW - Rollover crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle weight KW - Visibility KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/309/47346.0001.001.pdf?sequence=2 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183428 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369634 JO - Publication of: Waterways Experiment Station PB - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Oates, L J AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - ACCIDENT REDUCTION AND PREVENTION IN BRITAIN AND NEW ZEALAND PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 17-18 AB - Guidelines are offered for improving the safety and the reduction of the number and severity of accidents by road engineering and traffic management through the application of low cost measures on existing roads and through the application of safety principles in the provision and maintenance of roads. It has been suggested that in Britain accident reduction by low cost engineering measures could lead to a 20% saving in the road toll. It was estimated that this saving would be realized in roughly equal parts from site specific treatments and from other more widespread approaches. Awarding priorities on limited budgets is discussed and research needs are noted. Research into low cost measures and the monitoring of results is needed including the most appropriate basis for comparison of frequency of accidents. There is also a need for more precise classification of conditions under which different countermeasures are applicable in terms of type of location and type of accident. The assessment of benefits resulting from the systematic application of countermeasures also is required. Recommendations for low cost accident prevention and reduction schemes are listed. KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369726 AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: RECENT ESTIMATES FROM THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR STATISTICS AND ANALYSIS. STATISTICAL REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - 33 p. AB - The involvement of alcohol continues to be a major problem in motor vehicle accidents in this country. A 1978 state-of-the-art review made estimates of the percent of fatal, injury producing and property damage accidents that are alcohol involved based upon several individual localized studies. With the recent maturity of the Fatal Accident Reporting System and the National Accident Sampling System, more up to date estimates of the alcohol problem can be made. This paper presents some estimates of alcohol involvement in all types of accidents based upon these two national systems and other more recent research into the subject. The bottom line is that we may have been underestimating alcohol involvement in accidents of all severities. The latest statistics indicate that alcohol may be involved in 50-55 percent of fatal accidents, 18-25 percent of injury accidents, and 5-8 percent of property damage accidents. These figures translate into an enormous amount of fatalities, pain, suffering, and property destruction, not to mention the associated economic drain. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Passenger transportation KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Safety and security KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183416 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369633 JO - Publication of: Waterways Experiment Station PB - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - HUMPS OR BUMPS FOR SPEED CONTROL PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 8-9 AB - There is an increasing use of speed control humps on private roads in New Zealand and current legislation is permitting it's use on public roads as well. The Watts profile for the construction of speed humps developed by the British Transport and Road Research Laboratory is recommended for use in New Zealand. The profile, designed for use at speeds of 30 k/h to 40 k/h, will not cause undue discomfort but cause progressively greater discomfort as the speed increases. This article discusses the design of such humps and the spacing of such humps along the street. Site trials in England have shown that the Watts speed humps reduced speeds to acceptable levels as well as reduced traffic volumes and noise levels, and decreased the accident rate. There was little or no vehicle or road damage. KW - Bumps KW - Safety KW - Spacing KW - Speed control KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189536 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369635 JO - Publication of: Waterways Experiment Station PB - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Hickman, M J AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - DRINK-DRIVING PUBLICITY: A NEW APPROACH PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 19-21 AB - A large-scale, long-term, national advertising campaign has been put forward in Australia to change the behavior of people who drink and drive in ways which will reduce the incidence or severity of road crashes. Tasmania was used as a pilot area. The development of the campaign, including the behavior objectives and the review of previous publicity efforts is described. Four theme options (rational v. emotional; positive v. negative; direct v. indirect; motivation v. modelling) were considered. A new theoretical approach to the problem is recommended, namely, behavior changes can and should be induced through a social learning process whereby the desired behavior is modelled in a positive reward context. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189538 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369296 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Close, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FLEXIBILITY IN FINISHING PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 21-25 AB - This paper discusses the reliability and versatility of the painting robot. A series of twelve photographs are discussed, showing that a machine can duplicate human skills with precision and accuracy. In conclusion it is pointed out that robots are superior to human labor where lower operational costs and increased profitability are desirable. KW - Accuracy KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Industrial robots KW - Operating costs KW - Painting KW - Profits KW - Reliability KW - Robotics KW - Versatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368943 AU - Montgomery County Government TI - REPORT OF THE AD HOC TASK FORCE ON DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1982/05 SP - 113 p. AB - This report contains the findings and recommendations of the Ad Hoc Task Force on Drinking and Driving, Montgomery County, Maryland. There are 66 recommendations. They are in the areas of: Enforcement, including Police, State's Attorney's Office, the courts and correction agencies, and the local Bar Association; Rehabilitation, including publicity regarding both the problem and education about the problem; Legislative Issues identifying State legislative actions which should be taken; and Funding Options identifying several options to generate revenues which will be needed for implementing some of the recommendations of this report. KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Police KW - Publicity KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182775 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369299 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Weisel, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 35-41 AB - Following a brief historical overview of robot technology, this paper describes the three basic types of mechanical arms and their applications in industry, including the automobile industry. It then addresses the question of where we are headed with the lines of machines that we see today. Also included is a discussion on what is being done with robots in Europe and Japan. In conclusion, some points about robots that should be considered when deciding to use one are offered. Briefly these points are: keep it simple; don't pick the solution before you have identified the problem; don't get snowed by the myth that there aren't enough robots to go around; involve the people; and learn from your mistakes. KW - Applications KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Future growth KW - History KW - Industrial robots KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369290 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGNING YOUR PRODUCT FOR ROBOTICS PY - 1982/05 SP - 41 p. AB - A four-hour mini-symposium was held on November 3, 1981 by the Detroit Section of the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE). This publication contains transcriptions of the presentations. All speakers directed their comments toward the considerations that an engineer should keep in mind during the initial design process for a specific part for robotics. The presentations contain an abundance of do's and don'ts about designing parts for robot application. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Industrial robots KW - Parts KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369292 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Jellis, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ROBOT APPLICATION DATA PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 5-11 AB - The author presents an application description form drawn up by his company for robot application data. He then discusses the various key questions which this form is tended to answer. The form is considered an unbiased application sheet that could be used throughout the industry. KW - Applications KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Industrial robots KW - Parts KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186962 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369293 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Conrad, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PICK AND PLACE ROBOTS PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 13-14 AB - This paper provides guidelines for selecting a flexible automation system. Briefly summarized, the seven factors to be considered are: (1) The objective of the automation; (2) The economic facts; (3) Supporting and peripheral activities of the project; (4) Financial resources, especially for hidden costs; (5) The timing; (6) The human factors, such as dealing with the union and personnel training; and (7) Community relations. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Communities KW - Conferences KW - Economics KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Human factors KW - Industrial robots KW - Public relations KW - Robotics KW - Strategic planning KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186963 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369295 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Green, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ROBOTS IN DIE CASTING AND MACHINE LOADING PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 17-19 AB - The text of this paper is largely narration of a film which was being shown as the author spoke. The topic covers servo and non-servo robots, and the broad spectrum of die casting and machine loading and material handling of parts weighing just a few ounces up to 2000 pounds. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Die castings KW - Industrial robots KW - Machine loading KW - Materials management KW - Parts KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369291 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cronin, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE OF VISION IN DESIGNING YOUR PRODUCT FOR ROBOTICS PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 1-4 AB - This paper concerns the use of sensors and software to break some of the barriers preventing robotic system use in automotive factories. It also covers design suggestions for automotive products or automotive manufacturing processes for cost-effective application of robotic systems. These topics are covered by discussion of three subject areas: inspection, designing for assembly, and designing for are welding. In particular, the use of sensors, primarily vision, for these applications are addressed. KW - Assemblies KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Electric arc welding KW - Industrial robots KW - Inspection KW - Parts KW - Robotics KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186961 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369348 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Johnston, RRM AU - TRAYFORD, R S AU - Touw, JW van der AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FUEL CONSUMPTION IN URBAN TRAFFIC: A TWENTY CAR DESIGNED EXPERIMENT PY - 1982/05 VL - 16A IS - 3 SP - p. 173-184 AB - This paper re-evaluates earlier methodology and derives a more reliable and accurate method of measuring the fuel consumption and related effects of a traffic management change. The study, involving a significantly different approach to the traditional before and after method, was carried out during the morning peak over 2.25 km of multi-lane arterial road in Sydney. The traffic signals were operated on the SCAT (Sydney Co-ordinated Adaptive Traffic) system. A comparison was made of two maximum cycle length settings. The experiment was formally designed enabling results to be obtained by analysis of variance. Twenty test cars were selected to represent vehicle types in the traffic stream and fitted with fuel meters. Questions addressed included the number of test cars required, the previous treatment of driver variation and the disparities arising from the neglect of factors which vary with time during the course of an experiment. Signal plan and lane type were found to cause significant changes to fuel consumption and other trip variables, the information overall being more coextensive than in prior studies. The significance of traffic volumes measured inside the experimental area in reference to other associated variables is dealt with. The paper questions the validity of currently accepted procedures for assessing traffic management changes. KW - Accuracy KW - Analysis of variance KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic control KW - Measurement KW - Reliability KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186995 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369297 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mattox, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SPOT WELDING BY ROBOTS IN AN AUTOMATED ASSEMBLY PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 27-30 AB - This paper points out the productivity, reliability, consistency, andd flexibility available in using robotics for spot welding in an automated assembly. To explain some typical applications in an automotive assembly plant, the Chrysler plant in St. Louis where the new K-car body is being manufactured is used as an example. It is one of the most comprehensive installations, using 64 robots for spot welding assembly work. KW - Assemblies KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Consistency KW - Flexibility KW - Industrial robots KW - Productivity KW - Reliability KW - Robotics KW - Spot welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186967 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369298 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bannister, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRODUCTS: DO'S AND DON'T'S PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 31-34 AB - This paper points out that all engineering responsibilities--from the design engineer, who starts it all, right on through manufacturing to the final end effect, off the assembly line, including process engineering and quality control--play a large part in putting robots successfully in a specific industrial environment. Also, to move robotics into practical, profitable use, from the first time the first part is made all the way through until the final product drives off the assembly line, there is need for a continuous dialogue and interaction between the design engineer, the process engineer, and the material handling engineer. A discussion of various applications of robotics illustrates these points. In conclusion, an inverse pyramid theory of personnel training for robotics technology is proposed. KW - Applications KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Industrial robots KW - Materials management KW - Processing KW - Robotics KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186968 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369294 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Boylan, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FEASIBILITY OF PAINTING ROBOTS PY - 1982/05 SP - p. 15-16 AB - This paper presents the major criteria that must be considered for using a painting robot. Briefly summarized as questions, these criteria are: (1) Can it paint the part with some known simpler, cheaper method? (2) Can the robot paint the part at all? (3) Can the robot paint the part in the time that I can allocate to the operation? (4) Can the robot fit into my existing paint booths? (5) How do I I.D. the part so the robot knows what it is painting? (6) How do I locate the part for the robot? (7) Where will I locate the electronics and hydraulics? KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Electronics KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hydraulics KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Industrial robots KW - Location KW - Machine space KW - Machines KW - Painting KW - Parts KW - Robotics KW - Timing KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368840 AU - Glennon, J C AU - Neuman, T R AU - MCHENRY, R R AU - MCHENRY, B G AU - Leisch (Jack E.) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HVOSM STUDIES OF CROSS-SLOPE BREAKS ON HIGHWAY CURVES. PHASE II TASK C PY - 1982/05 SP - 56 p. AB - This research was conducted to investigate the operational effects of cross-slope breaks on highway curves. These breaks are created by the superelevation of the traveled way and the adverse shoulder slope. HVOSM simulation studies were performed on a variety of break designs to test the effects of curvature, speed and vehicle path on vehicle operations. The study findings revealed the importance of shoulder slope and width in designing the shoulder to accommodate vehicular recoveries on the outside of curves. Recommendations regarding design of cross-slope breaks, including treatments for special situations such as narrow shoulders, high superelevation and rehabilitation projects were derived from the research findings. KW - Cross-slope KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Recovery KW - Road shoulders KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Superelevation KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368783 AU - Saalberg, J H AU - MORRISON, A J AU - League General Insurance Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE LEAGUE GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY CHILD SAFETY SEAT DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM PY - 1982/05 SP - 176 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the child safety seat distribution initiated by the League General Insurance Company in June 1979. The program provides child safety seats as a benefit under the company's auto insurance policies to policy-holders who have a child born or adopted into their households while a League General policy is in effect. The evaluation covers the first two years of program operations in Michigan. During this time more than 7,000 seats were distributed to 5,800 households. The evaluation contains results of analyzing claims for accidents in which children 0-4 years old were involved before and after the program was begun. It also includes results of a household survey that assembled behavioral and attitudinal information from 400 League General policyholders who had received seats and a control group of households from the general population. The evaluation shows reported safety seat use was high among League General seat recipients, injuries declined substantially and claims costs were greatly reduced. On a short-term basis, direct program costs exceed direct program savings. Long-term cost effectiveness remains to be determined. KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Child restraint systems KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Passenger transportation KW - Programs KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25650/DOT-HS-806-253.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182638 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368836 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Bauman, R AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - BICYCLES: HEALTHY BUT HAZARDOUS PY - 1982/05 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - This article examines those safety hazards which are unique to bicyclists. Cyclists are at fault in as many as 75% of all collisions with automobiles and are notorious for breaking the few basic laws which affect them. Examples discussed include operating against the flow of traffic, sailing through stop signs and not observing traffic signals, not operating as close to the right-hand side of the roadway as possible, and failure to have required reflectors on their bikes. Special hazards presented by the roadway are also discussed, including drainage grates, soft shoulders, loose sand and gravel, and potholes. Safety tips for bicyclists conclude this article. Among these tips are the use of hand signals and the avoidance of rush hour traffic. KW - Bicycles KW - Cyclists KW - Grates KW - Hazards KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368835 AU - Karpf, R S AU - Williams, A F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - TEENAGE DRIVERS AND MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS PY - 1982/05 SP - 25 p. AB - In 1978, passenger vehicle drivers 16 and 17 years old were in crashes that resulted in 4,198 deaths. Motor vehicles account for nearly half the deaths of 16-19 year olds in the United States. Teenage drivers contribute substantially to motor vehicle related deaths, both their own and others. Teenage drivers have greatly elevated rates of fatal crash involvement per capita and, especially, per licensed driver. More deaths per licensed driver are associated with the passenger vehicle crashes of 18 year olds than for any other age. Deaths per licensed driver are next highest for 16, 17, and 19 year olds. Various possible ways to reduce the deaths that result from teenagers driving are discussed. KW - Adolescents KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182694 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368359 JO - Traffic Safety Bulletin PB - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research TI - INSTITUTE STUDIES THE HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - A study of the transportation of hazardous materials by motor vehicles included four main activities: 1) A comprehensive search of the literature dealing with highway transportation of hazardous materials; 2) A review of federal, state and local regulations governing hazardous materials transportation, especially relating to driver qualifications and vehicle maintenance and inspection requirements; 3) An analysis of current organizational responsibilities on the state and federal level for the various aspects of hazardous materials transportation; and 4) The design of a hazardous materials information system. The literature search, which is nearing completion, has sought to identify and summarize the issues. Several problems requiring further study have been identified. It is expected that this four-part project will present important information on existing problems in the highway transportation of hazardous materials. The current state of regulation, especially relating to drivers and the vehicles used as carriers will also be assessed. Using data collected by the State Police, the actual volume, identity and routing of hazardous materials within the State will be analyzed. The final project report in September 1982 will include recommendations for improving the safety of the highway transportation of hazardous materials in New York State. KW - Driver selection KW - Drivers KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Information systems KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Reviews KW - Routing KW - Selection and appointment KW - Transportation KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367905 JO - Motor AU - Gromer, C AU - Hearst Books TI - BRAKING NEWS. DIAGONALLY SPLIT BRAKES, QUICK TAKE-UP MASTERS, AND LOW-DRAG CALIPERS ARE NOW STOPPING THE NEW GMS PY - 1982/05 VL - 157 IS - 5 SP - 6 p. AB - General Motors X-cars, J-cars, and the new A-cars, use a brake system that incorporates a quick take-up master cylinder and low-drag front caliper design. The system also uses the diagonal split braking principle: The front brake on one side of the car, and the rear brake on the other side are served by the master cylinder primary piston. The remaining front and rear brakes are handled by the secondary piston. All the other cars in the GM lineup except the Corvette and T-cars use a front/rear split braking system with quick take-up master cylinders and low-drag front calipers. This article explains the operation of this brake system and includes 2 series of captioned photos: Caliper Rebuild and Master Cylinder Rebuild. KW - A-cars KW - Brakes KW - Calipers KW - Diagonal brake system KW - Drag KW - Engine cylinders KW - General Motors Corporation KW - J-cars KW - Low drag KW - Master cylinders KW - Reconstruction KW - Repairing KW - T-cars KW - X-cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182053 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367904 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - MOTOR REBUILDING SERIES. TEAR DOWN AND INSPECTION. ENGINE REBUILDING: PART ONE PY - 1982/05 VL - 157 IS - 5 SP - 7 p. AB - This is the first part of a 3-part article on engine rebuilding. It covers disassembly, diagnosis/inspection and remachining--in this case, how to communicate your needs to the jobber machines shop. The article includes a series of 19 captioned photos. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Disassembly/engines KW - Engines KW - Inspection KW - Machining KW - Reconstruction KW - Remachining KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182052 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368360 JO - Traffic Safety Bulletin PB - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research TI - MOTORCYCLE RIDER EDUCATION PROGRAM ENTERS SECOND YEAR PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 6-7 AB - The crash reduction effectiveness of motorcycle rider education courses given in combination with improved knowledge and skill testing licensing requirements is being studied. The study has the following objectives: determine the crash reduction potential; demonstrate the feasibility of a rider education program as a condition for issuance of a motorcycle operator's license; determine the impact of motorcycle rider education on accident and violation involvement; determine the impact of improved license examinations on accident and violation involvement; determine the cost-effectiveness of motorcycle rider education as a countermeasure for motorcycle accidents. The study project consists of four basic study groups: control group; improved knowledge and skill test group; three hour training group; and the 24-hour training group. Subsequent to the 2-year training phase of the Project, the accident and violation records of all riders who entered the Project will be tracked for a 3-year period. The results of the project might effect changes in the present licensing requirements. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367908 AU - Sivak, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - HUMAN FACTORS AND ROAD SAFETY: OVERVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH AT THE HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH INSTITUTE PY - 1982/05 SP - 18 p. AB - This report presents a brief overview of research performed at the Human Factors Division of the Highway Safety Research Institute within the last five years. The research dealt with the following topics: vehicle headlighting, vehicle rear lighting and signaling, legibility of traffic signs, driving test development, handicapped drivers, elderly drivers, vehicle conspicuity, vehicle displays and controls, windshield damage and safety, epidemiology of accidents, and theoretical issues. KW - Aged drivers KW - Crashes KW - Driving tests KW - Epidemiology KW - Headlamps KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Legibility KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Rear signals KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178812 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367935 JO - World Highways/Routes du Monde PB - Route One Publishing Limited AU - International Road Federation TI - INDONESIA'S PELITA, ROAD MAINTENANCE, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1982/05 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - After a review of the geography and population of Indonesia, the article focuses on the National Development Plans, called Pelitas. The first Pelita, established in 1969, included US$ 750 million for road improvements for the years 1969-73. The second Pelita, extending through 1978 had a budget of nearly U.S. $ 1500 million, and the third Pelita, which will end in 1983, has a budget of U.S.$ 2700 million for road works and maintenance. Indonesia's roads are administered and maintained at four levels of government--national, provincial, district and village. The Pelita covers the first three of these networks. Road maintenance on district and village roads will continue to rely on labor-intensive methods when possible but roads within the national and provincial system will have greater amounts of mechanical equipment. Highway safety within Indonesia is best described as an idea which has yet to be established within the behavior pattern and philosophy of the road users and the public, but the outlook for both road development and safety improvement is positive within the short term and the extended future. KW - Developing countries KW - Development KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Indonesia KW - Road improvements KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367909 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, THEFT COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - 47 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1979, 1980, and 1981 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. The principal findings for passenger cars are: (1) There were huge variations in the theft loss experience of different cars. The car with the worst experience had theft losses that were more than 400 times greater than the losses for the car with the best results; (2) Among the individual series summarized, the Chevrolet Corvette had the worst theft loss experience in all three model years. The 1981 two-door Plymouth Horizon and four-door Pontiac Phoenix had the best results; (3) There were large differences in theft results even among cars of similar size and body style. For example, relative average loss payments per insured vehicle year ranged from 16 to 197 for 1979 intermediate size four-door models; (4) Sports and specialty models had the worst theft losses. For 1981 models, they accounted for only 15 percent of the exposure but 51 percent of the total dollars paid out; (5) Station wagons had the lowest theft losses. Generally, larger cars had higher theft losses than similarly styled smaller cars; (6) Average theft claim sizes ranged from less than $200 to over $4,000 for 1981 models; (7) The theft loss results were consistent from one model year to another; (8) Decreases in theft claim frequencies for the more recent model years were more than offset by increases of over 30 percent in average loss payments per claim for each successive model year; (9) Claim frequencies declined for each successive year the 1979 models were in use, but did not for 1980 models; and (10) The frequency of theft claims involving large cars declined sharply between 1979 and 1980 models. The principal findings for vans, pickups, and utility vehicles are: (1) Vans, standard pickups, and small and intermediate-sized utility vehicles all had higher theft losses than cars of the same model year; (2) The Ford Bronco had the highest average loss payment per claim and highest average loss payment per insured vehicle year for 1979 and 1980 models; (3) The Jeep CJ-5 had the highest frequency of theft claims for 1979 and 1980 models; and (4) The Plymouth Arrow pickup had the lowest average payment per insured vehicle year for 1979 and 1980 models. KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367910 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - THE U.S. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, 1981. REPORT TO THE CONGRESS FROM THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1982/05 SP - 60 p. AB - The Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act (PL 95-185) requires the Secretary of Transportation to prepare and submit to Congress an annual assessment of the U.S. automobile industry. The first report, The U.S. Automobile Industry, 1980, discussed many of the basic causes of the problems faced by the industry. This report deals with developments during 1981 and with future prospects for the industry. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Imports KW - Leasing KW - Policy analysis KW - Productivity KW - Regulatory reform KW - Sales KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367965 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - O'Day, J AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - A STUDY OF VEHICLE FACTORS RELATED TO TYPE AND SEVERITY OF PEDESTRIAN INJURY PY - 1982/05 SP - 38 p. AB - An estimated 188,000 pedestrian accidents are reported each year involving about 8000 fatalities. The peak age group for pedestrian fatalities includes children aged 4-8, but there is a strong second peak among youth aged 16-21. Males are two-and-a-half times as likely as females to be killed in pedestrian accidents. This study used police-reported pedestrian accidents in New York State for 1978-79 and in Pennsylvania for 1979 to try to identify vehicle factors which relate to the severity or body location of pedestrian injury. It was found that large trucks, pickups, and vans are more likely to kill the pedestrian than are passenger cars, but within passenger cars there was no direct relationship between vehicle weight and injury severity. In a detailed comparison of passenger car front-end configurations the most meaningful finding was a decrease in child injury severity with a greater horizontal slope from the bumper edge to the above-bumper contact point. Further study of this and other front-end styling variations need to be tested under controlled conditions in the laboratory. KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178881 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367628 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - EMERGENCY RESCUE PY - 1982/05 VL - 125 IS - 5 SP - p. 38-39 AB - This article discusses three pieces of emergency medical equipment which are designed with consideration of the emergency medical technicians as well as the patient. The equipment described include an ambulance cot, a battery-operated suction pump with disposable collection bottles and chemical lightsticks. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Equipment KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Paramedics KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181853 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367629 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Hoskin, A F AU - National Safety Council TI - FOR 1981 PRELIMINARY ACCIDENT REPORT. WORK DEATHS DECREASED PY - 1982/05 VL - 125 IS - 5 SP - p. 60-61 AB - The 1981 accident death total was approximately 99,500, a five percent decrease from 1980. Motor vehicle accidents in 1981 were responsible for 51 per cent of the death total. This article gives preliminary statistical data on: Death totals; Disabling work injuries; Incidence rates; Accident costs; Fire losses; Total average employment; Off-the-job accidents; Time loss; Industrial commission records; Accident deaths. Two charts are included: Work Death Rates 1971-1981 with percentage of change (by industry groups) and The National Accident Fatality Toll 1980-1981 with percentage of change (all accidents). KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Industrial accidents KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupational safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181854 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367684 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Harrison, H R AU - Bassim, A AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - WHEEL HUB FORCES DUE TO VEHICLE ENCOUNTERING A BUMP PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 243-247 AB - Forces transmitted to a vehicle suspension due to encountering a bump are measured during laboratory and track tests. The longitudinal (rearwards acting) loads are shown to be of significant magnitude when compared with the vertical components of the transient response. The implications of this on suspension design are discussed. KW - Bumps KW - Field tests KW - Force KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loads KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367687 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ARE YOU UP ON TIRES. THE BACKYARD MECHANIC PY - 1982/05 VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - p. 22-25 AB - This article discusses the proper treatment of automobile tires. It describes the proper method of checking tire pressure and the advantages and/or disavantages of under and over inflation. Correct tire inspection techniques are described including visual inspection for various tread wear patterns which can indicate misalignment, out-of-balance tire and wheel assembly, suspension neglect, lack of tire rotation, improper inflation, or improper brake adjustment. The article warns the driver to avoid objects which may cause internal tire damage, to avoid using wornout tires with less than 2/32 nds-inch of remaining tread depth, to avoid excessive speeds which create heat build-up in a tire, and to avoid excessive wheel spinning when freeing a vehicle from sand, mud, snow, gravel or ice. KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Rolling contact KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181889 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367632 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Spitz, S AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH (TRAFFIC) PY - 1982/05 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - p. 44-45 AB - To answer the question which is posed as the title of this article, the author uses an analytical approach, aware that this is a very subjective matter and will require extensive pragmatic study for validation. The article relies a great deal on the ideas set forth in 1963 by Professor Colin Buchanan in his study entitled "Traffic in Town, A Study of the Long-Term Problems of Traffic in Urban Areas" (Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, U.K.). The conclusion reached is that there are possibly three separate thresholds for local residential street traffic environmental quality. These three thresholds are graphically plotted as impact versus flow by exposure and are discussed in greater detail. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Local traffic KW - Local transportation KW - Residential areas KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181857 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367643 JO - Fortune Magazine PB - Time Incorporated AU - McQuade, W AU - Time Incorporated TI - THE SHAPE OF CARS TO COME PY - 1982/05 VL - 105 IS - 11 SP - p. 68-77 AB - Now that GM, Ford and Chrysler have pretty well caught up with the rest of the auto world in such matters as down-sizing, weight-shaving, front-wheel drive and assembly by robots, the emerging competition is in what used to be called styling, and is now called design and the source of this design renewal is America. This article reviews the evolution of the automobile industry, both domestic and foreign and gives an idea of what the car of tomorrow will look like. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drag factor KW - Drag factor (Chemistry) KW - Europe KW - Japan KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181868 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367670 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Witconis, L AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - RADIAL VS. BIAS: NO CONTEST? PY - 1982/05 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 52-57 AB - As the cost of trucking continues to rise, the question of the superiority of radial tires to bias ply tires becomes crucial. This article reviews the differences between the two kinds of tires and the performance of radial tires: retreading capability, traction, noise, wear on rough roads, radials and light loads, rolling resistance, puncture resistance, and high speed durability. Tips on vehicle handling and how to maximize savings by paying attention to tire selection, inflation, vehicle alignment, tire mating, mixing, rotation and retreading are included. Tips from Goodyear on these points are listed in a box. KW - Costs KW - Inflation KW - Puncture resistance KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Retreaded tires KW - Rolling contact KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tire grip KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Trucks KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181875 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367680 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Garry, K P AU - Stollery, J L AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - REDUCING THE AERODYNAMIC DRAG OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 160-170 AB - Rising fuel costs in recent years have increased the importance of vehicle aerodynamic drag; even modest reductions can now show significant benefits in truck operating costs. Such potential benefits have prompted an extensive research programme aimed at reducing the drag of existing vehicles and defining the changes of shape needed for the next generation of fuel efficient vehicles. The results of wind tunnel tests on a variety of scale models are presented in order to identify both the problems of existing designs and the opportunities for improvement. The significant areas of interest are the cab/container geometry and the design of the container forebody, and studies are included concerned with methods of significantly varying the drag, usually by incorporating "add-on" devices. The problems of cross-wind drag characteristics are covered, together with measurements on the effectiveness of gap flow control and underbody modifications to improve the characteristics of the vehicle in yaw. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crosswinds KW - Drag KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Scale models KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle design KW - Wind tunnels KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181882 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367636 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Belohoubek, E F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - RADAR CONTROL FOR AUTOMOTIVE COLLISION MITIGATION AND HEADWAY SPACING PY - 1982/05 VL - VT31 IS - 2 SP - p. 89-99 AB - A small solid-state radar combined with a microprocessor makes possible collision-mitigation braking and automatic headway control in cars of the future. The collision-mitigation function involves the application of antiskid brakes under conditions where, based on radar and other sensor inputs, it is certain that a severe collision will take place. The decision-making algorithm is optimized to prevent the unjustified application of the brakes from false alarms. The automatic headway-control function keeps the car at a safe distance with respect to other vehicles on the road ahead. In the absence of other cars the system operates as a conventional cruise control. KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic control KW - Braking KW - Governors (Devices) KW - Headways KW - Microprocessors KW - Prevention KW - Radar KW - Safety KW - Speed control KW - Speed governor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181861 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367678 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Barker, T D AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - ENGINE MAPPING TECHNIQUES PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 142-152 AB - This paper describes the engine mapping techniques in use by Ford in Europe in its campaign to improve automotive fuel economy in the face of increasingly difficult exhaust emissions regulations. These techniques, which are based on Ford US developments (Baker and Daby, 1977), provide the best possible fuel economy while meeting specified emission standards and minimising the loss of performance. The balancing of the many interrelated factors which influence performance, economy and emissions requires sophisticated computerised methods which encompass both "engine mapping" and "powertrain matching." In the following sections, the various steps involved in engine mapping are described, as well as the interactions with powertrain matching. KW - Air quality management KW - Engine mapping KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181880 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367630 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - McCann, M K AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - FRAMEWORK OF LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS PY - 1982/05 VL - 162 IS - 5 SP - p. 31-34 AB - This article discusses the new ways in which the auto industry is using steel, aluminum, and plastic materials. Lightweight aluminum is being used for trim moldings, inner and outer hood panels, sun roof hatch frame and panel, luggage racks, and air deflectors. Steel, however, remains the material that gets the highest percentage of body and structural applications. Dual phase steel is the latest addition to the high strength steel category. Black plate steel is an extra thin low carbon sheet which competes effectively against aluminum. Metal/plastic/metal laminate sandwiches are used for their light weight, good strength and relative low cost. Possible applications include load floors, narrow body panels, and trailer sides for heavy-duty trucks. Plastic for exterior application is glass fiber reinforced thermoset polyester in SMC (sheet molding compound) form. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Glass fibers KW - High strength steel KW - Laminates KW - Lightweight materials KW - Plastics KW - Polyester resins KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Sheet molding compounds KW - Steel KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181855 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367658 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Beaubien, R F AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1982/05 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - p. 29-31 AB - In 1975 the City Council in Troy, Michigan established a Citizen Traffic Committee to provide local officials with an opportunity to review factual situations, engineering recommendations, public safety recommendations, and citizen input before having to take a position on a particular recommendation. The Committee keeps elected officials from having to make a decision based solely on emotional considerations and allows time for engineering recommendations to be considered as well. Assuming that a similar committee can provide the same kind of benefits to other communities, this article presents a discussion on the organization of such a committee and how it operates (including a typical agenda), followed by a summation of the specific contributions to traffic safety that the Citizen Traffic Committee has made in the City of Troy. KW - Committees KW - Labor unions KW - Local government KW - Organization KW - Public participation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181873 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367685 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - IN-TOWN DRIVING. SOMETHING YOU DO EVERDAY IS NOT SO SIMPLE AS IT APPEARS PY - 1982/05 VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - 5 p. AB - This article written in a conversational tone, congratulates, the safe driver for proper intown driving while comparing the good driver's techniques with those of a third person, a poor driver, to illustrate that something that is done everyday is not as simple as it appears. Specific situations described include: traffic lights, patience in traffic, entering traffic, right turn on red, parking lots, lane changes, entering and leaving military bases, speed limits, mirrors, searching for addresses, and use of seat belts. KW - Behavior KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver performance KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Human characteristics KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367682 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Mooring, B W AU - GENIN, J AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - A KINEMATIC CONSTRAINT METHOD FOR STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ARTICULATED VEHICLES PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 190-201 AB - This work examines a method of analyzing the handling response and stability of an articulated vehicle. The method consists of replacing the tyre force-slip angle relationships, that are typically used in handling analysis, with a kinematic constraint formulation. A vehicle model was analyzed using both the standard slip angle approach and the constraint method. The model examined is a simplified four degree-of-freedom model of a tractor-trailer system. The results of each analysis method are compared. These results indicate that use of the constraint method can afford greater ease in problem set up and solution and can eliminate the requirement for a tyre model. The results also indicate that the constraint method can provide an accurate estimate of tyre loading and vehicle stability boundaries. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Stability analysis KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181884 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367634 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Fleming, R R AU - National Safety Council TI - IN MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS--HELMETS ARE NOT THE WHOLE ANSWER PY - 1982/05 VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - 6 p. AB - This article reports the results of a study undertaken by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation on the effectiveness of motorcycle helmets. The findings and data presented lead to the conclusion that helmets save lives and prevent head injuries. This conclusion, however, does not mandate reinstitution of the mandatory helmet law. Helmeted riders suffered head injuries in one out of four accidents. This indicates that an effective motorcycle safety program must concentrate on accident prevention. Such a program would involve educating and training of cyclists and other motorists as well. KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181859 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367681 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - SANO, S AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - EVALUATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE HANDLING PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 171-189 AB - Motor vehicle handling is evaluated in various stages from vehicle development to selection of vehicles by end users, and this evaluation work is performed for different purposes. This report is designed to identify common ideas, rating efforts, and problem areas in different stages of vehicle handling evaluation. Reference is also made to the course and future trend of studies for the evaluation of vehicle handling. KW - Driving KW - Evaluation KW - Handling characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367683 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Ying, S-J AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DUMMY HEAD IMPACT TESTS ON STEERING WHEELS PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 234-242 AB - This report presents the numerical simulation of dummy head impact tests on steering wheels. In the theoretical formulation, the motion of the dummy before impact is studied, and its result serves as the initial condition for the impact. During the impact the frictions existing between the dummy head and the steering wheel and at the pivot are considered in addition to the change of momentum due to impact force alone. The load vs. deflection curves of the steering wheels are simulated by three segments of straight lines for the elastic region before yield point, the region after the yield point and the unload region. The curve produced from the numerical calculation matches well with the impact data as presented in this report. The causes of high-frequency oscillation which appeared in the testing data are discussed. KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Steering wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181885 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367622 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - CONSPICUITY BUS HELPS CURE POOR BUS VISIBILITY PY - 1982/05 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-28 AB - This article describes a "Conspicuity Bus" package developed by Weldon, Inc. which greatly increases the "attention attractiveness" of a school bus during dusk and night time visibility conditions. This Weldon 2000 series Conspicuity Lighting Package meets the requirements of FMVSS 108 and can be installed by the body builder in compliance with this standard. In additon, a Conspiciuity Reflector Package is described. These reflectors are designed to perform a highly efficient reflector function under headlight conditions and hazardous low light environments. KW - Dusk KW - Night KW - Reduced visibility KW - Reflectorized materials KW - School buses KW - Standards KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181847 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367639 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Carraro, B AU - National Safety Council TI - 1981 MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS ON A DOWNGRADE PY - 1982/05 VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This article reports the National Safety Council motor vehicle statistics for 1981. The statistics cover these areas: travel; number of vehicles; number of drivers; death rate; turnipke experience; injuries; factors affecting motor-vehicle deaths in 1981; regional changes; urban-rural fatality experience; deaths by type of accident; deaths by age of victim; state and city experience. KW - Age KW - Crash types KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181864 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367677 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Oldfield, J A AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - ENERGY RELATED TO VEHICLE DESIGN PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 131-141 AB - A review is presented of the effects of the oil crises of the 1970s and the present oil supply and price situation on the automotive industry. The future outlook and the view of Ford of Europe of the implication for future vehicle design are considered. Radical changes in powertrain technology and the possible abandonment of the reciprocating internal combustion engine are predicted. Gas turbines and electric-powered and hybrid vehicles are discussed as long-term alternatives to IC engines. Ford's sodium heat engine is introduced as a further long-term alternative. Nearer-term developments in the form of diesel engines, engine/transmission matching and electronics are examined and their impact on the family car of the 1990s is discussed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronics KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Gas turbines KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181879 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367679 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Rowbotham, E M AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS PY - 1982/05 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 153-159 AB - The use of lightweight composite materials to help improve vehicle fuel economy will need to be accomplished at minimal additional manufacturing cost. The versatility of composite materials lends itself to meeting the demands of this "material efficiency". The engineering design implications of the use of composites in vehicle components are reviewed, and the problems of manufacturing and processing of new materials are discussed. The failure and safety criteria of composites are considered, together with the prospects for future applications. KW - Automobile industry KW - Composite materials KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lightweight materials KW - Manufacturing KW - Safety KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181881 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367113 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Geraghty, J AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PISTON RINGS PY - 1982/05 VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - This article states that when piston rings are to be replaced, vehicle owners should be aware of the several types available and the various materials used relative to their vehicle situation, so that the proper choice of piston rings can be made even though a mechanic will do the work. The article then proceeds with a discussion of the types available and the conditions under which they should be used, emphasizing the importance of proper selection and proper break-in to ensure that the rings seat. KW - Materials KW - Piston rings KW - Replacing KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181513 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367117 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DRIVING INTO SPRING PY - 1982/05 VL - 15 IS - 10 SP - 6 p. AB - This article offers helpful suggestions to automobile owners in the preparation of their cars for spring driving and tips for safe driving in the conditions they will encounter as spring arrives. Automobile maintenance suggestions cover such items as tires, windshield wipers, and checking for salt damage. Safe driving tips deal with such conditions as potholes, slippery pavements, and visibility in the rain. KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Pavements KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Rainfall KW - Safety KW - Seasons KW - Tires KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Visibility KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather KW - Windshield washers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181515 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367118 JO - Autobody and the Reconditioned Car PB - Spokesman Publishing Company AU - Spokesman Publishing Company TI - NEW PROCESSES IN RUST PREVENTION PY - 1982/05 VL - 61 IS - 3 SP - p. 30-31 AB - A brief overview is given of the many types of materials and processes used in GM cars to inhibit rust. Among the leading rust-fighters used are steel precoated with zinc, one-sided and two-sided galvanized steel, an improved primer paint process, aluminum, various types of sealers and wax-based sprays. Owners are admonished to help by washing their cars frequently. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile bodies KW - Galvanizing KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Painting KW - Protective coatings KW - Rust prevention KW - Sealing compounds KW - Steel KW - Washing KW - Waxes KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367272 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD. FINAL REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS PY - 1982/05 SP - v.p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has analyzed five alternatives to the present 5 mph bumper standards to determine which alternative, including the current standard, yields the greatest net benefits to consumers as required by statute. The five alternatives included various combinations of 5 mph, 2.5 mph, and unregulated front and rear bumper combinations. In addition, the Agency examined the effects, for each of the above alternatives, of requiring the bumper to protect the vehicle only (known as Phase I protection) or to also sustain only minimal damage itself (known as Phase II protection). After thoroughly considering the data offered by all parties, including bumper suppliers, the Agency has concluded that consumers are assured of the largest amount of net benefits under a standard that requires 2.5 mph protection by both the front and rear bumpers and offers Phase I damage protection. The Agency concludes that the 2.5/2.5 system will yield an additional 28 dollars in net benefits, when compared to the current 5 mph bumpers, to consumers over the life of the vehicle. That results in total consumer savings of approximately 300 million dollars per year. The net 28 dollars in savings is comprised of 93 dollars in vehicle price and fuel savings, offset by an increase of 65 dollars in higher repair costs. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bumpers KW - Regulations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367284 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - O'Rourke, P J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - HIGH-SPEED PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF PICKUP TRUCKS PY - 1982/05 VL - 27 IS - 11 SP - p. 88-92 AB - This is tonque in cheek, zany but somewhat empirical sketch about "the world's only beer-guided Motor vehicle" (the pick-up truck) and its driver. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181637 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367285 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Csere, C AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - DSK 7 TURBO PY - 1982/05 VL - 27 IS - 11 SP - 4 p. AB - The DSK 7 is closest in appearance to the S3 version of the Lotus 7. The foundation of this modern 7 is an all-new DSK chassis. Larger or heavier-gauge tubing is used in most areas, along with additional bracing and traingulation where necessary. The individual tubes are hand-fitted and assembled by low-temperature brazing. The floor is a riveted-in-place aluminum sheet. A tray for a battery and a fuel cell is located behind the passenger compartment. The classic flowing fenders are in fiberglass. DSK adds its own front and rear suspension components to this chassis. The brakes are the original Triumph non-vented discs in front and Ford drums in the rear but DSK fits a racing-style, dual-master-cylinder, adjustable-balance-bar arrangement for precise braking adjustments. Fiat-Pirelli 205/60 R-13 P6 tires on six-inch-wide aluminum wheels put the various tractive forces to the ground. The article includes specifications and C/D tests results. KW - Automobiles KW - Car kits KW - Design KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance tests KW - Specifications KW - Sport cars KW - Sports cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181638 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367114 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Miller, W R AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - TRAILER MAINTENANCE RALLY PY - 1982/05 VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - p. 105-108 AB - In Spring 1981 the Northern Virginia Unit of the Wally Byam Caravan Club (Airstream) conducted a Trailer Maintenance Rally at the KOA Campground in Front Royal Virginia. The program covered four basic areas: (1) a weigh scale program; (2) propane system checkout; (3) electrical system checkout; and (4) general maintenance. This article presents a discussion of each of these areas, indicating what was accomplished at the rally. In conclusion it is stated that the rally was interesting, productive and educational, and it could be duplicated by other organizations. Also, it would bring together the State Highway Patrol, the State Highway or Transportation Department, and recreational vehicle owners. KW - Education KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Rally KW - Recreational vehicles KW - State departments of transportation KW - State highway departments KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367282 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Fisher, A AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AUTO FUEL FROM PLANTS PY - 1982/05 VL - 220 IS - 5 SP - p. 84-85 AB - This article examines Euphorbia lathyris, the gopher weed, a biennial shrub that grows wild in California, as an alternative source of hydrocarbon fuel. This plant can be cultivated on semiarid land that is not suitable for food crops. To extract fuel the plants are cut, dried in the sun to reduce water content, ground up, and boiled with heptane. The black, sticky oil obtained is then subjected to the cracking process just as crude oil is. It is a little better than crude oil, since no sulfur and no vanadium impurities are present. Current cost estimates are averaged at 100 dollars a barrel. Genetic engineering would boost production. Some foresee a cost of 30 dollars per barrel, which would be very competitive with current crude oil costs. Other plants mentioned in this article are the copaiba of Brazil, milkweeds, and the petroleum nut tree of the Philippines. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Plants KW - Sources KW - Weeds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181635 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367286 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Bedard, P AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - NEW DEVICES PY - 1982/05 VL - 27 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - John Dobb, director of the New Devices Section of General Motors, in an interview with the author, describes how his department, established in 1925, handles submissions from inventors. First they must pass an initial screening, and about 85% don't. Those that survive are sent off to the appropriate divisions for a closer look, and if they pass all the tests and are considered valuable to the corporation, then they are forwarded to the patent section which verifies that the inventor has legal rights to the device, and if he does, negotiates to buy those rights, usually on a non-exclusive basis. The legal aspects are also discussed, and then the author interviews an inventor to get his side of the story. In conclusion, some of the needs of the corporation are discussed: new materials, or ways of using existing materials in weight-saving structures, aerodynamics, new methods of mounting glass so that it's flush with the body, and something that could do the job of glass with half the weight. KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Inventions KW - Legal factors KW - New systems KW - Patents KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396310 AU - Stein, M AU - Beauregard, M AU - Bragg, B AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIRST ANNUAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY TREND REPORT PY - 1982/04/19 SP - 123 p. AB - The authors review accident and accident exposure trends in the U.S. from 1950 to 1980. Accident trends assessed include fatalities, fatal accidents injuries, injury accidents, police reported and total vehicular accidents. Exposure trends are vehicle miles of travel (VMT), roadway miles by surface type and roadway class, licensed drivers, registered vehicles population and numbers of households. The authors present comparisons of changes in these trends for 1950 to 1960, 1960 to 1970, 1970 to 1980 and other selected intervening years. Comparisons are provided in the forms of ratios (e.g., injuries to injury accidents), indicators (e.g., fatalities per billion vehicle miles of travel) and composite indicators (e.g., fatal accident involvement rate by driver's age and sex characteristics adjusted for exposure). In addition, detailed assessment of trends is provided for urban and rural areas, regions (e.g., sunbelt and snowbelt), and for fatal accidents trends between 1975 and 1980 when the effects of vehicle mix shifts, weekly time segments, alcohol involvement and posted speed are included as variables in the assessment. The authors conclude that fatal and property damage are not growing as rapidly as exposure related variables such as VMT. However, the annual growth rate for injuries exceeds that of VMT. The authors recommend that accident and exposure trends be monitored on a continuing basis and that emphasis be placed on the design of a balanced data base necessary to develop indepth interpretations and projections of these trends. KW - Crash exposure KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381370 AU - Energy and Environmental Analysis, Incorporated AU - Department of Energy TI - THE HIGHWAY FUEL CONSUMPTION MODEL. SEVENTH QUARTERLY REPORT PY - 1982/04/15 SP - v.p. AB - This is a quarterly report on the Highway Fuel Consumption (HFC) model used by the Department of Energy (DOE) to evaluate the impact of conservation policies on fuel consumption and on the disaggregate components of fuel demand. These components include passenger cars, light trucks, and medium and heavy-duty vehicles. The model is not a forecasting tool in that it does not provide detailed econometrically-based projections of fuel demand. The model is, however, calibrated to current statistics on fuel consumption, fleet size, and travel growth and to econometric forecasts of new vehicle sales provided by DOE. The HFC model has been used to evaluate the fuel consumption impacts of revised estimates of current and future trends in the shortfall between EPA-measured and on-road fuel economy for passenger cars and light-duty trucks. In addition, the model has been updated with the addition of: 1) new information on annual miles driven per vehicle by vintage year for cars and light trucks; and 2) revised new vehicle sales projections. This report acquaints the reader with the most current output of the Highway Fuel Consumption model and presents the revisions in the input data and assumptions which have occurred in the past three months. Section 2 details the current projection of highway fuel consumption and compares it to the one used in the previous quarter. Section 3 discusses recent and near term activities involving the use of the model. A description of the basic model structure and methodology is presented in Appendix A. A copy of the April 1982 output of the model is attached as Appendix B. KW - Automobiles KW - Demand KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact studies KW - Light trucks KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Policy KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201492 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384685 JO - Medical Journal of Australia PB - Australasian Medical Publishing Company AU - Renwick, M Y AU - Olsen, G G AU - Tyrrell, M S AU - Australasian Medical Publishing Company TI - ROAD FATALITIES IN RURAL NEW SOUTH WALES: WEIGHING THE CAUSES PY - 1982/04/03 VL - 1 IS - 7 SP - p. 291-294 AB - The major concern in a study of untimely death in a country region of New South Wales was: what caused fatal motor vehicle accidents? We examined coroners' records over a three-year period to obtain information on road conditions and driver ability, paying particular attention to the influence of alcohol. Age-specific fatality rates, compared with coroners' data from the Sydney metropolitan area, revealed elevated rates for all age groups, especially among those aged from 15 to 29 years. The most vulnerable age group was 15 to 19 years, for which the death rate was more than four times as high as for their metropolitan counterpart. Alcohol was a major contributing factor. The driver's inability to handle his vehicle outweighed the condition of country roads as the primary cause of fatal crashes. KW - Age KW - Crash causes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Rural areas KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384686 JO - Medical Journal of Australia PB - Australasian Medical Publishing Company AU - McDermott, F T AU - Hughes, ESR AU - Australasian Medical Publishing Company TI - COMPULSORY BLOOD ALCOHOL TESTING OF ROAD CRASH CASUALTIES IN VICTORIA: THE SECOND THREE YEARS (1978-1980) PY - 1982/04/03 VL - 1 IS - 7 SP - p. 294-296 AB - Since 1974, blood alcohol estimations have been compulsory for all road crash casualties aged 15 years or older presenting at public hospitals in Victoria. This paper details the results of the second sequence of three complete years of testing (1978-1980). Blood samples were obtained from 50712 casualties. There were 41307 of "driver" and 9405 of "non-driver" labelled samples. Of driver and non-driver samples, 20.5% and 17.9% respectively had alcohol levels in excess of the legal driver limit of 11 mmol/L (0.05 g/100 mL). The blood alcohol level exceeded 33 mmol/L (0.15 g/100 mL) in 9.8% of driver and 0.4% of non-driver labelled samples. The legal limit was exceeded by 27.4% of male and 9.2% of female drivers. The percentage of city and country driver casualties who had blood alcohol levels in excess of the legal limit was 18.7% and 25.0%. These results closely resemble those obtained between 1974 and 1977. The differences, while statistically significant, have resulted in less than a 1% decrease in the percentages of drivers and non-drivers with blood alcohol levels in excess of 11 mmol/L (0.05 g/100 mL). The largest annual decrease occurred between 1978 and 1979 and followed increased penalties for drink-driving offences. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Passengers KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368342 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - SUMMARY OF STATE AND LOCAL VEHICLE EMISSIONS INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS PY - 1982/04/01 SP - 170 p. AB - The status of voluntary or mandatory emission inspection programs in the 50 states and the District of Columbia are summarized and fact sheets which outline the main provisions for existing or planned programs in each state are provided. The fact sheets describe the boundaries of the inspection programs, the vehicles subjected to or exempted from the programs, the administration and type of inspection, and the penalties for failing the inspection. The 1970 Clean Air Act as amended in 1977, required 28 states and the District of Columbia that do not meet applicable federal ambient air quality standards to institute a motor vehicle emissions inspection program by the end of 1982. The status and main provisions of programs in all 29 jurisdictions are summarized. KW - Administration KW - Exemption KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Motor vehicles KW - Penalties KW - Programs KW - State government KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396129 AU - Zellner, J W AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSENGER VEHICLE/TRAILER COMBINATIONS PY - 1982/04 SP - 287 p. AB - An experimental investigation of combination vehicle aerodynamics, pertinent to crosswind and truck-induced disturbances, was performed. This was accomplished via 1/10 scale model wind tunnel measurements performed on 6 trailers and 4 tow vehicles, and various combinations thereof. For some tests, a non-metric tractor trailer model was placed in the flow field near the combination vehicle model. A large data base of aerodynamic characteristics was generated comprising 6 force and moment coefficients as a function of crosswind angle. The effects of airspeed, articulation angle, trailer and tow vehicle shape, surface roughness, and truck proximity were quantified. Preliminary results suggested some design and development guidelines for manufacturers, and ranges of crosswind sensitivity for various vehicle shape features. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Crosswinds KW - Guidelines KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394327 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Mulholland, M U AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PLANE AND CONVEX MIRROR SIZES FOR SMALL TO LARGE TRUCKS; PREDICTIONS FROM TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1982/04 SP - 72 p. AB - An analysis was made of the relationship among Cab dimensions and other characteristics of a sample of 28 U.S. trucks and the sizes of plane and 20 inch convex mirrors needed to view proposed ground and vertical FMVSS 111 indirect field of view targets. The purpose was to determine if 1) mirror size could be predicted from one or at most a few truck dimensions and 2) a few mirror sizes could be identified as providing an adequate FOV for a broad range of trucks classified on that dimension or dimensions. Truck Eye-Height above ground was found to be the best single predictor of mirror sizes and additional dimensions did not improve predictions. Scatter plots showing the relation between Eye-Height and mirror sizes are presented. Equations for selecting plane and convex mirror height and width based upon truck Eye-Height were derived. They provide a simple method for selecting necessary mirror sizes and for verification of their adequacy with regard to FMVSS 111 indirect FOV targets. KW - Convex mirrors KW - Eye height KW - Eye location KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Forecasting KW - Mirrors KW - Plane mirrors KW - Size KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395466 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - MILNE, P AU - Wolski, J AU - Polglaze, R AU - Scully, R AU - Newcastle University, Australia TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN EFFECTIVE ROAD SAFETY CAMPAIGN PY - 1982/04 SP - p. 58-76 AB - Publicity programs designed to inform or persuade road users to modify their behaviour have long been part of the armoury of road safety countermeasures. Since the mid-60's the effectiveness of many campaigns has been questioned, principally because sound evaluative studies were almost entirely lacking. However, over the last few years, there has been a marked shift towards a more scientific approach to both development and evaluation of campaigns. Although still relatively small, the literature documenting effective campaigns is growing and now includes areas such as drink-driving, seat belt and child restraint use and daytime motorcycle headlight use. The aim of this paper is to propose some principles and to review a recent campaign by the Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Victoria, in the context of these principles. KW - Behavior KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380762 JO - Wisconsin Bar Bulletin PB - State Bar of Wisconsin AU - HAMMER, T J AU - State Bar of Wisconsin TI - THE NEW OMVWI LAW: WISCONSIN CHANGES ITS APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF DRINKING AND DRIVING. PART I PY - 1982/04 VL - 55 SP - 4 p. AB - This is Part I of a two-part series on Wisconsin's new laws governing motor vehicle offenses involving the use of alcohol or controlled substances, which became effective May 1, 1982. In this first segment, the legislative history, the statements of policy and intent, the revised implied consent law, and the new approach to driver rehabilitation and public education are each examined in detail. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - History KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Laws KW - Policy KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379396 AU - Gladstone, R AU - HARVEY, M R AU - Lesczhik, J AU - Autosafety Engineering Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WEIGHT AND CONSUMER PRICE OF COMPONENTS OF THE 1980 GENERAL MOTORS CHEVROLET CITATION AND THE 1981 CHRYSLER PLYMOUTH RELIANT. VOLUME II PY - 1982/04 SP - 269 p. AB - The Contractor conducted a study to develop consumer price and weight of components, assemblies and total vehicle of a 1980 General Motors Chevrolet Citation and a 1981 Chrysler Plymouth Reliant. A standard automotive type teardown was performed and the material cost, direct labor cost and variable burden cost were summarized to produce the variable cost. A standard macroanalysis factor of 75-25 was used to extend the variable cost to a dealer wholesale cost. For this study 1982 model production year economics was used. A 12% average dealer discount was used to develop the consumer price. The developed consumer price of the 1980 Citation was $7046.67 and the 1981 Reliant was $7365.13. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Chevrolet automobile KW - Citation automobile KW - Consumers KW - Plymouth automobile KW - Plymouth Reliant KW - Pricing KW - Vehicle components KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379395 AU - Gladstone, R AU - HARVEY, M R AU - Lesczhik, J AU - Autosafety Engineering Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WEIGHT AND CONSUMER PRICE COMPONENTS OF THE 1980 GENERAL MOTORS CHEVROLET CITATION AND THE 1981 CHRYSLER PLYMOUTH RELIANT. VOLUME I PY - 1982/04 SP - 262 p. AB - The Contractor conducted a study to develop consumer price and weight of components, assemblies and total vehicle of a 1980 General Motors Chevrolet Citation and a 1981 Chrysler Plymouth Reliant. A standard automotive type teardown was performed and the material cost, direct labor cost and variable burden cost were summarized to produce the variable cost. A standard macroanalysis factor of 75-25 was used to extend the variable cost to a dealer wholesale cost. For this study 1982 model production year economics was used. A 12% average dealer discount was used to develop the consumer price. The developed consumer price of the 1980 Citation was $7046.67 and the 1981 Reliant was $7365.13. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Chevrolet automobile KW - Citation automobile KW - Consumers KW - Plymouth automobile KW - Plymouth Reliant KW - Pricing KW - Vehicle components KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376301 AU - United States Senate TI - DRIVER SAFETY PY - 1982/04 SP - 18 p. AB - The Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, to which was referred the bill (S.2158) to amend title 23, United States Code, to authorize and direct the payment of an incentive grant for highway safety programs to any State in any fiscal year during which the statutes of the State include certain provisions relating to driving while intoxicated; to establish a national driver register; and for other purposes having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment in the nature of a substitute and an amendment to the title and recommends that the bill do pass. This legislation is intended to encourage and assist State and local efforts to reduce the loss of life and serious injury caused by drunk driving. The bill, as reported, provides financial incentives for States to enact a comprehensive two-tiered anti-drunk driving program consisting of certain basic elements. It would also help State licensing officials identify drunk drivers and other serious traffic offenders by upgrading the National Driver Register (NDR) from a slow, manual system to a quick, electronic system. KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - National Driver Register UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373930 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - PMVI IN NEW YORK STATE? YES! PY - 1982/04 SP - 6 p. AB - This publication briefly presents the issues and answers involved in periodic motor vehicle inspection (PMVI). The primary purpose of PMVI is to reduce the number of accidents caused by defective vehicle components. In the past few years, however, the effectiveness of PMVI in attaining that goal increasingly has been a source of controversy. In examining this issue, the following questions are addressed: How do inspection systems in other states compare with New York's; how does New York's PMVI system work; is PMVI effective in reducing accidents caused by defective vehicle components; and should New York retain its PMVI system. KW - Defects KW - Effectiveness KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190065 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373911 JO - Mechanical Engineering PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Rice, I G AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - THE REHEAT-GAS-TURBINE COMBINED CYCLE PY - 1982/04 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - p. 46-57 AB - Thanks to the Carnot principle, engineers have known for years that increasing the initial working temperature will increase cycle efficiency, and this understanding has led to many cycle improvements, particularly in the areas of first the steam turbine, and then the gas turbine, and finally the combination of the two. This article retraces the history of the steam turbine cycle, the early gas-turbine combined cycles, the early reheat-gas-turbine combined cycle, the Japanese reheat-gas-turbine combined cycle, and finally the nonintercooled reheat-gas turbine and its innovations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Energy conversion KW - Gas turbines KW - Liquefied gases KW - Natural gas KW - Thermal cycling KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373606 JO - Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery PB - Mosby (CV) Company AU - Alyono, D AU - Perry, J F AU - Mosby (CV) Company TI - IMPACT OF SPEED LIMIT WITH DISCUSSION AND CLOSURE PY - 1982/04 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - p. 519-522 AB - Traffic fatalities have decreased since the reduction in the speed limit to 55 miles per hour. However, there has been no report documenting a decrease in the severity of chest injury from automobile accidents. From January, 1968, to January, 1980, 966 patients with chest injury from automobile accidents were admitted: 463 during the period January, 1968, to December, 1973 (before speed limit change, first period), and 503 during the period January, 1974 to January, 1980 (after reduction of speed limit, second period). The mortality during the first period was 17.3% (80/463), which was 16.1% higher than second period, 14.9% (75/503), p greater than 0.05. There were no significant differences in number of the following chest injuries: multiple rib fractures, 77.8% (360/463) versus 73.0% (367/503); pneumothorax, 41.7% (193/463) versus 39.4% (198/503); lung contusion, 25.9% (120/463) versus 24.9% (125/503); diaphragm rupture, 3.9% (18/463) versus 4.2% (21/503); tracheoesophageal fistula, 0.4% (2/463) versus 0% (0/503); cardiac injury, 3.5% (16/463) versus 5/6% (28/503), or aortic injury, 3.2% (15/463) versus 4.0% (20/503). There were statistically significant differences in the following injuries: hemothorax, 42.1% (195/463) versus 29.2% (147/503), p less than 0.01; sternum fracture, 6.7% (32/463) versus 3.8% (19/503), p less than 0.01; tracheobronchial rupture, 1.5% (7/463), versus 0% (0/503), p less than 0.01; and flail chest, 14.7% (68/463) versus 7.2% (36/503), p less than 0.001. During the first period the following were significantly higher: first 24 hour blood replacement, average 1.9 versus 1.4 units, p less than 0.05; 48 hour chest tube drainage, average 358 versus 216 ml, p less than 0.001; respirator use, average 1.75 versus 0.42 days, p less than 0.001; and hospitalization, average 15.0 versus 13.1 days, p less than 0.05. Thus the mortality, morbidity, and severity of chest injury were lower after the reduction of the speed limit to 55 miles per hour from 70 miles per hour. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Severity KW - Speed limits KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194135 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373658 JO - Mechanical Engineering PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Burton, D C AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - COMBUSTION TURBINES AT THE CROSSROADS. THE CHALLENGE OF THE 80S: TO DESIGN FLEXIBLE EFFICIENT SYSTEMS USING GASIFICATION AND FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION PY - 1982/04 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - p. 79-85 AB - This article presents an assessment methodology that could be used as a guide for allocating development funds and technical resources to ensure development of the reliable energy-conserving combined cycle power system of the future. The challenge to the gas turbine industry is that of developing product lines with parts lives and applications versatility to fulfill industrial requirements for integrated turbine systems using gasification and fluidized-bed combustion energy conversion. These units must incorporate as much of the already developed high-performance technology as possible. Major system design trade-offs must be made between fuel preparation, combustion gas cleanup, and turbine parts life. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Development KW - Fluidized bed combustion KW - Fund allocations KW - Future concepts KW - Gas turbines KW - Gasification KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology assessment KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372113 AU - ATKINSON, J AU - Hurst, P AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - COLLISIONS BETWEEN CYCLISTS AND MOTORISTS IN NEW ZEALAND. TRAFFIC RESEARCH REPORT NO. 27 PY - 1982/04 SP - 25 p. AB - Accidents involving cyclists and motorists were examined and classified according to a set of accident types developed by Cross and Fisher in the U.S. The relative frequencies of the various types were noted, as were variations between New Zealand and the U.S. Possible causes of the variations were considered. Potential countermeasures to increase cyclist safety were considered in view of the accident dynamics. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371128 AU - O'Neill, B AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - VEHICLE SAFETY--A MARKETABLE COMMODITY PY - 1982/04 SP - 11 p. AB - This paper explains why vehicle safety is today a marketable commodity. It shows that the myth which says "safety cannot be sold" is being dispelled by a number of things, including the following: detrimental information about the safety performance of particular cars has seriously hurt their sales; many opinion polls and attitude surveys of prospective car purchasers have indicated that safety is an important consideration; the federal government's Car Book, showing safety and damagability-related results of crash tests, is the most requested government publication ever; and the series of ads taken out by General Motors to advertise results obtained concerning small cars by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and the Highway Loss Data Institute. Mention is also made in this paper of the fact that there are several automobile safety features available on cars sold in Europe but not on cars sold in the United States. It is concluded that without these occupant protection features, there is every reason to believe that the present appallingly high rate of passenger car occupant deaths will increase. KW - Advertising KW - Attitudes KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Impact tests KW - Markets KW - Performance tests KW - Public opinion KW - Small car KW - Surveys KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371146 AU - McVetty, T N AU - Cross, A J AU - Parr, L W AU - Triad Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR TWO FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS--FMVSS 113 HOOD LATCH--PASSENGER CARS--FMVSS 219 WINDSHIELD ZONE INTRUSION-PASSENGER CARS PY - 1982/04 SP - 152 p. AB - This is a review of two existing Federal regulations to determine what action domestic and foreign passenger car manufacturers took to meet the standards and the resulting cost to the customer for such actions. The Standards are; FMVSS 113, Hood Latches-Passenger Cars and FMVSS 219, Windshield Zone Intrusion. The hood latch regulation described the "state-of-the-art" condition for all domestic offerings and all but the VW Beetle for the imported cars. The VW Beetle did change its front compartment latch to meet the Standard. To meet the windshield zone intrusion regulation, manufacturers introduced several design features which are detailed in this report. Some of these changes were implemented in anticipation of the Standard and thus many specimens included hood impact bolts and hood buckle beads one or more years prior to the effective date of the Standard. Some Ford Motor Company products were changed for the introductory year to assure compliance with the Standard. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hinges KW - Hoods KW - Locks (Fasteners) KW - Regulations KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184504 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371137 JO - Texas Transportation Researcher PB - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Sitton, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SAVING LIVES BY INCREASING THE USE OF CHILD RESTRAINTS IN VEHICLES PY - 1982/04 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 3-5 AB - This article examines the effectiveness of each of three different approaches to increasing the use of child restraints in vehicles. The three approaches include education of parents or parents-to-be in hospital settings, education by mass media, and legislation. In conclusion it is pointed out that no single method is likely to create high rates of use. A list of 6 recommendations made by a committee convened by the Transportation Research Board to study ways of increasing safety belt use is included. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370928 JO - Abstracts & Review in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Douglass, R L AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - REPEATING CYCLES OF CONCERN AND COMPLACENCY: THE PUBLIC INTEREST AND POLITICAL RESPONSE TO ALCOHOL-RELATED TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/04 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 3-5 AB - In this challenging and thought provoking article, an eminent scientist raises the issue of the youthfulness of the driver as a factor to be considered in regard to alcohol-related traffic accidents. At the same time, he points out the oversimplification of some of the public policy approaches of the past which have tried to deal with this problem. It is his belief, based on research and direct involvement with program and policy development, that the way we think about drinking, drinkers, the way alcohol is made available, and the reliance on curative medical/legal responses instead of preventive, public health and public policy approaches, all must change if the incidence of alcohol related crashes is to be reduced. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Politics KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370473 AU - CAIRNEY, P T AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - THE DRIVING EXPERIENCE OF THE DISABLED. ARRB INTERNAL REPORT PY - 1982/04 SP - 40 p. AB - The results of a survey of the membership of the Disabled Motorists (Victoria) organisation (DMV) is reported. A 53 percent response rate was achieved, and there was good agreement between proportions of respondents falling into different disability and gender categories and proportions obtained from DMV membership figures. Roughly one third of drivers experienced disability-related problems with the design of their car, although about 50 per cent claimed to have chosen the car because of some design feature related to their disability. Although all adaptive aids gave rise to some difficulties, the spinner knob was easily the most persistent source of difficulties. Reported frequency of trips by various modes revealed an extreme dependency on driving for both work and leisure travel. Few difficulties were reported in dealing with the traffic system. However, many difficulties were reported with parking, the most frequent of those being parking spaces too far from destination, the intrusion of barriers and inadequate enforcement of parking provisions for the disabled. As a result, respondents reported a wide variety of destinations denied to them. No particular difficulties in learning to drive were reported, other than those resulting from limited head and upper body mobility, and financial difficulties were judged to be considerably greater problems in learning to drive or resume driving than were difficulties with obtaining information, arranging conversion of vehicle, social support or self-confidence. KW - Data collection KW - Disabled drivers KW - Finance KW - Financial requirements KW - Mobility KW - Parking KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369728 AU - Soular, L W AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - INSURER STUDY OF PIP SERIOUS INJURY CLAIMS--DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL EXPECTED PAYMENTS PY - 1982/04 SP - 8 p. AB - A survey was made in 1978 of Personal Injury Protection (PIP) automobile insurance coverage claims whose ultimate costs were expected to equal or exceed $100,000 each in the three states that have PIP coverage providing unlimited medical benefits. A follow-up study was done two years later to review the current medical condition of the seriously injured auto accident victims and to collect information about the development and expected total costs of these injury claims. This report reflects additional analysis of the data on the distribution of additional payments to 420 seriously injured victims. It was found that a larger proportion of the serious claims were expected to exceed $250,000 and these claims accounted for a larger proportion of the total expected payments. Tables are used to show the total expected payment distribution at the time of the original study (1978), at the time of the follow-up study (1980), and after 40 closed claims were excluded. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Data analysis KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Payment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369625 JO - Mechanical Engineering PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Harmon, R A AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS--THE OUTLOOK BEHIND THE WHEEL PY - 1982/04 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - p. 26-45 AB - This article gives an overview of recent developments and technology, as well as of business and economic trends, relative to vehicular and small gas turbines and other types of alternative power systems. Key manufacturers, suppliers, and government agencies are identified. Sub-headings include the following: evaluation of the small gas turbines; production and field tests; external pressures and government participation; advanced technology and development trends; recent achievements in vehicle turbine development; and competitive systems. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Competition KW - Development KW - Economics KW - Field tests KW - Gas turbines KW - Government agencies KW - History KW - Production KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187175 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369628 JO - Changing Times PB - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated AU - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated TI - OILS THAT SAVE GAS PY - 1982/04 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 1 p. AB - This article describes a new kind of motor oil that coats the insides of an engine and reduces the friction between rubbing parts better than the conventional kind. It is very important because it has the potential of increasing fuel mileage and decreasing engine wear. The article explains the function of motor oil, the characteristics of multiviscosity oils, and what is being done to test and determine the exact fuel efficiency of an oil. An insert is included on three oils being produced that contain graphite as the slippery agent. KW - Additives KW - Engine oils KW - Friction KW - Friction materials KW - Friction modifiers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Graphite KW - Lubricants KW - Oils KW - Viscosity KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187178 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369341 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Karlson, T A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE INCIDENCE OF HOSPITAL-TREATED FACIAL INJURIES FROM VEHICLES PY - 1982/04 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - p. 303-310 AB - The annual incidence rate of facial injuries from vehicle crashes, 278 per 100,000 residents, was determined from a population-based study involving all Dane County, Wisconsin, hospitals with emergency departments. Applying this figure to the U.S. population yields an estimated 625,000 hospital-treated facial injuries from vehicles occurring in the United States each year. Vehicle crashes were the source of a substantial proportion of facial injuries from all causes, and were found to be the single leading cause of the most severe facial lacerations and facial fractures. The majority of injuries were sustained by drivers and other vehicle occupants, and others by bicyclists, motorcyclists, and pedestrians struck by vehicles. Vehicle occupants' faces were most commonly injured by steering wheels and windshields. Technologies which are thought to protect occupants include airbags and nonlacerating windshields, but neither is available in vehicles currently manufactured for sale in the United States. KW - Air bags KW - Crash severity KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Face KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Steering wheels KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186989 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368946 JO - Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology PB - American Psychological Association AU - Donovan, D M AU - Marlatt, G A AU - American Psychological Association TI - PERSONALITY SUBTYPES AMONG DRIVING-WHILE-INTOXICATED OFFENDERS: RELATIONSHIP TO DRINKING BEHAVIOR AND DRIVING RISK PY - 1982/04 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - p. 241-249 AB - The present study investigated the empirical derivation of clinically and theoretically meaningful subtypes among males arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Five subtypes were defined through cluster analysis of driving-attitudinal, personality, and hostility measures. Two subtypes were found to have particularly high levels of risk-enhancing traits. The first was characterized by the highest levels of depression and resentment as well as the lowest levels of assertiveness, emotional adjustment, and perceived control. The second was characterized by the highest levels of driving-related aggression, competitive speed, sensation seeking, assaultiveness, irritability, and indirect and verbal hostility. Subsequent analyses indicated that these two subtypes also were of lower social position, were heavier drinkers, and had higher risks of accident involvement in comparison to the remaining clusters. The results are discussed with respect to the need for differential assessment and treatment approaches when dealing with a DWI population. KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Personality KW - Risk assessment KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186701 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368801 JO - VTI Topics PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Brude, U AU - Larsson, Johan AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - RURAL ROAD JUNCTIONS IN THE MAIN ROAD NETWORK. ACCIDENT ANALYSIS. REPORT 233 PY - 1982/04 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - p. 4-6 AB - This study analyzed how (a) the number of accidents, (b) the accident rate, (c) the injury consequences, and (d) the distribution of the types of conflicts vary in relation to the following factors: (1) junction type, (2) traffic flow volumes, (3) type of streaming, and (4) lighting conditions. Among the results obtained were those relating to the following: 3- and 4-way junctions; injury consequences; unlit junctions; and left-turn streaming. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Injuries KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Rural highways KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186602 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368837 JO - Journal of Law & Economics PB - University of Chicago Press AU - LANDES, E M AU - University of Chicago Law School TI - INSURANCE, LIABILITY, AND ACCIDENTS: A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF NO-FAULT ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/04 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-65 AB - This paper investigates the effect on accidents of removing liability for motor vehicle accident injuries. The first part of the paper shows that compulsory insurance can serve as a substitute for a liability rule, so that no increase in accident losses will occur from restricting liability. The second part of the paper investigates accident losses by state, comparing states that have and have not restricted liability for motor vehicle accident injuries. KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Liability KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - No fault insurance KW - States KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368844 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - OCTANE REQUIREMENT INCREASE OF 1978 AND 1979 MODEL CARS PY - 1982/04 SP - 54 p. AB - The need to study octane requirement increase (ORI) with unleaded fuel became evident in 1970 when manufacturers announced that cars would require catalytic converters and use unleaded gasoline of at least 91 RON quality to meet future emission standards. Since that time, manufacturers have made many engine modifications to meet both exhaust emission and fuel economy standards. Because these engine design changes and the use of unleaded fuel might significantly affect ORI, the Road Test Group of the Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) initiated a series of ORI programs in 1971. The ORI data from 1973 through 1977 model cars have been reported previously. This report will summarize ORI data for 1978 and 1979 model cars. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182706 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368346 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - McKnight, A J AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF FOUR APPROACHES TO INSTRUCTION IN OCCUPANT RESTRAINT USE PY - 1982/04 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - p. 10-11 AB - Four individual driver restraint programs (funded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as part of a series of supplementary driver education programs) were developed to teach teenage drivers and their passengers to use safety restraints, the value of safety belts and encourage favorable attitudes toward restraints. Each program contained an informational component while three of the programs provided additional learning experiences including a testimonial, operational and convincer components. A before-and-after design was used to evaluate the programs. The results of the evaluatory study are discussed in terms of (1) actual use of restraints, (2) knowledge about restraints, and (3) attitudes toward restraints. The overall results indicate that all four programs have a beneficial effect on use of restraints. The Information and Testimonial programs produce significant gains in knowledge about, attitudes toward, and use of restraints. The vehicle program produced substantial and enduring gains in restraint use. The effectiveness of the Convincer program was difficult to evaluate. KW - Before and after studies KW - Driver education KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182274 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367972 JO - Regulation PB - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research AU - Nadel, M AU - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research TI - AUTO INSURANCE: THE IRRELEVANCE OF REGULATION PY - 1982/04 SP - p. 37-42 AB - Auto insurance regulators are, and always will be, largely impotent to deal with many insurance related problems. Price regulation, viewed nationally, simply does not hold prices below the levels that are reached competitively in nonregulated markets. Oddly, while most states regulate automobile insurance rates, a market with robust competition, few supervise rates in insurance areas that are noncompetitive. The irony is that automobile insurance regulation may have its greatest success in what it does not do: regulation of personal classification. Its most expensive activity, rate regulation, is not effective. And regulators are powerless to deal with what concerns consumers the most - the factors driving up prices. KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Deregulation KW - Insurance KW - Personal classification/insurance/ KW - Rate regulation KW - Rates KW - Regulation KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367987 JO - Wear PB - Elsevier Science S.A. AU - Kawamura, M AU - FUJITA, K AU - NINOMIYA, K AU - Elsevier Science S.A. TI - THE LUBRICATING PROPERTIES OF USED ENGINE OIL PY - 1982/04 VL - 77 SP - p. 195-202 AB - The lubricating properties of oil samples from four cars using either leaded or unleaded gasoline were examined using a cross-pin-type lubricant tester and a JIS four-ball tester. The zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP) content in the oil samples was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The wear scar diameter increase with running distance up to 2000 km. At running distances above 2000 km, the wear scar diameter decreased for oil from cars using unleaded gasoline but increased for oil from cars using leaded gasoline. The load-carrying capacity also varied depending on the type of fuel used. The TLC spot characteristic of ZnDTP disappeared after running distances of 3000 km with both fuels. However, another spot, characteristic of lead dialkyldithiophosphate (PbDTP), appeared below the ZnDTP spot for oil from cars using leaded gasoline. These results indicate that the differences in the lubricating properties of oils from cars using leaded and unleaded gasoline are due to the formation of PbDTP. KW - Engine oils KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Lubricating oils KW - Properties of materials KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367983 JO - Regulation PB - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research AU - Kosters, M H AU - Eisenach, J A AU - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research TI - IS REGULATORY RELIEF ENOUGH? PY - 1982/04 SP - p. 20-27 AB - This essay attempts to evaluate the Reagan Administration's Presidential Task Force on Regulatory Relief's endeavors. Among the actions mentioned are the NHTSA proposed delay of passive restraint requirements for large cars and the list of Actions to Help the Auto Industry (involving NHTSA and EPA programs). Results attributed to regulatory relief include NHTSA spotlighting fewer defects and EPA bringing fewer enforcement actions. The authors conclude that what is needed now is a coordinated White House-agency effort that eschews the piecemeal regulation-by-regulation approach, and relates action to a broad strategy for reform. KW - Enforcement KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal government agencies KW - Federal programs KW - Policy analysis KW - Presidential task force on regulatory relief KW - Regulatory reform KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368328 AU - Latchaw, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE USE OF COMPOUND LENS SYSTEMS BY LOW VISION DRIVERS PY - 1982/04 SP - 4 p. AB - This brief paper discusses the issue of whether or not states should deny a driving license to an individual with low vision who uses telescopic devices in order to pass the vision screening tests. It is concluded that these persons should not be licensed. The following statements are offered as the basis of this conclusion: (1) A large amount of the driving by persons so equipped is without the use of the telescopic device, even though it be fitted to their regular eyeglass lens; (2) When persons actually are using the telescopic device they are peering through a tiny telescope that conceivably would be useful and safe if the car were not in motion. However, the dynamics of the moving vehicle, the vision decay due to vibration and other interferences, plus the potential for confusion caused by the small field of vision and the effect of objects jumping in and out of that field in a reverse direction to the movement of the head all combine to create a serious hazard to highway safety; and (3) the only driving history information to date for these drivers reveals them to be severely over involved in crashes when compared to the general driving population. KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eyeglasses KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Telescopic lens KW - Vision KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368338 AU - Palmer, J A AU - Cornwell, J P AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1980-81 WORKSHOP SERIES ON ALCOHOL AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS (WESTERN SERIES) PY - 1982/04 SP - 170 p. AB - From September, 1980, through June, 1981, a series of sixteen workshops (eight on alcohol and traffic safety, eight on occupant restraints) was conducted for state and local participants in fourteen states (and Island territories) in the western portion of the United States. These workshops were provided to stimulate interest, provide guidance and outline available resources related to the need to reduce drinking-driving-related crashes and to increase the usage of existing restraint devices by automobile occupants. Back-to-back alcohol/traffic safety and occupant restraint workshops were conducted at eight sites. The Final Report explains the alcohol/traffic safety and occupant restraint workshop program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, recapitulates the activities of the contractor in support of this program, provides a detailed report on each of the sixteen workshops conducted, and includes recommendations for future workshop programs. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic safety education KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367291 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Wolfe, A C AU - O'Day, J AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS IN THE U.S. PY - 1982/04 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 16 p. AB - An HSRI team examined human, situational, and vehicle-related factors in pedestrian accidents by analyzing three sets of data: the NHTSA Fatal Accident Reporting System files for 1975-1979; all pedestrian accidents in the state of Michigan for 1976-1979; and all pedestrian accidents in the state of Washington for 1974-1978. Reproduced in this article are 17 of the 61 tables and figures in the final report of the study. Some of the main findings: (1) Young children are disproportionately involved in fatal as well as nonfatal pedestrian accidents; (2) Children are most frequently involved during late afternoon and early evening hours, as are adults over age 60; (3) Young and middle-aged adults are most frequently involved during late evening and early morning hours; (4) Almost two-thirds of the fatal accidents occur after dark; (5) In late-night accidents, prior consumption of alcohol by the driver or pedestrian is a frequent factor; (6) Most pedestrian accidents occur on local urban roads away from intersections; and (7) Heavier types of motor vehicles seem to be disproportionately involved in fatal pedestrian accidents. KW - Adults KW - Aged KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Children KW - Daylight KW - Fatalities KW - Local street KW - Night KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Streets KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181644 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368352 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Abercrombie, S A AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE NEED TO EXTEND DRIVER AND SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1982/04 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - p. 7-8 AB - The basic components of a motor fleet safety program are outlined, the transportation of hazardous materials is discussed, and the need for in-depth driver safety education and training for leadership positions in the motor fleet safety industry are noted. The basic requirements for a motor fleet safety program are management commitment and leadership, a written safety policy, and sufficient budget to support (a) selection, training, and supervision of accident-free drivers and (b) purchasing and maintaining fleet vehicles in safe operating condition. The nature and size of a motor fleet govern the nature and extent of its safety program. If a motor fleet transports hazardous materials, the carrier and all concerned personnel must observe additional regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation. It is noted that higher education institutions have an important role to play in developing education and training programs geared to equip motor fleet personnel for safer operations. Fleet owners, managers, operating personnel, and insurance personnel should have periodic refresher courses. KW - Driver education KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Hazardous materials KW - Management KW - Programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368312 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY LAWS: A NATIONAL OVERVIEW. 1981 PY - 1982/04 SP - 77 p. AB - This study provides an overview of the Nation's alcohol and safety laws. There are two maps showing (1) the states with preliminary breath test laws and (2) states with illegal per se and presumptive BAC laws. Each chapter of this report is presented in chart form. There are eight chapters or charts covering the following areas: (1) Preliminary breath test laws; (2) Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) tests--statutory authority; (3) BAC tests required after traffic accidents--fatal and nonfatal; (4) BAC tests--scope of police authority; (5) BAC tests--defendant's options; (6) BAC levels as evidence in state courts; (7) Driver screening, rehabilitation, and sanctions; and (8) Legal age for consumption of beer, wine, and distilled spirits. The information contained in this report reflects statutory material available up to October 31, 1981. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Charts KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Evidence KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal drinking age KW - Police powers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Sanctions KW - States KW - Statute cases KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25651/DOT-HS-806-126.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367902 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - WE'RE NOT IN BUSINESS TO DEREGULATE--PECK. THE FIRST OF A TWO-PART INTERVIEW WITH THE NATION'S TRAFFIC WATCH DOG PY - 1982/04 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 34-42 AB - In this article, the first of a two-part interview series, Raymond A. Peck, Jr., Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), comments on his agency's past, present and future. This part of the interview focuses on the effect of the budget cuts on the Agency, the desire of Mr. Peck to repair the rift between the automobile industry and NHTSA, the issue of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, and Mr. Peck's personal managerial style. KW - Budgeting KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal government agencies KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Federal programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Interviewing KW - Management KW - Recall campaigns KW - Regulation KW - Rule making KW - Safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182050 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367625 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DRUGS AND DRIVING. NO MYTH ABOUT THIS MEDUSA PY - 1982/04 VL - 15 IS - 11 SP - 7 p. AB - This article presents a brief summary for each of the following drugs regarding their effects as they may relate to driving: barbituates, tranquilizers, alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, narcotics, hallucinogens, over-the-counter medications, and antihistamines. KW - Amphetamines KW - Caffeine KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Marijuana KW - Medicine KW - Stimulants KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181850 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367655 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - EACH WHEEL PLAYS PART IN HANDLING: HERE IS HOW TO HELP AFT SET DO ITS PART PY - 1982/04 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 48-52 AB - This article is a detailed discussion of vehicle handling with emphasis on the role that rear suspension plays in it. It reviews slip angle, common types of rear axles, rear wheel alignment factors and nose angle adjustment. A chart "Universal joint angle specifications with full gas tank" is included. KW - Alignment KW - Automobiles KW - Axles KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Nose angle KW - Rear axles KW - Rear suspension KW - Rear suspension systems KW - Rear wheels KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Wheel alignment KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181871 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367656 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Fielding, G J AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - TRANSPORTATION FOR THE HANDICAPPED: THE POLITICS OF FULL ACCESSIBILITY PY - 1982/04 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - p. 269-282 AB - This article discusses the role of political influence on the character of American transportation. Taking as an example the politics of full accessibility in the provision of transportation for the handicapped, this article traces the political history of this issue from the initial development of the concept of mainstreaming (equal access rather than equal mobility) through the effective lobbying in the early 1970's which resulted in the Federal regulations published by the Department of Transportation on May 31, 1979, to the U.S. Appeals Court ruling on May 26, 1981 that Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act "does not give federal agencies the power to impose such onerous affirmative burdens on local programs." KW - Accessibility KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Politics KW - Public transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367660 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Department of Energy TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, SUMMER 1981 PY - 1982/04 SP - 64 p. AB - The samples were collected from service stations throughout the country and were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies. The analytical data for 715 samples of motor gasoline, were submitted to the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center for study, necessary calculations, and compilation under a cooperative agreement between the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (BETC) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). They represent the products of 33 companies, large and small, which manufacture and supply gasoline. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts into which the country is divided. A map included in this report, shows marketing areas, districts and sampling locations. The report also includes charts indicating the trends of selected properties of motor fuels since 1959. Sixteen octane distribution percent charts for areas 1, 2, 3, and 4 for unleaded antiknock index (R plus M)/2 below 90.0, unleaded antiknock index (R plus M)/2 90.0 and above leaded antiknock index (R plus M)/2 below 93.0, and leaded antiknock index (R plus M)/2 93.0 and above grades of gasoline are presented in this report. The antiknock (octane) index (R plus M)/2 averages of gasoline sold in this country were 87.4 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.3 for unleaded 90.0 and above, 89.0 for leaded below 93.0, and no data in this report for 93.0 and above grades of leaded gasoline. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Laboratory tests KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Service stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367676 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - SMALL CAR SAFETY: AN ISSUE THAT NEEDS FURTHER EVALUATION PY - 1982/04 SP - 77 p. AB - The rising number of smaller cars and their ability to adequately protect their occupants are continuing concerns of vehicle and highway safety experts. The physics of smaller cars prevent them from offering as much passenger protection in every situation as larger cars. However, safety problems cannot adequately be defined or corrected until the smaller cars' performance on today's roads is determined. The Department of Transportation has done some studies, but it has never made a complete analysis using accident data. The Department should determine which smaller car safety issues need the greatest attention and what countermeasures can be used to reduce accidents, injuries, and fatalities. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Safety KW - Small car KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178666 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367642 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAFETY AND THE BERMUDA TRICYCLE PY - 1982/04 VL - 15 IS - 11 SP - p. 8-13 AB - Three-wheel all-terrain vehicles are very popular, but because they handle in an unusual way they are also one of the newest tickets to becoming a sports and recreational accident statistic. This very well illustrated article provides safe riding tips. KW - Behavior KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Handling characteristics KW - Knowledge KW - Safety education KW - Three wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367668 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - VEHICLE INSPECTION HANDBOOK. PASSENGER CARS 1982 EDITION PY - 1982/04 SP - 40 p. AB - This revision is an effort of the Vehicle Inspection Committee of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S., in cooperation with the Committee on Engineering and Vehicle Inspection of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. It continues to provide succinct descriptions of inspection procedures and objective statements of the grounds for rejecting passenger cars and station wagons. It is responsive to motor vehicle inspection requirements and to changes in vehicle design significant to motor vehicle inspection programs. This edition interprets the American National Standards Institute's "American National Standard Inspection Procedures for Motor Vehicles, Trailers, and Semitrailers Operated on Public Highways" - ANSI Standard D7.1. Also reflected are the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's "Vehicle In Use Inspection Standards" (Title 49 CFR Part 570), and its amendments enacted, through those of Docket No. 73-9. This Handbook is not intended as a set of hard and fast rules, but as a guide for both the individual inspector and for the person responsible for planning and implementing a meaningful inspection program based on sound engineering principles. All or any part of the book may be used, or various parts may be absorbed into a program in stages. KW - Automobiles KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Station wagons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367669 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - VEHICLE INSPECTION HANDBOOK. TRUCK/BUS/SCHOOLBUS 1982 EDITION PY - 1982/04 SP - 40 p. AB - This revision is an effort of the Vehicle Inspection Committee of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S., in cooperation with the Committee on Engineering and Vehicle Inspection of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. It continues to provide concise descriptions of inspection procedures and objective statements of the grounds for rejecting trucks, buses, and school buses. It is responsive to motor vehicle inspection requirements and to changes in vehicle design significant to motor vehicle inspection programs. This edition interprets the American National Standards Institute's "American National Standard Inspection Procedures for Motor Vehicles, Trailers, and Semitrailers Operated on Public Highways" - ANSI Standard D7.1. Also reflected are the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's "Vehicle In Use Inspection Standards" (Title 49 CFR Part 570), and its amendments enacted, through those of Docket No. 73-9. This Handbook is not intended as a set of hard and fast rules, but as a guide for both the individual inspector and for the person responsible for planning and implementing a meaningful inspection program based on sound engineering principles. All or any part of the book may be used, or various parts may be absorbed into a program in stages. KW - Buses KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - School buses KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178656 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367654 JO - American Assn for Auto Medicine Quarterly Journal PB - American Association for Automotive Medicine AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Hauser, R AU - Klingberg, C L AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - LICENSE REVOCATION AND ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT PROGRAMS FOR HABITUAL TRAFFIC OFFENDERS PY - 1982/04 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 30-37 AB - The Washington Habitual Traffic Offender Act was evaluated to determine its effectiveness in reducing traffic violations and collisions. The law requires a five-year license revocation for drivers who have accumulated three or more major traffic convictions or 20 or more total convictions. The law also permits a stay of the revocation for alcoholic drivers who have undertaken an approved alcoholism treatment program. The study was designed to assess the subsequent driving performance for revoked drivers and stayed drivers as compared to control groups of drivers who were eligible for but did not receive these sanctions. It was found that license revocation was associated with significant reductions in moving violation convictions and collisions as compared to control group drivers. Stay of revocation, however, had no impact on subsequent driving performance. The data were consistent with the possibility that revoked drivers continue to drive during the license denial period but may drive more cautiously in an attempt to avoid detection. The stayed drivers, in contrast, apparently did not modify their driving behavior as compared to drivers who avoided habitual offender sanctions. KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Effectiveness KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181870 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367105 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - CHILD SAFETY SEATS PY - 1982/04 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - p. 171-176 AB - New Federal safety regulations require the manufacturers of child safety seats to certify that their seats would pass a prescribed and rigorous crash test. Although all safety seats may meet minimum safety requirements, they are not equally easy to install, equally convenient to use, or equally comfortable. Infant seats and convertible and toddler seats are reviewed in detail and ratings are given by brand and model, restraining system, accommodations and installation. An insert on state legislation is included, along with child fatality rates in Tennessee, where child restraints are mandatory. KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Facilities KW - Infants KW - Installation KW - Legislation KW - Ratings KW - Regulations KW - Safety equipment KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181505 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366973 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Standley, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - AIR DISCS: THE GOOD AND THE BAD PY - 1982/04 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 63-69 AB - The major differences between disc and drum brakes are compared. Drum brakes are subject to a variety of negative influences on performance and reliability. The drum brake fades. The air disc brake, on the other hand appears to be very tolerant of extreme overloads, and in the majority of cases, will stop a vehicle. One of the disadvantages of the disc brake is that it is expensive, but the price should eventually go down as production volumes increase. Another disadvantage is that air discs are less effective than drums in the parking mode, due to a comparatively low static coefficient of friction and lack of self-energization. But the foremost real world obstacle to air disc brakes is their incompatibility with drum brakes, which adversely affects both maintenance costs and performance. There are six major challenges confronting air disc acceptance today: Compatibiliity with drum brakes, the new, easy maintenance S-cams, long term durability, adequate service training for mechanics, timely parts back-up and the need for driver re-training. The article includes a brake comparison chart. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Compatibility KW - Costs KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181437 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366994 JO - Cycle Guide PB - Quinn Publications Incorporated AU - Quinn Publications Incorporated TI - HELMETS. WHAT'S NEW FROM THE HELMETMAKERS IN OPEN--AND FULL-FACE DESIGNS FOR DIRT AND STREET PY - 1982/04 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 9 p. AB - In a crash where the motorcycle rider's head hits something, a helmet increases his chance for survival from slim to good simply by dissipating the energy of an impact more slowly. A number of standard tests determine how well the helmet can be expected to work: it must absorb energy, it must prevent penetration and it must stay on the head. There are three major test standards that helmet buyers should be aware of: The DOT (Department of Transportation) certification is a requirement for every helmet sold in the United States for highway use; the ANSI (American National Standard Institute) Z90.1-b-1979 certification is tougher, and in fact is the former Snell 1970 standard; the Snell Standards (named for the Snell Memorial Foundation) are by far the toughest and are formulated primarily for racing purposes. The current working Snell standard is Snell 1975, although in the process of being superseded by Snell 1980. Of course the helmet that passes the most stringent tests is more likely (but not guaranteed) to offer that last bit of added protection in a crash. The article includes several pages of photos and descriptions of three kinds of helmets: full face, open face and off-road. KW - Certification KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181448 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367288 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - THE PUMP PY - 1982/04 VL - 157 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - The heart and brain of GM's diesel passenger car power plant is the DB2 fuel-injection pump. This precision pump is responsible for fuel metering, high pressure pumping, injection-timing control, and fuel distribution. This well illustrated article explains how they work and gives troubleshooting procedures. It includes an insert "Good Timing", and a chart" Diesel Fuel-Injection Timing." KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Maintenance KW - Pumps KW - Repairing KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181641 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367109 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WHEEL ATTACHMENT: A PRIMER PY - 1982/04 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 43-48 AB - This article reviews the considerations involved in designing wheel attachments for automobiles. Wheel attachment has two functions: it must provide wheel retention under various vehicle maneuvers and it must allow wheel removal for service of tires, brakes, and other vehicle components. These functions are taken into account in this review which covers attachment configurations, applied service loads, failure modes, and maximizing attachment strength. KW - Automobiles KW - Configuration KW - Failure KW - Loads KW - Maximization KW - Shape KW - Strength of materials KW - Vehicle design KW - Wheel attachments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181509 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367111 JO - READER'S DIGEST PB - READER'S DIGEST ASSOCIATION LTD AU - Glickman, A P AU - Reader's Digest Association, Incorporated TI - CAR REPAIR RIP-OFFS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM PY - 1982/04 SP - p. 70-74 AB - Shoddy and needless auto repairs are the nation's biggest consumer problem, costing $125 a year for every car in the United States according to the Federal Trade Commission. This article reviews some examples of this problem and offers some protective measures. KW - Arbitration KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Legislation KW - Protection KW - Repair costs KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181511 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367292 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Waddell, R L AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - POWERTRAINS AT THE CROSSROADS PY - 1982/04 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 24-26 AB - Since the Arab oil embargo of October 1973, U.S. automakers, needled by government mileage standards and the public's demand for better fuel economy, have spent billions to develop lightweight cars and pint-size new powertrains, and the results have been dramatic: American cars average fuel economy has jumped 71% between 1977 and 1982. With the price of gasoline dropping back consumers are now interested also in engine performance. Once again, U.S. automakers will have to move quickly to keep abreast of the public's changing expectations as foreign importers are now promoting performance. This article review's Detroit's plans for the future and compares them to those of foreign automakers. The article includes a table on corporate average fuel economy (1977-1982) of U.S., Japanese and European Manufacturers. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Power trains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181645 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366826 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Madigan, T AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - UNDERSTANDING MOTOR OILS PY - 1982/04 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - p. 122-125 AB - This basic article on motor oils discusses the reasons for proper maintenace, the importance of changing motor oil and why motor oil has different grades, weights and uses. It explains the letters and numbers on the tops of oil cans. In general, it gives a useful understanding of the lubricating qualities of motor oils which are the lifeline to engine longevity. KW - Automobile engines KW - Lubricating oils KW - Selecting KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367119 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR-WAY FLASHERS ON STATIONERY AND SLOW-MOVING VEHICLES PY - 1982/04 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 19-21 AB - To determine the efficacy of using four-way flashers (and other devices) on stopped and slow-moving vehicles, the FHWA sponsored two separate experiments at the Maine Department of Transportation's Facility in Pittsfield, Maine. The sites used for the experiments were on a two-way, two-lane rural road (U.S. Route 2) with a maximum volume of about 4,000 vehicles per day. This article describes the basic experiment design and gives the results of the experiments. Concerning slow-moving vehicles, the major finding was that the most effective device of those tested for decreasing the potential of a dangerous conflict when a faster moving vehicle overtakes a slow one on an upgrade was the use of standard four-way flashers by the slow vehicles. Specific positive effects included improvement in the initial reaction distance, closing rate, and minimum headways. Concerning vehicles parked or disabled at the roadside, the major finding was that use of four-way flashers is effective for warning approaching motorists of the presence of such vehicles. KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Rural highways KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Traffic incidents KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367110 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINEERING PLASTICS FIND CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS PY - 1982/04 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 25-29 AB - This article discusses the physical and mechanical properties of engineering plastics and reviews their use in construction equipment. Structures of these organic chemicals help to explain their properties, some of which are unique to polymeric materials and include low friction coefficients, wear and fatigue resistance, and contact pressure reduction. Wear pads, seal rings, bearing bushings, sheaves, tubing, hydraulic hoses, and functional coatings are among the applications presently used in construction industries. KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Construction equipment KW - Contact pressure KW - Durability KW - Fatigue strength KW - Mechanical properties KW - Molecular structure KW - Physical properties KW - Plastics KW - Polymers KW - Pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181510 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367112 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLE SHOOTING FORD'S MICROCOMPUTER CONTROL UNIT--PART I PY - 1982/04 VL - 155 IS - 4 SP - p. 53-56 AB - This article explains how to diagnose a computer related malfunction in Ford cars and light trucks. Ford has used 2 different computerized systems since 1978: Electronic Engine Control (EEC) and the Microprocessor (also called microcomputer) Control Unit (MCU). EEC controls ignition timing, air/fuel ratio, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), while MCU controls air/fuel ratio and EGR. To diagnose EEC problems, one needs a very expensive piece of equipment and it's more cost effective to find a technician equipped with the tester needed. However, a home mechanic can handle MCU troubleshooting and repair with the help of a digital tester called the Self-Test-Automatic-Readout (STAR) tester, which cost about $100. This article includes a list of cars having one of the EEC systems, how to find out if your car has MCU, and a chart of MCU parts and what they do. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Repairing KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181512 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367108 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE LOAD CONTROLLED VIA EARLY INTAKE VALVE CLOSING PY - 1982/04 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 51-55 AB - Early closing of an engine's intake valve as a means for load control in a homogeneous-charge spark ignition powerplant was examined, both experimentally using a special intake valve cam, and analytically, using an engine simulation. Comparison to a conventional throttled engine operating at part loads shows the early-intake-valve-closing (EIVC) engine to have lower pumping loss, lower specific fuel consumption, lower cylinder gas temperature, lower heat transfer, lower NOx emissions, similar combustion duration and cyclic variability, and somewhat higher HC emissions. However, some of the fuel economy benefit of the EIVC engine would be offset by the frictional losses of a control mechanism. KW - Control devices KW - Early intake valve closing engines KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intake valves KW - Pumps KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367271 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1980 UNIFORM VEHICLE CODE WORKBOOK. CHAPTER 6. DRIVER'S LICENCES PY - 1982/04 SP - v.p. AB - In the legislative history antecedent to the enactment of the Highway Safety Act of 1966, the Committee on Public Works of the U.S. House of Representatives deplored the "jungle of confusions" and the "vast array of changing and conflicting traffic laws and control systems" as Americans drive from State to State. The point of reference cited in the Congressional hearings for achieving traffic law uniformity was the Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC). The Committee recognized that some States enacted the UVC when it was first published several decades ago but failed for the most part to amend their laws on a systematic basis, concomitant with periodic revisions to the UVC. Revisions to the UVC are essential and in keeping with technological advances in the automotive field, an expanded highway construction program, and the tremendous growth in motor vehicle use. One reason States have failed to keep their driver licensing laws current relative to the UVC may be the lack of a convenient means of law comparison. This new Workbook is designed in a conventional format that will facilitate side-by-side comparisons of each UVC provision and the State law, and may encourage more frequent updating of those laws. The Workbook includes the extensive rearrangements and revisions adopted by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances during recent years, through 1979. The National Committee is the longstanding custodian of the UVC. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Driver licensing KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367289 JO - Motor AU - ROBINSON, A AU - Hearst Books TI - NEW RULE PY - 1982/04 VL - 157 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - The Metric Conversion Act was signed into law at the end of 1975, with a targeted-but not mandated-10-year adoption period. The lengthy transition time is intended to allow industry to exhaust non-metric inventories and retool metrically. Actually metric measurement is something professional mechanics are already coping with: Ford was the first to introduce metric components on an American passenger car with the 1971 Pinto. This article briefly explains the metric system, includes a metric conversion table, and gives a short review of measurements through the ages. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Conversion KW - Mechanics KW - Metric system KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181642 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366972 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - NEW RULES FOR DOTS PY - 1982/04 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-20 AB - Since January 1, 1982 the U.S. Department of Transportation has been using a "modified" safety inspection procedure called Essential Elements Examination (EEE). This inspection takes less time and covers fewer items and that means that more vehicles will be inspected. This article offers guidelines to truckers on exactly what the inspection involves: brake system, coupling devices, fuel systems, hazardous materials, lighting devices, safe loading, suspension, tires, wheels and rims, windshield wipers, and the trucker himself who can also be put "out-of-service" principally for violations of hours of service regulations. The trucker is advised to run his own safety check regularly, and an alternative is offered for those who don't feel qualified to run a full inspection: Truckstops of America (TSA) currently conducts a 31-point safety check on trucks and trailers which covers all points in an EEE check and more. TSA officials are attempting to get official sanction for their inspection procedure. KW - Examinations KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Out of service KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Transportation departments KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181436 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367107 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - AERODYNAMIC HEADLAMPS. BEAM INTO NEW CAR PROGRAMS PY - 1982/04 VL - 162 IS - 4 SP - p. 47-49 AB - The automobile industry plans to introduce, by the 1984 model year, aerodynamic headlamps that could save over 22 million gallons of gasoline a year, provide stylists with greater design flexibilty and bring the U.S. into closer harmonization with the European headlamps requirements. Ford and Chrysler have petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for a rule change and the Society of Automotive Engineers and NHTSA are cooperating to satisfy both automakers. The new types of headlight are described briefly. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Design KW - Europe KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Headlamps KW - Replaceable bulbs KW - Sealed beam headlights KW - Specifications KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181507 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367290 JO - Motor AU - LUND, B AU - Hearst Books TI - EVOLUTION OF THE SERVICE BUSINESS PY - 1982/04 VL - 157 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - Cars have become more complex and mechanics will have to learn new skills, new methods, work with new tools and equipment, but there is not going to be a revolution in the service business, and they are not going to be replaced by robots. In this article, service executives from GM, Chrysler, AMC and Ford discuss the many changes they foresee in vehicles of the future, the impact of these changes on mechanics, and what the auto industry is doing to train them and make sure they will be able to handle repairs. KW - Automobiles KW - Equipment KW - Evolution KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Mechanics KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452205 AU - Gladstone, R AU - HARVEY, M R AU - Lesczhik, J AU - Autosafety Engineering Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF THE WEIGHT AND CONSUMER PRICE OF LATE MODEL VEHICLE COMPONENTS RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FMVSS 108, 202, 204 AND 214 PY - 1982/03/31 SP - 142 p. AB - The contractor conducted a study that developed the weight and consumer price of components on six selected vehicles required to implement the following FMVSS: FMVSS 108--side marker lamps; FMVSS 202--head restraints; FMVSS 208--occupant crash protection; and FMVSS 214--side door strength. The data is presented for each component in terms of cost of material, labor, burden, variable cost, tooling cost, weight, dealer-wholesale cost, dealer markup and consumer price. This study has been made using U.S. automotive processing techniques, 1982 model production year economics, a macro-analysis factor of 75-25 percent and an average 1982 dealer discount of 12%. Photographic documentation was made for all components related to the standards. KW - Economics KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Prices KW - Variable costs KW - Vehicle components KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371135 AU - TES Limited AU - Transport Canada TI - GAS POWERED VEHICLE EVALUATION PROGRAM PY - 1982/03/31 SP - 61 p. AB - The purpose of this program was to demonstrate and evaluate the performance and safety of alternative fuels in motor vehicle applications. Increased vehicle manufacturer interest in selling vehicles powered by alternative fuels resulted in the publishing of proposed Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standards covering equipment, installation and crashworthiness of Liquified Propane Gas (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fuel systems. These standards were proposed in the Canada Gazette, Part I on 2 January 1982, with a proposed effective date of 1 September 1982. This program was part of a standards development project designed to ensure that the safety of gaseous fuel systems be equivalent to or better than that of gasoline and diesel fuel systems. The increased demand for gaseous fuel-powered vehicles has resulted from the overall awareness of the need for reduced consumption of oil in Canada, emphasized by the National Energy Program. Twelve 1981 vehicles were used in the evaluation program. Four different makes including three Chevrolet Impalas, three Dodge Ram Custom 150 pick-up trucks, three Ford Econoline 100 vans and three Oldsmobile Omegas were tested. Within each make, one vehicle remained stock, running on gasoline, one vehicle was converted to run on propane and one vehicle was converted to run on either CNG or gasoline (switch selectable). The tests performed included emissions, fuel consumption, performance, driveability, cold starting, 50 mph rear end collisions, inflammability and a refuelling evaluation. Table 1 identifies the vehicles and summarizes the tests performed on each vehicle. The emissions and fuel consumption tests were performed by the Department of Environment in Ottawa, Ontario. All remaining tests were performed at Transport Canada's Motor Vehicle Test Centre in Blainville, Quebec. T E S Limited carried out the performance, driveability, cold starting and refuelling evaluation. The Test Centre staff conducted the rear end collisions and inflammability tests under the supervision of T E S Limited. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Crashes KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel systems KW - Impact tests KW - Performance tests KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Testing KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368833 AU - Brown, Mitchell E AU - Richmond, R C AU - Commonwealth of Massachusetts TI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR: DISPOSITIONS AND PLACEMENTS IN DRIVERS ALCOHOL EDUCATION PROGRAMS 1977-1981 PY - 1982/03/30 SP - 11 p. AB - In 1975, legislation was enacted in Massachusetts concerning the treatment of persons convicted or charged with driving under the influence of liquor (MGL, Ch. 90, Sec. 24D, 24E). Drinking drivers were found to be responsible for 50% of all traffic deaths and accidents. The ultimate goal of the legislation was to decrease such accidents through the identification, re-education and treatment of problem and potential problem drinkers. This report examines the number of persons arraigned for driving under the influence of liquor and the outcome of those charges for the years 1977 through 1981. Trends in the utilization of driver alcohol education programs and the treatment and rehabilitation programs are addressed. Additionally, the report covers assessment fees collected for program participation. While findings are discussed on a statewide basis, the report concludes with a chart presenting raw data for each court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the year 1981. KW - Alcohol use KW - Convictions KW - Driver education KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Rehabilitation KW - State government KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368856 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLES: LIMITED RANGE AND HIGH COSTS HAMPER COMMERCIALIZATION PY - 1982/03/19 SP - 38 p. AB - Although electric vehicles have been improved over the past few years, their limited range and high costs continue to make them noncompetitive with conventional vehicles. Widespread electric vehicle commercialization depends on production by the major automakers and ultimately on the availability of an advanced battery. U.S. automakers are not ready to produce electric vehicles because they believe the vehicles cannot currently compete in the automotive marketplace. Federal efforts to commercialize electric vehicles have not been successful, and GAO agrees in large measure with the Department of Energy to discontinue program funding. GAO believes, however, that the one area where the Congress should consider the desirability of funding is advanced battery research and development. Continued Federal support of work in this area is essential for electric vehicles to become a widely commercialized transportation option. KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fund allocations KW - Markets KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381832 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - RAILROAD/HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--MILLER TRANSPORTERS, INC., TRACTOR CARGO TANK-SEMITRAILER/SOUTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM FREIGHT TRAIN COLLISION AND FIRE, HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA, SEPTEMBER 15, 1981 PY - 1982/03/09 SP - 36 p. AB - At 9:00 a.m. c.d.t., on September 15, 1981, a northbound truck tractor-cargo tank semitrailer loaded with 8,986 gallons of gasoline was struck by a westbound freight train at a railroad/highway grade crossing on Jordan Lane in Huntsville, Alabama. The gasoline cargo escaping from the ruptured cargo tank splashed over the locomotive and four passenger cars, that had stopped north of the track to await the train's passage, and ignited. At the time, the crossing warning red lights were flashing and the bell was ringing; the train lights were illuminated, its bell was ringing, and its whistle was sounding. Five persons were killed, two persons died later as a result of their injuries, and four of five train crewmembers were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the truckdriver to comply with the activated crossing warning signal and Federal regulations and company rules that require hazardous materials carriers to stop at all nonexempt railroad crossings to determine if it is safe before crossing the tracks. Contributing to the severity of this accident and loss of life was the rupture of the cargo tank and the rapid spread of the burning gasoline around the victims' cars which were stopped directly in the path of the spreading gasoline. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Hazardous materials KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck drivers KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198041 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366797 JO - AutoWeek PB - Crain Automotive Group AU - Ross, D C AU - Crain Consumer Group TI - ELECTRONS AGAINST AUTO THEFT. HOW THE COPS AND THE FBI CATCH CAR THIEVES COAST TO COAST PY - 1982/03/01 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 1 p. AB - Computers are the new tools in the battle against auto theft. This article reviews different types of data files and electronic systems, from the in-car computer terminal that links the local policemen to a main computer, to the gigantic computer installation in Washington, D.C. where vehicle theft reports are stored on a national basis, the National Crime Information Computer (NCIC). Stolen cars are entered in the computer by VIN (vehicle identification number) and descriptive data. The insurance industry supports an electronic computer system and investigative arm of its own, the North American Theft Information System (NATIS) operated by the National Auto Theft Bureau (NATB) and police investigators can obtain information on suspect vehicles from a NATIS operator. Every year since about 1960, car manufacturers have shipped to NATIS magnetic tapes bearing all new VINs in production. Finally, in 1980 the Federal Vehicle Identification Standard was implemented, providing for a 17 character, standard format VIN for all vehicles sold in this country, and this number is "built" to to aid police and insurance investigators in identifying stolen vehicles with computers. KW - Computer memory KW - Data communications KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Electronics KW - Information retrieval KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Theft KW - Vehicle identification numbers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365682 AU - Jeffrey, J R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM PAPER CENTRAL AUTHORITY AND PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION ISSUES PY - 1982/03 SP - 40 p. AB - The report describes the highway safety environment prior to the Highway Safety Act of 1966, outlines the legislative and administrative history, and summarizes the comments submitted to the Docket. Then it summarizes the trends and numbers of each SHSA staff and the amounts of Federal 402 funds obligated to P&A costs since 1967 compared to the total Federal 402 funds available for obligation. Finally, the report describes the accomplishments of the SHSA's in administering the State highway safety programs. KW - Coordination KW - Highway transportation KW - Management KW - Planning KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365681 AU - Hatch, C E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN TRAFFIC RECORDS PY - 1982/03 SP - 34 p. AB - Traffic records, encompassing all records pertaining to the highway safety activities of a State, play a significant role in the highway safety effort. They provide the support necessary to develop, implement and evaluate impact countermeasures such as highway engineering improvements and selective enforcement projects. They form the information base for managing the highway safety program at all governmental levels. At the State level, traffic records provide the data for identifying safety problems, developing corrective measures and evaluating actions taken. State traffic records are the primary source of data for the formation of national data bases. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) National Center for Statistics and Analysis depends on State data for its two major data bases, the Fatal Accident Reporting System and the National Accident Sampling System. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) looks to State data, for example, to identify truck safety problems for administration of its motor carrier safety program and to identify safety problems which should be addressed by the highway construction program. The report presents an overview of past accomplishments, and present status. KW - Highway transportation KW - Records management KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365377 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Fell, J C AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL MARIJUANA, AND OTHER DRUGS IN THE ACCIDENTS OF INJURED DRIVERS PY - 1982/03 SP - 21 p. AB - A study was conducted of 497 drivers injured in a motor vehicle accident and treated at a hospital. The objectives were to determine the incidence of alcohol and other drugs in their blood systems at the time of the crash and the role these drugs may have played in the accident. The sample was considered conservative with respect to alcohol/drug incidence since only drivers who consented to a blood sample analysis were included. The results showed that fully 38 percent of the drivers had alcohol or some other drug in their systems; alcohol was found in 25 percent, tetrahydrocannabinol in 9.5 percent and tranquilizers in 7.5 percent. Ten percent of the drivers had ingested two or more drugs. It was found that legally intoxicated drivers (BAC approx. 10 percent) had the highest culpability rate (74 percent) followed by drivers with lower alcohol levels (54 percent) and with THC (53 percent). The drug-free drivers in contrast had a culpability rate of 34 percent while the drivers with tranquilizers were judged culpable in 22 percent of their accidents. KW - Alcohols KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood chemical analysis KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Hallucinogenic drugs KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402606 AU - Gladstone, R AU - HARVEY, M R AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF THE WEIGHT AND CONSUMER PRICE OF LATE MODEL VEHICLE COMPONENTS RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS 108, 202, 204, AND 214 PY - 1982/03 SP - 142 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Parts KW - Prices KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396124 AU - FLECK, J T AU - BUTLER, F E AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION OF THE CRASH VICTIM SIMULATOR VOLUME 4, PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL PY - 1982/03 SP - 596 p. AB - A combined analytical and experimental research project was carried out to develop and examine the validity of an improved version of the computer program used to simulate the three-dimensional dynamic gross motion responses of motor vehicle crash victims. Among the improvements incorporated in the new (CVS-IV) version of the program are a more efficient integration technique, a routine to automatically position a seated occupant in equilibrium, and modifications of the input and output control routines that make it easier to use the program. Measurements of a Part 572 50th percentile male anthropomorphic dummy were made to define an input data set for a simulation model of the dummy. Dynamic pendulum impact tests of dummy sub-assemblies were performed and modeled with the computer program. Detailed comparisons of predicted system responses with those measured in special impact sled tests of the dummy restrained by a three-point restraint belt and by a pre-inflated air bag are also presented. KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Crash victims KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pendulum tests KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Three dimensional KW - Training simulators KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213750 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395465 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Bush, R AU - Newcastle University, Australia TI - INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES FOR CONVICTED DRINK-DRIVERS. AN EVALUATION AND SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DIRECTIONS PY - 1982/03 SP - p. 14-57 AB - The purpose of this paper is to examine the value of programmes for convicted Drink-Drivers and, having demonstrated some of their limitations, to suggest some guidelines for the future. Since 1975 a body of experience in New South Wales has developed in Community Health, Probation and Parole Services and Magistrates Courts in health intervention programmes of various kinds for Drink Driving offenders. This has arisen through experimentation with a pre-sentence Diversion programme in some Sydney Courts and elsewhere. The evaluation of these programmes and the experience of overseas research can now be used by health and correctional planners to determine the extent of their resources that could be allocated to such programmes. In this paper a brief description of programmes is provided. Such an overall description, it should be recognised, necessarily precludes discussions of some of the individual programmes' special characteristics to which programme organisers are often keen to point out makes theirs a worthwhile venture. The context within which these programmes exist as one of a number of countermeasures competing for scarce resources is described. Then follows an evaluation in terms of Traffic Safety Justice and Health Care objectives. Finally, new directions are suggested in terms of the position of programmes in Legal "Due Process", and the recognition of the heterogeneity of the convicted population. Encouragement is given to assessment for the identification of the "HighRisk" groups and a variety of intervention modes more suited to the characteristics of these Drink Drivers is suggested. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Legal factors KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394323 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTH OF ANCHORAGES NEEDED FOR ATTACHMENT OF CHILD RESTRAINT TETHER BELTS PY - 1982/03 SP - 34 p. AB - The objective of this research was to determine, in simulated 30 mph crash tests, the strength requirements of the tether belt anchor points for safe attachment of child restraint systems. Phase I work involved the design and tensile tests of static load devices for the evaluation of the strength of the anchor points. These devices were designed for static yield strengths of 765, 1200, and 1500 pounds and were fabricated from .037 inch thick cold-rolled sheet steel. A total of eight units was made for the dynamic tests. Phase II work consisted of dynamically testing the static load devices in sled tests employing two types of child restraints and four different weight anthropomorphic dummies. The devices were mounted between the anchor points and the connecting end of the child restraint tether belts. Load cells, mounted on the tether webbing material, monitored the strap loads. The dynamic tests indicated that the 1200 pound load device was approximately the correct size to support all of the various weight dummies, although, in one test, it began to yield under a peak strap load of 2240 pounds. KW - Anchorages KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests KW - Testing KW - Tether belts KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386007 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY BREATH TESTING FOR DRINKING-DRIVING ENFORCEMENT. INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL PY - 1982/03 SP - v.p. AB - This manual has been prepared to aid the instructor in teaching a basic course in Preliminary Breath Testing (PBT) operation. The overall objective of the course is to improve the effectiveness of drinking-driving enforcement through the proper and efficient use of PBT instruments. The course is made up of six lessons, or units, that are fully independent as to content coverage and presentation. These units are designed to be completed within one day. They are as follows: Unit 1-- Course overview and introduction; Unit 2--The legal and operational environment; Unit 3--Overview of chemical testing; Unit 4--PBT equipment; Unit 5--PBT operation; and Unit 6--Course summary. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Curricula KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment KW - Instructions KW - Law enforcement KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385733 AU - New Jersey State Department of Health TI - CARBON MONOXIDE IN AMBULANCES: A HAZARD TO PATIENTS AND AMBULANCE PERSONNEL PY - 1982/03 SP - 4 p. AB - This Health Hazard Alert contains 3 parts. Part 1 provides warning and background information on excessive levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in ambulances, information on the effect of CO on health, and standards for acceptable levels of CO. Parts 2 and 3 contain information on ways to reduce CO levels in the ambulance and in the garage and the office/lounge area. KW - Ambulances KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Exhaust gases KW - Garages KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385789 AU - Filkins, L D AU - Carsten, OMJ AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - MICHIGAN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT EXPOSURE FACTORS PY - 1982/03 SP - 100 p. AB - Exposure data have been aggregated and made available through the Michigan Terminal System (MTS). The data files, intended as a reference source for program planning, are described and means of access are given. The "1977 Census of Transportation" was the source of two of the datasets, the "1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study" (NPTS) and the "Truck Inventory and Use Survey" (TIU). The NPTS data, applicable to the entire country, have been built into an OSIRIS IV hierarchical dataset. The Michigan Driving Experience Survey data, applicable only to Michigan, have been similarly structured. A Michigan subset of the nationwide TIU data were built into a rectangular OSIRIS file. Several other datasets applicable to Michigan have been made available in the form of MIDAS internal files. These include, for each of Michigan's 83 counties, the following: Population data for 1970, 1972, 1975, and 1979; Vehicle registration data for 1977-1980; and Licensed drivers--1% samples for 1977 and 1979. A Michigan subset of the U.S. Bureau of the Census "Country and City Data Book, 1977" is also available in a MIDAS internal disk file. The entire contents are contained in a number of tape files. KW - Crash exposure KW - Databases KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199676 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380765 JO - Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Greenberg, L W AU - Coleman, A B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - A PRENATAL AND POSTPARTUM SAFETY EDUCATION PROGRAM: INFLUENCE ON PARENTAL USE OF INFANT CAR RESTRAINTS PY - 1982/03 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-34 AB - The effects of pre-and/or postnatal infant car safety education were examined. Educational approaches included demonstrations and talks on automobile crash statistics in the prenatal course; and a car safety film on the hospital television, a pamphlet given to each mother, and instructions to nurses to encourage parents' purchase and use of car restraints in the postpartum period. Although differences were not statistically significant, the reported and actual use of infant restraints on the trip home was highest in the pre-plus postnatal education group. Counseling in any period was associated with higher restraint use than no counseling. The pediatrician's role in effecting positive behavioral changes in this and other areas is emphasized. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365650 AU - Butler, G T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAMS. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 92 p. AB - Young drivers (persons under the age of 25) are disproportionately involved in highway accidents. Members of this driver group represent about 21 percent of all license holders and are involved in nearly 38 percent of all fatal crashes. Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death for young people between 16 and 24 years old, producing almost 50 percent of the deaths in this age group. Safety-related problems associated with this age group include lack of knowledge and skill, inexperience with driving, high level of risk taking (usually involving excessive speed), use of alcohol and other drugs, overexposure to night driving, failure to use safety belts, use of high risk vehicles, and problem personality factors. The primary countermeasure addressing these issues is high school driver education. A total of 16,857 out of 20,919 high schools in the U.S. offer driver education, with an enrollment of 3,227,259 students out of an eligible student population of 3,949,742. Over 50 percent of the States use successful completion of driver education as a condition for licensing minor age drivers. As of yet, there are no conclusive studies which indicate that high school driver education is or is not an effective driver safety education program. This report describes the history and current status of research in the field. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic efficiency KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - High schools KW - Licenses KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mortality KW - Risk assessment KW - Students KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379394 AU - Marks, M E AU - McNair, J W AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF MOTIVATIONS FOR UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS AND POTENTIAL COUNTERMEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 276 p. AB - This report presents the findings of a preliminary investigation of drivers' motivations for selected unsafe driving actions (UDAs). The general objective of the study was to develop the test methods, procedures, and materials for collecting data for determining why drivers commit UDAs. Four UDAs were the focus of study: speeding, following-too-closely, running-a-stop-sign, and pulling-in-front/turning-left-in-front-of-traffic. Standard roadside survey procedures were used to collect data. Four different questionnaires were used for each UDA. No more than nine drivers in any one group were asked the same set of questions. The results of the test program indicate that it is feasible to use roadside survey methods to collect useful data on drivers' motivations for committing the subject UDAs. The procedures used were sufficiently unobtrusive for identifying and stopping drivers committing the UDAs. Drivers who were stopped were able to explain why they had or had not committed a UDA and could provide information needed for categorizing the drivers and their driving habits. The reasons given by the drivers for their driving behavior were amenable for use in designing countermeasures aimed at preventing future UDAs. A large-scale data collection effort is recommended to NHTSA. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - High risk drivers KW - Motivation KW - Stop signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192357 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379449 JO - TRAFFIC RESEARCH REPORT PB - SAFETY STANDARDS BRANCH LAND TRANSPORT DIVISION AU - Lenz, E O AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - AN APPRAISAL OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION OF THE 1976 PROGRAMME OF TRAFFIC EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS PY - 1982/03 IS - 28 SP - 70 p. AB - In 1976, the Instruction Branch of the Ministry of Transport introduced its new style program of traffic education into schools. This report examines the present status of the program in the primary schools. It looks at the extent to which a representative sample of 728 primary school teachers and all the road traffic instructors accept the educational principles underlying the program; and it estimates the degree of success achieved in the classroom. It also examines the professional proficiency of the instructing staff (RTI), and their training and service conditions. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Professional personnel KW - Sampling KW - Schools KW - Teachers KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376589 AU - Flora, J D AU - O'Day, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FMVSS 301--FUEL SYSTEM INTEGRITY--USING POLICE ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1982/03 SP - 136 p. AB - Police accident data from Illinois (for six years) and from Michigan (for three years) were used to estimate the effect of FMVSS 301 in real crashes. The effect to be observed was a change in crash fire or fuel leakage rates associated with model years of cars or light trucks subject to the current version of FMVSS 301. Leakage data were only available in Michigan. Fire rates were found to be quite low for current models. Passenger car crash fire rates were estimated to be about 1.5 fires per thousand crashes and light truck fire rates were about 2.4 per thousand crashes. Missing data rates could not be estimated in Michigan, but in Illinois, were much larger than fire rates, ranging from 17 percent to 30 percent over the six years. Significant reductions in passenger car crash fire rates corresponding to the 1976 version of FMVSS 301 were observed in both data sets, after adjusting for crash type, severity, and vehicle age. Leakage rates appear more directly related to other changes in models than to the standard. However, even after estimating other effects, significant reductions in leakage rates corresponding to the standard were observed. Average reductions ranged from 12 percent to 27 percent. Light truck data showed no effect in fire rates, but some reduction in leakage rates corresponding to the standard. While it cannot be proven that the standard caused these reductions, many other possible explanations were ruled out. General changes in car design in response to litigation may have contributed to the observed reductions, particularly in leak rates. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Highways KW - Leakage KW - Light trucks KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190486 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373663 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Neff, J A AU - Husaini, B A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - LIFE EVENTS, DRINKING PATTERNS AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMATOLOGY. THE STRESS-BUFFERING ROLE OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION PY - 1982/03 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 301-318 AB - This paper examines the question of whether the relationship between life events and depressive symptomatology varies with the individual's typical drinking pattern. Cross-sectional data from a sample of 713 rural residents are used. To clarify the nature of the stress-buffering functions of alcohol use, the relationships are then examined for different categories of stressors (e.g.) marital, job-related). Results show that life events are more strongly related to depressive symptomatology in abstainers and heavy drinkers than in moderate drinkers. More specifically, the interaction profiles suggested that financial and calamitous events were but minimally related to symptomatology among both moderate and heavy drinkers (thus suggesting stress-buffering functions with regard to these events). In contrast, relational and health events were unrelated to symptomatology only among moderate drinkers. KW - Abstinence KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194191 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373661 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Apao, W K AU - Damon, A M AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - LOCUS OF CONTROL AND THE QUANTITY--FREQUENCY INDEX OF ALCOHOL USE PY - 1982/03 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 233-239 AB - To test the relationship between locus of control and either quantity or frequency of drinking, 45 students completed Rotter's I-E scale and a drinking survey. The I-E and the I-E subscale of "personally relevant" items correlated positively with frequency, but were unrelated to both quantity and the product of quantity times frequency. KW - Alcohol use KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Quantities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194189 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373662 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Musil, J V AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - A COMPARISON OF THE ATTITUDES OF CZECHOSLOVAKIAN AND AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PSYCHIATRISTS TOWARD ALCOHOLISM PY - 1982/03 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 252-260 AB - The attitudes of Czechoslovakian and American psychologists and psychiatrists toward alcoholism, its causes, and its treatment are compared. The basic disagreement found between the Czechoslovakian and American experts of both professional groups is in the choice of definition of alcoholism. The Czechoslovakian experts prefer to define it as a disease (psychiatrists) or a habit (psychologists), whereas the American practitioners prefer to define it as a behavioral problem, a complex of symptoms, or an escape mechanism. There are many areas of agreement, such as the selection of "low tension tolerance" as a cause of alcoholism and "abstinence from alcohol" and "decreased family problems" as criteria for successful treatment. KW - Alcoholism KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Attitudes KW - Causes KW - Psychiatry KW - Psychology KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194190 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373665 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - GLIKSMAN, L AU - Smythe, P C AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ADOLESCENT INVOLVEMENT WITH ALCOHOL--A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY PY - 1982/03 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 370-379 AB - This investigation addressed three issues. First, the total Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS) scores of a sample of adolescents were computed and correlated with the scores on a self-report measure of alcohol consumption in order to evaluate the validity of the scale. Second, the 14 AAIS items were intercorrelated and the resulting matrix factor analyzed in an attempt to replicate Mayer and Filstead's factor structure. Finally, because the factor analyses revealed underlying dimensions, subscale scores were calculated and correlated with the amount of alcohol used by students in each of 4 grade levels. All 3 sets of analyses were performed separately for each grade level. Among the results obtained, it was found that three underlying dimensions of the AAIS -- drinking style, drinking frequency, and drinking effects--were differentially predictive of alcohol consumption at various grade levels. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Correlation analysis KW - Factor analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371154 AU - McCarthy, R L AU - Rogers, G W AU - Davis, C S AU - CURZON, A AU - Failure Analysis Associates TI - RELIABILITY STUDY OF AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. VOLUME 1 PY - 1982/03 SP - 169 p. AB - Evaluation of the reliability of automatic seat belt restraint systems on the 1975-1980 Volkswagen Rabbit, 1980 Chevrolet Chevette, and some 1980 Toyota Corona's is presented. The reliability of manual seat belt systems employed on these vehicles is also evaluated for comparison. Effects of system age and use, determined by acquisition and experimental testing of new and used systems, (from 4 geographic areas) with known user histories, is also reported. A comprehensive statistical model for seat belt reliability evaluation using data obtained through experimental testing and vehicle Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) compliance testing is presented. User reports of restraint system difficulties, obtained in contacts with over 1500 users, are tabled, and recommendations for further research offered. KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Reliability KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371145 AU - Dodge, R N AU - CLARK, S K AU - LOO, M AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE LOSS MECHANISMS IN PNEUMATIC TIRES PY - 1982/03 SP - 47 p. AB - Experimental methods were developed for the measurement of the four most common pressure loss mechanisms occurring in passenger car tires and wheels, these being leakage through the valve core, through the bead seal, through the valve-rim seal, and permeation of air through the tire. Data taken on several typical passenger car tires showed that the valve core, the bead seal, and the valve-rim seal are usually minor losses under normal operating conditions compared to air permeation. While permeation loss rates vary from tire to tire, typical losses are of the order of 1/2 to 1 psi/month at 70 deg F ambient temperature, but increase rapidly with temperature to a value of around 1.5 psi/month at 90 deg F. An analytical model was developed which can predict pressure loss rates due to permeation under a variety of climatic conditions. KW - Climate KW - Inflation KW - Leakage KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Permeation loss KW - Pressure KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371147 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLICE TRAFFIC RADAR DEVICES PY - 1982/03 SP - 115 p. AB - This report provides information about all of the research work regarding police traffic radar completed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) under an Inter-Agency Agreement with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Chapter 1 provides an overview of the current status of police traffic radar for speed enforcement. It summarizes the Federal government's activity in this area since 1977 and reiterates NHTSA's recommendations regarding the future use of radar for speed enforcement. Chapter 2 discusses the recent proposed rulemaking activity for performance standards for police traffic radar as they were published in the Federal Register (46 FR 2097). However, the Agency has decided to terminate the rulemaking process. In place of a performance standard, model performance specifications are being published. The rationale for changes the Agency has made in the proposed performance standards before they are being released in the form of model performance specifications are included in this chapter. Chapter 3 presents the actual model specifications for police traffic radar, along with recommended procedures whereby radar devices can be tested to assess whether they meet the proposed guidelines. KW - Law enforcement KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Police KW - Radar KW - Specifications KW - Speed limits KW - Testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25644/DOT-HS-806-191.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370675 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - EFFECTS OF FUEL VOLATILITY ON DRIVEABILITY OF 1980 MODEL CARS AT LOW AND INTERMEDIATE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE PY - 1982/03 SP - 120 p. AB - In previous CRC studies, equations were developed to predict vehicle driveability at intermediate ambient temperatures (nominally 40-70 deg F) as a function of gasoline distillation properties. Such equations are useful for predicting the driveability performance of commercial gasolines. The purposes of the present study were: 1) to supplement those previous studies at intermediate temperatures with data for 1980 model year vehicles with and without closed-loop fuel control systems; and 2) to determine the relationship between fuel volatility and vehicle driveability at low ambient temperatures (less than 20 deg F), thus expanding the applicability of equations for predicting driveability performance. KW - Control systems KW - Equations KW - Feedback control KW - Forecasting KW - Gasoline KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Low temperature KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle performance KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184087 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369609 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SLIPSLIDING AWAY. SOME TIPS ON AVOIDING AN ICY SKID PY - 1982/03 VL - 15 IS - 10 SP - p. 16-18 AB - This article gives a brief summary of the purpose and accomplishments of the Winter and Emergency Driving Workshop conducted by the National Safety Council at Stevens Point, Wisconsin. It consists of two-day workshops over a two-week period each January and is open to driving instructors only. The workshops are short, intensive, hands-on sessions designed to teach safe car handling on ice. They give participants the opportunity to develop and perfect special driving skills and techniques, which they can pass along to those they teach. This article mentions briefly some facts about skidding on ice, such as the three kinds of skids, stopping distances on snow and ice and a special braking technique called "threshold braking". KW - Braking KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving instructors KW - Handling characteristics KW - Ice KW - Motor skills KW - Skidding KW - Snow KW - Stopping distances KW - Winter KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369624 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - Meyer, F AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - YOUR HOLIDAY TRIP PY - 1982/03 IS - 121 SP - p. 13-15 AB - This article gives the city driver some idea of what he might encounter when traveling on country roads. Following basic advice on trip planning and making sure the vehicle being used is roadworthy, these topics are addressed: following distances; animals (cattle or wild animals); pedestrians; passing or overtaking; "country" vehicles; and stopping. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Animals KW - Driver information systems KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Holidays KW - Passing KW - Pedestrians KW - Planning KW - Rural highways KW - Stopping KW - Travel KW - Trip KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369720 AU - Ehrlich, P AU - Farina, A AU - Pavlinski, L AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS PAPER--BICYCLIST SAFETY PROGRAMS. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 21 p. AB - Almost 1,000 bicyclist fatalities occur annually as a result of bike/motor vehicle accidents. Bicycle/motor vehicle injuries vary from 60,000 to 80,000 annually. The causes of the vast majority of bicycle/motor vehicle accidents are bicyclist behavioral errors (e.g., wrong way bicycle riding; and, failure to stop, slow, or search for oncoming traffic). The bicycle safety focus within NHTSA involves improving the behavior of bicyclists and drivers and, within FHWA, bicyclists facilities such as separate bike paths; bike lanes on roadways; and bikeway signs, signals and markings. Effective bicycle accident countermeasure projects include community bicycle programs, enforcement/court/rodeos, safety towns, bicycle monitors, and a bikeways master plan. Programs which promise effectiveness include in-school and on-bike training/education, safety messages, model regulations, conspicuity, and protective clothing and equipment for cyclists. Programs which increase efficiency and reduce costs include a checklist instrument for assessing safety relevance of cyclist programs, construction of bicyclist facilities and accident classification methods. KW - Behavior KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bikeways KW - Clothing KW - Countermeasures KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Road markings KW - Safety programs KW - Statistics KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183410 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370213 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Goodstadt, M S AU - Sheppard, M A AU - Chan, G C AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - AN EVALUATION OF TWO SCHOOL-BASED ALCOHOL EDUCATION PROGRAMS PY - 1982/03 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 352-369 AB - This report summarizes the experimental evaluations of two school-based alcohol education programs. Both univariate and multivariate data analyses are reported. It was found that alcohol education programs given to students in grades 7 through 10 improved their knowledge about alcohol, had mixed effects on their attitudes about alcohol, produced decreases in their alcohol use, and produced predictions of less future alcohol use. It was concluded that more attention needs to be paid to the psychosocial dynamics of educational programs--the role played by cognition, attitudes, social norms, etc., and that especially important is the tailoring of program objectives and content to subgroup characteristics based on current alcohol use, motivation and relevant demographic characteristics. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Forecasting KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety education KW - Univariate analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370220 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Jones, H B AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - DRUG ABUSE: THREE VIEWS--ADDICTION AND HEALTH DAMAGE PY - 1982/03 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - p. 33-35 AB - This article reviews the long-term effect of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the body, the way marijuana is chemically addictive, the genetic and embryologic damage caused by THC, as well as its effect on the immune and hormonal systems. The medical uses of marijuana are also briefly considered, but the author concludes that the side effects of marijuana cannot be ignored, and other drugs are as effective with fewer detrimental side effects. KW - Body KW - Chemical processes KW - Drug abuse KW - Drugs KW - Genetics KW - Health KW - Marijuana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369722 AU - Jeffrey, J R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM PAPER CENTRAL AUTHORITY AND PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION ISSUES. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 32 p. AB - Prior to enactment of the Highway Safety Act of 1966, the highway safety environment within the States was characterized by a lack of centrally coordinated and directed highway safety program, a lack of application of highway safety management techniques, and an inadequate traffic records and accident data system. Through the Highway Safety Act of 1966 and subsequent amendments, Congress determined that the States' highway safety programs should be administered by a central authority; namely, by a State Highway Safety Agency (SHSA) with explicit authority to coordinate Statewide highway safety activities. NHTSA issued guidelines and requirements defining the management functions to be performed by the SHSA. These functions include establishment of a comprehensive planning process, program review and evaluation, and establishment of administrative and fiscal controls. The majority of comments submitted to the Docket expressed support for continuing the administration of the State highway safety program through a central authority (SHSA) and for continuing Federal contributions to P&A costs. Section II of the report describes the highway safety environment prior to the Highway Safety Act of 1966, outlines the legislative and administrative history, and summarizes the comments submitted to the Docket. Section III summarizes the trends and numbers of each SHSA staff and the amounts of Federal 402 funds obligated to P&A costs since 1967 compared to the total Federal 402 funds available for obligation. Section IV describes the accomplishments of the SHSA's in administering the State highway safety programs. KW - Administration KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Planning KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183412 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369602 JO - National Motorist PB - National Automobile Club AU - National Automobile Club TI - INTERVIEW: DIANE STEED. THE DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION DISCUSSES THE CURRENT DRIVE TO "BUCKLE UP!" PY - 1982/03 VL - 58 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - An interview with the National Highway Traffic Safety Deputy Administrator regarding the current $6.9 million safety belt use promotional campaign is reported. The deputy administrator indicated that this was a major public education campaign to make people aware of the value of the safety belt and to become users of the belt. Doctors, educators and civic groups were going to be involved in the program. Although the administration is pushing this campaign, passive restraint technology will not be neglected and it is possible that automakers will offer such restraints in a few years. The effect of safety belt use on insurance rates is being explored. A strong attempt is being made to reach young male drivers -- those most often involved in crashes. Drunk drivers are also a concern. It is noted that the shoulder belt is safer than just the lap belt. Attempt will be made to counteract the myths about entrapment by the safety belt in case of accidents. The comfort aspect will also be addressed. Laws requiring safety belt use should be a state choice because enforcement capabilities are lacking at federal level. KW - Adolescents KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Public relations KW - Teenage drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187158 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370210 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Whittaker, J O AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL AND THE STANDING ROCK SIOUX TRIBE. A TWENTY-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY PY - 1982/03 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 191-200 AB - In the late 1950s, the author conducted a survey on the extent of the Indian drinking problem among the Standing Rock Sioux tribe of American Indians. He found that alcohol problems affected the entire reservation population directly or indirectly, and that nearly one of every three Indians over 15 years of age drank to excess. It was concluded that the incidence of alcoholism was more than double that of the White comparison sample, that drinking by young people and women was increasing substantially, and that among young adults (especially males) the incidence of excessive drinking was close to 100%. In this current article, the author reports the results of a 20-year follow-up study of alcohol use among this same tribe of American Indians. This follow-up study examines closely the characteristics of drinking for cultural factors and for changes that took place over the past two decades. KW - Alcoholism KW - Change KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Data collection KW - Females KW - Follow up investigation KW - Males KW - Native Americans KW - Surveys KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187551 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370218 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Lewis, J AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - DRUG ABUSE: THREE VIEWS--ALCOHOLISM: FIRST DRINK TO LAST PY - 1982/03 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - p. 29-31 AB - Alcohol and other drug abuse is discussed and forms of treatment are noted. Alcohol is today becoming the commonest drug used by the very young. The estimated nine million alcoholics in the U.S. represent a wide cross section of American life. Alcoholism ranks next to heart disease and cancer as a major cause of death. Life expectancy of the alcoholic is 10-12 years shorter than that of the non-alcohlic. Alcohol plays a significant part in accidental and violent deaths and crimes such as homicides and assaults. The course of alcoholism (whether considered a disease or not) is traced. It is noted that the incidence of dependency on and addiction to drugs other than alcohol is at least as widespread as the problem of drinking. In recent years, employee programs have been initiated by industry and business to combat alcoholism. Many health plans provide coverage for treatment such as those provided by detoxification and rehabilitation programs. Many recover through the use of Alcoholics Anonymous. Community Mental Health Centers are mandated to provide treatment for alcohol and drug abuse. Some medical schools have started considering alcoholism as a treatable problem. KW - Alcoholism KW - Crimes KW - Drugs KW - Treatment programs KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187558 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370211 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Taylor, W C AU - Obitz, F W AU - Reich, J W AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - EXPERIMENTAL BIAS RESULTING FROM USING VOLUNTEERS IN ALCOHOLISM RESEARCH PY - 1982/03 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 240-251 AB - A study was conducted to investigate, in alcoholics receiving treatment, the relationships between demographic variables, personality factors, internal-external orientation, drinking history, and willingness to participate in research. The hypothesis was confirmed that in an alcoholic population receiving treatment, research volunteers would differ significantly from nonvolunteers. It was concluded that alcoholics voluntarily in treatment for alcoholism who also elect to participate in research are unrepresentative of the treatment population. KW - Alcoholism KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Research KW - Sampling KW - Treatment programs KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369721 AU - Hatch, C E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN TRAFFIC RECORDS. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 38 p. AB - Traffic records encompass all records pertaining to highway safety programs within a State. Such records include files relating to driver licensing, vehicle registration, accident records, roadway inventories, traffic citations, and other files of peripheral activities such as ambulance reports, and driver education records. Traffic records support the highway safety effort by providing information necessary to develop, implement and evaluate impact countermeasures such as highway engineering improvements and selective enforcement projects. They also form the information base for managing the highway safety program at all government levels. Improvements in traffic records have been realized since passage of the Highway Safety Act of 1966, especially in the automation traffic records systems. Despite improvements in records operations, problems remain in that the data are not nationally uniform, inaccuracies exist due to insufficient training, data are often incomplete, certain data categories (e.g. alcohol involvement data) are missing entirely and integration of system components is lacking. Seven and one-half percent, or 110.8 million dollars of NHTSA 402 funds obligated since 1968 have been used for traffic records projects. State 402 funded activities have included the development and implementation of records systems to identify hazardous highway locations, track and control the disposition of traffic citations, upgrade local traffic records for better planning, improve the capability to retrieve and analyze data for problem identification, and revise accident report forms to comply with national standards. The Federal government has developed technological improvements for adoption by the States, such as records systems guidelines, software, and state-of-the-art assessments to correct deficiencies. The report presents an overview of past accomplishments, present status, and a rationale for continuing the Federal leadership role. KW - Accident record systems KW - Crash records KW - Databases KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Emergency vehicles KW - High risk locations KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Inventory KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Records management KW - Registration KW - Safety and security KW - Safety programs KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic citations KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183411 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370219 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Nahas, G G AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - DRUG ABUSE: THREE VIEWS--MARIJUANA: THE CHEMICAL EFFECTS PY - 1982/03 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - p. 31-33 AB - Marijuana, unlike alcohol, contains fat soluble substances (cannabinoids) that are stored in the brain, sex organs, liver, spleen and lungs. These cannabinoids have a half life of seven days, which means that only 50% of them are eliminated after seven days. Therefore, anyone who uses marijuana more than once a week is never drug-free. This article explains the cumulative effect of marijuana on the body and the escalation to harder drugs, especially cocaine. KW - Body KW - Chemical processes KW - Cocaine KW - Drug abuse KW - Drugs KW - Marijuana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187559 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369623 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - Meyer, F AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - NIGHT DRIVING PY - 1982/03 IS - 121 SP - p. 4-5 AB - This brief article offers suggestions for drivers traveling at night. These safety tips cover such things as switching on headlights, watching for stationary vehicles, slowing down, what to do in case of blinding by oncoming vehicles, physical requirements for drivers, and vehicle maintenance tips. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Glare KW - Guidelines KW - Headlamps KW - Highway safety KW - Night KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368957 AU - United States Senate TI - FEDERAL LEGISLATION TO COMBAT DRUNK DRIVING INCLUDING NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER PY - 1982/03 SP - 137 p. AB - These Senate subcommittee hearings cover the following: S.671 To amend Section 402 of Title 23, U.S. code, relating to establishment by each State of comprehensive alcohol-traffic safety programs as a part of its highway program; S. 672 To require the Secretary of Transportation to administer a National Driver Register to assist State driver licensing officials in electronically exchanging information regarding the motor vehicle driving records of certain individuals; and S.2158 To amend Title 23, U.S. code, to authorize and direct the payment of an incentive grant for highway safety programs to any State in any fiscal year during which the statutes of the State include certain provisions relating to driving while intoxicated; to establish a National Driver Register; and for other purposes. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hearings KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - National Driver Register KW - Programs KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182795 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368839 JO - Trial PB - Association of Trial Lawyers of America AU - Kuhlman, R AU - Association of Trial Lawyers of America TI - ROAD DESIGN/MAINTENANCE CASES: LITIGATING FOR SAFETY PY - 1982/03 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 9 p. AB - This article states that very little attention has been paid to the fact, discreetly conceded by engineers, that defects in the design and maintenance of roads may be the greatest cause of fatalities on American roads today. The reason for such defects is that most of these roads were designed and created under safety standards that were low or nonexistent. Thus in many crash cases where the plaintiff sues for negligence, the basic issue is what duty, if any, the defendant has to upgrade previously created items and whether he has met this duty. In discussing this issue it is shown that both plaintiffs and defendants enjoy ample legal and technical weaponry with which to litigate cases generated by the increasingly dangerous land transportation system of the United States. KW - Defects KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Legal action KW - Litigation KW - Negligence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186629 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368845 JO - Bicycling PB - Rodale Press, Incorporated AU - Allen, J S AU - Rodale Press, Incorporated TI - EMERGENCY MANEUVERS. TECHNIQUES TO MAKE YOUR CYCLING SAFER PY - 1982/03 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - Though only about 20% of serious bicycle accidents are car-bike collisions, techniques described in this article are very important. In most car-bike collisions which are the motorist's fault, the car is crossing or turning, this article covers most of these situations: how to test the other driver, eye contact, if a driver fails to stop, left turn from ahead, right turn from behind, how to run into a car, and the right attitude. The article is illustrated. KW - Cyclists KW - Defensive drivers KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Maneuvering KW - Riding techniques UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368313 AU - Ehrlich, P AU - Farina, A AU - Pavlinski, L AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN PEDESTRIAN SAFETY. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 24 p. AB - Pedestrian fatalities constitute 16 percent of total highway-related fatalities. Excluding motor vehicle occupants, pedestrians comprise the target single category of fatalities on the nation's streets and highways. A total of 85 percent of all pedestrian accidents and 60 percent of all pedestrian deaths occur on urban streets. In some large urban areas, 40 to 50 percent of the traffic deaths are pedestrians. Alcohol has been implicated with estimates of one of every three adult pedestrian accidents involving alcohol in urban areas. Poor visibility, or lack of conspicuity, has been identified as a contributing causal factor in a large number of nighttime and daytime pedestrian accidents. Pedestrian deaths have numbered about 8,000 annually and pedestrian injuries almost 150,000 annually. NHTSA's countermeasure focus has been on planning, design, construction and use of pedestrian facilities such as sidewalks, pathways, bridges and underpasses. Selected countermeasures include education, safety messages, model regulation, traffic engineering, and enforcement. Also included are programs for the elderly and handicapped, parents and pre-school children, and improved visibility. KW - Aged KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Intoxication KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Urban areas KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368320 AU - Voas, R R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS IN ALCOHOL SAFETY. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 86 p. AB - This paper reports the results of an in-house study on the status of the alcohol and highway safety problem and what is known regarding the currently available countermeasures which are or can be effective in reducing this problem. The paper is divided into four sections: Section 1: Extent of the Problem: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored major reviews of the status of the Alcohol Safety Problem in 1968 and 1978. Both of these studies agreed in finding that about half of all fatally injured drivers are legally too intoxicated to drive. Recent evidence from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) indicates that the proportion of alcohol related fatal accidents increased in 1979 and 1980. Section 2: Major Countermeasure Approaches: Six major types of countermeasure approaches are reviewed; roadway and environmental engineering, vehicle design, general deterrence programs, specific deterrence programs, limiting alcohol availability, and changing drinking driving practices through education. Section 3: Federal Programs: NHTSA is promoting a national program which emphasizes organization at the community level to promote increased enforcement of drinking and driving laws. Also emphasized is the need to create self-supporting programs at the community level. Section 4: State Program Experience: Evidence for program effectiveness is accumulating; those who submitted comments to the Docket agree that this is a high priority area. KW - Community action programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368363 AU - Jonah, B A AU - Dawson, N E AU - Department of Transport, Canada TI - THE NATIONAL VEHICLE OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SURVEY: ATTITUDES TOWARD AND USE OF RESTRAINTS BY CANADIANS PY - 1982/03 SP - 195 p. AB - The National Vehicle Occupant Restraint Survey was conducted to provide information about Canadians' concern for and perception of traffic safety, attitudes toward and use of seat belts, attitudes toward and use of child restraints and attitudes toward passive occupant restraints (i.e. air bags and automatic seat belts). Part I of this report provides a summary of the survey's major findings and Part II describes the methodology for the survey. Part III addresses Canadians' concern for safety and their perception of the traffic safety problem while Part IV deals with their attitudes toward and use of seat belts as well as their favourability toward seat belt use legislation. In Part V, the attitudes and actions of parents concerning child restraints are detailed while Part VI shows the knowledge and attitudes of Canadians toward air bags and automatic seat belts. The results of this survey provide background information for the development of traffic safety countermeasures in Canada. KW - Air bags KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Perception KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368369 AU - Governor's Task Force on Alcohol & Highway Safety TI - ALCOHOL ABUSE AND HIGHWAY SAFETY IN MASSACHUSETTS PY - 1982/03 SP - 66 p. AB - The recommendations presented in this publication were made by a task force which thoroughly analyzed all aspects of alcohol-related highway accidents and fatalities and identified the problem areas. The recommendations were made after the investigation of all aspects of draft reports dealing with the various components of the system, the analysis of the performance of the existing system, expert as well as public testimonies, relevant literature/statistical data, and the review of other states' statutes. Court-related recommendations relate to the following issues: driving under the influence (DUI) (first, second and third offense); homicide by vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs; operating after revocation or suspension based on operating under the influence; administering the blood alcohol concentration level test; the role of the passenger; consuming alcohol while driving; return of operator's license; places and terms of imprisonment; distribution of fines; role of the victim; and case flow management. The typology of current and proposed statutes is tabulated. Recommendations are also presented on rehabilitation and education, and highway safety and law enforcement. Appendices provide further information on cost analysis of proposed general alcohol abuse prevention education, criminal complaints (1970-80), results of blood alcohol tests (1979-80), and DUI arrests and dispositions of cases. KW - Analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Courts KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - State government KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179160 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367977 JO - American Economic Review PB - American Economic Association AU - Wittman, D AU - American Economic Association TI - EFFICIENT RULES IN HIGHWAY SAFETY AND SPORTS ACTIVITY PY - 1982/03 VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - p. 78-90 AB - This paper considers a number of rules of thumb, such as "first come, first served," "the person on the right has the right-of-way," and "majority rule," and shows how changes in technology and objective determine the appropriate rule. Testable propositions are developed, mainly within the context of highway safety and sporting activity. These situations are examples of cases where rights are often not transferable and severely limited in time--sometimes labeled as communal rights. The basic concepts are introduced within the context of highway safety, while the main part of the analysis is devoted to the allocation of rights in sports. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Right of way KW - Rules of thumb UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367992 JO - COMMERCIAL CAR JOURNAL AU - Cross, R AU - Chilton Company TI - SPEED AND CRUISE CONTROLS: PART 1... HEAVY VEHICLES PY - 1982/03 VL - 139 IS - 3 SP - p. 65-68 AB - This article investigates the effectiveness of speed control hardware and its use. It is based in part on the findings of AMAF Industries, under a NHTSA contract for the Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Improvement Program. Virtually all the speed control devices evaluated by AMAF proved reasonably reliable and cost-effective. In instances, however, the level of effectiveness was adversely affected by tampering with the control. Units described include: Mack's Maxi-Miser, Cummins Road Speed Governor, Detroit Diesel Allison's dual speed governor, Hewitt's Vehicle Speed Limiter, TRW's Electronic Truck Engine Control, Lenmar's Vehicle Speed Limiter, Webb Enterprises Inc.'s Speed Control Vapor Guard Systems' Speed Control, Airshield's Road Speed Limiter, and Bendix's Cruise Control. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automobiles KW - Control devices KW - Cruise control KW - Governors (Devices) KW - Performance KW - Speed control KW - Speed governor KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368314 AU - Buchanan, L S AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PROGRAMS. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 67 p. AB - Motorcycle/moped accidents account for 10 percent of all motor vehicle fatalities. In 1980 an estimated 5,143 persons died from motorcycle accidents, a 55 percent increase since 1976. The death rate for motorcyclists is nine times higher per 100 million miles of travel than for automobile occupants. Over 80 percent of all motorcycle accidents result in injury or death and each year over 200,000 persons are injured in motorcycle accidents. Lack of skill and knowledge is a leading cause of motorcycle accidents. Three-fourths of all motorcycle accidents involve collision with other motor vehicles and in two-thirds of these accidents the automobile operator is at fault. Lack of conspicuity is also a main problem. Effective motorcycle accident/injury countermeasures include helmet use, rider education programs, conspicuity enhancement programs (including daytime use of motorcycle headlights), improved operator licensing systems, and programs to enhance the motorist's awareness of motorcycles. KW - Awareness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mopeds KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcycles KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368316 AU - Tannahill, W J AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN DRIVER LICENSING AND IMPROVEMENT. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 31 p. AB - State driver licensing systems license over 146 million drivers who operate one or more types of the nation's 165 million registered motor vehicles. Driver licensing programs involve every driver at regular intervals. These programs have a potential for exercising some measure of control over the general driving population and over identified problem and impaired drivers. Requirements for obtaining a driver license and the application of license control systems for drivers varies considerably among the States, however, activities to identify unacceptable performance, problem drivers, and apply driver improvement or educational treatments are an integral component of all State driver licensing systems. Driver licensing and improvement countermeasures currently in use include motorcyclist testing and training, provisional licensing, knowledge and skill testing, warning letters, instruction programs, individual counseling, probation, restriction, suspension/revocation, model driver improvement program, suspension enforcement, uniform traffic ticket, vision testing, one license concept, laws uniformity, driver records, and the National Driver Register. This paper discusses 33 countermeasures, nine with documented crash reduction capability. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - National Driver Register KW - Safety KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety KW - Vision KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368339 AU - Voas, R E AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS--OVERVIEW. 1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY; 2. SUMMARIES OF HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM AREAS; 3. SUMMARY OF DOCKET SUBMISSIONS PY - 1982/03 SP - 124 p. AB - This report provides an overview of a state-of-the-art study of highway safety program areas conducted by NHTSA, U.S. Department of Transportation in response to the intent of Congress expressed in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981. The overview paper is divided into three sections, each addressing certain aspects of the study. Section I, "Introduction And Summary," describes the study scope, objectives and structure, and provides an introduction to the complete report. It also includes a brief summary of the national traffic safety problem, including recent accident trends, estimates of the overall potential effectiveness of the highway safety program and a summary of program benefits. Section II, "Summaries of Highway Safety Program Areas," includes a summary of each of the program papers prepared by NHTSA and FHWA for this report. The program areas are grouped within the general categories of roadway factors: safety construction and operational improvement effectiveness; vehicle factors; human factors; special road and user groups; human factors; deterrence of risk taking; reducing injuries among crash involved vehicle occupants; reducing death, disability, pain, and suffering among accident victims; and program administration. Section III, "Summary of Docket Submissions," summarizes comments received in each of 18 program areas. KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Risk assessment KW - Road construction KW - Safety programs KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368319 AU - Brandt, G D AU - Stone, R F AU - Dozier, P AU - Wright, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAW ADJUDICATION EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 72 p. AB - The deterrence theory of crime prevention is based on increasing the risk of apprehension of the traffic offender and the swift and certain application of punishment for the offense. Too frequently, swift and certain application of punishment for traffic offenses does not occur in the nation's limited jurisdiction courts. In most States, especially in major urban areas, judicial prosecutorial and probation services are decentralized, fragmented, and often times inadequate, with poor record systems and too few full-time and well trained officials to handle the nation's caseload of more than 60 million cases. Because of caseload and resource problems, many traffic cases are disposed of through charge reductions and dismissals. Many jurisdictions have not yet adopted advanced traffic adjudication techniques or improved DWI prosecution laws. Advanced traffic law adjudication, DWI prosecution laws, DWI health/legal systems and probation services, and administrative adjudication of traffic infractions have demonstrated highway safety effectiveness. Advanced traffic laws adjudication programs have been shown to increase efficiency and to be cost effective. All have found a moderate to high degree of acceptance among the jurisdictions. This report contains a detailed evaluation of the following advanced traffic law adjudication programs: DWI preliminary breath test and illegal per se laws; health/legal approach to DWI adjudication; administrative adjudication of traffic infractions; nonresident violator's compact; probation services: presentence investigation and case management; traffic sanctions; and criminal justice official training. KW - Adjudication KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Interstate compacts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Nonresident violator compact KW - Probation KW - Prosecution KW - Sanctions KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368321 AU - Zieziulewicz, T AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 29 p. AB - Approximately 13 percent of the 51,000 annual highway deaths can be prevented and the amount and duration of medical costs and care of hospitalization and residual morbidity can be decreased as much as 20 percent, by prompt and appropriate prehospital emergency medical care and transportation through the use of emergency medical services (EMS). EMS is available to less than 32 percent of all motor vehicle accident injury victims. Presently the 32 percent of accident victims receiving EMS response represents less than ten percent of the overall demand for such services. The EMS system has grown and will continue to operate and develop nationally largely on the basis of State and local incentives and funding support. The combined EMS system consists of three subsystems: emergency detection and notification, emergency response and treatment and emergency command and control. Potentially effective additional support systems include use of helicopters and training of police officers as first responders. Potentially effective programs include improved data collection, a public information program, and a program whereby Emergency Medical Technicians would assume a greater role in the alcohol testing of accident victims. A summary of the documented evidence of effectiveness of the EMS system and its subsystems is provided in the report. KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Crash victims KW - Demand KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helicopters KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Police KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367929 AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - DiMarco, R J AU - Allen, R W AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A PROTOTYPE GRADE SEVERITY RATING SYSTEM PY - 1982/03 SP - 184 p. AB - This report summarizes a study to evaluate techniques for reducing the incidence and severity of truck downgrade accidents. It includes a description of an improved version of a grade severity rating model, and detailed instructions for using it to determine a recommended maximum grade descent speed for each of several truck weight ranges on any given grade. These maximum recommended speeds could be posted on a weight-specific speed (WSS) sign at the beginning of a grade. This would enable truck drivers to descend the grade in a safe manner without guesswork in selecting a speed. Additional driver simulator and field tests of the weight-specific speed signs format will be carried out to determine the most effective WSS sign. Other tasks that were carried out on this study and reported herein are to develop a means for determining the cost-effectiveness of alternative techniques, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative techniques, and to determine criteria for deployment of the techniques. Full-scale field tests as well as a simulation in a fixed-base truck simulator were used in carrying out these tasks. Examples of the techniques considered included several types of signing, a grade severity rating system, and truck escape ramps. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Escape lanes KW - Field tests KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Injury severity KW - Ratings KW - Severity KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Weight specific speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368315 AU - Pavlinski, L AU - Soule, D AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN PUPIL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 17 p. AB - Over 400,000 school buses transport 22 million children to and from school each day. About 100 children are killed and 5,000 are injured each year in 60,000 crashes caused primarily by school bus driver error. One-third of the fatalities occur inside the bus and two-thirds occur outside the bus--primarily during loading and unloading operations. Safety-related problems associated with school buses and their operation include non-standard signals and markings on school buses; varying laws and operating procedures among the States; varying amount, quality and context of pupil instruction regarding safe practices in and around the school bus; driver errors; operating at unguarded rail crossings; operation under adverse weather conditions (e.g., dense fog in the morning); lack of driver and passenger restraint systems; and inadequate system support at the State level. Countermeasures applied to these problems include school bus driver selection and training, uniform identification of school buses, school bus stop laws, pupil instruction, and coordinated administration of a State pupil transportation safety program. KW - Child safety KW - Countermeasures KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Errors KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Weather UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25631/DOT-HS-EPX-026.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368317 AU - Norbet, W AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN TRAFFIC CODES AND LAWS PROGRAMS. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 31 p. AB - An essential component of the highway transportation system is the traffic law system which embraces "control" functions identified as traffic law generation, enforcement, adjudication and sanctions. A major objective of the traffic law system is to provide for the smooth and trouble-free operation of the highway transportation system by controlling and managing driver-vehicle-highway interactions through the development and enactment of consistent traffic rules and regulations applicable to all highway users. Law generation serves as the foundation of most accident countermeasures since it identifies high risk unsafe driving acts and authorizes enforcement, adjudication, and sanctioning efforts to reduce or eliminate the perceived driving risks. Specimen laws have been published as the Uniform Vehicle Code and the Model Traffic Ordinance under sponsorship of the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances. Various laws that have contributed to highway safety include those relating to speed limits, motorcycle safety helmet use, minimum drinking age, and automobile safety belt and child restraint use. This paper discusses the relationship of the traffic law system to the highway transportation system, the pervasiveness of traffic law and its effect on the population, the link between traffic laws and accident countermeasures, and the proven results of certain traffic laws in reducing highway injuries and deaths. KW - Adjudication KW - Countermeasures KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Sanctions KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179107 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368341 JO - COMMERCIAL CAR JOURNAL AU - TRACY, B AU - Chilton Company TI - SLOW IS THE WAY TO GO: A CASE HISTORY. PART 2 PY - 1982/03 SP - p. 67-71 AB - The successful use of a speed control device that limits a vehicle's top speed to 60 mph and limits engine rpm to 3800 is described. The device which was made standard equipment on all Purolator Ford vans, was successful in curbing fuel consumption and improving safety. The speed control devices are also paying off in the maintenance shop. Savings are also evident in tires, brakes and oil. Purolator has not been at fault in an open traffic accident since the devices were installed. It has also been noted that limiting speed promotes better driving habits. Purolator notes that initially there was some driver resistance and some maintenance problems, and that it takes about five years to get a speed control program working in a fleet. Although tampering with the device can be reduced to a minimum, maintaining the unit takes some experience. Some problems encountered with the device are noted. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Speed control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic speed KW - Vans KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368318 AU - Traynor, B G AU - Searcy, W G AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES IN POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES PROGRAMS. EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 54 p. AB - Traffic law violations were causative factors in about 90 percent of all motor vehicle crashes. Primary responsibility for deterring traffic law violations and for apprehending violators of these laws rest with State, county and municipal police agencies. Police traffic services address both impact and systems support problems. The principal impact targets of selective enforcement focus on the speeding and drinking drivers, as well as drivers committing other unsafe (unlawful) driving acts. Foremost among effective police traffic services efforts are Selective Traffic Enforcement Programs (STEPs) which consist of enforcement which is proportional to traffic accidents with respect to time and place with heaviest emphasis on accident causative violations. STEPs are directed toward one of three classes of unlawful driving behaviors; speeding, driving under the influence, and other unsafe driving acts; after the behavior and its chronological characteristics have been identified through an examination of accident data. Programs having a significant potential for accident reduction include automated equipment and aircraft enforcement. Programs addressing the areas of training, technology transfer, technical assistance, and data collection are critical to improving the efficiency and reducing the cost of police operations. KW - Apprehension KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Fear KW - High risk drivers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25629/DOT-HS-806-138.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367978 JO - Applied Acoustics PB - Elsevier AU - Hollingworth, G H AU - GILBERT, D A AU - Applied Science Publishers Limited TI - AN EXPLORATORY STUDY INTO THE PREDICTION OF LOW FREQUENCY TRAFFIC NOISE PY - 1982/03 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 79-96 AB - An exploratory study whose main aim was to develop equations for the prediction of low frequency traffic noise scales (from traffic parameters) is described. Summaries of noise and traffic measurement procedures are documented and the results of data analysis presented. The equations developed are shown to be accurate, but will require development to cater for more variable site conditions. The equations also indicate the large contribution made to low frequency noise levels by heavy vehicles. The implication of this for "lorry nuisance" is discussed. Broad-band scales are shown to be reasonable surrogates for most, but not all, narrow-band low frequency effects. A method for determining low frequency scales using simple instrumentation is described. This paper is the first of three based on work carried out with the assistance of the Greater London Council (Scientific Branch) and which deal with the prediction of low frequency traffic noise scales and their relevance to vibration disturbance, lorry nuisance and building vibration. KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Low frequency KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368322 AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPENDIX A--BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EFFECTIVENESS (IMPACT) EVALUATION REPORT (INCLUDING PROGRAM AREA AND AUTHOR). EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 22 p. AB - Appendix A of the state-of-the-art report "Effectiveness and Efficiencies in Traffic Safety Programs" contains a bibliography of effectiveness (impact) evaluation reports which contain the available scientific evidence of countermeasure effectiveness. The bibliography is organized alphabetically by author within the following major program areas: alcohol safety studies, driver education studies, driver licensing and driver improvement studies, emergency medical services studies, motorcycle studies (including helmets, licensing and training), moped safety studies, occupant restraint studies, pedestrian and bicyclist studies, police traffic services studies, pupil transportation studies, traffic records studies, and miscellaneous studies. KW - Bibliographies KW - Countermeasures KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367907 AU - Seguin, E L AU - Crowley, K W AU - Harrison, P C AU - PERCHONOK, K AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECTS OF TRUCK SIZE ON DRIVER BEHAVIOR PY - 1982/03 SP - 138 p. AB - This report discusses the effects of truck size on the behavior of drivers who interact with trucks in selected roadway situations. Specifically, truck length/configuration was addressed in a freeway entrance merge, mainline lane change, and narrow bridge situations while truck width was studied in a rural two-lane, two-way passing situation. Field work involved the collection of microscopic traffic measures via the Traffic Evaluator System in addition to abservations of erratic maneuvers and truck type for the length/configuration studies. Length/configuration had little or no effect on interacting drivers as judged from the data available. The truck/width passing study employed an impedance factor to induce passing of an experimentally widened vehicle. Increasing truck width was found to be conducive to increased prepass headways, reduced lateral distance between passers (overtaking and oncoming) and the truck, and reduced lateral distance between oncomers and the road edge. However, no increases in shoulder encroachments by passers or acceptances of small gaps were found. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Erratic driving behavior KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Headways KW - Lane changing KW - Length KW - Narrow bridges KW - Passing KW - Problem drivers KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reckless drivers KW - Rural highways KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicle size KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365362 AU - Smith, R A AU - Noga, J T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCURACY AND SENSITIVITY OF CRASH PY - 1982/03 SP - 79 p. AB - The accuracy and sensitivity of the CRASH computer program in computing delta-V are examined. Accuracy is related to how well CRASH performs in comparison with results from 53 independent staged collisions. With regard to accuracy, CRASH with one exception tends to underestimate delta-V at low values and tends to be accurate at high delta-V. The number of tests at high delta-V are small. The exception to this general result is the oblique side-impact collision in which delta-V tends to be overestimated when the direction of force is inclined more than approximately 45 degrees to the side surface normal. Typical errors estimated by available independent data indicate that the 95 percent confidence limits on individual calculations of delta-V ranges from approximately 9 to 25 percent. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accuracy KW - Computer programs KW - Confidence limits KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Errors KW - Impacts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Sensitivity KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367662 AU - American Trucking Associations TI - THE TRUTH ABOUT TRUCK SAFETY PY - 1982/03 SP - 12 p. AB - The purpose of this brochure is to provide facts about truck safety to the public and to refute erroneous allegations by anti-truck groups which attempt to generate fear and misunderstanding among highway users. The data are from the U.S. Department of Transportation and the National Safety Council. Except where otherwise stated, data relating to small personal-use pickup trucks and vans are not included. In all cases, information is the most recent available. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Inspection KW - Insurance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Personnel performance KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices KW - Trucking KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178648 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367638 JO - Injury PB - Elsevier AU - Harrop, S N AU - Wilson, R Y AU - Wright (John) and Sons, Limited TI - MOTORCYCLE FATALITIES IN SOUTH WEST CUMBRIA PY - 1982/03 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - p. 382-387 AB - In the area studied, fatal motorcycle accidents were more often the fault of a motorcyclist than of another road user. Pillion passengers contributed to some accidents, and the law should restrict the consumption of alcohol by pillion riders as well as by motorcycle drivers. Injury to the brain or brain stem was a major cause of death despite crash helmets. Haemorrhage might have been successfully arrested in some patients who survived to reach the hospital, though this might not have guaranteed survival. The potential reduction in mortality is discussed in relation to injury severity score. A saving in life is more likely to accure from preventive means than from improved rescue and treatment facilities. KW - Brain KW - Crash severity KW - Crash victims KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passengers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181863 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367672 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Huttich, R C AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/03 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-13 AB - This third part of an article on the epidemiology of accidents is devoted to a discussion of accidents in rural areas. Statistics on the various types of accidents in rural areas in Mexico are presented. An appendix is included which lists factors, in the Mexican Republic, that increase the incidence of accidents. KW - Crashes KW - Epidemiology KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367098 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Kokesch, P AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW MUCH DO CHILD CARE BOOKS CARE ABOUT SAFETY RESTRAINTS? PY - 1982/03 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - p. 18-19 AB - This article describes a study funded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and administered by the Minnesota Department of Publc Safety's Office of Public Information. This study investigates how child automobile travel safety is covered in generally available child rearing literature. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Guidelines KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Ratings KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181499 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366825 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SMALL CAR SAFETY PY - 1982/03 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 7-8 AB - This brief article states that it is impossible to make meaningful design changes to enhance the safety of the small car without first obtaining more and better data about accidents and applying the scientific method of analysis more than has been done in the past. Two factors are pointed out as having a marked effect on accident analyses--the driver factor (age and sex) and the seat belt factor (worn or not worn). Future accident analyses must eliminate the uncertainties caused by these and other factors before meaningful improvements in safety design can be brought about. KW - Age KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Small car KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367096 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Geurts, C A AU - National Safety Council TI - NEW COMPUTER SYSTEM HELPS UTAH STUDY ACCIDENT RATES PY - 1982/03 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - p. 10-11 AB - The Utah Department of Transportation is utilizing a new, versatile, user-oriented computer program called CARS (Central Accident Records System) to store, manage, and report traffic accident data, and a terminal for entering the data. The versatility of the system allows the Division of Safety to collect, store, update, and delete traffic accident and geographic data on a state-wide basis, and to easily generate information needed for reports. This sytem meets the standards set for accident records by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. One of the most important benefits of this new system is that it helps to identify the causes of accidents. Another by-product of the new system has been the development of a standard highway reference system that can be used throughout the Department. Finally the system provides the data needed to ensure that the Department's limited resources are expended in the right places. KW - Accident record systems KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Information retrieval KW - Referencing KW - Roadway magnetic markers KW - Standard highway reference system KW - Standardization KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181497 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366789 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nagy, B AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - SOPHISTICATED AUTO SOUND. SHOULD YOU TACKLE A SUPERSYSTEM? PY - 1982/03 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - p. 79-82 AB - Procedures to design and install a stereo system are given. Several inserts are included: "Getting wired"; "Tools of the trade"; "The 200 SX System"; 10 Common beginner's blunders"; and "Building a better box". KW - Building KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Stereos UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181350 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367092 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Smith, J G AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES. PROTECTING YOURSELF FROM OTHER MOTORISTS PY - 1982/03 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 1 p. AB - Five rules for accident free driving are offered: (1) Aim high in steering; (2) Get the big picture; (3) Keep your eyes moving; (4) Leave yourself an out; and (5) Make sure they see you. KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Driving simulators KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366820 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Andersen, D A AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE IMPACT OF THE LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL ENGINE ON U.S. AIR QUALITY PY - 1982/03 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-23 AB - This article begins with a background discussion of the growth rate of diesel automobile sales in the United States. Since the growth rate has shown and continues to show big increases, the impact of diesel emissions on the environment is viewed as a matter of growing importance. Environmental problems as reviewed in this article appear to result from particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, the two major air pollutants from diesel engines. Following a discussion of EPA regulations, this article points out current technologies for reducing diesel emissions and concludes with a look at the future impacts of light-duty vehicle dieselization. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Environmental impacts KW - Light vehicles KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181375 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367103 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - SNYDER, J AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - DRUNK DRIVING: A KILLER WE CAN STOP PY - 1982/03 VL - 43 SP - p. 3-11 AB - Since before the turn of the century, when the first drunk-driving arrest was recorded, the government, the media and civic groups have repeatedly attempted to alter drinking driving behavior with "tough" legislation, enforcement crackdowns, public awareness campaigns and catchy slogans. This article reviews the problem, here and abroad, legislation, government studies, enforcement and actions by citizen lobbies. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Interest groups KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory sentencing KW - Prosecution KW - Public participation KW - Special interest groups KW - Special user groups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181503 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366971 JO - ASTM Standardization News PB - ASTM International AU - Brenner, F C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING STANDARD: THE GENESIS OF A MANDATORY REGULATION PY - 1982/03 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - p. 21-28 AB - This paper describes the development of the Uniform Tire Quality Grading Standard, a mandatory standard. It discusses the technical problems, the options provided by the Administrative Procedures Act, the decisions of the agency responsible for issuing the regulation, and the actions of the tire manufacturing industry. An insert explains the Department of Transportation's Tire Grading System. KW - Consumers KW - Evaluation KW - Governmental processes KW - Politics KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Tire grading system KW - Tires KW - Uniform tire quality grading standard UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367268 AU - Nichols, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF SAFETY BELT AND CHILD RESTRAINT USAGE PROGRAMS; THE SAFETY POTENTIAL OF SAFETY BELTS, CHILD RESTRAINTS, AND PROGRAMS TO PROMOTE THEIR USE-PROBLEM AND COUNTERMEASURE REVIEW PY - 1982/03 SP - 113 p. AB - A review of past studies designed to determine the reasons for low belt usage and of possible approaches for countering such reasons suggests the following considerations to be included in any future efforts to increase safety belt and child restraint usage in the United States: (1) many other groups and organizations have to be involved in the program; (2) automobile deaths and injuries must be viewed as a public health problem; (3) current interest in child restraints should be capitalized on; (4) the economic costs of belt non-use must be better documented; (5) more emphasis on incentive programs should be encouraged; (6) comprehensive, multi-faceted programs should be implemented by "network" of organizations; (7) many different target groups must be addressed; and (8) a program based on voluntary usage is most appropriate at the present time. Such a program is presently being developed by the NHTSA. KW - Accident costs KW - Child restraint systems KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Public health KW - Public participation KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25628/DOT-HS-806-142.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178348 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366995 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - QUIET MATERIALS WAR BECOMES LOUD PY - 1982/03 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - This paper reviews changes sweeping through the automotive-materials arena, that were the topics of discussions by experts at the 1982 SAE International Congress and Exposition: a shake-out is underway in substitute materials for cars, some lightweight materials that looked good before car sales reached depression levels are now loosing their appeal, but other products--high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels, cast aluminum, plastic sheet-molding compounds (SMC) and magnesium, are coming on strong in Detroit. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile industry KW - Cast aluminum alloys KW - Low alloy steel KW - Magnesium KW - Materials KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Plastics KW - Sheet molding compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181449 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367274 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Fell, J C AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ROLE ALCOHOL, MARIJUANA AND OTHER DRUGS IN THE ACCIDENTS OF INJURED DRIVERS PY - 1982/03 SP - 15 p. AB - A study was conducted of 497 drivers injured in a motor vehicle accident and treated at a hospital. The objectives were to determine the incidence of alcohol and other drugs in their blood systems at the time of the crash and the role these drugs may have played in the accident. The sample was considered conservative with respect to alcohol/drug incidence since only drivers who consented to a blood sample analysis were included. The results showed that fully 38 percent of the drivers had alcohol or some other drug in their systems; alcohol was found in 25 percent, tetrahydrocannabinol in 9.5 percent and tranquilizers in 7.5 percent. Ten percent of the drivers had ingested two or more drugs. It was found that legally intoxicated drivers (BAC greater than or equal to .10 percent) had the highest culpability rate (74 percent) followed by drivers with lower alcohol levels (54 percent) and with THC (53 percent). The drug-free drivers in contrast had a culpability rate of 34 percent while the drivers with tranqulizers were judged culpable in 22 percent of their accidents. Compared with the drug-free drivers, the alcohol-involved drivers were overrepresented in single-vehicle accidents and in the striking vehicles of rearend and head-on crashes. The "alcohol accident type" with the highest incidence (95 percent) of alcohol involvement was a single-vehicle crash between midnight and 6 AM on a curve. U1 - 25th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineSan Francisco,California,United States StartDate:19811001 EndDate:19811003 KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Culpability KW - Drugs KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highways KW - Marijuana KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety and security KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Tranquilizers KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367095 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Jacobs, J A AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - WINDSHIELD REPAIR SERVICES PY - 1982/03 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Glass Dealers Association which has been following and reporting to members on developments in windshield repair services for many years, decided in the past several months to do an additional thorough review. First, letters were sent to the 60 major insurance companies and their general counsels. Second, in a separate concurrent effort, NGDA obtained and reviewed current advertising and promotional materials offered by several major suppliers or franchisors of windshield repair products and services. The conclusions from NGDA's new review are: The Association continues to take no position in favor or against the repair services, it does not and cannot recommend that its members become involved or not in repair services, questions about the legality, safety, and efficacy of repair are still unanswered and the insurance industry is far from unanimous in its attitude towards these last three points, finally, advertising and promotion for windshield repair services and products are improving, but continue to contain occasional untrue or misleading statements. KW - Advertising KW - Glass KW - Insurance KW - Legislation KW - Performance KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181496 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366781 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Mater, R K AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - TRAILER BRAKES--HOW THEY WORK PY - 1982/03 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 5 p. AB - The condition and capacity of trailer brakes have taken an ever-increasing importance with the downsizing of tow-vehicles in the last few years, added to the fact that high gasoline prices have subjected many trailers to longer periods of dry storage, which can, of course, affect trailer brake performance through deterioration. This article explains in detail how to properly hook up, adjust and maintain electric brakes, and reviews briefly surge and vacuum/hydraulic brakes. KW - Electric brakes KW - Hitches KW - Maintenance KW - Surge brakes KW - Trailers KW - Vacuum hydraulic brakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367097 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - THE SURVIVORS TELL THEIR TALES PY - 1982/03 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - The National Survivor Story File, compiled by the National Safety Council, is a nationwide effort to collect the tales of people who survived motor vehicle accidents, and were protected from more serious injuries due to their use of safety belts, child safety seats or air cushion systems. Information on each survivor's story is sent to the person's senator and representative in Congress where it is hoped that the story will have an effect on future restraint legislation. This article presents a sampling of some of the more interesting survivor stories collected so far. KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash severity KW - Crash victims KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181498 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366531 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - SERVICING GM'S J-CAR PY - 1982/03 VL - 155 IS - 3 SP - p. 35-38 AB - Other than the names and a few trim and optional features, all the J-cars are mechanically identical. They all have the same transverse-mounted, 1.8-liter, four-cylinder ohv L-4 engine with the two-stage Rochester Varajet carburetor and almost all the specifications are the same. This article describes how to service the J-cars to "Saturday mechanics" at three levels of expertise: (1) check fluid levels; (2) change the oil and oil filter, replace spark plugs, adjust belts, lubricate the chassis and do all other maintenance services; and (3) make certain challenging repairs, possible only to those who know the ins and outs which are described here. KW - J-cars KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362408 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REGULATORY REFORM--THE REVIEW PROCESS PY - 1982/03 SP - 101 p. AB - This report describes that portion of the review process (not the Regulatory Impact Analysis process) used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to determine the effectiveness, benefits and costs of existing regulations so as to trigger the actions necessary to modify, rescind or retain them. The report is divided into five parts. Part I covers the description and "rules" of the review process both from a current and historical perspective, and what the process yields. Discussions of results and subsequent actions for each completed evaluation are presented in Part II. Since there is considerable interest in reducing the administrative burden of regulations, this subject is addressed in Part III. Part IV deals with evaluations underway, including the contractual work, data sources and expected schedules for completing reviews. Part V lays out a preliminary regulatory review plan with a proposed schedule and priorities for regulations to be reviewed and a request for comments. KW - Administration KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public opinion KW - Regulations KW - Reviews KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362410 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT--THE COST OF AUTOMOBILE SAFETY REGULATIONS PY - 1982/03 SP - 46 p. AB - When an automobile manufacturer initiates changes that improve the safety of a vehicle, it will usually incur higher production costs for that vehicle. These increased costs reflect the additional labor, materials, investment, design and testing that are necessary to comply with federal standards. To offset these costs, manufacturers tend to raise the price of the vehicle to consumers. These costs, which in this paper will be referred to as direct manufacturing costs, are the most visible, and usually the most significant costs associated with federal safety standards. This report addresses the extent of these costs and the nature of the burden they impose on automobile manufacturers. Other more indirect effects, such as changes in fuel economy and vehicle sales, are also addressed. Six components of the direct costs of NHTSA's automobile regulations identified and discussed are: (1) Variable Costs; (2) Capital Costs; (3) Research and Development Costs (4) Engineering and Launch Costs; (5) Compliance Testing Costs; and (6) Administrative Costs. In addition, the effects of these costs on consumer prices and the relative significance of these costs compared to other sources of automobile price increases are discussed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Capitalized costs KW - Compliance KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Direct costs KW - Indirect costs KW - Prices KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Variable costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362409 AU - Ichter, K D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM TESTS OF USED 1973 AND 1978 VEHICLES. STANDARD 105-75--HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS, PASSENGER CARS PY - 1982/03 SP - 68 p. AB - This is the first in a series of evaluative analyses on vehicle braking systems as they relate to the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 105, Hydraulic Brake Systems. It deals with the effect of aging on braking performance and that of brake maintenance. The study looks only at the standard for passenger cars and focuses on the current version of the standard, FMVSS 105-75. The primary purpose of this study was to compare post-standard vehicles' performance on the compliance test with that of used pre-standard vehicles. In order to make these comparisons between pre- and post-105-75 cars, five 1973 (pre-standard) and five 1978 (post-standard) vehicles were chosen for study. Each of the ten vehicles was subjected to the FMVSS 105-75 compliance test "as is" and with original equipment equivalent replacement linings. Additionally, the 1978 cars were retested with an aftermarket lining. The tests were run to determine the best stopping distances obtainable. The results indicate that used post-105-75 cars perform better than used pre-105-75 vehicles on the standard's compliance test. More importantly, the 1978's performed better than the 1973's in terms of stopping distance both when the vehicles were tested "as is" and when they were tested with replacement linings. Replacing the linings on used vehicles improved their stopping distance performance, but the improvement was not as pronounced for the 1973's as it was for the 1978's. Original equipment linings and one aftermarket lining tested were found to be equally successful in improving the stopping distance performance of used post-standard cars. KW - Aging KW - Automobiles KW - Brake linings KW - Braking KW - Compliance KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177000 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366530 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Sandler, J AU - Hearst Magazines TI - BUILD PM'S UNDERCOVER AUTO COP PY - 1982/03 VL - 155 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - The Popular Mechanics Undercover Auto Cop is a sophisticated burglar alarm and it is also an auto voltmeter with which almost any electrical-system problem can be diagnosed. More importantly, the voltmeter provides the disguise to hide the alarm. The project can be built from kit or plans, and its construction and operation are described. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Voltmeters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367002 AU - Bierlein, L W AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS: A GUIDE FOR STATE AND LOCAL OFFICIALS PY - 1982/02 SP - 67 p. AB - Transportation of hazardous materials is an issue of growing concern and interest to State and local officials. While the need for gasoline, pesticides, and other chemicals in our communities is recognized, accidental release of these materials in our environment could be very damaging. The federal government, as well as State and local governments, recognizes the need for both the safe and efficient transportation of hazardous materials in the U.S. The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, enacted January 3, 1975, gives the Secretary of DOT regulatory and enforcement authority to protect the nation from risk to life and property. The evolving federal regulatory program includes thousands of substances and covers over 1100 pages in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. This document is intended as a guide to the federal regulatory program on the transportation of hazardous materials for State and local officials. Its objective is to increase understanding, awareness, and cooperation among the various levels of government. KW - Federal government KW - Guidelines KW - Hazardous materials KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744467 AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL SAFETY SABBATH: PROGRAM PLANNING GUIDE PY - 1982/02 SP - 18 p. AB - National Safety Sabbath Weekend is observed every February in an effort to bring worshippers of all faiths to a fuller understanding of the importance of safety. It offers all religious groups an opportunity to join together to bring about greater awareness of a serious social issue: the prevention of injury and loss of life from traffic accidents. National Safety Sabbath Weekend is sponsored by the National Safety Council. The Reverend Billy Graham is serving as national chairman for the 4th annual observance to be held February 12, 13, and 14, 1982. Its emphasis is the rediscovery of car safety belts. This planning guide contains a number of materials for use by community clergy, to encourage members of their congregationists to buckle up their seat belts and make sure every one in their vehicle does too. It contains prayers, press releases, and copy for radio stations. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Public information programs KW - Religion KW - Responsibilities KW - Safety campaigns KW - Seat belt campaigns KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396123 AU - FLECK, J T AU - BUTLER, F E AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION OF THE CRASH VICTIM SIMULATOR VOLUME 3, USER'S MANUAL PY - 1982/02 SP - 175 p. AB - A combined analytical and experimental research project was carried out to develop and examine the validity of an improved version of the computer program used to simulate the three-dimensional dynamic gross motion responses of motor vehicle crash victims. Among the improvements incorporated in the new (CVS-IV) version of the program are a more efficient integration technique, a routine to automatically position a seated occupant in equilibrium, and modifications of the input and output control routines that make it easier to use the program. Measurements of a Part 572 50th percentile male anthropomorphic dummy were made to define an input data set for a simulation model of the dummy. Dynamic pendulum impact tests of dummy sub-assemblies were performed and modeled with the computer program. Detailed comparisons of predicted system responses with those measured in special impact sled tests of the dummy restrained by a three-point restraint belt and by a pre-inflated air bag are also presented. KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Crash victims KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pendulum tests KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Three dimensional KW - Training simulators KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213749 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395004 JO - Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery PB - Royal Australasian College of Surgeons AU - Selecki, B R AU - Ring, I T AU - SIMPSON, D A AU - Vanderfield, G K AU - Sewell, M F AU - Royal Australasian College of Surgeons TI - TRAUMA TO THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS: PART 1: AN OVERVIEW OF MORTALITY, MORBIDITY AND COSTS; N. S.W. 1977 PY - 1982/02 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - p. 93-102 AB - An epidemiological study of neurotrauma in New South Wales, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory, 1977, was initiated and sponsored by the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, conducted by its Trauma Subcommittee in collaboration with the Division of Health Services Research, Health Commission of New South Wales, funded by the Australian Brain Foundation and the Commonwealth Department of Health and supported by the Health Commissions of New South Wales and South Australia. This article presents the essential findings on mortality, morbidity and costs in New South Wales in 1977 in the first part and the more specific statistical profile of surgical treatment in New South Wales, 1977, in a separate, second part. The most revealing data found by this research is that cranio-cerebral and spinal injury was the leading cause of death up to the age of 44 in New South Wales (and South Australia) and up to the age of 49 in the male population and in the country regions. It accounted for 45% of all deaths to those aged 15 to 24. Cranio-cerebral and spinal injury caused 71% of all deaths on the roads. Sixty-four percent of those dying in road accidents never reached hospital. The figures for mortality and morbidity in the country regions were significantly worse than those in the metropolitan regions. The most important causes were identified and recommendations aimed at reducing this record were formulated. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Australia KW - Brain KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Morbidity KW - Mortality KW - Neurology KW - Spinal column KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394324 AU - BENSON, J B AU - Melvin, J W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMIC COMMISSION OF EUROPE (ECE) 9-MONTH-OLD-CHILD TEST DUMMY PY - 1982/02 SP - 97 p. AB - The calibration procedures specified for the Part 572 3-year-old-child test dummy were used to establish the performance characteristics of the ECE 9-month-old-child test dummy. In addition, head drop tests and sled impact tests utilizing child restraint systems were conducted. The Part 572 calibration requirement are listed for comparison with the ECE dummy response data. Assembly and adjustment problem areas of the ECE dummy were noted. KW - Calibration KW - Child restraint systems KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381295 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - UFFELMANN, F AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - DIRECTIONAL CONTROL OF TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER VEHICLES WITH ANTI-SKID SYSTEM T2 - FAHRSTABILITAET DER SATTELKRAFTFAHRZEUGE MIT BLOCKIERVERHINDERER PY - 1982/02 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - p. 15-29 AB - Wheel locking is an important reason why instabilities such as jackknifing and trailer swing occur with tractor-semitrailers on wet slippery roads. The theoretical connections were explained in Vehicle System Dynamics 7 (1978) 4, pp. 183-201, on the basis of the results of a computing model. Anti-skid systems (official abbr. in Germany: ABV) promise to solve this problem once and for all. For this reason the examination was extended. That is the topic of this paper. The simulation model which was used was very realistic especially because it was a perfect imitation of the anti-skid control-cycles in connection with the exact description of the mechanics and of the dynamic of pressure of the brake system. The vehicle handling during braking in a turn with different anti-skid systems (individual, select-low, diagonal) and their compatibility were shown. The systems differ, sometimes to a great extent, in the way they react. KW - Antiskid device KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Jackknifing KW - Pavements KW - Simulation KW - Skid resistance KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather KW - Wheel lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380966 AU - HELMS, H E AU - Johnson, R A AU - Gibson, R K AU - Detroit Diesel Allison AU - Department of the Navy AU - Department of Energy TI - ADVANCED GAS TURBINE (AGT) POWER-TRAIN SYSTEM. FOURTH SEMINANNUAL REPORT FOR WORK PERFORMED FROM 1 JULY 1981-31 DECEMBER 1981 PY - 1982/02 SP - 57 p. AB - Technical work on the design and component testing of a 74.5 kW (100 hp) advanced automotive gas turbine is described for the period of July through December 1981. This is the fourth semi-annual report. In general, the effort was in finalizing the design for an engine to be tested in mid-1982, in continuing selected component testing, and in ceramic component design, testing, and procurement. In response to an accelerated build schedule, all castings and 62% of purchased parts were in-house by the end of December. Compressor tests of a modified rotor showed high-speed performance improvement over previous rotor designs; efficiency improved by 2.5%, corrected flow by 4.6%, and pressure ratio by 11.6% at 100% speed. Aerodynamic design has been completed for both the gasifier and power turbines. Ceramic (silicon carbide) gasifier rotors were spin tested to failure in a continuing series of tests. Results show improving strengths as indicated by burst speeds, and the latest group of five rotors failed at speeds between 104% and 116% of engine rated speed. From four alternate combustor concepts, one was selected for further study. The emission results from combustor testing showed NOx levels to be nearly one order of magnitude lower than with previous designs. A one-piece ceramic exhaust duct/regenerator seal platform has been designed with acceptably low stress levels. A control system for the first engine run has been designed, and fabrication of some elements has begun. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Performance KW - Performance analysis KW - Power trains KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193727 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379723 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - SHARP, R S AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - LONGITUDINAL OSCILLATIONS OF VEHICLE/TRAILER COMBINATIONS INDUCED BY OVERRUN BRAKING PY - 1982/02 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - p. 43-61 AB - A mathematical model for the representation of longitudinal oscillations which can occur in car/trailer systems in braking, when the trailer brakes are applied through compression of the towing hitch, is described. The model is used to show how the trailer braking system parameters affect the steady deceleration performance of the vehicle combination, and the stability, in the linear system sense, of the steady motions. The sensitivity of the stability to other system design parameters is also examined. Digital simulation of the motions occurring in reponse to a step input of car braking torque is reported, with the results confirming the predictions of the linear stability analysis, and also showing the influence of backlash in the trailer brake actuating mechanism. The system is shown to be capable of self-excitation in a "shunting" mode, in which the car and trailer motions are in antiphase, with the stability/damping property critically dependent on drawbar damping, and only weakly dependent on other system parameters. The characteristic frequency of the "shunting" mode oscillations is shown to be controllable via the stiffness of the trailer brake linkage, but this frequency is closely related to the steady drawbar deflection which occurs in uniform deceleration. The model behaviour described provides a basis for the design of relevant systems whose longitudinal dynamic characteristics will be satisfactory. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Braking systems KW - Deceleration KW - Design KW - Linear systems KW - Longitudinal KW - Mathematical models KW - Oscillation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379393 AU - FITZPATRICK, M U AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH TO INTEGRATING RESTRAINT SYSTEMS INTO A PRODUCTION READY SMALL CAR PY - 1982/02 SP - v.p. AB - This study involved the use of a "system analysis approach" to integrating air bag restraint systems into a "Production Ready Small Car." The term "System Analysis Approach" is used to convey the concept of using high speed digital computer techniques to design and integrate air bag restraint systems into a car that is optimally compatable with its crash environment. The design of a preliminary driver and passenger air bag restraint system using computer techniques is presented. The designs were installed in two test vehicles and subjected to 35 mph and 40 mph barrier tests. The test results are presented. KW - Air bags KW - Compact automobiles KW - Computer aided design KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Small car KW - Systems analysis KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379392 AU - McNabb, S D AU - Dueker, R L AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF MOTIVATIONAL APPROACHES FOR INCREASING USE OF RESTRAINTS PY - 1982/02 SP - 49 p. AB - A pilot program to persuade automobile dealers and salespeople to promote safety belts at the point-of-sale was developed and tested. The pilot program included key messages: encouraging the use of safety belts shows concern for the customer's well-being. This concern can translate into an increase in referral and repeat business, and an improvement in the image of the dealership. These messages were presented to the dealers and salespeople at a conference. Included as part of the conference was a videotape showing salespeople how to integrate safety belt information in sales presentations and a handbook on occupant restraint systems with tips on how to promote them to customers. Two additional sales training meetings were held to present the safety belt information directly to salespeople. The pilot program was well-received by the dealers and salespeople. They agreed that promoting safety belt usage shows concern for the customer. Salespeople did discuss safety belts with some of their customers, and some customers reported an increase in safety belt usage. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety programs KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25647/DOT-HS-806-266.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376599 AU - Field Research Corporation AU - Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs TI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE: CALIFORNIA PUBLIC OPINION, 1981 PY - 1982/02 SP - 83 p. AB - A public opinion research questionnaire was developed and a personal home interview survey was conducted among a statewide sample of the California general public 18 years or older. The survey attempted to determine public awareness and attitudes related to DUI (driving under the influence of alcohol) issues. These issues relate to the following areas: awareness of driving under the influence (DUI) as a problem in California; public knowledge of and beliefs about the apprehension and arrest process and penalties for conviction; drinking and driving behavior; attitudes toward various DUI issues and problems; financing of DUI programs; health insurance coverage for alcohol and/or drug treatment services; and demographics. KW - Arrests KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Financing KW - Insurance KW - Penalties KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376590 AU - Smith, S R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FATAL ROLLOVER ACCIDENTS IN UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1982/02 SP - 42 p. AB - The incidence of single vehicle fatal rollover accidents involving utility vehicles was examined from the FARS file using data from years 1978-1980. Vehicle type was separated into 14 categories and the number of fatal accidents and occupant fatalities was examined. Using available registration data from the R. L. Polk Company, accident rates per registered vehicle-years were computed and compared. Fatality rates were computed in a like manner as well as by occupancy. Findings show that in single vehicle fatal accidents involving a utility vehicle, the Jeep CJ5 and Toyota Land Cruiser are more likely to have rolled over than any other vehicle type. Also occupant fatalities resulting from utility vehicle fatal accidents which involve a rollover occur more frequently in Jeeps (excluding the Wagoneer and Cherokee) and the Land Cruiser as opposed to the other vehicle types. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash rates KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety and security KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190487 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369615 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - PLASTICS AND PAINTS FOR VEHICLE BODIES PY - 1982/02 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-34 AB - With the prototype plastic car announced by Fiat a new phase is reached in realising the possible future growth for automotive plastics and the surface protection systems needed, for the steel skeleton system, in such a long life car. AE visited BASF which developed, together with Fiat, the important parts of the VSS-car, in West Germany, to test the views of an organisation involved in both paints and plastics to determine likely developments from the supplier's standpoint. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Design KW - Energy absorption KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Modular structures KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Paint KW - Plastics KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187169 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370221 JO - Journal of the Acoustical Society of America PB - Acoustical Society of America AU - Keltie, R F AU - Acoustical Society of America TI - ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE TRUCK TIRE VIBRATION SOUND MECHANISM PY - 1982/02 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - p. 359-367 AB - A theoretical model is developed to describe the sound radiation by the surface vibration of in-service truck tires. The tire is modeled as an infinitely long incomplete circular cylindrical shell. The effects of inflation pressure and structural damping are included. The normal displacement, velocity, and acceleration resulting from a fluctuating load are determined using Flugge's thin shell theory. Through numerical integration of the surface acoustic intensity, the radiated sound power is calculated as a function of damping, inflation pressure, and bending stiffness. Results indicate that the forced acoustic response is insensitive to small changes in the material loss factor and the bending stiffness. The inflation-induced membrane stresses determine the acoustic response character to a large extent and total neglect of the bending stiffness does not seriously affect the calculated sound power. The basic sound radiation mechanism is shown to be the damped progressive wave field on the structure in the vicinity of the applied force. The results indicate that the potential sound reduction might best be approached through study of the tire loading and vibration response mechanisms. KW - Bending KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Inflation KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Noise KW - Stiffness KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187561 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369302 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hornacek, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UPDATE ON AIR DISC BRAKES PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 5-6 AB - The material presented outlines GMC's program on air disc brakes and its position at the present time. GMC is currently evaluating five air disc brake designs from the following companies: 1. Bendix; 2. Eaton; 2. B. F. Goodrich; 4. Kelsey-Hayes; and 5. Rockwell. Topics covered in this paper include: 1) Various test programs; 2) Installation of air disc brakes on various axle/suspension combinations; 3) GMC's experience in assembling air disc brakes on the assembly line; and 4) Servicing the disc brake in the field. KW - Air brakes KW - Assembly lines KW - Brakes KW - Building KW - Design KW - Disc brakes KW - Facilities KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Industries KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Suppliers KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186972 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369304 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hanano, M N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AIR DISC BRAKE STATUS PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 9-12 AB - International Harvester (IH) has been involved in air disc brake development sine 1976. The first design tested by IH proved inadequate from lining and rotor life standpoints as well as the structural integrity of the rotor. Early in 1980, IH began a program to investigate all available air disc brake designs and then to choose the most viable for engineering test and evaluation. As a result, two designs were selected for conducting engineering tests. The object of the material presented in this paper is to compare disc brake test results to results obtained with production drum brakes. KW - Air brakes KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brakes KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Evaluation KW - Performance KW - Stopping distances KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369301 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Przepiora, A H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - 1981 UPDATE REPORT--AIR DISC BRAKES ON TRAILERS PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 1-4 AB - With the limited experience the trailer industry has had with air disc brakes, a final evaluation will have to wait for a period of three or four years. The following comments regarding air disc brakes, both positive and negative, include statements from customers, the field and air disc brake suppliers. It is hoped that this impartial point of view will prove beneficial for those interested in learning more about air disc brakes. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Disc brakes KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186971 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369300 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Beier, A G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UPDATE ON AIR DISC BRAKES SP-516 PY - 1982/02 SP - 24 p. AB - This report, which includes 5 papers, provides an overview of the air disc brake designs which are or will be offered. In addition it provides design, engineering, and field test experience of several tractor and trailer manufacturers, as well as the challenges in developing air disc materials. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Disc brakes KW - Engineering KW - Field tests KW - Trailers KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369303 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Myers, P A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FRICTION MATERIALS SUPPLIER VIEW OF HEAVY DUTY AIR DISC BRAKES PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 7-8 AB - In the last two years, significant progress has been made in friction material and heavy duty disc brake design. However, some remaining problems must be recognized, addressed and bad compromises avoided. This paper discusses seven factors effecting the future of heavy duty discs, a future which should be excellent. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Disc brakes KW - Friction materials KW - Heavy duty KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Pads KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186973 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368924 JO - Publication of: National Roads Board, New Zealand PB - National Roads Board, New Zealand AU - Forbes, A R AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR ROAD SAFETY FROM ACCIDENT STUDIES PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 9-11 AB - This article reviews two types of accident studies. The first, extensive studies, generates the usual mass data and consists of summaries of the more obvious features of traffic accidents. The second, intensive studies, involves a detailed analysis of certain features of accidents by specialist personnel. Three kinds of intensive studies are distinguished and discussed at greater length with conclusions as to their implications for accident research in New Zealand. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189531 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369305 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Standley, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF AIR DISC BRAKE DESIGNS PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 13-21 AB - The various air disc brake designs illustrate distinct differences in approach to the perceived market preference of easier maintenance and reduced cost of ownership compared to drum brakes. While each design has its advantages and disadvantages, which is the best choice of compromises has yet to be determined in field use. Incompatibility with drum/disc equipment mixes remains the supreme roadblock to wide field acceptance of air discs. Accurate information, devoid of sales bias, must prevail to keep unwarranted claims, and therefore a disillusioned fleet market, at a minimum. KW - Air brakes KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brakes KW - Compatibility KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Maintenance KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367915 JO - Perceptual and Motor Skills PB - Ammons Scientific AU - Stacey, B G AU - Lonsdale, C J TI - DRINK-DRIVING RESEARCH IN NEW ZEALAND PY - 1982/02 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 87-90 AB - Drink-driving research in New Zealand is briefly analyzed with reference to traffic accidents. Claims about drinking, driving and accidents which have currency in New Zealand at present are appraised. It is shown that many factors are involved in traffic accidents, and the problems in their causation are highly complex. Alcohol is only one of many factors present in accidents. It is involved in less than half of all injury-producing accidents. Much of its involvement in traffic accidents is of a spurious rather than a causal nature. Yet the focus of countermeausres against traffic accidents is drinking and driving. These countermeasures are ineffective. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182057 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367980 JO - Regulation PB - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research AU - Viscusi, W K AU - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research TI - HEALTH AND SAFETY PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 34-36 AB - This review of recent risk regulation policies takes NHTSA to task for rolling back its passive restraint standard without clearly articulating the economic rationale behind its decision, which opens the agency to the charge that it is more interested in helping the auto industry than in trying to select policies where the evidence is unclear. It faults NHTSA for refusing to calculate the cost per life of any of its regulations, and for not insisting that cost-effectiveness tests be included in its regulatory analyses. The author also contends NHTSA has also botched up its stand on bumper regulations through bureaucratic confusion. The article concludes that the cost-effectiveness of all of NHTSA's and the Transportation Department's policies on safety should be calculated so that resources can be relocated across these areas efficiently. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bumpers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Court operations KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal court rules KW - Federal government KW - Federal government agencies KW - Federal programs KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Policy analysis KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367966 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Auchter, J F AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - OUTLOOK FOR THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS IN THE 1980S PY - 1982/02 VL - 185 IS - 5 SP - p. 21-24 AB - This article focuses on the commercial aspects of the thermoplastic elastomer business, i.e., material characteristics, markets, growth rates, competition, and where this technology is headed in the 1980's. The market discussion is limited to the United States, although there is a thriving business throughout the world. There are four major categories of thermoplastic elastomers discussed in this article. They are styrenics, urethanes, olefinics, and copolyesters. KW - Copolyesters KW - Elastomers KW - Markets KW - Olefins KW - Properties of materials KW - Styrenes KW - Thermoplastic elastomers KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368329 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES FOR 1979-1980 PY - 1982/02 SP - 90 p. AB - This report, based on information obtained through the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) in 1979 and 1980, emphasizes the magnitude, characteristics and consequences of motor vehicle traffic accidents in the United States. Following a summary presentation of 1979-80 accident statistics, there are discussions of the statistics with regard to accident consequences, the roadway and the environment, vehicles (passenger cars, light trucks and vans, large trucks, motorcycles, and other motor vehicles), drivers, pedestrian and bicyclists, and special uses of NASS data. The four appendices contain information on NASS Sample Design, NASS Data Elements: Continuous Sampling System, comparison of NASS 1980 estimates with 1979 estimates and with data from other sources, and size of data base. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367913 JO - Journal of Applied Psychology PB - American Psychological Association AU - Jonah, B A AU - Dawson, N E AU - Smith, Gary A AU - American Psychological Association TI - EFFECTS OF A SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM ON SEAT BELT USAGE PY - 1982/02 VL - 67 IS - 1 SP - p. 89-96 AB - A study was conducted to assess the effect of a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program on seat belt usage. The program consisted of increased enforcement of the seat belt legislation and publication of this enforcement. It was predicted that during the program, there would be increases in seat belt usage and subjective probability of being apprehended in the experimental city, whereas there would be no changes in these variables in the control city. Seat belt usage (N equals 23,910) and telephone (N equals 1,738) surveys were conducted before, during, 1 month after, and 6 months after the program in both cities. In the experimental city observed belt usage increased from 58% to 80% during the program, dropping to 70% 6 months after the program. Reported belt use and subjective probability also increased during the program. In the control city an increase in subjective probability was observed, but there was no increase in belt usage noted. The role of subjective probability as a mediator of the effect of enforcement on driver behavior is discussed. KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182055 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367928 JO - Publication of: Northwestern University, Evanston PB - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - Reeder, R H AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES IN CHEMICAL TESTS FOR INTOXICATION AND IMPLIED CONSENT--PLUS UPDATE ON SELECTED ALCOHOL RELATED CASES PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 1-25 AB - This paper reviews current court cases and decisions made regarding selected legal issues in chemical tests for intoxication and implied consent. The first half of the paper consists of three parts as follows: Part I--Taking of blood sample on probable cause and exigent circumstances (focus on narrow issue of whether a blood sample may be taken by the prosecution under the Fourth Amendment with only probable cause and exigent circumstances); Part II--Unconscious or persons incapable of refusal--Refusal later; and Part III--Saving sample of breath for later analysis by defendent. The last half of this paper is an update on selected alcohol related cases presented in outline form. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Legal documents KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367665 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. GROVER TRUCKING COMPANY, IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO. RUNAWAY TRUCK ACCIDENT PY - 1982/02 SP - 4 p. AB - This is the investigative report of a runaway truck accident which occurred on July 15, 1981 on U.S. 95 in White Bird, Idaho. A southbound truck-tractor flatbed semitrailer, operated by the Grover Trucking Company, ran out of control on a steep downgrade and overturned. The units separated with the trailer rolling down the canyon and the tractor continuing ahead, striking a concrete bridge abutment and ejecting the truck driver. The truck driver was killed and $50,000 property damage was incurred. The probable cause of this accident was determined to be excessive speed and the over application of brakes resulting in brake fade and loss of control. It was also found that the truck driver was inexperienced in the operation of tractor trailers. KW - Brake fade KW - Braking performance KW - Bridge abutments KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver investigation KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Speeding KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321380 AU - JWK International Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELT USAGE IN 1981 TOYOTAS PY - 1982/02 AB - The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic restraint systems provided in Toyota Cressidas in increasing use of seat belts, and to evaluate attitude of owners toward those systems. Data were collected through telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires completed by 755 owners of Toyota Cressidas; 199 "control" owners of Toyota Coronas equipped with manual belts also were interviewed. Findings from the survey indicate that owners of automatic restrain systems are about twice as likely to use seat belts as are owners of manual systems. Owners of Cressidas rarely complained about the comfort or convenience of their seat belts. However, 25 percent cited belt interference with entrance and egress and rubbing across the face or neck as problems with the restraint system. Responses of Toyota owners are compared and contrasted with those provided in a survey completed one year ago of owners of Chevettes and Rabbits. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366780 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - 82 GM-STYLE REAR COMPARTMENT GLASS. INSTALLATION/ASSEMBLY DETAILS FROM CADILLAC SERVICE MANUAL PY - 1982/02 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 11 p. AB - Detailed instructions for installation of the rear lift window on certain 1982 GM body styles are given. These instructions are taken directly from the service manual for Cimarron Cadillac but are applicable to similar cars from other GM divisions. KW - Assemblies KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Installation KW - Lift windows KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Window glass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366821 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SIT DOWN, JUNIOR! PY - 1982/02 VL - 15 IS - 9 SP - p. 16-17 AB - This brief article states that car accidents are the number one cause of death for children in the United States. It then gives six tips for safer motoring with children. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rear seats KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366977 JO - Carolina Highways PB - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation TI - THE PROBLEM WITH TEENAGERS AND MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/02 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 1 p. AB - This short article is a review of a study done by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety which shows that nearly half of all deaths of teenagers 16 through 19 years old are the result of motor vehicle crashes. Although this age group represents only 8 per cent of the population, it sustains 17 per cent of all motor vehicle-related fatalities. The study also indicates that driving teenagers not only have a higher fatality rate themselves, but also contribute substantially to the death of others, and that teenage males have much higher rates of driver involvement in fatal crashes than females. Several possible preventive measures are recommended in the study including raising the minimum age of licensing to 18, making licensing conditional to the wearing of seat belts, eliminating driver education because it promotes early licensing, prohibiting teenagers from driving during some late evening/early morning hours, and implementing long-available crash-packaging technologies and cleaning up highways and roadside hazards. Parental role is also stressed. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Crash victims KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Occupant restraint KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367088 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGES NON-CRASH FIRE LOSSES 1979-1980 MODELS PY - 1982/02 SP - 26 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance claims for non-crash related fire losses involving 1979 and 1980 model year private passenger cars. The principal findings are: (a) There were large variations in the non-crash fire loss experience of different cars. The car with the worst experience had fire losses that were more than fifty times greater than the results for the car with the best experience; (b) Among the individual vehicle series whose loss results are summarized, the 1979 MGB had the worst non-crash fire loss experience and the 1979 four-door Pontiac Bonneville had the best; (c) In each vehicle size class, sports or specialty models had the worst experience; (d) In most cases, two-door models had a higher frequency of fire losses and higher average loss payment results than corresponding four-door models; (e) There were large differences in the fire loss experience even among similar vehicles. For example, among 1980 two-door small subcompacts, the relative average loss payments per insured vehicle year ranged from a low of 24 for the Honda Accord to 102 for the Volkswagen Rabbit; and (f) There were large differences among individual vehicle series in the distribution of the size of fire claims. For example, only eight percent of the fire claims for the 1979 four-door Pontiac Bonneville exceeded $2,000. In contrast, 38 percent of the claims for the Chevrolet Corvette were in excess of $6,000. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Fire KW - Fire/non-crash related/ KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Payment KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178221 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366827 JO - American Optometric Association Journal PB - American Optometric Association AU - Pitts, D G AU - American Optometric Association TI - VISUAL ACUITY AS A FUNCTION OF AGE PY - 1982/02 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 117-124 AB - The literature relating visual acuity and the aging process is reviewed. The Snellen fraction, parameters affecting visual acuity and difficulties in comparing different studies in visual acuity are discussed. Visual acuity was found to be a poor 20/1,000 to 20/800 at birth but improved to an almost normal acuity of 20/20 during the first year of life and remained relatively constant from 40 to 50 years of age. There was a moderate but steady decline in acuity as a person ages above 60 and on to the age of 80. The disease and physiological etiologies for this loss in acuity are provided. Methods which may be used to maintain or improve visual performance with age are suggested. KW - Age KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181380 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366999 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Mayhan, R J AU - BISHEL, R A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - A TWO-FREQUENCY RADAR FOR VEHICLE AUTOMATIC LATERAL CONTROL PY - 1982/02 VL - VT31 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-39 AB - The use of a side-looking radar in conjunction with a sidewall reflector is one means of obtaining lateral position information for use in vehicle automatic lateral control. The principle of operation of a two-frequency radar for such use is presented along with a discussion of the reflector design and construction difficulties. Some results of the full-scale testing of this radar using two different types of reflecting surfaces are included. The performance of this radar system is compared with that of the highly accurate wire follower. In general, tracking errors on the order of twice those obtained with the wire follower were achieved. It appears that with some redesign of the radar, performance equal to or better than that of the wire follower should eventually result. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automatic control KW - Lateral placement KW - Performance KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Side looking radar KW - Testing KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365285 AU - Wagner, S B AU - Bagley, M AU - JWK International Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELT USAGE IN 1981 TOYOTAS PY - 1982/02 SP - 76 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic restraint systems provided in Toyota Cressidas in increasing use of seat belts, and to evaluate attitude of owners toward those systems. Data were collected through telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires completed by 755 owners of Toyota Cressidas; 199 "control" owners of Toyota Coronas equipped with manual belts also were interviewed. Findings from the survey indicate that owners of automatic restrain systems are about twice as likely to use seat belts as are owners of manual systems. Owners of Cressidas rarely complained about the comfort or convenience of their seat belts. However, 25 percent cited belt interference with entrance and egress and rubbing across the face or neck as problems with the restraint system. Responses of Toyota owners are compared and contrasted with those provided in a survey completed one year ago of owners of Chevettes and Rabbits. KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Consumer behavior KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety equipment KW - Surveys KW - User reactions KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25619/DOT-HS-806-146.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367281 AU - Stoica, T L AU - Illinois Department of Law Enforcement TI - ROOF-MOUNTED LIGHT SYSTEMS ON POLICE VEHICLES PY - 1982/02 SP - 42 p. AB - Tests conducted by several different agencies have indicated that removal of roof-mounted light bars (visabars) from police cars can result in reduced fuel consumption by those vehicles. Analysis of accidents involving patrol units by the California Highway Patrol and the Illinois Department of Law Enforcement have indicated that roof-mounted light bars play no measurable role in reducing accident potential of state police patrol vehicles. Illinois State Police experience further indicates that unmarked units are actually less likely than marked units to incur accidents. For vehicles involved in accidents, the experience of marked and unmarked units is very similar with regard to a variety of factors including type of roadway, lighting conditions, accident severity, activity prior to accident, and whether or not emergency lighting systems were in use. By removing the roof-mounted equipment from the approximately 1000 marked vehicles operated by the Illinois Department of Law Enforcement, fuel costs can be reduced 237,000 dollars a year in terms of current fuel prices. The cost of replacement equipment would be repaid by reduced fuel consumption within four months of conversion. Removal of this equipment would also result in improved vehicle acceleration and greater top speed. Data indicate that no increase in accident rates should result from removal of the visabars. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Crash rates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Police vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178360 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367099 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - SCANLON, M AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - THE PAINFUL ART OF SERVICING HIGH-TECH CARS PY - 1982/02 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 51-54 AB - Thanks to emission regulations and fuel economy standards, today's new cars contain a lot of electronic hardware. This, coupled to front-drive layouts and combined with revamped body construction techniques, results in a generation of cars that are truly different. Much of what makes today's cars so new also makes them hard to repair. This article reviews in detail the new business of repair and maintenance and the necessity for auto makers and dealers to put more effort into providing better service. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Front wheel drive KW - Mechanics KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366796 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYBRID AUTOMOBILES: COSTS VS. POTENTIALS PY - 1982/02 VL - 90 IS - 2 SP - p. 63-68 AB - This article presents the findings by five research organizations who conducted studies during 1977-1980 to determine the near-term tradeoffs between hybrid electric passenger cars and their internal combustion engined counterparts. It was found that: heat engine/electric hybrid vehicles have a potential for subsituting electrical energy for 40-80% of the petroleum fuel consumed by conventional internal combustion engine cars; hybrids exceed their counterparts' projected purchase prices by 21-62%, but run only 0-27% more in terms of life-cycle costs; and hybrids' cost competitiveness is inversely correlated with their petroleum fuel displacement capabilities and quite sensitive to petroleum fuel prices. All the selected designs achieved break-even life-cycle costs at fuel prices of $2.70/gallon or less in 1978 dollars. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Prices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367000 AU - Lynn, C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF THE VIRGINIA DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM ON NEGLIGENT DRIVING: 12 MONTH REPORT PY - 1982/02 SP - 41 p. AB - This report presents the findings from an impact evaluation of the four basic treatment combinations of the rehabiliation component of the Virginia driver improvement program. The four combinations along with results of their evaluation are as follows: (1) the advisory letter--no effect; (2) the group interview--better posttreatment driving records than similar drivers not attending the interview, but no impact on accident experience; (3) a combination of the group interview and the advisory letter--completely ineffective; and (4) the personal interview-driver improvement clinic--highly effective in reducing subsequent minor convictions and in increasing the length of time a driver remained conviction free, but no effect on subsequent accident experience. It was concluded that the two most pressing needs of the driver improvement program are those for (1) improvement of the entry level remediation offered by the ineffectual advisory letter, and (2) modification of the program to more directly address accident avoidance as well as conviction reduction. KW - Crashes KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Interviewing KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rehabilitation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36493/82-R43.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367273 AU - Comsis Corporation TI - REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES FOR 1979-1980 PY - 1982/02 SP - 90 p. AB - This is the second report of highway accident statistics using data from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) The planned size of the annual data base in NASS is approximately 15,000 accidents. The actual numbers obtained in 1979 and 1980 during this initial implementation were 3,424 and 2,973 respectively. The approach taken in this report has been to combine these two files and obtain a larger data base, presenting statistics as an annual average for the 2-year period. As a consequence of the small sample size, the sampling error is large in these data, and the data are inadequate to demonstrate any year-to-year trend information. Therefore, these data should not be the sole basis for any management decision regarding highway safety issues. The 1981 data will include approximately 6,000 accidents and the 1982 data will include over 10,000 accidents. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366816 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carrier, H AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - OFTEN FORGOTTEN AS VIBRATION SOURCE DRIVESHAFTS YIELD PROBLEMS OR PROFIT PY - 1982/02 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - This article discusses the driveshaft as a possible source of vibration. It is an important link between the transmission output shaft and the differential input shaft, but is often disregarded because it can go thousands of miles without causing problems. It should be suspected as a vibration source when roughness is felt on heavy acceleration for short lengths of time, when a shudder is felt on low speed acceleration, when a whine or whistle is heard that varies with engine speed regardless of transmission gear range, when a clank is heard from the driveline at 10 mph in neutral gear, or when a fluid leak is present at the transmission end of the driveshaft. A chart is included which outlines driveshaft diagnosis procedures, and further discussion of these procedures is included in this article. KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Drive shafts KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181373 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366770 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Hutchinson, T P AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF INJURY SEVERITY. PART IV: MATCHED DATA PY - 1982/02 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - p. 83-105 AB - By matched data is meant information about two casualties in the same accident (or in very similar accidents that have been matched from a large dataset). The two casualties might differ in, for instance, which vehicle they were in, or whether they were or were not wearing a seat belt. Two strategies for the statistical analysis of such data are described. One explicitly models the probability of each combination of severities of injury. The second concentrates on a parameter describing how different are the severities to the two classes of casualty. Several datasets from two fields of application are presented and analyzed as matched data. The first field is the effect of mass ratio on the severities of injury to drivers of vehicles involved in head-on collisions. The second is the difference in severity between belted and unbelted car occupants. The same methods are applicable, of course, to the analysis of other factors. Finally, as an example of the extensions possible with such models, it is shown how it may be feasible to make a distinction between the effects on injury severity of vehicle design and of impact speed, without actually knowing the impact speeds of the accidents. KW - Data KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Severity KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181334 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366779 JO - NTDRA Dealer News PB - National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association AU - Hawk, D AU - National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association TI - FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE CARS COULD BRING NEW TIRE TECHNOLOGY PY - 1982/02 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - In this interview, F. Kovac, vice president of tire development for Goodyear says that the increasing use of front-wheel drive has prompted tire engineers to consider the need for different rear and front tires. In studying this possibility, Goodyear engineers will monitor performance of Eagle NCT street radials this year on front-wheel drive racing sedans in the International Motor Sports Association's Champion Spark Plug Challenge Road Racing Series, where many thousands of miles of highway wear and tear can be compressed into a few hundred miles of high-speed competition. KW - Front wheel drive KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Technological innovations KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366787 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Mullins, P J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - HEAT EXCHANGERS AIM AT HIGHER PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/02 VL - 162 IS - 2 SP - p. 74-75 AB - This brief article discusses the various features of aluminum versus copper-brass radiators in light of the fact that today's lighter, smaller cars need lighter, smaller, high performance radiators. The cost effectiveness of different production methods is also examined. KW - Aluminum KW - Brass KW - Brasses KW - Compact automobiles KW - Copper KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Production methods KW - Radiators KW - Small car KW - Vehicle performance KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181348 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366775 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Yates, T AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW GM'S THROTTLE BODY FUEL-INJECTION SYSTEM WORKS PY - 1982/02 VL - 155 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - General Motors is equiping a large number of its 1982 model-year cars with a Throttle Body Injection (TBI) fuel system described as an electronic injector fuel-metering system. According to the company, the TBI system will lower exhaust emissions, improve gas mileage, return some performance punch, improve cold starting and running, and eliminate flat spots in acceleration. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Computers KW - Design KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flat spots/acceleration/ KW - Fuel injection KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Mileage KW - Mobile computing KW - Onboard computers KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Performance KW - Throttle body injection system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181338 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366786 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - MAKING JUST-IN-TIME PRODUCTION PAY OFF PY - 1982/02 VL - 162 IS - 2 SP - p. 77-80 AB - Two types of management techniques are compared: the "Conventional Supply Principle," in use by the U.S. auto industry, and the "Just-in-Time," or "Kanban Procedure Principle "(the Kanban System is a subsystem that refines just-in-time to the nth degree), used by the Japanese auto industry. It is concluded that with just-in-time production, the U.S. auto industry could save $2.1 billion a year and so provide badly needed dollars for working capital. Some examples of just-in-time production in the U.S. are given. KW - Automobile industry KW - Japan KW - Just in time production KW - Kanban procedure principle KW - Management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181347 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366788 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - WINTER-PROOFING YOUR 5.7-LITER GM DIESEL ENGINE. PART II PY - 1982/02 VL - 157 IS - 2 SP - p. 35-38 AB - This is the second instalment of a two-part article focusing on the GM 5.7-liter (350-cu-in) diesel engine. This article explains how to avoid no-starts that are caused by engine-oil thickening and glow-plug failure. A list of six helpful starting tips is included. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Cold weather KW - Cylinder blocks KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine block heaters KW - Engine cylinders KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Glow plugs KW - Heaters KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366811 AU - Olson, P L AU - Butler, B P AU - Burgess, W T AU - Sivak, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Institute of Handicapped Research TI - TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE DRIVING TEST: LOW-SPEED MANEUVERING PY - 1982/02 SP - 32 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a battery of low-speed driving tests that could be used for preliminary screening of drivers, vehicles, and components. A number of driving tests were developed, together with suitable performance measures. These were administered to a group of 26 subjects, and the data subjected to a factor analysis. Six factors emerged from the analysis, with one or more tests under each. The results indicate that a test battery can be created using a small number of tests, in a relatively confined space, and without elaborate instrumentation, and still sample a number of relevant driving skill dimensions. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Factor analysis KW - Personnel performance KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366823 AU - Regan, D J AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - THE CONSTITUTIONALITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGISLATION REQUIRING CHILD PASSENGER RESTRAINTS PY - 1982/02 SP - 12 p. AB - This report was prepared in anticipation of the Virginia General Assembly's consideration of proposals to require motorists to properly restrain their child passengers in safety devices. Three questions are discussed. First, are child restriant laws constitutional? Second, are the laws cost-effective? Third, which specific provisions tend to decrease costs and increase benefits? Three theories which have been advanced to argue that laws on the use of child restraints are constitutional were considered. Two of these are seriously flawed, but the third rests on precedents that have acknowledged the state's power to protect those incapable of protecting themselves. This third argument, paternalism, should be sufficient to find child restraint laws constitutional. The cost-effectiveness of child restraint legislation cannot be established empirically. The inadequacy of the literature can largely be traced to the immeasurability of the costs and benefits, and the lack of sufficient time to study the existing statutes. The two major costs imposed by child restraint legislation, enforcement costs and compliance costs, are easy to identify but hard to measure. The benefits of child restraint legislation, increased safety through increased use, are difficult to determine because it is unclear how many people will ignore the law or comply in ways that degrade the safety benefit. Moreover, any judgement on the cost-effectivenss of child restraint legislation inevitably hinges on a highly subjective evaluation of childhood death and injury. These difficulties are compounded by the fact that nine of the eleven existing laws were passed within the last year, leaving no time for careful analysis. Although absolute measures of the costs and benefits of legislation on the the use of child restraints are unavailable, some states have sought to enhance their statutes' marginal effectiveness by adding provisions that decrease costs or increase benefits. These provisions were analyzed with particular attention to the role of statutory exemptions in reducing costs and the impact of public education and monetary incentives in increasing the use of restraints. Again, there was a lack of empirical evidence, and these provisions had to be analyzed inferentially and intuitively. In discussing the fate of child restraint legislation in Virginia, frequent reference is made to the eleven states that have passed child restraint statutes. The text of those statutes and a comparison of their various provisions appear in Appendix A. KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36570/82-R34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178001 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362400 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - 13 HIGH PERFORMANCE TIRES PY - 1982/02 VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - p. 69 AB - This article reports the results of performance tests on 60-series radial tires. Thirteen different tires manufactured in five different countries were tested. There were two sizes in the test, 205/60HR-13 and 185/60HR-14. The car used was the Volkswagen Scirocco. A complete description of how the tires were tested is provided along with charts showing test results and a separate discussion of test results for each tire. KW - Charts KW - Performance tests KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362386 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF HEAD RESTRAINTS. FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 202 PY - 1982/02 SP - 308 p. AB - Head restraints were installed in passenger cars largely in response to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 202. The purpose of a head restraint is to prevent whiplash injury of the neck in rear impact crashes. The objectives of this Agency staff evaluation are to determine how many injuries integral and adjustable head restraints have eliminated in highway accidents, to measure the actual cost of the restraints, to assess cost effectiveness and to describe the operational performance and problems of integral and adjustable restraints. The evaluation is based on statistical analyses of three years of Texas accident data and the National Crash Severity Study, National Accident Sampling System and Fatal Accident Reporting System files; cost analyses of actual head restraint assemblies; a review of laboratory and crash tests and in-depth accident investigations; and head restraint sales data. It was found that: 75 percent of adjustable restraints are left in the down position; integral head restraints reduce the overall injury risk in rear impacts by 17 percent, adjustable restraints by 10 percent; integral restraints add $12 to the lifetime cost of owning and operating a car, adjustable restraints $40; 72 percent of the cars sold during 1960-81 had adjustable restraints, 28 percent had integral; and the existing mix of adjustable and integral restraints prevents 64,000 injuries per year. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Hazards KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362430 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES FOR 1979-1980. THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM PY - 1982/02 SP - 90 p. AB - This report emphasizes the magnitude, characteristics and consequences of motor vehicle traffic accidents in the United States. It is based on information obtained through the National Accident Sampling System in 1979 and 1980. KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366519 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Hill, R AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - ACCELERATION HESITATION? YOU CAN MAKE YOUR CAR RUN SMOOTHLY AGAIN PY - 1982/02 VL - 220 IS - 2 SP - p. 114-116 AB - A malfunction in one or more of six different systems under the hood can cause a cold engine to hesitate during acceleration. Checking out these systems usually uncovers the guilty culprit. A description of these systems--accelerator-pump system, choke system, thermostatic air cleaner, EGR system, intake-manifold heat control and distributor-advance unit--is given, along with an explanation of their operation and the necessary repairs. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Hesitation/engine KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181175 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366515 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Etelamaki, G R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - WHEN IS LEFT-TURN PHASING JUSTIFIED? PY - 1982/02 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - p. 18-20 AB - This article describes a method of analysis to aid in determining where left-turn phasing is justified. The method, developed by the Michigan Department of Transportation, utilizes the Network Simulation Model (NETSIM) to determine fuel consumption, delay, and emissions at intersections with and without left-turn phasing. Estimated accident reduction with left-turn phasing (from a study by the Kentucky Department of Transportation) is then compared with increased fuel consumption to determine the benefit/cost of proposed multiphase signal operation. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Pollutants KW - Safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181171 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366516 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Sheffi, Y AU - Brittain, D B AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY: PASSIVE RESTRAINTS VS. MANDATORY SEAT BELT WEARING PY - 1982/02 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-29 AB - Stating that passive restraint requirements should not have been abolished without a comparison with an alternative course of action, this article makes that comparison with the alternative of implementaton and enforcement of a mandatory seat belt usage law. It presents safety, cost, and implementation related aspects of passive belts, airbags and belt use law. The overall effectiveness, cost effectiveness and personal freedom of these alternatives are also examined. The conclusion reached is that mandatory seat belt usage should be preferred. KW - Air bags KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379391 AU - Huang, H K AU - Suarez, F R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CROSS-SECTIONAL GEOMETRY AND MASS DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF HUMANS AND LABORATORY ANIMALS PY - 1982/01/31 SP - 143 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the cross-sectional geometry and mass density distribution of a ten-week-old Texas Duroc female porcine subject using the x-ray computerized tomographical (CT) method and to perform comparative study of anatomical features of this subject and a three-year-old female child specimen. The cross-sectional CT scans of the porcine subject were obtained at one centimeter intervals. The outlines of each cross section and of selected anatomical components within each section were obtained by standard picture processing techniques. The mass and inertia tensor for each cross section and for each anatomical structure in a section were computed based on the CT numbers. The porcine subject was then sacrificed, frozen, sectioned, and photographed. These sectional photographs were then compared with those obtained from the CT Method. Tabulated cross-sectional mass and inertia tensor obtained from CT scans of the porcine subject were also used to compare with similar results derived from previously completed CT scans of the three-year-old female child specimen. In particular, the comparisons were made on the location of the center of gravity and the inertia tensor in the head, neck, head and neck, and cervical spine regions. Some immediate applications of this data are inputs to finite element models, lumped parameter biodynamic models, computer simulation of vehicle crash victims, and dummy design. KW - Animals KW - Biophysics KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371148 AU - Weidman, J R AU - Simone, G A AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DRIVER IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC VIOLATORS: FINAL REPORT: VOLUME II, PROGRAM MATERIALS PY - 1982/01/29 SP - 563 p. AB - This volume contains materials for driver improvement agencies wishing to adopt the driver improvement system developed during this project. Section I contains a State Administrator's Manual documenting the overall system. Section II contains guide materials for an educational program designed for traffic violators. Section III contains materials to a group meeting for traffic violators. The Administrator's Manual presents the goals and objectives of the system and an overview of system activities and target audiences. The manual also describes general action criteria and processing procedures. The purpose, effectiveness, content, and administration of each level of activity (warning, instruction/probation, and sanction) are described to facilitate system implementation. Special system response to two subgroups of violators--youthful offenders and alcohol offenders--are recommended. The education course contains a guide and three sets of lesson plans: Version A, a self-contained, eight-hour course; Version B, an eight-hour course which can take advantage of existing audiovisuals; and Version C, a four-hour course augmented by homestudy materials. Included are knowledge and attitude measures and visual support materials (for all three versions) and quizzes and a home-study manual (to be used with Version C). Materials for the one-hour group meeting include a guide, a lesson plan, visuals and an attitude measure. The development of all materials contained in this volume is described in the first volume of this report. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic violators KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369725 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Simone, G A AU - Weidman, J R AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DRIVER IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC VIOLATORS: FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I, DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH PY - 1982/01/29 SP - 99 p. AB - A driver improvement system to overcome shortcomings in existing systems by providing for early intervention, scaling the severity of action to the seriousness of the offense, and providing for gradual exit was developed for implementation by States within the constraints of available authority, funds, and personnel. It incorporates three levels of action: Warning, Instruction, and Sanction; uses a simple point system to identify drivers for action; and provides for modified treatment of youthful and alcohol offenders. The system was documented in a manual for State administrators. An instructional course was developed for use within the system. Six experimental 8-hour courses were evaluated to assess the relative benefits of formal instruction and at-home study and of three instructional methods. Comparison of pre and post knowledge and attitude scores showed home-study programs to be more effective across methods of instruction. Three revised courses--classroom only, classroom/audio-visual, and classroom/home study were developed and administered to traffic violators in Iowa and North Carolina. All were effective in improving knowledge, with the home study group showing the most improvement. A one-hour group meeting was developed to acquaint traffic offenders with the consequences of additional violations and thereby foster attitudes that are more favorable to compliance with the law. The meeting was administered to traffic offenders in Virginia. Comparison of pre and post scores on an attitude measure showed that the meeting was effective in attaining its objective. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Curricula KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Research KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic violators KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376415 JO - Medical Journal of Australia PB - Australasian Medical Publishing Company AU - Job, RFS AU - Australasian Medical Publishing Company TI - DOES DIAZEPAM AFFECT DRIVING ABILITY? PY - 1982/01/23 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - p. 89-91 AB - Landauer (Med J Aust, 1981; 1: 624-626) contended that diazepam medication should not preclude car driving, since it relieves anxiety, aggression and depression. There is no clear evidence that diazepam's therapeutic effect improves driving. The bulk of evidence suggests that diazepam is harmful to driving ability even in appropriate patient populations. The detrimental effects of alcohol on driving ability are also exacerbated by diazepam. I would recommend that patients taking diazepam should avoid driving, especially if they have taken any alcohol. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Reaction time KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379549 AU - Waller, P F AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE 55 MPH NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT: CURRENT STATUS AND OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1982/01/19 SP - 9 p. AB - In spite of the demonstrated safety benefits of the 55 mph speed limit, it is now clear that it is under attack and there is a very real possibility that the responsibility for its continuation will be returned to the States. It is felt, however, that we are taking too limited a view of the implications of this speed limit. With these considerations in mind, the pros and cons, the costs and benefits, of retaining versus eliminating the 55 mph speed limit are documented. Five aspects of the problem are addressed: the safety implications, the fuel implications, the highway or pavement maintenance implications, the vehicle maintenance implications, and the implications for travel time. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385558 JO - Consumer Newsweekly PB - Consumer News, Incorporated AU - Consumer News, Incorporated TI - CAR SAFETY RATINGS SHOW SMALLER AND FOREIGN MODELS MORE HAZARDOUS PY - 1982/01/11 VL - 11 IS - 15 SP - p. 1-2 AB - This short article gives the findings of two studies rating individual cars for safety: small foreign cars are more hazardous than American ones, occupants of small cars are more than twice as likely to get killed than occupants of large cars, and American cars have better injury-claim records than imports. The article also includes a list of models with the best insurance in injury claim experience. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Fatalities KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Imports KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Ratings KW - Small car KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380767 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - RAILROAD/HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--AUTOMOBILE/MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILROAD FREIGHT TRAIN COLLISION, WOODLAND DRIVE, LAKE VIEW, ARKANSAS JULY 9, 1982 PY - 1982/01/11 SP - 23 p. AB - On July 9, 1982, a 4-door Cadillac sedan, carrying nine occupants, was traveling westbound on Woodland Drive in Lake View, Arkansas, approaching a railroad/highway grade crossing. The passenger car was driven onto the crossing and was struck broadside by the lead locomotive of a Missouri Pacific freight train traveling southbound. Eight of the occupants in the Cadillac were killed and one was seriously injured. None of the train crewmembers or company officials aboard the train were injured as a result of the accident. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the automobile driver to see or hear the approaching freight train and to stop short of the railroad tracks. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Railroad grade crossings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367279 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - TRANSPORTATION: EVOLVING ISSUES FOR ANALYSIS PY - 1982/01/06 SP - 63 p. AB - This study is based on GAO's current assessment of the major factors affecting the economic viability and efficiency of the U.S. transportation system. Every part of the system, including domestic and international aviation, highways, inland waterways, intercity buses, motor vehicles, ocean shipping, pipelines, rail freight and passenger service, trucking, and urban mass transit, is included in GAO's plan for future audits of Federal programs. The study also emphasizes Congress' interest and concerns, which are reflected by the Federal Governments's expenditures of 24 billion dollars on transportation-related agency programs in 1981. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economics KW - Efficiency KW - Expenditures KW - Policy analysis KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178357 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362413 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - CAR SIZE, DEATHS LINKED; SMALL IMPORTS FOUND WORST--A SPECIAL ISSUE PY - 1982/01/05 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 11 p. AB - The number of subcompacts and small subcompacts on the road has increased dramatically in the last few years, and is likely to increase further. With fuel prices high and automobile efficiency at a premium, there is little reason to think Americans will reverse their trend toward buying small, light vehicles instead of larger, safer ones. This special issue of Status Report focuses on the high numbers of deaths in small cars, and it examines the vital need for implementing already available technologies to reduce the number of people who are killed and injured every day in crashes of their subcompacts and small subcompacts. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatalities KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Small car KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact car KW - Technology KW - Vehicle size UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1701.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082941 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Effectiveness Paper: Bicyclist Safety Programs PY - 1982/01 SP - 40p AB - For the last several years, almost 1,000 bicycle/motor vehicle fatalities occurred annually. According to the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data indicate 964 cyclists died in 1980. Estimates of bicycle motor-vehicle injuries vary from about 60,000 to 80,000. Some survey data suggests that these estimates are low. Perhaps as many as two-thirds of the bike car accidents go unreported to the police and about half of these are severe enough to require medical treatment. The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) data put the number of injured cyclists at 80,000 per year. Data pertaining to bicycle/motor-vehicle accidents are generally inadequate to identify specific problems and design effective countermeasures. In a landmark study conducted for NHTSA, a total of 753 nonfatal and 166 fatal bike/motor-vehicle accidents were analyzed and 36 unique accident types were identified by Dr. Ken Cross. Twenty-five of the most frequently occurring accident types accounted for 87 percent of the fatal cases and 93 percent of the nonfatal cases. Seven of the frequently occurring accident types together accounted for 49 percent of the fatal and 52 percent of the nonfatal cases. A major conclusion of this NHTSA study is: the causes of the vast majority of bicycle/motor vehicle accidents are behavioral. And a general conclusion is: except for intoxicated motorists, most bicyclists' function failures represent aberrant behavioral errors while few motorists' failures do. KW - Behavior KW - Bicycle automobile collisions KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Safety programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25630/DOT-HS-EPX-025.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365499 AU - Weber, K AU - Allen, N P AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1982/01 SP - 65 p. AB - The causes of consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with child restraint systems were studied, and factors contributing to non-use and misuse were identified. Thirty-two families used several different child restraint models for extended periods, and their perceptions and preferences prior to use were compared to those expressed afterward. Recommendations are made to improve education, design, marketing, and regulation regarding child restraint systems. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Automobiles KW - Children KW - Consumer protection KW - Design KW - Highway transportation KW - Industries KW - Infants KW - Safety KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25637/DOT-HS-806-121.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396116 AU - GARN, R AU - Thomas, R AU - Baczynski, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES PROJECT 8327 TASK 6 TESTS PY - 1982/01 SP - 71 p. AB - The primary objective of these tests was to evaluate the side impactor design. Typical current production vehicles, represented by 1980 Volkswagen Rabbits, were utilized in these two tests. This report presents data gathered for the Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analyses. The data was gathered to obtain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions for use in the CRASH 2 computer program. Vehicle and accident scene information from each test was collected for the purpose of improving crash phase reconstruction programs used in field studies. The information collected includes documentation of crash trajectory, residual crush, and tire marks for each vehicle in each test. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Field studies KW - Impact tests KW - Residual crush KW - Side crashes KW - Skidmarks KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395342 AU - Saricks, C L AU - Vyas, A D AU - Bunch, J A AU - Argonne National Laboratory TI - PERSONAL VEHICLES PREFERRED BY URBAN AMERICANS: HOUSEHOLD AUTOMOBILE HOLDINGS AND NEW CAR PURCHASES PROJECTED TO THE YEAR 2000 PY - 1982/01 SP - 48 p. AB - This report describes a procedure for modeling the choices made in urban American households among personal vehicles on the bases of cost, passenger capacity, and engine technology, and it projects those preferences to the years 1990 and 2000. The results of this disaggregate technique are used by the other predictive research tasks undertaken by Argonne National Laboratory in a project entitled "Technology Assessment of Productive Conservation in Urban Transportation" (TAPCUT). The vehicle preferences reported here furnish data for the overall TAPCUT objective of forecasting the probable effects of energy conservation policies in transportation. In our projections, vehicles with standard spark-ignition (Otto-cycle) engines continue to dominate automobile holdings and new car purchases in either of two socioeconomic scenarios under any of three settings (an existing policy set and two alternative conservation strategies). From 1990, small cars (seating four or fewer passengers) dominate urban holdings and sales in two of the three TAPCUT energy strategies--the exception being the strategy that emphasizes individual travel--and this holds true with only a minor variation for both socioeconomic scenarios (an optimistic one and a slightly pessimistic one). Advanced-technology vehicles are most successful under the Individual Travel Strategy. It appears that vehicle characteristics are far more significant than demographic descriptors in estimating household vehicle choice using this modeling approach. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Energy conservation KW - Forecasting KW - Purchasing KW - Small car KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation policy KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386819 JO - Illinois Bar Journal PB - Illinois State Bar Association AU - Brady, T J AU - Illinois State Bar Association TI - MAJOR TRAFFIC CHARGES SUCH AS DWI: THE DOUBLE STANDARD FORGED UNDER DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN STATE AND ORDINANCE CASES PY - 1982/01 VL - 70 SP - p. 292-299 AB - Certain major traffic offenses such as DWI can be charged under state or local ordinance laws. Penal and procedural distinctions between state versus ordinance charges have resulted in the application of a double standard affecting the prosecution and defense of basically identical major traffic offenses. New legislation contains uniform penal provisions to resolve the issues in DWI cases. Uniform penal provisions should be considered for other major traffic offenses as well. A code of uniform traffic procedures for all traffic cases bears study. KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Penalties KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204072 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380690 JO - Bulletin on Narcotics PB - United Nations AU - Solarz, A AU - United Nations TI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS OTHER THAN ALCOHOL PY - 1982/01 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-22 AB - This paper illustrates different aspects of the problem of driving under the influence of medicine and is based on a survey carried out in 1976 on three groups of drivers: (a) drivers consuming prescription drugs and alcohol: (b) drivers consuming prescription drugs only; and (c) drivers consuming alcohol only. Traffic accidents and traffic accident risks are approximately equal for all three groups, although the author points out that the frequency of traffic accidents and traffic accident risks involving prescription drug intoxicated drivers is probably larger than indicated by the study, as the sample was drawn from persons suspected of drunken driving. The author recommends epidemiological studies of the problem which would be facilitated if the law permitted blood and urine samples to be taken from any driver stopped on the road. He also suggests the formation of interdisciplinary groups to investigate specific aspects of the problem and closer co-operation between interested countries. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Interdisciplinary KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Laws KW - Medicine KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379768 AU - Warren, R A AU - Simpson, H M AU - Buhlman, M A AU - Bourgeois, L A AU - Chattaway, L D AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - ALCOHOL IN PATIENTS REPORTING TO HOSPITAL FOR TREATMENT OF TRAFFIC-RELATED INJURIES: THE NEW BRUNSWICK STUDY PY - 1982/01 SP - 89 p. AB - This project generated base-rate epidemiologic data with respect to the prevalence of alcohol among persons injured in road crashes in Canada. Data were collected from 1,148 blood and breath specimens derived from persons reporting to emergency wards for the treatment of traffic-related injuries over a one year time period at four major hospitals in the Province of New Brunswick. Results indicated overall rate of drinking, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by victim type, and BAC by injury severity. Based on the results as considered within the larger context of existing research and countermeasure efforts in Canada, several recommendations were advanced. These referred to mandatory blood alcohol testing, legal penalties for impaired driving, the overall approach to impaired driving in Canada, the need for greater coordination of the road safety effort, and further research. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Coordination KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash victims KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376708 AU - CHI, GYH AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Britton, C V AU - Leung, A Y AU - Fischer, W C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - DRIVER INJURY IN ACCIDENTS INVOLVING CERTAIN VEHICLE SUBGROUPS CLASSIFIED BY MAKE/MODEL AND MODEL YEAR, MAKE/MODEL, AND BY MARKET SIZE PY - 1982/01 SP - v.p. AB - This report represents update of Campbell's 1974 report on "Driver Injury in Automobile Accidents Involving Certain Car Models: An Update." In this study, the definition of injury index is given from a different but perhaps more intuitive point of view. It is demonstrated that this definition of an injury index as a weighted average of stratum injury indices is equivalent to Campbell's 1974 index. In addition to adjusting for crash pattern as the previous study did, accident year and/or length of exposure to the risk of accident are also adjusted for. Driver injury indices are derived for vehicle subgroups in the following three vehicle classifications: make/model and model year, make/model, and market size. Due to sample size considerations, only 74 vehicle makes are studied, and model years are collapsed into the following five model year groupings: 1970+1971, 1972+1973, 1974, 1975, 1976. Seven market class sizes are considered: luxury, medium, standard, intermediate, compact, subcompact, imported. The results of driver injury indices studies and comparative driver injury indices are given, and the indices obtained via all three methods are compared. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Drivers KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Injuries KW - Markets KW - Model year KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193962 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376430 JO - Public Health PB - Elsevier AU - Cliff, K S AU - Grout, P AU - Machin, D AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - SMOKING AND ATTITUDES TO SEAT BELT USAGE PY - 1982/01 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - p. 48-52 AB - An evaluation of a health education programme promoting the use of seat belts as an injury protection measure in vehicle collision accidents, was carried out using a postal questionnaire to a random sample of people drawn from the electoral rolls of a local authority. The questionnaire asked respondents to provide information about their habits and opinions on a number of aspects including seat belt wearing habits: cigarette consumption, age, sex, driver or non-driver of a motor vehicle, opinion on legislation to enforce seat belt wearing, and opinion on a reduction in car insurance premium for seat belt wearers. Allowing for age and sex amongst drivers, self-reported seat belt wearing declined as cigarette consumption rose (P less than 0.01). Analysis of the data related to "opinions on legislation to enforce seat belt wearing" by means of logit-linear models indicated that age was the only variable which, when considered alone, was found to influence the response (P less than 0.05). If the two variables, cigarette consumption and drivers were added in an interactive mode, then there was a significant improvement in the fit as compared to age alone (P less than 0.05). This improvement was not found in respect of "opinions relating to insurance premium reduction", age-sex being the only interaction which was significantly associated with response P less than 0.05). KW - Age KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Gender KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Smoking KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376306 AU - General Motors Corporation TI - SAFETY AND SMALL CARS PY - 1982/01 SP - 10 p. AB - While there is an increased risk associated with driving a smaller car, the size of that risk will depend on how much smaller or lighter the smaller car is than the one to which it is being compared. Actions taken by the individual driver, such as driving more defensively and using available restraints, can reduce the overall risks associated with driving small cars. In addition, vehicle design technology has increased dramatically in recent years, so that our new cars make much more efficient use of structure than was possible even a few years ago. Test facilities and procedures are constantly revised and improved to reflect changing real-world conditions and improved technology. General Motors believes this increasing level of vehicle development expertise is resulting in improved products for our customers. You can take maximum advantage of these improvements by employing the restraint systems supplied with your car. We believe our new products coupled with your redoubled safe-driving habits, can result in a safer driving environment for all of us. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Defensive drivers KW - Hazards KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk assessment KW - Small car KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373595 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING LAWS ANNOTATED ANNUAL SUPPLEMENT 1981 PY - 1982/01 SP - 19 p. AB - This Supplement makes information in Driver Licensing Laws Annotated (1980) current as of January 1, 1981, by reflecting all relevant 1980 state legislation. This Supplement is designed for use in updating the information presented in the main volume of DLLA. It augments, but does not replace, the Statutory Annotations shown. It utilizes an identical numbering and caption system but thereafter contains only a report on state laws adopted, amended or repealed during 1980 that would in any way alter the original Annotation. If a particular section or subsection in the main volume is not shown in this Supplement, it means that there were no changes in state laws pertaining to it and that the Annotation in DLLA is current as shown as of January 1, 1981. If a state adopted a law duplicating a Code section, or if a law was amended to achieve such conformity, the briefest possible statement indicating the current comparative status is made. Generally, a law that appears in a state's motor vehicle and traffic code for the first time is referred to in this Supplement as having been "adopted." If a law was amended, the Supplement often employs italics to indicate new language and (brackets) to indicate deleted language. However, such italicized and bracketed language is not necessarily quoted verbatim from the text of the state law. Rather, it is a device used in an attempt to present the substance of a revision as clearly and concisely as possible. On the other hand, material that is quoted verbatim is shown either within quotation marks or in an indented "block quote" form. Each 1980 law is followed by the best available citation, including either the session law or bill number and a reference to the page or pages where each law may be found in the Commerce Clearing House service entitled Advance Session Laws Reporter," abbreviated in all citations as CCH ASLR. KW - Calibration KW - Change KW - Driver licensing KW - Laws KW - Updates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369600 JO - Truck & Off-Highway Industries PB - Chilton Company, Incorporated AU - Ealey, L A AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - HIGH QUALITY FILTERS FOR LOW QUALITY FUELS PY - 1982/01 VL - 3 IS - 10 SP - p. 40-41 AB - Diesel fuel picks up contaminants while in storage, during transfer, or inside the vehicle tank itself. Water and dirt are the most prevalent impurities in domestic fuel, and probably the most harmful. This article focuses on three types of fuel filters: the depth type filter consisting of cotton or viscose threads wrapped in a cloth sock or packed in a metal container, the surface type, or paper element filter, usually a resin impregnated paper folded into many pleats to provide a large filtering surface within a small space, and finally a combination depth and surface filter. KW - Contaminants KW - Corrosion protection KW - Diesel fuels KW - Filter materials KW - Filter paper KW - Filters KW - Paper KW - Rust prevention KW - Scorching UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369608 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - FRONT WHEEL DRIVE SKID CONTROL PY - 1982/01 VL - 15 IS - 8 SP - p. 10-11 AB - This article provides instructions for handling skids with a front-wheel drive car. Photographs and diagrams accompany the text. All information is provided by Saab-Scania, which manufactures only front-wheel drive cars. KW - Driving KW - Front wheel drive KW - Handling characteristics KW - Skidding KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369590 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Fields, E C AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - DEVELOPING AWARENESS OF THE BLINDSPOT PY - 1982/01 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 1 p. AB - This brief article describes an inexpensive, easy to build, in the classroom blindspotter that provides hands-on physical experience for the student to see what blindspots are and where they are. It enables the instructor to place the student in any desk or chair and demonstrate the location of blindspots by merely walking to different areas of the room. A dual benefit is that students learn proper mirror focus and usage before they actually get into a vehicle. KW - Awareness KW - Blindspots KW - Driver training KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Focusing KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187146 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369343 JO - Journal of Transportation Engineering PB - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - Heglund, C T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DES MOINES SKYWALK SYSTEM PY - 1982/01 VL - 108 IS - TE1 SP - p. 1-13 AB - A method is proposed for estimating pedestrian traffic on a proposed skywalk system in Des Moines, Iowa. Factors that influence usage are identified. Two mathematical models are presented to predict savings in vehicle delay which would result from the system. A pedestrian accident analysis is discussed. A cost benefit analysis of the system is described. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Savings KW - Skywalk KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368782 AU - Weber, K AU - Allen, N P AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1982/01 SP - 70 p. AB - The causes of consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with child restraint systems were studied, and factors contributing to non-use and misuse were identified. Thirty-two families used several different child restraint models for extended periods, and their perceptions and preferences prior to use were compared to those expressed afterward. Recommendations are made to improve education, design, marketing, and regulation regarding child restraint systems. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - Design KW - Education KW - Marketing KW - Regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368776 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL, MARIJUANA, AND OTHER DRUGS IN THE ACCIDENTS OF INJURED DRIVERS. VOLUME 1--FINDINGS PY - 1982/01 SP - 194 p. AB - Using samples of blood obtained from 497 injured drivers at a Rochester, NY hospital, this study determined the incidence rates of alcohol, THC (marijuana agent), and other drugs. Accident data (police reports, driver interviews) were also collected, and analyses determined driver culpability rates, collision types, and crash circumstances involving alcohol and certain drugs. Main substances found were alcohol (25%), THC (10%) and tranquilizers (8%); 38% of the drivers had alcohol or some other drug tested for in their systems. Culpability rates were: 74% for intoxicated drivers, 53% for THC-only drivers, 34% for drugfree drivers, and 22% for tranquilizer-only drivers. Alcohol-involved crashes were predominantly single vehicle accidents, followed by striking vehicles in head-on and rearend impacts. No unique THC or tranquilizer collision types were found. Circumstances overrepresented in alcohol crashes were curves, occurrence on weekends, occurrence between midnight-6AM, unlighted streets, and non-intersection locations. "Alochol accident types" were identified, e.g. single-driver crash occurring midnight-6AM on a curve (95% alcohol involvement). Police reporting of alcohol involvement was also analyzed. Possible roadway and vehicle countermeasures to reduce impaired-driver accidents were suggested. Other recommendations addressed police alcohol detection and NASS or FARS monitoring of alcohol involvement. Further study clarifying the crash roles of THC and tranquilizers in fatal and non-fatal crashes was considered essential. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Culpability KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Marijuana KW - Police KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368838 AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - TEEN DRIVER FACTS PY - 1982/01 SP - 9 p. AB - This report examines the following facts to show how California teenage drivers are doing as a group: number of teenage drivers; accident and conviction record; fatal and injury accidents; and inexperience, emotions and attitudes. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash rates KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368777 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL, MARIJUANA, AND OTHER DRUGS IN THE ACCIDENTS OF INJURED DRIVERS. VOLUME 2--APPENDICES PY - 1982/01 SP - 150 p. AB - Using samples of blood obtained from 497 injured drivers at a Rochester, NY hospital, this study determined the incidence rates of alcohol, THC (marijuana agent), and other drugs. Accident data (police reports, driver interviews) were also collected, and analyses determined driver culpability rates, collision types, and crash circumstances involving alcohol and certain drugs. Main substances found were alcohol (25%), THC (10%) and tranquilizers (8%); 38% of the drivers had alcohol or some other drug tested for in their systems. Culpability rates were: 74% for intoxicated drivers, 53% for THC-only drivers, 34% for drugfree drivers, and 22% for tranquilizer-only drivers. Alcohol-involved crashes were predominantly single vehicle accidents, followed by striking vehicles in head-on and rearend impacts. No unique THC or tranquilizer collision types were found. Circumstances overrepresented in alcohol crashes were curves, occurrence on weekends, occurrence between midnight-6AM, unlighted streets, and non-intersection locations. "Alcohol accident types" were identified, e.g. single-driver crash occurring midnight-6AM on a curve (95% alcohol involvement). Police reporting of alcohol involvement was also analyzed. Possible roadway and vehicle countermeasures to reduce impaired-driver accidents were suggested. Other recommendations addressed police alcohol detection and NASS or FARS monitoring of alcohol involvement. Further study clarifying the crash roles of THC and tranquilizers in fatal and non-fatal crashes was considered essential. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Culpability KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Marijuana KW - Police KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368853 JO - American Rehabilitation PB - US Rehabilitation Services Administration AU - Szeto, AYJ AU - Hogan, H A AU - Pierce, S AU - US Rehabilitation Services Administration TI - HANDICAPPED DRIVERS EVALUATION AND TRAINING PY - 1982/01 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - p. 18-25 AB - Independent transportation can provide handicapped people with significant economic, social and psychological advantages. This article describes a handicapped drivers training program. The main phases of this program include admission, evaluation, simulator training, in-vehicle training, and licensing. The article includes a partial list of equipment manufacturers and suggestions of possible equipment for various physical disabilities. KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Equipment KW - Equipment for handicapped KW - Industries KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Physical condition KW - Special purpose KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186638 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367925 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Kandel, D B AU - Sudit, M AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DRINKING PRACTICES AMONG URBAN ADULTS IN ISRAEL. A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON PY - 1982/01 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-16 AB - This article reports what is believed to be the first epidemiological data on drinking practices of Israeli adults, men and women. These data document a low prevalence of drinking in Israel. The contrast between Israel and the United States on various indicators of drinking, whether lifetime prevalence, usage within the last year, or usage within the last month, is striking. The differences in frequencies and quantities of drinking are also large. These data confirm the existence of the cross-cultural differences in drinking inferred from indirect indicators. Of the two interpretations that have been advanced to explain the absence of extensive drinking among Jews, one seems to be confirmed by the data. A direct relationship was found between religious orthodoxy and drinking experience, and an inverse relationship with frequency of drinking. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Religion KW - Statistics KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182064 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367970 JO - COMMERCIAL CAR JOURNAL AU - Standley, J AU - Chilton Company TI - AIR DISCS: THE GOOD AND THE BAD PY - 1982/01 VL - 139 IS - 1 SP - p. 108-115 AB - Heavy duty air disc brakes may be the truck brakes of the future because of their better stability and more uniform torque output, with less sensitivity to vehicle speed. To be accepted by the trucking industry, air discs must prove their compatibility with drum brakes and their long term durability. Adequate service training for mechanics and driver retraining will be required, along with timely parts backup. KW - Air brakes KW - Compatibility KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Durability KW - Mechanics KW - Training KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368356 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Yaksich, S AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - TEENAGERS UNDER ATTACK PY - 1982/01 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - Comments made on the Special Issue of Status Report (published by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety) entitled "Teens and Autos: A Deadly Combination" which summarized new research by the same institute are noted. Recommendations made in that issue are discussed, namely, prohibiting teenaged drivers from transporting teenagers, allowing only essential driving, raising the minimum licensing age to 18, and eliminating high school driver education. It is noted that almost 65 percent of young driver fatal accidents involve a combination of high speed and drunk driving and little or no wearing of safety belts. It is also noted that driver education is not responsible for teen traffic deaths and that most of the pressure for driver education comes from parents. However, some of the problems besetting driver education rests with the driver education profession. Driver education is not effective in addressing the three critical problems: alcohol and other drug impairment; vehicle speed; and the use of safety belts. Driver educators, parents and public policy makers must all support this issue. Some areas which need attention are noted, namely, the minimum drinking age; alcoholic beverage advertisements on TV, and alcohol education programs. The need to convince teenagers of safety belt use in driver education programs is emphasized. KW - Advertising KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver age KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - High schools KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Teenage drivers KW - Television KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368301 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TIRE GRADING SYSTEM INFORMATION PY - 1982/01 SP - v.p. AB - This book presents the data developed for a Tire Grading System (TGS) to help consumers select a safe and economical tire. Tires (radial, belted bias or bias) are graded according to treadwear, traction, and temperature resistance. The book gives the grades of the tires a consumer is considering for purchase, who manufactures the tires, and the tire which is the best value for the money. KW - Consumers KW - Data KW - Evaluation KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Temperature resistance KW - Thermal resistance KW - Tire grading system KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367969 JO - COMMERCIAL CAR JOURNAL AU - Buck, D AU - Chilton Company TI - ACCIDENT REPORT: ALLY OR LIE? PY - 1982/01 VL - 139 IS - 1 SP - p. 134-138 AB - This article takes a close-up look at fraudulent accident reporting by commercial carriers and what can be done to eliminate it. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the more a fleet supervisor is able to glean from a comprehensive analysis of all accident reports, the better equipped he is to target his loss prevention efforts. Tic-Tac-Toe, developed in 1957, is presented as a records system that encourages completeness and rewards integrity in accident reporting. KW - Accident record systems KW - Crash records KW - Crash reports KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fraud KW - Motor carriers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368323 AU - Tanner, W R AU - Adolfson, W F AU - Productivity Systems Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROBOTICS USE IN MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURE PY - 1982/01 SP - 125 p. AB - The automobile industry has, historically, been a major developer and user of automation and industrial robots. There have been significant technological changes in automation and robots and a steady increase in their utilization in the automobile industry worldwide. The basic technology of industrial robots is presented. Patterns of usage and current robot populations are shown for the worldwide auto industry. Other significant automation concepts are also covered. Projected usage of robots under several assumptions are developed. New technology development requirements are identified and current research efforts are described. The impacts of continued growth in robot utilization on labor, skilled trades, capital requirements, plant layouts, cost savings and productivity are described. The improved capabilities of robots and automation, in combination with an increase in their utilization, will reduce the cost of manufacturing automobiles. Capital investment requirements for automation and robots, especially through the mid-1980's will be high. No significant advantage in technology now exists in any particular auto manufacturing company or country. The major advantages, at present, are those which accrue from using more robots than one's competitors. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Costs KW - Industrial robots KW - Investments KW - Labor market KW - Manufacturing KW - Productivity KW - Technological innovations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368347 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Forrester, J AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - BICYCLISTS NEED DRIVER TRAINING INSTEAD OF BIKE SAFETY LECTURES PY - 1982/01 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - Defects in American bicycle safety programs are pointed out and it is noted that they have been produced by a pattern of thought. Among the defects is a negative correlation between car/bike collision types known to be most frequent. Fallacious assumptions on which bike safety programs are based are noted. Instruction that is guided by the cyclist's inferiority complex produces dangerous effects in attitudes and behavior. There is a need to reaffirm that normal driving behavior is the standard even for bicycle drivers and train people to drive bicycles in the standard manner, just as one teaches car driving. It has been shown that with 12 to 15 hours of such group instruction, grade 3 students can correctly perform all basic traffic maneuvers on 2-lane roads in residential areas; grade 5 students can perform well on multilane streets with shopping traffic at 25 mph; while grade 7 students have greater understanding of more complex situations. The entire training curriculum is based on five basic traffic concepts: riding on the right hand side; yield to crossing traffic; yield to faster traffic; destination positioning; and speed positioning. Each course terminates with a cycling proficiency test in which each student is scored while performing all normal traffic maneuvers while riding in traffic appropriate to his/her age. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Curricula KW - Cyclists KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Positioning KW - Students KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368358 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Matthias, H AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT FROM MY HANDICAPPED DRIVER? PY - 1982/01 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 2 p. AB - The limitations of the handicapped driver are recognized and some special reasons for accident avoidance by handicapped student drivers are listed. Attributes expected of a handicapped driving student are also listed. Teachers of the handicapped are expected to make necessary adjustments, provide equipment, and conduct classes for handicapped students who may have very dissimilar disabilities. Students should be prepared to demonstrate vital characteristics necessary to accomplish the learning task. The need is emphasized for conscientious, innovative teaching using proper equipment. KW - Disabled drivers KW - Driver training KW - Persons with disabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367619 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - PRODUCING MORE FUEL-EFFICIENT AUTOMOBILES: A COSTLY PROPOSITION PY - 1982/01 SP - 36 p. AB - Legislation establishing Federal fuel economy standards for automobiles required the auto industry to produce new-car fleets that averaged 18 miles per gallon starting with model year 1978, increasing to 27.5 miles per gallon by 1985. Industry expects to spend about $70 billion (in constant 1980 dollars) on buildings, property, equipment, and retooling over the next several years to produce new, small, fuel-efficient autos that will compete with foreign imports. Comparable expenditures for the pre-fuel economy period of 1970-74 were $35 billion, and in the initial fuel economy period of 1975-79, they were $41 billion. The industry expects that it will attain fleet averages of about 31 miles per gallon by 1985. Market demand for more fuel-efficient cars coupled with foreign competition will probably lead the auto industry to keep on producing fuel-efficient automobiles for the future. Although existing technologies can approach a fleet average of 40 miles per gallon and beyond, the major uncertainty concerning the production of such automobiles appears to be the risk of financing the large capital investments needed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Expenditures KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Markets KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178585 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367688 JO - Illuminating Engineering Society, Journal of PB - Illuminating Engineering Society AU - Loch, C H AU - Illuminating Engineering Society TI - DRIVER'S VIEW OF THE ROADWAY PY - 1982/01 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 121-127 AB - With the current movement toward a new roadway design practice that will be based on pavement luminance, it is useful to show the pavement luminance pattern in a representation that depicts the driver's viewpoint of the roadway. When such an arrangement is carefully prepared to scale and incorporates all the key contributing elements to the pavement luminance situation, the resulting diagram is very helpful in understanding the geometrical relationships that are factors in pavement luminance. This article points out the key ingredients to be included in the luminance diagrams, as well as items that are to be avoided. It then discusses methods to simplify the constraints involved in this contour plotting and how to convert 3-dimensional to 2-dimensional coordinates for an accurate perspective drawing. All calculations follow the CIE method as outlined in CIE Publication #30, "Calculation and measurement of luminance, and illuminance in road lighting," 1976. All outputs shown in this paper were prepared using a Hewlett Packard 1000 minicomputer with H-P's Graphic's Plotting System applied to the 9872 plotter. KW - Brightness KW - Contours KW - Conversion KW - Coordinates KW - Data plotters KW - Diagrams KW - Equations KW - Geometric design KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Highway design KW - Luminous intensity KW - Minicomputers KW - Perspective views KW - Three dimensional KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181890 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367644 JO - Journal of Fire & Flammability PB - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Kourtides, D A AU - Parker, J A AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - TEST METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATION OF FIREWORTHY AIRCRAFT SEAT CUSHIONS PY - 1982/01 VL - 15 SP - p. 56-76 AB - Aircraft seat materials were evaluated in terms of their thermal performance. The materials were evaluated using (a) themogravimetric analysis, (b) differential scanning calorimetry, (c) a modified NBS smoke chamber to determine the rate of mass loss and (d) the NASA T-3 apparatus to determine the thermal efficiency. In this paper, the modified NBS smoke chamber will be described in detail since it provided the most conclusive results. The NBS smoke chamber was modified to measure the weight loss of materials when exposed to a radiant heat source over the range of 2.5 to 7.5 W/sq cm. This chamber has been utilized to evaluate the thermal performance of various heat blocking layers utilized to protect the polyurethane cushioning foam used in aircraft seats. Various kinds of heat blocking layers were evaluated by monitoring the weight loss of miniature seat cushions when exposed to the radiant heat. The effectiveness of aluminized heat blocking systems was demonstrated when compared to conventional heat blocking layers such as neoprene. All heat blocking systems showed good fire protection capabilities when compared to the state-of-the-art i.e., wool-nylon over polyurethane foam. KW - Combustion KW - Fire resistance KW - Methodology KW - Polymers KW - Seats KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367617 AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - SENIOR DRIVER FACTS PY - 1982/01 SP - 5 p. AB - The relationship between aging and driver performance has been a widely debated topic for many years among researchers and licensing administrators. This issue has particular significance for California, which has the largest number of senior citizens in the nation and comparatively stringent examining standards. In a study on the aged driver, Planek et al. (1968) reported that the aged driver does not always perceive his driving problems at the appropriate level of importance relative to accident risks. His main problems involve interaction with overall traffic flow around him and performance in changing lanes, turning, passing and backing. He is also known to have perceptual-motor problems related to stimulus overload and the necessity for rapid reaction and decision making. The problems of the aging driver are taking on greater importance as the length of life increases, and earlier retirement gives the elderly more time to travel, socialize, and seek recreation. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Personnel performance KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178583 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366993 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Pheasant, S T AU - Harris, C M AU - Taylor & Francis TI - HUMAN STRENGTH IN THE OPERATION OF TRACTOR PEDALS PY - 1982/01 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - p. 53-63 AB - Tractors require more pedals than road vehicles; the placement of these pedals presents a complex task for the designer. Since pedal position is an important determinant of the posture of a vehicle driver's pelvis and spine, it is essential that this problem be carefully considered. (The tractor driver's spine is already potentially at risk through high vibration levels and the need to twist in the seat while monitoring tools at the rear of the vehicle.) Anecdotal evidence suggests that an increasing number of women wish to drive tractors. The consequent increase in the variability of the user population will exacerbate existing design problems; pedal resistance must be within the strength capability of the weakest female driver but must not be so low as to make control difficult for a heavy footed male. The ergonomic literature concerning human strength in the operation of pedals, although extensive, is not entirely adequate for the tractor designers. Studies have either been conducted on subjects in specific postures, defined in anatomical terms which are not easy to relate to workspace design problems, or else have been ad hoc investigations of single pedal locations in specific vehicles. The present study is aimed at elucidating the biomechanical factors which influence human strength in the operation of a pedal. A better fundamental understanding of these problems would allow better advice to be given to designers. The following variables were investigated: (a) horizontal distance in front of the seat reference point (SRP), (b) vertical distance above and below SRP, (c) lateral distance from the midline, (d) direction of thrust, (e) use of the steering wheel for "bracing". Equal numbers of male and female subjects were tested. Solid shoes were worn and maximal voluntary isometric thrusts were made with the instep. The pedal was set in positions defined by percentages of the individual subject's stature; hence posture was relatively constant (given that the linkages of the lower limb are in similar proportion for most individuals). Distance ranged from 40 to 55% stature in front of the SRP, from 2.5% stature above the SRP to 12.5% below and from 10 to 20% to the right of the midline. From consideration of published evidence it was anticipated that the greatest forces would be exerted in the upper outer part of this range (55% stature in front of SRP, 2.5% above). This proved to be true. However, a pedal placed in this position would result in a very inappropriate driving posture. For a pedal location of 12.5% stature below SRP and 47.5% in front there was only a 12% reduction in thrust. Since the latter position results in a better driving posture than the former it is to be preferred. The paper concludes with a consideration of appropriate design specifications for tractor pedals and the ways in which they should be developed. KW - Biophysics KW - Design KW - Designing KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Pedals KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181447 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367093 JO - Collision PB - Info--Quest, Incorporated AU - White, W A AU - Info-Quest Incorporated TI - STOPPING RUST IN ITS TRACKS PY - 1982/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-15 AB - This short article describes how a collision repair shop can help stop rust profitably. In the case described here a partially rusted back quarter panel poses an interesting problem because the rust has worked its way up the fuel filler, which forbids the use of a torch welder. The bodyman has to use air tools and plastic filler. Photos of the repair process are included. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Repairing KW - Rusting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181494 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366784 JO - Journal of Sound and Vibration PB - Elsevier AU - Andersen, P K AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - REGULARITY OF TRAFFIC NOISE SIGNALS PY - 1982/01 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - p. 267-274 AB - The flexibility of the filtered renewal process compared with the filtered Poisson process as a model for traffic noise is demonstrated. This is done by proving that for the family of gamma distributed headways with coefficient of variation less than one the variance of the traffic noise signal never exceeds that of the corresponding filtered Poisson process. Furthermore it is proved that the inverse inequality holds for the family of completely monotone distributions, which includes all finite mixtures of exponential distributions. The theory is illustrated by some numerical calculations. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Headways KW - Mathematical models KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367258 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAWS ANNOTATED. ANNUAL SUPPLEMENT 1979 PY - 1982/01 SP - 33 p. AB - This Supplement makes information in Traffic Laws Annotated (1979) current as of January 1, 1981, by reflecting all relevant 1979 and 1980 state legislation. This Supplement also includes changes made in the Uniform Vehicle Code by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances when it met on August 15-17, 1979. This Supplement is designed for use in updating the information presented in the main volume of the TLA. It augments, but does not replace, the Statutory Annotations shown. It utilizes an identical numbering and caption system but thereafter contains only a report on state laws adopted, amended or repealed in 1979 or 1980 that would in any way alter the original Annotation. KW - States KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366767 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - NOISE? PY - 1982/01 VL - 15 IS - 8 SP - p. 22-25 AB - This is the fourth and final instalment on vehicle noises. It reviews noise unique to certain General Motors cars, diagnoses the problems and offers cures. Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Oldsmobile and Pontiac Models are examined. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternators KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Engine knock KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Fuel pumps KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Starters KW - Suspensions KW - Valves KW - Vibration KW - Water pumps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366769 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Cruzic, K AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - ARE YOUR WINTER DRIVING HABITS SAFE ONES? PY - 1982/01 VL - 45 IS - 11 SP - 2 p. AB - Guidelines are given for safe winter driving. They include: (1) Prepare your car for winter driving; (2) Carry in your car; (3) A word about tires; (4) Carbon monoxide, a special hazard; (5) Precautions for ice and frost; and (6) Review your winter driving skills. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Frost damage KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow tires KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366819 JO - Traffic Safety Newsletter PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Flemming, R R AU - Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW: A BEFORE AND AFTER STUDY OF THE HELMET LAW REPEAL PY - 1982/01 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - p. 20-27 AB - Wisconsin motorcycle accident data three years before and three years after repeal of a mandatory helmet law were collected and analyzed in this study. Wisconsin enacted a mandatory helmet law for all motorcyle riders in 1968. The law remained in effect until it was repealed, on March 19, 1978. Prior to the repeal, in the years 1975, 1976, and 1977, virtually all riders wore helmets. During the three years after repeal (1978, 1979, 1980) helmet use was substantially reduced. The number of fatalities per 100 riders involved in accidents was used as the primary unit of measure. The "control" mechanism was the injury data for other parts of the body (arms, legs and trunk) unaffected by helmet use or nonuse. The study found that unhelmeted cyclists involved in accidents suffered head injuries at a rate of 40.64 per 100 riders, and 2.24 of every 100 unhelmeted riders died of head injuries. Of every 100 helmeted riders involved in an accident, 23.57 suffered head injuries and 1.25 died of head injuries. The rate of injury to arms, legs and trunk remained virtually constant from the three mandatory helmet years before repeal through the three years following repeal, for both helmeted and unhelmeted riders. The only increase noted was in head injuries to unhelmeted riders. Blood samples submitted by coroners showed that 47.9 percent of all fatally injured mtorcycle drivers were legally intoxicated. A total of 73 percent of the intoxicated fatal drivers were involved in single vehicle accidents with blood alcohol levels averaging over .20 percent, which is twice the legal level of intoxication in Wisconsin. KW - Before and after studies KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366992 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Bottoms, D J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE TRACTOR DRIVER'S STEERING CONTROL TASK PY - 1982/01 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-39 AB - A driver's most basic function is to control the direction in which the vehicle is moving. In agricultural field operations this guidance task assumes considerable importance since crop losses are influenced by steering. The paper discusses two models which may prove to be useful in the evaluation of the tractor driver's steering sub-task and in the longer term his total monitoring and control task. The experiments planned to evaluate the models are described briefly. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Personnel performance KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Task analysis KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181446 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366783 JO - Journal of Sound and Vibration PB - Elsevier AU - Nefske, D J AU - Wolf, J A AU - Howell, L J AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - STRUCTURAL-ACOUSTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER COMPARTMENT: A REVIEW OF CURRENT PRACTICE PY - 1982/01 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - p. 247-266 AB - This paper contains a brief review of the formulation of the finite element method for structural-acoustic analysis of an enclosed cavity, and illustrations are given of the application of this analytical method at General Motors Corporation to investigate the acoustics of the automobile passenger compartment. Low frequency noise in the passenger compartment (in approximately the 20-200 Hz frequency range) is of primary interest, and particularly that noise which is generated by the structural vibration of the wall panels of the compartment. The topics which are covered in the paper include the computation of acoustic modes and resonant frequencies of the passenger compartment, the effect of flexible wall panels on the cavity acoustics, the methods of direct and modal coupling of the structural and acoustic vehicle systems, and forced vibration analysis illustrating the techniques for computing panel-excited noise and for identifying critical panels around the passenger compartment. The capabilities of the finite element method are illustrated by application to the production automobile, and experimental verifications of the various techniques are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the method. KW - Accuracy KW - Acoustics KW - Automobiles KW - Finite element method KW - Interior KW - Noise KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181344 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366785 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Klingberg, C L AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DEFERRED PROSECUTION FOR DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED OFFENDERS PY - 1982/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-41 AB - Washington State's Deferred Prosecution Law permits certain defendants to have a misdemeanor charge dismissed if the defendant successfully participates for two years in a treatment program for alcohol, drug, or mental problems. The law has been extensively applied in Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) cases. This study was designed to assess post-deferral driving performance for a sample of DWI offenders who participated in Deferred Prosecution as compared to a Control group of nondeferred DWI offenders. It was found that the Deferred group had significantly more post-deferral alcohol-related traffic violations than did the Control group. The findings indicate that the major objective of the law has not been accomplished. KW - Deferred prosecution KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personnel performance KW - Prosecution KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366809 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - ALDMAN, B AU - BENJAMIN, TEA AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - EURPOREAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY SUPPORT FOR MAJOR BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH PROGRAMME PY - 1982/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-34 AB - The article describes the ongoing impact biomechanics research programme currently being supported by the Commission of the European Communities. The six principal research themes are listed, as is the background history and the reasoning leading up to the start of the programme in late 1978. The projects are briefly described, in terms of gaps in knowledge detected, research methodology, and expected results. KW - Biophysics KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366766 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - THE FREQUENCY OF CLAIMS INVOLVING SALVAGE SUBCOMPACT AND COMPACT CARS. 1980 MODELS PY - 1982/01 SP - 8 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents information on the frequency with which the more popular 1980 model year subcompacts and compacts generated collision coverage claim amounts greater than the replacement value of the car less its salvage value, with the result that the car was sold for salvage. This study was prompted by the fact that many cars with newer designs, in particular with front wheel drive and transverse mounted engine, often require the use of expensive equipment and techniques to repair their crash damage, compared with cars with traditional designs. This has raised concerns that these newer designs may more often be declared total losses because they are unrepairable. Principal findings are: (A) No evidence was found that the frequency with which the collision coverage claims involved salvage was greater for cars with front wheel drive and transverse mounted engines. The car with the lowest frequency and percentage of claims involving salvage, was the Oldsmobile Cutlass four-door--a compact model with rear wheel drive and separate frame. The car with the highest frequency and percentage of claims involving salvage was the Ford Pinto two-door--a small subcompact with rear wheel drive and a unitized body; (B) The results for the compacts suggest that cars with separate frames may have a lower frequency of collision claims involving salvage than cars with unitized bodies. Three of the four compact models with separate frames had the lowest frequency and percentage of claims with salvage among all of the cars studied; (C) There were no obvious relationships between the average amounts paid for the salvaged cars and their basic design features. The car with the lowest salvage recovery value was the Ford Pinto two-door--a small subcompact with rear wheel drive and unitized body. The car with the highest salvage recovery value was the Volkswagen Rabbit--a small subcompact with front wheel drive and unitized body; and (D) There was considerable variation among the cars in both the frequency of claims involving salvage and the average salvage recovery amounts. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Engines KW - Front wheel drive KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Salvage KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact car KW - Transverse mounted engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177909 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366768 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Julian, E J AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - WHAT EVERY CONSUMER SHOULD KNOW ABOUT WARRANTIES! PY - 1982/01 VL - 45 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - The "Magnusson-Moss Warranty Act", passed by Congress in 1975, helps the consumer choose the warranty he wants before he buys, and helps him make companies keep their promises after he buys. This article reviews all types of warranties--written-full-limited-spoken-implied--, explains the difference between a warranty (which is free) and a service contract (which is not free), the concept of "Consequential Damages", and finally counsels the consumer on what to do to avoid problems and what to do if and when he has problems. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Legislation KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181332 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366776 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING GM'S 5.7-LITER DIESEL V8. PART I PY - 1982/01 VL - 157 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-40 AB - Practically all diesel-powered GM cars and light trucks use the Oldsmobile-made 5.7-liter (350-cu.-in.) V8 engine. In terms of numbers it is the most popular diesel engine in the United States and it is discussed thoroughly in this article. The article then goes on to discuss the three main reasons why this diesel engine won't start or keep running in cold weather: (1) Diesel fuel thickens (develops paraffin, a waxy substance that blocks fuel flow to the engine); (2) Insufficient cranking speed, because engine oil thickens; and (3) Glow-plug failure. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Cold weather KW - Cranking speed KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine cylinders KW - Fuel line heaters KW - Fuel system components KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Glow plugs KW - Heaters KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366975 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TIRE ROLLING RESISTANCE EFFECT ON CONSUMPTION STUDIED PY - 1982/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-50 AB - Research was conducted at EPA to obtain a correlation between the rolling resistance coefficients of three radial-ply tires and one bias-ply tire and the fuel consumption of two vehicles equipped with these tires. Results indicated that a change of 0.001 in tire rolling resistance gives an average fuel consumption effect of 2.2 cc/km on the EPA urban cycle and 1.5 cc/km over the highway cycle. An observed rule of thumb was that a 10% change in tire rolling resistance resulted in a two percent change in vehicle fuel consumption. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181439 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366534 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - GM'S NEW J-CARS. THE CHEVROLET CAVALIER AND THE PONTIAC J2000 COME WITH MANY EXTRAS--BUT AT A HIGH PRICE PY - 1982/01 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-13 AB - This article reviews J-cars in general, and the Chevrolet Cavalier and the Pontiac J2000 in particular. Included are three tables: "Four J-cars and Five Competing Models," "Prices and Options for Tested Cars and Competing Models" and "Facts and Figures". Some early warnings about reliability are given. KW - Braking KW - Design KW - Engines KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - J-cars KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181182 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362057 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Mater, R K AU - Trailer Life Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - TURNING ON YOUR IGNITION SYSTEM PY - 1982/01 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 5 p. AB - There are two kinds of ignition systems: the old, familiar breaker point ignition, and the more sophisticated, but mechanically simple, electronic ignition. This article gives a very detailed explanation of how both systems work, then compares one to the other: with the mechanical breaker point ignition system, it is necessary to replace the points, condensor, rotor etc., about every 10,000 miles, while with the electronic ignition system, one needs to replace only the spark plugs, rotor and perhaps the distributor cap, and this only every 20,000 to 30,000 miles, which translates to a lesser expense. KW - Breaker point ignition KW - Electronic ignition KW - Engine tuning KW - Ignition systems KW - Maintenance KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180889 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362370 JO - Traffic Safety Newsletter PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION NEWS AND NOTES PY - 1982/01 SP - p. 11-14 AB - This is the second in a series of columns which provide summaries of recently completed effectiveness (impact) evaluations of traffic safety projects and programs. Notes are provided on evaluation items of particular interest to program managers and evaluators concerned with planning and conducting evaluations and implementing evaluation results. In this issue studies of motorcycle helmet usage and the impact of motorcycle helmet law repeal are summarized, and the motorcycle accident-helmet the problem is briefly reviewed. KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Programs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362394 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL PROJECT REPORTING SYSTEM ANNUAL REPORT FY 1981 PY - 1982/01 SP - 68 p. AB - The Fiscal Year 1981 NPRS report contains project level data from October 1, 1980 to November 30, 1981. This report includes NHTSA (FHWA not included) 402 funded highway safety projects placed under agreement during FY 1981 regardless of the year of obligation. In addition, some comparative data are presented for FY 1979, FY 1980 and FY 1981. This is the first NPRS annual report designed for the use of both headquarters and regional office program managers. Some past summaries have been eliminated and others added based on suggestions from NPRS users. Data are uniformly displayed at the national, regional and State levels and broken down by Problem and Standard Areas. For example, percentage comparisons can be made of funds under agreement for alcohol projects at the national and State levels. No attempt has been made to analyze or interpret the data. The data base includes 50 States plus Puerto Rico, District of Columbia, Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa and Northern Marianas, a total of 56 jurisdictions. KW - Coding systems KW - Crash investigation KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Legislation KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrians KW - Pupils KW - Records management KW - Registrations KW - School children KW - Statistics KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176983 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366520 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - ROBOTS TAKE DETROIT PY - 1982/01 VL - 162 IS - 1 SP - p. 28-29 AB - More and more manufacturers are making newer and better robots for a growing variety of applicatons. In the United States automobile body spot welding accounts for most of the robot applications, followed by materials handling, arc welding and painting. Automatic assembly promises to become the most important robot application in the post 1985 period, and the industry is already developing the necessary more sophisticated hardware and software. Sales competition will continue to be intense as both the European and the Japanese robot makers battle U.S. firms for Detroit's attention. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly plants KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - International trade KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181176 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366533 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - DIAGNOSING IMPORTED FRONT ENDS: HAVING TROUBLE WITH MACPHERSON STRUTS OR RACK-AND-PINION STEERING? NOT IF WE CAN HELP IT PY - 1982/01 VL - 157 IS - 1 SP - 9 p. AB - Invented in the U.S. in the late 1940s, the MacPherson strut suspension system neglected by Detroit for 40 years, has become overnight the support upon which every manufacturer's dream machine rests. Rack-and-pinion steering is generally used in conjunction with MacPherson struts. Advice on servicing both systems is given in this article. A partial list of cars that use MacPherson struts and rack-and-pinion steering is included. KW - Macpherson struts KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Repairing KW - Steering systems KW - Struts KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181181 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362379 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - McCann, M K AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - ENGINE MATERIALS: LIGHTENING THE LOAD UNDERHOOD PY - 1982/01 VL - 162 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-52 AB - The engine is becoming a prime target for weight savings and thinwall cast iron, aluminum, stamped steel and plastic are being considered for applications for everything from engine blocks to intake manifolds. AMC is using thinwall technology to lighten the block of its 4.2-L 6-cylinder engine. The intake manifold along with oil and water pumps are cast in aluminum. It is claimed that an aluminum engine block can afford the largest single gain in weight savings on a vehicle. Reynolds Metals 390 aluminum alloy technology has helped Mercedes eliminate some parts. Cadillac is also using aluminum alloy block for its 4.1-L V-8. In an effort to show that stamped steel, though not a new concept, is still viable, U.S. Steel converted the block of a 2.3-L 4-cylinder Vega engine. The engine consists of three basic stampings--the crankcase, water jacket, and engine to transmission adapter. A plastic engine that weighs less than 200 lb is being developed. No definitive description of the engine is available but it is estimated that the engine contains about 60 lb of resin reinforced with about 16 lb of carbon filler and 24 lb of glass fiber. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Cast iron KW - Lightweight materials KW - Manifolds KW - Plastics KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181094 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362412 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Caplan, J D AU - Hildenbrand, B A AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY--ON THE MOVE PY - 1982/01 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - p. 5-19 AB - The Twentieth Century is the century of the motor vehicle. In the course of one long lifetime, these vehicles have irreversibly changed the world's way of life. And in the course of one short decade--the 1970's--events have irreversibly changed these vehicles. This article discusses the events impinging on the auto industry in the '70s, and foreseen for the '80s and '90s, and the technological responses to them. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Fuels KW - Materials KW - Technology KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366532 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - TROUBLESHOOTING IMPORTED ELECTRONIC IGNITIONS: HOW TO DEAL WITH POINTLESS PROBLEMS PY - 1982/01 VL - 157 IS - 1 SP - 6 p. AB - While some imported electronic ignitions may look a little unfamiliar under the cap, they really are very similar to domestic units, and all of them can be tested by making simple resistance tests. This article supplies instructions and specifications for some of the recent, best-selling foreign makes: Volkswagen, Honda, Datsun and Toyota. KW - Electronic ignition KW - Ignition systems KW - Repairing KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181180 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362371 JO - Traffic Safety Newsletter PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - BERKOWITZ, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STATE MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAWS USING THE NATIONAL ELECTRONIC INJURY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PY - 1982/01 SP - p. 15-19 AB - This article analyzes motorcyclist injury data collected by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from October 1978 through December 1980. Head injury rates were compared for NEISS-reporting States with and without a mandatory helmet use law. The States without a helmet law had significantly greater head injury rates than the States with a helmet law. In addition, the serious injury rate for the head and neck were significantly lower in the States having a helmet law as compared with States not having a helmet law. It was concluded that State motorcycle helmet laws are effective in decreasing all motorcycle head area injury rates as well as lowering most head area serious injury rates. KW - Evaluation KW - Head KW - Head trauma KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - National Electronic Injury Surveillance System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365022 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS USING THE NATIONAL ELECTRONIC INJURY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PY - 1982/01 SP - 12 p. AB - The report analyzes driver injury data collected by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from October 1978 through December 1980. Nighttime driver injury rates in States with lower legal drinking age (18-19 years old) were compared to the injury rates in States with higher legal drinking age (20-21 years old). Drivers under 21 years old in States with lower legal drinking age had a significantly greater nighttime serious injury rate than in States with higher legal drinking age. There was no significant difference in the daytime serious injury rate of drivers under 21 years old for the two levels of legal drinking age. Drivers over 24 years old in the lower legal drinking age States had significantly greater daytime and nighttime serious injury rates than in the higher legal drinking age States. The serious injury rates for drivers between 21 and 24 years old were unaffected by legal drinking age. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injuries KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Legal drinking age KW - Mathematical analysis KW - National Electronic Injury Surveillance System KW - States KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25638/DOT-HS-806-097.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381281 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 60 p. AB - This is the National Transportation Safety Board's Annual Report to Congress for 1982. Elements include: aviation, highway, railroad, marine and pipeline safety; hazardous materials; legislation and management; certificate and license appeals. Also included are appendixes covering: 1982 aviation statistics; major investigations; public hearings; accident reports adopted; special investigations; and, Summary of Responses to Proposed Rulemaking. KW - Air transportation KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Federal government agencies KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Pipelines KW - Public hearings KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Studies KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197691 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385559 JO - LAW AND SOCIETY REVIEW AU - Ross, H L AU - McCleary, R AU - Epperlein, T AU - Law and Society Association TI - DETERRENCE OF DRINKING AND DRIVING IN FRANCE: AN EVALUATION OF THE LAW OF JULY 12, 1978 PY - 1982 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 345-374 AB - This report describes a study of the effects of a Scandinavian-style law concerning alcohol-impaired driving. The past two decades have seen the adoption throughout most of the developed world of drinking-and-driving laws based on principles originally developed in Norway and Sweden. The French law of July 12, 1978, was a part of this general development. Interrupted time-series analysis of French data on crash-related injuries and fatalities shows that the 1978 law had a notable deterrent effect, but that the effect was not permanent. KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381011 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OUR NATION'S HIGHWAYS. SELECTED FACTS AND FIGURES, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 23 p. AB - Contents: The Highway System; Condition and Performance; The Vehicle Fleet; Licensed Drivers; Motor-Fuel Use; Travel; and Financing our Highways. The data in this publication are for calendar year 1981, unless otherwise stated. KW - Bridges KW - Driver licenses KW - Evaluation KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495869 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES PY - 1982 SP - 37 p. AB - Tabulations are presented of vehicles, vehicle equipment, and tires included in safety defect recall campaigns of domestic and foreign vehicle manufacturers. KW - Automobile industry KW - Defects KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305957 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453168 JO - Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica PB - Munksgaard AU - Palva, E S AU - LINNOILA, M AU - Routledge, P AU - SEPPALA, T AU - Munksgaard TI - ACTIONS AND INTERACTIONS OF DIAZEPAM AND ALCOHOL ON PSYCHOMOTOR SKILLS IN YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGED SUBJECTS PY - 1982 SP - p. 363-369 AB - Healthy pretrained men participated in three separate controlled double-blind and cross-over trials. There were 10 students in Trial I, 11 army officials or policemen aged 38-59 years in Trial II, and 11 students in Trial III. After single oral doses of diazepam 10 mg (D), placebo, alcohol 0.5 g/kg(A) or D+A, given at one-week intervals in balanced order, the psychomotor skills (choice reaction, tracking, attention, flicker fusion) were repetitively measured up to 2.5 hrs. Serum D concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. D alone impaired flicker fusion in trials I and II, and also reactive and coordinative skills in trial III. A alone slightly impaired skills and failed to potentiate D effects. Increasing age rendered the performance worse but this was due to increased base-line errors rather than to enhanced responses to D. Serum D concentrations tended to rise in the presence of A suggesting an inhibition of D demethylation by alcohol. Both total and free concentrations of D were similar in both age groups. The results suggest that in spite of unaltered sensitivity to D, middle-aged subjects have a lowered margin of safety when driving or using machinery under D treatment. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver age KW - Driver impairment KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Human subject testing KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270938 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379760 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RIDESHARING 1981 SN - 0309034639 PY - 1982 IS - 876 SP - 38p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Planning Guidelines for Selecting Ridesharing Strategies, D. W. Wiersig; Developing Ridesharing Law: A First Step to Privatizing Transportation, F. W. Davis, Jr., D. A. Burkhalter II, and S. A. LeMay; Demand Analysis for Ridesharing: State-of-the-Art Review, L. P. Kostyniuk; Activity Flexibilities of Rural Households: Implications for Ridesharing, C. F. Davis; Comparative Commuting Costs: Vanpooling, Carpooling, and Driving Alone, J. M. Bailey. U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Carpools KW - Commuting KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Guidelines KW - Laws KW - Planning KW - Ridesharing KW - Rural areas KW - State of the art studies KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399357 AU - Western Australia Police Department TI - THE DRINKING DRIVER: CRIMINAL, SOCIAL OUTCAST OR INNOCENT OFFENDER PY - 1982 SP - 46 p. AB - The publication contains proceedings from a seminar held on February 20, 1982 at the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia. This public seminar was arranged to promote community involvement in the issues associated with the social problem of the drinking driver. The following presentations were made: D.D. Dead Drunk, So Who Cares?, F.B. Webb; an untitled paper by Senior Inspector F.C. Carter of the Police Traffic Branch; an untitled paper by Stipendiary Magistrate D.A. McCann, Solicitor of the Supreme Courts of Western Australia, New South Wales and the Northern Territory; an untitled paper by Dr. R.M. Porter, Director of the Western Australian Alcohol and Drug Authority; and What Shall We Do With the Drunken Driver?, Dr. A. Landauer. Also included are summaries of two panel discussions. KW - Awareness KW - Crimes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Public participation KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214755 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396588 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - SOME METHODOLOGICAL LESSONS FROM AMERICAN ROADSIDE BREATHTESTING EXPERIENCES PY - 1982 SP - p. 141 AB - From 1970 to 1976 one nationwide and over 100 local roadside breathtesting surveys were carried out in the United States. There was considerable variations among these surveys in sampling methods, breathtesting devices, types of personnel used, physical layouts, procedures for handling drivers found to be impaired, resulting response rates, etc. In the national survey there were also different means for transporting and housing the three survey teams. These differences in procedures will be discussed, and suggestions as to the most effective procedures will be put forth. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Administrative procedures KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Layout KW - Methodology KW - Personnel KW - Procedural requirements KW - Response KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217710 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396590 AU - Gruener, O AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - BREATH TESTING--SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MEDICO-LEGAL COMMENTS T2 - ZUR PROBLEMATIK DER ATEMALKOHOLBESTIMMUNG PY - 1982 SP - p. 152-171 AB - In general it should be possible to derive blood alcohol concentrations from breath alcohol analysis i.e. the breath alcohol analysis should permit conclusions to be drawn with regard to the blood alcohol concentration, customarily determined by examining blood from the cubital vein. Pre-requisites for this purpose are: (1) a precise technique to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the alcohol content of breath air. A survey of older and newer devices confirms that this criterium has by and large been fulfilled or has apparently been fulfilled; (2) knowledge of the alcohol distribution during the resorption and elimination phases, especially the alcohol concentration ratio that exists between lung capillary blood and cubital vein blood; (3) a knowledge of the alveolar air alcohol concentration in comparison to the lung capillary blood alcohol concentration; (4) a knowledge of the expired air composition under: (a) various respiratory techniques, (b) different temperatures, (c) various physiological factors, (d) pathological pre-conditions, and their influences upon the alcohol concentration ratio between expired and alveolar air. Although requirement (1) is or can be fulfilled, many relationships in requirements (2) to (4) are not sufficiently clear, especially the requirements (3) and (4), thus, there exists no precise basis for assessing the numerous results of in vivo experiments at the moment. Therefore, at present, the use of breath alcohol determinations cannot replace the blood alcohol determination, at least for forensic purposes. With further intensive studies a sufficient reliability may be obtained to justify the determination of blood alcohol concentrations from breath analyses even if only for the study of physiological and psychological factors in alcohol experiments. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Legal factors KW - Physiological aspects KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217712 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396584 AU - Warren, R A AU - Kannemann, K AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - LOCATION AND SHIFT PROPERTIES OF DRIVERS NOT TESTED FOR BAC PY - 1982 SP - p. 92-103 AB - Roadside surveys and studies of fatally injured drivers have provided two major sources of information on impaired driving, yet common to both is the problem of missing data. This paper considers the location and shift properties of untested fatalities, and roadside survey nonrespondents in two major Canadian studies. It is observed that dramatic differences exist between the shift sensitivities for the two populations. In light of these findings, consideration is given to the interpretation of data from such epidemiologic studies, and the implications of increases in the rate of testing are explored. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Epidemiology KW - Errors KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired drivers KW - Population KW - Response KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217706 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396586 AU - DAMKOT, D K AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - ALCOHOL INCIDENCE IN RURAL DRIVERS: CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION AND CLUES FOR COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1982 SP - p. 114-139 AB - A roadside survey operated at 42 rural sites (Vermont, U.S.A.) between 10:30 p.m. and 3:00 a.m. obtained breath alcohol concentrations (BAC) from 1,663 motorists. Interview data concerning biographical variables, drinking patterns, and knowledge about drinking and driving were also obtained. BACs of .10 or higher were found in 4.6% of this nocturnal driving population. Interview results confirmed that young male motorists are an important population-at-risk, but older male and female liquor drinkers are also prevalent. The importance of heavy and frequent beer drinking was noted, and the prevalence of a double standard with regard to beer and liquor was apparent. Intervention strategies and ideas were suggested on the basis of the data obtained in this study. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Beer KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing KW - Night KW - Population KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Rural areas KW - Social factors KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217708 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396578 AU - Valverius, M R AU - Moberg, J AU - Linden, C AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - ROADSIDE SURVEY IN NORTHERN SWEDEN PY - 1982 SP - p. 7-32 AB - After the historical background to the roadside surveys a roadside survey in Northern Sweden is presented. From January 1976 to May 1979, 10,515 drivers have been investigated and tested by breath and blood/urine analysis. Only 13 drivers (0.12%) have had a blood alcohol level over the legal limit i.e. 0.5 percent. Adding it to the results in the whole country (1,021,313 drivers analysed by breath and blood tests) Sweden has the lowest frequency of drinking/driving in the world. The authors analysed various social and medical factors and concluded that the majority of the drinking drivers are abusers. The assumption that punishment shall stop those drivers from drinking and driving is not correct. The results of fatal traffic accidents in the same area are also evaluated. In single fatal accidents 47% of drivers have been under the influence in comparison with 7% of drunken drivers killed in collisions. Therefore it is recommended to specify the type of the accident when analysing the role of alcohol in traffic. It is concluded that by systematical roadside investigation it would be possible to find out the "driving-abusers". The repressive police action could be transformed into a preventive social action--not only to punish but through education, information and treatment to prevent negative results. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Crashes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - History KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Safety programs KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Social factors KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217700 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396585 AU - Hause, J M AU - Voas, Robert B AU - Chavez, E AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - CONDUCTING VOLUNTARY ROADSIDE SURVEYS: THE STOCKTON EXPERIENCE PY - 1982 SP - p. 104-113 AB - The City of Stockton (California) was awarded a demonstration project by the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to implement a systematic approach to the detection and apprehension of the drinking driver. Stockton's Increased D.U.I Enforcement Program began on January 1, 1976, and continued through March 30, 1979. The major objective of the project was to significantly reduce the number of alcohol-related vehicle accidents during the special enforcement hours of 8 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Friday and Saturday nights. Ten police officers trained in the detection and apprehension of drinking drivers were assigned each weekend night during the enforcement hours from a pool of sixty-two potential officers. The NHTSA contract required the project evaluator (the University of Pacific) to conduct on-going voluntary roadside surveys to assess the impact of the DUI enforcement team on the drinking driver. A key evaluation measure of the DUI project was the amount of alcohol consumed by drivers on the city streets during the enforcement hours. It was hypothesized that if the presence of the DUI enforcement team was a deterrent to drinking and driving, then the average blood alcohol concentration of drivers would decrease. In order to test this hypothesis, data was obtained through voluntary roadside surveys conducted on one weekend night during the enforcement hours, each weekend of the month. This paper will describe the original roadside survey procedures and modifications resulting from problems encountered during the 42 month life of the survey. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Demonstration projects KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Safety KW - Streets KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217707 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396592 AU - Schmidt, M AU - Hattendorff, H-D AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - BREATH ALCOHOL SIMULATORS WITH ALCOHOL SOLUTIONS IN SEPARATED CHAMBERS PY - 1982 SP - p. 179-185 AB - A customary method of simulating breath alcohol is bubbling air through an aqueous alcohol solution of proper concentration at 34 deg C. The decrease of the alcohol concentration of the solution and hence of the test gas has been calculated as a function of the air throughput. In simulators with one chamber the alcohol concentration decreases exponentially from the initial value. There is also an uncertainty whether the alcohol concentration in the air is in equilibrium with the alcohol concentration of the solution. Improved accuracy is achieved by dividing the solution between two chambers and connecting the gas outlet of the first chamber to the gas inlet of the second. The calculated decrease of the alcohol concentration of the test gas is considerably less than for one chamber up to high air throughput volume. The decrease might be less than 6% when performing 100 tests with the A.L.E.R.T. alcohol screening tester using 2 x 250 ml alcohol solution. The calculated decrease has been checked experimentally, using a precise infrared breath alcohol testing device (the Drager Alcytron). The experimental values agree well with the calculation. Dividing the alcohol solution among more than two chambers leads to even improved long-term stability of the test gas alcohol concentration up to a critical air throughput volume. At higher throughput volumes the alcohol concentration will quickly drop to lower values. In practical use the two-chamber simulator is the best compromise between the accuracy and stability of the test gas alcohol concentration and the ease of handling and price. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohols KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217714 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396581 AU - Pieterse, S H AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - ROADSIDE SURVEYS: THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE PY - 1982 SP - p. 48-51 AB - Several countermeasures to combat the problem of driving after drinking have been proposed. Periodic roadside surveys provide one method of monitoring the drinking/driving problem and can produce the information needed for making meaningful evaluations of such countermeasures. In the context of this review of roadside surveys in the Republic of South Africa, the purpose of such surveys can be described as an effort to determine the incidence of alcohol usage by the general road-using public, as well as possible changing patterns in such use. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Monitoring KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Social factors KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217703 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396582 AU - Jennings, N E AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - ROADSIDE SURVEY DATA AS A SOURCE FOR DRINKING PATTERN DESCRIPTION: SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL ROADSIDE SURVEY, CANADA 1974 PY - 1982 SP - p. 52-67 AB - Alcohol abuse in traffic situations is a microcosm of the general alcohol abuse problem. Drivers with high BAC's are as small a percentage of the driving samples as are problem drinkers calculated to be in their respective populations (De Lint and Schmidt, 1971). It should not be surprising that those who daily risk their health and social relationships by alcohol abuse would risk as much, and more, on the highway. Therefore, countermeasures designed to reduce impaired driving are most appropriate to the majority of consumers who do not normally abuse alcohol but who will, on occasion, drive with hazardous BAC levels. Despite the sample limitations of the National Roadside Survey this analysis approximated findings of other surveys and known correlates of various levels of alcohol consumption including abstinence. With the exception of education and employment, there were distinct and appropriate differences among drinker types according to their age, sex, marital status and region. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Age KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Marital status KW - Regions KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Social class KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217704 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396596 AU - Asch, J AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - A NEW, PORTABLE DRUG TESTING SYSTEM PY - 1982 SP - p. 211-212 AB - One of the latest developments of Syva Company a subsidiary of Syntex Corporation, Palo Alto, California U.S.A. is the new EMIT-ST Drug Detection System. The new system has been designed for the qualitative analysis of drugs of abuse in urine or serum using homogeneous enzyme immunoassays and simple, dedicated instrumentation. The system has been integrally designed to be so simple to operate and maintain that non-technically trained individuals could accurately perform drug analysis with only minutes of training. This portable system for the analysis of drugs of abuse in urine and serum can rapidly provide the principal information needed by investigators or clinicians when its needed. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in associations with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Drugs KW - Homogeneous enzyme immunoassays KW - Instrumentation KW - Narcotics KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Serums KW - Testing equipment KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217718 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396599 AU - Somogyi, E AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - VEHICLE DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN HUNGARY PY - 1982 SP - p. 223-225 AB - Since 1972, a research team at the Semmelweis University in Budapest has been studying the influence of alcohol and various medicaments on driving. This paper presents a brief account of their experiences in the examination of 1200 persons. Three main topics were covered: (1) statistical data were obtained about survivors and those killed in traffic accidents; (2) drug and alcohol interaction experiments were carried out under real traffic conditions and in a Simens Traffic Simulator; and, (3) individual tolerance tests at various blood alcohol concentrations. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohols KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Driving simulators KW - Driving tests KW - Drugs KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217721 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396579 AU - Hammond, A S AU - Cameron, IEC AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - A REVIEW OF BREATH TESTING IN NEW SOUTH WALES AUSTRALIA. THE PROVISION OF AN ALCOHOL SCREENING TEST FOR DRIVERS PY - 1982 SP - p. 33-42 AB - This paper highlights the introduction of breath testing legislation in New South Wales in association with an automatic data processing system and in particular the resultant effects of this legislation during the year 1978. Law enforcement carried out within the confines of this legislation has proved successful. The requirement for conviction of a blood alcohol level of 0.08% in a driver within 2 hours of the event has done away with the necessity of defining driving impairment or degree of intoxication. One of the more important aspects revealed in this paper is the high percentage of Breathalysed persons in the under 24 years age groups, particularly in the medium to high blood alcohol levels. Educative programs aimed at reaching young persons before their involvement in drinking/driving is most essential in this regard. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Age KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Automation KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Information processing KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217701 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396580 AU - Morgan, WHD AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - ROADSIDE BREATH TESTING IN NORTHERN IRELAND PY - 1982 SP - p. 43-47 AB - Roadside breath testing in Northern Ireland is carried out using mobile vans referred to as Accident Prevention Units which are part of a wider program to reduce road accidents. When in the course of carrying out other functions, the police officer considers a driver has consumed alcohol, he may require a breath test using the Alcometer. These breath tests have been used continuously since October 1968 (except for a brief period of suspension in 1971-72). To ensure the legislation is enforced correctly and the same procedures are used in every case "authorized constables" are issued printed procedure forms. This breath testing procedure has operated very effectively for the last ten years and has been accepted by the general public. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Administrative procedures KW - Alcometers KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Police KW - Prevention KW - Procedural requirements KW - Safety KW - Training KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217702 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396597 AU - WILLE, R AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - DRIVING LICENCE REVIEW AFTER ADMITTANCE INTO A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL PY - 1982 SP - p. 214-215 AB - This article presents a case in West Germany in which transport authorities withdrew a psychiatric patient's drivers license based upon his condition. The author questions this action in that it was based upon no official reports about his patient and further, involved some infringement in the patient's personal rights--as a non-medical authority utilizing medical data to the detriment of a psychically sick patient. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Case studies KW - Civil rights KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Patients KW - Psychological aspects KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217719 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396598 AU - Moorehead, G A AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - THE INCIDENCE OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS AND THE CAUSATIVE FACTORS PY - 1982 SP - p. 216-222 AB - This is a presentation on traffic accidents in the Virgin Islands (United States). Topics presented include: driver licensing, vehicle registration, accident prevention, accident statistics, accident location and time, accident type, contributing factors and casualties. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Bicycles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Driver licensing KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Registrations KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217720 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396583 AU - Warren, R A AU - Kannemann, K AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - INFERENCES REGARDING THE BACS OF NON-RESPONDENTS IN THE CANADIAN ROADSIDE SURVEY PY - 1982 SP - p. 68-91 AB - This paper addresses the problem of non-respondent bias in roadside surveys and develops a mathematical paradigm relating the absolute and conditional blood alcohol content (BAC) distributions (with response as an argument of conditionality). The implications of this model are evaluated on the basis of various assumptions regarding the probability of response at defined BAC levels, using data from the Canadian National Roadside Survey (CNRS). Accordingly, the objectives of the investigation are twofold: (1) To examine the theoretical relationship between the (obviously known) conditional BAC distribution of BAC-tested drivers (respondents), and the absolute (unknown) BAC distribution of drivers in the population at large (respondents plus non-respondents); (2) To evaluate that theoretical framework on the basis of various assumptions regarding the probability of response at defined BAC levels, using concrete summary data from the CNRS. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Errors KW - Mathematical models KW - Physical distribution KW - Population KW - Response KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Surveys KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217705 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396587 AU - Donelson, A C AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - INFORMATIONAL NEEDS IN DRUGS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY: THE ROLE OF ROADSIDE SURVEYS AND RELATED METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES PY - 1982 SP - p. 140 AB - This paper discusses the role of roadside surveys in defining the drug and driving problem. Past roadside surveys conducted in the United States are briefly reviewed, and research constraints and methodological issues are identified. Of particular concern are subject cooperation in studies that require the chemical analysis of blood specimens and the use of appropriate incentives to enhance cooperation. Alternative methods required for the study of drugs other than alcohol alone are identified and possible approaches to the design and conduct of roadside surveys in the United States are outlined. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Cooperation KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Methodology KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217709 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396594 AU - Gier, J J AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - THE USE OF SALIVA ANALYSES IN ROADSIDE SURVEYS PY - 1982 SP - p. 197-202 AB - It is accepted that psychotropic drugs may be associated with motor vehicle accidents. Approaches that could clarify the influence of drugs on driving skills include prospective experimentation with human volunteers and patients in laboratory and actual driving situations and epidemiological studies in which the use of drugs among drivers is being studied. The epidemiological approach appeals to roadside surveys. To determine the incidence of drug use in driver impairment blood samples are needed. The examination of the legal limit for blood alcohol in the case of suspection of driving under the influence of alcohol, mostly provides the opportunity to analyse a blood sample on drugs too. However, the use of blood samples decreases by the increased use of breathanalyzers. During drug screening in blood samples any measurable amount of drug is accepted for statistical and medico-legal purposes. However, the precise meaning of such drug concentrations relative to driver impairment is not clear. There is in fact a wide variation in response to standard dosages of psychoactive drugs. This variation is partly due to remarkable interindividual differences in drug disposition in the body; e.g. protein binding and the presence of pharmacological active metabolites. Measuring drug concentrations in plasma means a total drug concentration not the free concentration in equilibrium with the site of action in the body. The concentration of most drugs in saliva corresponds to the free concentration of the drug in plasma. Furthermore, saliva can be obtained by non-invasive techniques even without medical assistance. For these reasons the use of saliva analyses is suggested in epidemiological and field studies. For road side surveys simple qualitative methods of analysis and screening techniques for drugs in saliva need to be developed. In this way only confirmed positives may be quantitated using specific and sensitive analytical procedures. The latter is only sensible when the precise meaning of such drug concentrations relative to driver impairment is clear. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohols KW - Analysis KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Plasma /physics/ KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Saliva KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217716 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396601 AU - Folkesson, H AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - THE KVARNBRINK-LINDEFELT STUDY IN 1973 OF 2375 DRIVERS AND THEIR REGISTERED BEHAVIOUR IN RELATION TO SOME RECENT LEGISLATIVE EFFORTS IN SWEDEN PY - 1982 SP - p. 231-246 AB - In December 1972 the Kvarnbrink-Lindefelt study was initiated to do research on drivers, driver's licences and the connecting administrative procedures. The title of their first report was "Reviews of Drivers Licences and Behavior of Drivers." This paper discusses that report and its effects. It covers driver licensing procedures, driver licensing effects on traffic safety--including granting or denying, revocation and warnings in relation to driver licensing. The author concludes improvement of driver selection systems based on this report remains in the future. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Administrative procedures KW - Behavior KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Improvements KW - Probation KW - Standards KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217723 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396593 AU - Sprung, R AU - Ruedell, E AU - BONTE, W AU - Frauenrath, C AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - THE DETERMINATION OF BEVERAGE-TYPE BY MEANS OF BREATH ANALYSIS PY - 1982 SP - p. 186-196 AB - With the help of their congener contents it is possible to distinguish between alcoholic beverages. The authors attempted to determine how the aliphatic alcohols, which are absorbed after the consumption of beverages rich in congeners, are eliminated. Within the scope of consumption experiments with synthetic beverages breath samples have been analysed. From the first series of experiments it was found that distinct, clearly detectable congener concentrations can only be expected during the first two hours after the end of consumption. From further experiments it is determined that an incontestable identification of beverage type is no longer possible after ten minutes. Also, there is no quantitative relationship between the amount consumed and the congeners in the breath. Thus the authors do not present a technically perfected method of beverage type determination by means of breath analysis. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Aldehydes KW - Aliphatic compounds KW - Butanols KW - Ethanol KW - Gas chromatography KW - Ketones KW - Propanols KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217715 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396595 AU - Ohman, J AU - Bastiani, R AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - SCREENING METHODS FOR DRUGS OF ABUSE AND NARCOTICS--NEW DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMIT TECHNIQUE PY - 1982 SP - p. 203-210 AB - The principle of homogeneous immunoassay, Emit, is described. This one-minute semi-quantitative method has been applied to screening of urine for opiates, amphetamines, barbiturates, methadone, benzodiazepines, propoxyphenes, and cocaine metabolites. Recent applications of the technique include assays for phencyclidine and cannabis in urine as well as assays for benzodiazepines and barbiturates in serum. The sensitivity, interpretation and clinical results are described. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Clinical tests KW - Drugs KW - Homogeneous enzyme immunoassays KW - Interpretation KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Narcotics KW - Screenings KW - Sensitivity KW - Testing equipment KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217717 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396600 AU - Beaubrun, M H AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND THE PRICE OF BEVERAGE ALCOHOL IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1966-1975 PY - 1982 SP - p. 226-230 AB - Consumption of alcohol has been shown to be closely related to the ratio of the price of the cheapest beverage alcohol to per capita income (relative price). Using this yardstick, a striking inverse correlation has been demonstrated between the relative Price of Rum and Road Accidents in Trinidad and Tobago over a ten year period (r = -0.978, p= less than .01). The importance of this for prevention needs to be drawn to the attention of governments in the region. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Correlation analysis KW - Income KW - Prevention KW - Prices KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217722 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396602 AU - Eriksson, A AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - ALCOHOL AND SNOWMOBILING PY - 1982 SP - p. 247-253 AB - There has been an increase in the number of snowmobile accidents in northern Sweden in the last few years. This increase seems to be parallel with the rapid increase in the number of snowmobiles. In the present study all the 31 fatal accidents reported in northern Sweden in the period January 1, 1974-July 1, 1980 have been scrutinized. A great majority of the fatalities were men, two thirds of them between 20 and 40 years old. Most accidents occurred at weekends and over holidays in springtime when the traffic is heaviest. About two thirds of the fatal accidents occurred at night. Drowning, lacerations of the head and thorax were the most common causes of death. Twenty-one out of the twenty-five killed drivers were found to have been driving under the influence of alcohol. This suggests that alcohol was a major contributing factor. The importance of alcohol as a causative factor was also confirmed in a clinical investigation. Preventive measures against alcohol consumption in connection with the use of snowmobiles seem to be needed. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Holidays KW - Night KW - Snowmobiles KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217724 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396589 AU - Ooyen, D van AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - NEW COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST DRINKING DRIVERS PY - 1982 SP - p. 142-151 AB - On November 1, 1974 a law went into effect in the Netherlands granting the police more possibilities for taking action against drinking drivers. The police are authorized by this law to stop any person who is driving a motor vehicle, if they suspect the driver has been drinking. In presence of significant alcoholic-beverage odor on a driver's breath the police can request him to submit to a breath test. In judging whether the extension of police authority in the Netherlands has led to the removal from the highway of mostly social drinkers, leaving the problem drinker unapprehended, the following general conclusions were drawn. In spite of the extension of police authority, most DWI-drivers (64.5%) are still apprehended on classical grounds (driving behavior and accidents). The new legislation has led to considerably more drunken driver apprehensions. Comparison of three groups (Police Control Group, Driving Behavior Group and Accident Group) revealed no significant differences for the following variables: recidivism, refusal to submit to the blood test, kind of drugs used, MAST score and work situation. Significant differences were found for the variables "age" and "BAC". The author assumes that there is a relationship between these last two variables. Findings in an earlier study led him to conclude that the BAC increases as driver age increases. There is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the increased police authority has indeed resulted in the apprehension of more social drinkers than problem drinkers. The results of this exploratory study in no way lends firm support to the supposition that it is the perpetual social drinker in particular who is apprehended because of police checks. It is also possible to assume that many of them are social drinkers who are likely to become problem drinkers. The fact that no significant differences were found either for the MAST or the work situation might very well suggest this. However, proceeding from the fact that many experts consider detection in an early stage of drinking to be important, it would appear that authorization of the police to prevent drivers from driving after drinking with the help of an objective means, the breath test, was justified. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Age KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Compulsory KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Police powers KW - Social factors KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217711 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396591 AU - KITAGAWA, T AU - Dokumentationscentralen foer Alkohol- Och TI - CURRENT DETECTING TECHNICS FOR BREATH ALCOHOL PY - 1982 SP - p. 172-178 AB - Since 1953 the Japanese government has used the detector tube for measuring alcohol in the driver's breath. The early Type C detector has evolved into Type D and then Type SD (Direct Reading Detector Tube). The use of this breath test as well as that of the Portable Infrared Analyzer of Breath Alcohol is described. U1 - Roadside Surveys--Proceedings of the Satellite Conference to the 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety held in association with the International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety andUmea,Sweden StartDate:19800623 EndDate:19800625 KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217713 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395467 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - HOMEL, R AU - Newcastle University, Australia TI - DETERRING THE DRINKING DRIVER--SHOULD YOUNG DRIVERS BE THE TARGET? PY - 1982 SP - p. 77-90 AB - It is common to hear the view expressed that drinking and driving is predominantly a youth problem. For example, "The Open Road" in June, 1980 (page 3) informed us that "drink-driver toll strikes at young". The author of this article observed that more than 40 percent of the States' drink/drive offenders detected by the police are under the age of 25, and that under 25 drivers also make up almost 40 percent of drivers killed on NSW roads while holding only 20 percent of drivers' licences. The inference is then made that alcohol is an important factor in the death toll among drivers under 25, given the well known association between alcohol and road crashes. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to argue that the overinvolvement of young men in drink/drive offences is not as clear cut as "The Open Road" and others have claimed; and secondly, to question both the justice and effectiveness of the procedures currently used by police and the courts to deal with young offenders. KW - Adolescents KW - Courts KW - Deterrence KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Police KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395469 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Sutton, J AU - Newcastle University, Australia TI - EVALUATION OF THE NSW DRINK DRIVER DIVERSION PROGRAMME PY - 1982 SP - p. 105-117 AB - In the drink-drive rehabilitation program described here, the drink-drive offenders who meet the selection criteria and who entered a plea of guilty (or who were found guilty) were given the option of referral by the court to a rehabilitation course of approximately 8 weeks prior to final sentencing. The program was designed for offenders who had not been deterred from drunk-driving by criminal penalties, so that the first selection criterion was at least one prior conviction for a drink-driving offence. The second criterion was that of having a BAC of 0.15 or above. The program was evaluated by comparison of the program entrants with comparison groups. The results of the study are presented. These results relate to such aspects as age, marital status, occupational ranking, previous convictions, and the penalties imposed. Analysis was also undertaken to determine the impact of several variables on subsequent conviction rates. In general, young offenders were reconvicted at higher rates among the non-entrants than in the program entrants group itself. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver age KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Marital status KW - Penalties KW - Rehabilitation KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic conviction KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219019 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394727 JO - University of Richmond Law Review PB - TC Williams School of Law AU - TC Williams School of Law TI - 1982 AMENDMENTS TO VIRGINIA'S DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED LAWS PY - 1982 VL - 17 SP - p. 189-205 AB - This article sets forth a brief history of the drinking and driving problem in general, with special emphasis on the situation in Virginia. The recent statutory changes to Virginia's DWI laws are summarized by comparison of the penalties and provisions of the old and new statutes. This article also analyzes whether the new statutory changes are actually more stringent. This analysis draws on the results of studies from other localities which have enacted "stricter" DWI laws. The conclusion offers a forecast of whether the new laws will result in harsher punishment and considers possible future developments in Virginia's DWI laws. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Amendments KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legislation KW - Penalties KW - Restrictions KW - Suspensions KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216730 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395470 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - SAFFRON, D AU - Newcastle University, Australia TI - DRIVER ATTITUDES, MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOUR PY - 1982 SP - p. 118-137 AB - Motivation appears to be a more important factor than ability in determining the safety of driving performance. There are several motives which contribute to less safe driving. The desired outcomes which relate to these motives may appear highly likely to be achieved. On the other hand, there is small likelihood of the outcomes which relate to motives which contribute to safer driving. This has implications for enforcement, driver education and mass media campaigns. These may have great value if they can contribute to a long term change in social pressures and societal values which are related to safety. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Motivation KW - Personnel performance KW - Publicity KW - Social factors KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219020 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395468 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Herbert, D C AU - Newcastle University, Australia TI - DRIVER TRAINING AND ROAD SAFETY PY - 1982 SP - p. 91-104 AB - The effectiveness of driver training, in producing safe drivers, is examined. Four techniques are used--examine the consequences of existing programmes, design a theoretically based programme and evaluate it, investigate the reasons for crashes and hence the training needs and, fourthly study how best to improve safety. It is found that current training is ineffective, and that new programmes should aim at reducing exposure to hazardous conditions. In the concluding discussion the author suggests that better attitudes might be produced in drivers if they had to be guaranteed by three experienced drivers. KW - Attitudes KW - Crash causes KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395464 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Holloway AU - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - ENFORCEMENT STRATEGY PY - 1982 SP - p. 1-13 AB - Enforcement is a crucial factor in many road safety counter-measures. The philosophy underlying traffic law enforcement is that compliance with traffic regulations will effect the safe and efficient movement of all road users. The effectiveness of law enforcement is open to question owing to the problems experienced in the evaluation of such and the many unknown variable factors which may influence research projects. This paper deals with causative factors of road crashes, the problems of enforcement, an outline of research undertaken into enforcement and possible remedial action. KW - Compliance KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394053 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 15TH ANNUAL REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 77 p. AB - Detailed accounts are given of the U.S. Department of Transportation activities in 1981. Progress reports are presented of the following divisions: Office of the Secretary; U.S. Coast Guard; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Urban Mass Transportation Administration; St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation; and Research and Special Programs Administration. Particular achievements are noted in the following areas: regulatory reform; transportation safety; marine transportation; aviation; highways; railroads; urban mass transportation and materials transportation. KW - Air transportation KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway transportation KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Regulations KW - Reviews KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration KW - United States Coast Guard KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392233 JO - American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse PB - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated AU - Colon, I AU - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated TI - THE INFLUENCE OF STATE MONOPOLY OF ALCOHOL DISTRIBUTION AND THE FREQUENCY OF PACKAGE STORES ON SINGLE MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES PY - 1982 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - p. 325-331 AB - Two elements of alcohol availability, the frequency of packaged-liquor outlets and state monopoly of distribution, were assessed in terms of their impact on fatal single motor vehicle accidents. A cross-sectional analysis of the United States employed a multiple regression analysis which statistically controlled for average mileage driven, the degree of urbanization, and the proportion of male drivers. State monopoly of distribution was not associated with single vehicle fatalities while a significant and positive association was obtained for the frequency of outlets. A point of diminishing returns in single vehicle fatalities was found when the outlet density was less than one outlet per million of the drinking age population. This reversal of the relationship appears to reflect the additional driving required to make purchases in areas where outlets are sparse. The social policy implications of the findings are discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Businesses KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Influence factors KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Monopoly KW - Regression analysis KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - State government KW - Supply KW - Telephone influence factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210864 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392237 JO - Neuroepidemiology PB - Karger (S) AG AU - Kraus, J F AU - Franti, C E AU - Riggins, R S AU - Karger (S) AG TI - NEUROLOGIC OUTCOME AND VEHICLE AND CRASH FACTORS IN MOTOR VEHICLE RELATED SPINAL CORD INJURIES PY - 1982 VL - 1 SP - p. 223-238 AB - Spinal cord injuries are a tragic problem with severe medical and economic consequences. This report describes the incidence of motor vehicle related spinal cord injuries, their neurologic outcomes, and certain features of the vehicle and the crash that caused them. All cases in 18 Northern California Counties were found, and information from hospital, coroner, and police records was abstracted. Spinal cord injuries occurring from crashes when the vehicle overturned were more prevalent than expected. Spinal cord injury crash involvement rates were highest for motorcycles, smaller vehicles, and large trucks, as well as for pre-1968 model year vehicles. A greater proportion of complete spinal cord injuries was found in persons involved in head-on collisions or in those ejected from the vehicle in the crash sequence. KW - Ejection KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neurology KW - Overturning KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391296 AU - Transport Canada TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT OF DRIVERS IN FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, 1973 TO 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 8 p. AB - The purpose of this leaflet is to provide information on the alcohol involvement of drivers, who were fatally injured in motor vehicle accidents in seven of the provinces from 1973 to 1981 inclusive. The information is derived from the Traffic Injury Research Foundation (TIRF) Fatality Database which is created from the files of provincial coroners or medical examiners and/or Departments of Transportation or their equivalent. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390458 AU - Governor's Highway Safety Office AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED FATAL CRASH STUDY: IOWA, 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 18 p. AB - This report is a continuing yearly study of alcohol-related fatal traffic crashes in the State of Iowa. The primary objective is to ascertain and evaluate the number and proportion of statewide alcohol-related fatal crashes. The secondary objectives are to present information on the characteristics of alcohol-related fatal crashes as well as to examine the extent of drinking pedestrian involvement. In this study, the types of roads where alcohol-related crashes occurred and those counties where the involvement was higher were identified to aid with planning effective countermeasure programs. Data were collected from reports furnished by the Department of Public Safety and by the Department of Transportation. A fatal crash was alcohol-related if the investigating officer reported that the driver or the pedestrian had been drinking. The degree of drinking was classified under three categories and was possibly verified by a blood test. A blood test greater than 0.000 percent alcohol resulted in the "drinking" pedestrian classification. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389419 AU - Kansas Department of Transportation TI - SCHOOL BUS LOADING AND UNLOADING SURVEY PY - 1982 SP - 28 p. AB - The National School Bus Loading and Unloading Survey is a collection of fatality accident records provided by the state agencies responsible for school transportation safety and/or accident records. Only those fatality accidents involving school children in or around the loading or unloading areas of a school bus are included in this survey. On-board fatalities are excluded, as are pedestrian-type fatalities that occur when the school bus is not in the near vicinity at the time of the accident. KW - Alighting KW - Boarding KW - Crash records KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377497 AU - Moller, B N AU - Grymer, F AU - Christensen, S T AU - Moller-Madsen, B AU - Hermansen, C AU - Bjarne Nue Moller TI - BUS ACCIDENTS PY - 1982 SP - 4 p. AB - The bus as a means of transport has been increasing during the years. However, as indicated by the official statistics, the number of injured bus passengers have not shown the same trend. Under the impression that the number of injured bus passengers were underestimated a prospective investigation was started in order to map out this special type of traffic accident. The purpose of the study was as follows: 1. To make an epidemiological description of accidents in the use of city buses; 2. An attempt to identify dangerous and inexpedient situations; 3. To elucidate other causes with conceivable influence on the causes of the accident; and 4. To propose legal amendments for the purpose of reducing the number of accidents and measures to diminish the severity of the injuries. KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Crash causes KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Epidemiology KW - Injuries KW - Passengers KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387422 AU - Swedish Road Safety Office TI - SPEED-REDUCING DEVICES IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS PY - 1982 SP - 16 p. AB - The high speeds of motor vehicles are a serious problem in many residential areas. According to the Swedish "General Guidelines for Planning Urban Traffic Networks" speed should not exceed 30 km/h on local streets. This can be done by short driving distances and suitable street design. On local streets providing driving distances greater than 150 m, the 30 km/h reference speed can only be expected if the street is specially designed or aligned. The following three types of speed-reducing obstacles for a signposted speed limit of 30 km/h are described in the report: humps with rounded or level upper surfaces; lateral displacement of the carriageway-chicanes; and width restrictions of the carriageway. KW - Chicanes KW - Local street KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Residential areas KW - Speed control KW - Speed control devices KW - Speed control humps KW - Streets KW - Sweden KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic restraint KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200961 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387840 AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - TRAFFIC ENGINEERING. THE ELEVENTH ARRB CONFERENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, 23-27 AUGUST 1982 PY - 1982 VL - 11 SP - 248 p. AB - This portion of the proceedings contains the papers presented in the sessions on rural road driver behavior, traffic engineering, traffic signals, local area traffic management, and road planning. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Drivers KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Local traffic KW - Local transportation KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic signals UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204748 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387730 JO - Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada PB - Traffic Injury Research Foundation AU - LAMBLE, R W AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT OR SUICIDE? PY - 1982 SP - p. 23-56 AB - There has been considerable speculation regarding the extent to which traffic accidents are, in fact, suicides. Some have argued that the incidence of traffic accident suicide may be particularly high among teenagers. However, research on the subject of suicide involving a motor vehicle has been limited. The purpose of this study was to gain some insights into the magnitude and characteristics of the problem. The study population involved all drivers and pedestrians who died in Ontario from January 1977 to December 1981. During that time, 36 driver and 34 pedestrian fatalities were classified as suicides by the Office of Chief Coroner. KW - Age KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Suicide KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387732 JO - Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada PB - Traffic Injury Research Foundation AU - Donelson, A C AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - FACING THE FUTURE IN ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC SAFETY: THE LAKE LOUISE SYMPOSIUM AND BEYOND PY - 1982 SP - p. 83-114 AB - This paper highlights the findings of a workshop on alcohol and traffic safety, conducted in late 1981 by TIRF and sponsored by the Alberta Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC). Based on the outcome of this symposium, the author identifies unresolved issues and, in this context, recommends several courses of action to deal with the alcohol-crash problem. The symposium, held in Lake Louise, Alberta, and attended by an international group of experts, had the following objectives: in light of past research and countermeasure efforts, to consider major issues in the area of alcohol and traffic safety; and, to identify priorities for future research and action programs. A basic issue provided a focus for the workshop: Are new initiatives possible for reducing traffic crashes and associated losses due to alcohol use by drivers, or must past actions to deal with the problem--based on traditional and largely ineffective approaches--be continued, with efforts perhaps redoubled? KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204977 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387420 JO - Drug and Alcohol Dependence PB - Elsevier AU - Simpson, H M AU - Mayhew, D R AU - Warren, R A AU - Elsevier Science S.A. TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ROAD ACCIDENTS INVOLVING YOUNG ADULTS: ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND OTHER FACTORS PY - 1982 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-63 AB - This paper reviews the magnitude and characteristics of the problem of road accidents involving young adults. The magnitude of the problem is considered from the perspective of the contribution of road accidents to mortality and morbidity among young people, relative to other causes. The over-representation of young adults in road accidents is examined to determine the extent to which it occurs as a result of their involvement as drivers, passengers, or as pedestrians. To determine the characteristics of collisions involving young adults, the potential contributory role of alcohol, drugs, and other factors in their collisions is evaluated on the basis of current epidemiological evidence, drawn particularly from studies conducted in Canada. The review examines factors that are related not only to the frequency of collision involvement, but also to the severity of the collision. Although the principal intention of the review is to identify what is known about factors that appear to contribute to accidents involving young adults, an additional purpose is to identify what is not known, and in this context, to suggest, given current methodological and practical limitations, what is capable of being determined in the near term. KW - Adolescents KW - Canada KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204481 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387837 AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - PRINCIPAL ADDRESS AND INVITED PAPERS. THE ELEVENTH ARRB CONFERENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, 23-27 AUGUST 1982 PY - 1982 VL - 11 SP - 106 p. AB - This portion of the proceedings contains the opening address, the address to the combined ARRB/IEAust. Meeting, and two invited papers. The Directors' Prize winning paper is also included. There is also a listing of the contents of volumes 2-6. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Human factors KW - Information dissemination KW - Pavement performance KW - Research KW - Traffic control UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204745 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387839 AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - MATERIALS. THE ELEVENTH ARRB CONFERENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, 23-27 AUGUST 1982 PY - 1982 VL - 11 SP - 208 p. AB - This portion of the proceedings contains the papers presented in the sessions on pavement materials, base materials, and materials properties, as well as a paper on compaction in road construction. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bottom ash KW - Compaction KW - Conferences KW - Fly ash KW - Materials KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Slag UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204747 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387841 AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - SAFETY. THE ELEVENTH ARRB CONFERENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, 23-27 AUGUST 1982 PY - 1982 VL - 11 SP - 292 p. AB - This portion of the proceedings contains the papers presented in the sessions on traffic signs, alcohol and drugs, pedestrian safety, traffic safety, and accident valuation. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Accident costs KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204749 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387842 AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - TRANSPORT. THE ELEVENTH ARRB CONFERENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, 23-27 AUGUST 1982 PY - 1982 VL - 11 SP - 276 p. AB - This portion of the proceedings contains the papers presented in the sessions on public transport, noise, transport planning, and environment, as well as a paper on the Hierarchy of Roads Study. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Conferences KW - Environment KW - Public transit KW - Traffic noise KW - Transportation planning UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204750 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387838 AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - PAVEMENTS AND STRUCTURES. THE ELEVENTH ARRB CONFERENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, 23-27 AUGUST 1982 PY - 1982 VL - 11 SP - 229 p. AB - This portion of the proceedings contains the papers presented in the sessions on pavement performance, interlocking concrete blocks, bridges, and drainage. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Bridges KW - Concrete blocks KW - Conferences KW - Drainage KW - Interlocking KW - Pavement performance UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387709 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NINTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES PY - 1982 SP - 1040 p. AB - This publication contains the proceedings of the ninth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles held at Kyoto, Japan, November 1-4, 1982. Contents are as follows: Section 1: Opening ceremonies and awards presentations; Section 2: Government status reports from the United States, the European Experimental Vehicles Committee, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Sweden, and Japan; Section 3: Results of ESV/RSV development; Section 4: Panel discussion on ESV/RSV development; Section 5: Technical sessions; and Conference closing remarks. The technical sessions covered the following areas: frontal crash protection and pedestrian protection; biomechanics and dummy development; side impact protection; accident data collection and analysis; auto safety ratings; accident avoidance and driver/vehicle interaction; and the legal system of Japan on motor vehicles. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Human machine systems KW - Japan KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201138 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387799 AU - OH, S AU - Ruedi, M AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - DEPRESSED SKULL FRACTURE IN SKIING AND ITS PREVENTION--AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY PY - 1982 SP - p. 116-121 AB - During the last 7 years, 57 patients were treated surgically for head injuries caused by skiing accidents. In 49 (84%) cases depressed skull fractures were observed with or without brain damage-bleeding. Clinically the mechanisms of the fractures were analysed and depressed skull fractures were studied experimentally. A depressed fracture is caused by direct small local impact energy, of which in the present study a tolerance threshold of about 1 to 2 kN was observed for a depressed fracture in the temporal region. From these studies it can be shown very clearly that only the wearing of helmets offer in fact an effective possibility for the prevention of head accidents in the ski sport. U1 - Proceedings of the 7th International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Cologne, September 8, 9, 10, 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Effectiveness KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Skull fractures KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204725 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387731 JO - Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada PB - Traffic Injury Research Foundation AU - Haas, G AU - Donelson, A C AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - TRACTOR-TRAILER TRUCKS AND FATAL CRASHES IN CANADA, 1974 TO 1979 PY - 1982 SP - p. 57-82 AB - Heavy trucks comprise a large proportion of vehicles using the highways. Because of their size and sometimes hazardous cargo, the safe operation of these vehicles is a major public concern. "Tractor-trailer-combinations", the largest vehicles on the road, attract particular attention. Most research on the safety of these vehicles deals with their design and with the effects of motor vehicle standards and other regulations. Comparatively few studies, especially in Canada, have addressed how, and to what extent, tractor-trailers contribute to the overall traffic-crash problem. The purpose of this paper is to describe the involvement of tractor-trailers in fatal road accidents over a six-year period (1974 to 1979) in seven Canadian provinces. Data for the study came from the TIRF Motor Vehicle Fatality Database. KW - Canada KW - Fatalities KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387733 JO - Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada PB - Traffic Injury Research Foundation AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation AU - Alberta Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Commission TI - WORKSHOP ON ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC SAFETY STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1982 SP - p. 115-133 AB - This paper highlights the findings of a workshop on alcohol and traffic safety, conducted by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada (TIRF). The workshop took place from November 29 through December 2, 1981, at the Lake Louise Inn, Lake Louise, Alberta, under the sponsorship of the Alberta Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Commission (contract number 81B-03T). The workshop approach was designed to accomplish the following general objectives: in light of past research and countermeasure efforts, to consider major issues in the area of alcohol and traffic safety; and to identify priorities for future research and action programs. KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387424 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - SWOV IN 1981. A REVIEW OF RESEARCH RESULTS PUBLISHED IN 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 24 p. AB - The contents of this brochure are as follows: the Institute for Road Safety Research SWOV; introduction by the Director of the Institute for Road Safety SWOV; registration of traffic safety; developments of traffic safety; how to live with traffic; the traffic risks of old people; cycling in twilight and in darkness; speed limits; traffic lights; the field of vision of lorry drivers; lighting of tunnel entries; extending the validity of driving licenses; and safety devices for cars. KW - Aged KW - Automobiles KW - Brochures KW - Cyclists KW - Driver licenses KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Hazards KW - Lighting systems KW - Netherlands KW - Night visibility KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Truck drivers KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels KW - Twilight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200964 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387729 JO - Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada PB - Traffic Injury Research Foundation AU - Mayhew, D R AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - AGE, ALCOHOL AND FATAL CRASH RISK PY - 1982 SP - p. 1-22 AB - It has long been recognized that young drivers are at higher risk of fatal crash than other drivers. Despite this recognition, it is not known why young drivers are at high relative risk, although speculation abounds; there is only limited empirical evidence about the factors that account for their greater risk. This paper explores two of these factors, exposure (amount of driving) and alcohol. While both of these have been well documented in the literature as contributing to fatal crash risk, in general, their specific contribution to the fatal collisions of young drivers has not been well established. The purpose of this paper is to derive some preliminary conclusions regarding why young drivers are at high relative risk, specifically by examining the relative contribution of exposure and alcohol consumption. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash exposure KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387728 AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - TIRF. PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 19TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE TRAFFIC INJURY RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF CANADA MAY 27TH, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 133 p. AB - This publication contains the following reports: Age, Alcohol and Fatal Crash Risk, D.R. Mayhew; Traffic Accident or Suicide?, R.W. Lamble; Tractor-Trailer Trucks and Fatal Crashes in Canada, 1974-1979, G.C. Haas and A.C. Donelson; Facing the Future in Alcohol and Traffic Safety: The Lake Louise Symposium and Beyond, A.C. Donelson; and Workshop on Alcohol and Traffic Safety Strategies and Priorities for the Future, Summary, prepared by The Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment KW - Strategic planning KW - Suicide KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386815 JO - Hospital for Joint Diseases, Orthopaedic Inst Bull PB - Hospital for Joint Diseases, Orthopaedic Institute AU - Sgaglione, N A AU - Suljaga-Petchel, K AU - Frankel, V H AU - Hospital for Joint Diseases, Orthopaedic Institute TI - BICYCLE-RELATED ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES IN A POPULATION OF URBAN CYCLISTS PY - 1982 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - p. 80-91 AB - To gain a better understanding of urban bicycle-related accidents and injuries, 93 Manhattan cyclists were asked to fill out a questionnaire on the subject and the results of their responses were analyzed. They reported a total of 51 bicycle-related accidents and 59 injuries of varying degrees of severity. Although 42 percent declared they used safety helmets, head trauma was reported by 25 percent of the injured cyclists. Most were not wearing protective headgear at the time of their injury, however. Increased cycling mileage and length of time cycling were significantly associated with increased accident occurrence. Surprisingly, 47 percent of the accident victims cited themselves as being at fault for the accident in which they were injured. KW - Bicycles KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386839 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - OREGON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 1982. TRUCKS PY - 1982 SP - n.p. AB - Motor vehicle traffic accidents in Oregon are summarized and tabulated according to the type of accident, the number of accidents, and their location. Total accidents, non-fatal accidents, and accidents involving property damage are distinguished. The type of error involved in the traffic accidents and the percentage of drivers involved by age groups are also tabulated. KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Loss and damage KW - Personnel performance KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201568 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386818 JO - San Francisco University Law Review PB - San Francisco University, California AU - San Francisco University, California TI - DRIVING WITH 0.10% BLOOD ALCOHOL: CAN THE STATE PROVE IT? PY - 1982 VL - 16 SP - p. 817-839 AB - This comment proposes that the California Vehicle Code should be amended to penalize driving after consuming enough alcohol to have 0.10% or more at the time of a test rather than penalize driving while having 0.10% or more BAC, because proof of the BAC while driving is unfeasible. The reasons for the passage of Assembly Bill 7 are first reviewed. A discussion follows concerning alcohol absorption and elimination rates which challenge the accuracy of estimating the BAC at the time of driving by using the BAC at the time of a later test. Alternative interpretations of Assembly Bill 7 and the prosecutor's burden of proof are then provided. Lastly, other methods to decrease drunk driving are proposed. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Penalties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204071 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386829 JO - Addictive Behaviors PB - Elsevier AU - Donovan, D M AU - Marlatt, G A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - REASONS FOR DRINKING AMONG DWI ARRESTEES PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - p. 423-426 AB - The present study investigated the reasons given for drinking episodes that led to arrests for driving while intoxicated (DWI). DWI arrestees completed a self-report checklist of the psychological and situational factors associated with their drinking-related arrest. Three general categories of reasons for drinking were factor analytically derived. These included (a) drinking in response to negative feelings primarily of an interpersonal nature, (b) drinking in response to negative feelings primarily of an intrapersonal nature, and (c) social factors involved in drinking. KW - Drunk driving KW - Psychological aspects KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386837 AU - Transport Canada TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY TEST METHODS SECTION 213--CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1982 SP - 9 p. AB - This pamphlet describes the test method for child restraint systems which is the subject of section 213 of schedule IV of the Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations of Canada. Details are given of the test devices, the test acceleration, seat belts, dynamic test, buckles, and energy absorbing materials. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Child restraint systems KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Manual safety belts KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386838 AU - Transport Canada TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY TEST METHODS SECTION 213.1--INFANT SEATING AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1982 SP - 8 p. AB - Test procedures for infant seating and restraint systems are presented which are the subject of 213.1 of Schedule IV of the Motor Vehicle Regulations of Canada. The test devices for infant carriers, the test acceleration, and seat belts are described, and details are given of the dynamic test, buckles, and energy absorbing materials. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Infants KW - Seats KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200506 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386827 JO - Pennsylvania Academy of Ophthal & Otolarynol Trans PB - Pennsylvania Academy of Ophthalmology & Otolaryn AU - Fonda, G AU - Pennsylvania Academy of Ophthalmology & Otolaryn TI - APPROACH MAGNIFICATION IS SAFER THAN BIOPTIC TELESCOPIC SPECTACLES FOR OPERATING A MOTOR VEHICLE PY - 1982 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - p. 137-140 AB - Bioptic telescopic spectacles (BTS) are hazardous for operating a motor vehicle due to the small magnified field (8 deg), the total surrounding blind area (24 deg), and the time it takes to change fixation from the spectacle lens to telescope and back to spectacle lens (3 seconds). Approach magnification is achieved by moving closer to the object. This type of magnification is safer because the field of vision and depth perception are not affected; also, there is no need to change fixation. KW - Bioptic telescopic lenses KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Telescopic lens KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386518 JO - Journal of International Medical Research PB - Cambridge Medical Publication Limited AU - HOBI, V AU - Cambridge Medical Publication Limited TI - PSYCHOPHARMACA, PSYCHIC ILLNESS, AND DRIVING ABILITY: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEBATE PY - 1982 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - p. 283-305 AB - Four studies treating methodological and clinical aspects of the question of driving ability of the mentally ill under psychopharmaca have been discussed. The complexity of the integral interplay in the domain of physiological, emotional, and psychomotor-cognitive functions relevant for driving behaviour makes an equally complex experimental design appear necessary to tackle this problem. Although the various test apparatus marketed for the investigation of driving fitness allow a relatively proper estimate, the examination of mentally ill patients under psychopharmaca calls for the differentiated inclusion of physiological, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, pschomotor-cognitive, and personality-specific dimensions. The present state of science requires the repeated judgment of the treating therapist in addition. This judgment can only be made on the basis of a partnership between doctor and patient. KW - Driving KW - Mental illness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386035 JO - Group Health Journal PB - Group Health Association of America, Incorporated AU - HUNTER, H AU - Plotnick, D AU - Adams, K AU - Rowe, J AU - Group Health Association of America, Incorporated TI - TREATING ALCOHOLICS IN GROUP PRACTICE HMOS. IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT, MARKETING AND MEDICAL CARE PY - 1982 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 21-31 AB - A demonstration grant to develop comprehensive alcoholism services in group practice HMOs was funded by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and was administered by the Group Health Association of America (GHAA). This article describes the findings of this seven year study, evaluating comprehensive alcoholism treatment programs in four prepaid group practice Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). There is an extensive discussion of the methods employed and the results obtained. In conclusion it is stated that the feasibility of providing comprehensive alcoholism treatment services within the HMO setting has been documented throughout the GHAA project in terms of implementing the treatment service, improved client functioning, and health status and provider acceptance. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholism KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Health care KW - Health maintenance organizations KW - Medical costs KW - Medical services KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203581 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386520 JO - Bulletin of Prosthetics Research PB - Veterans Administration AU - Hogan, H A AU - Szeto, AYJ AU - Veterans Administration TI - A SIMULATOR FOR OBJECTIVELY EVALUATING PROSPECTIVE DRIVERS OF THE SCOTT VAN PY - 1982 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-27 AB - A simple simulator for evaluating the physical capabilities of severely handicapped prospective drivers was developed and evaluated. The simulator presents a two-dimensional tracking task to be carried out using the driving controls of the Scott van, which is a uni-lever servo-controlled vehicle designed for the severely impaired. Twenty-five able-bodied subjects were tested on the simulator and 13 of them were then given driving tests in a Scott van. Simulator RMS tracking error and the number of traffic cones knocked down were the respective performance measures for these tests. Nine severely disabled subjects were then tested in the simulator and in driving tests in the van. In order to compare the simulator performances of the handicapped subjects with their driving performances, their performance scores were all converted to T-scores. The T-score transformed the performance of these subjects into scores having as a common reference the performances of the able-bodied subjects. Simulator T-scores for the handicapped subjects reflected large variations in their tracking abilities due to differences in their functional capabilities. Most importantly, in the authors' opinion, was the fact that the simulator T-scores of the handicapped subjects correlated very well with their driving performance T-scores. This type of simulator therefore appears to be a valuable tool for providing objective and quantitative data for evaluating severely handicapped prospective drivers. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Servomechanisms KW - Simulation KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203899 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386525 JO - Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education PB - Alcohol and Drug Problems Assn of North America AU - Flores, P J AU - Alcohol and Drug Problems Assn of North America TI - THE EFFICACY OF THE USE OF COERCION IN GETTING DWI OFFENDERS INTO TREATMENT PY - 1982 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-27 AB - DWI offenders identified as alcoholics were coerced to seek treatment for their alcoholism. A follow-up study six months later revealed that these coerced alcoholics did no better or no worse than other alcoholics entering treatment without coercion. KW - Alcoholism KW - Coercion KW - Drunk driving KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203904 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385567 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - ARE MANDATORY SEAT BELT LAWS THE ANSWER? PY - 1982 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 23-26 AB - Traffic safety experts believe that mandatory seat belt laws are the answer to the problem of low seat belt usage (less than 10% of the American public use them) despite campaigns by the government as well as private safety organizations. Such laws would require drivers and their front seat passengers to buckle up under penalty of law. Violation would be a civil offense punishable with a modest fine with no possibility of license penalty points or a jail term. Seat belt laws have been effective in Canada and in 24 other countries where they have been tried. Coupled with enforcement, seat belt laws are highly effective in reducing the deaths, injuries and societal costs of motor vehicle accidents. The Michigan Coalition for Safety Belt Use is engaged in winning approval for a 3-year trial seat belt law in the state. Similar laws are being considered in New York and North Carolina. It is not envisaged that more police officers will have to be hired for enforcement. It is expected that the law would actually save several million taxpayer dollars. Surveys indicate that Michigan residents favor the proposed law. KW - Enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385286 JO - Publication of: American Society of Mechanical Engineers PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - RICE, R S AU - Shoemaker, N E AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - HEAVY TRUCK CRASH TESTS PY - 1982 SP - p. 51-62 AB - This paper consists of brief descriptions and photographs of two crashes of a heavy vehicle (tractor/semi-trailer) performed at the Advanced Technology Center of Calspan Corporation. The first involved a low deceleration frontal impact with a deformable barrier; the second was a one-quarter turn rollover. In both tests, instrumented anthropomorphic test devices were emplaced at appropriate locations in the tractor cab and the vehicle was itself instrumented for measurement of local triaxial accelerations occurring during the crash event. Detailed discussions of these tests are given in References 1 and 2. The principal presentation of this paper is a film of the two tests. For the purposes of this document, selected photographs of the tests--the first five pages from the frontal impact and the second five pages from the rollover--and brief descriptions of the experiments are included. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deceleration KW - Dummies KW - Film KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Rollover crashes KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204963 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385597 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - FALLING APART IN THE RAIN PY - 1982 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-12 AB - America's roads and bridges are cracking and crumbling, and with the current budget crunch, there is not enough money to repair or replace them. This article reviews the proposed budget, its effect on maintenance and repair of roads and bridges, the effects of bad roads on safety, and what actions hard-pressed states are taking. An insert called "The End of the Road for the Highway Trust Fund?" is included. KW - Bridges KW - Budgeting KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Federal budgets KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway damage KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385282 JO - Publication of: American Society of Mechanical Engineers PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - GARDNER, J D AU - Moffatt, E A AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - TRACTOR TRAILER SKID MARKS GENERATED UNDER CONTROLLED TEST CONDITIONS PY - 1982 SP - p. 1-17 AB - This research provides photographic data on the appearance of heavy-duty truck tire skid marks which were generated under controlled test conditions including braking, slip angle, tire tread pattern, and different tire inflation levels. Tests were conducted using tracks with single axles, dual axles and tandem dual axle combinations on varying road surfaces. KW - Braking KW - Control conditions KW - Heavy duty equipment KW - Inflation KW - Skidding KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204959 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385284 JO - Publication of: American Society of Mechanical Engineers PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - HUME, R D AU - Squires, M L AU - Bomberg, R A AU - Uppaluri, S V AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - ESTIMATES OF THE POTENTIAL BENEFIT OF EXTENDING SELECTED PASSENGER CAR SAFETY STANDARDS TO LIGHT TRUCKS, VANS, AND MULTIPURPOSE VEHICLES PY - 1982 SP - p. 31-38 AB - This paper reports the results of a study in which accident data were analyzed to estimate the effects of extending FMVSS 214, FMVSS 216, FMVSS 208, FMVSS 212, and FMVSS 219 to light trucks, vans, and multi-purpose vehicles. The study objective was to estimate the potential savings in the form of injury reduction that could be attributed to the extension of these standards to light trucks, vans, and MPVs. Data from the National Crash Severity Study were analyzed. FMVSS 208 showed substantial potential benefit. The benefits of extending FMVSS 212, 214, and 216 were slight, with injury prevention potential lying in the 0.2% to 0.4% range. No potential benefit to the extension of FMVSS 219 was found. KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - National crash severity study KW - Vans KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385281 AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - HIGHWAY TRUCK COLLISION ANALYSIS PY - 1982 SP - 62 p. AB - This volume presents several papers on different aspects of highway truck collision analysis. The authors each have specific experience in the topic they present. The topics include skid mark analysis, truck stopping, truck safety standard benefit estimates, and the influence of a changing environment on truck safety. Meaningful highway truck collision analysis requires an experienced accident reconstructionist interpreting the facts and applying the laws of physics. The results of the analysis are only as good as the facts and understanding of the facts with which the engineer works. This volume provides a greater understanding of some of the facts that arise while investigating collisions. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Skidding KW - Standards KW - Stopping KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199184 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385112 JO - ENDEAVOR PB - Elsevier Science AU - BROWN, I D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DRIVING FATIGUE PY - 1982 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 83-90 AB - Fatigue is a common experience usually associated in the public mind with prolonged work. Research on the subject over some sixty years has, however, produced conflicting evidence on the nature of fatigue and it is therefore not surprising that scientists still differ on its definition. Nevertheless, political decisions of far-reaching importance have to be made in the hope of controlling the effects of fatigue on road safety. An attempt is made to present a scientific understanding of fatigue, from which it appears that some of our current legislation on professional drivers' hours of work is actually counterproductive. KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Laws KW - Professional drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385598 JO - Lighting Research and Technology PB - Sage Publications Limited AU - HUCULAK, P AU - Illuminating Engineering Society TI - A FORMULATION OF THE TRANSIENT ADAPTATION MECHANISMS OF AUTOMOBILE NIGHT DRIVING PY - 1982 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - p. 111-114 AB - An analysis is presented to describe the state of adaptation of the fovea as a result of sudden luminance changes. Extensive use is made of data found in the literature that relate observer response to luminance changes in order to validate the formulation as well as to quantify some parameters associated with the derivation. Downward and upward transitions are treated in a similar manner. The results are intended for application in automobile headlight visibility studies concerned with calculating the state of adaptation of drivers exposed to transient levels of opposing glare. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eye KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Luminous intensity KW - Night visibility KW - Night vision KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Visibility KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385146 AU - Transport Canada Research and Development Centre TI - TDC ANNUAL REPORT 1981-1982 PY - 1982 SP - 21 p. AB - This is the annual report of the Transportation Development Centre (TDC) which conducts and manages research and development projects in support of Transport Canada's operational, regulatory, policy planning and evaluation functions. It also undertakes exploratory research and development activities addressing requirements in transportation technology and systems that are high risk, long-range, and national in scope. This publication reviews the functions of the program development branch, the program management branch, and the finance and administration branch. Highlights of activities in FY 1981-1982 are described. The TDC's financial statement for FY 1981-1982 is discussed. KW - Administration KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Regulation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385603 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - MAKING SAFETY HIGHLY VISIBLE PY - 1982 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 27-29 AB - Some of the more useful applications of reflective materials for pedestrians, joggers, bicyclists and others are illustrated. A survey, conducted by the American Society for Testing Materials on the awareness and usage of reflective materials by pedestrians, bicyclists and joggers, is mentioned. KW - Cyclists KW - Night visibility KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385600 JO - American Journal of Sociology PB - University of Chicago Press AU - Phillips, D P AU - University of Chicago Press TI - THE IMPACT OF FICTIONAL TELEVISION STORIES ON U.S. ADULT FATALITIES: NEW EVIDENCE ON THE EFFECT OF THE MASS MEDIA ON VIOLENCE PY - 1982 VL - 87 IS - 6 SP - p. 1340 AB - This paper presents the first systematic evidence that violent, fictional television stories trigger imitative deaths and near-fatal accidents in the United States. In 1977, suicides, motor vehicle deaths, and nonfatal accidents all rose immediately following soap opera suicide stories. The U.S. female suicides increased proportionally more than male suicides. Single-vehicle crashes increased more than multiple-vehicle crashes. All of these increases are statistically significant and persist after one corrects for the presence of nonfictional suicide stories, linear trends, seasonal fluctuations, and day-of-the-week fluctuations in the data. These increases apparently occur because soap opera suicide stories trigger imitative suicides and suicide attempts, some of which are disguised as single-vehicle accidents. KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Imitative behavior KW - Mass media KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Psychological aspects KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Suicide KW - Television KW - Traffic crashes KW - Violent crimes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385285 JO - Publication of: American Society of Mechanical Engineers PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Waller, P F AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - HEAVY TRUCK SAFETY IN A CHANGING HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION ENVIRONMENT PY - 1982 SP - p. 39-49 AB - Heavy trucks are overrepresented in fatal crashes even when mileage is considered. Current programs for driver licensing and monitoring and for vehicle maintenance are totally inadequate. Our vehicle fleet is changing rapidly, with downsized passenger cars and larger trucks accounting for increasing proportions of the total fleet mileage. Occupants of smaller cars are more vulnerable to injury and are at a disadvantage in sharing the road with large trucks. Passing sight distances are a particular problem. The roadway facility also poses difficulties. Roadside appurtenances and deteriorating road surfaces are creating new problems for both cars and trucks. The vehicle is more amenable to change than are highways or drivers. The mechanical engineer is perhaps in the best position to resolve the safety problems of both heavy trucks and downsized cars. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Monitoring KW - Passing sight distance KW - Safety factors KW - Small car KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385721 AU - Department of State Police TI - VIRGINIA TRAFFIC CRASH FACTS 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 114 p. AB - It is difficult to exude a great deal of enthusiasm and excitement about highway safety when 1,012 persons--one a State Trooper--have been killed on Virginia's highways in 1981. However, the fatality figure of 1,012 represents the fewest number of deaths on Virginia highways since 1963 when 989 were recorded. In 1981, 158 of those killed were pedestrians and this represents the fewest number of pedestrian deaths since 1961 (157). During a year in which motor vehicles registered continues to increase while gasoline consumption and vehicular miles traveled slightly decreased, it is significant that Virginia's death rate fell from 2.81 in 1980 to 2.78 in 1981. Death rate, perhaps the most appropriate index of highway safety, represents the number of fatalities per 100 million vehicular miles traveled. One of the most alarming figures contained in this 1981 issue of Crash Facts is the sharp increase in the percentage of drinking drivers involved in fatal crashes. There were 907 fatal crashes in 1981, and 36.2 percent involved drinking drivers compared to 32.4 percent in 1980. KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199597 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385283 JO - Publication of: American Society of Mechanical Engineers PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Hayhoe, Gordon F AU - SHAPLEY, C G AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - FACTORS AFFECTING THE SKIDDING PERFORMANCE OF TRUCKS PY - 1982 SP - p. 19-30 AB - A comparison is made between the skidding performance of trucks and cars with respect to the estimation of vehicle speeds from skid marks. Load distribution, weight transfer, and the number of locked axles are shown to be important factors in the accurate estimation of truck speeds. Evidence is presented which indicates that truck tires have inherently worse skidding performance than car tires on dry pavement and on icy surfaces. The differences are attributed to tread rubber compounding effects and high unit loading in the footprint of truck tires. KW - Automobiles KW - Load transfer KW - Locked-wheel KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Weight KW - Weight distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385581 JO - Lighting Research and Technology PB - Sage Publications Limited AU - HUCULAK, P AU - Illuminating Engineering Society TI - DETECTION POTENTIAL OF NORMAL OBSERVERS AT VISIBILITY CONDITIONS PREVAILING IN AUTOMOBILE NIGHT DRIVING PY - 1982 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - p. 106-110 AB - Laboratory measurements were carried out to determine the detection potential of 25 normal observers engaged in an automobile headlight research programme. An exposure duration was selected to represent search and detection functions of night driving tasks. Target sizes and luminance ranges were chosen to encompass visibility conditions prevailing in automobile night driving. An analytical expression was then derived to yield threshold luminance increments required by normal observers as a function of target size and background luminance. KW - Automobiles KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Headlamps KW - Laboratory studies KW - Luminous intensity KW - Night visibility KW - Thresholds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203307 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385111 JO - European Journal Applied Physiol & Occup Physiol PB - Springer Verlag AU - VOGEL, H AU - Kohlhaas, R AU - Baumgarten, R J AU - Springer Verlag TI - DEPENDENCE OF MOTION SICKNESS IN AUTOMOBILES ON THE DIRECTION OF LINEAR ACCELERATION PY - 1982 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - p. 399-405 AB - Thirty-eight normal volunteers were tested in an ambulance car while being accelerated in one of the following positions: (1) sitting upright facing forward in the car, (2) lying supine on a stretcher head forward, (3) supine position head backward. Consecutive short periods of negative horizontal acceleration (0.7-0.95 g) were achieved by brisk braking manoeuvres of the car, followed by weak reacceleration (0.15 g). Motion sickness symptoms were observed and recorded after each experiment using a special motion sickness scaling index which was weighted according to the strength of any particular symptom. The results indicate that horizontal linear acceleration in a car, such as experienced during multiple braking manoeuvres, is an effective motion sickness provoking stimulus. Negative X-axis stimulation is more nauseogenic than acceleration in the Z-axis of the body. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Ambulances KW - Automobiles KW - Motion sickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203073 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385748 JO - Group Health Journal PB - Group Health Association of America, Incorporated AU - Ershoff, D AU - Wasserman, F AU - Group Health Association of America, Incorporated TI - DOES HEALTH EDUCATION PROVIDE A GOOD RETURN ON INVESTMENT? PY - 1982 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-14 AB - This report presents the results of a benefit-cost analysis of an infant car safety program undertaken by an HMO in Southern California. Study findings indicate that while an individual counseling session with a health educator was useful in terms of promoting proper use of car seats, these behavioral outcomes did not translate into sufficient cost savings to the HMO to justify program expenditures. Issues surrounding decay of program impact over time, disenrollment of program participants and a labor-intensive intervention strategy were identified as contributing to the negative outcome. A revised program employing group sessions with special emphasis on recruitment of high risk enrollees is presented as a potentially cost-effective alternative. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Education KW - Health KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203420 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381293 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Burchett, J L AU - Rizenbergs, R L AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FRICTIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS AND ESTIMATES OF ACCIDENT PROBABILITY PY - 1982 SP - p. 73-97 AB - Objectives of this study were to evaluate standard and experimental surfaces throughout Kentucky in terms of skid resistance and effects of traffic, and to provide criteria for judging suitability of these surfaces to satisfy requirements for skid resistance and economics. The effects of traffic were quantified by regression analysis and scatter of data. Criteria included an estimate of accident risks, effects of speed on skid resistance, and seasonal variations in skid resistance. Pavements on low volume roads (less than 1000 vehicles per day) maintained adequate skid resistance. Open-graded friction courses, with the possible exception of sections using phosphate slag aggregate, maintained adequate skid resistance to meet design requirements. The adequacy of other pavements may be judged from the criteria provided herein. Estimates of accident reduction were made by combining the relationship between skid numbers for each pavement type. Those reductions were used to calculate benefits that, along with costs of overlay, were used to determine benefit-cost ratios. Benefits exceeded costs for roads having annual average daily traffic (AADT) greater than 750, 2500, and 5000 and skid numbers (SN) less than 24, 30, and 35, respectively. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Hazards KW - Low volume roads KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Resurfacing KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381287 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - PAVEMENT SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS AND MATERIALS PY - 1982 SP - 124 p. AB - The papers in this Special Technical Publication fall into two general categories: measuring and predicting pavement skid resistance characteristics; and strategies for reducing wet weather accidents on highways. The two topics are related since a wet weather safety program is dependent, among other things, on a good skid resistant pavement surface, which in turn requires methods to test, describe, and predict its characteristics. The papers include a comparison of macrotexture measurements, a method to describe texture characteristics beyond a one number descriptor, methods to predict friction performance and accident risk, and methods used in implementing a safety improvement program. KW - Conferences KW - Forecasting KW - Improvements KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic safety KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381289 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Yager, T J AU - Buehlmann, F AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MACROTEXTURE AND DRAINAGE MEASUREMENTS ON A VARIETY OF CONCRETE AND ASPHALT SURFACES PY - 1982 SP - p. 16-30 AB - As part of a major study to develop methods for predicting tire friction performance on all types of pavements, macrotexture measurements were taken on a variety of concrete and asphalt surfaces using several different volumetric and drainage techniques. Expressions are developed which relate data obtained with each technique. Factors influencing these measurements, including operator technique and type of equipment, are identified. Comparisons also are given with skid resistance values obtained using a British portable pendulum tester. Outflowmeter measurements are presented to show the effect of surface finishes and treatments on drainage characteristics. The need to measure other surface texture parameters, such as microtexture, is suggested from comparative tire friction and surface macrotexture data obtained on two different wet surfaces. The paper concludes with comments relative to the necessity for additional studies to evaluate different surface microtexture measurement techniques in an effort to provide sufficient information to enable researchers to predict tire-pavement friction performance. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Correlation analysis KW - Drainage KW - Friction KW - Macrotexture KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Rolling contact KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201780 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381291 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Hill, B J AU - Henry, J J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SURFACE MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES RELATED TO SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1982 SP - p. 45-60 AB - A three-year research program was initiated in 1978 at the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute by the U.S. Department of Transportation to investigate possible causes for seasonal and short-term skid resistance variations. The primary objective is to determine the parameters which can be used to predict the influence of seasonal and short-term effects. This paper is concerned with the material parameters influencing the long-term seasonal variations. Data are analyzed from 21 test surfaces in State College, Pennsylvania and 10 test surfaces in Tennessee and North Carolina. The data include skid resistance measurements according to the ASTM Test for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire (E 274-79), British Pendulum Number measurements, calculated percent normalized skid number gradient, and average daily traffic volumes. An exponential curve is fitted to the skid number data for the asphalt pavements, while a linear relationship best fits the data for portland cement concrete surfaces. The coefficients of the resulting seasonal variation curves are regressed against pavement and traffic parameters to provide predictors for the long-term effects. Significant predictors are found to be British Pendulum Number and average daily traffic. Further predictors are suggested by the results of a pavement polishing experiment carried out on the 21 Pennsylvania test surfaces. Good agreement is observed between the two sets of test data. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Average daily traffic KW - Concrete pavements KW - Correlation analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Long term KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201782 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381288 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - Amsler, D E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MEASURING SURFACE TEXTURE BY THE SAND-PATCH METHOD PY - 1982 SP - p. 3-15 AB - Components of variance were analyzed for 720 measures of concrete pavement texture depth obtained by the sand-patch method. The measurements were made in connection with a complete factorial field experiment involving four texturing methods used on two sections each of five different paving jobs. Each pavement section was tested at three different sites by three different operators performing two tests each. The analysis permitted estimates of the repeatability and reproducibility of the sand-patch test, as well as errors that can be expected in measuring the mean texture depths of a section of textured pavement. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Reliability KW - Reproducibility KW - Sand patch method KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381301 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - Groom, P S AU - Nealie, G S AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - INCIDENCE OF REPEATED DRINKING-DRIVING OFFENCES IN THE AUCKLAND REGION PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 13-16 AB - Blood alcohol analysis records of blood samples taken under the Transport Act in the Auckland district between 1970 and 1976 were studied to determine the repeat offence rate. One driver in 8 whose blood had been analysed under the Transport Act for alcohol was requested to give samples again within 5 years. Various associated factors, such as the driver's blood alcohol level and occupation, have also been studied. Blood samples from recidivist drivers had a significantly higher average alcohol concentration than those from non-recidivist drivers. KW - Analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Occupations KW - Recidivism KW - Records management KW - Samples KW - Statistics KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201790 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381308 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - Dick, G L AU - McDonald, IRC AU - Stone, H M AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - EVIDENTIAL BREATH TESTING OF THE NEW ZEALAND DRIVER PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 63-76 AB - The New Zealand legislation provides for evidential breath testing of suspected intoxicated drivers, in relation to a statutory limit of 500 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath. At present, breath tests are carried out on a hand-held fuel cell device, the ALCO-SENSOR II, calibrated to read directly in breath alcohol concentration units of micrograms per litre. Laboratory and field performance tests were carried out before the breath testing legislation was prepared, to determine the suitability of the ALCO-SENSOR II for evidential breath testing. The results of these tests are described. Since the breath-testing law came into effect, the operational characteristics of the device have been examined, and it is shown that, during field use, there is no systematic change in calibration. From an examination of 1940 breath test results, it is estimated that the introduction of evidential breath testing in December 1978 has effected a 64% reduction in blood sampling. Only 18.2% of drivers found to have a breath alcohol concentration above the legal limit exercised their option of rejecting the result in favour of a blood test. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Calibration KW - Chemical analysis KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evidence KW - Field tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Samples KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201797 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381304 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - Stone, H M AU - Muirhead, J M AU - Thompson, H R AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF BLOOD SAMPLES CONTAINING ALCOHOL PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 29-36 AB - Although sodium fluoride protects blood samples from changes in alcohol content arising from microbial action, small losses of alcohol due to oxidation occur in stored blood samples. In controlled laboratory experiments oxidative losses were minimised by the incorporation of sodium azide into the blood sample at a concentration between 0.15 and 0.3%. In blood alcohol standards (100.6 mg alcohol per 100 ml blood) prepared with sodium azide, and stored at 4 deg C for up to 3 months, alcohol losses amounted to only 1.65 plus or minus 0.15 mg/100 ml. KW - Antioxidants KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Chemical analysis KW - Fluorides KW - Handling and storage KW - Oxidation KW - Preservation KW - Reproducibility KW - Samples KW - Sodium azide KW - Sodium compounds KW - Sodium fluoride KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Storage facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201793 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381305 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - BAILEY, JPM AU - Williams, P P AU - Norris, R J AU - Cameron, B J AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - COMPUTER CONTROL OF THE ANALYSIS OF BLOOD ALCOHOL SAMPLES PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 37-44 AB - A small computer is used (a) to establish retention times and integrated areas of chromatoraphic peaks arising from a batch of blood alcohol samples and standards in a head space sampling gas chromatograph, (b) to handle most of the clerical work associated with the process, and (c) to manage the automated blood alcohol system and to provide management information. The system was introduced in August 1976. The capacity of the system to process blood samples is considerably beyond the normal requirements for enforcement purposes of 10,000-16,000 blood samples per year. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Chemical analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Gas chromatography KW - Information processing KW - Management information systems KW - Minicomputers KW - Samples KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381845 AU - British Columbia Ministry of Transportation & Hwys TI - MOTOR VEHICLE DEPARTMENT ANNUAL REPORT 1981/82 PY - 1982 SP - 370 p. AB - This is the annual report of the Motor Vehicle Department, British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Highways, for the year ending December 31, 1981. It contains reports and statistics from the three branches of the Motor Vehicle Department. These are the Vehicle and Drivers' Licence Branch, the Standards and Compliance Branch, and the Administration and Safety Branch. A brief summary of activities indicates that the total number of registered vehicles in the 1981 licence year was 2,620,795, an increase of 92,412 or 3.65 percent over the 1980 total. Original driver licences issued up to December 31, 1981 were 105,677, a decrease of 1,933 or 1.8 percent less than the 1980 total. The total number of licensed drivers as of December 31, 1981 was 2,044,721, an increase of 94,385 or 4.8 percent over the 1980 total. There were 1,170,963 male drivers and 873,758 female drivers. The Motor Vehicle Inspection Program inspected 590,921 vehicles with 149,744 or 25 percent rejected during the year to December 31, 1981. The program having the most notable impact on public safety was the mandatory seatbelt legislation. In the year ending December 31, 1981 there were 18,135 seatbelt convictions. The Motor Vehicle Department believes that the seatbelt legislation has contributed noticeably to the decrease in accident severity. KW - Driver licenses KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registrations KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198055 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381290 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Holt, F B AU - Musgrove, G R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SURFACE TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION: A GUIDE TO PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1982 SP - p. 31-44 AB - The ability of a driver to stop on a wet pavement surface has been shown as a relationship between a tire and the pavement surface texture. For a number of years, the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications has been classifying pavement surface textures and correlating these textures with the skid number of the surface, as measured by a brake-force trailer. The skid trailer number can be explained now in terms of the pavement surface texture. This paper contains a summary of the test procedure, a discussion of the texture classification system, and the relationship of the six texture parameters is discussed in terms of the equation used to generate a skid number at 100 km/h (62 mph). The advantages of using this system as a complement to present skid testing procedures are outlined, with particular attention to its use in those areas which cannot be tested by the brake-force trailer and in the area of mix design studies. The paper concludes with a discussion of some potential uses for the test method in future research work in Ontario, including the semiautomation of the interpretation procedure. KW - Classification KW - Computer graphics KW - Correlation analysis KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skid trailers KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381299 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND THE NEW ZEALAND DRIVER PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - 76 p. AB - Since the introduction of blood alcohol sampling and testing in New Zealand in May 1969, this facet of the road safety programme has been extensively studied. A previous publication, Alcohol in the blood of New Zealand drivers, described trends and analytical aspects of the blood sampling programme applicable in 1974. Studies have continued, and this booklet describes the results of further investigations and illustrates the depth of knowledge that has been acquired. In December 1978 New Zealand introduced a breath alcohol offence to complement the existing blood alcohol legislation. The experiments leading to the introduction of breath alcohol testing procedures are summarised, and the operating experiences with the evidential breath test devices are described. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic offense KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201788 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381306 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - Missen, A W AU - Cleary, W T AU - Eng, L AU - McDonald, K S AU - Watts, D T AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - DRUGS AND DRIVING PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 45-53 AB - Analyses were carried out on blood samples taken from 254 drivers whose driving impairment was suspected to be due to drugs. Drugs were detected in 95 samples (37%), 58 of which contained the drug diazepam. Results obtained are discussed in relationship to the pattern of drug prescribing in New Zealand. The levels of drugs detected are also discussed in terms of possible driving impairment. KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Chemical analysis KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Prescription KW - Samples KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201795 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381302 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - Stone, H M AU - Norris, R J AU - Cameron, B J AU - Muirhead, J M AU - Missen, A W AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS BY SEMI-AUTOMATED COMPUTERISED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 17-21 AB - The alcohol analysis of Transport Act blood samples has been centralised and semi-automated. Samples are diluted with 1-propanol and heated in a water bath, and the headspace vapour is automatically injected into the gas chromatograph. The various stages of the analysis, including a check analysis, are described. KW - Automation KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Chemical analysis KW - Gas chromatography KW - Information processing KW - Minicomputers KW - Samples KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201791 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381303 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - Stone, H M AU - Norris, R J AU - Muirhead, J M AU - Singers, W A AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - ACCURACY OF BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 23-28 AB - The results of investigations of the accuracy of the current method used for the analysis of alcohol in Transport Act blood specimens in New Zealand are described. The method, using automated headspace gas chromatography with internal standardisation, continues to be the method of choice. The procedure of deducting 6 mg/100 ml from the analyst's mean figure to allow for analytical variation has been shown to be more than adequate for specimens near the legal limit of 80 mg/100 ml. For specimens above 120 mg/100 ml the deduction is still satisfactory, but may not provide the 99.9% confidence level applicable at lower alcohol values. KW - Accuracy KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Calibration KW - Chemical analysis KW - Errors KW - Gas chromatography KW - Reproducibility KW - Samples KW - Statistics KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201792 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381292 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Emery, J J AU - Lee, M A AU - Kamel, N AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SKID RESISTANCE PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACE COURSES PY - 1982 SP - p. 61-72 AB - Skid resistance performance models for dense and open graded asphaltic concrete surface courses are presented. Previous studies for dense graded mixes and high traffic volumes resulted in a predictive linear model for the skid number (SN) at 100 km/h (60 mph) (SN 100) in terms of known aggregate and mix parameters and available traffic data. However, the SN 100 does approach a constant level requiring a rational function to describe traffic influences. Further work has confirmed the overall importance of mix designs in achieving desired skid resistance with accumulated traffic influences, particularly in preventing coarse aggregate immersion due to traffic compaction. High stability mixes (all steel slag, blast furnace slag, or traprock, for instance) have proven most suitable, and coarse aggregate factors such as polished stone value and aggregate abrasion value are of secondary importance once adequate levels are provided. Using a wider range of test sections, improved predictive models have been developed for various traffic volumes and surface types. Full details on model development are given. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Mix design KW - Models KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic volume KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201783 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381294 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Kamel, N AU - Gartshore, T AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ONTARIO'S WET PAVEMENT ACCIDENT REDUCTION PROGRAM PY - 1982 SP - p. 98-117 AB - Ontario's approach to the identification and treatment of black spot highway locations is presented. Highway locations with an excessive rate of wet pavement accidents are identified and ranked utilizing Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications computerized accident data files. Criteria for site selection, procedures for subsequent site investigation, and selection of appropriate remedial measures are outlined and discussed. Rehabilitation of pavements with low friction levels, and experiencing a high rate of wet pavement collisions, has resulted in substantial reductions in accidents. Collision data before and after treatment at various sites are presented. This paper provides design and performance information on modified bituminous surface course mixes currently used by the Ministry. Such mixes maintain better surface textures and provide longer lasting skid resistance characteristics. These mixes are used for black spot treatments, and in new surface construction on main highways. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - High risk locations KW - Highway pavement KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201785 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381300 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - McDonald, IRC AU - Stone, H M AU - Dick, G L AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - THE PROBLEM OF THE INTOXICATED DRIVER PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 1-12 AB - The development of the New Zealand legislation concerning the intoxicated driver is described, and the present procedure for administering breath and blood sampling is discussed. The statistics of drinking and driving, blood sampling, breath sampling, alcohol analysis, and variation in sampling rates are considered. The annual road fatality rate, expressed as deaths per million litres of petrol used, has decreased from 0.35 before 1969 to 0.29 in 1978. The consumption of alcoholic liquors has trebled since 1938. Evidence of a reduction in the proportion of road accidents occurring at night-time is interpreted as a positive effect of enforcement of the drinking and driving legislation. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Night KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201789 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381307 JO - DSIR Bulletin PB - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research AU - Cairns, E R AU - McCallum, N K AU - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research TI - CANNABIS AND DRIVING IN NEW ZEALAND PY - 1982 IS - 232 SP - p. 55-61 AB - Patterns of use of cannabis in New Zealand and the role of cannabis in accident causation are discussed. Methods for measuring cannabinoid levels in the body are reviewed. The significance of blood levels of Delta-THC and its metabolites to intoxication are discussed. KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Chemical analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Drugs KW - Intoxication KW - Marijuana KW - Metabolism KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201796 ER - TY - SER AN - 00380952 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING PROCEDURES 1982 SN - 0309035074 PY - 1982 IS - 895 SP - 52p AB - This record contains the following papers: Procedure For Estimating Freeway Trip Tables, N. L. Nihan; Alternate Path Analysis Algorithm For Urban Freeway Corridor Evaluation, W. D. Cunagin and R. O. Rogness; Consideration of Alternative Access, Egress, and Line-Haul Travel Choices Within UTPS Framework, A. Kumar and Y. Gur; Transferability Analysis of Disaggregate Choice Models, F.S. Koppelman and C. G. Wilmot; Wisconsin Work Mode-Choice Models Based on Functional Measurement and Disaggregate Behavioral Data, G. Kocur, W. Hyman, and B. Aunet; Elasticity-Based Method for Forecasting Travel on Current Urban Transportation Alternatives, D. Band and J. L. Benham; Analytic Models of Trip Length Distributions, M. Ben-Akiva and N. Litinas; and Optimal Bus Scheduling on a Single Route, Y. Sheffi and M. Sugiyama. KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Origin and destination KW - Scheduling KW - Transportation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation models KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380741 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - HELMET LAWS: THE BATTLE CONTINUES PY - 1982 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 9-12 AB - This article presents substantial evidence in support of mandatory helmet use laws. Of primary significance is the fatality rate which declined dramatically by 1975 following enactment by Congress of the 1966 Highway Safety Act requiring states to make helmet use mandatory for motorcyclists. Countless studies have shown the benefits of wearing helmets, but those opposed to mandatory use laws continue to present their arguments, some of which are discussed in this article. In conclusion, the case of Louisiana is presented. Louisiana modified its law to apply only to motorcyclists under the age of 18 in 1976. By 1980, annual motorcycle deaths in Louisiana rose 124 percent. During the same period motorcycle registrations rose only 30 to 40 percent. In 1981 Louisiana became the first state in the nation to reinstate its helmet law. Two inserts accompany this article: the first discusses certification labels in helmets and the second points out how Japanese law affects motorcyclists. KW - Benefits KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197007 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380693 JO - John Marshall Law Review PB - John Marshall Law School AU - Hill, K AU - John Marshall Law School TI - DRUNK DRIVERS VERSUS IMPLIED CONSENT: A SOBERING NEW ILLINOIS STATUTE PY - 1982 VL - 15 IS - 479 SP - p. 479-497 AB - The premise of an implied consent statute is as follows: when a driver obtains the privilege of driving within a state, evidenced by the issuance of a driver's license, he gives his consent to the performance of chemical tests to determine his blood alcohol level if he is arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). A chemical analysis of the blood, breath, or urine which indicates a blood alcohol level of .10% or higher creates a presumption of intoxication. Illinois passed its first implied consent statute in 1972. In 1981 that law was completely revised and expanded. This article examines the new statute, discusses likely constitutional challenges, and considers whether the statute can withstand such challenges. To fully understand the impact of this statute, an examination of the old statute is necessary. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Laws KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380668 AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Danish Illuminating Engineering Laboratory TI - REFLECTION PROPERTIES OF ROAD SURFACES IN HEADLIGHT ILLUMINATION--DEPENDENCE ON MEASURING GEOMETRY PY - 1982 SP - 117 p. AB - This investigation concerns the dependence of the geometry on the specific luminance of road surfaces in headlight illumination. The geometries considered are representative for the illumination of the road surface by the drivers own headlights. The investigation comprises 10 road samples, each measured in 51 geometries both in dry and a humid condition. For the measurements is used an existing laboratory equipment, which has been modified and supplied with a semi-automatic data-registration. The analysis of the data is based on model considerations of the reflection, leading to expressions for the influence of the geometry. The expressions are essentially confirmed by the analysis. It is suggested, that for application purposes a standard measuring geometry is selected, as the specific luminance for other geometries can be estimated by the expressions. A standard measuring geometry will be proposed later, when a similar investigation on road markings is completed. KW - Geometry KW - Headlamps KW - Luminous intensity KW - Measurement KW - Reflectivity KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380671 AU - Insurance Information Institute AU - American Insurance Association TI - OUT OF THE AGONY AND THE ANGER, A BOLD NEW EFFORT PY - 1982 SP - 32 p. AB - The International Symposium on Alcohol and Driving brought together nearly 600 persons with hands-on experience in the battle against drunk driving. This report includes an overview of symposium activities, articles on specific aspects of the battle, excerpts from speeches by John Volpe, chairman of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, and Charles Robb, governor of Virginia, and a set of recommendations that would minimize the dread toll currently being exacted by drunk drivers. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Conferences KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380678 AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - ANNUAL REPORT 1980/81 PY - 1982 SP - 136 p. AB - This report describes the 10th year of the activities of the National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute. Research and development activity has centered on four programs. Studies in the "Traffic Processes" program centered on the investigation and description of how the traffic process operates for the road user and the community and also on consequence (safety, energy, environment, and costs) analysis. In the "Roads" program, questions concerning the pavement have dominated, including pavement thickness issues and road materials research. In the "Vehicle" program there has been a continuation of earlier work on energy consumption, driving and braking, vehicle simulators, etc. The Road User program has continued earlier work on studies of economic driving techniques, visual conditions in darkness, driver training, etc. Service functions provided by the Institute are described and includes comments on the furthering of the international collaboration in documentation and information activities. A financial report is also given and includes a balance sheet, and a statement of income and expenditure for 1980/81. KW - Building materials KW - Costs KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Night visibility KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Power trains KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Stochastic processes KW - Thickness KW - Traffic KW - Travelers KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380036 AU - DOWNING, A J AU - SAYER, I A AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF CHILDREN'S ROAD-CROSSING KNOWLEDGE IN THREE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PY - 1982 SP - 21 p. AB - Appropriate ways of advising and educating children in developing countries need to be developed, and this would be aided considerably by more detailed information on children's existing knowledge and behaviour. Children, aged between 5 and 11 years, were interviewed and given a simulated road crossing test in a number of schools in Jamaica, Pakistan and Thailand to determine how much they knew about crossing roads and to find out which factors, if any, affected their knowledge. In the test between 60 and 85 percent of the children in each country stopped and looked before crossing and between 36 and 62 per cent looked to the side while crossing. Up to 70 per cent fewer children mentioned these actions when asked what they should do to cross roads safely and clearly the latter technique provided a serious underestimate of the children's crossing behaviour. Older children were more likely than the younger ones to stop before, look before and look while crossing. Similarly, the children in Pakistan and Thailand, but not those in Jamaica, who said they had had advice were more likely to behave correctly in the test than those who said they had had none. A comparison of the results with those of a UK study indicated that up to 57 per cent fewer children in the 3 developing countries had received advice about crossing roads. Also fewer of them behaved correctly on the simulated crossing test in the 3 developing countries. KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Crosswalks KW - Developing countries KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192992 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00380407 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMMING PROCESS PY - 1982 IS - 867 SP - 43p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Improved Highway Program Management through Use of Integrated Information Systems, S. A. Kutz and W. W. Zeiss; Development of Priority Program for Roadside Hazard Abatement, M. J. Labadie and J. C. Barbaresso; Optimization Approach in Highway System Analysis and Programming, M. Muthusubramanyam and K. C. Sinha; Methods for Identifying Transportation Alternatives (Abridgment), M. Nelson and D. Brand; Highway Program Performance Monitoring at PennDOT: An Overview (Abridgment), T. H. Poister; Program Development and Management: Pennsylvania's Integrated, Organizational Approach (Abridgment), L. H. Bowser, et al; ECONS: Case Study in Program Development through an Integrated, Organizational Approach (Abridgment), H. Haack et al; California's Engineered Systems Approach to Project Delivery and Capital Resource Management, J. F. McManus. U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programming KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Monitoring KW - Optimization KW - Programming KW - Strategic planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1982/867/867.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380035 AU - ROBERTS, PWDH AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - THE PERFORMANCE OF SURFACE DRESSED ROADS IN GHANA PY - 1982 SP - 29 p. AB - This report describes the performance of selected lengths of sealed roads in Ghana. The roads were monitored over a period of two and a half years, during which time very little effective maintenance of the carriageways was undertaken. The results of detailed measurements of road surface condition are related to the factors that cause pavement deterioration, and the important influence of the quality of surface dressing on pavement deterioration is emphasised. Examples are given of the user cost savings that can result from road maintenance, and criteria are suggested for determining when maintenance interventions on surface dressed roads in Ghana are required. KW - Deterioration KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Seal coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192991 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379746 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Evans, J S AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - GREATER MANCHESTER POLICE TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 19-20 AB - This article discusses the structure and functions of the Greater Manchester Police Traffic Department. Topics include: driver training, traffic accident prevention and investigation; traffic management; and, traffic law enforcement and administrative organization to carry it out. KW - Administration KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver training KW - Highway departments KW - Highway traffic control KW - Police KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic departments KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196349 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00380038 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TESTING, EVALUATION, AND UPGRADING OF SAFETY APPURTENANCES SN - 0309033721 PY - 1982 IS - 868 SP - 53p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Safety Treatment of Roadside Drainage Structures, H. E. Ross, Jr., et al; Crash Tests of Box-Beam Upgradings for Discontinuous-Panel Bridge Railing, J. E. Bryden and K. C. Hahn; Crash-Test Evaluation of Barriers Installed on a Curved Off Ramp, M. E. Bronstad, et al; Vehicle Impact Tests of Breakaway Wood Supports for Dual-Support Roadside Signs, R. L. Stoughton, et al; Thrie-Beam Guardrails for School and Intercity Buses, D. L. Ivey, et al; Crash Tests of Omnidirectional Slip-Base Sign Supports (Abridgment), K. C. Hahn and J. E. Bryden; Guardrail Installation and Improvement Priorities, J. W. Hall. U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Box beams KW - Breakaway supports KW - Bridge railings KW - Buses KW - Crashes KW - Drainage structures KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Ramps KW - Roadside structures KW - Safety engineering KW - School buses KW - Testing KW - Thrie beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380069 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUAL TO ASSIST U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN CONDUCTING SAFETY BELT USE PROGRAMS PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - The material included in this package has been assembled to assist in a nationwide safety belt use program for Federal employees. An essential part of such a program is educational, to increase awareness of the risks involved every time an employee gets behind the wheel and to increase awareness of how effective safety belts are. There are other elements, however, of a successful employee program and these are outlined in Section 1. The National Campaign is largely a voluntary program. For it to succeed with the general public, the U.S. Government, in its own activities, must lead the way to increase safety belt use. This manual has been assembled to assist in that effort. KW - Awareness KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Risk assessment KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194107 ER - TY - SER AN - 00380021 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND UPGRADING OF SURFACING AND OTHER ASPECTS OF LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309034620 PY - 1982 IS - 875 SP - 88p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Evaluation of Existing Aggregate Roads to Determine Suitability for Resurfacing, E. J. Yoder, et al; Surfacings for Low-Volume Roads in the Third World, R. S. Millard; Improved Pavement Management System for Low-Volume Roads, B. F. McCullough, et al; Performance of Various Thicknesses of PCC Pavement, J. I. Helmers and V. J. Marks; Pavement Evaluation and Upgrading of Low-Cost Roads, J. Greenstein; Pavement Design for a 3.5 million-pound Vehicle, W. C. Greer, Jr.; Discussion of Aggregate Properties for Untreated Road Surfaces, M. C. Everitt; Fabric-Reinforced Aggregate Roads--Overview, Q. L. Robnett and J. S. Lai; Case for Removing Bridge or Culvert Rails on Low-Volume Rural Roads, B. L. Smith; Cost Responsibility for Low-Volume Roads in Virginia, G. T. Henry and J. M. Bennett; Effect of Unit-Train Grain Shipments on Rural Nebraska Roads, D. Linsenmeyer; Development of a Computerized Technique to Identify Effective Forest Roadway Networks, D. C. Shunk and R. D. Layton; Analyzing Transportation Networks for Rural Development, E. C. Sullivan; Optimization of Roadway Structural Design and Maintenance Strategies with Special Reference to Developing Countries, A. T. Visser and W. R. Hudson. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Developing countries KW - Evaluation KW - Fabrics KW - Forest roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Modernization KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resurfacing KW - Rural highways KW - Statistics KW - Surfacing KW - Thickness KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196533 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00380410 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENERGY ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309033748 PY - 1982 IS - 870 SP - 97p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Energy Conservation Potential of Staggered Work Hours, J. M. Witkowski and W. C. Taylor; Energy Impacts of Transportation System Improvements, E. Ziering et al; Transit Use and Energy Crises: Experience and Possibilities, D. K. Boyle; Indirect Energy Considerations of Park-and-Ride Lots, L. C. Cooper; Summary of International Maritime Fuel Conservation Measures, K. M. Bertram, et al; Limited Trucktrain: A Concept for Energy Conservation and Truck Productivity, R. K. Whitford; Potential Fuel Savings of General-Freight Carriers Operating under Bridge Formula B Gross Vehicle Weight Limits, R. W. Kolins; Economic Impacts of Petroleum Shortages and Implications for the Freight Transportation Industry, L. R. Johnson et al; Simulation for Estimating the Impact of Supply Restriction Policies on Gasoline Consumption, A. G. Hobeika et al; Assessment of State Emergency Energy Conservation Planning, M. A. Kocis and M. Fuhrman; Efficacy of Urban-Area Transportation Contingency Plans: A Study of Completed Plans, A. Politano; National Methanol Fuel Systems: A Transportation Fuel Pathway, D. Sperling; Motor-Vehicle Fuel Economy: Estimated Cost and Benefits from 1980 to 2020, R. K. Whitford and M. J. Doherty; Forecasts of Intercity Passenger Demand and Energy Use through 2000, M. P. Kaplan, et al; Trends in Energy Use and Fuel Efficiency in the U.S. Commercial Airline Industry, J. B. Smith. U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Contingency planning KW - Economic impacts KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fuel consumption KW - Improvements KW - Methanol KW - Motor vehicles KW - Park and ride KW - Policy KW - Productivity KW - Regional planning KW - Staggered work hours KW - State planning KW - States KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Trucking KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379770 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - CIVIL LIABILITY AND THE POLICE PY - 1982 SP - 70 p. AB - The objective of this publication is to give law enforcement officers, police legal advisors, prosecutors, judges, and other attorneys a discussion of the civil liability aspects of police work. It is intended to serve as a text in training courses as well as a reference work. The contents are as follows: (I) Introduction--right to redress, sovereign immunity, parties, distinction between federal/state judicial systems, format of publication and other information, and legal terminology/definitions; (II) State courts--general information, negligence, intentional torts, defenses, and damages; (III) Federal courts--general information, the Statute (Section 1983), violation of rights, privileges and immunities, color of law, administrative/supervisory liability, municipal liability, conflicts between defendants, defenses, remedies, and attorney's fees; (IV) Liability of sheriffs; and (V) Police as plaintiffs. KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380037 AU - Wilkins, H A AU - RILEY, B S AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - THE ROAD GRIP OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE TYRES PY - 1982 SP - 15 p. AB - Tests were carried out on a range of cross ply and radial ply and radial ply commercial vehicle tyres. Peak and locked wheel braking force coefficients on dry and wet surfaces were measured for speeds up to 95 km/h and maximum sideways force coefficient was measured at 30 km/h on two wet surfaces. All the tyres tested gave much the same coefficients on any one surface. The values of locked wheel braking force coefficients for the dry surfaces were lower than expected and varied with vertical wheel load. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Braking force coefficient KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Friction KW - Locked-wheel KW - Pavements KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Road holding KW - Testing KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192993 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379745 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Auth, J B AU - Warheit, G J AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - ESTIMATING THE PREVALENCE OF PROBLEM DRINKING AND ALCOHOLISM IN THE THE GENERAL POPULATION: AN OVERVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - p. 10-21 AB - This article is intended to assist human service agency planners in selecting methods for obtaining reliable estimates of alcoholism and problem drinking prevalence in their communities. This review focuses on research that has explored the patterns and consequences of alcohol consumption among adults in the United States. Estimates of prevalence rates for alcohol abuse and alcohol related problems in the general population have been derived primarily from four data sources: extrapolations from liver cirrhosis mortality statistics; per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages as determined from tax records; agency and institutional reports of patient or client contacts; and field surveys of adults in community settings. Sections in the article include descriptions of these estimation methods and examples of studies that used them. The relative strengths and weaknesses of each method are examined. However, the emphasis is on the community survey, which is currently the most popular technique for characterizing and estimating the number of adult problem drinkers in the general population. Finally, a brief summary of major conclusions reveals general agreement concerning high risk groups for problem drinking and alcoholism. KW - Adults KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Communities KW - Consumption KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Hazards KW - Methodology KW - Population KW - Risk assessment KW - Social service agencies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196348 ER - TY - SER AN - 00379567 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TUNNEL VENTILATION, LIGHTING, AND OPERATION SN - 0309034701 PY - 1982 IS - 883 SP - 21p AB - This Record contains the following four papers: Development of tunnel operations and preventive maintenance in Quebec, J. Alepin; Variable pitch axial flow fans for tunnel ventilation: a comparison with centrifugal fans, H.D. Baesel; Fort McHenry tunnel ventilation system, P. K. Hinkley; and Tunnel-lighting engineering for traffic safety: theory versus practice, A. Ketvirtis. KW - Highway operations KW - Lighting systems KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnel traffic operations KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379568 AU - Waller, P F AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - UNCOLLECTED DIVIDENDS: STATE-BASED METHODS OF INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE PY - 1982 SP - 9 p. AB - This report examines some state-based strategies for increasing safety belt use. An effective program, originating at the level of the office of the state governor, is considered as the way to cross traditional boundaries separating the functions of different agencies and organizations. Some of the possibilities for increasing safety belt use within the various state offices and agencies are: driver licensing, police traffic services, accident investigation, insurance, state traffic records, traffic courts, periodic motor vehicle inspection, driver and traffic safety education, and codes and laws. KW - Agencies KW - Coordination KW - Government agencies KW - Manual safety belts KW - State government KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192540 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379774 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DISTRESS MEASUREMENT AND INTERACTION OF VEHICLES WITH PAVEMENT SURFACES SN - 0309035058 PY - 1982 IS - 893 SP - 63p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Visual Scales of Pavement Condition: Development, Validation, and Use, D. J. Hartgen et al; Roughness Computer Program for Engineers and Management, K. J. Cheng et al; Suggested Improved Methodology for Relating Objective Profile Measurement with Subjective User Evaluation, L. R. Lenke; Road Profile Evaluation for Compatible Pavement Evaluation (Abridgment), D. W. McKenzie and W. R. Hudson; Inertial Profilometer Uses in the Pavement Management Process, E. B. Spangler; Prediction and Significance of Wet Skid Resistance of Pavement Marking Materials, D. A. Anderson et al; Tire Testing at Low Speed on an Ice Rink, G. F. Hayhoe and J. J. Henry; Determination of Precrash Parameters from Skid Mark Analysis, W. R. Garrott and D. A. Guenther; Methodology for Analyzing Texture and Skid Resistance Data for Use in Pavement Management Systems, E. C. Yeh et al; Ontario Flexible Pavement Distress Assessment for Use in Pavement Management, W. A. Phang and G. J. Chong; Airfield Pavement Distress Measurement and Use in Pavement Management, M. Y. Shahin. U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Airport runways KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Road marking materials KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidmarks KW - Subjective analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379590 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BARTZ, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONSIDERATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS ON ENGINE LUBRICATION PY - 1982 SP - 18 p. AB - Viscosity represents the most important single property of any lubricant for internal combustion engines. The reason for this fact is that viscosity controls friction or lubrication regimes and consequently wear and performance life of the engine. Because of viscosity depending on temperature, pressure, and often shear rate, the local viscosity at the frictional contacts defined as effective viscosity will be responsible for the friction and wear situation at a specific location within the engine. KW - Engine oils KW - Friction KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Rheological properties KW - Viscosity KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379576 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - RESPONSE TO THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S REQUEST FOR COMMENTS ON ITS PROPOSAL TO "ALLOW INSTALLATION OF A MODULATING HEADLAMP ON MOTORCYCLES" PY - 1982 SP - 8 p. AB - This is a letter from William Haddon, Jr., M.D., President of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, calling attention to the well documented fact that pulsing lights, over a wide range of frequencies, can cause serious abnormal reactions in the central nervous systems of some normal individuals, and that such reactions are known to be an occasional cause of at least some transportation crashes. Dr. Haddon is asking that NHTSA consult in depth with specialists in aerospace medicine and with military and related workers who have dealt with this problem in recent years before taking action on a proposal to allow modulating headlights on motorcycles. Two supplements containing additional information on this subject are attached to this letter. The phenomenon referred to is called photic driving. KW - Crash causes KW - Flicker KW - Headlamps KW - Human factors KW - Modulation KW - Modulation (Communications) KW - Motorcycles KW - Photic driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379548 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Lowman, C AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - FACTS FOR PLANNING 7: DRINKING AND DRIVING AMONG YOUTH PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - p. 41-49 AB - This report examines two types of facts useful to program planners. One type is based on standardized records of events--death records and fatal motor vehicle accident statistics. The second type is based on self-report data about the drinking practices of 10th to 12th grade students. The first type of data comes from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), NHTSA. The second type of data is drawn from a national probability survey of senior high school students conducted in 1978 by the Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The FARS and RTI data show the older adolescent males to be at higher risk for alcohol-related involvement in motor vehicle accidents. Various other implications drawn from this study are discussed. KW - Adolescents KW - Data KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Hazards KW - Legal drinking age KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379534 AU - Tennessee Department of Safety TI - 51 YOUNG LIVES. A CASE-BY-CASE SYNOPSIS OF FATAL ACCIDENTS INVOLVING CHILDREN UNDER AGE FOUR. STATE OF TENNESSEE 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 17 p. AB - This report ia a case-by-case synopsis of fatal accidents involving children under the age of four in the state of Tennessee during the years 1979 through 1981. The use or non-use of child restraints is reported and an evaluation is made as to whether or not a restraint would have saved the child's life. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192494 ER - TY - SER AN - 00379566 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS SN - 030903468X PY - 1982 IS - 881 SP - 76p AB - This record includes the following papers: (1) Effects of Multiple-Point Detectors on Delay and Accidents, C.S. Wu, C.E. Lee, R.B. Machemehl, and J. Wiliams; (2) Driver Use of All-Red Signal Interval, T.A. Ryan and C.F. Davis; (3) Comparison of Signs and Markings For Passing and No-Passing Zones, R.W. Lyles; (4) Effect of Raised Pavement Markers on Traffic Performance, W.L. Mullowney; (5) Stop Sign Versus Yield Sign, H.S. Lum and W.R. Stockton; (6) Energy and Emission Consequences of Improved Traffic Signal Systems, S.J. Kahng and A.D. May; (7) Possible Passer II Enhancements, R.O. Rogness; (8) Evaluation of Signal Timing Variables by Using a Signal Timing Optimization Program, A.C.M. Mao, C.J. Messer, and R.O. Rogness; (9) Arterial Progression-New Design Approach, C.E. Wallace and K.G. Courage; (10) Macroscopic Traffic Delay Model of Bus Signal Preemption, A.E. Radwan and J.W. Hurley, Jr.; (11) Estimation of Average Phase Durations for Full-Actuated Signals, F.B. Lin; and (12) Prescription for Demand-Responsive Urban Traffic Control, N.H. Gartner. KW - Demand responsive transportation KW - Road markings KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379029 AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - LIFE IS PRECIOUS BUCKLE THEM IN PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - This Child Restraint Manual was developed to give background information, lesson outlines and a resource guide to aid the professionals. It also serves as a guide to those planning the organization of rental programs. The rental or loaner program concept of providing child restraints at low cost is being promoted at the community level through the services of the Ontario Safety League. A research project is underway in Kingston, Ontario to study the effects of this program in encouraging long term restraint use. Also contained in the manual are discussion points for the film "Life is Precious. Buckle Them In". This film presents a pediatrician talking about the different restraint needs at the infant, toddler and preschooler stages of the child's development. With graphic scenes of child-like dummies crashing into windshields a powerful message for restraint use is presented. The film was produced on the modular concept so that public service announcements and shortened versions for displays could be prepared from the basic footage. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Infants KW - Manuals KW - Physicians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379426 AU - United States Congress TI - ALCOHOL TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS AND NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER PY - 1982 SP - n.p. AB - Public Law 97-364 (October 25, 1982) 97th Congress: To amend title 23, United States Code, to encourage the establishment by States of effective alcohol traffic safety programs and to require the Secretary of Transportation to administer a national driver register to assist State driver licensing officials in electronically exchanging information regarding the motor vehicle driving records of certain individuals. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Drunk driving KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic means KW - Information systems KW - Motor vehicles KW - National Driver Register KW - Programs KW - State government KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379017 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Molen, HH van der AU - National Safety Council TI - BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN AND ACCOMPANYING ADULTS AT A PEDESTRIAN CROSSWALK PY - 1982 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - p. 113-119 AB - Children and accompanying adults were observed while using a pedestrian crosswalk on the way to or from kindergarten or primary school. The results of this study corroborate earlier findings that accompaniment was less than complete, that adults can set much better examples in various respects and that accompanied children often show no awareness of actively participating in the road crossing task. The solution provided by a two-dimensional scaling analysis of child and adult behavioral data illustrates that adults perform better in some respects than children, but not in all. From the results of this study, five recommendations are made concerning topics that need more emphasis in road safety programs aimed at parents. KW - Adults KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Crosswalks KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379450 JO - Traffic Research Circular PB - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand AU - Wynne-jones, J D AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - BICYCLE TAIL LIGHTS AND REFLECTORS PY - 1982 IS - 20 SP - 22 p. AB - A DSIR report on tests conducted on three bicycle tail lights and three reflectors is presented. Further calculations on the likely amount of light that shines on a reflector are made so that measures of brightness of the reflectors can be expressed in the same units as the lights. Some examination of the reflector/headlight/observer system is carried out. The major conclusion of this study is that variance in the performance of both reflectors and tail lights is substantial and that standards or regulations should be implemented to prevent inadequate lighting systems being fitted on bicycles in New Zealand. KW - Bicycles KW - Brightness KW - Performance tests KW - Quality of work KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Testing KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379385 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES JANUARY 1, 1981-DECEMBER 31, 1981. SUPPLEMENT RECALL CAMPAIGN COMPLETION STATUS PY - 1982 SP - 20 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the first quarter of 1982 and/or any future issues. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panel truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Industries KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Scooters KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192350 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00377764 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VISIBILITY AND OPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF GEOMETRICS SN - 0309033594 PY - 1982 IS - 855 SP - 52p AB - This record contains the following papers: Legibility of Highway Guide Signs, D. A. Gordon; Roadway Visibility Using Minimum Energy, D. M. Finch; Radio Control of Highway Lighting, R. E. Stark; Programmable Roadway Lighting System as an Integral Traffic Management Component (Abridgment), A. Ketvirtis; Driver Eye-Height Trends and Sight Distance on Vertical Curves, E. I. Farber; Shoulder Upgrading Alternatives to Improve Operational Characteristics of Two-Lane Highways, D. S. Turner, R. O. Rogness, and D. B. Fambro; Before-After Accident Analysis for Two Shoulder Upgrading Alternatives, R. O. Rogness, D. B. Fambro, and D. S. Turner; Guidelines for Treatment of Right-Turn Movements on Rural Roads (Abridgment), B. H. Cottrell, Jr.; and Motorist Response to Selected Driveway Systems (Abridgment), S. H. Richards and C. L. Dudek. U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash analysis KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Driveways KW - Energy conservation KW - Guide signs KW - Layout KW - Legibility KW - Night visibility KW - Perception KW - Radio control KW - Right turns KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377423 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Garretson, M AU - Peck, R C AU - National Safety Council TI - FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FATAL ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT AMONG CALIFORNIA DRIVERS PY - 1982 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 141-156 AB - The primary objectives of this study were to examine characteristics of drivers involved in fatal accidents and to determine if those drivers could be distinguished from California's general driving population on the basis of prior driving record. A sample of drivers involved in 1970-71 fatal accidents was analyzed and compared to a sample of drivers from the general driving population during the same time period. Drivers who had been drinking prior to the accident, who were considered at-fault for the accident, or whose accident occurred at night were found to have worse prior driving records than other fatal accident-involved drivers. The results also indicated that, as a whole, drivers involved in fatal accidents had worse violation and/or accident records, as well as different demographic and license characteristics than drivers in the general population. The classification functions derived to predict fatal accidents, however, did not differ greatly from regression equations that have been constructed to predict total accidents. It was therefore concluded that prediction systems keyed to total accidents will, to a large extent, also identify high-risk fatal accident drivers. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Human characteristics KW - Night UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195059 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377416 JO - BICYCLE FORUM AU - Bicycle Federation TI - DR. MCBEAN'S "4E'S" NOTEBOOK PY - 1982 IS - 9 SP - p. 34-36 AB - The article discusses some of the problems faced by bicyclists with regard to demand-actuated signals, lessons for youngsters on driveway ride-out safety, and encouraging bicycling for exercise. The positioning of the bicycle on the location of the loop detector is important. While this is easy for most cars, it is not so easy for bicycles. It may be necessary to install bike-sensitive loops at troublesome intersections. Lessons are described which teach youngsters how to safely exit a driveway. The lessons teach a youngster to look and yield to car traffic when exiting. The technique and preparation for the lesson are described. Bicycling for exercise should be encouraged not only for the adventure it provides but as a way of building interest for advanced courses in touring, commuting and maintenance. Some ideas are given for those planning to organize such a class. KW - Bicycles KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Driveways KW - Loop detectors KW - Recreation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195052 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377415 JO - BICYCLE FORUM AU - Bicycle Federation TI - JACK SACH TALKS ABOUT "4-E'S" BICYCLE PROGRAMS AND AUSTRALIA'S MOST FAMOUS BIKE PLAN PY - 1982 SP - p. 28-33 AB - This article presents an interview with Jack Sach, Project Manager for the Geelong Bike Plan in Geelong, Australia. He and his colleagues are committed to what might be called on "ecological" approach to bicycle planning. They see a viable bicycle program as a whole consisting of various related parts, each of which approaches cycling from a different, but complimentary, perspective; each of which works compatibly with the others. The Geelong plan is based upon the Four E's Bike Programs--those that combine work in engineering, education, enforcement and encouragement. KW - Bikeways KW - Cyclists KW - Education KW - Engineering KW - Human factors KW - Law enforcement KW - Planning KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195051 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376283 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - PREVENTING DRINKING WHILE DRIVING AMONG YOUTH: FOUR APPROACHES PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - p. 33-38 AB - This article describes four different programs designed to reduce alcohol-related traffic accidents among young people: Project Graduation in Montgomery County, Maryland, the Newton Youth Alcohol Program, Newton, Massachusetts, the curriculum developped by the state of Michigan, and the Adolescent Trauma Prevention Program, developed by the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems, in Baltimore. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194519 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376296 JO - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AU - Geller, E S AU - Johnson, R P AU - Pelton, S L AU - PLENUM PRESS TI - COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING SAFETY BELT USE PY - 1982 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - p. 183-195 AB - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavioral impact of community-based intervention for promoting seat belt wearing. For the first study, fliers prompting safety belt use were given to drivers at a pedestrian crosswalk. Of 180 drivers receiving two handbills, 17.2% were wearing a safety belt during the first handbill receipt whereas 42.4% of these drivers were wearing their seat belt when given a second handbill. For the second study, seat belt use was recorded at the drive-in window of a bank. After 9 days of baseline (2 hours per day), fliers urging safety belt use were distributed for 17 days. The baseline was reinstated for 13 days, followed by 11 days of a Prompting/Reinforcement intervention which gave bank patrons a chance to win a Bingo game if they were wearing their safety belt. Both of these interventions were accepted by the community and appeared to influence marked increases in safety belt usage. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Communities KW - Education KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194526 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376297 JO - Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis PB - Society for Experimental Analysis of Behavior AU - Geller, E S AU - Paterson, L AU - Talbott, E AU - Society for Experimental Analysis of Behavior TI - A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF INCENTIVE PROMPTS FOR MOTIVATING SEAT BELT USE PY - 1982 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 403-415 AB - The seat belt usage of drivers was observed at the entrance to two campus parking lots during morning arrival times. After 11 days of baseline, fliers which prompted seat belt wearing were handed to drivers of incoming vehicles. At one parking lot all fliers offered a chance to win a prize (noncontingent rewards); while at the second lot only those fliers given to seat belt wearers included a chance to win a prize (contingent rewards). After 24 consecutive observation days, these interventions were removed for 14 days of withdrawal. The recording of vehicle license plates enabled an analysis of belt usage per individual over repeated exposures to the experimental conditons. At the lot with the contingent reward intervention, mean belt usage was 26.3% during baseline, 45.7% during treatment, and 37.9% during withdrawal. At the noncontingent reward lot, the mean percentage of belt wearing was 22.2% during baseline, 24.1% during treatment, and 21.8% during withdrawal. The analysis of repeated exposures per individual verified that only contingent rewards influenced substantial increases in belt wearing and showed that most of the influence occurred after the initial incentive prompt. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Education KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376586 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS AND REGULATION SUPPLEMENT 1--AMENDMENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS ISSUED DURING 1981. PAGE CONTROL TABLE PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - This contains amendments and interpretations issued during 1981 for Part 531-Passenger Automobile Average Fuel Economy Standards; Part 567-Certification; Part 575-Consumer Information, and Motor Vehicle Safety Standards No. 105-83, 109, 110, 114, 205. KW - Amendments KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Interpretation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376593 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - DRIVER LICENSING EXAMINER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM PY - 1982 SP - 23 p. AB - This publication describes the Certification Program for driver licensing examiners as developed by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA). Under this program, several levels of driver license examiner professionalism may be recognized. The program is designed to be administered by the AAMVA. Qualifications and criteria for training, experience, and knowledge are presented. KW - Certification KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver licensing KW - Guidelines KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376603 AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF DISABLED PERSONS 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 138 p. AB - The transportation needs of the handicapped, the elderly, the children and pedestrians in general are reviewed in a series of papers, some of which are in German, Spanish and French. A section is reserved for urban planning. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Alighting KW - Blindness KW - Boarding KW - Children KW - City planning KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Special user groups KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376434 AU - Karttunen, R AU - Hakkinen, S AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - DISCRIMINATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS IN THE PERIPHERAL AREAS OF THE FIELD OF VISION PY - 1982 SP - 63 p. AB - The discrimination of traffic signs of different shape and colour in the peripheral areas of the field of vision was studied in two laboratory tests, using stimuli of varying sizes. In three other tests the stimuli were traffic signs proper, the size of which was not alternated. In these tests studies were also made, except on the discrimination of different signs, on the effects of background stimuli on the discrimination of signs. In the discrimination of both shapes and colours the size of the stimulus has a decisive importance in the peripheral area: the size of the stimulus must be augmented accordingly as it is shifted further towards the peripheral areas of the field of vision. Triangular shape seems to be slightly more easily discriminated than a square or a circle. Red was discriminated significantly less well than yellow or blue, when the three fundamental colours of traffic signs were to be discriminated, with luminance ratios corresponding to those of traffic signs in use. As for traffic signs as a whole, best is discriminated the shape in the peripheral area, the main colours are discriminated slightly less well, and least well the symbol contained by the sign. Discrimination of the symbol of the traffic sign seemed to depend on the size and number of the details as well as on the contrast and on whether other signs with similar contours exist. These factors are apparently important also in the foveal discrimination of signs. As traffic signs were flashed against a static stimulus background, to which the participants of the test had already adapted themselves, the background stimuli did not have any effect on the discrimination, whereas when the signs to be observed and background stimuli were projected simultaneously, discrimination of the signs became more difficult. KW - Backgrounds KW - Color KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Laboratory tests KW - Legibility KW - Peripheral vision KW - Shape KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376429 AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - PROCEEDINGS FIRST NORDIC CONGRESS ON TRAFFIC MEDICINE. THE MAN, THE CAUSE AND THE VICTIM PY - 1982 SP - 189 p. AB - These proceedings of the First Nordic Congress on Traffic Medicine contain the inaugural address, the resolutions adopted by the Congress, the awards presented, and the papers given. There were six sessions as follows: (1) The road user--limitations in information acquisition and processing; (2) Road, vehicle, environment as causes to human errors; (3) Organization of emergency health services; (4) The multitraumatized patient; (5) Safety devices; and (6) Rehabilitation of the road accident victim. An author index is provided. KW - Conferences KW - Crash victims KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Environment KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety KW - Treatment KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376289 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE DATA 1982 EDITION PY - 1982 SP - 340 p. AB - This statistical compilation of international motor vehicle data through 1981 includes production totals by manufacturers as well as by country. Since it is necessary to use different data sources from year to year, there are occasional differences in the number reported for various classes of vehicles for some countries. This is due to the lack of uniformity of definitions for certain vehicles. In such cases, car, truck and bus data vary from one source to another and, accordingly, in the year to year data reported. Although special efforts have been made to segregate vehicle assembly data from production data, the world totals for production may include some duplication since it is not possible for all countries to identify assemblies from production. The data in this report were supplied by foreign government agencies, trade associations, private services and the press. It should be noted that the basis on which the data are reported will vary. For example, vehicle output may be measured in terms of production, shipments, or factory sales. New vehicles sold may be measured in terms of retail sales or new registrations. Imports and exports are subject to problems of compilation and definition. As a result, data accuracies vary and international comparisons are, of course, affected by these discrepancies. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Data KW - Earth KW - Exports KW - Imports KW - Industries KW - International KW - Motor vehicles KW - Production KW - Registration KW - Sales KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190355 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373613 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Vejnoska, J AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - CITIZEN ACTIVIST GROUPS AFFECTING PUBLIC POLICY ON DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - This article focuses on the citizen activist movement to reduce the incidence of driving while intoxicated (DWI) in the United States. Stating that this grassroots movement has significantly increased public awareness of the problem and strengthened laws to deal with it, the article gives a close-up look at each of the following groups: Remove the Intoxicated Driver (RID); Prevent Alcohol-Related Killings in Tompkins (New York) County (PARKIT); and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). KW - Alcoholism KW - Awareness KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Prevention KW - Public participation KW - Public policy KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373615 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - DWI INTERVENTION: REACHING THE PROBLEM DRINKER PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-23 AB - Stating that there seems to be general agreement among the diverse groups seeking to reduce the problem of driving while intoxicated (DWI) that comprehensive efforts must include programs to educate, rehabilitate, or in some way intervene in the problem drinking among those who have alcohol problems, this article discusses the widespread efforts of the 1970s to address the health aspects of DWI. Among the programs discussed are the Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP) programs begun in 1971 by the National Highway Safety Bureau, now known as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the Problem Drinking Driver Programs (PDDPs) begun in the early 1970s by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). This article also comments on the area of differentiating between problem drinkers or alcoholics and nonproblem drinkers involved in DWI offenses. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Problem drivers KW - Programs KW - Rehabilitation KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194144 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373639 AU - Freedman, M AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE SIDE AND REAR CONSPICUITY OF MOTORCYCLES AND MOPEDS PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 97-115 AB - A variety of on-vehicle techniques intended to improve the sideward and rearward conspicuity of motorcycle and mopeds were tested under both laboratory and real-world conditions. The research was performed for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Motorcycle and moped accident data from several states and from NHTSA's Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) were reviewed and analyzed. A number of key parameters concerning vehicle, operator, and environmental conditions were identified. These parameters were used to define the requirements for conspicuity aids and to create conceptual designs for lighting and reflectorization of the vehicles. A panel of motorcycle, moped, and highway safety experts reviewed the various designs, enabling the selection of the most promising treatments for further testing. A laboratory experiment that simulated the appearance of prototypes of each of the treatments enabled elimination of all but the most effective designs from further testing under real-world conditions. The best devices were tested in traffic on both urban and rural roads during daylight and darkness to determine the extent to which they improved the conspicuity of a test motorcycle and moped. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Days KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Night KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Rural areas KW - Side KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194167 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373641 AU - Gallup, B M AU - ST-LAURENT, A M AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ABDOMINAL INJURIES TO RESTRAINED FRONT SEAT OCCUPANTS IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS (DISCUSSION) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 131-148 AB - It has been determined that abdominal injuries caused by classical submarining do not occur or are of such a limited nature that no further study of this phenomenon is deemed necessary. However, there is a relatively large group of occupants who sustain serious abdominal injuries through dynamic interaction with the restraint system. Most abdominal injuries are probably due to poor initial belt deployment. It is concluded that the incidence of abdominal injury can be reduced by identifying and quantifying those inherent faults in the design of passenger compartments of specific vehicles. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Abdomen KW - Front seats KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Manual safety belts KW - Submarines KW - Submarining KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194169 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373646 AU - Dawson, N E AU - Jonah, B A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ATTITUDES TOWARD AND USE OF CHILD RESTRAINTS IN CANADA (DISCUSSION) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 207-217 AB - In the 1981 National Vehicle Occupant Restraint Survey conducted by Transport Canada, 840 respondents who were parents of children under the age of 16 were interviewed regarding their attitudes toward and use of occupant restraints for children. The survey results indicated that parents believe it is quite important that children be properly restrained while travelling in a vehicle and 72% favoured child restraint legislation. Of parents with children under age five, 68% reported that they had a child restraint (i.e. child seat or infant carrier). Methods of securing these child restraints were also examined with 74.9% of infant carriers, 88.9% of child seats and 90.8% of convertible seats held in place with a seat belt. While most parents apparently recognized the importance of using the seat belt to secure the child restraint, only 65.5% of the child seats and 67.4% of the convertible seats were reported to be anchored with the tether strap as required for maximum protection. The national results showed that children under age five travelled in child restraints 73% of the time while children five years and over wore seat belts only 43% of the time. The reasons for not having a child restraint, willingness to rent or borrow one and seating position (front or back) of children while travelling in the car were also included in the data. The results were analysed by sex of parent responding and the parent's education level. A discriminant function analysis revealed that parents with child restraints perceived them as more important, were more favourable towards child restraint laws and had higher income than parents without child restraints for their young children. The results of the survey show the need for the promotion of greater child restraint use through public education, rental programs and legislation. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Anchoring KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Education KW - Equipment leasing and rental businesses KW - Gender KW - Income KW - Laws KW - Ownership, leasing and rental KW - Parents KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194174 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373648 AU - Manduca, P L AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION PROGRAMS PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 233-247 AB - Educators who work in the field of traffic safety are interested in the development of long-term, action-oriented educational programmes with positive resulting behaviors. Dr. Trinca stated, "From a long-term point of view, the most important area of education to improve attitudes and behaviors is in the schools. Programmes of safe living, which would include road safety, should be incorporated into the curricula of primary and secondary schools." This statement is obviously true, education programmes aimed at kindergarten to grade twelve and college students are extremely necessary; but the question remains not only what is needed, but also how can it be accomplished. At present, there are no formulae, flow charts, designs or equations established for traffic safety education programmes to follow. Much of the work is deductive. This makes the programme developer's attitude to the problem, flexibility in planning, creativity in approach, sensitivity to community-school needs, ability to cope with young people's changes and awareness to necessary implementation procedures all important aspects of programme methodology. To this end, British Columbia proposes a model for traffic safety education programmes. The model is based on six hypotheses which present programmed structure, programme implementation procedures, and evaluation techniques on issues such as drinking and driving, seat belt use, attitudes and behaviors on the roads, peer pressure issues and community involvement. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Methodology KW - Programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373418 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ISATA 82. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING. VOLUME 1, WOLFSBURG 13-17 SEPTEMBER 1982. PART 2 PY - 1982 SP - 574 p. AB - (Continued from TRIS 373417); Improving Production Control within the Automotive Industry, R.L. Simon; A Generation of Free Styling Forms, N. Pfeiff and M. Ahlers; Patterns and Program Packs in Transmission Elastodynamics through Autovehicle Gear Wheels, T. Ionita, et al.; An Approach to Vehicle Dynamics Development, W.P. McKinlay; Nissan's New Vehicle Development Methods Using Computer Technologies, H. Shimizu; Test Aided Computer Prediction of Passenger Car Side Impact, G.D. Suthurst; AIDA Low Cost Die Making System, M. Iwamatsu; Programming, Launching and Production Control System, Mr. Turmo; Real Time Production Control in the Automotive Industry, P. Remy; and Identifying Car Bodies through Bar-Coding, L. Blom. KW - Automation KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Computer programs KW - Displays KW - Electronics KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Robotics KW - Robots KW - Simulation KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373452 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ISATA 82. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING. VOLUME 2, WOLFSBURG 13-17 SEPTEMBER 1982. PART 1 PY - 1982 SP - 496 p. AB - Volume II of the Proceedings contains the following papers: A Microprocessor Based Data Analysis and Collection System, C.P. Kay; Development and Testing of the On-Board Type Air-Fuel Ratio Analysis System, H. Amimoto, H. Ebi and K. Ishida; Data Acquisition and Evaluation in Test Automobiles with the Mobil Computer System FARES, P.-D. Reif; Advances in Road Load Data Acquisition, M. Kasperowski, P. Richardson and A. Fisk; In Vehicle Data Logger, M.P. Bell; Systems Approach to Semiconducter Transducer Design, J.M. Giachino, T.W. Keranen and D.A. McNamara; Central Timer Unit, F. Fabregat; The Development of a Non-Intrusive Torque Timing Unit for Fuel Injection and Spark Ignition Engines, K.N. Hitchcock; Engine Automatic Quality Control System through Noise Analysis and Diagnostic, G. Ruspa and G. Turino; Electronic "Gyro-Cator" New Inertial Navigation System for Use in Automobiles, K. Tagami, K. Takahashi and F. Takahashi; Evaluation of the Volumetric Efficiency in the Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines through Measurements of Indicated Diagrams, A. de Vita, M. Migliaccio, A. Scognamiglio, M. Feola and V. Rocco; Development of the Continuous Analysis System of Alcohol in Automotive Exhaust Gas, M. Miyatake, H. Amimoto and K. Ishida; Dynamic Gravimetric Fuel Consumption Measurement, W.A. Krachler, M. Berg and A. Rosenkranz; Experimental Determination of the Specifications for a Gravimetric Fuel Flowmeter, R.A. Haslett; Vortex Air Flow Sensor for Electronically Controlled Engine, M. Tsuruoka and N. Miyoshi; Production Application of Electronic Spark Control (ESC), A.C. Wilkinson; Ignition Vane Switch Using New Automotive Hall Integrated Circuit, R. Grebner; (continued on TRIS 373453). KW - Automation KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Computers KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microprocessors KW - Robots KW - Technology KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373576 AU - Department for Transport, England TI - TRANSPORT STATISTICS GREAT BRITAIN 1971-1981 PY - 1982 SP - 147 p. AB - This publication presents a comprehensive range of statistical information on inland surface transport in order to encourage informed debate on transport development and policies. As in previous editions, most of the tables cover eleven years, though some span longer or shorter periods and a few contain forecasts for years ahead. To provide a wider context for the inland surface transport series, some summary tables on air and sea transport are included. This edition is divided into seven parts, each of them preceded by a commentary and by notes on the relevant tables. Short articles are included to enhance the commentary. There are nine articles, sited immediately before the notes to the tables to which they refer. In part 1, there are articles on the information available from the National Travel Survey and on commuting in the South East. In part 2, four articles deal with the bus passenger industry, the information on vehicle stock and new vehicle registrations, heavy goods vehicle testing, and road safety. Part 3 has articles on trends in rail freight and safety on the railways. Lastly, there is an article in part 5 on trends in port traffic. I hope it will be possible to have articles on different topics next year. The publication includes several tables. KW - Air transportation KW - Forecasting KW - Highway transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Statistics KW - Transportation KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186013 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373431 AU - Stanovsky, J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF A NEW STRAIN-LIMIT STRENGTH THEORY PY - 1982 SP - p. 191-210 AB - This paper deals with the strength of metals; it describes a procedure for constructing a new strength theory using the equations for strain at a point. More specifically, it uses the normal strains intermediate to the principal strains. The procedure for identifying the two orthogonal normal strain equations from the non-denumerable set at a material point is demonstrated for plane stress conditions. And these equations are used to determine the strength of a metal by identifying the maximum load for which the condition of strain coincides with a predetermined and maximum value. In theory, this limit event may be arbitrarily chosen; as the strain corresponding to the proportional limit stress and smaller, or by the larger strain values associated with the plastic flow of metals. However, this report is restricted to an examination of the first case cited. This is done by transforming the strain equations to stress criteria by introducing Hooke's law. These equations are used to test the strain-limit strength theory by: (a) constructing two yield criteria, and (b) demonstrating two practical applications of the theory. The yield criteria are reduceable to the form of the Tresca and von Mises yield conditions. The new uses for the theory are: a test procedure for constructing an interaction diagram for combined elastic stresses, and as a theoretical description for two photoelastic experiments. Additional support for the strain-limit strength theory is contributed by a procedure for extrapolating the interaction diagram to a yield criterion. When a yield criterion is determined by this method, fewer test specimens are required. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Deformation curve KW - Failure KW - Failure theory KW - Hookes law KW - Metals KW - Photoelasticity KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Strength of materials KW - Strength theory KW - Stresses KW - Test procedures KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189387 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373433 AU - Harvey, D N AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ELECTRONIC VISION AS INPUT TO CALCULATED-VARIABLE CONTROL OF THE HYDRAULIC BULGE TEST PY - 1982 SP - p. 225-236 AB - A recently developed hydraulic bulge test system that incorporates several innovative techniques is described. The system utilizes a video camera to observe the change in shape of a square etched onto the test specimen. The principal strains in the bulging specimen and their orientation are determined from the video data. The stress state is determined from measurements of bulge pressure and local radius of curvature. A computer is incorporated into the system to provide closed loop control of a calculated strain variable. Data analysis is enhanced through interactive graphics. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer graphics KW - Downsizing KW - Hydraulic bulge test KW - Information processing KW - Interactive graphics KW - Materials tests KW - Strain measurement KW - Structural analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189389 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373440 AU - MCKINLAY, W P AU - Wilson, J P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - AN APPROACH TO VEHICLE DYNAMICS DEVELOPMENT PY - 1982 SP - p. 327-346 AB - The development of good vehicle ride characteristics using an iterative build/test procedure is both costly and time consuming. This approach is particularly undesirable for the commercial vehicle manufacturer where the range of vehicle derivatives is large. The use of CAE techniques throughout the design/development process can have a significant impact on product development cost and time. This paper illustrates the role of CAE techniques in vehicle ride development and reviews the essential elements required for effective applications of CAE to the design/development process. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Ride quality KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189396 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373442 AU - SADEGHI, M M AU - SUTHURST, G D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - TEST AIDED COMPUTER PREDICTION OF PASSENGER CAR SIDE IMPACT PY - 1982 SP - p. 365-386 AB - Current methods involving crash testing are costly, they do not establish the contribution of individual components to the overall structure behavior, hence optimization is difficult to achieve, and they can only be conducted at a late stage in the design program, when most major decisions have already been made. This paper describes a comparatively low cost method developed by the structural Design Group of the Cranfield Institute of Technology, in conjunction with Technological Research, Ford of Europe. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer programs KW - Impact tests KW - Interactive computing KW - Side crashes KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189398 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373467 AU - Haslett, R A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFICATIONS FOR A GRAVIMETRIC FUEL FLOWMETER PY - 1982 SP - p. 211-226 AB - The classical technique for measuring the rate of fuel flow into I.C. engines involves the weighing of fuel in a reservoir using a balance. This principle has been modernised by replacing the balance with a load cell and implementing the control and display functions in a microprocessor. In combination with this new development, a special experimental calibration rig was constructed which could simulate all the features of modern engine fuel systems. These features included variations in the rate of fuel flow, the inclusion of recirculation fuel both with and without vapourisation, pulsation of the delivered fuel, temperature excursions and other factors. The paper presents the results of these effects on the accuracy and repeatability of the new fuel flowmeters. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Flowmeters KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuels KW - Gravimetric analyses KW - Gravimetric analysis KW - Microprocessors KW - Repeatability KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189421 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373469 AU - Wilkinson, A C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - PRODUCTION APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC SPARK CONTROL (ESC) PY - 1982 SP - p. 241-250 AB - This paper describes the application of an electronic spark control (ESC) technique in use by Ford of Europe in its campaign to improve automotive fuel economy. It illustrates how a CMOS Digital Ignition Controller, Constant Energy Thick Film Integrated Circuit, Power Darlington, discrete component interface and Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor technologies can be combined within a single ESC module for harsh environment installation within the engine compartment. The system developed for a 1983 MY introduction demonstrates that electronic spark control alone can improve engine characteristics sufficiently to enable significant increases in powertrain gearing to be made, thereby producing fuel economy benefits. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile engines KW - Electronic spark control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189423 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373474 AU - Kratt, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - AUTOMATIC IDLE SPEED CONTROL PY - 1982 SP - p. 311-328 AB - In order to improve fuel economy, the passenger-car manufacturers want to adjust engine idle speed as low as possible. However, low idle speed can cause engine stalling, when additional loads, such as air conditioner or power steering are switched on. This can be avoided by introducing a closed loop automatic idle speed control (AISC). This AISC in addition results in a stable idle speed over the whole life of the vehicle. An electronic unit (in analogue or digital technique by using a microprocessor) detects engine speed and operates a fast electro-mechanical actuator bypassing the throttle plate. With additional inputs special characteristics can be obtained, such as temperature dependent idle speed. The actuator, designed as a 90 degree rotational electric motor, is activated in a pulse-width modulated mode by an armature having two windings perpendicular to each other. The paper describes in detail the electronic control unit and the control strategy. Further it gives a precise description of the actuator, especially with regard to the fast response time and the extremely low hysteresis. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Actuators KW - Automatic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Emergency response time KW - Engine idling KW - Engine operation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hysteresis KW - Idle speed KW - Microprocessors KW - Reaction time KW - Stall UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189428 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373476 AU - Robinson, R L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - HIGH PERFORMANCE DIGITAL INTERFACE FOR POWERTRAIN CONTROL COMPUTERS PY - 1982 SP - p. 345-362 AB - An interrupt driven I/O handling routine was implemented in software to demonstrate optimal use of the I/O structure in handling a wide variety of input and output digital signals. This system demonstrates the capability of controlling critically timed engine functions such as fuel injection and ignition systems and high frequency duty cycle functions for proportional actuator control. Digital inputs of several thousand hertz can be handled without a severe loss of system efficiency. A microprocessor system of this type can input multiple transmission gear speed sensors and control multiple pulse-width modulated solenoids for clutch and band actuation while still maintaining basic engine control tasks. Cost is minimized due to totally integrated interface circuitry within the VLSI microprocessor. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Actuators KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel injection KW - Ignition systems KW - Input output devices KW - Integrated circuits KW - Microprocessors KW - Sensors KW - Software KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189430 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373555 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS PY - 1982 SP - p. 2-3 AB - Two examples are described to illustrate the fact that drunk driving and high speed driving lead to fatal accidents. In the first case, a provisional license holder with little driving experience was driving at high speed the wrong way while drunk. The car hit a tree, disintegrated and the driver died. In the second case, the front seat passenger in a car driven by a drunk died when the car hit a concrete lamp standard. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373934 AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS 1982 EDITION PY - 1982 SP - 96 p. AB - A detailed presentation of accident statistics is given for 1981. The following areas are covered: accidental deaths and injuries in 1981; costs of accidents in 1981; how people died accidentally in 1981; leading causes of all deaths; accidents vs other causes of death; trends in accidental death rates; trends in nonmotor-vehicle death rates; accidental death rates by state, 1981; work accidents, 1981; motor-vehicle accidents, 1981; public accidents, 1981; home accidents, 1981; farm resident accidents, 1981; and school-college accidents, 1981. The section on motor vehicle accidents is subdivided as follows: accident totals; travel, deaths and death rates; principal classes of motor-vehicle deaths; trends in death rates; how people died in motor-vehicle accidents; turnpike accidents; lives saved with interstate system; type of accident--urban and rural places; pedalcycle accidents; vehicle movement in accidents; accidents by place and type of road; improper driving; fixed object accidents; nations (motor-vehicle deaths and pedestrian fatalities and rates); deaths and death rates by day and night; deaths by day and month; alcohol; occupant restraints; age of driver; sex of driver; pedestrians; part of body injured; and motor-vehicle deaths by type of accident, age, and location. The section on public accidents contains statistics for public transit accidents and railroad-highway grade crossing accidents. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Restraint systems KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190070 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373427 AU - Jankovic, D AU - Vujovic, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - A TEST RIG FOR THE CONTROL AND COMPLEX TESTING OF SPRINGS PY - 1982 SP - p. 133-140 AB - The paper presents a versatile, automatically controlled rig that allows quality control during the production process and also reliability testing of springs. The rig enables the user to program the loading history in relation to the desired level of simulation of the loading conditions in service. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automation KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Inservice KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Reliability KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189383 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373429 AU - Nakagawa, S AU - Nomura, O AU - Ohba, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - COMPUTER AIDED EXPERIMENT SYSTEM FOR ENGINE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION PY - 1982 SP - p. 159-174 AB - In the past, several kinds of minicomputer stand alone systems had been used in automotive engine laboratories at the Toyota Engine Engineering Department. The capacity of these minicomputer systems was limited in many aspects and it was difficult to change the application programs flexibly. With this in mind, a large scale computer aided experiment system has been developed at Toyota. This system consists of a large scale host computer connected to several minicomputers by optical fiber cables, which can support about 40 test cells scattered through several buildings at one time. Further, it can control engines and dynamometers as well as acquire and process experimental data. The advantages of this system are as follows: (1) Flexibility for program changes even while the system is in operation; (2) Effective handling of data and programs by concentrating them in the host computer; and (3) System expansion ability. This system is currently being applied to all types of engine experiments and contributes to time saving during engine development. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computers KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Engines KW - Information processing KW - Minicomputers KW - Software KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189385 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373444 AU - Sales, J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - PROGRAMMING, LAUNCHING AND PRODUCTION CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1982 SP - p. 423-436 AB - This article describes the most prominent characteristics of the Programming, Launching and Production Control System installed at the SEAT plant in Barcelona, as well as some relevant information concerning the technical characteristics of the System. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Components KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Data collection KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Production control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189400 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373446 AU - Blom, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - IDENTIFYING CAR-BODIES THROUGH BAR - CODING PY - 1982 SP - p. 443-455 AB - The monitoring of car-bodies during the body-assembling and finishing lines in the Saab Car Division is since many years computerized. For automatic reporting each car-body is given an identity in form of a bar-code, which can be scanned with the SAAB 890 camera. The identity is reported to the main computer on strategic points in the production line. This allows the main computer to: (1) work out production reports for each sub-area; and (2) trace each single car-body or a body-type if required. The system can also be extended for carrying out of several control tasks making it possible to design the production flow more flexible and still have a very reliable output. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile bodies KW - Bar code scanners KW - Bar codes KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Information processing KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Production control KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189402 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373461 AU - Hitchcock, K N AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-INTRUSIVE TIMING UNIT FOR FUEL INJECTION AND SPARK IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1982 SP - p. 111-128 AB - New legislation, particularly from America, requires hydrocarbon and the oxides of nitrogen emitted from diesel vehicles to be controlled to levels which can best be achieved by the accurate dynamic timing of production engines. This paper describes the development of a completely non-intrusive, highly accurate timing unit. By merely placing an ultrasonic probe in contact with the outer surface of the engine crankcase it is possible to detect the passing of piston rings and hence calculate the position of t.d.c., in conjunction with an encoder. Timing angle is determined by means of a non-contact acoustic microphone positioned adjacent to the injector. For spark ignition engines the acoustic microphone is replaced by a transducer clipped onto the high tension spark plug lead. Two other associated developments are described. One of which utilises the non-contact acoustic microphone but the derived signal is used to trigger a conventional stroboscope. The other utilises the ultrasonic technique to determine, in a non-intrusive manner that a piston ring is either missing or broken. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Fuel injection KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Timers KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189415 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373463 AU - Tagami, K AU - TAKAHASHI, T AU - Takahashi, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ELECTRO GYRO-CATOR NEW INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR USE IN AUTOMOBILES PY - 1982 SP - p. 145-162 AB - We developed a revolutionary new inertial navigation system named the "Electro Gyro-Cator" for use in automobiles. The Electro Gyro-Cator allows a driver to monitor his progress, plot and follow courses to a destination, select alternate routes, and drive more safely on unfamiliar roads or at night. Employing a sealed helium gas-rate gyro, the Electro Gyro-Cator offers visual display (CRT display) of a car's present location, direction and route, with overlay maps for fast, simple route selection and monitoring. The primary elements of the unit include trip and direction sensors, a 16-Bit central processing unit, a CRT display screen and a collection of transparent overlay maps fitted to the screen. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Information processing KW - Maps KW - Monitoring KW - Navigation KW - Route choice KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189417 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373465 AU - Miyatake, K AU - Amimoto, H AU - ISHIDA, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONTINUOUS ANALYSIS SYSTEM OF ALCOHOL IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS PY - 1982 SP - p. 181-196 AB - This report describes the continuous alcohol gas analysis system for the alcohol-powered internal combustion engines. It incorporates the nondispersive infrared gas analyzer employing the cross-flow modulation method which provides virtually drift free performance and requires no optical adjustment. The full scale range of 100 ppm for methanol is feasible with heated sample cells of 100 deg C, the analyzer response time is 2.0 sec. at 90% of full scale, and the total accuracy including interferences is about 3 to 5 ppm. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohols KW - Emergency response time KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas analysis KW - Infrared analysis KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Methanol KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189419 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373478 AU - Perri, E AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ELECTRONIC DASHBOARD DEVICE SUGGESTING THE DRIVING BEHAVIOUR FOR IMPROVEMENT IN FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1982 SP - p. 381-394 AB - The information to be given to the driver to lower the fuel consumption must be useful in all driving conditions (i.e. at constant speed or acceleration), showing not only the "economy level" obtained, but also the best way to increase it, if possible, by changing the gear ratio, the speed, the acceleration. For this purpose, it is useful to know the way in which power requirement and engine speed determine fuel consumption. A car dashboard device has been prepared showing on the plane having RPM on abscissa and log HP on ordinate the working point of the engine and the level-curves of fuel consumption per hour; this plane is displayed by a led matrix driven by a simple micro-computer. On that plane three fields of different colours characterize three different levels of economy, obtained as a compromise between energetic efficiency of the engine and consumption per hour related to the car speed. The driving behaviour selected as the "best" (and controlled also by means of road tests) suggests high accelerations at low engine speeds and high gear ratios but avoiding full load. The values of the car speed and the kilometric fuel consumption on a digital display complete the information. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gears KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Microcomputers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189432 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373480 AU - Strauch, R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - AUTOMATION OF CAR BODY INSPECTION PY - 1982 SP - p. 415-426 AB - All over the world the automotive industry is increasing the productivity and flexibility of their assembly lines by using industrial robots for a lot of different tasks. This leads to the requirement that the quality control departments need more powerful inspection tools to cut down the number of faulty products. The paper describes the components of a robot inspection system which can be directly integrated into the production line to detect errors immediately. Different versions of this system are possible according to the required evaluation of the gathered measurements. The shown installations underline that this is the solution of the multiple inspection problems. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile industry KW - Inspection KW - Productivity KW - Quality control KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373912 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Glauz, W D AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Heenan, P J AU - National Safety Council TI - SEAT BELT USAGE IN KANSAS CITY PY - 1982 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - p. 89-92 AB - An observational survey was undertaken (1) to determine the extent to which Kansas City, Missouri, drivers use passenger vehicle restraint systems and (2) to suggest certain vehicle/driver/location parameters that appear to affect such usage. A stratified random sample of signalized intersections was selected for the study. Twelve locations were drawn from a list of city intersections that experienced at least 12 accidents in 1 of the past 3 years. Drivers at each of the intersections were unobtrusively observed at each of three time periods--morning rush period, evening rush period, and midday--when stopped for the red light. Results of the survey showed, on the average, that only about 1 out of 14 (7.4%) Kansas City drivers used some form of restraint system. Although usage rates varied throughout the city, even the locations with highest usage rates were below reported national averages. KW - Data collection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Peak periods KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194314 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373635 AU - Jones, I S AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - INJURY SEVERITY VERSUS CRASH SEVERITY FOR FRONT SEAT CAR OCCUPANTS INVOLVED IN FRONT AND SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 17-35 AB - This paper looks at the relationship between injury severity and crash severity in frontal and side impacts for both restrained and unrestrained occupants. Injury severity is measured using the Abbreviated Injury Scale for specific body regions and MAIS to measure overall severity. Crash severity is quantified using velocity change. The results are based on a representative sample of 1100 accident cases investigated in depth. Where possible accidents were reconstructed with the CRASH 2 computer program to provide reliable estimates of velocity change. Comprehensive injury data for occupants involved in these accidents was compiled by monitoring each injured occupant admitted to the accident hospital. The most frequent types of injury, by body region and severity and their corresponding injury sources are presented. Distributions of velocity change are given for front and side impacts, and by correlating the injury data with crash severity mean injury levels are determined. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Computer programs KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Front seats KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Severity KW - Side crashes KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194163 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373637 AU - Gimotty, P A AU - Chirachavala, T AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF SEVERE INJURY PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 63-76 AB - The data from the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) were used to investigate the relationship between occupant injury severity and associated crash conditions. Models that predict an individual's probability of severe injury are presented for side and front impacts. The most important variables in predicting injury severity were found to be Delta V (a measure of crash severity) and occupant age. Although the overall predictive capability of the injury severity models was good, the proportion of correct prediction of cases with severe injury was low. Model mispredictions were analyzed to characterize specific injuries for which the assigned levels of severity were inconsistent with the models. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Age KW - Crash severity KW - Forecasting KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical models KW - National crash severity study KW - Severity KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194165 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373650 AU - Ziegler, P N AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHOULDER BELT FIT AND OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 267-278 AB - Previous studies have shown that comfort and convenience problems are a major factor associated with non-use of safety belts. One of the most frequent criticisms cited is the poor fit of the shoulder belt. A solution to this fit problem was developed such that if shoulder belts were designed to fall within a specified "comfort zone", then the fit of this belt should be acceptable to 80 percent of the adult population. Because there was some concern that this comfort zone might compromise the crash protective capability of the belt system, a number of sled crash tests were conducted using various belt geometries and different sized dummies. The results indicated that designing shoulder belts to fall within the comfort zone would not compromise crash protective performance in frontal crashes. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Effectiveness KW - Fittings KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194178 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373652 AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Li, L K AU - POPKIN, C L AU - O'Neill, B AU - Burchman, P F AU - Wells, J K AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ROLLOVER AND SERIOUS DRIVER INJURY DIFFERENCES AMONG VARIOUS UTILITY VEHICLES, PICKUP TRUCKS, AND PASSENGER CAR GROUPS (DISCUSSION) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 297-311 AB - Rollover tendencies and resulting serious driver injuries are compared for utility vehicles, half-ton pickup trucks, and passenger cars using crash data from North Carolina (1973-78) and the Fatal Accident Reporting System (1978-79). In virtually every category of comparison -- crash involvement rates (particularly single vehicle), serious driver injuries, rate of rollover, serious driver injuries in rollover crashes, serious injuries for belted and unbelted drivers -- the Jeep CJ-5 had the least favorable results of the vehicles studied followed by the least favorable results of the vehicles studied followed by the pre-1978 Ford Bronco. The Toyota and Datsun pickups had results that were similar to those of the Chevrolet Blazer and were between the Jeep CJ-5 and Ford Bronco and the Ford and Chevrolet pickup trucks. For passenger cars the crash and injury rates were highest for the subcompacts and decreased with increasing wheelbase length. Finally, the effect of driver age is examined. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194180 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373654 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Waller, J A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - AN EVALUATION OF CRASH CULPABILITY TO ASSESS ALCOHOL AND DRUG IMPAIRMENT EFFECTS (DISCUSSION) (RESPONSE AND REPLY) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 329-348 AB - This paper evaluates judgments of driver crash culpability to estimate alcohol and drug impairment effects when exposure data are unavailable to calculate relative crash risks. Previous studies using culpability judgments provided some evidence that culpability is related to BAC. Other studies, some inferring culpability, indicated a relation between culpability and relative crash risk. Data are presented showing that culpability judgments with a rating scale have high interrater reliability, and systematic relations with BAC suggest some validity in the ratings. A method is demonstrated for estimating relative crash risk from culpability judgments with accident data, and the limitations of culpability analysis are discussed. While alcohol and drug impairment effects are best determined with relative crash risks determined from accident and exposure data, culpability analysis may provide useful indications in the absence of exposure data. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Culpability KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimating KW - Hazards KW - Impaired drivers KW - Reliability KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194182 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373643 AU - Jonah, B A AU - Dawson, N E AU - MacGregor, C G AU - WILDE, GJS AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PROMOTING SEAT BELT USE: A COMPARISON OF THREE APPROACHES PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 167-181 AB - Three approaches to promoting seat belt use in Canada are described along with evaluations of their effectiveness. A cooperative public education program was conducted by the Federal government and the ten provinces in the spring of 1981. The program consisted of public service announcements through the mass media, lectures, open-line programs, pamphlets, posters, etc. Measures of attitudes toward and self-reported use of seat belts before and after the campaign revealed no impact of the campaign even though during the post-test 25% of the respondents reported seeing a specific element of the campaign. Moreover, the attitudes and behaviours of those respondents who reported being exposed to the campaign were no different than those not exposed. A second approach is a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) whereby police forces in jurisdictions with seat belt laws increase the enforcement of this law publicizing the increased enforcement through the media. Also, during the STEP, public education activities are carried out promoting the use of seat belts (e.g. pamphlets, films, etc.) A 1979 STEP program is described whereby increases in enforcement in the Ottawa area resulted in an increase in belt use from 58% to 80%. Two years after the program, belt use was still 66%. Belt use in a control community declined during the same period of time from the baseline level. This study was replicated in 1981 with seat belt use increasing from 66% to 76%. The implications for repeated use of STEP's to promote belt use are discussed. The final approach is the use of feedback whereby a sign is posted at the roadside saying "Drivers wearing seat belts yesterday, 45%." Daily unobtrusive measures (i.e. binoculars) of belt use are made as drivers stop at a "T" intersection. A new percentage is posted on the sign daily. A small but significant increase in belt use was observed (4%). The effectiveness of the sign is discussed in terms of implied surveillance. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Selective traffic enforcement program KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194171 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373644 AU - ARORA, H R AU - Lawson, J J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ESTIMATES OF SEAT BELT USE IN CANADA FROM NATIONAL SURVEYS 1975-1981 PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 183-196 AB - Since the early 1970's seat belt use has been a major objective of federal and provincial government road safety policy, addressed by public education programmes, by equipment performance standards under the Motor Vehicle Safety Act, and, in some Provinces, by compulsory seat belt use legislation. To investigate the effects of these measures, the Department of Transport conducted roadside observation surveys of belt use nationally in 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980 and 1981. All of these surveys obtained records of daytime belt use by drivers of automobiles, classified by age-group and sex. At various times the surveys also obtained records of belt use by model year, make and size class of vehicle, type of belt system available, weekday vs. weekend, and rush-hour vs. non-rush-hour. Limited investigations were also made of passenger belt use and of night-time use. The paper presents the combined results of these surveys, showing how drivers' belt use has changed over the period covered. Overall, the national average use increased from 14% in 1975 to 43% in 1979, after which it appears to have slightly declined. Major differences exist among the provinces, the lowest rates having been 5% or less while the highest have exceeded 60%. The paper also examines the relationships between belt use and the major recorded variables. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Data collection KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Manual safety belts KW - Night KW - Passengers KW - Surveys KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194172 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373610 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Vejnoska, J AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - NHTSA LAUNCHES COMPREHENSIVE EFFORT TO ADDRESS DWI PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 1 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has launched a program to deal with the problem of traffic accidents, and deaths due to alcohol intoxication. This is a program of countermeasure research and technical and financial support to stimulate and catalyze effective programs within the States. The NHTSA efforts will concentrate on the following: providing technical assistance to improve enforcement, prosecution, education, and other efforts; training for practitioners, prosecutors, etc., providing seed money for programs through the highway safety grant program, developing countermeasures; and maintaining a clearinghouse of successful programs and techniques for combating drunk driving. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Fund allocations KW - Programs KW - Prosecution KW - Research KW - State government KW - Technical assistance KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194139 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373416 AU - Beske, P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING PY - 1982 SP - p. 57-72 AB - Throughout history man has tried to relieve himself of the burden of work with the aid of machines--which include robots as well. In the Louvre, for example, there is an Ancient Egyptian figure which represents a mechanical arm for kneading dough, while in the eighteenth century Vaucanson's automatons and machines (duck, mechanical loom) brought him esteem and renown. This paper describes the state of the art of robot development, shows some interesting applications and gives a brief survey of new features robots will have in the future. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Introductory Lectures, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Implementation KW - Industrial robots KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Robots KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189374 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373421 AU - Chevalier, P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - APPLICATIONS OF GROUP TECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING PY - 1982 SP - p. 27-42 AB - While Group Technology has been widely used in batch manufacturing, its potential benefits in automotive manufacturing are not yet well understood. This paper shows how Group Technology can be used to link databases, standardize designs, manage design changes, standardize purchased parts procurement, and to provide important feedback between manufacturing and design operations. The paper demonstrates that Group Technology can contribute to cost reduction and increased manufacturing efficiencies in automotive environments. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Design KW - Designing KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Group technology KW - Information processing KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Manufacturing KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189377 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373435 AU - Schneider, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - IMPROVED WORKING CONDITIONS AND PRODUCTIVITY PY - 1982 SP - p. 249-260 AB - After successful tests of advanced assembly methods involving group work and flexible cycle times in small pilot plants, Fiat has taken a major step forward and integrate the results of the previous experiences in a large engine assembly plant. Daily output is 1500 engines, with over 100 different possible models. The new plant is a joint effort by COMAU and SCHINDLER-DIGITRON. It includes: (1) group work in 11 assembly islands; (2) optimum ergonomic and environmental conditions at the individual workplaces; (3) automated assembly on 3 transfer lines; (4) flexible cycle times of 4-10 minutes (job enlargement); (5) individual freedom of +/- 15%; (6) group buffer capacity of 20 minutes; and (7) automated handling and storage of components and work-in-process. The system uses the latest available technologies for the management of production, materials and quality. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Engine assembly KW - Engines KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Productivity KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189391 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373436 AU - MAHMOOD, H F AU - Magee, C L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF THIN WALL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS FOR CRASH ENERGY MANAGEMENT PY - 1982 SP - p. 261-282 AB - Use of computer simulation models for structural design in vehicle crash will be discussed. A generalized set of needs for crashworthiness analysis is presented with special emphasis on section collapse of plate type box components. An interactive computer program has been developed to assist the designer in selecting the most efficient structural elements and their mode of collapse to meet the automotive requirements for crash energy management. The program predicts the maximum, corner and mean strengths of an axially compressed column, and the maximum bending strength and the hinge angle of rotation of a thin wall beam. Reduced section properties following local buckling are calculated as a function of the applied load. Modes of collapse under axial compression and under bending loads can be predicted and the stability thresholds determined. The underlying formulations were derived from stability considerations of a flat plate in compression and were verified by test results of thin wall box beams and columns with various geometry configurations and material properties. The method for implementing this program into a finite element beam-column code for the study of crash behavior of structural systems will be described. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Crashworthiness KW - Interactive computing KW - Simulation KW - Structural design KW - Thin walls KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189392 ER -