TY - CONF AN - 00393223 AU - Orofino, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - GENERALIZED MODEL FOR VEHICLE PERFORMANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTION EVALUATION PY - 1983 SP - p. 937-952 AB - A functional representation of the dynamic behavior of a motor vehicle is given. A complete analysis of the various parameters affecting performance and fuel consumption is carried out in order to investigate their influence. Functional relationships are developed to obtain an adequate model for performance and fuel consumption evaluation of an automotive vehicle alone or with one or more trailers. Various types of clutches (torque converters) and transmissions are taken into consideration. General equations for predicting performance of a 2, 4 or more wheel drive vehicle are presented for the cases of normal ride and axle skidding. A procedure for evaluating fuel consumption when vehicle speed versus time and road gradient and banking angles are known, is given. Other possible applications and improvements of the proposed calculation model are discussed. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Clutches KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Trailers KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211422 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393225 AU - HROVAT, D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - POWERTRAIN CONTROL USING OBSERVERS TO ESTIMATE UNMEASURED QUANTITIES PY - 1983 SP - p. 975-996 AB - A minimum-order observer was designed and applied to the problem of shift quality control of an automotive powertrain. The efficiency of the observer was demonstrated through computer simulations of linear and nonlinear powertrain models. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Mathematical models KW - Power trains KW - Quality control KW - Shifts KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211424 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393093 AU - Stojek, D AU - BOTTOMLEY, D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - THE FORD 3X6 ENGINE PROGRAM PY - 1983 SP - p. 111-126 AB - In recent years fuel economy has been an increasingly important factor in new car purchases. To meet customer demands, Ford Motor Company has been investigating various modifications to existing proven powertrains. Amongst these are: turbocharging, diesel engine, overdrive transmission, and multi-displacement gasoline engines. This paper deals with one of these options--multi-displacement. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gasoline engines KW - Multi-displacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211326 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393095 AU - WERLBERGER, P AU - Cartellieri, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - HIGH SPEED COMBUSTION PHOTOGRAPHY IN ACTUAL DIESEL ENGINES--A NEW APPROACH PY - 1983 SP - p. 143-160 AB - The main features of a new high speed combustion photography system developed in AVL's combustion research department are presented. The principle of the new approach taken consists in viewing the combustion process through specially designed endoscopes. Compared to conventional film techniques, endoscopes as photographic systems take advantage of very small windows fitted into the cylinder head of the engine in a similar way as is common practice with cylinder pressure transducers. Thus, also production engines can be adapted to this optical system. Individual elements of the system are described and the various possibilities of their arrangement pointed out. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - High speed photography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211328 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393110 AU - Leighton, N J AU - Jones, B AU - Hodgson, Donald AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL FOR ENHANCED ENGINE LIFE PY - 1983 SP - p. 449-462 AB - One of the primary causes of premature failure of petrol engines is the use of excessive engine speeds, particularly under cold start conditions. This problem is most evident in light commercial vehicles due to the gearing used. The unit described in this paper offers a solution to this problem which does not adversely affect driveability. The unit replaces the conventional throttle linkage with an electronic control. This controller contains a microprocessor which monitors the drivers pedal setting, the engine speed and the coolant temperature while operating the throttle with a small d.c. motor. This allows the driver full control of the throttle unless a maximum speed is exceeded, in which case the throttle is over-riden by the controller. Emphasis has been placed upon a design leading to a low cost, compact package easily fitted with a minimum of modification to the existing engine system. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine life KW - Engines KW - Gasoline engines KW - Low costs KW - Microprocessors KW - Service life KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211343 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393112 AU - STEEPLES, B AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - LABORATORY DURABILITY TESTING OF SHOCK ABSORBERS PY - 1983 SP - p. 477-508 AB - This paper discusses the development of the shock absorber seal and valve durability test with its associated unit performance measurements which have been developed by Ford Motor Company over the last five years. The discussion is outlined as follows: (1) Introduction; (2) Development of the Ford test procedure; (3) The pilot scheme; (4) The Ford test facility; (5) The rig control monitoring program; (6) System accuracy; (7) Self leveling shock absorbers; (8) System improvements; and (9) Typical data presentation. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Monitoring KW - Shock absorbers KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211345 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393210 AU - Benzi, A AU - Salvatore, O AU - Venturello, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - OPTOELECTRONIC DIMENSIONAL CONTROL ON TRUCK SIDE FRAMES PY - 1983 SP - p. 725-736 AB - The dimensional control on large parts generally requires measuring machines of very high cost of both purchase and maintenance. On the other hand measuring accuracies of such machines (of the order of few micrometers) are often in excess of what is required and execution times are very long. In this paper an optoelectronic measuring system, developed by Fiat Research Center and IVECO, devoted to the dimensional test of truck side frames is described. The system, which uses a CCD camera and a sophisticated optical system to assure a correct image on the sensor and avoid perspective errors due to the extent and thickness of the part, permits a very fast transversal axis measurement. The major axis measurement is performed in a standard way by an optical encoder. The system is able to control in diameter and position up to 500 holes on U shaped side frame, of maximum dimension of 10x0.5 m2, in less than two minutes and with an accuracy of a few tenths of a millimeter. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Dimensional measurement KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Frames KW - Measuring instruments KW - Optical measurement KW - Side frames KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211409 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393212 AU - Ramanaiah, G V AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - AUTOMOTIVE SPEED CONTROL DEVICES AND FUEL ECONOMY IN INDIA PY - 1983 SP - p. 755-764 AB - In the absence of an automatic transmission, the single, most-important factor contributing to fuel economy in automotive transport operations is the optimum speed. In order to run an automobile below uneconomical speeds a few speed control devices have been developed and tried with fuel savings ranging up to about 20 percent. Almost all such devices have been tested and certified by the Central Institute of Road Transport, Poona. The principles of operation of the speed control devices, the extent of fuel economy realised by using them, their reliability, etc., are discussed in this paper. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Design KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel conservation KW - Governors (Devices) KW - Reliability KW - Speed control KW - Speed control devices KW - Speed governor KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393086 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ISATA 83. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 1. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY SAVING IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES: PRODUCT AND PROCESS, COLOGNE, 19-23 SEPTEMBER 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 576 p. AB - This volume contains 30 papers from ISATA 83. They are grouped according to the following two categories: (1) fuel economy and powertrain management systems and (2) powertrain vehicle and component testing. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel conservation KW - Microprocessors KW - Performance KW - Performance analysis KW - Power trains KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393235 AU - Ironside, J M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - THE USE OF DIGITAL IGNITION TO IMPROVE THE FUEL ECONOMY OF A MODERN MEDIUM-SIZED FAMILY CAR PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Electronic control of major engine functions, such as ignition has been slow to catch on in Europe as compared with the USA. This has occurred because we in Europe have not been subject to the severe emissions and fuel-saving legislation imposed on the US car industry. Deployment of electronic controls here in Europe has waited instead until cost/effectiveness is certain. As an example this paper will describe the development of the Lucas AB16 digital ignition system, showing how fuel savings are obtained as a result of the greatly increased freedom made available to the engine designer in selecting ignition advance characteristics. KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Electronic ignition KW - Fuel conservation KW - Ignition systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393237 AU - Honk, A AU - Lotko, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - DIAGNOSTIC METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER TIGHTNESS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES BY MEANS OF VORTEX FLOW--METER WITH ULTRASONIC SWIRLS DETECTION PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Treating the engine as a complex object, coupled with the environment by many factors indispensable for its running (such as fuel, air, combustion products, output power), we can consider the above elements as diagnostic symptoms in relation to the technical state of the internal structure of the object under examination. The factors coupling the complex object (engine) under examination with the environment are functions of many parameters characterizing the state of the complex object, e.g. they can be rotational speed functions. The authors of this paper have made an attempt to identify the relationships between the quantity of air sucked-in by the compression-ignition engine and the technical state of some of its elements determining the operation of the complex object (combustion chamber tightness). KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Flowmeters KW - Tightness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393228 AU - Chaplin, GBB AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - THE ESSEX SYNCHRONOUS CANCELLATION SYSTEM--A NEW STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - The novel Essex synchronous cancellation system has been used for cancelling low frequency exhaust (and inlet) noise "at source" for several years on a variety of diesel generators and in outdoor, including marine, environments. The same system is also being used to cancel vibration at the mounts of a piston-type compressor, mounted on a large and highly resonant seating. Vibration reduction of at least 40dB is achieved from the lowest frequency of 3Hz up to 250Hz or more. The main purpose of this paper is to show that a unique feature of the synchronous cancellation of vibration could allow the engine to be used as a structural component, instead of being a mass/spring liability. KW - Noise KW - Synchronous cancellation KW - Vehicle design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393229 AU - Townsend, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - COMPUTER PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF PASS-BY EXTERNAL NOISE TEST RESULTS PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - Continued tightening of motor vehicle external noise legislation places an ever increasing burden upon manufacturers to meet more stringent noise requirements. Techniques for reduction of pass-by test levels require detailed knowledge of source strengths and positions on the vehicle. Recently developed methods of data acquisition and analysis are described. The presentation of the results of pass-by tests in the form of spectrum maps with correction for the effect of doppler shift is shown. A computer program is developed to predict noise and vehicle performance during the pass-by test from fundamental vehicle and component data, thereby enabling the evaluation of changes in vehicle design or test standards. KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Noise KW - Pass-by tests KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208078 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393102 AU - Reddi, K S AU - Mathur, H B AU - Babu, MKG AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE OPERATING ON GASOLINE AND METHANOL PY - 1983 SP - p. 291-308 AB - The investigations relating to the energy economy and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine operating on gasoline and neat methanol under carburetion and manifold injection modes are described. The significant aspects of using neat methanol with reference to savings in energy consumption and reduction in exhaust emissions are highlighted. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211335 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393103 AU - Richardson, R M AU - Crawford, I L AU - Woolgar, R J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - A MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLER FOR RESEARCH STUDIES ON AN ECONOMY TRANSMISSION PY - 1983 SP - p. 309-328 AB - An electronically controlled five speed mechanical drive transmission was built and developed to provide fundamental engineering information on the possible strategies and fuel economy benefits of a microprocessor control system. A general purpose microprocessor was configured to provide extensive data logging and monitoring facilities as well as transmission control duties. Both hardware and software were designed for maximum flexibility of program function and operating strategies. The microprocessor program structure as described was developed directly by the automotive development engineers concerned and its progression from initial concept to fully operational state is outlined. The majority of the fuel economy evaluations were carried out over actual road routes and techniques are described for logging and presenting data to analyse the effectiveness of different control strategies. Examples of fuel economy results and associated statistical data are given. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Electronic control KW - Field tests KW - Fuel conservation KW - Microprocessors KW - Tricycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211336 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393204 AU - FEOLA, M AU - Rocco, A AU - SCOGNAMIGLIO, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPERCHARGING RATIO ON THE FRICTIONAL LOSSES OF A SINGLE-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - p. 637-654 AB - Frictional losses of reciprocating internal combustion engines, as part of total losses, play an important role in energy saving problems. The influence of the supercharging ratio on frictional losses, in this paper, is especially analysed. All the experiments have been carried out employing a direct injection single-cylinder AVL diesel engine. The results of this investigation proved that the frictional losses, expressed through the frictional mean effective pressure, linearly increase with the supercharging ratio at given values of the brake load and of speed of rotation. Such an influence is expressed by a relation proposed by the Authors. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diesel engines KW - Equations KW - Experiments KW - Friction losses KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Superchargers KW - Supercharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211403 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393205 AU - Francis, R O AU - Rasak, C A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - REAL-TIME QUALITY CONTROL FOR FORD MOTOR COMPANY'S ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - p. 655-670 AB - Since introduction in 1978, Ford Motor Company's Electronic Engine Control (EEC) system has grown substantially from controlling ignition timing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Now, the EEC-IV is an integrated complex system which senses such conditions as engine speed, throttle position, manifold pressure, crankshaft position and a host of other measurements and controls. The EEC monitors the engine in "real-time", that is, in a time critical environment where decisions must be made almost instantaneously. The software required to manipulate the EEC system is quite complex and must be carefully designed and regulated. The development of this software requires quality control techniques and methodologies that provide a series of independent checks and balances. From the initial design of an EEC module to the final testing phases, software quality assurance is a critical step in the overall successful performance of the engine. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Quality control KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Software KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211404 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393218 AU - Cirillo, F AU - Cecchi, L AU - Chines, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ROBOTS FOR THE BRAZING OF HEATED REAR WINDOWS PY - 1983 SP - p. 861-880 AB - The authors designed and realized robots for the resistance brazing of heated rear windows. In this paper they describe the structure, the main technological and realizing problems, the obtained performances and results. These robots are fully original systems able, through a Joule Effect process and the suitable handling and positioning mechanisms and control systems, to execute the brazing of electrical terminals onto the printed resistances of heated rear windows of any shape. The industrial application of these robots allows to avoid burdensome and aleatory manual operations, obtaining solderings with a decidedly superior quality and reproducibility. The insertion of these robots in the production line, made by primary car-glass manufacturers, proved moreover their economic importance for the higher production ratings and the important savings of solder alloy. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Brazing KW - Defoggers KW - Industries KW - Productivity KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Rear windows KW - Robots KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Windows (Vehicles) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211417 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393219 AU - Bradshaw, N F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ENERGY CONSERVATION IN AUTOMOTIVE FINISHING PY - 1983 SP - p. 881-894 AB - The rapid strides which have been made in the last four to six years to reduce energy costs in the painting of automobiles have shown that some dramatic economies are possible and saving of energy in excess of 50% per vehicle can be achieved. Much of the potential stems from the emphasis placed on automation and the ultimate in economy is yet to be reached. This paper presents typical requirements of electricity and heat for a small automotive painting plant, then examines some of the variables which influence these figures. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Painting KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211418 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393222 AU - Schmidt, W AU - WAGNER, B AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS--A TOOL FOR ENERGY SAVING IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1983 SP - p. 917-936 AB - Computational methods in aerodynamics are well established design tools in aerospace industry and research institutes. In the past mainly potential methods for nonlifting and lifting flows over complex three-dimensional shapes have been used extensively to compute inviscid flow without separation. To analyse subsonic flow over wings or bodies including viscosity effects, panel methods have been used together with three-dimensional boundary layer methods and similar car studies have been successfully demonstrated. The general application of these methods, however, is limited by the complex wake and vortex structures behind car shapes of practical interest. More recently, based on the extreme importance of transonic flow in aircraft aerodynamics, new classes of computational methods solving the whole flow field have got wide attention. Especially the finite volume solvers which treat either the time-dependent Euler equations or the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are well suited to analyse external aerodynamics of cars. Also a coupling between Euler methods and three-dimensional boundary layer codes appears to be very promising. Improved engine designs can be obtained by better understanding of the flow field in the combustion chamber. Since experimental insight is costly and difficult, if possible at all, computational methods offer an alternative access to the problem for the future. For such a numerical simulation of time-dependent in-cylinder flows finite volume methods solving the Navier-Stokes solutions appear to be very efficient because they are capable of dealing easily with complex shapes and all important flow details such as heat transfer, fuel injection, and combustion, and any turbulence can be included. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Aerodynamics KW - Calculation KW - Combustion chambers KW - Computation KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Equations KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393232 AU - Bouis, D AU - Haller, R AU - GEISER, G AU - HEINTZ, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ERGONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF LCD-DISPLAYS IN MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - New display technologies in motor vehicles call for changes in the mode of instrumentation. In view of already realized subsystems such as digital clocks (LCD and VFL-technology), or LED signal lamps, it has to be ascertained with regard to a uniform instrument panel concept, in which way all the informations can be best displayed e.g. with the aid of LCD-technology. Furthermore, the possibilities for data representation additionally created by the new technology should be fully utilized. In this paper these problems are investigated regarding the optimization of the information flow between vehicle and driver. There are different modes of information coding. The question was open whether continuously variable information (tachometer, speedometer) should be displayed digital or analogue. This is the main topic of this paper. KW - Analog computers KW - Analog systems KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Optimization KW - Speedometers KW - Tachometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208081 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393088 AU - NEWMAN, D W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - A MICROPROCESSOR DRIVEN AIR BY-PASS VALVE FOR IDLE SPEED CONTROL PY - 1983 SP - p. 15-30 AB - Several techniques of closed loop idle speed control have been evaluated within the Ford Motor Company that use both throttle-stop--stepper motor and air by-pass valves with microprocessor "feed forward" and "feed back" control strategies. This paper describes one such application that used an air by-pass valve and the Ford Motor Company's "Electronic Engine Control" (EEC IV) microprocessor. A prime requirement of an Idle Speed Control system is to provide speed stability during changes in load caused by the transition from neutral to drive on an automatic and by steps in load from electrical equipment such as air-conditioning. Although this can be achieved with "Pre-emption" input signals and feed forward, component and wiring loom cost can be reduced by Proportioned Integral feedback alone. This technique places greater emphasis on loop stability, gain and linearity control and the paper describes how the EEC IV development aids were used to optimise the calibration parameters associated with the control strategy. Results are presented in the form of graphic speed responses to step changes in engine load and target speeds together with a summary of microprocessor resources used to implement the control strategy. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bypass valves KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Idle speed control KW - Microprocessors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211321 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393099 AU - Kuntscher, V AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - CHARGE STRATIFICATION AND LEAN MIXTURE COMBUSTION SYSTEMS IN TWO-STROKE OTTO CYCLE ENGINES BY MEANS OF ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED PRESSURE IMPACT INJECTION PY - 1983 SP - p. 225-244 AB - At present research in the field of internal combustion engines is concentrated both on problems of toxic engine emissions and reduction of fuel consumption. Special attempts are being made to burn lean mixtures in spark-ignition engines in order to reduce fuel consumption and toxic engine exhaust. One way is the metering of fuel by means of microelectronic devices combined with the development of special combustion processes. Nearly all investigations described in scientific literature of the field apply to four-stroke engines. This paper presents the results of investigations for reducing fuel consumption in two-stroke engines with stratified charge combustion process and with lean mixture combustion, both accomplished by means of electronically controlled fuel injection. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Combustion KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Otto cycle engines KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211332 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393106 AU - Schirmer, K AU - Hell, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - FULLY AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF A GENERATOR TEST RIG WITH REGISTRATION OF MEASUREMENT DATA BY A TEST RIG PROCESSOR SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - p. 367-378 AB - In the example described here, a central main computer directs the operation of various test rigs, a central main computer directs the operation of various test rigs, but at the same time has a very high proportion of its capacity taken up by other tasks, such as stock accounting. The limits of this system are soon reached as a result of the time sharing operation. One alternative was to distribute the tasks to autonomous test rig computers (in the form of personal computers) which can control and monitor the test rig concerned completely independently. At the same time they maintain communication with the central system. A generator test rig is described here as an example of such a system. The system serves to register the characteristic data of a motor vehicle generator and to record the test behaviour under characteristic operating conditions. The relationship of various operating parameters such as speed of rotation, current delivery, etc. is shown by plotting characteristic curves. In this way it is possible to test the performance of prototypes, and to test standard production units for conformance with specifications. The recorded measurement data are stored in an intermediate memory by the personal computer, and then transferred later to the main computer. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automatic control KW - Generators KW - Information processing KW - Personal computers KW - Software KW - Testing KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211339 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393113 AU - Clark, C A AU - Hil, R W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - RICARDO'S HEAVY DUTY, TRANSIENT TEST FACILITY--THE FIRST OF A NEW GENERATION PY - 1983 SP - p. 509-526 AB - The first of a new family of computer aided test beds designed and developed at Shoreham is described. This is dedicated to the US Environmental Protection Agency's Heavy Duty test cycle for exhaust gas and particulate emissions measurement. This complex system involves the use of computer control of a dynamometer which can switch quickly from absorbing to motoring, the engine itself and a sophisticated exhaust emissions analysis trolley and associated Constant Volume Sampling system. A number of mini and micro-computer systems from the Texas Instruments range have been used in this development, forming part of a modular series of packages which are the basis of the new family of test bed control systems. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Control systems KW - Dynamometers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heavy duty engines KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Measuring instruments KW - Particulates KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211346 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393201 AU - King, F G AU - Gable, S V AU - Derr, J H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - AN AUTOMATIC DRIVER SYSTEM FOR DYNAMIC TESTING OF VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - p. 590-606 AB - This paper presents an overview of the development of an Automatic Driver System (ADS) for vehicle testing with or without chassis rolls dynamometers. The ADS is a microprocessor based analog control system which uses engine or vehicle speed as its feedback signal. Both automatic and manual transmission vehicles can be tested with the ADS on electric chassis rolls dynamometers. The frictional loading function of the dynamometer is used for braking, when necessary, during decelerations. The ADS can control up to three actuators concurrently: the accelerator pedal, the clutch pedal and gear shift lever. The ADS has achieved excellent speed trace accuracy and repeatability, and throttle fluctuations are kept to a minimum without compromising speed trace accuracy. Obvious benefits of the ADS are increased productivity and higher test quality. Cost reductions are also realized through elimination of repeated tests necessitated from errors, inaccuracies and inconsistencies of human operators. The system is being used for production screening as well as for emissions test cell correlation work. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic driver system KW - Dynamic tests KW - Dynamometers KW - Microprocessors KW - Productivity KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211400 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393208 AU - Hochtl, W AU - Wittwer, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - A NEW ROTATING PRISM DRUM CAMERA PY - 1983 SP - p. 703-706 AB - This paper describes a new camera that has been developed by Volkswagen research with the aim of reducing film consumption. Instead of the 30 meters of film usually required, the new camera requires only approximately 1 meter per test. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cameras KW - Crashes KW - Development KW - High speed photography KW - Impact tests KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Testing KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211407 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393215 AU - Benzi, A AU - Pizzi, P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - INTEGRATED QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL VEHICLES CRANKSHAFTS PY - 1983 SP - p. 809-830 AB - An integrated quality control system for the crankshaft of an industrial vehicle is under development at Turin Iveco factory. The system not only increases the quality and reliability of the component, but also reduces redundancies both in the production processes and in the design. Correlations with field and accelerated tests will give the "weight" of the critical parameters and the effective needs and specifications during manufacturing; these results will have a feedback on the costs reduction of the components. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Costs KW - Crankshafts KW - Manufacturing KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393234 AU - Freestone, J W AU - HADDAD, S D AU - Mowat, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TESTING DIESEL ENGINES BY THE FREE ACCELERATION METHOD PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - One of the more recent techniques in the area of engine testing and fault diagnosis is the free acceleration test. This involves accelerating the engine by applying full throttle from idle speed, using the engine's own inertia as load. The flywheel speed is measured and with a knowledge of the engine's moment of inertia the torque and power can be easily evaluated. This offers the engine manufacturer considerable advantages and cost savings as an end-of-line production test, requiring no dynamometer and associated facilities. This method is also ideally suited to testing engines in situ. However researchers have indicated, for the naturally aspirated diesel engine in particular, that this method tends to overestimate the torque and power. Results of free acceleration tests on a four-cylinder naturally-aspirated diesel engine are compared with steady-state values, to illustrate the differences between the two methods. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Diesel engines KW - Power KW - Testing KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393236 AU - Sobocinski, R AU - Orzechowski, T AU - Owsiak, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR AN ENGINE COOLING RADIATOR PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper presents a computational model for an engine radiator. It is based on three differential equations written for an infinite thickness of water and air in the crossflow. The model is used to compute air and water temperatures and general heat rejection by the radiator as a function of air and water properties. Complete solutions of the equations are useful in designing vehicle cooling systems. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Design KW - Differential equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Radiators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208085 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393092 AU - Clark, C A AU - Boer, C D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ENGINE CONTROL STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT USING THE RICARDO MICROPROCESSOR ENGINE CONTROL UNIT PY - 1983 SP - p. 99-110 AB - The advent of electronic management systems for the control of internal combustion engines requires a systems approach to engine and control unit design. To augment its traditional expertise in the field of internal combustion engine design and development, Ricardo has developed a Microprocessor Engine Controller (MEC) for the development of engine control strategies. Emphasis has been placed on producing a unit capable of accepting a large number of control input variables and a wide range of possible control outputs. The unit can thus be used to control fuelling, timing and/or EGR rates on both diesel and gasoline engines. An ergonomic user interface allows the ready modification of control parameters during engine running both on the test bed and in the vehicle and these can be retained within the unit's non-volatile memory for later examination by the test engineer. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fueling KW - Gasoline engines KW - Ignition timing KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Microprocessors KW - Refueling KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211325 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393094 AU - Marko, K A AU - Klick, D I AU - Rimai, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - LASER DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN COMBUSTIVE FLOWS PY - 1983 SP - p. 127-142 AB - Increased vehicle fuel economy through improvements in engine operation depends on improved fundamental understanding of the combustion process by modern diagnostic techniques such as laser anemometry. Here we discuss (a) new techniques of time resolved, single point velocity measurements and larger scale mapping by seed particle track imaging, and (b) applications of these methods to cycle-resolved engine flow studies and to other model flows relevant to IC engines. The point measurements rely on the recording and storage of the complete time evolution of the light scattering from seed particles crossing a suitable fringe system, at sufficiently high seeding rates to obtain a continuous velocity measurement. The larger scale flow mapping records the images of seed tracks by a conditional sampling technique on the output of an intensified vidicon detector. A system for acquisition of velocity field data in operating engines will be described and data for studies of the nature of cyclic velocity fluctuations in motored and firing engines will be discussed, as well as measurements of unstable flow in conventional burner assemblies. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Combustion KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine mapping KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Laser anemometry KW - Velocity measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211327 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393096 AU - Frodsham, J S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - A COHERENT APPROACH TO KNOCK DETECTION PY - 1983 SP - p. 161-182 AB - This paper describes an investigation into the detection of "knock" in petrol engines using coherence function methods. The object of this work was to assess the effectiveness of such techniques in providing an indicator for the occurrence of detonation. Cylinder pressure and engine vibration data were recorded on magnetic tape, and analysed using a dual channel Fourier analyser. Further study was undertaken using a PDP 11/34 computer-based array processor. Signal processing techniques were applied to generate frequency analyses of cylinder pressure and engine vibration signals. These data were used to compute partial and multiple coherence functions between pertinent signal channels, and provide information about causal relationships between them. Engines of different design and wear level have been assessed and knock has been reliably detected at engine speeds up to at least 4800 rpm. The techniques described are now used to define optimum sensor locations during development of knock-sensing ignition systems. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Coherence functions KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Engine knock KW - Fourier analysis KW - Signal processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211329 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393109 AU - Heibing, B AU - ROMPE, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - OBJECTIVE TEST PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE DRIVING BEHAVIOUR OF VEHICLES WITH ANTI-SKID SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - p. 429-448 AB - Until recently all anti-skid systems have been very complex and expensive. Having the objective of using the advantages of the anti-skid system but with less technical resources, various producers have simplified the anti-skid system. To make evident where the limits of such a simplified anti-skid system are, it might be useful to indicate test data for the valuation of steering-braking behavior of vehicles with the anti-skid system. Based on comparable works on vehicles braked traditionally in the scale of experimental and theoretical investigation, it was examined at which test maneuvers and which test criteria an objective description of the driving qualities of vehicles with the anti-skid system is possible. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Antiskid device KW - Braking KW - Driveability KW - Skid resistance KW - Steering KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211342 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393111 AU - Zeller, P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - A HIGHSPEED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ENGINE INDICATOR DIAGRAMS PY - 1983 SP - p. 463-476 AB - In the past highspeed data acquisition systems for cylinder pressure measurements in combustion engines used mainly magnetic tape recording technique. In the last years tape recorders have been replaced increasingly by computer systems with sufficient data handling rates. The economic availability of large scale integrated memory circuits makes it possible today to realize an effective alternative. In this concept the memory circuits serve as high speed data buffer for the incoming data. These will be processed afterwards by a minicomputer system. For final calculations and thermodynamic evaluation the data can be transferred to a central computer. This system concept involves a quick look data evaluation. Therefore it will be possible to perceive incorrect measurements early in the process enabling the test engineer to proceed with the appropriate correction measures. The use of such a system can be simplified by a comprehensive operator guidance along with measurement automation. This paper introduces the hardware and software structure of a system realized according to this concept in the Research and Development Division of BMW and reports on the first field experience with this system. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Hardware KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Software KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211344 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393211 AU - Upchurch, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE, COMPUTER CONTROLLED FUEL METER CALIBRATION SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - p. 737-754 AB - This paper describes the design and development of a fuel meter calibration system. Use of a central, intelligent controller means that difficult calibration techniques can be adopted, which would previously have been too complex for consideration. The multi-fuel ability of the system means that the flow meter can now be tested using exactly the same fuel as is consumed by the engine. Efficiency has been greatly improved, as cell down-time has been reduced from 7 hours to 2 hours, and personnel time from 14 to 2 man hours, per calibration. Accuracy has increased and results have exhibited better repeatability. The system has proved flexible enough to be adapted for use on other types of flow meter. A further development of the system could be the exchange of the signal acquisition part of the system for another instrument. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Control systems KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Flow KW - Flowmeters KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuels KW - Metering KW - Repeatability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211410 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393213 AU - Wilson, R V AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - FAST RESPONSE REGENERATIVE DYNAMOMETERS PY - 1983 SP - p. 765-774 AB - This paper describes the regenerative electrical dynamometer. Its main features are: (1) The maximum possible proportion of the engine shaft output energy is recovered and returned as electrical energy to the A.C. mains supply, the converter being always automatically synchronized in voltage, phase and frequency at any engine speed; (2) The double bridge configuration allows the design of a very responsive dynamometer system, which will switch from loading to motoring rapidly; (3) As the dynamometer can also be used to provide motoring torque, it may be used to start the engine or turn the engine at high speed (with no fuel supplied to it) so as to measure friction losses, check valvegear, lubrication, etc.; (4) The torque readout system utilizes the well understood and accepted swinging frame machine which is easy to calibrate; (5) There are other advantages in that the test rig is extremely easy to use and easily interfaced to a computer or microprocessor system. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Configuration KW - Design KW - Dynamometers KW - Energy conservation KW - Regenerative electrical dynamometer KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393238 AU - Kozaczewski, W AU - Barszcz, Z AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - THE ALGORITHM FOR DETERMINATION OF THE ENGINE MAP BASED ON TEST RESULTS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper describes a procedure to determine a specific fuel consumption map based on the data obtained during measurements on the test bed. The data are processed by a computer. Examples are shown of maps of a spark ignition engine and a compression ignition engine. KW - Algorithms KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Engine mapping KW - Fuel consumption KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208087 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393098 AU - SULLIVAN, J A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - CENTRAL FUEL INJECTION ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - p. 209-224 AB - This paper describes the Ford Motor Company's new totally electronic fuel metering concept called Central Fuel Injection (CFI). The CFI concept is a fuel system designed to meet the increasing government mandated emission and fuel economy requirements and, at the same time, remain cost competitive with a carburetor. Ford's introduction of the Electronic Engine Control (EEC) format in 1978 placed an electronic microprocessor and a variety of engine sensors in the vehicle which together are capable of monitoring and controlling such engine functions as spark timing, fuel metering, and Idle Speed Control (ISC). The CFI concept utilizes this format by either speed density calculation or flow measurement of the engine's airflow characteristics and pulse duration modulation of the fuel injection delivery system. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air quality management KW - Costs KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel injection KW - Microprocessors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211331 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393100 AU - KITTELSON, D B AU - Pipho, M J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - OPTIMIZING CONTROL OF DIESEL INJECTION TIMING PY - 1983 SP - p. 245-272 AB - A closed-loop digital system for the control of diesel engine timing has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The optimizing control system continuously searches for maximum brake torque (MBT) fuel injection timing, or a timing advanced or retarded a pre-determined amount from MBT. It utilizes peak seeking logic in which the injection timing is continuously dithered (alternately advanced and retarded by small amounts) and corrected in accordance with engine speed changes resulting from the dithering. Two types of optimizing control are discussed: time-based and crankangle-based. The time-based control operates at fixed dither frequency. The system used in the experimental tests was a time-based control system. With the crankangle-based control, dithering is synchronized to engine rotation. Thus, the dither frequency varies with engine speed. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diesel engines KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Engine timing KW - Experiments KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel injection KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Optimization KW - Simulation KW - Valve timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211333 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393105 AU - Wilkinson, ACN AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - POWERTRAIN ELECTRONIC CONTROLLERS DISCRETE UNITS VS MULTIFUNCTION PY - 1983 SP - p. 355-366 AB - This paper reviews the factors which influence the use of electronic control units (ECU's) in the automotive environment. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of using a number of single function powertrain controllers against those of a single, complex multifunction controller. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Electronic control KW - Power trains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211338 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393107 AU - Hayne, A G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - THE TESTING OF FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLE SYSTEMS BY USE OF A DISTRIBUTED MICROPROCESSOR FACILITY PY - 1983 SP - p. 379-406 AB - This paper describes the new test facility available for the testing of fuel efficient vehicle systems by the use of a distributed microprocessor controlled data acquisition system. The test facility is capable of a wide variety of rolling road test procedures for worldwide emission and fuel economy tests. The analytical system can simultaneously use up to three sample positions on the exhaust system of a vehicle together with an inlet manifold sample point for EGR rates. Additional data may also be recorded from the vehicle itself either in analogue or digital form. The test data may be stored on computer disc at up to a second by second rate, for later analysis or presented in tabular form in real time and/or in graphical form. The system is used in the development of fuel efficient vehicle systems for BL Cars and its product companies. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Microprocessors KW - Road tests KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211340 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393200 AU - Roca-Nierga, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - AN INTEGRATED RESEARCH TESTING FOR AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS AND ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - p. 577-588 AB - This paper shows the application of the principles of distributed computer network to the field of automated research testing for component and internal combustion engines testing. Our company was faced with the necessity of optimizing the time used for testing automotive components, when applied to a particular engine. This means normally work on the component, in our case gasoline fuel injection pumps, optimize it and later work on the engine for controlling the results that arise from the hot test. The difficulty was that of correlating the parameters of both tests in order to give to the setting sequence the corrected values. For doing so, we thought to use our 32-bit real time scientific central computer and make it to dialog with a network of up to 64, 16-bit microprocessors each one governing one test bed. The test site is controlled independently by the local computer, both for sequence testing and alarm levels. The results of the test are transmitted to the host computer for storing. The central computer provides for sending the needed set points to any test site in sequence, performs network checking, stores and manipulates the data for graphics and statistical analysis. Thus, it is possible for the researcher to investigate the behaviour of the component either on the test bench or when mounted on the engine, and produce the correct sequence of testing that will optimize it. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Information processing KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Microprocessors KW - Optimization KW - Testing KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211399 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393207 AU - Auweraer, H van der AU - Herck, P van AU - Snoeys, R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - MULTICHANNEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR MODAL ANALYSIS OF PASSENGER CARS PY - 1983 SP - p. 683-702 AB - Our aim was to design a multichannel data-acquisition system front-end for our H.P. 1000 computer. This system (Digital Data Harvester) should be easily expandable and flexible enough to be used with a wide range of mini and micro computers. Although the original design purpose was to develop such a system for Modal Analysis, its application area is likely to be much wider. The design of this system is related to the evolution of Fourier Analysis equipment in two directions: the small, but powerful systems, based on a microcomputer or even a microprocessor, with a limited number of channels, will remain a good solution for many problems; and the "big" systems, which are expensive as they are inflexible to be used for other purposes, will be more and more replaced by general purpose computers with a data-acquisition front-end and eventually upgraded by a preprocessing unit or an array processor. As the expandability to a great number of channels was the most important design requirement, some attention is paid to the reasons for this demand. After a summary of the other requirements, our solution proposals are discussed in more detail. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Modal analysis KW - Modal split KW - Multichannel system KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211406 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393209 AU - Kuper, P-F AU - Renn, E AU - Sauerwein, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - MODAL MASS EXHAUST EMISSION MEASUREMENT DURING ECE-TESTING PY - 1983 SP - p. 707-724 AB - This paper describes exhaust emission measurements performed during an ECE test. The mass emissions are presented as both, overall results obtained from sample bag analysis and partial results of individual test phases, determined by means of modal analysis. It has been found, that it is important to take into consideration the time lags of the test device in order to obtain an accurate modal analysis. Using a computer, it seems to be possible to approximate a precise modal analysis by applying variable time lags to each of the operation phases, since a driving curve used for the ECE test is relatively simply structured. In the case of complicated driving curves, however, a sufficient precise analysis of transient processes seems only possible by modifying the dilution system. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Exhaust gases KW - Measurement KW - Modal analysis KW - Modal split UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211408 ER - TY - SER AN - 00392461 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYSIS OF ISSUES IN ENERGY PLANNING AND ENERGY MODELING SN - 030903650X PY - 1983 IS - 935 SP - 45p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Energy Shortfalls and Peak-Hour Transit Capacity Problems: The 1979 Experience, D.K. Boyle and J.R. Cantine; An Evaluation of Options for Freight Carriers During a Fuel Crisis, L.R. Johnson and C.L. Saricks; Evaluation of Management Measures to Reduce Gasoline Queues at Service Stations: A Simulation Approach, A.G. Hobeika and S.H. Young; Analysis of Total Energy Use of Urban Transportation Energy Conservation Strategies, M.K. Singh and S.J. LaBelle; The California Freight Energy Demand Model, H. Weinblatt; Individual Responses to Rising Gasoline Prices: A Panel Approach, R.B. Trent and C.R. Pollard; and Determinants of New-Car Fuel Efficiency, R.J. Sutherland and A. Ford. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Management KW - Mathematical models KW - Peak periods KW - Queuing KW - Service stations KW - Simulation KW - Supply KW - Transit capacity KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Urban transportation KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392777 AU - Haddon, W AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - AUTOMOBILE INJURIES RELATED TO DRUG ABUSE: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOME OF THE BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PREVENTION AND RESEARCH PY - 1983 SP - 53 p. AB - The paper holds that research and preventive measures to reduce injuries stemming from the use of alcohol and other drugs in relation to motor vehicles need not always be concerned with the pharmacologic agents in crash initiation and with the characteristics of their users. It would be more constructive from the standpoint of reducing injuries to give more emphasis to those characteristics of these events whose practical modification would ameliorate or completely prevent the final result, injury of given severity. The author presents a matrix to sort out the pieces of comprehensive data collection, research, preventive or other approach to losses associated with vehicle use. The matrix also points out where alcohol and other drugs fit in the overall picture. In this matrix, the general sequence of events which lead to given totals of losses on public or private balance sheets divides into three phases of interactions which are labelled PreEvent, Event, and PostEvent. The use of the matrix and the method is discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Data collection KW - Drugs KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207769 ER - TY - SER AN - 00392261 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE PLANNING SN - 0309036216 PY - 1983 IS - 931 SP - 128p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Evaluation of Portland Transit Mall, K.J. Dueker et al; Downtown Retail in Boston: Social Trends and Impact of a Pedestrian Mall, K. Karash; Land Use-Transportation Analysis System for a Metropolitan Area, H. Nakamura, et al; Use of TOPAZ for Transportation-Land Use Planning in a Suburban County, J.W. Dickey and C. Leiner; Challenges to the Future of Urban Transportation Planning, J.L. Schofer; Statewide Transportation Planning in Minnesota, P.A. Fausch and P.C. Plank; Statewide Transportation Planning in Uncertain Times, R.S. Nielsen; Revenue versus Needs: An Analytic Approach, K.R. Howe and R.E. Esch; Renaissance for the State Transportation Needs Study, T.L. Gotts and R.A. Wilson; Long-Range Transportation Revenue Forecasting, A.R. Friend and R.E. Esch; Approach to Transportation Planning for a Higher Education System, D.C. Gerhard; Campus Development, Parking, and Transit Trade-offs, S.A. Salter and D.R. Miller; Campus Traffic and Parking Problems and Some Solutions, J.W. Guyton; Work Location Estimation for Small Urban and Rural Areas, Y.J. Stephanedes and D.M. Eagle; Multipurpose Traffic Assignment Using Volume Restraint and Link Restraint for Application in Small Urban Areas, D.S. Leftwich and C.L. Heimbach; Spatial Aggregation Effects in Equilibrium and All-or-Nothing Assignments, P.H.L. Bovy and G.R.M. Jansen; Benefits Matrix Model for Transportation Project Evaluation, M.R. Poole and P.D. Cribbins; New Fixed-Route Bus Service in a Small Urban Area, A. Chatterjee and F.J. Wegmann; Evaluation of the Transferability of Trip Generation Models from One Urban Area to Another, L.R. Goode and C.L. Heimbach; Interactive Network Edit and Display Program for the Apple II Personal Computer, R.B. Dial. KW - Campuses KW - Forecasting KW - Land use planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Needs assessment KW - Parking KW - Personal computers KW - Revenues KW - Shopping centers KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic restraint KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning KW - Trip generation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210890 ER - TY - SER AN - 00391812 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC DELINEATION, WORK-ZONE PROTECTION, AND WINTER MAINTENANCE SN - 0309036232 PY - 1983 IS - 933 SP - 31p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Maintenance of Reflective Signs, W.D. Kenyon et al; New-Old Cost-Cutting Concept in Traffic Marking, H.C. Rhudy and J.R. Ritter; Collection of Work-Zone Accident Data (Abridgment), J.L. Graham and James Migletz; Field Evaluation of Snowplowable Pavement Markers, J.G. Pigman and K.R. Agent; and Evaluation of the Effect of Natural Brine Deicing Agents on Pavement Materials, R.W. Eck et al. KW - Construction sites KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflective signs KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210679 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00391823 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION ISSUES AFFECTING THE ELDERLY AND THE HANDICAPPED: AMERICAN AND CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE SN - 0309036240 PY - 1983 IS - 934 SP - 55p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Results of a Parametric Cost Analysis of Differences between Urban and Rural Transportation Services for Transportation-Disadvantaged Persons, S.F. Knapp and A.M. Lago; Case Study of User-Side Subsidies for the Handicapped in Milwaukee County, M.E. Lovely; Quality of Service in Special Service Paratransit: The Users' Perspective, A.M. Pagano and C.E. McKnight; Inquiry of the Canadian Transport Commission into Intercity Bus Travel for Disabled Persons in Newfoundland, M.S. Fleming and D.B. Silverstone; Canadian Overview of Technological and Systems Research and Development on Transportation for Disabled Persons, R. M. Heron et al; Transportation Service for the Physically Handicapped in Toronto--Its Structure and the Integration of Computer Aids, F.J. Ahlin et al; Long-Range Transportation Planning for the Elderly in Ontario, R.A. Wolfe and E.J. Miller; and Transportation of the Elderly and the Handicapped in Rural Areas: The Manitoba Experience, J. Wallace. U1 - 62nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19830117 EndDate:19830121 KW - Aged KW - Analysis KW - Bus transportation KW - Canada KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Information processing KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Paratransit services KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Quality of service KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rural areas KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - User side subsidies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391815 AU - McLean, J R AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - SPEEDS ON CURVES: SIDE FRICTION FACTOR CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Observed speeds on rural road curves in the lower speed standard range have been found to be in excess of the assumed design speed, and it has been suggested that an alternative design procedure, based on the predicted 85th percentile speed, be developed for these curves. Within this context, an examination is made of the side friction factor basis of current curve design standards, and the relationships between current design values of side friction, available friction, and the values typically utilised by drivers. It is found that the driver behaviour interpretation of the side friction factor-design speed relationship cannot be substantiated by empirical evidence, and that the side friction values actually utilised are often greatly in excess of the design values. Empirical data are used to develop an alternative set of design friction factor values, more in keeping with current driver behaviour, which can be used in conjunction with predicted 85th percentile curve speeds. It is argued that the proposed values should be treated as maxima, and that the object of alignment design, in terms of the side friction criterion, should be to produce alignments based on driver behaviour, such that the 85th percentile driver does not utilise side friction factors in excess of the design values. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Alignment KW - Behavior KW - Design speed KW - Drivers KW - Highway curves KW - Rural highways KW - Side friction /traffic flow/ KW - Speed KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391832 JO - Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Vingilis, Evelyn AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - DRINKING DRIVERS AND ALCOHOLICS: ARE THEY FROM THE SAME POPULATION PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 299-342 AB - This paper investigates the question of whether or not drinking drivers and alcoholics are from the same population by examining a range of epidemiological research published from 1950 to 1981 on the relationship between alcoholics and drinking drivers. The initial focus is on methodological considerations that may affect the validity and reliability of studies both similar and different in design. This is followed by a review of the relevant literature and the conclusions that seem warranted on the basis of the review. In conclusion, this review suggests that alcoholics and drinking drivers are not the same population. Furthermore, the review strongly suggests that drinking-driving violations and collisions may be one of the early predictors of alcoholism. KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210694 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392238 JO - Kansas Law Review PB - University of Kansas, Lawrence AU - Keenan, M D AU - University of Kansas, Lawrence TI - THE NEW KANSAS DRUNK DRIVING LAW: A CLOSER LOOK PY - 1983 VL - 31 SP - p. 409-427 AB - The new law's approach is two-fold: first, tougher penalties, including mandatory jail sentences, are required; and second, the law focuses on the effective enforcement and administration of these penalties. This Comment examines the new law, significant changes from the former law, and practical considerations presented by these changes. Then, it discusses likely constitutional challenges to the new law and whether it can withstand these challenges. KW - Constitutional law KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Kansas KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Penalties KW - State laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210869 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391819 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Calderwood, R AU - Woods, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT EVALUATION OF THE BREATH ALCOHOL TESTING MOBILE UNITS (BAT MOBILES) IN ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 21-35 AB - This report evaluates the effectiveness of the use of Breath Alcohol Testing Mobiles (BAT Mobiles) by the Albuquerque Police Department (APD) in combating the crime of driving while intoxicated (DWI). An interrupted time-series analysis was performed on 10 years of accident data to ascertain whether program operation had a measurable impact on alcohol-related accidents. A proxy measure for alcohol-related accidents was used--Wednesday-Saturday nighttime fatal plus injury accidents. The proxy measure was transformed to a rate using the number of gallons of gasoline sold to control for the possibility that changes in travel would confound the impact analysis. The analysis indicated that there was a statistically significant decline in accident rates after the BAT Mobile program was implemented. Further confirmation that the accident rate decline was truly BAT-Mobile-related was sought using a multiple time-series research design. The Albuquerque accident series was compared to other series not expected to show program impact. The comparison series, (1) Wednesday-Saturday night fatal plus injury accidents for other urban areas in New Mexico and (2) Albuquerque fatal plus injury daytime accidents, did not show similar rate declines. The results are consistent with the hypothesized positive impact of Albuquerque's BAT Mobile program. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210683 ER - TY - SER AN - 00391820 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MICROCOMPUTERS IN TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309036224 PY - 1983 IS - 932 SP - 23p AB - This Record contains the following papers: An Introduction to Microcomputers in Transportation: Implications for the Future, M. Manheim and H. Simkowitz; Microcomputer Software for Transportation Planning, E.R. Ruiter and M. Waller; Microcomputer Applications in Transit Agencies, J. Reilly and J. D'Ignazio; Microcomputer Applications in Traffic Engineering, K. Courage; Microcomputer Applications in Railroad Operations, C.D. Martland; and Microcomputers in Civil Engineering, G.W. Davies. KW - Civil engineering KW - Microcomputers KW - Public transit KW - Railroads KW - Software KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391818 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Sitton, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REHABILITATING DRUNK DRIVERS: APPROACHES FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 5-20 AB - Traditional approaches to the rehabilitation of persons convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI) are reviewed, and some new approaches based on current research in experimental and social psychology are suggested. One type of rehabilitation concentrates on attitude change. Studies in social psychology have identified several factors that should be incorporated into this technique to insure maximal effectiveness. These factors include fear arousal, distraction, level of discrepancy, and counterattitudinal advocacy. Another promising approach comes from behavioral research. Recent studies in the treatment of alcoholics suggest that controlled drinking is a successful option in some cases if the behavioral technique of shaping is used to alter drinking patterns. Another method based on operant conditioning, contingency management, has been successful in maintaining increased levels of abstinence for other alcoholics. The need for individualized treatment is discussed. Ideally, a DWI rehabilitation program would assess all offenders and assign them to treatment accordingly. This method would differentiate between social and problem drinkers, as well as between drinkers who must remain abstinent and potential controlled drinkers. Following assessment, offenders would be assigned to appropriate programs for attitude change and/or behavioral training. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Psychological aspects KW - Rehabilitation KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210682 ER - TY - SER AN - 00391716 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF TRANSPORTATION DATA SN - 0309036186 PY - 1983 IS - 928 SP - 35p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Public Transportation: Solving the Commuting Problem?, P.N. Fulton, with Discussion by J. Markowitz; Streamlining Collection and Processing of Traffic Count Statistics, D.T. Hartgen and J.H. Lemmerman, with Discussion by D.L. Greene and Authors' Closure; Transportation Energy and Related Data Collection at State and Substate Level, B.J. Yelich et al; and Computerized Method for Updating Planning Data Bases Used in Travel Demand Forecasting, L.W. McPherson et al. KW - Commuting KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Energy KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Modernization KW - Public transit KW - Statistics KW - Traffic counts KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210635 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391390 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - CRIMINAL LAW--POWER OF COURT TO IMPOSE PARTICULAR KINDS OF PUNISHMENT--TRIAL COURT HAD POWER TO ORDER DEFENDANT TO MAKE RESTITUTION TO SURVIVORS OF AUTO ACCIDENT TO COMPENSATE THEM FOR THEIR INJURIES PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - p. 495-504 AB - This case comment reviews legal decisions related to the power of the trial court to impose particular kinds of punishment and to order the defendant to make restitution to the survivors of an auto accident to compensate them for their injuries. The primary focus is State versus Morgan, Montana 646. KW - Case studies KW - Compensation KW - Courts KW - Crash victims KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Employee compensation KW - Legal factors KW - Penalties KW - Punitive damages KW - Restitution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210482 ER - TY - SER AN - 00391308 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, 1983 SN - 0309036151 PY - 1983 IS - 926 SP - 31p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Low-Cost Countermeasures for Ameliorating Run-off-the-Road Crashes, P.H. Wright et al; Motorists' Reaction to Exclusive/Permissive Left-Turn Signal Phasing, M.A. Perfater; Safety Effects of Rumble Strips on Secondary Roads, R.L. Carstens; Sign Vandalism--Costly and Dangerous National Problem, H.S. Chadda and E.C. Carter; and Public Good Relative to Right-Turn-on-Red in South Carolina and Alabama, J.E. Clark et al. KW - Countermeasures KW - Exclusive phasing KW - Left turns KW - Permissive phasing KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Right turn on red KW - Rumble strips KW - Secondary roads KW - Traffic signs KW - Vandalism UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1983/926/926.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210421 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391386 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - Kraft, L AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - THE DRIVE TO STOP THE DRINKER FROM DRIVING: SUGGESTED CIVIL APPROACHES PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - p. 391-411 AB - Society has sought to deter and punish drinking drivers. Yet when society attempts to deter drinking drivers, it falters: for every 2000 drinking drivers, law enforcement officials will probably apprehend only one driver. And when society seeks to punish drinking drivers, it again fails--drinking drivers are rarely sent to jail. This lack of enforcement and punishment therefore signifies tension: society may have a "get tough" attitude, yet its demeanor changes when the drinking driver enters the criminal system. The purpose of this paper is to search for solutions that will dispel this tension. The search is for a civil procedure that will promote effectively society's safety and will treat fairly the drinking driver. This paper proposes three civil procedures and discusses them. KW - Civil procedures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391309 AU - Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident facts for the State of Florida for the year 1982. The contents are as follows: Feature facts; Accidents and fatalities by month; Accidents by time of day--day of week; Fatal accidents by time of day--day of week; Contributing causes of accidents; Holiday traffic accidents; Traffic deaths in Florida by County; Florida traffic statistics; Florida traffic trends; Estimated property damage; Estimated economic loss; Statewide--conditions of drivers and pedestrians; Age distribution of drivers; Sex and residence of drivers; Pedestrian deaths and injuries by age; pedestrian fatalities--male and female by age; Pedestrian actions; and Pedestrian and pedalcyclist fatalities. KW - Age KW - Crash causes KW - Cyclists KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Human characteristics KW - Loss and damage KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391694 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Horwitz, S AU - Lasowski, W S AU - Cline, T R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL EDUCATION AND RECIDIVISM RATES: THE COGNITIVE CONNECTION PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-36 AB - This study assesses the effectiveness of the Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration's Alcohol Education Program, formerly Maryland's Alcohol Safety Action Project. The results show how a relatively short program of alcohol education actuates a favorable change in attitude and a concomitant change in behavior among social drinkers (as compared with problem drinkers) who have been charged with drunk driving. Subjects were classified as social drinkers or problem drinkers and then assigned to a control group or to one of five educational treatment modes. Recidivism rates (subsequent drunk driving convictions) of the 3,637 subjects over a 2-year period were the primary data for the study. Statistical analysis disclosed that the recidivism rates of social drinkers were significantly lower than those of problem drinkers, suggesting that alcohol education programs have differential effectiveness with different types of drinkers. The authors reasoned that social drinkers involved in a drunk driving offense, unlike problem drinkers, experience high levels of cognitive dissonance. Spurred by dissonance, social drinkers undergo a favorable change in attitude and a concomitant change in behavior. Problem drinkers, having somewhat assimilated their drinking pattern into their self-concept, experience lower levels of dissonance, too low to effect attitudinal or behavioral change. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recidivism KW - Safety programs KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210627 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391382 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - Hedin, T R AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - INTRODUCTION: ALCOHOL--AN AMERICAN ETHIC PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - p. 323-327 AB - In this introduction to the Symposium, the author reviews the sociological, historical and legislative aspects of alcohol usage in the United States. He concludes that alcohol may be the most confusing aspect of the American culture and that this symposium addresses the numerous issues arising from the complex relationship of alcohol and the law. KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210474 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391384 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - Crump, S W AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - THE ADMISSION OF CHEMICAL TEST REFUSALS AFTER STATE V. NEVILLE: DRUNK DRIVERS CANNOT TAKE THE FIFTH PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - p. 349-367 AB - The purpose of this paper is to analyze a defendant's refusal to submit to chemical testing. The analysis is comprised of two major issues. The first issue is whether a defendant has any state created or absolute "right" to refuse testing, when, under state law, he has impliedly agreed to take such a test by using the state's highways. The second issue is whether any fifth or fourteenth amendment questions remained unanswered after "Neville and Schmerber versus California". KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Chemical tests KW - Constitutional law KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal factors KW - Refusal KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210476 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00391298 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF AIR-QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES AND IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW PROCESS SN - 0309036100 PY - 1983 IS - 921 SP - 24p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Overview of Transportation and Stationary-Source Control Options, B.J. McLean; Case Studies of Cost-Effectiveness of Transportation Measures to Improve Air Quality, J.H. Suhrbier; Methodology for Determining the Relative Cost-Effectiveness of Stationary-and Mobile-Source Controls, S.J. Bellomo; Guidance from Disaggregate Emissions Inventory in Selection of Control Measures, K. Bailey et al; and Environmental Impact Statement for Detroit People Mover, S. Beard and T. Rushfeldt. U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Air quality management KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental impact statements KW - People movers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210412 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391388 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - SOCIAL HOST LIABILITY FOR INJURIES CAUSED BY THE ACTS OF AN INTOXICATED GUEST PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - p. 445-477 AB - This paper examines the civil liability of a social host to a third party who is injured by the negligent act of a guest. This liability is examined based on the dram shop acts, the alcoholic beverage control acts as they exist in the various states, and on common law negligence principles. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Common law KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Negligence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391362 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - NHTSA'S DEFECT AND RECALL PROCEDURES: THE GM X-CAR CASE PY - 1983 AB - In this hearing, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's defect and recall programs are discussed, with the emphasis on NHTSA's investigation of serious brake defects in General Motors X-cars. KW - Brakes KW - Defects KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Hearings KW - Recall campaigns KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - X-cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208808 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391693 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Neff, R L AU - Landrum, J W AU - Windham, G O AU - Miles, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROBATION AS A DUI COUNTERMEASURE: ALONE AND COMBINED WITH TRADITIONAL PROGRAMS PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - p. 5-24 AB - The Mississippi DUI Probation Follow-Up Project took place from July 1, 1975, to July 31, 1981. The project incorporated 5,096 convicted drinking drivers who were classified as nonproblem or problem drinkers and randomly assigned to: (1) probation, (2) rehabilitation, (3) probation plus rehabilitation, or (4) control (no treatment). Probation was of the contact variety but not intensive (12 monthly sessions totaling no more than 6 hours of contact). Rehabilitation was alcohol safety school (for nonproblem drinkers) or group therapy (for problem drinkers). The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of probation compared to traditional countermeasures. The primary evaluation criterion was rearrests through 24 months of tracking. Secondary evaluation criteria included rearrests through 36 months (available on early entries only), accidents, and changes in lifestyle as measured by the Life Activities Inventory. Neither probation nor the traditional treatments showed conclusive evidence of effectiveness with either nonproblem or problem drinkers. There was, however, strong validity evidence for the drinker classification scheme: significantly more rearrests, accidents, injuries, and serious injuries among problem drinkers. Alternative drinker classification schemes were also evaluated. Thorough cost/benefit analyses were completed, and alternative cost/benefit models developed and compared. An unexpected treatment effect of the Life Activities Inventory was strongly suggested, though only among nonproblem drinkers. KW - Activity choices KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Life activities inventory KW - Life styles KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Probation KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210626 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391381 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - ALCOHOL AND THE LAW SYMPOSIUM ISSUE PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 201 p. AB - This issue contains: Alcohol--An American Ethic, Thomas R. Hedin; Toward a Coordinated Judicial View of the Accuracy of Breath Testing Devices, Donald H. Nichols; The Admission of Chemical Test Refusals After State v. Neville: Drunk Drivers Cannot Take the Fifth, Susan Waite Crump; The Constitutional Dimension of Discovery in DWI Cases, Daniel J. Crothers; The Drive to Stop the Drinker From Driving: Suggested Civil Approaches, Larry Kraft; and a bibliography entitled Journal Articles Concerning the Legal Aspects of Alcohol and Alcoholism: 1970-1982 by Donald A. Hughes, Jr. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Breathalyzers KW - Chemical tests KW - Constitutional law KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210473 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391383 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - Nichols, D H AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - TOWARD A COORDINATED JUDICIAL VIEW OF THE ACCURACY OF BREATH TESTING DEVICES PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - p. 329-348 AB - This article advocates judicial examination of the three primary methods to insure the accuracy of breath testing devices in coordination with each other. The strengths and weakness of each method and the reasons they should be coordinated are examined, citing court cases. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Chemical tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal factors KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210475 ER - TY - SER AN - 00391299 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAY GEOMETRICS, INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS, AND LASER MAPPING SN - 0309036127 PY - 1983 IS - 923 SP - 97p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Prospectus on Airborne Laser Mapping Systems, L.E. Link et al; Interactive Graphics in Highway Design, H.A. Henry; Prediction of the Sensitivity of Vehicle Dynamics to Highway Curve Geometrics by Using Computer Simulation, J.C. Glennon et al; Rehabilitation of Existing Freeway-Arterial Highway Interchanges, D.W. Harwood and J.L. Graham; Cost-Effectiveness of Improvements to Stopping-Sight-Distance Safety Problems, T.R. Neuman and J.C. Glennon; Current State of Truck Escape-Ramp Technology, A.J. Ballard; Designing Highways for Buses: The New Jersey Experience, S.R. Fittante; Guidelines for the Design and Placement of Curb Ramps, B.H. Cottrell, Jr.; Operational Effects of Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes on Two-Way, Four-Lane Streets (Abridgment), J.L. Ballard and P.T. McCoy; Functional Analysis of Stopping-Sight-Distance Requirements, T.R. Neuman et al; Accident Analyses for Highway Curves (Abridgment) with Discussion and Closure, T.R. Neuman et al; Some Partial Consequences of Reduced Traffic Lane Widths on Urban Arterials (Abridgment), C.L. Heimbach et al; Effectiveness of Clear Recovery Zones with Discussion and Closure, J.L. Graham and D.W. Harwood; Comparing Operational Effects of Continuous Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes (Abridgment), D.P. McCormick and E.M. Wilson; and Accident Implications of Shoulder Width on Two Lane Roadways, J.C. Barbaresso and B.O. Bair. KW - Computer graphics KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash analysis KW - Curb ramps KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Escape lanes KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Interactive graphics KW - Interchanges KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Mapping KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Rehabilitation KW - Road shoulders KW - Shoulder width KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Width UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1983/923/923.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210413 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391312 JO - WHEEL EXTENDED AU - Toyota Motor Corporation TI - THE JAPANESE TYPE APPROVAL SYSTEM. SOCIAL PROTECTION OR INDUSTRIAL PROTECTIONISM? PY - 1983 IS - 13 SP - 20 p. AB - One of the main foci of criticisms of Japan being voiced among the Western nations concerning trade imbalances is the allegedly closed nature of the Japanese market; the "gate" which supposedly shuts out foreign competitors is represented by the initials NTB, for non-tariff barriers. Although there are indeed growing demands on many fronts for Japan to provide more open access to its markets, the automotive type approval system in this country, which is the body of regulations governing the authorization of any automobile to operate on the roads of Japan, is usually only referred to symbolically as just one more of these political "barriers," and the social significance and historical background of the system itself is often left unexamined. Leaving the political discussions aside, this essay will review the essential role that the type approval system plays in terms of social criteria, such as those related to safety and pollution prevention, that are needed for a healthier automotive environment in Japan. It will also review and evaluate the system in comparison to related systems or practices in foreign countries. This account will be based on the current version of the system, which contains revisions that were announced recently by the Japanese government. KW - Competition KW - Environmental protection KW - Highway safety KW - International trade KW - Japan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210422 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391385 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - Crothers, D J AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - THE CONSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION OF DISCOVERY IN DWI CASES PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - p. 369-389 AB - To combat the problem of the drunk driver, states have increased efforts to prosecute persons operating motor vehicles while under the influence of alcohol. Concomitant with vigorous enforcement of the law, comes the legitimate concern that the "get tough" drunk driving laws may unduly infringe upon the driver's rights. To the legal profession, this means that defendants must have an opportunity to ensure that their rights and liberties have not been wrongfully impinged. An important aspect of protecting a defendant's interest is the employment of competent counsel. This paper provides lawyers with a general discussion of the law of discovery in driving under the influence (DWI) cases. Major emphasis is on discovery of breathalizer test and reference ampoules. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Discovery KW - Driver rights KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Legal rights UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210477 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391387 JO - North Dakota Law Review PB - University of North Dakota School of Law AU - University of North Dakota School of Law TI - THE DRUNKEN DRIVER AND PUNITIVE DAMAGES: A SURVEY OF THE CASE LAW AND THE FEASIBILITY OF A PUNITIVE DAMAGE AWARD IN NORTH DAKOTA PY - 1983 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - p. 413-444 AB - This paper discusses the historical background and theoretical foundation of punitive damages and also analyzes the cases involving drunken drivers in which courts have awarded or denied punitive damages. Finally, it discusses the application of appropriate North Dakota laws to determine the feasibility of awarding punitive damages against a drunken driver in North Dakota. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - North Dakota KW - Penalties KW - Punitive damages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210479 ER - TY - SER AN - 00390459 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRUCKING AND INTERMODAL FREIGHT ISSUES SN - 0309036089 PY - 1983 IS - 920 SP - 77p. AB - This Record contains the following papers: Federal Truck Size and Weight Study, J.R. Stowers et al; Truck Weight Study Sampling Plan in Wisconsin, W.D. Gardner: Procedure for Assessing Truck Weight Shifts That Result from Changes in Legal Limits, C.M. Walton et al; Truck Size and Weight Enforcement: A Case Study, C.M. Walton and C-P Yu; Impact of Oil Field Truck Traffic, J.M. Mason, Jr.; Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Heavy Truck Study, M. Freier; Strategic Motor Freight Planning for Chicago in the Year 2000 (Abridgment), F. Southworth et al; Urban Goods Movement in the 1980s, G.P. Fisher and A.H. Meyburg; Concept Design and Analysis of a Linear Intermodal Freight System, P.J. Wong et al; Network Analysis of Highway and Intermodal Rail-Highway Freight Traffic, A.L. Kornhauser and M. Bodden; Intermodal Freight Transfer Facilities in California, N. Roberts and W. Felts; and Direct Costs of Maintaining a Regulatory Structure: A Case Study of One Canadian Jurisdiction, F.R. Wilson and J.R. Brander. KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Laws KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Trucking KW - Urban goods movement KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390916 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Koller, R D AU - Galluccio, R A AU - Stambaugh, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEPOSIT CONTROL IN THE CATERPILLAR 1H2 ENGINE TEST--A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING ENGINE OIL COMPONENT EFFECTS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Developing engine oil formulations for today's marketplace requires a careful balance between cost and performance. Definition of optimized formulations requires detailed knowledge of the quantitative relationships between performance, or deposit control, and additive component concentrations. To develop these relationships, a series of multigrade engine oils formulated with two levels of a dispersant olefin copolymer VI improver were evaluated using the Caterpillar 1H2 engine test procedure. The performance package components and/or their levels in these oils were varied according to statistically designed, fractional factorial patterns. This approach provides an estimate of the effect of each component and their interactions. It also provides insight into the inherent test variability associated with TGF, WTD and the land and groove deposits which make up these ratings. KW - Components KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Lubricating oils KW - Performance evaluations KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210177 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390918 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chapman, M AU - Friedman, M C AU - Aghan, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A TIME-DEPENDENT SPATIAL MODEL FOR RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER IN DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - We have developed a fully three-dimensional spatial model of the instantaneous radiation heat transfer in direct ignition diesel engines. The model is based on the assumption that the primary source of radiation is from the soot formed on the fuel-rich side of the combusting spray plumes. The model then calculates view-factors to the various regions from the evolving plume using a spray correlation model. The soot is assumed to be a grey body radiating through an optically thin medium to the relatively cool components of the combustion chamber. Preliminary calculations using the model indicate that there are significant spatial and temporal variations in the incident radiation on various regions in the combustion chamber. These calculations were performed for a geometry and operating conditions of a production turbocharged medium speed engine at full load conditions. KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Combustion products KW - Diesel engines KW - Fly ash KW - Heat transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Radiant heating KW - Soot KW - Three dimensional KW - Time dependence KW - Traffic distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210179 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390925 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Heath, D H AU - DiFrancesco, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER DATA ACQUISITION WITH STATISTICAL PROCESSING IN DYNAMOMETER TESTING OF FUEL EFFICIENT ENGINE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 25 p. AB - Automated data acquisition and linear regression methods have enabled an analysis of test precision factors in measurements of brake specific fuel consumption for assessment of fuel efficient engine oils. Critical engine parameters were identified, controlled, and measured using a high resolution data acquisition system. With other critical parameters held within less than plus or minus .03% of specified levels, air-fuel ratio was identified as the limiting factor in overall test error. A variety of experiments involving back-to-back tests (including engine mapping sequences) with the ASTM 20W-30 reference oil and calibration oils yielded overall test delta repeat errors between .19% and .56%. KW - Data collection KW - Dynamometers KW - Energy efficiency KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel conservation KW - Information processing KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210186 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390927 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Jacobus, M J AU - Geyer, S M AU - Lestz, S S AU - Taylor, W D AU - Risby, T H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SINGLE-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE STUDY OF FOUR VEGETABLE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - A single-cylinder, 0.36 liter, D.I. Diesel engine was operated on Diesel fuel, sunflowerseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed comparison of performance and emissions data and to characterize the biological activity of the particulate soluble organic fraction for each fuel using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium test. In addition, exhaust gas aldehyde samples were collected using the DNPH method. These samples were analyzed gravimetrically and separated into components from formaldehyde to heptaldehyde with a gas chromatograph. Results comparing the vegetable oils to Diesel fuel generally show slight improvements in thermal efficiency and indicated specific energy consumption; equal or higher gas-phase emissions; lower indicated specific revertant emissions; and significantly higher aldehyde emissions, including an increased percentage of formaldehyde. KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Energy consumption KW - Exhaust gases KW - Formaldehyde KW - Gas chromatography KW - Gravimetric analyses KW - Gravimetric analysis KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390892 AU - Golden, S AU - Acropolis Books Limited TI - DRIVING THE DRUNK OFF THE ROAD PY - 1983 SP - 178 p. AB - This book shows how concerned citizens and students can get involved and help make their communities safer places to live. It evaluates the problem of drunk driving in the United States and shows what can be done about it. It explains how to organize a SADD group (Students Against Drunk Driving), suggests projects for such groups, shows how to work with the media, state and local task forces and elected officials. It also evaluates the Drunk Driver Control System (police, courts, judges). KW - Committees KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Handbooks KW - Media KW - Organizations KW - Public participation KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Students Against Drunk Driving KW - Task force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390712 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - SWOV IN 1982. A REVIEW OF PUBLICATIONS IN 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - The Institute for Road Safety Research SWOV was founded in 1962. SWOV disseminates information obtained from scientific research either as individual publications or as articles in periodicals or via other communication media. This brochure is based on the 1982 issues of the quarterly information bulletin "SWOV-schrift," dealing with SWOV's most important activities. Thus, this brochure provides no complete survey of the publications but gives a satisfactory idea about the Institute's work. The contents of this brochure are as follows: The Institute; Introduction by Prof. E. Asmussen, Director of SWOV; Development of traffic safety in the Netherlands; Traffic safety in residential areas in the focus of interest; The bicycle: popular and vulnerable; New trends concerning the collision phase of the accident process; a possible solution against wind disturbances; and Research methods and techniques. KW - Bicycles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Information dissemination KW - Netherlands KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390457 AU - Governor's Highway Safety Office AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED FATAL CRASH STUDY IOWA, 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 21 p. AB - This report is a continuing yearly study of alcohol-related fatal traffic crashes in the State of Iowa. The primary objective is to ascertain and evaluate the number and proportion of statewide alcohol-related fatal crashes. The secondary objectives are to present information on the characteristics of alcohol-related fatal crashes as well as to examine the extent of drinking pedestrian involvement. In this study, the types of roads where alcohol-related crashes occurred and those counties where the involvement was higher were identified to aid with planning effective countermeasure programs. Data were collected from reports furnished by the Department of Public Safety and by the Department of Transportation. A fatal crash was alcohol-related if the investigating officer reported that the driver or the pedestrian had been drinking. The degree of drinking was classified under 3 categories and was possibly verified by a blood test. A blood test greater than 0.000 percent alcohol resulted in the "drinking" pedestrian classification. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206110 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390891 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Janke, M K AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT RATES OF DRIVERS WITH BIOPTIC TELESCOPIC LENSES PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - p. 159-165 AB - The major purpose of this study was to determine the accident rate of drivers with bioptic telescopic lenses ("bioptic drivers") in California. The bioptic driver group consisted of 229 drivers, while a randomly selected comparison sample consisted of 21,064 drivers. The 2-year total and fatal/injury accident rates of the bioptic group were normalized to the age/sex distribution of the comparison sample. Normalized accident rates for bioptic drivers were significantly greater than the corresponding rates for comparison drivers. The study also included an analysis of the driving records of bioptic drivers prior and subsequent to acquisition of telescopic lenses and an analysis of total and fatal/injury accidents for bioptic and comparison drivers with valid licenses only. It was recommended that California continue to license bioptic drivers, but with greater use of license restriction and more stringent post-licensing control. KW - Bioptic telescopic lenses KW - California KW - Crash rates KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Lenses (Optics) KW - Vision KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210158 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390912 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schmidt, G M AU - Olsen, M T AU - Michael, M I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW TEMPERATURE FLUIDITY OF LUBRICATING OILS UNDER SLOW COOL CONDITIONS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - A Slow Cool Fluidity Test (SCFT) was developed to detect gelation of oils. In this test, SAE 10W multigrade oils of known poor field experience solidified at temperatures ranging from -11 to -17 deg C. The test was based on field temperature histories, and was found to be more reliable than other standard and experimental industry tests in detecting gelation tendencies. The SCFT consists of a 0.10 deg C per hour cool from above the oil's cloud point to the lowest use temprature expected. Fluidity is determined by the time for the oil to flow 30 mm when a standard ASTM pour point test jar is turned from vertical to horizontal. The effect of additives such as pour point depressant type and quantity can be determined by utilizing the SCFT. KW - Additives KW - Cooling KW - Fluidity KW - Gelation KW - Low temperature KW - Lubricating oils KW - Multigrade oils KW - Pumpability KW - Testing KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210173 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390914 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Leutzbach, W AU - Jahnke, C D AU - Steierwald, G AU - ZACKOR, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - The technological development of automatic distance warning systems has been such that they could be field tested under actual traffic conditions. Problem areas covered included (1) the effect of the warning system on traffic flow, (2) acceptance of a warning by the driver, (3) influence of the vehicle surroundings (road design, traffic situation) on the warning, and (4) influence of the warning signal on safety. KW - Acceptance KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Environmental quality KW - Highway design KW - Roadside KW - Technical analysis KW - Technology assessment KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210175 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390929 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ADELMAN, H G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHANOL FUELED, TURBOCHARGED, SPARK ASSISTED DIESEL ENGINE AND VEHICLE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - A Volkswagen automotive diesel engine and vehicle have been modified to use methanol fuel by the addition of a spark ignition system. The modified engine has some important advantages over conventional spark ignition (SI) engines operating on alcohol fuels and diesel engines using diesel fuel. Compared to the diesel fueled vehicle, the spark assisted methanol version showed significant improvements in NOx while particulates were eliminated. Relative fuel consumption was slightly higher with methanol than with diesel fuel but could be improved by further development. Compared to a gasoline vehicle converted to operate on methanol the spark assisted diesel has higher efficiency with comparable NOx and CO emissions. Unburned fuel emissions are higher for the spark assisted diesel but may be reduced to comparable levels with catalyst and engine developments. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Methanol KW - Modifications KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210190 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390931 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Robben, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COAL-FUELED DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - The use of pulverized coal as a fuel for diesel engines can be a practical and efficient means of substituting coal for oil and gas in medium size applications such as railroad locomotives, ships and industrial stationary and co-generation power. These applications could result in reducing the oil and gas consumption of the U.S. by 2% to 10%, depending on the market penetration. The extensive German development of the use of pulverized coal in diesels during the period 1930 to 1944 demonstrated that coal-fueled diesels can be a practical heat engine. Although the German development used dry pulverized coal as a fuel, it now appears that beneficiated coal-water slurries will be a more practical and economical form of fuel. Operation on coal-water slurries is likely to pose some problems with ignition and particle agglomeration which require investigation. In this paper the background on coal-fueled diesel engines is reviewed and the potential applications and benefits are briefly presented. The technical problems in developing a coal-water slurry diesel are reviewed and possibilities for overcoming these problems are presented and discussed. A coal-fueled diesel research and development program is recommended. KW - Coal fuels KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel locomotives KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210192 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390415 JO - Journal of Biomechanics PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Kabo, J M AU - Goldsmith, W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RESPONSE OF A HUMAN HEAD-NECK MODEL TO TRANSIENT SAGGITAL PLANE LOADING PY - 1983 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - p. 313-325 AB - A reproducible, synthetic replica of the human head and neck system utilizing a water-filled cadaver skull mounted on fiberglass-reinforced resin vertebrae and supported by passive silicone rubber muscle and ligament elements has been constructed. Contact force, head accelerations, disk pressures and intracranial pressure responses to conditions of transient saggital plane pendulum loading have been ascertained. Front and rear head impacts as well as excitation of the entire system through its rigid base were effected. Input energies ranging from 0.0089 Nm were employed resulting in head accelerations up to 180g. KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209862 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390908 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Smith, M F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BETTER PREDICTION OF ENGINE OIL PUMPABILITY THROUGH A MORE EFFECTIVE MRV COOLING CYCLE PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The Mini-Rotary Viscometer (MRV), adopted by SAE in 1980 to predict engine oil pumpability, was unable to fail certain commercial oils that caused engine problems in the winter of 1980-81. The latter oils did fail in the seven-day Federal Stable Pour, Cycle C, Test (FSPCCT). A special study of the FSPCCT temperature cycle in the MRV highlighted the importance of a slow cooldown rate in the temperature range of engine oil cloud points. Using this principle, a modified one-day MRV test was developed that fails 1980-81 problem oils. Further modification, however, was required to detect a newly discovered problem oil, PRO-29. Failure-prone oils discovered since 1980 are very sensitive to subtle changes in cooling rate and temperature regime. As the industry proceeds to develop a more effective MRV test, a better insight into the pumpability problems of 1980-81 has been gained. KW - Cooling KW - Engine oils KW - Pumpability KW - Rheological studies KW - Rheology KW - Studies KW - Temperature KW - Viscometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210169 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390915 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schetelich, A A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF LUBRICATING OIL PARAMETERS ON PC-1 TYPE HEAVY DUTY PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - For the past thirty years heavy duty diesel oil performance has been defined by the API CD category type tests. During this time the trend in CD oils has been toward lower ash and lower TBN. This has been largely due to the performance improvements of ashless components which now form a major part of today's HD formulations. PC-1 type category testing indicates that ashless components will continue to be effective in meeting these higher heavy duty diesel targets. As a result, lower ash PC-1 type formulations are feasible. Oils have been developed using the dynamometer engine tests currently being worked with to define PC-1 to meet the target of improved oil consumption. These oils are also showing similar advantages in field performance testing over current CD/SF quality lubricants. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy duty equipment KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oil consumption KW - Parameters KW - Performance evaluations KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210176 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390919 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Oren, D AU - Wahiduzzaman, S AU - Ferguson, C R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A FUEL INJECTION TRANSDUCER AND CONTROLLER PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A fuel injection meter and controller has been developed which (1) measures the instantaneous injection rate and the total mass of fuel injected, and (2) controls the mass of fuel injected and injection pressure. The injection rate is computed from instantaneous measurements of the velocity of a pumping plunger and the pressure of fuel injection. A mathematical model of the meter and controller was developed to further the understanding of various design and operating parameters on the injection rate. Compressibility of the fuel is accounted for. Good agreement is realized between numerically computed injection pressure and rate histories with corresponding experimental results. KW - Controllers KW - Engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Injection engines KW - Mathematical models KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210180 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390926 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bush, K P AU - Roberts, D C AU - Villis, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EUROPEAN TEST METHODS FOR FUEL ECONOMY OILS PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - Europe is well aware of work by the ASTM Fuel Efficient Engine Oil Task Force to develop test procedures for the measurement of the effects of the engine oil on the fuel economy of passenger cars and light duty vehicles. These procedures are designed to cover North American requirements and are not entirely suitable for European needs. The paper explains why separate European test methods are required for evaluating fuel economy oils and gives a status report on work by the Coordinating European Council to develop Codes of Practice for chassis dynamometer and fired engine dynamometer testing of fuel economy oils. KW - Automobiles KW - Dynamometers KW - Engine oils KW - Europe KW - Fuel conservation KW - Light trucks KW - Technology KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210187 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390933 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SIGNER, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CHARACTERISATION OF EUROPEAN TRUCK DIESEL ENGINES, THEIR LUBRICATION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - In this paper characteristics of European truck diesel engines with regard to their lubrication are compared with those of North American diesel engines. Comparisons are given concerning the legislation, operational characteristics, characterisation of European diesel engines (engine design, performance, lubricating oil system, piston/liner assembly, valve train, bearings, supercharging) and the future trends of diesel engines for heavy trucks. Some major differences regarding the lubrication of European and North American diesel engines can be seen, leading to special requirements. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel trucks KW - Europe KW - Lubrication KW - North America UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391121 AU - Wilson, J R AU - Erwin, V G AU - McClearn, G E AU - Plomin, R AU - Johnson, R C AU - Ahern, F M AU - Cole, R E AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - EFFECTS OF ETHANOL: I. BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY AND ACUTE BEHAVIORAL TOLERANCE PY - 1983 SP - 35 p. AB - Two doses of ethyl alcohol were administered to 48 young male subjects (24 brother-pairs), and placebo doses were administered to 5 brother-pairs (controls). Dose 1 amount was calculated to result in a peak blood alcohol content (BAC) of 100 mg/dl; Dose 2 was given when BAC had fallen to one-half the peak BAC resulting from Dose 1, in an attempt to raise BAC back to 100 mg/dl. Prior to alcohol dosage, baseline measurements were made on a number of behavioral tests. Behavioral performances during metabolism of Doses 1 and 2 were compared to baseline performance. Sensitivity to ethanol was indicated by performance decrements on nearly all tests after ethanol dosing. Acute behavioral tolerance to ethanol (ABTE) was indicated for some tests by improved performance after Dose 2 compared to performance at a time after Dose 1 when BACs were about equivalent. A preliminary search for possible genetic components of sensitivity and ABTE was undertaken by comparing the scores of the brothers. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavioral tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Ethanol KW - Genetics KW - Psychological tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390882 AU - United States Senate TI - MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 110 p. AB - This Law Enforcement Act is to enhance the detection of motor vehicle theft and to improve the prosecution of motor vehicle theft by requiring the Secretary of Transportation to issue standards relating to the identification of vehicle parts and components, by increasing criminal penalties applicable to trafficking in stolen vehicles and parts, by curtailing the exportation of stolen motor vehicles and off-highway mobile equipment, and by establishing penalties applicable to the dismantling of vehicles for the purpose of trafficking in stolen parts, and for other purposes. KW - Hearings KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Penalties KW - Prosecution KW - Standards KW - Theft KW - Vehicle identification numbers KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390715 JO - Traffic Research Circular PB - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT SEAT BELT AND CHILD RESTRAINT SURVEY 1982 PY - 1983 IS - 21 SP - 17 p. AB - This report presents the results of the Ministry of Transport's occupant restraint survey 1982. It is in two parts, Part I for adults, Part II for children. Part I Adults: A total of 1777 adult occupants were surveyed in three cities in New Zealand. Belt wearing for front seat occupants remains high, in the range 83 to 93 percent. Only 34 percent of rear seat passengers had belts available and use remains low. Part II Children: A total of 589 children were surveyed. About one fifth travel in the front seat. In the front seat restraint use varies from 50 percent to 75 percent with increasing age. In the rear seat restraint use declines with age from 51 percent to 12 percent. There is evidence for a gradual improvement in provision and use of restraints between 1981 and 1982. KW - Adults KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390922 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Beimesch, B J AU - Margeson, M A AU - Davis, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SYNTHETIC AUTOMATIC GEAR LUBRICANTS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - This paper reviews a series of durability field performance tests that resulted in the development of an all-synthetic automotive SAE 75W-90 gear lubricant. The synthetic gear lubricant meets the requirements of API GL-5 and MIL-L-2105C. The synthetic gear oil was field tested in heavy-duty truck axles including Rockwell SQHD and SQHP, Eaton DS-380, and Mack SW-34D models. In general, lubricant drain intervals were extended as high as 250,000 miles with parts inspections carried out at 100,000 to 500,000 miles. All axles inspected indicated that satisfactory lubrication was achieved. The parts analysis and oil inspection analysis are included in this paper. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Durability KW - Field performance KW - Gears KW - Lubricants KW - Performance KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210183 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390923 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Callis, G E AU - Suh, G Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DURABILITY TESTING OF LOW VISCOSITY BORATE GEAR LUBRICANTS PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - Vehicle tests under accelerated track and actual field service conditions were conducted using light duty and heavy duty trucks to evaluate the performance of borate additive technology in low viscosity gear lubricants. Earlier results in laboratory axle and bench tests showed superior EP and antiwear performance for low viscosity, SAE 75W, borate gear lubricants compared to SAE 75W and higher viscosity, SAE 80W-90, conventional sulfur-phosphorus gear lubricants. The vehicle results demonstrated that, through the use of borate gear lubricant additives, the inherent fuel economy benefits of low viscosity gear lubricants can be realized while retaining gear and bearing durability in both light duty and heavy duty service environments. KW - Additives KW - Borates KW - Durability KW - Gears KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Light trucks KW - Low viscosity KW - Lubricants KW - Performance evaluations KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210184 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390936 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gülder, Ömer L AU - Wong, John K S AU - Billingham, Raymond AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLD STARTING CHARACTERISTICS OF TAR SANDS FUELS IN A SWIRL CHAMBER AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A swirl chamber automotive diesel engine was tested with five different fuels in order to evaluate the cold starting performance of Tar Sands derived diesel fuels which have higher aromatic contents with wider boiling ranges and lower cetane numbers. Higher aromatic content is expected to deteriorate the cold starting performance due to increased ignition delay periods; on the other hand low initial boiling point improves cold starting. Cold starting trials were performed in a temperature controlled cold chamber capable of temperatures down to -38 deg C. Extensive data were obtained for five fuels using two types of injection nozzles. Data presented include glow plug warm-up times as a function of temperature, engine cranking speeds at various ambient temperatures at which cold start attempts were made, and minimum starting temperatures and cranking speeds for different glow plug heating times. KW - Automobile engines KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Diesel engines KW - Performance tests KW - Tar sands KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210197 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390937 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tharby, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIENCES WITH DIESEL FUEL CONTAINING COLD FLOW IMPROVER ADDITIVES PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Declining gasoline/distillate demand ratios in the Canadian petroleum product market have further aggravated the traditional shortfall of low cloud point middle distillate fuels in the winter and created a need to improve refinery flexibility. The advances in performance of wax crystal modifier additives have been used to formulate No. 2 Diesel fuels with good response in the Low Temperature Flow Test (LTFT). Field testing of selected flow improved diesel fuels both in controlled fleet testing and in a portion of the Canadian market, has demonstrated that such fuels provide satisfactory vehicle operability well below the cloud point or wax appearance point temperature. In the vehicles tested in controlled fleet tests, the LTFT pass temperature correlated well with minimum temperature for vehicle operability. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Field tests KW - Flow KW - Fuel additives KW - Low temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210198 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390940 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Barker, D A AU - Dunn, M R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DRIVEABILITY NUMBER--A GASOLINE VOLATILITY PARAMETER RELATED TO COLD START PASSENGER CAR PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - Many passenger cars exhibit various driveability malfunctions during cold start operation. These engine malfunctions, such as stalling, hesitation, stumble, and backfire, can usually be lessened or eliminated with increased ambient temperatures and increased gasoline volatility. Based upon laboratory performance testing of 99 cars, we have developed a Driveability Number (DN sub T), which is a gasoline quality parameter that can be used to predict the driveability performance of a fleet of cars. DN sub T is calculated from a model which is a function of ambient temperature and gasoline volatility. The gasoline volatility parameters used in this model are the 10%, 50%, and 90% evaporation points. The model was developed using late-model (1976-1982) cars, which were tested under controlled environmental conditions on a chassis dynamometer. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Driveability KW - Forecasting KW - Gasoline KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance tests KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle performance KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390878 AU - Yaksich, S AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - ANALYSIS OF HSRI STUDY OF CAR/TRUCK CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - In highway collisions between passenger cars and trucks, passenger car occupants suffer the greatest losses. For every truck driver who dies in a collision with a passenger vehicle, some 32 automobile occupants are killed. Because very little specific data was available on the circumstances surrounding car/truck accidents, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety commissioned in 1980 a study by the Highway Safety Research Institute of the University of Michigan of all fatal accidents in the U.S. in 1980 involving cars and trucks. This report is an analysis of the May, 1982 Final Report of the Study of Car/Truck Crashes developed by the Highway Safety Research Institute. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Passengers KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390890 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Benner, L AU - National Safety Council TI - WHAT IS THIS THING CALLED A SAFETY REGULATION? PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - p. 139-143 AB - Regulation is generally perceived as an important way to achieve safety. Controversy about enforcing, amending, reforming, reducing, improving, and evaluating safety regulations abounds. Questions about the need for, validity, and effectiveness of safety regulations also continue. This paper explores the nature of a safety regulation, what can be expected of a safety regulation in view of its nature, and what this means to persons affected by safety regulation. The role of regulation in safe task performance is reviewed. Consequences of these findings on regulation promulgation, employee training, and regulatory enforcement programs are discussed. Steps to enhance the effectiveness of safety regulations are suggested. KW - Effectiveness KW - Enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Safety programs KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390911 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Thompson, M AU - Eberan-Eberhcrst, C von AU - ROSSI, A AU - Holdack-Janssen, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW TEMPERATURE STARTING AND PUMPABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF EUROPEAN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES--PART 2 PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Studies are continuing in Europe to define the low temperature starting and pumpability requirements of automotive engines and to develop test procedures to predict lubricant performance under these conditions. A new liquid-bath Brookfield viscosity procedure has been shown to predict oil pumpability performance as accurately as the mini-rotary viscometer procedure and has been proposed for incorporation into SAE J300 as an alternative to ASTM D 3829. Round-robin testing of modified cold cranking simulator and mini-rotary viscometer methods has also been completed and a new CEC IGL-8 subgroup has been established to investigate the low temperature rheology of base oils currently available in Europe in order to define optimised cooling cycles for the liquid-bath Brookfield and mini-rotary viscometer techniques. Evaluation of engine oil performance at low temperatures in motored and fired engines at T.U. Hannover continues to indicate that engine design features may have a more significant impact on pumpability performance than oil formulation. KW - Automobile engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine oils KW - Engines KW - Europe KW - Low temperature KW - Lubricants KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pumpability KW - Rheological studies KW - Rheology KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Studies KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210172 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390913 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MONTEMAYOR, A F AU - OWENS, E C AU - Frame, E A AU - LESTZ, S J AU - Bowen, T C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ARMY MULTIVISCOSITY GRADE TACTICAL ENGINE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - Several multiviscosity grade oils were subjected to a special 240-hour endurance test procedure in an Army high-output two-cycle diesel engine, and certain of the oils were laboratory tested in the Army's multifuel, four-cycle compression ignition engine and in the Army's air-cooled four-cycle diesel tank engine. Certain of the lubricants were also subjected to standard hydraulic/power transmission tests because acceptable power transmission performance will now be a formal requirement in the D-revision to the engine lubricant specification MIL-L-2104. Parallel to these laboratory evaluations, pilot field tests were conducted in combat/tactical vehicles (engines and power shift transmissions) at three Army bases. The limited field tests indicated that the use of arctic/conventional multiviscosity grade lubricants at ambient temperatures up to 38 deg C (100 deg F) may be possible, and their introduction under MIL-L-2104 should be pursued. Laboratory test results produced a suitable two-cycle diesel engine lubricants qualification test, and showed that SAE 15W-40 grade oils are acceptable for use in Army diesel-powered combat/tactical engine and power transmission fluid systems. Areas for continued lubricant development are outlined. KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability tests KW - Engine oils KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricants KW - Military vehicles KW - Multiviscosity oils KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210174 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390928 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Toepel, R R AU - Bennethum, J E AU - Heruth, R E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DETROIT DIESEL ALLISON 6V-92TA METHANOL FUELED COACH ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - Methanol has emerged as a near-term alternate to diesel fuel. The extremely low cetane rating of methanol has to this time precluded its use as a compression ignition fuel. Detroit Diesel Allison Division of General Motors has developed a version of the Series 92 two-stroke engine that is capable of operating on neat methanol by autoignition when the engine is at normal operating temperatures. This development was made possible by controlling the scavenging process to produce the desired in-cylinder conditions at the time of fuel injection. Glow plugs are used for starting and light load operation. Development methodology and engine modifications are described and detailed performance and emission data are presented. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Methanol KW - Modifications KW - Performance evaluations KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210189 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390930 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Murphy, M J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN IMPROVED CETANE NUMBER PREDICTOR FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - The complexity of and expense involved in determining the cetane number of diesel fuels using a standard test engine have led to the development and widespread use of the ASTM cetane index. However the cetane index was not intended for use with alternative or unusual diesel fuels; its use with such fuels can lead to large errors. Using a database of alternative diesel fuel properties, a new cetane number prediction equation has been developed for use with alternative fuels, including alcohols. Compared with the cetane index, the average error in predicted cetane number is reduced by 40% and the number of cases where the error exceeds 5 cetane numbers is reduced by 30%. The significance of the various terms in the equation is discussed. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Cetane number KW - Equations KW - Forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210191 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390407 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FROST ACTION ON TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES SN - 030903561 PY - 1983 IS - 918 SP - 49p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Measurement and Prediction of Frost Penetration in Highways, R. A. Chisholm and W. A. Phang; A Device for Evaluation of Thaw Weakening of Frost-Susceptible Soil, G. P. Gifford et al; Change in Soil Structure Due to Freeze-Thaw and Repeated Loading, B. D. Alkire and J. M. Morrison; Fatigue-Based Criteria for Seasonal Load Limit Selection, J. H. Hardcastle et al; Prediction of Roadway Strength from Soil Properties, D. C. Esch and R. L. McHattie; The Val Gagne Pavement Insulation Experiment, T. M. Louie et al; and Solar Radiation Effects on Frost Action in Soils, C. W. Jones. U1 - 62nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19830117 EndDate:19830121 KW - Accelerated tests KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Forecasting KW - Freeze thaw cycles KW - Freezing KW - Frost KW - Frost action KW - Frost penetration KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Insulating materials KW - Load limits KW - Measurement KW - Pavement design KW - Properties of materials KW - Repeated loads KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Soil properties KW - Soil structure KW - Soils KW - Solar radiation KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391120 AU - Wilson, J R AU - Erwin, V G AU - McClearn, G E AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - EFFECTS OF ETHANOL: I. ACUTE METABOLIC TOLERANCE AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - This study found an increase in alcohol clearance rate within a few hours for most subjects after a second dose of alcohol, a phenomenon termed acute metabolic tolerance to ethanol (AMTE), and reports on some ethnic differences in aspects of ethanol metabolism. The present data question the accuracy of standard methods of estimating the volume of distribution of alcohol and lead to the speculation that the alcohol clearance capacity of the liver is not perfectly correlated with body size, or lean body mass in human populations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Ethanol KW - Human factors KW - Metabolism KW - Race UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390883 AU - United States Senate TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY AND THE MARKETPLACE PY - 1983 SP - 228 p. AB - These hearings cover motor vehicle safety and the marketplace: auto safety and durability; occupant safety; and government-industry efforts to improve highway safety. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Durability KW - Federal government KW - Hearings KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390464 AU - Robertson, L S AU - Lexington Books TI - INJURIES PY - 1983 SP - 219 p. AB - The nine chapters of this book discuss the various aspects of injuries and injury control. The first chapter covers the scope of injuries as public health and research problems and focuses on the incidence and severity of injuries, fatal injuries, costs of injuries and the researching of injuries. The use and misuse of data are also discussed. The second chapter on the characteristics of agents and vehicles of injury and the third chapter on human vectors and hosts discuss essential evidence from the physical and behavioral sciences respectively. The fourth chapter discusses injury control options. Chapter 5 (control strategies: educating and persuading individuals) considers behavioral theories of injury control. Chapter 6 defines how and what may be done to achieve injury control through rules and sanctions for changing individual behavior. Chapter 7 notes some of the advantages for injury control of built-in and controlled elements in the environment. The costs and benefits and benefit-cost analysis of injury control and public policy are discussed in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 discusses the values, politics and the future of injury control. KW - Accident costs KW - Behavior KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Community values KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laws KW - Politics KW - Public health KW - Public policy KW - Research KW - Severity KW - Social values KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390907 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Weaver, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRAP-OXIDIZER TECHNOLOGY FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES: STATUS, PROSPECTS, AND CURRENT ISSUES PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - Current U.S. Environmental regulations will limit particulate emissions by light duty diesel automobiles and trucks to 0.2 and 0.26 grams per mile respectively, beginning in 1987. Barring some breakthrough, attainment of these emissions levels will require the use of trap-oxidizers on all but the smallest vehicles. This paper reviews the present state of the art in trap-oxidizer technology and examines the requirements which a trap-oxidizer system would have to meet in order to be installed and marketed in production vehicles. The tasks remaining to be accomplished in the development of commercially feasible trap-oxidizer systems are briefly discussed. It is concluded that trap technology is quite advanced, with at least two apparently feasible types of particulate traps now available. The remaining tasks in developing a commercial trap-oxidizer system involve the development of improved trap regeneration systems and the development of automatic controls for the regeneration process. Three promising trap/regeneration system combinations are identified and discussed in detail. KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Light vehicles KW - Particulates KW - State of the art studies KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210168 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390909 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rowe, C N AU - Murphy, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW-TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE ADVANTAGES FOR OILS USING HYDRODEWAXED BASE STOCKS PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Single and multigrade engine oils formulated with catalytic hydrodewaxed (MLDW) base stocks possess low-temperature fluidity properties superior to counterpart products using conventional solvent dewaxed base stocks. This low-temperature benefit for MLDW oils is demonstrated in CCS and MRV viscosity measurements and cold engine cranking studies. This advantage is a natural consequence of the composition differences imposed by the respective dewaxing processes. The MLDW process is more selective and more efficient than solvent dewaxing in the removal of paraffins to reduce lube oil pour point. It follows that MLDW oils have fewer paraffins available for wax-gel formation at low temperatures. The lower paraffin content is also responsible for the lower VI values for the MLDW base stocks. Thus, the superior low-temperature performance of MLDW oils is contrary to viscosity-temperature extrapolations. KW - Engine lubrication devices KW - Engine oils KW - Hydrodewaxing KW - Low temperature KW - Lubricating oils KW - Multigrade oils KW - Performance evaluations KW - Transmission fluid KW - Transmissions KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210170 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390932 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Beggs, M C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA WHICH MAY AFFECT LUBRICANT QUALITIES PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - European Engine Tests for the classification of lubricants have developed differently from the API Classification Tests. The various physical differences between Europe and North America are examined to determine if a real need exists for different tests. KW - Classification KW - Europe KW - Lubricants KW - North America KW - Performance tests KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210193 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390934 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cassiani-Ingoni, A AU - Corso, S AU - Eberan-Eberhorst, C von AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EUROPEAN GASOLINE ENGINE LUBRICANT PERFORMANCE TESTS PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - The Coordinating European Council for the Development of Performance Tests for Lubricants and Engine Fuels (CEC) was founded 20 years ago with primary objective of developing simple and cheap standardized performance tests in European equipment in order to avoid the proliferation of in-house test procedures. This paper describes the changing emphasis on CEC terms of reference over the years and quotes examples of specific European tests which have become well established and are being used by oil and additive companies, vehicle manufacturers and users. The European engine lubricant environment is described and the interaction between the industries and standardizing bodies involved is highlighted. The CEC is endeavouring to meet the challenge of providing appropriate performance tests to the industries, requiring flexibility and close cooperation, particularly at a time when the evolution of engine designs and usage is relatively rapid. On the basis of increasing international/intercontinental cooperation between vehicle manufacturers and oil/additive companies a rationalized approach to common test procedures should be beneficial to all parties concerned with the development and use of engine lubricants. KW - Europe KW - Gasoline engines KW - Lubricants KW - Performance tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210195 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390941 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lewis, J M AU - McBride, T K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UPS MULTIFUEL STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINE DEVELOPMENT--PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - Initial development of the United Parcel Service stratified charge engine (UPS 292 SC) began in 1978, and by the fall of 1980 the first full track test of the engine was completed with an installation in a UPS delivery van. The engine now is in production for the purpose of a 500-vehicle, nationwide test of the engine under actual package delivery operating conditions. Vehicles powered by the UPS 292 SC will be based for test purposes in locations offering varied conditions of temperature and terrain to determine whether any defects in design or components remain to be corrected. At present some 125 of the engines are being run in UPS operations, and some 175 of the engines are in transit or awaiting installation around the country. An engine development program is an unusual venture for a transportation company that lacks experienced personnel facilities for such a project. This report will note, particularly, the exceptional cooperation of American automotive component suppliers, without whose contributions this work could not have been completed. This report will trace the genesis of the engine and focus in detail on the engineering problems encountered and the solutions that evolved. In addition to engineering detail, a cursory assessment of the engine in the context of national petroleum supplies will be offered as well as some insights into potential improvements that may add to the value of this promising development. KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210202 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390943 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Travis, C J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SAE/DOT IN-SERVICE VALIDATION TEST PROGRAM PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Fuel efficient components and concepts when incorporated into heavy duty trucking design have been known to improve mpg performance. There has been, however, an inability within the engineering community to universally measure these values. The computer instrumentation of four Class VI straight trucks and four Class VIII tractor/semi-trailers supplied by industry, the operation of these vehicles by the SAE/DOT in revenue service within volunteer fleets for a year and a half, and additional OEM testing, has completed the validation of test procedures for heavy duty vehicle fuel economy measurement. This testing has also resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of data relating to truck operation all of which can be assessed through the DOT VEHSIM computer prediction program. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Test procedures KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390434 AU - United States Congress TI - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1984 PY - 1983 SP - p. 201-301 AB - This portion of the Senate Hearings on the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations contains the 1984 budget request of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In brief, the budget submission provides for a total program level of $194.9 million, an increase of $4.5 million over the 1983 budget. The request is for budget authority of $78 million, consisting of (1) a Federal fund appropriation of $55.8 million under the Operations and Research appropriation for programs authorized under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety and Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, and (2) an appropriation of $22.2 million from the Highway Trust Fund under the Highway Safety Research and Development Appropriation for programs authorized by Section 403 of the Highway Safety Act. Of available contract authority of $148.1 million, obligations are estimated of $116.9 million in 1984 from the Highway Trust Fund for Highway Traffic Safety Grant Programs. KW - Appropriations KW - Budgeting KW - Hearings KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208564 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390895 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Ryan, K AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - ALCOHOL AND BLOOD SUGAR DISORDERS. AN OVERVIEW PY - 1983 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - After explaining normal blood sugar regulation, this article reviews the hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia effects of drinking that have clinical significance--that is, those that produce symptoms or have detrimental long-term effects. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood sugar KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Glandular diseases KW - Hyperglycemia KW - Hypoglycemia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210161 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390910 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Clevenger, J E AU - Richards, H F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW-TEMPERATURE RHEOLOGY OF MULTIGRADE ENGINE OILS--FORMULARY EFFECTS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - Several major U.S. engine manufacturers recently revised their factory-fill and service-fill engine oil specifications after experiencing a number of engine failures related to low-temperature oil pumpability. Changes include lower limits on ASTM D97 pour point and adoption of stable pour point requirements as measured under cyclic low-temperature conditions. Factors such as base stock, VI improver, pour point depressant and detergent-inhibitor package selection can have a pronounced effect on a fully formulated engine oil's low-temperature flow properties. It has been found that by a judicious combination of HVI and MVI base stocks, one can formulate multigrade engine oils with excellent low-temperature flow properties. Properly formulated oils can readily meet all of the current factory-fill and service-fill specifications, and are expected to minimize the possibility of any future low-temperature oil pumpability related field problems. KW - Engine oils KW - Low temperature KW - Multigrade oils KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pumpability KW - Rheological studies KW - Rheology KW - Specifications KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210171 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390917 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ferguson, C R AU - Chapman, M AU - Kizawa, H AU - Nash, R F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL EXHAUST OPACITY: AT THE PORT AND A METER DOWNSTREAM PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Instantaneous opacity measurements have been made for gases in the exhaust port and one meter downstream. The results obtained showed the opacity to be time independent, of negligible variation from cycle to cycle except near the smoke limit and an order of magnitude greater at the port than one meter downstream. Results are compared with gas sampling measurements of the particulates. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Opacity KW - Particulates KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210178 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390924 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Galluccio, R A AU - Koller, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PROPOSAL FOR AN ENGINE DYNAMOMETER PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE RELATIVE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF ENGINE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A multi-vehicle chassis dynamometer procedure for evaluating an engine oil for fuel economy effects has been accepted by ASTM and the lubrication industry with reservation. The reservation stems from the high test cost, the poor repeatability/reproducibility, and a concern that some additive chemistries are not being fairly evaluated. Recognizing these concerns, ASTM Committee D-2 has agreed to continue development work, but the thrust will now be toward a Sequence type, dynamometer engine test. The work which will be described here is part of a statistically designed study intended to screen operating conditions and hardware for their effects on fuel efficiency and test reliability. Three ASTM FEEO oils were evaluated relative to the FEEO reference oil HR-2 in a 2.8 L V-6 engine. Correlation with results from the 5-car test development program will be presented, as well as the results of the analysis for operating condition effects and sources of test variability. KW - Dynamometers KW - Energy efficiency KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel conservation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210185 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390935 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Steinke, R AU - Bosse, J AU - Gairing, M AU - Nasch, H AU - RICHARDSON, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS IN DIESEL PERFORMANCE STANDARDS PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The lubricant technical community in Europe (including the U.K.) has been developing a series of performance standards for lubricants resembling the API/ASTM/SAE tripartite system, but directed towards European needs. Whilst considerable use is made of the API categories such as SE, SF, CD, etc., there are nevertheless several areas where it is felt that the U.S. specifications do not fully address European needs. Because of this the European engine manufacturers under the aegis of the CCMC are developing a proposed set of gasoline and diesel engine test sequences oriented towards the European needs. This paper is only concerned with those in the diesel area. Also, individual engine manufacturers have their own specifications in advance of the adoption of a common European specification. KW - Diesel engines KW - Europe KW - Lubricants KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance tests KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210196 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390942 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Johnson, R S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL ECONOMY TEST PROCEDURES PY - 1983 SP - 49 p. AB - This paper is a condensation of SAE Special Publication 561 which reports the "Development and Validation of the Joint TMC/SAE Fuel Consumption Test Procedure Type II--SAE J1321, October 1981, by a Joint Task Force" and the related "Truck Test Program" run at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio in the summer of 1980. A large part of the process of condensing the complete publication consisted of omitting entire sections or reducing them to a few sentences. Some new information has been added. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390711 AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON TRAFFIC SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS (IMPACT) EVALUATION PROJECTS, MAY 16-18, 1983, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS PY - 1983 SP - v.p. AB - The proceedings contain the presentations and the discussions that occurred during the Third Symposium on Traffic Safety Effectiveness (Impact) Evaluation Projects held in Chicago, Illinois, May 16-18, 1983. The purpose of the Symposium was threefold: to provide a forum for information exchange between evaluators and users in the states; to increase understanding of the role of effectiveness evaluation in the planning and conduct of countermeasure programs; and to present the most up-to-date information about the countermeasure programs that have been subjected to high-quality evaluation. The papers address the following topics: occupant restraint usage; alcohol countermeasures; accident risk prediction/driver improvement and education; analysis of impact of laws/emergency medical services; and vehicle inspection. KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390456 AU - Mouzon, M W AU - Associated Information Consultants TI - CHILD PASSENGER RESTRAINT SYSTEMS, 1978-1982. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESEARCH LITERATURE PY - 1983 SP - 78 p. AB - The articles included in this bibliography describe the research work in all phases of the development and promotion of child restraint systems for the time period 1978-1982. Physicians classify the child passenger morbidity and mortality rates in epidemic proportions and urge their fellow health personnel to take an active role in educating the public. Psychologists discuss the effects of the use of child restraint devices on the behavior of child passengers. Engineers describe the development of new anthropometric child dummies which give repeatable results when used in dynamic testing procedures. Researchers compare the performance of rear-facing infant restraints with forward-facing varieties. Educators, medical personnel, social workers, police, and the courts all evaluate efforts to promote usage. Special emphasis is given the Tennessee Child Passenger Protection Law, the first of its kind in the United States. The articles included in this bibliography are arranged by subject area insomuch as is possible. In some cases where a study could logically fall into several subject categories, it is hoped that the subject index will lead the reader to locate the other emphasized topics. In addition to the subject index, an author index and list of addresses for publishers and sponsors are provided. KW - Bibliographies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Development KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Education KW - Physicians KW - Psychological aspects KW - Rearward facing child seat KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390884 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - U.S. AUTO TRADE PROBLEMS PY - 1983 SP - 716 p. AB - This is a bill to establish domestic content requirements for motor vehicles sold or distributed in interstate commerce in the United States. KW - Domestic KW - Domestic content KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Hearings KW - Interstate commerce KW - Legislation KW - Manufactures KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390877 AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - ALCOHOL RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STUDY MICHIGAN. JANUARY-DECEMBER 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - The main objective of this report is to determine and evaluate the proportion of alcohol related fatal traffic accidents to all fatal traffic accidents in the state of Michigan. The secondary objective of the study is to present information on the characteristics of alcohol related fatal traffic accidents as well as other relevant information necessary in planning countermeasure programs. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Michigan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390906 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bykowski, B B AU - HARE, C T AU - Mason, R L AU - BAINES, T M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF PETROLEUM AND ALTERNATE-SOURCE DIESEL FUEL EFFECTS ON LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL EMISSIONS PY - 1983 SP - 35 p. AB - Exhaust emission data from several fuel effects studies were normalized and subjected to statistical analyses. The goal of this work was to determine whether emission effects of property variation in alternate-source fuels were similar, less pronounced, or more pronounced than the effects of property variation in petroleum fuels. A literature search was conducted, reviewing hundreds of studies and finally selecting nine which dealt with fuel property effects on emissions. From these studies, 15 test cases were reported. Due to the wide variety of vehicles, fuels, test cycles, and measurement techniques used in the studies, a method to relate them all in terms of general trends was developed. Statistics and methods used included bivariate correlation coefficients, regression analysis, scattergrams and goodness-of-fit determinations. Insertion of alternate-source fuel properties into exhaust emissions prediction equations based on petroleum fuel results indicated that the effects of alternate-source fuel property changes on exhaust emissions were statistically indistinguishable from those associated with petroleum fuels. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Light vehicles KW - Petroleum KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390920 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Utvik, D H AU - Spadaccini, L J AU - Jaminet, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATIONS OF COAL-DERIVED LIQUID FUELS IN DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Results of a program conducted to investigate the operation of a medium-speed stationary diesel engine on coal-derived liquid (CDL) fuels are presented. The overall objectives of the program were to evaluate promising techniques for effective utilization of three middle-distillate alternative fuels, namely SRC-II, Exxon Donor Solvent and H-Coal, without adversely affecting engine performance and operation, and to formulate control system algorithms. Investigations of fueling techniques such as on-line blending with diesel fuel, fumigation and the addition of ignition accelerants were conducted as well as investigations of such engine test variables as injection timing and pressure, inlet air temperature and inlet air pressure (i.e., turbocharger boost). In general, it was concluded that diesel engine operation with CDL fuel blends is possible over a wide range of speed and load conditions. Strategies found useful for extending diesel engine operation with CDL fuels include fumigation, inlet air preheat, turbocharger boost and ignition accelerants. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Coal fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel systems KW - Fueling systems KW - Liquid fuels KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210181 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390921 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harrington, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTERACTIONS OF DIRECT-INJECTION FUEL SPRAYS WITH IN-CYLINDER AIR MOTIONS PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - An experimental investigation of the effects of injector type and orientation, engine speed, in-cylinder air swirl, compression pressure, and fuel type has been conducted in motored visualization engines. A fuel-spray visualization system has been developed and utilized to obtain high-speed stroboscopic movies of the injection and penetration events. Significantly different interactions between the fuel spray and the in-cylinder air motions were found to result from changes in air-swirl ratio, nozzle geometry and injection timing. The maximum spray-tip velocity was found to occur downstream from the injector tip for all conditions tested. For applications requiring minimum fuel-spray penetration, the impinging-jet injector was found to be the most promising candidate. KW - Air swirl KW - Direct injection KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel sprays KW - Fuels KW - In-cylinder KW - Interaction KW - Piston engines KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210182 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390938 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Falk, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A EUROPEAN COLD WEATHER DRIVEABILITY TEST PROCEDURE FOR MOTOR VEHICLES WITH SPARK IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Motor and Oil Industries in Europe continue to recognize the need to establish realistic test procedures to evaluate the driveability performance of cars and fuels. Accordingly, representatives from both industries have been working together in the CF24 Group, formed in 1978 under the auspices of the Coordinating European Council (CEC), to develop standard driveability test methods. While CF24's tasks and preliminary achievements were first outlined to the SAE in 1981, this paper describes the Group's more recent field test in Sweden and chassis dynamometer work throughout Europe, which has led to the establishment of a European cold weather driveability test procedure. The method provides a means of assessing engine starting, idling, and drive quality during the warm-up phase, and is capable of distinguishing between fuel volatility, vehicle design characteristic, and ambient air temperature effects. Acceptable test precision and road/chassis dynamometer correlation has been fully demonstrated, but it is felt that driver training is an essential feature of the method if optimum benefit from its use is to be obtained. As motor vehicle design trends in the USA approach those of Europe, the need for similarity between the driveability test procedures used on both sides of the Atlantic is becoming obvious, as is the need for forging closer links between the CRC and CEC organisations which have similar goals. KW - Cold weather KW - Driveability KW - Europe KW - Field tests KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210199 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390939 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - PEARSON, J K AU - Orman, P L AU - Caddock, B D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CAR DRIVEABILITY MODELLING: A COMPUTER MODEL FOR THE PREDICTION OF HESITATION UNDER COLD WEATHER ACCELERATING CONDITIONS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Vehicle driveability is a function of gasoline volatility, ambient conditions and engine design. The ability to predict driveability performance from a knowledge of fuel/air mixture temperatures and gasoline properties would greatly assist both fuel and engine development. Accordingly, a model to predict engine hesitation under full-throttle accelerations (a major driveability malfunction) has been developed. Hesitation occurs when the fuel/air mixture reaching the combustion chambers is too lean to burn. Thus the model is based on the calculation of heat flow and air/fuel vapour ratios in the engine inlet manifold. Chassis dynamometer tests for two different cars using a range of fuels and a range of test temperatures have shown that the model gives an accurate prediction of mixture temperature and engine hesitation under full-throttle conditions. KW - Cold weather KW - Driveability KW - Engine hesitation KW - Engine performance KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389469 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bert, J A AU - Gething, J A AU - Hansel, T J AU - Newhall, H K AU - PEYLA, R J AU - Voss, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A GASOLINE ADDITIVE CONCENTRATE REMOVES COMBUSTION CHAMBER DEPOSITS AND REDUCES VEHICLE OCTANE REQUIREMENT PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Combustion chamber deposits accumulate in a new gasoline engine and can result in an octane requirement increase (ORI) of as much as 8 to 10 octane numbers. In some cases, a higher octane fuel is required to prevent engine knock (detonation). A unique new additive concentrate has been developed which reduces combustion chamber deposits and lowers the engine's octane requirement. This new additive is an ashless dispersant based on polyether amine chemistry. Laboratory and fleet test results show that after using one tankful of gasoline treated with additive, the engine's octane requirement is typically reduced by 30% to 40% of the original engine ORI. This benefit lasts for several thousand kilometers until the deposits reestablish themselves in the combustion chamber. In addition to the octane requirement decrease (ORD) effect, other benefits from the use of this additive include engine runon reduction and intake system deposit cleanup. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Engine knock KW - Fuel additives KW - Gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389458 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Iwashita, Y AU - SAITO, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OBSERVATION OF KNOCK USING A HIGH SPEED SHUTTER TV CAMERA SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - An ultra-high speed shutter TV camera including an image intensifier which has a light magnification of 20,000, and an image analysis system have been developed and applied to knock research with a transparent piston engine. Irregularity in the flame configuration was observed just when the pressure vibration began. The causes of cycle to cycle variation of knock intensity were examined through the simultaneous recording of the pressure vibration and the image of the flame. KW - Engine knock KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Research KW - Speed KW - Television cameras UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389465 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - PALMER, F H AU - Lang, G J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUNDAMENTAL VOLATILITY/DRIVEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF OXYGENATED GASOLINES AT HIGH UNDERBONNET TEMPERATURES PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - Much interest is currently being shown in the use of high octane organic oxygenated compounds as gasoline components, particularly with increasing pressure to lower lead levels. Such usage focuses attention on sensitive areas of vehicle performance like for example, hot weather vehicle driveability/fuel volatility. To compare the hot fuel handling characteristics of oxygenated fuels with motor gasoline, a series of tests has been carried out on a chassis dynamometer using a variety of European cars and more than 70 different fuels. The fuel compounds assessed included Methanol, Ethanol, Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (TBA) and Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) blended individually and in combination at up to 25 percent volume concentration with motor gasoline. Initial analyses of the dynamometer data showed, under severe operating conditions (eg at and above 35 deg C ambient air temperature), certain oxygenate types to disadvantage and indicated that existing gasoline volatility criteria were inadequate to predict the driveability performance of oxygenated fuels. However, further laboratory tests to study the fundamental relationship between temperature and fuel vapour pressure characteristics, together with supplementary road driveability trials, have led to the belief that excessive vehicle fuel system temperatures are largely responsible for the unexpected/undesirable behaviour of some oxygenate supplements. The authors conclude that vehicle fuel system temperatures must not be allowed to rise excessively otherwise there will be a deterioration in the driveability performance of oxygenated fuels and new volatility specification criteria will be required. These could include a determined vapour/liquid ratio measurement or a vapour pressure control at much higher temperature levels than is currently specified for Reid vapour pressure. KW - Driveability KW - Ethanol KW - Fuels KW - Methanol KW - Oxygen KW - Oxygenated fuels KW - Temperature KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389466 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - PALMER, F H AU - Tontodonati, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ROAD TRIALS TO ASSESS THE HOT WEATHER DRIVEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINES CONTAINING OXYGENATES IN EUROPEAN CARS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Road trials have recently been carried out in Italy with the aim of identifying the hot weather driveability characteristics of a wide range of fuels and cars. The oxygenate types assessed included methanol and 50/50 blends of methanol and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) in blend with gasoline at concentration levels of up to 15 percent volume and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) at concentrations of up to 20 percent volume, at different levels of volatility. Whilst oxygenate concentrations had little effect on driveability performance, there were differences in performance between oxygenate types. For example, in some cars gasolines containing methanol/TBA were shown to advantage over all other fuels tested, even gasoline. On the other hand, fuels with methanol gave inferior performance in some cars. On an overall basis, however, fuels containing methanol, methanol/TBA or MTBE were considered to perform equally as well as gasoline although the rating characteristics displayed by the methanol blends in some cars could, if widespread, impose difficulties in setting volatility specifications. The authors conclude that methanol alone or methanol/TBA in blend with gasoline at concentration levels of up to 15 percent volume, or MTBE up to 20 percent volume concentration should give acceptable hot weather driveability performance if fuels are manufactured to existing gasoline specifications. Of perhaps greater interest is that use of methanol/TBA may even offer benefits over non oxygenated gasoline in some cars in the form of improved performance. KW - Driveability KW - Fuels KW - Gasohol KW - Methanol KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Oxygen KW - Oxygenated fuels KW - Performance tests KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389468 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Malakar, J J AU - Retzloff, J B AU - Gibbs, L M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THROTTLE BODY DEPOSITS--THE CRC CARBURETOR CLEANLINESS TEST PROCEDURE PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - A nine-year effort from 1972 to 1981 was undertaken by the Coordinating Research Council Carburetor Test Procedure Panel to develop a laboratory engine test method for evaluating the effects of gasolines on the formation of throttle body deposits. This paper summarizes the test development, discusses effects of engine operating conditions on test severity, gives data on fuel effects, and presents a final test procedure that uses a removable carburetor throttle bore sleeve to permit weighing of deposits. A carburetor visual rating procedure was also developed. The final engine test procedure has proved to be an effective in-house tool for screening fuels and additives. An unresolved problem is poor interlaboratory reproducibility. KW - Carburetors KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuels KW - Laboratory tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389462 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Marbach, H W AU - Frame, E A AU - OWENS, E C AU - Naegeli, D W AU - Wielgos, B D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF LUBRICANT COMPOSITION ON S.I. ENGINE WEAR WITH ALCOHOL FUELS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - An investigation of the effects of lubricant composition changes on spark ignition engine wear and deposits when using alcohol fuel was jointly sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command. In the work covered by this paper, tests were conducted with methanol fuel in a 2.3-liter engine using a modified ASTM Sequence V-D procedure. The baseline lubricant was a 10W-30 grade product, qualified under MIL-L-46152, for which a large amount of field and laboratory data were available. Eleven variations of the baseline lubricant were supplied and tested. The results indicate that a magnesium-based detergent additive was less effective in controlling methanol-related engine wear than was a calcium-based additive. Ashless dispersant chemistry was also determined to be of importance in controlling wear with methanol fuel. Experiments were conducted to identify the wear mechanism using the 2.3-liter engine, 20-hour steady-state test. This 20-hour test shows promise as a lubricant screening procedure when using methanol fuel. KW - Engine oils KW - Lubricating oils KW - Materials selection KW - Methanol KW - Oil additives KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Testing KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389464 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ernst, R J AU - Pefley, R K AU - Wiens, F J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHANOL ENGINE DURABILITY PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - Engine durability refers to the ability of an engine to function properly and reliably over an extended period of time. Engine durability is a major remaining technical hurdle prior to expanding the use of methanol fuel. This paper will present engine durability data derived from the California Energy Commission's continuing Alcohol Fleet Test Program, review this data in relationship to previously reported engine durability information, discuss some of the possible reasons for observed effects, and suggest design considerations for further improvement in methanol engine durability. KW - Durability KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Methanol KW - Vehicle design KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389470 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Myers, J P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TIMED SAMPLING IN THE EXHAUST OF A DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Time-resolved sampling was used to measure hydrocarbon concentration profiles in the exhaust of a small, high-speed, direct-injection diesel engine in an effort to determine significant sources of hydrocarbon emissions. The engine was a single-cylinder design with a 0.53-L displacement and a swirl-supported, high-pressure-injection combustion system. In the past, most sampling work performed on diesel engines has been done in the cylinder and has focused on either oxides of nitrogen or soot emissions. The exhaust sampling done in this study provided a simple yet informative means of studying hydrocarbon emissions. Results from this study for wide ranges of engine speed and air-fuel ratio showed a single peak in the hydrocarbon concentration profile as a function of crank angle. Phasing of the hydrocarbon concentration peak generally coincided with the blowdown period of the exhaust event. Because the mass flow rate of the exhaust is high during blowdown, the contribution of unburned hydrocarbons exhausted during this period to total hydrocarbon mass emissions of the engine was significant; from 36 to 60 percent of the total HC mass emission, depending on air-fuel ratio. From these results it was concluded that, except at light load, fuel issuing from the sac volume of the injector late in the cycle was a significant source of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389460 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gallagher, J AU - O'Toole, M J AU - Branch, M C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COLORADO'S AIR PROGRAM ON PRINCIPAL EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES: MODEL YEARS 1968-1982 PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Automobiles and other mobile sources are a major contributor to precursors of ozone and to carbon monoxide in urban area air pollution inventories. In a typical urban area, over fifty (50) percent of the emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which react in the presence of sunlight to form ozone, are derived from vehicular sources. Over ninety (90) percent of carbon monoxide emissions in these areas are also attributable to mobile sources. This problem is accentuated in the Front Range Region of Colorado, due to the higher altitude. The Colorado Automobile Inspection and Readjustment (AIR) Program was designed and implemented in an effort to reduce the contributions to ambient air pollution from mobile sources. The intent of this study is to evaluate whether there is a difference in the effectiveness of the Colorado AIR Program on the major technological groups of emissions control configurations. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Effectiveness KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389467 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Riley, R K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VAPOR LOCK IN LATE MODEL CARS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Twenty cars of the model years 1978 to 1982 were tested for their vapor lock characteristics using the CRC Vapor Lock Procedures. These cars represent the more popular combinations of models/engines for the included years. The tests were run at 70F, 85F, and 100F to cover the normal range of maximum temperatures at which vapor lock problems occur. The gasoline blends used in the test program were also compositionally varied to include both fuels pressurized by butane and those pressurized by isopentane. Results of this study show late model cars generally to be more able to handle hot fuels without experiencing vapor lock than vehicles of the mid-1960s, the latest vehicles for which comparable data were available. The results also suggest that some revision to the volatility classes in ASTM D-439 Standard Specification for Automotive Gasoline should be considered. In particular, the large jumps in volatility at different ambient temperatures allowed under ASTM D-439 do not match the changes in fleet vapor lock sensitivity to ambient temperature. Additional volatility classes would allow a better matching of fuels to vehicle needs. KW - Temperature KW - Vapor lock KW - Vehicle tests KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389461 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chamberlin, W B AU - Brandow, W C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LUBRICATION EXPERIENCE IN METHANOL-FUELED ENGINES UNDER SHORT-TRIP SERVICE CONDITIONS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - In order to assess the field needs of engine oils to be used in methanol-fueled vehicles, six oils were run in a fleet test over a ten-month period under short-trip service conditions. The results from the field test were compared with results with the six oils in the laboratory engine tests which have been used to predict field performance with methanol fuel. A lack of correlation between the field test and the laboratory engine tests suggests that the laboratory tests need revisions to better serve field needs. KW - Engine oils KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Methanol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389463 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Naman, T M AU - Striegler, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE AND FIELD TEST EVALUATION OF METHANOL AS AN AUTOMOTIVE FUEL PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - A nine-car fleet test was conducted over a one year period to evaluate liquid and vaporized methanol as internal-combustion engine fuels in retrofitted 2.3-liter L4 gasoline engines. In addition, modified ASTM Sequence V-D engine tests were conducted on selected oil formulations of SF and SF/CC quality to determine their overall performance with methanol. It was found that severe engine upper-cylinder bore wear is likely to occur with current SF and SF/CC-type formulations in vehicles driven in short-trip, stop-and-go urban cycles. Normal engine wear was observed in vehicles driven mostly at highway speeds. The idle time following a cold start, appeared to have a direct effect on engine wear. Liquid and vaporized methanol showed similar results. Engine varnish with either liquid or vaporized methanol, was significantly better than with gasoline. KW - Engine idling KW - Engine oils KW - Field tests KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Methanol KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389459 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Witze, P O AU - Martin, J K AU - Borgnakke, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS OF THE PRECOMBUSTION FLUID MOTION AND COMBUSTION RATES IN A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Laser Doppler velocimeter results are presented for the mean velocity and turbulence intensity measured in a motored research engine. The compression of complex bulk motions created during induction produces turbulence as the piston approaches top dead center. The turbulence field is shown to be isotropic but nonhomogeneous. A zero-dimensional computer simulation based on an averaged k-epsilon model is shown to adequately predict the decay of turbulence at a point in the flow after the production phase is completed. Cylinder pressure measurements were recorded for homogeneous stoichiometric combustion for a range of engine speeds and ignition locations. A two-zone (burned and unburned gases) thermodynamic model accurately predicts the measured pressure histories when the turbulence results determined from the motored tests are used to establish initial conditions for the combustion model. KW - Combustion KW - Fluid mechanics KW - Forecasting KW - Measurement KW - Simulation KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Thermodynamics KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389051 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Colon, I AU - National Safety Council TI - COUNTY-LEVEL PROHIBITION AND ALCOHOL-RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 101-104 AB - The 50 states and the District of Columbia were grouped according to whether or not they had county-level alcohol prohibition. Several motor vehicle fatality rates were calculated for each type of jurisdiction, including the single-vehicle fatality rate (an index of alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents). In all cases, motor vehicle fatality rates for drivers in states with county-level prohibition were significantly greater than in nonprohibition states. This suggests that drivers residing in counties with prohibition are compelled to drive to adjacent counties or states to drink and consequently have increased involvement in motor vehicle accidents. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Counties KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legislation KW - Prohibitions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389053 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - KROEMER, KHE AU - National Safety Council TI - DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL WORKSTATIONS PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 131-136 AB - Body dimensions are main determiners of equipment dimensions. Design for the "average user" is not suitable. Selected percentile values at the lower and upper extremes of the variable distribution determine minimum and maximum equipment dimensions or adjustment ranges. Interactions among design variables must be considered. This paper applies this rationale to the determination of major equipment dimensions of video display terminal (VDT) workstations. While the approach is generally usable, the specific data describing the U.S. population used in this paper indicate design ranges appropriate for North America. Since American body dimensions are quite comparable to most European data, the equipment dimensions should also be suitable for use in Europe. KW - Design KW - Human factors KW - Size KW - Video display terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389172 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - A CONCEPT FOR THE '90'S PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 7-10 AB - A General Motors design study for a smaller car called the Opel Junior is described. This futuristic design concept has a low aerodynamic drag factor. It has smooth, sloping front, flush-fitting headlights, combined spoiler and flexible plastic bumper with an air inlet, a single, recessed windscreen wiper and other features which aid uninterrupted air flow. The car's roof offers a number of possible variations. It also has a new type of hatch door. The interior incorporates numerous new design ideas to provide a functional and easily variable interior, which could be used for different purposes. The instrument panel is of unconventional design and consists of two molded plastic shells that fit together. The car's standard equipment items are listed. Details are also given of the instrument modules. The front seats consist of two contoured, extra-strength plastic parts that are mounted on the frame. They have quick opening buckle type latches. The rear seats and release mechanisms also incorporate new design elements. A new system for opening and closing doors increases storage space. Comments are also made on the front suspension and on the front-wheel-drive engineering. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Future concepts KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Innovation KW - Small car KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209188 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389158 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Sivak, M AU - National Safety Council TI - SOCIETY'S AGGRESSION LEVEL AS A PREDICTOR OF TRAFFIC FATALITY RATE PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 93-97 AB - This research investigated the relationship of violence/aggression and other societal variables to traffic accidents. In the first of two studies, multiple regression was applied to 1977 data from each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Traffic fatalities per registered vehicle was the dependent variable. The independent variables were homicide rate, suicide rate, fatality rate from other causes, unemployment rate, personal income, density of physicians, alcohol consumption, motor vehicles per capita, road mileage per vehicle, sex and age distribution of drivers, and attained education. The main finding was that the homicide rate (but not the suicide rate) predicted the traffic fatality rate; additional significant predictors were the proportion of young drivers and the fatality rate from non-motor-vehicle accidents. The two primary predictors (homicides and young drivers) accounted for 64% of the variance of traffic fatalities. In the second study, validation was performed by using the 1977 regression coefficients to estimate 1978 traffic fatalities. The results indicate that when the 1977 regression coefficients were applied to the 1978 values for homicides and young drivers, they accounted for 49% of the variance of the 1978 traffic fatalities. The findings are discussed in terms of how society's violence/aggression may contribute to traffic accidents. KW - Adolescents KW - Aggression KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Homicide KW - Social factors KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209180 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389052 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - HOLDER, H D AU - Blose, J O AU - National Safety Council TI - PREVENTION OF ALCOHOL-RELATED TRAFFIC PROBLEMS: COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 115-129 AB - Strategies to reduce alcohol-related traffic problems were evaluated for Wake County, North Carolina, Alameda County, California, and Washington County, Vermont. Computer simulation was utilized, employing primary data from national studies and local sources, as well as research findings. Increasing the perceived risk of sanctions against drinking and driving had significant but short-term impact, while increasing actual sanctions without purposefully raising perceived risk had low impact. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Impacts KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Sanctions KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389165 AU - Department for Transport, England TI - TRANSPORT STATISTICS GREAT BRITAIN 1972-1982 PY - 1983 SP - 131 p. AB - This publication brings together a comprehensive range of statistical information on inland transport, together with related tables on international transport, in order to encourage informed debate on transport developments and policies. As in previous editions, most of the tables cover eleven years, although some span a longer or shorter period. A particular effort has been made this year to eliminate breaks in time series and to produce figures according to the latest definitions. Some earlier figures which could only be presented on an inconsistent basis have been omitted. KW - International transportation KW - Statistics KW - Transportation KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387762 AU - NEILSON, A M AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - METHODS OF VALUING HUMAN LIFE PY - 1983 SP - 39 p. AB - The initial impetus for this study came from Professor Jackson of the Economics Department, Victoria University of Wellington. Professor Jackson expressed concern at the published findings of Professor Jones-Lee of the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne to the effect that there is a value of life, independent of lost productivity, of approximately 3 million pounds in 1976 prices. A current equivalent in New Zealand currency would be in excess of $10 million. If there is any validity in such a value then there are clearly significant implications for the ranking of proposed public expenditure projects in New Zealand where potential reductions or increases in premature deaths (i.e. deaths from other than natural causes) are involved and where cost-benefit analysis is used as an aid in decision-making. Against this background the author of this paper was asked to investigate the methods used to value life and consider them with particular reference to the New Zealand context. The earlier parts of the paper concentrate on the work of Jones-Lee and to a limited extent, that of other authors while the latter part considers two feasible approaches for the New Zealand context. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Productivity KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Value of life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201190 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387427 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nagai, I AU - Endo, H AU - NAKAMURA, H AU - Yano, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOOT AND VALVE TRAIN WEAR IN PASSENGER CAR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - The effect of the use of the EGR system on the lubrication of a passenger car diesel engine was investigated. The higher the EGR rate, the more soot in the oil. And the most detrimental effect was found in valve train wear. Some engine tests, including motoring tests, were carried out to investigate the contribution of soot to valve train wear. The mechanism of cam and rocker arm wear in used oils was studied by analyzing for elements on the lubricated metal surface and subsequently the mechanism was more thoroughly studied using the four-ball test. Soot seems to act as an abrasive on the anti-wear solid film formed by the oil on the metal surface and this film contains Ca, O, P and S. Some hardware modifications and oil formulations to reduce valve train wear are also discussed. KW - Camshafts KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability tests KW - Engine oils KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fly ash KW - Soot KW - Valve train KW - Valves KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204483 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387428 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harris, S W AU - Zahalka, T L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A FIELD TEST STUDY OF CAMSHAFT WEAR IN A 2.3L OHC ENGINE AND ITS CORRELATION TO THE SEQUENCE V-D TEST PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A field test was conducted to evaluate the valve train wear performance of new technology crankcase lubricants in 1980 vehicles powered by 2.3L overhead camshaft engines. Three SF/CD 15W-40 oils and two low phosphorus SF/CC 10W-30 passenger car oils were evaluated in commuter service with extended oil drain intervals for 48,000 to 80,000 km. Interim wear measurements of the camshaft lobes and camshaft followers were performed throughout the test. All five of the new technology lubricants tested demonstrated good control of valve train wear in this service. These oils also passed the V-D test, thus, the test supports the use of SF wear limits in the V-D test for defining passenger oil quality levels. Wear profiles indicate that camshaft wear rates were significantly higher during break-in and were not particularly sensitive to oil chemistry during break-in. Oils formulated with secondary alkyl zinc dithiophosphate (Zn DTP) wear inhibitors provided significantly better wear protection than two different primary alkyl Zn DTPs. A secondary alkyl Zn DTP demonstrated good wear protection at phosphorus contents as low as 0.07 percent (w). KW - Camshafts KW - Durability tests KW - Engine oils KW - Oil additives KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Valve train KW - Valves KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204484 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387442 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Girshick, F AU - Craig, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OIL FILM THICKNESS IN A BEARING OF A FIRED ENGINE PART III: THE EFFECTS OF LUBRICANT RHEOLOGY PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - This is the third interim report describing oil film thickness measurements in a bearing of a fired single cylinder engine. The minimum oil film thickness (MOFT) in the front main crankshaft bearing of a fired CLR (Cooperative Lubricants Research) engine has been measured using a capacitance technique. The effects of base stock viscosity, VI improver type and concentration, and finished oil viscosity at both high and low shear rates are presented and discussed. Five VI improvers are compared, and are found to have varying degrees of effectiveness in increasing MOFT in a given formulation and base stock. The shear rate and temperature of the viscosity measurement are found to affect the overall correlation between MOFT and oil viscosity. KW - Effectiveness KW - Journal bearings KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Oil additives KW - Oil spills KW - Oil-film-thickness KW - Rheology KW - Shear rate KW - Temperature KW - Thickness KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204498 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387740 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MacDonald, J S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS ON THE EFFLUENT OF A WALL-FLOW MONOLITH PARTICULATE TRAP PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - An experimental study was conducted to characterize the aerosol that passes through a wall-flow monolith trap and to determine how the trap performance varies with engine operating condition. Steady-state experiments conducted with a 5.7-L diesel engine operating at several test conditions showed that the wall-flow trap collected nearly all of the carbonaceous particulate material, regardless of the operating condition. However, the ability of the trap to collect the volatile particulate material was dependent upon the exhaust gas temperature. Particle size measurements showed that significant concentrations of small, nuclei-mode particles exist downstream of the filter at some engine operating conditions. The quantity of nuclei-mode particles was shown to be dependent primarily upon exhaust gas temperature. without the exhaust filter, the concentration of these small particles was generally negligible. These small particles are of particular interest since they are capable of penetrating deeply into the human pulmonary system. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Particulates KW - Temperature KW - Traps KW - Traps (Drain pipe) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204683 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387741 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Martel, D AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - ARE YOU TO BLAME? PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 23-24 AB - In this letter to parents a police officer gives his report of a tragic accident involving three young people under the influence of alcohol. He speaks of anger and frustration at parents and leaders who believe a little bit of alcohol won't hurt anything, of contempt for those who propose lowering the drinking age, and of frustration with laws, court rulings and other legal maneuverings that restrict his ability to do his job in preventing such tragedies. The single vehicle accident he reports claimed the life of one young man, seriously injured the driver, and broke the neck of a young girl voted queen of the senior prom and most likely to succeed. KW - Adolescents KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387792 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Wilson, R AU - Malin, H AU - Lowman, C AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - FACTS FOR PLANNING 9: USES OF MORTALITY RATES AND MORTALITY INDEXES IN PLANNING ALCOHOL PROGRAMS PY - 1983 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 41-53 AB - This article, exerpted from a report in the manual "County Alcohol Problem Indicators," presents data on State-level variations in the seven different types of mortality identified in the full report and illustrates the scope of variations in mortality rates that can be expected to occur within a State, using the 32 counties of New Mexico as an example. The mortality rates presented are specifically useful for planning purposes because they represent averages over 3 years--1975, 1976, and 1977. National mortality rates for 1979, the most currently available National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) rates, are reported. Also provided is a comparison of the eighth International Classification of Disease (ICD), used to code 1975 to 1977 deaths, with the ninth ICD, used to code 1979 deaths. Interstate variations in the two patterns of alcohol-related mortality and inter-county variations in chronic and casualty patterns of mortality are also illustrated using New Mexico as an example. KW - Alcoholism KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Counties KW - Fatalities KW - International classification of diseases KW - Mortality rates KW - New Mexico KW - States KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204719 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387737 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - FLEET VEHICLE ECONOMY PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-21 AB - This short article describes a "Speed Discipline Unit" manufactured by Torque Limited of Rochdale. It is a sophisticated device using the latest microprocessor technology. It consists of a fuel control valve and a dashboard indicator, is easily installed, and is tamper-proof. The device is aimed at fleet vehicle owners. KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel conservation KW - Governors (Devices) KW - Microprocessors KW - Speed control KW - Speed governor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387431 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Matsuoka, Michio AU - Arifuku, T AU - Aoki, M AU - Coy, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DETERMINATION OF ADDITIVE EFFECTS IN A JAPANESE VALVE TRAIN WEAR TEST USING AN ORTHOGONAL STATISTICAL DESIGN PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - The factors affecting valve train wear such as individual additives, additive interactions and engine variability have been investigated using an orthogonal type of statistical experimental design. 27 oils formulated on the basis of a 5-factor (Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZnDTP), dispersant, detergent, Viscosity Index (VI) improver and engine), 3-level (3 types of each additive) array were used to assess the significance of each factor and possible interactions between ZnDTP and other additives on cam and rocker arm wear in the Toyota 20R test. ZnDTPs had the most significant effect followed by dispersant, detergent and VI improver. Additive interactions were also detected and hence using this experimental design novel additive combinations giving good performance can be identified and used by the lubricant formulator. KW - Durability tests KW - Engine oils KW - Oil additives KW - Statistical analysis KW - Valve train KW - Valves KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204487 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387438 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Panzer, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMED METHANOL FUELS FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - In addition to the use of volatile primers to provide methanol fuels with good cold starting characteristics, an additional component is needed for luminosity of methanol flames. Methanol fuels have been prepared with several volatile primers to provide improved cold starting characteristics. Dimethyl ether, which can be readily made from methanol, appears to be superior in several respects to other primers because it imparts adequate volatility at reasonably low concentrations and can tolerate water contamination without volatility changes or phase separation better than hydrocarbon primers. Hydrocarbon components have been identified that provide adequate luminosity to methanol fuel flames. Estimates of vapor flammability indicate that dimethyl ether primed methanol fuels can be made whose vapor is too rich to burn in confined tankage at least down to minus 20 deg C. The upper flammability temperature of isopentane primed methanol can be close to that of gasoline (minus 30 deg C), but the isopentane solutions are sensitive to water contamination. Primed methanol experiences greater volatility loss than gasoline during storage and use in vehicle tanks and carburetors. Greater evaporative emissions were also observed. Primers in the concentration range 0-15 volume percent appear to have no effect on octane quality in the CFR engine. Dimethyl ether seems not to aggravate methanol's preignition tendency. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Ethers KW - Flammability KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Isopentane KW - Luminosity KW - Luminosity factor KW - Methanol KW - Methyl ether KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387720 AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRACKING THE ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT PROBLEM IN U.S. HIGHWAY CRASHES PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Alcohol involvement in traffic crashes is estimated for 1981 and 1982 using two national accident data files. In tracking the alcohol problem, no large changes can be detected in the proportions of alcohol-related accidents from 1980 to 1982. However, at least four States show significant reductions in alcohol-related fatal accidents for 1982 compared to 1981. As expected, restraint usage is lower for alcohol-involved drivers in crashes than for sober drivers in crashes. Less than half of the police designated alcohol-involved drivers who survive crashes are charged with alcohol-related offenses. When alcohol-involved fatal accident rates per unit of travel are calculated, drivers aged 16-21 have the highest rates. For 1981, alcohol-involved accidents resulted in an estimated 28,100 fatalities, while in 1982, with an overall 10 percent decrease in fatalities, alcohol involvement resulted in 25,600 fatalities. An average of 670,000 persons were injured per year and an additional annual 1,200,000 property damage accidents occurred as a result of alcohol involvement during 1979-80-81. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Occupant restraint KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387759 AU - Dole, E H AU - Barnhart, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 181 p. AB - This publication brings together annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in three major areas: (1) Highway use--the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finance--the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and (3) the highway plant--the extent, characteristics, and performance of the public highways, roads and streets in the Nation. The arrangement of contents follows this general order, with the first three sections devoted to motor-fuel consumption and taxation, vehicle ownership, and driver licensing. The fourth section deals with the financing of highways by all government agencies; the fifth section provides data on highway mileages and performance; and the sixth section gives statistics for American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway transportation KW - Highway travel KW - Highway user taxation KW - Infrastructure KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Ownership KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201186 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387434 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mueller, R P AU - Li, Cong AU - Tsao, K C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODELING FOR MASS BURNING RATE AND COMBUSTION DURATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES USING GASOHOL FUELS PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - This paper presents an analytical model for the prediction of mass burning rates and combustion duration via analysis of pressure versus time data, physical engine design parameters, and the thermodynamic properties of the fuel. For model verification pressure and ion discharge traces were obtained for five methanol-gasoline blends burned in a single cylinder spark ignition engine. A new computational technique, built upon earlier Russian works, is presented to provide a more accurate model for the density of the combustion gases during combustion. The accuracy of the model predictions is substantiated through comparison with heat release data and flame front position data as recorded by ion discharge transducers. KW - Combustion KW - Forecasting KW - Gasohol KW - Mathematical models KW - Methanol KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204490 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387436 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Thring, R H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Toward the end of this century the shortfall of supply below demand of the products of natural crude oil will become severe. Research is already well under way to provide alternative fuels for spark-ignition engines which will be independent of natural crude oil. These include fuels from oil shales and tar sands, as well as synthetic fuels, alcohols, and gases; sources include coal, natural gas and biological origins. These fuels will cost two to three times as much in real terms as gasoline from oil does now, so an even stronger emphasis on fuel economy will be required. Most of these alternative fuels are more suited to the spark-ignition engine than the compression-ignition engine, and this paper predicts that the changeover to them will cause an increase rather than a decrease in the market penetration of the spark-ignition engine. It is concluded that the alternative fuel most likely to gain general acceptance is synthetic gasoline made from coal or natural gas, or in some areas from agricultural by-products. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Alternate fuels KW - Biological source fuels KW - Coal KW - Crude oil KW - Demand KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gases KW - Markets KW - Natural gas KW - Oil shales KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Synthetic fuels KW - Tar sands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204492 ER - TY - SER AN - 00387734 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MOTOR VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; AND MOTORCYCLE, MOPED, AND BICYCLE USE SN - 0309035511 PY - 1983 IS - 909 SP - 39p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Potential of the Bicycle as a Substitute for Other Modes of Transportation, W. Brog and E. Erl; Analysis of Insurance Claims to Determine Effects of 1980 Bumpers On Crash Damage, P. Abramson and M. Yedlin; Acceleration Characteristics of Late-Model Automobiles, D.R. Hearne and J.E. Clark; Federal Government and Integrated Vehicle Development: U.S. Experience, R.K. Whitford; Moped Use by Visitors to Hawaii, C.S. Papacostas and W.Y. Yoshioka; Motorcycle Trade Press Exposure Study, C.H. Simpson, Jr.; and Moped and Bicycle Use by University of Hawaii Students, C.S. Papacostas. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Bumpers KW - Development KW - Federal government KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology assessment KW - United States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387835 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - OCTANE REQUIREMENT INCREASE OF 1981 MODEL CARS PY - 1983 SP - v.p. AB - Octane requirement increase (ORI) was determined for eighty-six 1981 model cars operated on unleaded gasoline. All ORI values were determined from the increase in maximum octane requirements irrespective of whether requirements were obtained at full- or part-throttle. At 15,000 miles, the mean ORI for all cars with full-boiling range unleaded (FBRU) fuels was 5.1 Research octane numbers, 3.3 Motor octane numbers, and 4.2 (R+M)/2 numbers. At 15,000 miles, the mean ORI for seventy-four cars with full-boiling range high sensitivity unleaded (FBRSU) fuels was 5.2 Research octane numbers, 3.6 Motor octane numbers, and 4.4 (R+M)/2 numbers. At 15,000 miles, the mean ORI for seventy-four cars with primary reference fuels (PRF) was 4.1 octane numbers. Compared with 1980 models (120 cars), the mean ORI for all cars in the 1981 program with FBRU fules was the same on a RON basis, and 0.1 MON higher. In general, the mean ORI with FBRU fuels has not changed appreciably for the 1975 through 1981 model cars. ORI decreases about 0.2 to 0.3 octane number per octane number increase of initial octane requirements; this relationship is statistically significant. KW - Automobiles KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387721 AU - Hedlund, J AU - ARNOLD, R AU - Cerrelli, E AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - Hoxie, P AU - Skinner, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE 1982 TRAFFIC FATALITY DECREASE PY - 1983 SP - 24 p. AB - United States traffic fatalities dropped dramatically from 49,301 in 1981 to an estimated 43,721 in 1982. Fatalities are at their lowest level in 20 years, and fatality rates are the lowest ever recorded. A decrease of similar magnitude occurred only in 1974, when the oil crisis, the national 55 mph speed limit, and depressed economic conditions disrupted the nation's driving habits. In 1982 the potential explanations are more difficult to observe and test. This paper examines several factors which may have contributed to the 1982 changes, including alcohol programs, occupant restraint use, demographic shifts, economic conditions, and travel patterns. Each factor's effect is assessed, though available data do not permit precise quantification. Implications of these findings for 1983 and beyond are discussed. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Data analysis KW - Demographics KW - Economic conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Travel patterns KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201148 ER - TY - SER AN - 00387793 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC RECORDS, ACCIDENT ANALYSIS, AND TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT SN - 030903552X PY - 1983 IS - 910 SP - 98p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Exposure-Based Analysis of Motor Vehicle Accidents, P.P. Jovanis and J. Delleur; Variability in Rural Accident Reporting, D.S. Turner and E.R. Mansfield; Application of Microcomputer Technology to Local Accident Problem Identification, D.B. Brown and C.W. Colson; Evaluation of Accident Reporting Histories, C.O. Willis, Jr. et al; Accident Model of the Traffic Mix: Use of Vehicle Miles to Predict Accidents, T. Chirachavala and J. O'Day; Microcomputer-Based Traffic Records System for Small Police Agencies, W.E. Kelsh; Systematic Procedure for Incorporating Exposure Factors in Truck Accident Analysis, S. Khasnabis and T.R. Reddy; The Promise of New Technology: Implications for Traffic Record Systems, W.W. Stenzel; Application of Small Computers to Traffic Records Systems in Small Communities, R.C. Pfefer and B.E. Reischl; Evaluating and Planning HOV Lane Enforcement, J.W. Billheimer et al; Evaluation of Boise Selective Traffic Enforcement Project, G.J. Sali; Analysis of Selective Enforcement Strategy Effects on Rural Alabama Traffic Speeds, J.N. Hool, et al; Evaluation of the Bonneville County, Idaho, DUI Accident Prevention Program, D.R. Amick and P.B. Marshall; and Field Study of Rail-Highway Grade-Crossing Crash Sites, J.W. Hall. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash exposure KW - Forecasting KW - Microcomputers KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Records management KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204720 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387430 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Smolenski, D J AU - Kabel, R H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF ENGINE OIL ZINC DITHIOPHOSPHATE (ZDP) ADDITIVE TYPE ON CAM AND LIFTER WEAR IN TAXI SERVICE PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The major phosphorus-containing compounds in engine oil are zinc dithiophosphates (ZDP's), which act both as antioxidants and antiwear agents. To reduce engine oil phosphorus concentrations without compromising engine durability, and thereby reduce phosphorus poisoning of emission control devices, an optimum ZDP mixture should be used. A 160,000-km taxi test was conducted to determine the relative camshaft and lifter wear protection provided by several ZDP's and ZDP mixtures. Wear protection was poorest with aryl ZDP's (which are thermally stable, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), intermediate with long-chain primary alkyl ZDP's (which are thermally unstable), and best with short-to-medium chain secondary or short-chain primary alkyl ZDP's (which are of intermediate thermal stability). Sequence IIID test results on analogs of the field test oils correlated fairly well with taxi test results; sequence V-D test results did not correlate as well. KW - Camshafts KW - Durability tests KW - Engine oils KW - Oil additives KW - Valve train KW - Valves KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204486 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387432 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sapre, A R AU - Quader, A A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONVERSION OF FUEL NITROGEN TO NO IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 24 p. AB - Nitrogen-free and nitrogen-doped fuels were investigated using a single-cylinder, spark-ignition engine, and gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles. The single-cylinder engine experiments showed that only NO (nitric oxide) emissions were affected by nitrogen in the fuel and that the percentage of fuel nitrogen converted to NO (PNCNO) ranged from about 5 to 100. Generally, PNCNO increased when equivalence ratio, concentration of nitrogen in the fuel, engine load, or compression ratio decreased; PNCNO also increased as the level of EGR or engine speed increased, or as spark timing was retarded from MBT. The vehicle experiments showed PNCNO to be substantially higher (about 80-90) in gasoline engines than in a diesel engine (about 35), and that equivalence ratio, fuel-nitrogen concentration and EGR affected PNCNO in a multi-cylinder gasoline engine in the same manner as in the single-cylinder engine. The above experimental results could be rationalized on the basis of a speculative mechanism which incorporated the fuel-nitrogen reactions, the Zeldovich reactions and their interactions. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Gasoline engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204488 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387736 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - REAR SEAT SAFETY FOR ALL PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-9 AB - Pointing out the 25% decrease in injuries and deaths since the compulsory seat belt wear law became effective in January 1983, this short article continues with a discussion of the need for rear belt legislation. A study by Dr. Murray MacKay, of the University of Birmingham's Accident Research Unit and one of the country's leading authorities on car safety, revealed that the use of rear seat belts would have saved the lives of 73.7% of all rear passengers killed. Applied to national fatality statistics in Britain during 1981, a total of 226 lives could have been saved. The report also claims that the effectiveness of front belts is severely limited by the danger of restrained front passengers being hit by unrestrained rear passengers who are catapulted forward in a crash. KW - Front seats KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seats KW - United Kingdom KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387429 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yoshihara, T AU - Wakizono, T AU - Hara, H AU - Nakagawa, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF ENGINE OIL ADDITIVES AND CARBON PARTICLES ON VALVE TRAIN WEAR OF DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - This paper deals with the effect of engine oil additives, carbon particles and rocker arm materials on the valve train wear of diesel engines. The tests were performed with an ISUZU 1.8L OHC type diesel engine powered by the motored engine method. The sixteen experimental oil formulations were based on the orthogonal method of experimental design. The results were obtained as follows: (1) It was confirmed there were main effects and interactions between each additive component for the valve train wear with a statistical analysis. (2) The failure phenomena and anti-wear properties of the valve train were affected by the additive components, rocker arm materials and carbon particles. The type of zinc dithiophosphate was a very important factor in the valve train wear. KW - Carbon KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability tests KW - Engine oils KW - Oil additives KW - Statistical analysis KW - Valve train KW - Valves KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204485 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387443 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - RHEE, K T AU - Chang, S L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION IN ONE-END-OPEN CREVICES PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - The present paper considers the processes of incomplete combustion in in-cylinder crevices with clearances slightly greater than quenching distance. For this, an experimental work has been carried out by using a premixed constant-volume combustion chamber. In the chamber, the propagation of flame through the combustible gas contained in individual crevices with various geometries was investigated by two means: high speed schlieren photography to obtain the idiosyncrasy of the in-crevice flame behavior; and fast-response thin-film thermocouples mounted flush with the crevice wall to measure the flame propagation speed, the instantaneous surface temperature, the instantaneous heat flux through the crevice wall, etc. From the investigation, the origins of unburned hydrocarbons formed in the in-cylinder crevices were surmised. In addition, an improved numerical method is presented for the computation of heat flux through a slab (here, the crevice wall) by using the timed surface temperature measured by the thin-film thermocouple. KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flame propagation KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Incomplete combustion KW - Internal combustion engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204499 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387444 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Farrell, R A AU - Bolton, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT CVS CYCLE EMISSIONS OF AN AUTOMOTIVE STIRLING ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - One of the goals of the Automotive Stirling Engine Development Program, sponsored by the Department of Energy and managed by NASA Lewis Research Center, is to develop a rationale for predicting transient CVS cycle emissions from steady-state engine data. A technique is developed that integrates engine emissions as a function of fuel flow over a modelled CVS cycle to predict vehicle urban cycle results. Steady-state emissions data from three Mod I engines burning unleaded gasoline are used to predict vehicle NOx, CO, and HC emissions. A total of 155 data points representing variations in engine power, excess air (Lambda), and the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) schedule are utilized. Predictions are then compared to the results of nine urban CVS cycle tests of the Mod I/Lerma vehicle, and a conclusion is reached that very accurate predictions of vehicle NOx emissions are possible. CO and HC emissions are considerably higher than predicted due to extreme sensitivity of CO emissions to Lambda, the effect of heater head temperature, and failure of the engine to accurately reflect emissions during start-up. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Stirling engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387433 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huellmantel, L W AU - Matson, J G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONVERSION OF FUEL NITROGEN TO OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AN AUTOMOTIVE GAS TURBINE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Engine and chassis dynamometer tests were conducted using the GMR GT-225 experimental automotive gas turbine engine to determine the effect of fuel nitrogen on NOx emissions. Kerosene doped with pyridine was used as fuel and both a conventional diffusion-flame combustor and an experimental lean, premixing-prevaporizing combustor were tested. The results show that a sizable amount of fuel nitrogen is converted to NOx with both combustors. The lean, premixing-prevaporizing combustor converted a greater fraction of the fuel nitrogen than did the diffusion-flame combustor and for both combustors, the fraction converted decreased as the fuel nitrogen content increased. KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Kerosene KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387440 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Spearot, J A AU - Murphy, C K AU - Rosenberg, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASURING THE EFFECT OF OIL VISCOSITY ON OIL FILM THICKNESS IN ENGINE JOURNAL BEARINGS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - The minimum oil-film thickness in the front main bearing of a 3.8 L, V-6 engine was measured at 3,000 r/min, and 140 N.m using an electrical resistance technique. For a series of seven Newtonian, single-grade oils, film thickness correlated with oil viscosity measured either in a kinematic or in a high-shear-rate viscometer. For a series of fifteen polymer-containing, non-Newtonian, multigrade oils, however, no single measure of viscosity adequately correlated with film thickness for all of the oils. By eliminating four multigrade oils from the combined single and multigrade data sets, it was possible to correlate film thickness to the viscosity (of the remaining multigrade and Newtonian oils) measured at 150 deg C and 500,000/s, conditions which are believed to be representative of temperatures and shear rates in bearing oil films. Possible explanations for the lack of correlation with the entire set of twenty-two oils are discussed. KW - Engine oils KW - Journal bearings KW - Measurement KW - Multigrade oils KW - Oil spills KW - Oil-film-thickness KW - Polymers KW - Shear rate KW - Temperature KW - Thickness KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204496 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387735 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Rogers, C AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - MICHELIN AND THE RADIAL TYRE PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 4-7 AB - This short article discusses the history of the development of Michelin radial tires, from the filing of the patent application for steel braced radial tires in Paris on June 14, 1946 to the launching of the MX Series in 1983. Initial study centered on rolling resistance, which continues to be of paramount importance. The current Michelin range is the product of continuous development and the tightest control at every stage of manufacture. New ideas are being tested constantly, with the prime objective being to give the user the very best in quality and value for money without sacrificing safety. KW - Development KW - History KW - Manufacturing KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rolling resistance KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387418 AU - Transport Canada TI - ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 1982 T2 - RAPPORT ANNUEL 1982 SECURITE ROUTIERE PY - 1983 SP - v.p. AB - This is the eleventh Annual Report of the Road and Motor Vehicle Traffic Safety Branch of the Canadian Department of Transport, covering the period April 1, 1981 to March 31, 1982. This report outlines the ever-changing role of the Branch and details its programs for the betterment of motor vehicle safety in Canada. The contents are as follow: Director's Report; Countermeasures development; Motor vehicle regulations; Motor vehicle investigations; Motor Vehicle Test Centre; and Programming and administration. The studies reported under countermeasures development reflect the Division's priorities of increased seat belt use, safety of smaller cars, drinking/driving, and energy conservation. Discussed within the scope of motor vehicle regulations are automotive safety engineering, regulations enforcement, and energy and emissions engineering. Motor vehicle investigations cover public complaints and recalls, defects investigation, collision evaluation, liaison with the public, and international cooperation. KW - Administration KW - Air quality management KW - Canada KW - Compact automobiles KW - Cooperation KW - Countermeasures KW - Defects KW - Drunk driving KW - Energy conservation KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public relations KW - Recall campaigns KW - Small car KW - Strategic planning KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387765 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - REVIEW OF THE ADMINISTRATION'S FISCAL YEAR 1984 BUDGET PROPOSALS FOR THE URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION, THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, AND THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1983 SP - 116 p. AB - This hearing is a review of the Administration's fiscal year 1984 budget proposals for the Urban Mass Transportation Administration; the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Budgeting KW - Expenditures KW - Federal budgets KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Hearings KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201195 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387435 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Golovoy, A AU - Blais, E J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NATURAL GAS STORAGE ON ACTIVATED CARBON PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Natural gas is a good fuel for internal combustion engines, but its low energy density is a significant drawback. The energy density can be increased by adsorption on a high surface area activated carbon. But with usage, some of the constituents in the natural gas composition accumulate on the carbon and reduce its adsorptivity. The adsorption-desorption of natural gas on 9LXC activated carbon was investigated to 100 cycles at 21 deg C and pressures of up to 12 MPa. The decrease in the capacity, G, as a function of the number of cycles, N, was found to follow the empirical correlation: G/G sub 0 = 1-0.085Log (N). Analysis of the activated carbon after 100 cycles showed accumulation of C4 and higher hydrocarbons but not of C2 and C3. For automotive applications, activated carbon appears practical in a narrow pressure range, centering around 7 MPa (1000 psig). The preferred storage is at a pressure of 17 MPa or higher, without the use of activated carbons. KW - Activated carbon KW - Adsorption KW - Carbon KW - Fuel storage KW - Natural gas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204491 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387437 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Menrad, H AU - Nierhauve, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE AND VEHICLE CONCEPTS FOR METHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Blending methanol (MEOH) into gasoline results in the variation of the fuel properties, which are partially significant for the vehicle performance. Based on the modified fuel, necessary changes in the engine-vehicle concept are discussed including variations in the characteristics of the cars. Several steps of blending rates are considered: Low percentage in present production gasoline vehicles, medium rate up to 15% and high values up to 60% in modified concepts. The most influencing factor proves to be the material compatibility, followed by hot driving problems (vapor lock). Experiences with prototypes are discussed as well as larger test programs, e.g. the German Methanol Program with 1000 M 15 vehicles. KW - Blends KW - Gasohol KW - Methanol KW - Vapor lock KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387770 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - SOLVING TRAFFIC CONGESTION PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 26-28 AB - This article describes the Hong Kong "electronic road pricing" (ERP) which brings the old concept of road tolls into the computer age, in an effort to deter motorists from using the most congested roads at peak hours. ERP calls for every private car to be fitted with a device known as an electronic number plate which will emit a unique signal positively identifying each car. In addition, between 200 and 300 wire loops will be inset into Hong Kong roads four inches below the surface. When a car passes over the loops, they will interact with the electronic number plate, sending a signal to a contral computer which will add up the tolls. Each car owner will then receive monthly toll bills. KW - Automated highways KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Information processing KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Toll collection KW - Toll roads KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387836 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING'S COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 244 p. AB - During 1982, a total of 18,464 reported traffic accidents occurred on Wyoming roadways. Fatal accidents numbering 173 resulted in 201 persons killed and 176 persons injured. A total of 3,812 injury accidents occurred, injuring 5,619 persons. The remaining 14,479 accidents were property damage only accidents. Wyoming's 1982 traffic accidents involved a total of 28,496 drivers and 31,708 vehicles. Alcohol and unsafe speed were the leading contributing human factors listed for fatal and injury accidents, while unsafe speed and failure to grant right-of-way were the leading human factors listed in property damage only accidents. Carbon County had the most fatal accidents (16) and Natrona the most injury (480) and property damage only (3036) accidents in 1982. September had the most fatal accidents (22), July had the most injury accidents (423), and December had the most property damage only accidents (1766). Most fatal and property damage only accidents occurred on a Friday, while injury accidents most often occurred on Saturday. The primary purpose of this report is not to make conclusions, but to provide information to groups, agencies, and individuals interested in reducing accidents and their related deaths, injuries, and property damage. The information is provided in the form of tables, charts, summaries, and graphs. KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Speeding KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387439 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nagalingam, B AU - Duebel, M AU - Schmillen, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE OF THE SUPERCHARGED SPARK IGNITION HYDROGEN ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A combustion engine of a given displacement will develop less power when running on hydrogen compared to gasoline or natural gas operation due to less heating value of the fuel air mixture in the combustion chamber. This drop in output exists for external mixing of hydrogen and air prior to intake valve closure. However, external mixing does not require intricate engine modification. Without substantial investment, supercharging is an effective method to increase the output of a hydrogen engine which uses the simple technique of external mixing of hydrogen and air. AVL stationary type research engine was used to investigate the percentage gain in output and thermal efficiency, knock limited combustion air ratios, NO emission and combustion characteristics at different supercharging pressures. The performance of the supercharged hydrogen engine is also compared with that of naturally aspirated hydrogen engine. Results indicate that compared to naturally aspirated hydrogen engine the output increases as much as 233% and the percentage increase in indicated thermal efficiency is 29% at a combustion air ratio of 2.0 and speed of 1200 rpm. By supercharging the hydrogen engine, NO emission increases and knock limit sets in at combustion air ratio leaner than that of naturally aspirated engine. Reduced spark plug gap and better insulation of ignition system are necessary to avoid the ignition failure at supercharged condition of hydrogen engine. KW - Combustion KW - Engine knock KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrogen KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Superchargers KW - Supercharging KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204495 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387441 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Os, N van AU - Garcia-Franco, C A AU - Gottenberg, W G AU - Tripp, H A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF LUBRICANT ELASTICITY ON JOURNAL BEARING PERFORMANCE UNDER STATIC LOAD PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - This paper presents experimental measurements of oil film thickness for a statically loaded journal bearing with single-grade, polymer-free engine oils and SAE 10W40 polymer-containing engine oils under hydrodynamic lubrication conditions. Measured minimum film thickness was correlated with a bearing Sommerfeld number based on actual high shear rate viscosities with no significant difference being observed between polymer-free and polymer-containing oils. However, a significant decrease in bearing attitude angle was observed for a number of polymer-containing oils compared with polymer-free oils at the same Sommerfeld number. Using measured values for eccentricity, attitude angle and high shear rate viscosities, the total friction couple was calculated at various Sommerfeld numbers with no difference being found between polymer-containing and polymer-free oils. This was expected since theoretically the contribution to friction due to attitude angle is small compared with that due to viscosity. KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Engine oils KW - Journal bearings KW - Measurement KW - Oil spills KW - Oil-film-thickness KW - Polymers KW - Shear rate KW - Static loads KW - Thickness KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204497 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387282 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kuo, T-W AU - YU, R C AU - SHAHED, S M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE TRANSIENT EVAPORATING SPRAY MIXING PROCESS IN THE DIESEL ENVIRONMENT PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Some results of a systematic study of the effects of fuel and chamber gas properties on the transient evaporating spray mixing process are presented. The study uses an existing two-dimensional stochastic thick spray model. The results show that the combustion process in typical heavy duty, quiescent, DI diesel engines can be mixing limited rather than vaporization limited. In addition, the results show that the mixing process of a transient evaporating spray is characterized by the combined effects of fuel evaporation and its turbulent mixing with the surrounding air. In general, increasing the evaporation rate alone does not necessarily increase the fuel-air mixing rate. Furthermore, two dimensionless parameters have been used to quantify the relative effects of fuel and chamber gas properties on the transient spray evaporation process. Finally, through detailed comparisons between spray and gas jet results, the transient evaporating spray mixing process is better understood. With this understanding, further modification of the phenomenological jet mixing model published earlier can and will be made. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Evaporation KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204402 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387284 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cernansky, N P AU - Cohen, R S AU - Tumati, P R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESTRUCTION OF OXYGENATE/ODOR FORMATION IN A HIGH TEMPERATURE FLAT FLAME BURNER PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - As a group of diesel engine exhaust products, oxygenates have been found primarily responsible for the characteristic exhaust odor. In diesel combustion systems, it is thought that oxygenates are produced in too-lean-to-burn regions and are subsequently destroyed in the temperature flame regions. In order to study these destruction processes, n-dodecane/oxygen/inert gas mixtures have been burned in a high temperature premixed, prevaporized, one-dimensional, laminar flat flame burner. The rate of decay of oxygenates along the axis of the burner in the reaction zone and in the post flame zone has been measured and followed. An empirical relationship describing the rate of decay of oxygenates has been derived and is presented and discussed in this paper. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel additives KW - Odors KW - Oxygenates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204404 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387286 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Klaus, E E AU - Perez, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SEVERAL HYDRAULIC FLUIDS IN OPERATIONAL EQUIPMENT, A FULL-SCALE PUMP TEST STAND, AND THE FOUR-BALL WEAR TESTER PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - A four-ball wear test has been designed and tested with a series of petroleum based hydraulic fluids. This test procedure comprises a sequence of three 30 minute test segments designed to evaluate "wear in," steady state wear and the effect of antiwear films produced in the first two parts of the test. Excellent repeatability of this sequential testing has been established. The wear properties of formulated fluids have been shown to be a function of system temperature and bearing load. A series of formulated mineral oil base lubricants that have been evaluated extensively in heavy-duty industrial hydraulic equipment have also been evaluated in a laboratory pump test system and the sequential four-ball wear test. A correlation developed for the heavy-duty industrial hydraulic systems with the laboratory pump test system has been extended to the four-ball wear tester sequential runs under specific load and temperatures. KW - Durability tests KW - Hydraulic fluids KW - Repeatability KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204406 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386848 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Peck, R C AU - Kadell, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CALIFORNIA'S POST-LICENSING CONTROL REPORTING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM--A SUMMARY OF THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF RESULTS PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 7-21 AB - This paper describes a system--the Post-Licensing Control Reporting and Evaluation System (PLCRES)--for producing ongoing effectiveness data on California's negligent operator program. PLCRES was designed to fulfill several optimum program evaluation principles: (1) ongoing experimental replication, (2) random assignment to treatment and control populations, (3) timely computer-generated effectiveness measures, (4) high statistical power, and (5) cost-benefit modeling. The system produces effectiveness data on the four components of California's sequential negligent operator control program: warning letter (W/L), group educational meeting (GEM), individual hearing (I/H), and probation violator hearing (P/V). Results accumulated over the first 3 1/2 years of the system's operation indicate that all four program components reduce traffic conviction frequency. With the exception of the warning letter, each component also significantly reduced traffic accidents. All four were found to be cost beneficial based on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's societal accident cost model. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Hearings KW - Interviewing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Negligence KW - Post licensing control KW - Probation KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204093 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387031 AU - Enke, K AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - IMPROVEMENT OF THE RIDE/HANDLING COMPROMISE BY PROGRESS IN THE ELASTO-KINEMATIC SYSTEM OF WHEEL SUSPENSION PY - 1983 SP - p. 91-96 AB - When designing the wheel suspension of an automobile, a complete series of characteristics must be taken into consideration. The two most important ones are handling characteristics and comfort. Normally the elasticity of the rubber bearings, necessary for comfort, is affecting the handling precision. By using a suspension with five links per wheel it is possible to optimise the ride and the handling qualities independently. Particularly the steering effects, connected with elastic wheel motions through lateral and longitudinal forces, can be eliminated to a high degree. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) hel StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bearings KW - Comfort KW - Driving KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Handling characteristics KW - Ride quality KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204227 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387033 AU - Curtis, C A AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - HANDLING ANALYSIS AND THE WEEKLY ROAD-TESTS OF "MOTOR" PY - 1983 SP - p. 107-112 AB - Skilled subjective handling assessments are compared with objective techniques including slalom tests, steady-state cornering ability measurements and steering-wheel angle versus yaw rate and slip angle measurements. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under partonage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Road tests KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Steering KW - Vehicle tests KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204229 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387040 AU - Ray, R W AU - Gibson, P D AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - VEHICLE HANDLING: DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS METHODS PY - 1983 SP - p. 165-174 AB - The paper provides a brief historical perspective for the use of selected test procedures at the authors' company and also outlines some of the details concerning the methodology and analysis techniques currently employed. The selection of parameters for measurement is discussed together with the choice of transducers and instrumentation for a typical test procedure. The procedures may be undertaken on a range of test vehicles covering commercial vehicles, cars and specialist designs. The problems involved with the satisfactory calibration of the equipment are also reviewed. Developments in the approach to data acquisition and analysis are discussed in the paper, and the possible impact of microprocessors and solid state recording systems on both the instrumentation and measurement techniques is outlined. Consideration is given to the development of new techniques for data acquisition and analysis based on the developing technology. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Instrumentation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204236 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387042 AU - Giles, C G AU - SHARP, R S AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - STATIC AND DYNAMIC STIFFNESS AND DEFLECTION MODE MEASUREMENTS ON A MOTORCYCLE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO STEERING BEHAVIOUR PY - 1983 SP - p. 185-192 AB - A comparison between two different methods of determining the stiffness of a motorcycle frame is made. The first employs conventional, static loading of the frame with deflections and mode shape measured by dial gauges. The second entails dynamic loading of the frame by means of a sinusoidally driven shaker with deflections obtained by means of an accelerometer, electronic data processing then yielding frequency response information. Conclusions are drawn about the implications for accurate modelling of motorcycle steering behaviour arising from differences between the static and dynamic properties of the frame. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Dynamic loads KW - Motorcycles KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Steering KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387057 AU - Highway Patrol Department of Public Safety TI - ANNUAL SUMMARY OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 104 p. AB - This document summarizes statistics pertaining to traffic accidents and traffic law enforcement activities in Mississippi during Calendar year 1982. Its purpose is to inform the public and to assist responsible officials in making highways safer and traffic law enforcement more effective. KW - Mississippi KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386890 JO - Supplementary Report PB - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) AU - THOMAS, S AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - THE VALUE OF TIME SAVINGS IN WEST MALAYSIA: CAR, BUS AND TAXI OCCUPANTS PY - 1983 IS - 777 SP - 21 p. AB - This report examines the impact of a new inter-urban highway in West Malaysia on journey times and costs and on traffic volumes and trip frequency. The major benefit of the new highway is journey time savings and behavioural values for non-working time savings are calculated using mode choice analysis. The distribution of benefits between road users of different income groups is considered. The value of non-working time savings estimated for road users in West Malaysia is similar to that found by many studies for road users in developed countries. The median value of such time savings for all road users is 37 percent of the average hourly wage. This similarity probably reflects the fact that road users in West Malaysia come overwhelmingly from the modern sector of the economy, and very few come from the subsistence sector. The higher income groups benefited more from the new highway than the lower income groups. KW - Highway planning KW - New road KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387288 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hsu, S M AU - Cummings, A L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LUBRICANTS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A novel thermogravimetric analysis test method has been developed for the evaluation of lubricants. It involves superimposing the thermogravimetric trace of the sample in argon over the trace produced in oxygen atmosphere. The difference of the two traces indicates the oxidative influence on volatility as well as on the formation tendencies of high boiling (high molecular weight) oxidation products. The method was illustrated with a base oil with and without a catalyst package and an additive package. The test method is potentially useful for lubricant screening, quality control, and base oil composition effects on thermal oxidative stability. KW - Lubricating oils KW - Quality control KW - Screenings KW - Thermogravimetric analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204408 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387290 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - JOHNSON, M D AU - Korcek, S AU - Zinbo, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INHIBITION OF OXIDATION BY ZDTP AND ASHLESS ANTIOXIDANTS IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROPEROXIDES AT 160 DEGREES C--PART I PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - A reaction scheme depicting engine oil oxidation chemistry occurring in internal combustion engines is proposed. This scheme reflects the idea that hydroperoxides, which are initial oxidation products, are formed continuously in engine oil, regardless of the presence of radical trapping inhibitors, due to a continuous influx of free radicals from the combustion process. Therefore, the antioxidant behavior of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDTP) itself and in combination with an ashless phenolic antioxidant has been investigated using a model hydrocarbon oxidation system in the presence of excess hydroperoxides. In order to approximate temperatures existing in critical engine locations, these studies were carried out at 160 deg C. Results obtained contribute to a better understanding of the antioxidant mechanisms of ZDTP and also provide basic information needed in development of laboratory test procedures for evaluation of engine oil antioxidant systems under realistic conditions. KW - Antioxidants KW - Engine oils KW - Hydrogen peroxide KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oxidation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204410 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387027 AU - Milliken, W F AU - RICE, R S AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - MOMENT METHOD PY - 1983 SP - p. 31-60 AB - The unbalanced steady-state forces/moments acting on the automobile are utilized in a comprehensive nonlinear simulation to graphically portray maneuvering performance. Since this treatment of stability and control is novel to the automobile, although traditional for other vehicles (aircraft, ships, etc.), a brief overview serves to orient the method in handling technology. Part I, of the body of the paper, uses graphical presentations of simulation runs to explain Moment Method concepts and relate them to conventional ones. The calculations are based on full-scale tire/chassis data for real cars. From this base, Part II examines front and rear track moments for the effect of changes in several chassis parameters and operational variables. The advantages and limitations of techniques which deal with each end of the vehicle separately are noted. Part III deals with the interpretation of the standard C sub N-A sub Y diagram. Determination of response metrics from this plot and the effects of operating mode are illustrated with specific examples. A comparison of several vehicles in a cornering situation is presented. As a major conclusion, the method provides a graphical "portrait" of vehicle handling over the maneuvering range. Thus the diagram is a new and comprehensive measure of handling quality for a defined set of operating conditions. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Diagrams KW - Driving KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuvering KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Simulation KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204223 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387029 AU - Roland, M A AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - SOME ASPECTS ON SUSPENSION DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR IMPROVED VEHICLE RESPONSE AT THE LIMIT OF ADHESION PY - 1983 SP - p. 69-78 AB - In the closed loop system of driver-vehicle-environment there is a coupling between driver and vehicle, in which the feedback is represented by motion parameters such as yaw velocity and lateral acceleration, while the coupling between road and vehicle is represented by forces. At the limit of adhesion the driver must control the vehicle's force and moment equilibrium. There are different definitions of understeer and oversteer parameters which are based either on motions or forces. It can be helpful to understand the relationship between these. Experience shows that roll steer and compliance steer, on the rear axle, have large effects on the ease of control at the limit of adhesion whilst also influencing gain factors, response time and yaw damping. A rear axle with a very small and controlled side force oversteer together with a favourable dynamic index should give both controllability at the limit of adhesion as well as good yaw damping and sufficient short response time during transient manoeuvres. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adhesion KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Emergency response time KW - Maneuvering KW - Oversteer KW - Reaction time KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Understeer KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204225 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387044 AU - CROLLA, D A AU - SHARP, R S AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - STABILITY AND STEERING RESPONSE PROBLEMS OF TRUCKS TOWING TRAILERS PY - 1983 SP - p. 201-210 AB - The stability and frequency response properties of a straight truck towing a trailer are calculated. At motorway speeds, a potential steering response problem is indicated; namely that the lateral acceleration of the trailer may be greatly magnified compared with that of the truck. A modified hitch is proposed to overcome this problem. Commercially, this hitch would cost only marginally more than present designs. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Frequency response KW - Hitches KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204240 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387046 AU - Bevan, B G AU - Smith, N P AU - ASHLEY, C AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STABILITY OF CAR/CARAVAN COMBINATIONS PY - 1983 SP - p. 221-228 AB - In this study stability was predicted by means of a simple mathematical model of a car/caravan combination. These predictions were compared with the oscillatory stabilities of several combinations measured in track tests. This work justified the theoretical model, which was then used to determine the relative importance of the various dimensions, weights and tyre characteristics which could be varied. It was found that, to be more stable, a car/caravan combination should include a light caravan with low yaw inertia, adequate drawbar length, short hitch overhang, large car wheelbase, an optimum caravan centre of gravity, and adequate caravan tyre stiffness. A hitch damper was found to stabilise a combination approaching oscillatory instability. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under partronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) h StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Center of gravity KW - Drawbar length KW - Drawbars KW - Forecasting KW - Hitches KW - Jackknifing KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oscillation KW - Size KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stiffness KW - Tires KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Wheel base KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386843 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - IT'S STILL THE SAME OLD STORY PY - 1983 IS - 2 SP - p. 29-32 AB - The Alliance of American Insurers predicts that residual market underwriting losses and insolvency assessments may exceed $1 billion for the fourth year in a row. The auto residual markets are the most expensive with underwriting losses estimated at $1,113,800,000. Auto shared market losses exceed the total for all residual markets and insolvency assessments because the workers compensation residual market recorded substantial underwriting profits. The workers compensation residual markets recorded an underwriting gain of $130.9 million. This is the result of a $249.8 million reduction in the pool's ultimate liabilities as a result of the Black Lung Benefits Reform Act of 1981. Underwriting losses for FAIR Plans amounted to $62 million, and Beach and Windstorm Plans showed a statutory underwriting gain of $15.1 million. Assessments for insurance company insolvencies dropped 35 percent. State by state results for 1981 residual market underwriting losses and insolvency investment for 1981 may be obtained from the publication, "A Study of 1981 Residual Markets and Insolvency Assessments: Their Impact on Property Casualty Insurers." KW - Insurance industry KW - Losses KW - Markets KW - Profits KW - Residual markets KW - Underwriting KW - Workers compensation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386846 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EVALUATION RESEARCH REVIEW PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 38 p. AB - This issue of the review presents the following articles: Evaluation News and Notes; California's Post-Licensing Control Reporting and Evaluation System--A Summary of the First Three Years of Results; and An Evaluation of the Impact of the Virginia Driver Improvement Program on Negligent Driving: A 12-Month Report. KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Negligence KW - Personnel performance KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387111 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS, CONSUMER PROTECTION, AND FINANCE OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, NINETY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION PY - 1983 SP - n.p. AB - This document contains the subcommittee hearing on June 20, 1983 on the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act (H.R. 2235). The text of H.R. 2235 is included, along with testimonies and material submitted for the record. KW - Hearings KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387053 AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS 1983 EDITION PY - 1983 SP - 96 p. AB - This detailed presentation of accident statistics, including historical charts and tables, invites comparison to both short-term and long-term trends in our society. For example, a review of the last four years' figures, showing a decline year by year in the total number of accidental deaths, could be seen in the light of effects of the recession and recent safety advances. The contents of this book are by category of accidents as follows: all accidents; work accidents; motor vehicle accidents; public accidents; home accidents; farm accidents; and school accidents. An index and definitions are provided. KW - Crashes KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387055 AU - National Police Agency TI - STATISTICS '82. ROAD ACCIDENTS JAPAN PY - 1983 SP - 57 p. AB - This book presents the 1982 road accident statistics in Japan. Contents are as follows: (1) Road traffic situation, 1946-1982; (2) Traffic accidents: trends; (3) Traffic accidents and casualties in 1982; (4) Control of traffic violations; (5) Traffic regulations and controls; (6) Driver's license; and (7) Reference information. KW - Driver licenses KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387108 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SURFACE TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1982. HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, NINETY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION PY - 1983 SP - 641 p. AB - On January 6, 1983 Public Law 97-424, the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, was signed into law by the President. These subcommittee hearings review several of the issues covered by this law that are of interest and under the jurisdiction of the subcommittee. This is done with an eye on introducing technical, clarifying, and perfecting amendments to the act in the near future. KW - Hearings KW - Reviews KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200734 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387025 AU - Zimmermann, P AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - p. 13-22 AB - It will be demonstrated how, with the aid of simulation models, calculations can be performed with regard to the transverse dynamics and, following expansion of the model, with regard to the longitudinal dynamics of passenger vehicles. These calculations serve both to improve basic understanding of vehicle dynamics and to solve specific problems frequently encountered in the development of a new vehicle. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204221 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387032 AU - Harrison, A W AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - A THEORETICAL STUDY OF CONSTANT AREA GAS SPRINGS IN PASSENGER CAR SUSPENSIONS PY - 1983 SP - p. 97-106 AB - Gas suspensions are finding increasing use for levelling and ride frequency regulation in passenger cars. Oil or gas pumping types may be used alone or in combination with steel springs. Four distinct kinds of system are identified as needing different optimisation methods. Performance and installation aspects are analysed over a range of vehicle weights and the, sometimes surprising, results are discussed and compared. An evaluation of the effect of such variable rate suspensions on the roll stiffness distribution between axles might be of special interest to designers concerned with handling. Finally, four complete vehicle installations are compared and recommendations made. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Building KW - Driving KW - Facilities KW - Gas suspensions KW - Handling characteristics KW - Installation KW - Performance KW - Rolling KW - Stiffness KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204228 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387039 AU - WILLIAMS, A R AU - Osborne, D J AU - Davies, V E AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - THE DESIGN AND USE OF THE DUNLOP/MIRA HANDLING AND STABILITY CIRCUIT PY - 1983 SP - p. 157-164 AB - The demand from car manufacturers for continued improvements in the handling and stability characteristics of vehicles, together with the interest of those involved with legislation in vehicle handling specifications, has led Dunlop to invest in a Handling and Stability Circuit constructed within the existing Motor Industry Association Proving Ground. The paper discusses the principles governing the design of the facility and describes its use for the testing of car, truck and motorcycle tyres. The value of the facility to Dunlop is illustrated by specific cases where vehicle handling tests on the circuit may be related to tyre characteristics measured by other means. The facility is available for use by MIRA members, (industry, government departments, technical institutions, etc.) for the evaluation of the handling and stability of vehicles, or the effect of particular components. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test facilities KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387283 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bergin, S P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE INFLUENCE OF FUEL PROPERTIES AND ENGINE LOAD UPON THE CARBON AND HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM A LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 24 p. AB - This paper reports on the relative contributions of diesel fuel aromatic content and 90 percent distillation temperature to particulate exhaust emissions (both carbon and hydrocarbon) from a single-cylinder, indirect-injection, light-duty diesel engine as a function of engine load. The carbon and hydrocarbon fractions of particulates were determined by using a vacuum oven to heat filters on which particulates had been collected. As expected, multiple linear regression analysis showed that the carbon particulate emission index (grams of particulates emitted per kilogram of fuel consumed) correlated well with a combination of aromatic carbon content and 90 percent distilled temperature of the eight fuels at all six loads tested. A new finding is that the relative contributions of these two fuel properties to the carbon particulate emission index depended strongly upon engine load (overall equivalence ratio). A speculative explanation, which is consistent with the theory that carbonaceous soot condenses from rich gas-phase combustion, is proposed to account for the observation that increased levels of high-boiling fuel fractions decreased the carbon particulate emission index at very heavy engine loads. An unexpected finding was that within the normal ranges of diesel fuel properties, the hydrocarbon particulate emission index could not be correlated with fuel properties. In general agreement with other work, the hydrocarbon particulate emission index for each fuel correlated with its corresponding gaseous hydrocarbon emission index; however, the relationship between the gaseous and the particulate hydrocarbon emission indices was greatly dependent upon engine load. Data obtained using the same engine and constant fuel properties showed that the timing of combustion also strongly influenced the relationship between the gaseous and the particulate hydrocarbon emission indices. KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine loads KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Particulates KW - Regression analysis KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204403 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387280 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Plee, S L AU - Ahmad, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RELATIVE ROLES OF PREMIXED AND DIFFUSION BURNING IN DIESEL COMBUSTION PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Relative roles of premixed and diffusion burning in diesel combustion have been examined in terms of characteristic times for ignition delay (tau sub ig), combustion (tau sub c) and fuel-air mixing (tau sub m). Results indicate that the majority of the diesel combustion process is diffusion controlled, as in gas turbine combustion, since tau sub c is much less than tau sub m over the entire range of operating conditions. During the ignition phase, some premixed burning can occur in the fringe of the fuel spray where tau sub m is less than tau sub ig; however, most of the fuel injected prior to ignition also burns in the diffusion mode, since tau sub m is greater than tau sub ig in the majority of the fuel spray. The fraction of premixed burning which occurs during the ignition phase is increased by longer tau sub ig, high rates of fuel injection, high air swirl and the use of multi-hole injectors, which increase the surface area of the spray. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Ignition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204400 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387035 AU - MILNER, P J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF THE SENSITIVITY OF CARS TO WINDY CONDITIONS USING BASIC WIND TUNNEL AND CHASSIS DATA PY - 1983 SP - p. 119-128 AB - By comparing the lateral displacement due to an aerodynamic disturbance of an idealised car, assumed to possess solely steady state yaw rate response, with that exhibited by the real vehicle, a simple means of approximately describing sensitivity to wind is developed. Using this method, together with a number of other rationalised chassis parameters, a form of expression requiring only substitution of standard aerodynamic characteristics and basic chassis data is obtained. After evaluating numerical solutions for specific wind conditions, a graphical description covering the complete wind spectrum is presented, interpreted and discussed. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Chassis KW - Driving KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Handling characteristics KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204231 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387036 AU - Hall, L C AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSMISSION TORQUES ON THE STEADY STATE HANDLING OF ALL WHEEL DRIVE VEHICLES HAVING ONE TRANSVERSE DIFFERENTIAL PY - 1983 SP - p. 129-138 AB - It is common practice in light armoured military vehicles to use a transmission system having a single differential with front and rear wheels on each side solidly coupled together. This results in lateral and longitudinal traction transfer which influences the handling characteristics. A computer simulation of the steady state handling of vehicles of this type has been developed using data for light truck tyres. It predicts strong understeer behaviour under most conditions but suggests that in rear heavy trim the vehicle tends to oversteer when travelling downhill, and when descending steep wet gradients terminal oversteer can occur at relatively low lateral accelerations. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Driving KW - Four wheel drive KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Light trucks KW - Military vehicles KW - Oversteer KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Torque KW - Transmissions KW - Understeer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204232 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387024 AU - Jaksch, F O AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT VEHICLE PARAMETERS ON STEERING CONTROLLABILITY AND STABILITY PY - 1983 SP - p. 1-12 AB - The research in the field of vehicle handling and stability during the past ten years focused to a great extent on the interaction between driver and vehicle in order to improve the performance level of the driver/vehicle system with respect to steering comfort and safety. The aim of this paper is to describe the influence of different vehicle parameters such as vehicle weight, weight distribution, steering compliance, wheel suspension geometry, tyre characteristics, etc., on steering controllability and stability in the entire range of lateral accelerations. The study has been performed with the help of an uncomplicated mathematical model, which has been very useful during the development of vehicle handling measuring methods in the Volvo Car Corporation. The results are described using steering control and stability characteristics based on the above-mentioned measuring methods. The investigation indicates, among others, that steering controllability and stability of the driver/vehicle system can be improved considerably, especially in the range of high lateral accelerations. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204220 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387026 AU - SHARP, R S AU - Segel, L AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - DIGITAL SIMULATION OF ROLL-OVER OF A MILITARY VEHICLE PY - 1983 SP - p. 23-29 AB - The main features of a computer program known as the Highway Vehicle Object Simulation Model are described from the viewpoint of the vehicle dynamicist, whose interest is in using the program to solve practical problems. The application of the program to obtain an understanding of the occurrence of a substantial number of rollover accidents with the M-151 (a U.S. military vehicle) is then described through its various stages--data acquisition, simulation of different manoeuvres, and interpretation of results. The swing-axle geometry of the rear suspension is found to have a major influence on the steering behaviour, both lateral and overturning. A relatively large proportion of the total load transfer occurs across the rear wheels, which transfer encourages "jacking" of the rear suspension, reduction of the track width, and increasing sensitivity of the vehicle to steering control. The simulated behaviour is found to accord with real world experience in showing sudden changes in response near limit cornering conditions, easily leading to rollover, with little to warn the driver of impending disaster. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Military vehicles KW - Rear suspension KW - Rear suspension systems KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204222 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387049 AU - Wilkins, H A AU - RILEY, B S AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - THE ROAD GRIP OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE TYRES PY - 1983 SP - p. 251-258 AB - Tests were carried out on a range of cross ply and radial ply commercial vehicle tyres. Peak and locked wheel braking force coefficients on dry and wet surfaces were measured for speeds up to 95 km/h and maximum sideways force coefficient was measured at 30 km/h on two wet surfaces. All the tyres tested gave much the same coefficients on any one surface. The values of locked wheel braking force coefficients for the dry surfaces were lower than expected and varied with verticle wheel load. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bias ply tires KW - Braking force coefficient KW - Braking performance KW - Coefficients KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Force KW - Moisture content KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Side force coefficient KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204245 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386833 JO - Addictive Behaviors PB - Elsevier AU - Eiser, J R AU - Harding, C M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SMOKING, SEAT-BELT USE AND PERCEPTION OF HEALTH RISKS PY - 1983 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 75-78 AB - As part of a study of perception of risks involved in health-related activities, 159 students (aged 16-21 years) rated 15 such activities in terms of perceived benefit, perceived risk, perceived likelihood of mishap and acceptability of present level of risk. After exclusion of 28 ex-smokers, subjects were classified into smokers vs. non-smokers, users vs. non-users of seat-belts, males vs. females and first-borns vs. later borns. There were various sex differences but few effects of birth order. Smokers tended to see a less unfavourable trade-off in terms of benefits as against risks for cigarette smoking than did non-smokers. This generalized to their ratings of pot smoking and alcoholic drinks. Non-users of seatbelts were distinguishable from users mainly in seeing greater risk and likelihood of mishap in preventive health measures such as vaccination. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Females KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment KW - Smoking KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386842 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - THE PREDATOR WITHIN PY - 1983 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-5 AB - Scientists are researching the psychosocial aspects of the most dangerous criminal type--the violent predator. While representing only 10% of all U.S. criminals, the violent predator commits 50% of all violent crime. The typical violent predator started his criminal career before age 16. During the 1-2 year period before incarceration the predator commits robbery and assault and deals in drugs at a much higher rate than the "average" felon or those criminals who specialize in such crimes. They are also heavy drug users. Official records, however, rarely contain information necessary to identify the violent predator partly because it must come from protected juvenile records and partly because it is not recorded. In an effort to develop a more efficient system of sentencing criminals, researchers have developed a model that could use available criminal records and prison self-reports to reduce crime by imprisoning the violent predator for longer periods than less active criminals. This model, it is claimed, helps selective incapacitation and has the potential to produce better results for society than current sentencing methods. Although some officials oppose selective incapacitation, others support it together with continued intensive research into criminal behavior. KW - Crimes KW - Penalties KW - Psychological aspects KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387109 AU - Bjorketun, U AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - EXPERIMENTS WITH IMPROVED WINTER PREPAREDNESS--TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS T2 - FOERSOEK MED FOERBAETTRAD VINTERBEREDSKAP--ANALYS AV INTRAEFFADE TRAFIKOLYCKOR PY - 1983 SP - 39 p. AB - The Road Administration has tested improved preparedness for winter road maintenance in certain maintenance districts. The purpose was to reduce the high number of accidents on icy or snowy roads during the morning hours. Two types of measures have been tested. One was to have a truck for salting patrolling the roads with most traffic within the district between 03 a.m. and 07 a.m. on ordinary weekdays ("patrol car") and the other to have a man on duty during the same hours ("stepped-up preparedness"). The investigation, which began after the Road Administration started the experiments with improved winter preparedness, is based on data from the road and accident data registers of the Road Administration. A total of 12,184 accidents from 78 maintenance districts are included in the analysis. The distribution of the accidents on before and after periods was compared for test and control districts. For each district the length of the before period was equal to that of the after period and the same before and after periods were used for each pair of districts. KW - Before and after studies KW - Cold weather KW - Crash analysis KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386899 AU - Transport Canada TI - 1982 CANADIAN MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STATISTICS PY - 1983 SP - n.p. AB - This pamphlet shows Canadian motor vehicle traffic accident statistics for 1982 in the following areas: total accidents and casualties 1960-1982; victims killed and injured by age group; fatalities by road user class; fatalities 1960-1982; casualty rates per 100 million vehicle km; fatality rate per 100 million vehicle km 1960-1982; numbers of accidents by weather conditions, light conditions, and place of accident; casualties by time of day and by month; and vehicle registrations by vehicle type 1960-1982. KW - Canada KW - Fatalities KW - Registrations KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201573 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386889 JO - Supplementary Report PB - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) AU - Hosking, J R AU - Tubey, L W AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - MODIFICATIONS TO THE PSV TEST: NEW SOLID TYRES AND CONTROL STONE PY - 1983 IS - 743 SP - 18 p. AB - Two problems have arisen with the Polished Stone Value (PSV) determination as specified in BS 812: Part 3: 1975: (a) The small pneumatic tyre is no longer being manufactured; and (b) The control stone is no longer available following closure of Enderby quarry. This report describes modifications that have been made to the procedure that allows the use of alternatives to the pneumatic tyre and control stone. It also gives an account of a program of cooperative testing, discusses the results and gives estimates of the precision of the test. The conclusions were: (1) The modified test procedure gives PSV results that do not differ significantly from those given by the BS 812: Part 3: 1975 test; (2) The repeatability and reproducibility of the modified test procedure are independent of PSV level and are estimated to be 4.3 and 6.0 units respectively; these compare with estimates of 4.9 and 6.0 respectively for the 1975 test procedure; and (3) An alternative to the control stone gave results that were identical to the new control and therefore could replace it should the need arise. KW - Modifications KW - Polished stone value test KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204126 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387028 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Segel, L AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - INFLUENCE OF FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE ON VEHICLE HANDLING AT LOW LEVELS OF LATERAL ACCELERATION PY - 1983 SP - p. 61-68 AB - The various mechanisms which cause a front-wheel drive vehicle to exhibit levels of linear understeer unique to this drive configuration are examined and scaled with respect to their relative magnitudes. Expressions defining the influence of drive-shaft torque on understeer gradient are derived in addition to presenting an analysis of the direct influence of the lateral component of drive thrust on the turning process. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Drive shafts KW - Driving KW - Front wheel drive KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Steering KW - Torque KW - Tractive forces KW - Understeer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204224 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387030 AU - Goerich, H-J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - INFLUENCE OF REAR WHEEL CAMBER AND ROLLING MOMENT DISTRIBUTION ON VEHICLE HANDLING ON DRY AND WET ROAD SURFACES PY - 1983 SP - p. 79-90 AB - The present paper deals with driving tests on dry and wet road surfaces, and in particular with investigating the influence of rear axle camber and roll moment distribution on the handling properties of the test vehicle under steady-state and transient driving conditions. The handling variations due to parameter modifications are presented and discussed on the basis of objective characteristic values. It is found that measures increasing the cornering force/slip angle gradient and reducing the cornering force/wheel load gradient at the rear improve steering precision and directional stability, thus enhancing active safety. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Axles KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Curvature KW - Driving KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Handling characteristics KW - Moisture content KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Rear axles KW - Rolling KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Steering KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Wet conditions KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204226 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387043 AU - SHARP, R S AU - ALSTEAD, C J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - FREQUENCY RESPONSES OF MOTORCYCLES TO STEERING TORQUE INPUTS AND TO FRONT WHEEL AND TYRE IMPERFECTIONS PY - 1983 SP - p. 193-200 AB - An existing mathematical model of a motorcycle in free control, which is capable of explaining in general terms the small perturbation steering stability and modal properties, is extended to allow the calculation of responses to sinusoidal inputs of rider applied steering torque, and to forcing arising from dynamic unbalance of the front wheel, lateral force variations at the front tyre/road contact, and swashing of the front wheel. The various responses are presented and their practical implications are discussed. Steering torque inputs are shown to be capable of exciting the main oscillatory modes of motion when the vehicle speed and forcing frequency are appropriate. Responses to front wheel and tyre derived forcing are shown to peak when the vehicle speed is such that the front wheel rotation frequency coincides with the natural frequency of the wobble model. In this resonant condition, it is suggested that easily perceptible vibrations can occur, depending on the wobble mode damping and the degree of wheel imperfection. A design criterion for avoiding extreme sensitivity to wheel condition is suggested. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Frequency response KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Tires KW - Torque KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vibration KW - Wheels KW - Wobble UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204239 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387045 AU - JACOBSON, M A AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - CAR-TRAILER HANDLING PROBLEMS AT SPEED AND PRACTICAL MEASURES TO OVERCOME THEM PY - 1983 SP - p. 211-220 AB - With more and more cars towing caravans, horse boxes, boats and trailers carrying sports cars or disabled vehicles, we have come to realise that some of these combinations are prone to instability in straight line motoring, as speed is increased and during overtaking or lane change manoeuvres. It is not uncommon to see some motorists fighting a losing battle in their attempts to bring a "wayward" trailer unit back into line. For the purpose of this paper we have concentrated our attention on the Range Rover--long low-load-trailer combination--primarily to demonstrate that changes in the suspension of a towing vehicle and loading procedures on the trailer can transform a skittish combination with an unacceptably high incidence of jack-knife and overturning accidents into a highly successful and basically safe mode of transport. Most of the modifications to suspension, tyres and steering, which we found necessary to achieve that, have since become standard features of Range Rovers. The Range Rover and long low-load-trailer represent extremes in suspension movement and many of our recommendations can be applied to other car-towed vehicle combinations as well. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Jackknifing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Tires KW - Towing devices KW - Traffic speed KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204241 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387047 AU - Radt, H S AU - Milliken, W F AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - NON-DIMENSIONALIZING TYRE DATA FOR VEHICLE SIMULATION PY - 1983 SP - p. 229-240 AB - Non-dimensional relationships are proposed for tire side force and self-aligning moment as functions of steer angle, camber angle, load and friction coefficient. Braking force is also non-dimensionalized and determined as a function of slip ratio, steer angle, load and friction coefficient. Following a brief review of results of earlier work by Fiala and Sakai, on which the approach is based, we show dimensionless plots for several tires including: 5.00-16 motorcycle tire (two treads and inflation pressures), P225/7OR15 radial, P185/80R13 radial and 185/70VR15 SG35. It is found that most of the side force data at different loads can be made to fall on a single dimensionless curve as a function of combined steer and camber angle ratios, provided the camber angle does not exceed 10 degrees. Non-dimensional self-aligning moment data also compress to a single curve for each tire when plotted against the non-dimensional steer angle parameter. Similarly, it is shown that dimensionless braking force at various loads becomes a single curve as a function of the slip ratio parameter for zero steer angle, and as a function of the steer angle parameter for constant values of the slip ratio parameter. Comparisons are also presented between the non-dimensional curves for specific cases of similar tires. Recommendations are made for use of the dimensionless plots for vehicle simulation, smoothing or fairing of tire data, reduction of the number of required tests and comparison of tires of varying size, pressure and construction parameters. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Braking force KW - Braking performance KW - Force KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Non-dimensional relationships KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Side force KW - Simulation KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204243 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387287 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Coates, J P AU - Setti, L C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONDITION MONITORING OF CRANKCASE OILS USING COMPUTER AIDED INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Infrared spectroscopy is one of the most fundamental tools of analysis available, and it has the ability to provide most, if not all, of the data required from a used lubricant. In the past successful, yet superficial, application of the technique has been made for condition monitoring of oils during service. The full potential of the application, however, has been limited by the inability to access the total information content of the infrared spectrum. Modern computer-assisted instrumentation now provides the sensitivity and the means to extract the data. This paper describes the technique and illustrates how it can be applied to the analysis of used lubricants. KW - Crankcases KW - Information processing KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Instrumentation KW - Lubricating oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204407 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387289 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hsu, S M AU - Lin, R S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTERACTIONS OF ADDITIVES AND LUBRICATING BASE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Automotive lubricating oils consist of base oils and a variety of chemical additives. In this study, interactions among an antioxidant (ZDDP), a dispersant (succinimide), and a detergent (calcium sulfonate) are studied in terms of oxidation stability. Oxidation tests were conducted at 60 deg C and 160 deg C using the free radical titration test and the thin film oxygen uptake test respectively. Complex chemical interactions in terms of oxidation stability were found among the additives, as well as the additives with the polar species in the base oil. Optimum oxidation concentrations for some of the additives were observed. The effects of temperatures on the interaction were also described. KW - Antioxidants KW - Detergents KW - Dispersers KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oil additives KW - Oxidation KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204409 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386847 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION NEWS AND NOTES PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-5 AB - This issue of Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review focuses on driver improvement programs. Program studies are summarized and the subject of driver improvement programs as a major countermeasure activity is reviewed. The driver improvement program addresses the poor driver record problem and is intended to accomplish the following: promptly identify drivers whose performance falls below the acceptable level; provide programs to enable improvement of this performance; and deny licensure to those unable to meet minimum safe driving standards. A variety of countermeasures have been applied for the purpose of correcting negligent driving. The effectiveness of such countermeasures is measured by their ability to reduce violation and/or accident involvement. A number of effectiveness evaluation studies have been conducted. The results of such studies in Colorado, Illinois, North Carolina, Oregon and Washington are summarized. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Negligence KW - Personnel performance KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386898 AU - Transport Canada TI - 1981 CANADIAN MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STATISTICS PY - 1983 SP - n.p. AB - This pamphlet shows Canadian motor vehicle traffic accident statistics for 1981 in the following areas: total accidents and casualties 1960-1981; victims killed and injured by age group; fatalities by road user class; fatalities 1960-1981; casualty rates per 100 million vehicle km; fatality rate per 100 million vehicle km 1960-1981; numbers of accidents by weather conditions, light conditions, and place of accident; casualties by time of day and by month; and vehicle registrations by vehicle type 1960-1981. KW - Canada KW - Fatalities KW - Registrations KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387110 AU - SPOLANDER, K AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - ACCIDENT RISKS OF DRIVERS. A MODEL TESTED ON MEN AND WOMEN T2 - BILFOERARES OLYCKSRISKER. EN MODELL TESTAD PA MAEN OCH KVINNOR PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Accident risks (number of accidents per kilometer driven) have been studied by the means of questionnaires given to car drivers who hold licenses 1-3 years old. A strong effect of mileage has been observed. Those who drive less than the average run twice as high an accident risk as those who drive more than the average. In spite of the fact that men drive more than women, there is no difference in their average accident risk. When the effect of the higher mileage among men is eliminated, by comparing men and women with the same mileage, the accident risk for men is at least 25% higher than that for women. KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Hazards KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Mileage KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386879 AU - LARSON, D W AU - Reese, R T AU - Wilmot, E L AU - Sandia National Laboratories TI - CALDECOTT TUNNEL FIRE THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS, REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS AND PROBABILITIES PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - A fire occurred in the Caldecott Tunnel on April 7, 1982. This fire was one of five major highway tunnel fires involving large shipments of hazardous materials that have happened worldwide since 1949. In the Caldecott Tunnel fire, approximately 32,000 liters (8,500 gallons) of gasoline were burned causing about three million dollars in damage to the tunnel (which was reopened approximately 135 hours after the fire), the loss of seven lives, and the destruction of eight vehicles. Shortly after the Caldecott Tunnel fire occurred, Sandia National Laboratories obtained permission from the California Highway Patrol to send observers to the fire scene before the debris and other evidence had been removed from the tunnel. The observations made at the scene and the analyses of the information gathered there form the basis of this study. The paper describes the thermal environment and discusses the predicted response of a Type B package to that environment. The probability of a Type B package being involved in a major tunnel fire is also examined. KW - Fatalities KW - Fire fighting KW - Fires KW - Hazardous materials KW - Heat KW - Temperature KW - Thermal conditions KW - Tunnel fire control KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200550 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387285 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cho, L F AU - Klaus, E E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICROOXIDATION EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - The Penn State Microoxidation Tester coupled with gel permeation chromatography and clay column adsorption techniques has been demonstrated to be an effective tool to provide semi-quantitative analysis for automotive crankcase lubricant deterioration. This test simulates engine piston-cylinder zone high-temperature thin-film conditions. Oxidative behavior of a series of ASTM Sequence IIID hot engine test reference oils (with unknown base stocks and additive package) has been found to be comparable to and consistent with that of a model fluid formulated with a good quality conventionally refined heavy neutral and a simple additive system composed of phenyl alpha naphthylamine and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. Further simplification of the test procedure for evaluating varnish and deposit formation tendencies proves to be an effective aid in discriminating base oils as well as compounded fluids with a minimum of analytical equipment. High temperature evaluations of a number of commercial multigrade engine oils reveal the slight advantage of synthetic over conventional mineral base oils both in terms of oxidation resistance and volatility loss. KW - Crankcases KW - Deterioration KW - Engine oils KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oxidation KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils KW - Test procedures KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204405 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387034 AU - Hinds, J M AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLES FOR DIRECTIONAL STABILITY PY - 1983 SP - p. 113-118 AB - Although the theoretical requirements for vehicle stability have been understood for some time, the emergence of front wheel drive (FWD) as the norm for some vehicle classes has introduced new problems. This paper discusses the practical methods available to counteract torque steer and new measurement methods of potential use in vehicle development for evaluating the effects of suspension and aerodynamic changes. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Aerodynamics KW - Front wheel drive KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204230 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387041 AU - JACOBSON, M A AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - CAR HANDLING TEST RESULTS: RESPONSE TO TRANSIENT INPUTS PY - 1983 SP - p. 175-184 AB - One of the primary objectives of improvements in handling is to reduce traffic accidents, particularly collision incidents. Accident statistics tend to record failures not successes. It is therefore difficult to prove conclusively whether improved handling reduces accidents and injury severity. Also there is no agreement, as yet, on how one can scientifically assess safe handling and in particular the vehicle response to transit inputs, although these are characteristic features of successful accident avoidance manoeuvres. A rapid transition from a safe, predictable response to driver input to one which demands the skill and experience of a professional driver to control the vehicle is far from desirable, yet we still found it in some of the latest design motor cars. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accident avoidance KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Transient inputs KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204237 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387048 AU - Brindle, L R AU - Wilson, W T AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - THE EFFECTS OF TYRE TYPE ON DRIVER PERCEPTION AND RISK-TAKING PY - 1983 SP - p. 241-250 AB - The effects of tyre type (radial vs cross-ply) on vehicle steering and handling and the influence of these characteristics on driver perception were investigated under realistic driving conditions. An instrumented test vehicle monitored a range of vehicle dynamics parameters. Subjects drove on public roads and were interviewed during and after each experimental run. Radials were rated relatively more favourably than cross-plies with respect to drivers' feelings regarding a combination of safety, security, control in emergency, course following on straights, stability on dual carriageways, and the amount of effort required in steering the car. This was contrasted with cross-plies being attributed with relatively higher levels of "feel" from the road. An analysis of vehicle dynamics parameters revealed generally higher gradients operating with respect to torque, lateral acceleration, and yaw rate for radials. Further analysis revealed that higher levels of work were expended by drivers steering the vehicle on cross-plies. Response latencies for lateral acceleration and yaw rate were longer in the cross-ply condition. Finally, the relationship between these system characteristics and driver subjective ratings was examined, and the implications for driver risk-taking discussed. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bias ply tires KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hazards KW - Perception KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Ratings KW - Risk assessment KW - Steering KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386876 JO - Michigan Papers in Japanese Studies PB - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - AUTOMOBILES AND THE FUTURE: COMPETITION, COOPERATION, AND CHANGE PY - 1983 IS - 10 SP - 106 p. AB - This monograph contains proceedings of the third annual United States-Japan Automotive Conference held at the University of Michigan. The following presentations are included: Preface, R.E. Cole; Introduction, A.S. Sussman; Opening Statement, P.W. McCracken; Competition and Auto Trade: A Technological Perspective, K. Oshima; Internationalization of the Japanese Auto Industry: Real Progress or a Snail's Pace, R.A. Perkins; Prospects and Consequences of American-Japanese Company Cooperation; J.F. Smith, Jr.; Opportunities and Barriers to Union and Worker Cooperation with Management, I. Bluestone; Responses of Conference Panelists to Audience Questions; Auto Trade: Prospects and Pitfalls, D. MacDonald; Question and Answer Session with David MacDonald; Future Automotive Factories: Speculative Models, R.C. Wilson; The Automobiles of the Future, T. Maeda; Comparison of U.S.-Japan Production Costs: An Assessment, M.S. Flynn; Responses of Conference Panelists to Audience Questions; and Summation, P.W. McCracken. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Future policies KW - Japan KW - Labor relations KW - Policy KW - Production KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386841 JO - PENNSYLVANIA CHIEFS OF POLICE ASSOCIATION BULLETIN AU - Joye, R I AU - Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police Association TI - DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1983 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 5 p. AB - This article discusses various aspects of the drunk driving and driving under the influence (DUI) problems. DUI is defined and it is observed that not all law enforcement officers are trained as to the standard that a person's conduct or ability fails to meet or pass in order to warrant a charge of DUI. The Traffic Institute of Northwestern University has a standard form for DUI arrests but it is seldom used. It is noted that alcohol affects different people differently and that even physicians find it difficult to determine a driver's impairment. The question of the presumption of guilt is discussed as well as what happens if a person refuses to submit to a breath-test. The paper concludes with recommendations regarding personnel training, breathalyzer equipment operation and maintenance, the presumption of guilt, the blood-alcohol-limit, the education of students, parental responsibility, court trials, and plea bargaining. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Courts KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Impaired drivers KW - Judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Parents KW - Plea bargaining KW - Presumption of guilt KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204087 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386849 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Lynn, C W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF THE VIRGINIA DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM ON NEGLIGENT DRIVING: 12-MONTH REPORT PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 23-38 AB - This study sought to evaluate the impact of the four most common treatment combinations offered by the Virginia driver improvement program: (1) a warning letter, (2) a one-time group interview, (3) the combination of a warning letter and the group interview, and (4) a personal interview followed by an 8-hour driver improvement clinic. As persons became eligible for the various treatments as a result of accumulation demerit points, they were randomly assigned to treatment and no-treatment groups whose subsequent driving records were compared at the end of one year. The groups receiving the group interview or personal interview had significantly fewer post-treatment convictions than did the corresponding no-treatment groups while the advisory letter experimental and control groups had equivalent subsequent driver histories. Interestingly, while the group interview alone was highly successful in reducing convictions, it was unsuccessful when preceded by an advisory letter. None of the treatments reduced subsequent accidents. On the basis of these findings, it was recommended that the advisory letter either be restructured or replaced by the group interview as the entry level treatment. It was also recommended that some point value be assessed for involvement in an accident, regardless of who was at fault, to increase the incentive for drivers to avoid accidents. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver records KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Interviewing KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204094 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387037 AU - CROLLA, D A AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - THE STEERING BEHAVIOUR OF ARTICULATED BODY STEER VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - p. 139-146 AB - Although articulated body steer vehicles are typically designed for low speed, off road use, they must often operate at higher speeds on road surfaces. A theoretical model of their handling behaviour both on- and off-road is described. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Articulated body steer vehicles KW - Construction equipment KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Military vehicles KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204233 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387038 AU - Sato, H AU - Hirota, A AU - Yanagisawa, H AU - Fukushima, T AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A WHOLE WHEEL STEERING VEHICLE WITH YAW VELOCITY FEEDBACK REAR WHEEL STEERING PY - 1983 SP - p. 147-156 AB - The whole wheel steering system is considered as a means of further improving vehicle characteristics. In this paper, authors have studied this system and proposed a whole wheel steering system using yaw velocity feedback rear wheel steering. In addition, the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle with this steering system were theoretically analyzed, and experiments were carried out to make sure of its validity. The results of the study showed that any vehicle with this control system could greatly improve: (1) tracking; (2) steering properties; and (3) response to an external disturbance. U1 - Road Vehicle Handling, I Mech E Conference Publications 1983-5. Sponsored by Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers under patronage of Federation Internationale des Societies d'Ingenieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (FISITA) he StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Rear wheel steering KW - Steering KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204234 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387281 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ahmad, T AU - Plee, S L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF FLAME TEMPERATURE CORRELATIONS TO EMISSIONS FROM A DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The influence of flame temperature on NOx, particulate and hydrocarbon emissions from a single-cylinder light-duty direct-injection diesel engine was examined by varying the composition of the intake air with the engine operating at different speeds and loads. At a fixed engine speed, load, and start-of-combustion timing, the effects of intake-gas composition on emissions were found to correlate with variations in the characteristic diffusion flame temperature. Furthermore, this flame temperature dependence was not significantly affected by the engine operating conditions. These results indicate that the flame temperature correlations originally developed for divided-chamber diesel engines can be applied to direct-injection diesel engines. KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flame temperature KW - Flames KW - Fuel injection KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386840 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 56 p. AB - Summaries are presented of statistics which could be helpful in better targetting future safety efforts. The statistics are presented in 8 categories. Under "Historical Trends," are presented statistics on total accidents, fatalities, injuries, age, sex, economic loss, and holiday deaths. Under "Geographic Location" are accidents by state highways, counties, and cities. Statistics relating to first harmful event, time, day, month, weather, and road conditions are presented under "Accident Description." "Motor Vehicle and Driver Characteristics" includes statistics on vehicle type, registration, age and sex of drivers, and accident cause. "Alcohol-Related Accidents" include statistics on the age and sex of driver, history, type of accident, and location. The age and sex of victims, their actions and history statistics are presented under "Pedestrian and Pedalcyclist Accidents." The age and sex of victims, time of day, month, location and history statistics for "Motorcycle Accidents" are also given. Statistics of injuries, fatalities, and history of school bus accidents are also presented. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Bicycles KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrians KW - Road conditions KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Victims KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200507 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00386621 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC FLOW, CAPACITY, AND MEASUREMENTS PY - 1983 IS - 905 SP - 174p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Minimizing Cost of Manual Traffic Counts: Canadian Example, S.C. Sharma; Tandem Toll Booths for the Golden Gate Bridge, R.W. Hall and C.F. Daganzo; Tandem Toll Collection Systems (Abridgment), L.D. Rubenstein; Reliability of Classified Traffic Count Data, P. Davies and D.R. Salter; Application of Counting Distribution for High-Variance Urban Traffic Counts, S.G. Ritchie; Delay Models of Traffic-Actuated Signal Controls, F. Lin and F. Mazdeyasna; Another Look at Bandwidth Maximization, K.G. Bass; Calibration of TRANSYT Platoon Dispersion Model for Passenger Cars Under Low-Friction Traffic Flow Conditions (Abridgment), P.T. McCoy et al; Evaluation of Dynamic Freeway Flow Model by Using Field Data, N.A. Derzko et al; Passenger-Car Equivalents for Rural Highways, W.D. Cunagin and C.J. Messer; Traffic Data-Collection Systems: Current Problems and Future Promise (Abridgment), R.W. Lyles and J.H. Wyman; Analysis of TRANSYT Platoon-Dispersion Algorithm, N.M. Rouphail; Optimization Model for Isolated Signalized Traffic Intersections, W.B. Cronje; Comparison of SOAP and NETSIM: Pretimed and Actuated Signal Controls, Z.A. Nemeth and J.R. Mekemson; Analysis of Existing Formulas for Delay, Overflow, and Stops, W.B. Cronje; Derivation of Equations for Queue Length, Stops, and Delay for Fixed-Time Traffic Signals, W.B. Cronje; Developmental Study of Implementation Guidelines for Left-Turn Treatments, H. Lin and R.B. Machemehl; Determining Capacity and Selecting Appropriate Type of Control at One-Lane Two-Way Construction Sites, P.G. Michalopoulos and R. Plum; Single-Lane Capacity of Urban Freeway during Reconstruction (Abridgment), R.E. Dudash and A.G.R. Bullen; Comparative Analysis of Signalized-Intersection Capacity Methods, A.D. May et al; Speeds and Flows on an Urban Freeway: Some Measurements and a Hypothesis, V.F. Hurdle and P.K. Datta; Effectiveness Evaluation by Using Nonaccident Measures of Effectiveness (Abridgment), D.D. Perkins and B.L. Bowman; Surrogate Measures for Accident Experience at Rural Isolated Horizontal Curves, H.T. Thompson and D.D. Perkins; Candidate Accident Surrogates for Highway Safety Analysis, D.D. Perkins and H.T. Thompson; Skeleton Procedure for Evaluation of Highway Safety Improvements on a Road Network, D. Mahalel; Evaluating Need for Accident-Reduction Experiments, W.D. Berg and C. Fuchs; Common Bias in Before-and-After Accident Comparisons and Its Elimination, E. Hauer and B. Persaud. U1 - 62nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19830117 EndDate:19830121 KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Before and after studies KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway safety KW - Left turns KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Signalized intersections KW - Surrogates KW - Toll booths KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1983/905/905.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203966 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386763 JO - BICYCLE FORUM AU - PARKER, D AU - Bicycle Federation TI - THE ENERGY-ECONOMICS BALANCE PY - 1983 SP - p. 30-37 AB - On what grounds should a transportation mode be endorsed? If the basis of choice is relative energy use, we would want to examine the BTU'S of input per passenger mile of travel. The most efficient machine would produce the greatest output for each unit of fuel input. However, if we also want to consider economic criteria, not only would we like to reduce the consumption of energy, but also of other scarce inputs of value, such as labor and capital. It is clear that each mode has its own inherent values and limitations. This article will briefly address each in terms of the question: "Should we drive automobiles in town or should we use bicycles instead?" In 1981, personal automobiles accounted for 28.8% of all oil consumption in the United States (DOE, 1981) and 53% of all energy used in transportation. Moreover, the car was used for 79% of all trips to work, whereas the bicycle was used for only one percent. Meanwhile, in Copenhagen, bicycles accounted for 17% of all urban trips; in Rotterdam, the figure was 43% (Gross et al., 1979). Fuel prices have historically been higher in European countries, where lower rates of automobile ownership also prevail. Could there exist a causal relationship between energy use, economics and transportation choice? KW - Bicycles KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204034 ER - TY - SER AN - 00386528 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAY INFORMATION SYSTEMS, VISIBILITY, AND PEDESTRIAN SAFETY SN - 030903518X PY - 1983 IS - 904 SP - 96p AB - The Record contains the following papers: How to Abbreviate on Highway Signs, R.D. Huchingson and C.L. Dudek; Studies of Highway Advisory Radio Messages for Route Diversion, C.L. Dudek et al; Evaluation of Driver Behavior at Signalized Intersections (with discussions), R.H. Wortman and J.S. Matthias; Driver Perception-Reaction Time: Are Revisions to Current Specification Values in Order?, K.G. Hooper and H.W. McGee; Corrections to Driver Characteristic Specifications and Standard Formulations for Intersection Sight Distance (Abridgment), K.G. Hooper and H.W. McGee; Visual Complexity and Sign Brightness in Detection and Recognition of Traffic Signs, D.J. Mace and L. Pollack; Assessing the Built Environment for Pedestrians through Behavior Circuits, C.J. Khisty; Pedestrian Accidents on Rural Highways, J.W. Hall; The Obstacle Course: Pedestrians in Highway Work Zones, H.S. Chadda and G.H. Brisbin, Jr.; Development of Improved Pedestrian Warrant for Traffic Signals (with discussion and closure), C.V. Zegeer et al; Measurements and Analysis of Degradation of Freight Car Reflectors in Revenue Service, J.L. Poage and J.B. Hopkins; Does Roadway Luminance Correlate with Visibility Metric of CIE 19/2?, B.L. Shelby; Methodology for Determining Pavement Reflectivity for Roadway Luminance Calculation, R.N. Helms; Automated Facility for Measurement of Pavement Sample Reflectance Characteristics, M.G. Bassett et al; Effects of Partial Lighting on Traffic Operations at a Freeway Interchange, M.S. Janoff and M. Freedman. KW - Behavior KW - Construction sites KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Highway advisory KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Perception KW - Radio KW - Reaction time KW - Reflectivity KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Sign legend KW - Signalized intersections KW - Signs KW - Street lighting KW - Symbols KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386756 AU - Haddon, W AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - THE SAFETY OF THE AUTOMOBILE AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1983 SP - 30 p. AB - In this speech, the author points out that the coming of the motor vehicle has not entirely been a blessing to mankind: with the single exception of weapons, it has killed far more people than any other human invention. However there are opportunities to reduce these losses to extents far below the present levels. With respect to vehicles themselves, these opportunities include, on the one hand, matters of high policy involving the coordination and emphasis of public and private decisions about transportation modes, to, on the other hand, seemingly narrow engineering matters that literally determine, on a huge scale, the magnitudes of the losses of life, limb, and property. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Occupant restraint KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety programs KW - Speed KW - Speed laws KW - Transportation policy KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200416 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00386765 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - URBAN TRAFFIC SYSTEMS SN - 0309035201 PY - 1983 IS - 906 SP - 84p AB - This Record contains the following papers: (1) Applying Transportation System Management Techniques to Downtown Washington, D.C., H.J. Simkowitz and V. Southern; (2) Making Progress with Traffic Restraint: The Role of Research, A.D. May; (3) Getting Results from TSM Planning: Baltimore's Corridor Study Approach, D.R. Samdahl et al; (4) Summary of Operational Characteristics and Anticipated Evaluation of I-66 HOV Facility, K.E. Lantz, Jr., and E.D. Annold, Jr.; (5) Peak-Period One-Way Operation of an Urban Expressway, J.F. Temple; (6) Diary of a Traffic Management Team: The Houston Experience, S.Z. Levine and R.J. Kabat; (7) Development of an Interactive Planning Model for Contraflow Lane Evaluation, R.J. Caudill and N.M. Kuo; (8) Garden State Parkway HOV Lane, J.C. Powers; (9) First-Generation UTCS Simulation, A. Eiger and S. Chin; (10) Evaluation of a Preemption Strategy by Use of Computer Simulation, D.A. Benevelli et al; (11) Heuristic Programming Approach to Arterial Signal Timing, R.O. Rogness and C.J. Messer; (12) OPAC: A Demand-Responsive Strategy for Traffic Signal Control, N.H. Gartner; and (13) Concurrent Use of MAXBAND and TRANSYT Signal Timing Programs for Arterial Signal Optimization, S.L. Cohen. U1 - 62nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19830117 EndDate:19830121 KW - Bus priority KW - Contraflow lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - One way traffic KW - Simulation KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204035 ER - TY - SER AN - 00385287 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENERGY IMPACTS OF GEOMETRICS--A SYMPOSIUM SN - 0309035155 PY - 1983 IS - 901 SP - 53p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Impact of Using Freeway Shoulders as Travel Lanes on Fuel Consumption, W.R. McCasland; Vehicular Fuel-Consumption Maps and Passenger Vehicle Fleet Projections, A.J. Santiago; Effect of Freeway Work Zones on Fuel Consumption, S.R. Plummer et al; Fuel Consumption Related to Roadway Characteristics, J.P. Zaniewski; Impact of Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes on Fuel Consumption, Z.A. Nemeth et al; Effect of Bus Turnouts on Traffic Congestion and Fuel Consumption, S.L. Cohen; Queuing at Drive-Up Windows, W.G. Derr et al; Influence of Arterial Access Control and Driveway Design on Energy Conservation, J.M. Mounce; Effect of Left-Turn Bays at Signalized Intersections on Fuel Consumption, J.R. Tobin and P.T. McCoy; and Effect of Left-Turn Bays on Fuel Consumption on Uncontrolled Approaches to Stop-Sign-Controlled Intersections, D.V. Dvorak and P.T. McCoy. KW - Energy consumption KW - Freeway design KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385722 AU - Department of State Police TI - VIRGINIA TRAFFIC CRASH FACTS 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 114 p. AB - In the 1981 issue of Crash Facts, an appeal was made to every individual and every safety-related organization for their assistance in removing drinking drivers from behind the wheel before they killed innocent motorists and pedestrians. The response received to this appeal was overwhelming. Safety-related agencies were relentless in urging motorists not to drink and drive. Virginia law enforcement officers arrested 49,741 drinking drivers (an 11 percent increase over 1981), public awareness and concern became very apparent, and the 1982 General Assembly strengthened the State's drunk driving laws. Year-end result was that Virginia, in 1982, recorded 881 highway fatalities, 131 fewer than the year before and the fewest since 1961. The 136 pedestrian deaths in 1982 were the fewest since the Department began keeping this statistic in 1934. There are many factors which contributed to the unprecedented reduction in fatalities in 1982. The increased emphasis on drinking drivers was but one of these factors. However, last year, drinking drivers were involved in 1,980 fewer crashes, including 50 fewer fatal crashes. These reductions were due, at least in part, to keeping or getting drinking off Virginia's highways. There is much more to be done. 1982 statistics indicate that of the 782 fatal crashes, 278 or 35.5 percent involved drinking drivers, 322 or 41.2 percent involved non-drinking drivers, and of the remaining 182 or 23.3 percent the drinking status of the driver is not known. Therein lies the challenge for 1983. KW - Arrests KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385749 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Kelsey, S L AU - Janke, M K AU - National Safety Council TI - DRIVER LICENSE RENEWAL BY MAIL IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - p. 65-82 AB - Drivers under the age of 70 whose prior 4-year accident and conviction records showed no entries when examined 2 months prior to the date of expiration of their driver licenses were randomly assigned to either a group that renewed licenses in the normal manner or a group that was offered the opportunity to receive a 4-year license extension by mail. A related experiment involved comparing clean-record drivers of any age who were given a 2-year extension with a group of drivers required to renew in person. Examination of driver records 18 and 28 months subsequent to extension uncovered no deleterious effects of the program, while savings of roughly 3 million dollars annually are expected. Findings are tentative, however, until 4-year data can be collected. The report concludes that the extension program has been successful, that multiple extensions should be authorized and evaluated for drivers with continuing clean records, and that the present exclusion of drivers 70 and above does not appear to be defensible. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver records KW - Postal service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203421 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385143 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION NEWS AND NOTES PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-4 AB - There is unequivocal evidence that safety belts and/or child restraints could prevent more than half of all deaths and injuries of motor vehicle occupants resulting from traffic accidents. Education programs and mass media programs to increase belt usage are discussed. Mass media programs to increase belt usage have produced some positive results. Education programs, although they have a high potential for increasing usage among targeted groups, are constrained by the fact that each program reaches substantially fewer persons than mass media programs. Incentive programs are a potentially effective approach to safety belt usage. Corporation policies that require on-the-job belt usage by employees while operating company vehicles or privately owned vehicles on company business have had a positive effect on belt usage rates when accompanied by education, incentive and enforcement programs. Experience around the world also suggests that safety belt usage legislation offers considerable potential for increasing usage rates. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385145 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Pollack, R AU - Swant, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE STATE OF WASHINGTON YOUTH SEAT BELT AWARENESS PROGRAM: AN EVALUATION OF TWO SEAT BELT TEACHING KITS PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-24 AB - The Youth Seat Belt Awareness Program (YSBAP) was designed to increase seat belt usage among second grade students by presenting them with materials from the Adventures of Beltman or Buckle Up Box (BUB) seat belt teaching kits. Second grade classes in 510 elementary grade schools throughout the State of Washington were issued one of the seat belt teaching kits. The 510 schools were randomly divided into treatment or control conditions. Surveys were distributed to the students for their parent(s) to complete. The survey assessed parent-reported seat belt use for their second grader. The assessment of use was conducted prior to (PR), immediately following (P1), and 6 to 10 weeks after (P2) the students were exposed to the seat belt teaching materials. Analysis revealed a significant difference between the urban and rural counties for the control groups' reported usage rates. The urban counties control group usage rate was significantly greater than that of the rural counties control group at each survey phase. In view of these differences, analyses for treatment effects were conducted within county types. For the urban counties only, the BUB group had a reported usage percentage (immediately following presentation of the materials) significantly greater than the control group. For the rural counties, both the Beltman and BUB groups has significantly higher percentages of parent-reported seat belt use than the control groups had. This finding held for both the immediate (P1) and delayed (P2) survey assessment phases. KW - Awareness KW - Children KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385802 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - 1982 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS. ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1983 SP - 30 p. AB - This booklet contains information extracted from accident reports in the state of Nebraska for the year 1982. An overview shows that the overall trend in the death rate has been downward since records were first kept during 1937. In 1982 the Nebraska death rate was 2.3, which compares favorably with the national death rate of 2.9 for the same period. Both fatal and injury accidents show an overall downward trend despite the increase in the number of total accidents. Property damage only accidents explain the increase in total accidents. Given the susceptibility of vehicles to damage and increasing body repair costs, a marked reduction in property damage only accidents and total accidents is not expected if the reporting threshold ($250 damage to any one person) remains the same. KW - Crash reports KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199692 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385779 JO - MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures PB - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '83. SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION--PEOPLE AND HI-TECH PY - 1983 SP - 96 p. AB - This publication contains an overview of the U.S. motor vehicle industry followed by statistics and charts on the following: production, sales and registrations; ownership and usage; and economic and social impact. In the overview it is stated that the challenges which the industry has faced in the last four years have brought about a Second Industrial Revolution. This revolution is being accomplished through a number of long range steps, including launching massive investment programs and forging new relationships with the union employees. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile ownership KW - Economic impacts KW - Investments KW - Labor unions KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203424 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385799 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Colon, I AU - Cutter, HSG AU - National Safety Council TI - THE RELATIONSHIP OF BEER CONSUMPTION AND STATE ALCOHOL AND MOTOR VEHICLE POLICIES TO FATAL ACCIDENTS PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - p. 83-89 AB - Fatal accident data from 50 states and the District of Columbia were examined in order to determine the relationship between alcohol availability and fatal motor vehicle accidents. This relationship was analyzed for both fatal accidents and motor vehicle fatalities (potentially more than one per accident) using multiple regression. The independent variables were: (1) driving age (percent of drivers under 21); (2) beverage purchase age; (3) average beer consumption; (4) number of outlets per million population selling alcohol for on-premise consumption; (5) percentage of metropolitan residents; (6) percentage of male drivers; and (7) mileage per driver per year. It was found that the regression analyses for fatal accidents and for fatalities were highly similar. Driving age was the strongest predictor of highway mortality. On-premise availability of alcohol was significantly and inversely associated with motor vehicle fatalities. This suggests that when on-premise outlets are fewer and more geographically spread out, the chances of drinking and driving are greater. Finally, average beer consumption was significantly and positively associated with highway fatalities perhaps because many drivers consider it a "soft" alcoholic beverage that will not impair their ability to drive. KW - Age KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Beer KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Mileage KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203437 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385142 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EVALUATION RESEARCH REVIEW, VOLUME 2 NO. 1 SPRING 1983 PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 24 p. AB - This publication is intended to stimulate research and conduct effective evaluations of traffic safety projects and to share the results with others. This issue contains the following articles: Evaluation News and Notes; Pilot Program to Assess Short-term Effectiveness of "Buckle Up Box" in Increasing Reported Seat-Belt Usage Among Young Children; and The State of Washington Youth Seat Belt Awareness Program: An Evaluation of Two Seat Belt Teaching Kits. KW - Awareness KW - Education and training KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385144 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Griffin, L I AU - Flowers, R J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PILOT PROGRAM TO ASSESS THE SHORT-TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF "BUCKLE UP BOX" IN INCREASING REPORTED SEAT-BELT USAGE AMONG YOUNG CHILDREN PY - 1983 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - p. 5-10 AB - In an attempt to increase safety belt wearing rates among young children, Media Intensive Learning Corporation (MIL) has developed an instructional package called "Buckle Up Box." This study was designed to test the effectiveness of the Buckle Up Box instruction. Treatment and comparison groups of kindergarten and first grade children from 10 elementary schools in Austin, Texas, were subdivided into before and after groups. Safety belt wearing rates for the four groups, which were obtained through a telephone survey of parents, were compared. Results of the statistical analyses indicate that the reported safety belt wearing rate for those who received the instruction was twice as high as the rate for those who did not when measured immediately after treatment. While residual effects of the program are unknown, the results are encouraging and suggest the need for further assessment of this and similar programs. KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys KW - Treatment programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385793 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1983 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1983 SP - 46 p. AB - This publication contains statistical data and trends within the motorcycle industry. It provides a comprehensive, orderly and accurate source of motorcycle statistics which will be updated yearly. The contents cover the following categories: the motorcycle market (population, registrations, economic value, new sales, imports, wholesale sales, etc.); manufacturers and distributors; the retail marketplace; motorcycle usage; the motorcycle owner; and other national motorcycle organizations. KW - Distributors KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Retail trade KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385583 JO - Popular Government PB - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Watts, L P AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE DRINKING-DRIVING PROBLEM: ASSESSING SOME PROPOSED SOLUTIONS PY - 1983 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-36 AB - In North Carolina, a Governor's Task Force on Drunken Drivers was appointed to hold public hearings on the Governor's Crime Commission proposals and to draft a legislative package. The Task Force proposals are discussed. The history of the drinking driving problem is elaborated and possible reforms are suggested. The Action Subcommittee of the Committee on Alcohol and other Drugs made five recommendations. The Governor's Crime Commission's recommendations are related to those proposals on driving under the influence, and those proposals on driving while impaired. Additional comments are made on certain proposals: keeping book on judges and prosecutors; community service as an alternative to jail; curbing abuses of the limited driving privilege; repealing the offense of reckless driving after drinking; referrals to local alcohol treatment facilities; and education and public information programs. KW - Driver education KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Penalties KW - Publicity KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385740 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - SOROCK, G S AU - National Safety Council TI - A CASE CONTROL STUDY OF FALLING INCIDENTS AMONG THE HOSPITALIZED ELDERLY PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - p. 47-52 AB - Falling incidents among the hospitalized elderly were investigated using a case/control methodology to identify high-risk individuals. The medical records of all patients who had a reported fall (N equals 173) in 1978 in one geriatric facility were compared with the records of a random sample of patients without a reported fall (N equals 339). The significant risk factors were male sex, urinary incontinence within 48 hours prior to the fall, and psychoactive medication 12 hours prior to the fall. It was concluded that some patients may have a greater tendency to fall than others and suggestions for exploring future means of prevention are presented. KW - Aged KW - Epidemiology KW - Falling KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384520 AU - GRIGG, A O AU - Ford, W G AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - REVIEW OF SOME EFFECTS OF MAJOR ROADS ON URBAN COMMUNITIES PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - This report reviews research into three particular effects of major urban roads: severance, changes in land use, and changes in property value. The review aims to identify in particular some of the medium to long term effects that have been found by researchers, and to explore the scope for further research into certain of these areas. KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Property values KW - Road construction KW - Severance KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198767 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384697 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ringham, R F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SAE/DOT TRUCK AND BUS FUEL ECONOMY MEASUREMENT PROGRAM PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - This program summary covers the SAE/DOT Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Measurement Program from 1975 through 1982. Emphasized are the very outstanding voluntary participation by users, suppliers and vehicle manufacturers throughout the program, which culminated in workability and meaningful fuel economy measurement procedures. KW - Buses KW - Fuel conservation KW - Measurement KW - Programs KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382492 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 2--REDUCTION OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND IMPROVED OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY PY - 1983 SP - 55 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 2, Reduction of Traffic Congestion and Improved Operational Efficiency. It contains information on the following Projects: 2C, Requirements for Alternate Routing to Distribute Traffic Between and Around Cities; 2J, Practicality of Automated Highway Systems; 2K, Metropolitan Multimodal Traffic Management; 2L, Detection and Communications for Traffic Systems; 2M, Arterial Flow and Control; 2N, Improved Traffic Signing and Motorist Information Systems; 2P, Improved Utilization of Available Freeway Lanes; and 2Q, Exploiting New Technology to Improve Performance and Reduce Costs of Urban Signal Systems. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Communications KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Freeway usage KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Routing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382495 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 5--IMPROVED DESIGN TO REDUCE COSTS, EXTEND LIFE EXPECTANCY, AND ENSURE STRUCTURAL SAFETY PY - 1983 SP - 126 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 5, Improved Design to Reduce Costs, Extend Life Expectancy, and Ensure Structural Safety. It contains information on the following Projects: 5A, Improved Protection Against Natural Hazards of Earthquake and Wind; 5B, Tunneling Technology for Future Highways; 5E, Premium Pavements for Zero Maintenance; 5H, Protection of the Highway System from Hazards Attributed to Flooding; 5I, Improved Structural Design and Construction Techniques for Culverts; 5K, New Bridge Design Concepts; 5L, Safe Life Design for Bridges; 5M, Low Volume Roads; and 5N, Pavement Management Strategies. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction management KW - Culverts KW - Development KW - Earthquakes KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Floods KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement management systems KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Structural design KW - Wind KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198485 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382526 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Girling, L AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - THE SHOCK ABSORBER PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-28 AB - The function of the shock absorber is to damp down suspension movements and prevent uncontrolled spring oscillations which would quickly cause wheel and tires to bounce on and off the road surface. It has a major role in vehicle control and safety. This article reviews various types of shock absorbers commonly in use, and specifically the basic shock absorber concepts which have been universally adopted, i.e. Telescopic, Strut and Lever Arm. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Design KW - Shock absorbers KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382509 AU - BURROW, I J AU - KIMBER, R M AU - HOFFMANN, N AU - Wills, D AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - THE PREDICTION OF TRAFFIC PEAK SHAPES FROM HOURLY FLOW COUNTS PY - 1983 SP - 35 p. AB - An analysis of five-minute traffic flow counts has been made for 166 peak periods. A normal function relating the flow to the time was found to give good fits to the data. Methods have been developed for predicting the parameters specifying this function from simple hourly flow counts. An algorithm is given which implements these methods and allows a detailed peak profile to be synthesised from a given set of four consecutive hourly flows. The primary application will be in traffic delay and queue prediction for road junctions. KW - Algorithms KW - Forecasting KW - Hourly flow counts KW - Peak periods KW - Profiles KW - Queuing KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198503 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384519 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Simpson, J AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - WEIGHTS WAIT OVER PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-6 AB - This article hails the British regulations which came into force on May 1, 1983, providing for key changes in heavy lorry operation. The maximum weight of a lorry increases from 32.5 tons on 4 axles to 38 tons on 5 axles. The new vehicles have an increase in total length of 0.5 meter (about 18 inches), but the length of the semitrailer is not increased and is restricted for the first time. Various new on-board requirements to improve safety include rear under-run protection, sideguards, noise control, braking requirements, and spray protection. It is felt that heavier lorries will produce benefits to both the economy and the environment of Britain by moving goods more cheaply and operating fewer lorries. KW - Brakes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laws KW - Sideguards KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Splash guard KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic noise KW - Trailers KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - United Kingdom KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382491 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 1--IMPROVED HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR SAFETY PY - 1983 SP - 117 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 1, Improved Highway Design and Operation for Safety. It contains information on the following Projects: 1A, Traffic Engineering Improvements for Safety; 1J, Improved Geometric Design; 1K, Accident Research and Countermeasure Effectiveness; 1M, Operational Safety Improvements for Two-Lane Rural Highways; 1N, Safety of Pedestrians, Moped Operators, and Bicyclists; 1O, Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings; 1P, Visual Guidance for Night Driving; 1R, Speed Zoning and Control; 1S, Cost-Effective Geometric Design for Changing Vehicles and Limited Resources; 1T, Advanced Vehicle Protection Systems; 1U, Safety Aspects of Increased Size and Weight of Heavy Vehicles; 1V, Roadside Safety Hardware for Non-Freeway Facilities; 1W, Measurement and Evaluation of Pavement Surface Characteristics; 1X, Highway Safety Program Effectiveness Evaluation; and 1Y, Traffic Management in Construction and Maintenance Zones. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Development KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Roadside structures KW - Rural highways KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Weight KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382496 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 6--IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1983 SP - 107 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 6, Improved Technology for Highway Construction. It contains information on the following Projects: 6C, Use of Waste as Material for Highways; 6D, Structural Rehabilitation of Pavement Systems; 6E, Rigid Pavement Systems Design; 6F, More Significant and Rapid Test Procedures for Quality Assurance; 6G, Performance-Related Specifications for Highway Construction and Rehabilitation; 6H, Methods of Construction; 6I, Construction Personnel; and 6J, Construction Management. KW - Construction management KW - Development KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Pavement design KW - Performance based specifications KW - Personnel KW - Quality assurance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Technology KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198486 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382529 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schiemann, L F AU - Ross, A R AU - Graham, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPACT OF VEHICLE CHANGES UPON GEAR LUBRICANT REQUIREMENTS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - The authors provide evidence indicating that oils meeting only the minimum requirements of API GL-5 do not always provide adequate gear protection, especially in severe duty applications. Increases in commercial vehicle power and loading have accentuated the need for oils of greater load carrying ability. A modified version of the standard L-37 test may help identify oils that possess superior durability and thermal characteristics. Future gear lubricants should provide improved fuel economy, increased manual transmission life; and frictional characteristics that allow noise free performance in limited slip differentials. KW - Gears KW - Lubricants KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance based specifications KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382501 AU - BUNKETORP, O AU - Gothenburg University, Sweden AU - Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden TI - PEDESTRIAN LEG PROTECTION IN CAR ACCIDENTS. AN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDY PY - 1983 SP - 109 p. AB - It is believed that injuries can be reduced in number and severity in car-pedestrian accidents if the car exterior is modified and adapted to the tolerance levels of the different parts of the human body. The aim of this study was to correlate the type and severity of leg injuries with the shape and mechanical properties of the vehicle front, to investigate the injury mechanisms, and to suggest what measures could be taken to protect against injuries. KW - Bumpers KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Knee KW - Leg KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384672 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - SMALL CAR SAFETY TECHNOLOGY PY - 1983 SP - 509 p. AB - This publication contains the hearings before two subcommittees of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, on small car safety technology. The hearings focused on the problems of smaller cars to determine what could and could not be reasonably expected from Government in research efforts to make highways safer for the average citizen. The Committee was particularly interested in seeing that new technology is used for the benefit of public safety. Testimony was presented by representatives from the U.S. General Accounting Office, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, a citizens group known as Public Citizen, General Motors Corporation, MCR Technology, Inc., and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Submitted material from Volkswagen of America, Inc., is also included. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Government funding KW - Hearings KW - Highway safety KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Research KW - Small car KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Testimony KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382497 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 7--IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 7, Improved Technology for Highway Maintenance. It contains information on the following: Project 7A, Improved Highway Maintenance Practices; and Project 7C Maintenance Management. KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198487 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382524 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - SAFER HOLIDAY MOTORING PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article outlines safety precautions to be taken before going on a driving vacation. The vehicle should be serviced a week before the vacation starts, it should be loaded carefully and contain emergency spare kits. The driver should make sure that he is properly rested before beginning the trip, he should eat light meals during the trip, take breaks and walk around every three hours and keep an adequate flow of fresh air in the car to prevent drowsiness. KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Holidays KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202495 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382525 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Longsden, N AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - SAFER MOTOR CYCLING PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-24 AB - Almost all the casualties in motorcycle accidents are under 25 years old. This article gives guidelines on motorcycle safety: first convince the youngsters that whether the accident was their fault or not, it is their body that is going to be maimed, that they have to be visible and conspicuous to the motorist, that they should watch their speed and wear a helmet, protective clothing and some form of eye protection. Finally, the article reviews a two-part driving test, mandatory in Great Britain for machines that exceed 125 cc and 12 bhp. KW - Driver training KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protection KW - Protective clothing KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety practices KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382493 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 3--ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN HIGHWAY DESIGN, LOCATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION PY - 1983 SP - 40 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 3, Environmental Considerations in Highway Design, Location, Construction, and Operation. It contains information on the following Projects: 3E, Reduction of Environmental Hazards to Water Resources Due to the Highway System; 3F, Pollution Reduction and Environmental Enhancement; and 3H, Social and Economic Concerns in Highway Development and Improvement. KW - Air pollution KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Location KW - Noise KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382494 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 4--IMPROVED MATERIALS UTILIZATION AND DURABILITY PY - 1983 SP - 159 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 4, Improved Materials Utilization and Durability. It contains information on the following Projects: 4D, Remedial Treatment of Soil Materials for Earth Structures; 4G, Substitute and Improved Materials to Effect Materials and Energy Conservation in Highways; 4H, Improved Foundations for Highway Structures; 4J, Coating Systems for Controlling Corrosion of Highway Structural Steel; 4K, Cost-Effective Rigid Concrete Construction and Rehabilitation in Adverse Environments; and 4L, Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) as an Alternate Deicer. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Development KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Durability KW - Earth materials KW - Energy conservation KW - Engineering soils KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Materials KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Structural steel KW - Substitutes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382507 AU - McDowell, MRC AU - Wennell, J AU - Storr, P A AU - Darzentas, J AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - GAP ACCEPTANCE AND TRAFFIC CONFLICT SIMULATION AS A MEASURE OF RISK PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - A new method of measuring gap acceptance behaviour of drivers is described. It has been used to study the behaviour of turning drivers at a selection of priority controlled T-junctions outside urban areas. The data thus obtained are used in a simulation model to predict conflict rates in turning manoeuvres. It is found that the ranking by frequency of conflict of such junctions given by this model agrees well with that obtained from five-year recorded injury accident data. The effect of various parameters, including age and sex of driver on gap-acceptance behaviour is discussed. A new model of headway distributions on major roads is given. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Gap acceptance KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Headways KW - Risk assessment KW - T intersections KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic simulation KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382508 AU - TANNER, J C AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF CARS AND CAR USAGE PY - 1983 SP - 74 p. AB - Statistics relating to cars and their usage have been assembled for 19 countries for the years 1958 to 1980. These are then analysed in relation to population, national income, petrol prices and other relevant factors. Aspects considered are car ownership rates per person, numbers of new cars, the average life of cars, their average engine capacity, the average kilometres driven per year and the tonnes of petrol consumed per year. Despite problems with the availability, compatibility and reliability of the data, a number of consistent patterns emerge. Among the clearest and strongest influences are those of income levels on the numbers of cars, and of petrol prices on the sizes of cars and hence how much petrol they use. Changes in kilometres per car appear to be related in the short term to changes in petrol prices and in the longer term to the rate of growth of car ownership. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile travel KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Highways KW - Income KW - International transportation KW - Life span KW - Mileage KW - Size KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198502 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381878 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chung, D Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF NOISE AND PERSONAL HEARING PROTECTION ON HEARING PY - 1983 SP - 3 p. AB - Since high noise exposure causes various physiological changes in the cochlea it is not surprising that many psychoacoustical changes also manifest themselves in people with hearing loss due to noise damage. Some of these psychoacoustical changes of the auditory system, such as temporary threshold shift, permanent threshold shift, speech perception, frequency resolution, and temporal integration are discussed in lay terms. The strategy to be used in noisy industries to reduce noise exposure of workers is also discussed with special attention to the use of personal hearing protection. The use of hearing protectors has different effects on people with different degrees of hearing loss. This paper also relates the effect of hearing protectors to some of the psychoacoustical changes due to noise damage. KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Hearing loss KW - Noise KW - Protection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381879 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gannon, R P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEARING MECHANISMS AND THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON MAN PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The human hearing apparatus has evolved into an efficient mechanism for the reception of airborne sound. Its frequency response is tuned quite precisely to the sound of the human voice. Exposure to prolonged and excessive noise is known to damage and destroy the sensory hair cells in the inner ear causing a permanent and quite characteristic hearing loss. Other direct effects of noise on the human body have not been substantiated by experimental evidence. Physiological changes may occur but the effects of these on the body are not fully understood. Work performance may be degraded depending on the task and the character of the noise. Hearing loss from noise is an entirely preventable occupational disease. KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Hearing loss KW - Noise KW - Physiological aspects KW - Protection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381905 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kuroiwa, S AU - Tokunaga, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DISTRIBUTED MICROCOMPUTER BASED ENGINE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Computer aided systems for performance evaluation of functional devices for passenger cars, such as engines or transmissions, have been applied for ten years. These systems generally consist of a large main frame computer or minicomputers for conducting a large number of complicated analyses. In the past, these computer aided systems were used for vehicle research and development since they were too expensive and sophisticated for use on the production line. Today, microcomputers with mass memory or personal computers are available at very low cost in comparison to conventional minicomputers. With many distributed microcomputers, we have developed a new test and control system for the engine production line. This system consists of (1) a microcomputer with a disk system for test data storage, (2) five personal computers for the man-machine system and data processing, and (3) microcomputers for real time control and data acquisition. These distributed micro and personal computers have been connected with standard interfaces. With this system we have achieved higher efficiency of inspection such as performance testing, quality control, and higher levels of the test analyses. KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Engine performance KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Microcomputers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personal computers KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381908 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hawkins, C S AU - Fuls, J AU - Hugo, FJC AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE DURABILITY TESTS WITH SUNFLOWER OIL IN AN INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - Various reports have shown that plant oils can power diesel engines, but unmodified direct injection engines coke up when operated on these fuels for any length of time. Indirect injection engines are known to be more tolerant of fuel quality and a research programme to test the long-term durability of such an engine with sunflower oil as fuel was launched. The successful results of this test programme which led to the manufacturer extending the warranty on this engine to cover this type of fuel are presented. KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuels KW - Indirect injection KW - Oils KW - Sunflower seed oil KW - Testing KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202145 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381922 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hawkins, C S AU - Fuls, J AU - Hugo, FJC AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SUNFLOWER OIL ESTERS: AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Alternative fuels have received considerable attention since the early seventies with alcohol being initially most prominent. In particular ethyl alcohol seemed very attractive because of possible on-farm production and the renewable source material. Because alcohol is not a very suitable compression ignition fuel, plant oils began to be investigated as alternative fuels. It was shown that these oils cause coking of the injector nozzles in direct injection engines and esters of plant oils were tested as a possible solution to the problem. From these tests fuel properties were determined and specifications derived. Combustion studies were carried out and compatability tests performed. Engine durability was tested under a manufacturer's prescribed cyclic load conditions over a period of 1500 hours with extremely good results. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Durability KW - Engine performance KW - Esters KW - Fuel injection KW - Oils KW - Properties of materials KW - Sunflower seed oil KW - Testing KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202159 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381923 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henry, M S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TORSIONAL VIBRATION MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS: A NEW TECHNIQUE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Torsional vibration measurements, while varying in complexity, are probably the least familiar type of vibration measurement. The high output demands imposed on today's engines require a complete understanding of torsional vibration. This understanding is necessary to insure proper function and durability of these engines and their components. The need for an accurate, reliable and durable measurement system that could be used for the evaluation of any engine application is essential. The measurement system has two basic components, an engine mounted transducer and signal conditioning/data reduction equipment. The transducer must be selected before other system components can be identified or developed. A prototype transducer has been evaluated and proven to meet the above criteria. Its performance has been verified with the use of redundant test methods. This instrumentation included proximity probes, linear accelerometers, an angular velocity transducer and optical methods. The linearity response of the transducer was excellent on all the subjected test set-ups. The device responded equally well to either rotating or non-rotating inputs. Eccentric locations of the transducer were shown to have minimal effects on the output response. Temperature compensation must be built into the production transducer and accurate readings can be expected from 25 deg F (-3.8 deg C) to 250 deg F (121 deg C). The future of this device looks very promising and the range of applications extend from torsional testing and machinery diagnosis to continuous systems monitoring. KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Testing KW - Torsion KW - Torsional vibration KW - Transducers KW - Vibration KW - Vibration tests KW - Vibrational testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202160 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382422 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wallauch, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CALIFORNIA APPROACH TO VEHICLE INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Though primarily decentralized, California has proposed a biennial Inspection/Maintenance Program that is a hybrid of the decentralized and centralized concepts of vehicular pollution inspections. Private repair garages will volunteer to become licensed by the State in order to conduct inspections and repairs. This novel approach greatly enhances motorist convenience but also results in lesser inspection and repair accuracy than seen in the typical centralized approach. Several features have been built into the proposed program that protect the motorist and minimize decisions on the part of the mechanic. Equipment and quality assurance measures are comparable to those typically found in a centralized approach. The major features of the program will be discussed in this paper. KW - Decentralization KW - Exhaust gases KW - Garages KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381875 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sugiura, A AU - Sato, K AU - Yamada, K AU - Arai, F AU - Kodama, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-CONTAINED HYDRAULIC VALVE LIFTER PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The conventional hydraulic valve lifters, which eliminate the valve clearance adjustment, normally use the pressurized engine lubricant for the working fluid. We have developed a quite new type lifter, named "self-contained hydraulic valve lifter", which possesses the working fluid in itself. Because the new type lifter is independent of the pressurized engine lubricant, it has some advantages, especially that it can be applied to the existing engine using the mechanical valve gear without almost any engine modifications. And we have confirmed that the self-contained hydraulic valve lifter has good characteristics and reliability and have applied it to the mass production engine (i.e. Toyota 1.3L gasoline engine) for the first time in the world. This paper describes the construction, the characteristics and the reliability of this lifter. KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Gasoline engines KW - Hydraulic valve lifter KW - Reliability KW - Valves KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202124 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381882 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schepp, E F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - KEY FACTORS IN TRUCK SPRAY CONTROL SYSTEM INSTALLATION PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper highlights the installation requirements for textured spray control flaps fitted to heavy duty trucks. Tractor-trailer combinations operating on wet roads at highway speeds generate visibility impairing spray clouds. A key source of this fine droplet spray formation occurs when high velocity water thrown from truck tires impacts hard surfaces such as fuel tanks or conventional smooth surface flaps. Textured flaps absorb the tread throw impact returning the water to the road surface in large droplets. This paper addresses the placement of the flaps for optimizing spray control efficiency. Special focus is placed on the practical flap fitment behind the tractor steered and drive axles and the rear trailer axle. Moreover, the need for stronger flap support systems is addressed to accommodate the greater snow accumulations characteristic with textured spray control truck flaps. KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Location KW - Snow KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202131 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381889 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sitchin, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ACQUISITION OF TRANSIENT TIRE FORCE AND MOMENT DATA FOR DYNAMIC VEHICLE HANDLING SIMULATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper describes the issues encountered in using conventionally acquired tire test data for dynamic total vehicle handling simulations and the need for improved methodology. It describes the new test procedure that was used to acquire all three forces and three moments in a transient mode for a matrix of loads, slip and camber angles. A study of the test data supports the premises that the overturning moment, Mx, should not be neglected in dynamic simulations, and that the effects of camber should not be treated as only an independent, linearly additive, camber thrust. Instead of the conventional application of a bi-cubic regression fit to a six region data division, a new algorithm is applied. The data is divided differently into five regions in the alpha-Fz plane, and a variable format regression equation is applied as appropriate. The resulting regression coefficients matrix is readily usable in dynamic simulations, and is shown to have a superior curve fit to the test data. KW - Algorithms KW - Driving KW - Force KW - Handling characteristics KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Regression analysis KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Tires KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202138 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381912 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - TOYAMA, K AU - Yoshimitsu, T AU - NISHIYAMA, T AU - Shimauchi, T AU - Nakagaki, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAT INSULATED TURBOCOMPOUND ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A program to demonstrate high thermal efficiency of a heat insulated turbocompound diesel engine was carried out. Major problems were choosing proper heat resisting materials, obtaining high mechanical and thermal efficiency of components, providing lubrication oil which works at high temperature and controling heat flux from a combustion chamber. A six cylinder, 125mm bore, turbocharged diesel engine was chosen for this program. Ceramic coating was mainly employed as a means of insulating heat and protecting engine parts. For the heat insulation, a ductile cast iron piston coated with Zr02 was used and the cooling water was entirely eliminated. Heat flow analysis was conducted both analytically and experimentally. Thus, heat rejection was reduced by about 35%. While maximum temperature of the cylinder wall was raised up to 350 deg C, no scuffing and excessive wear took place in the sliding parts of a single cylinder engine for 500 hours. It was found that improvement in efficiency of components such as a turbocharger, an aftercooler, a gear train and a power recovery turbine was very important to increase the thermal efficiency of the total system. The heat insulation including the effect of the reduction in fan driving power and turbocompounding contributed to improve the fuel consumption by an amount of 11.2%. As a result of the program, the engine with the thermal efficiency of 48% (171g/kwh) was obtained. KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381919 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Vellguth, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE OF VEGETABLE OILS AND THEIR MONOESTERS AS FUELS FOR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Vegetable oils have the potential to be used as fuels for diesel engines. But in direct injection engines as they are used for agricultural tractors and trucks some difficulties with vegetable oils--even with fully refined oils--are noticed, so that long time operation is impossible. Engine tests were made to evaluate some modifications to these oils. The result is that the former problems do not occur with derivates of vegetable oils after transesterification with ethanol or methanol, if the injection is advanced. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Durability KW - Engine performance KW - Esters KW - Fuel injection KW - Testing KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381954 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chapman, L T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL ECONOMY ADVANTAGE OF 2-SPEED AXLES PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to describe comparative fuel economy testing of two-speed and single speed truck axles and to present data showing the fuel-saving capability of a two-speed versus a single speed axle. Fuel economy test results of a medium duty truck equipped first with a manual transmission and then with an automatic transmission, and both in combination with single speed and two-speed axles, is provided at varying gross vehicle weights. The two-speed axle with ratios straddling the ratio of the single speed provided substantial fuel savings when used as a transmission range extender at highway speeds. KW - Axles KW - Design speed KW - Fuel consumption KW - Single speed axles KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - Two-speed axles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202163 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381897 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - SEAL, M R AU - Leatham, M AU - Jackson, P S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROPANE/METHANE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PY - 1983 SP - p. 47-50 AB - Propane is used to extend the range of a methane-fueled car in this project. A feedback loop system for mixture control allows the use of propane or methane or any proportion of the two gases. A refuelling system for propane was devised that allows a refill from a low pressure propane source or a high pressure methane source. KW - Methane KW - Mixture control KW - Mixtures KW - Production control KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Refueling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204821 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381914 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fox, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN INEXPENSIVE QUALITY ASSURANCE FRICTION DYNAMOMETER PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - Confirming the coefficient of friction of production clutch plates has heretofore ranged from difficult to prohibitively expensive for many geometries. This paper describes an approach to the problem of "inspecting" coefficient of friction with a minimum of tooling or capital. KW - Clutches KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Dynamometers KW - Low costs KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Testing KW - Tooling KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381916 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Murayama, T AU - YAMADA, T AU - MIYAMOTO, N AU - Chikahisa, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NATURE AND REDUCTION OF CYCLE-TO-CYCLE COMBUSTION VARIATION IN AN IDI DIESEL ENGINE WITH ETHANOL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Many of the promising alternative fuels have relatively low cetane numbers, and may result in combustion variation problems. This paper presents the characteristics of the cycle-to-cycle combustion variations in diesel engines, and analyzes and evaluates the mechanism. Combustion variations appear in various forms, such as variations in ignition lag, indicated mean effective pressure, maximum combustion pressure, or rate of heat release. These variations are clearly correlated, and it is possible to represent the combustion variations by the standard deviation in the combustion peak pressure. The combustion variations are random (non-periodic), and are affected by ethanol amount, intake air temperature, engine speed and other various operating conditions. Theoretical analysis based on auto ignition theory showed that all of these factors affecting the combustion variations could be correlated with ignition lag; a reduction in ignition lag is the most effective to reduce combustion variation. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel injection KW - Ignition KW - Indirect injection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381870 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Redifer, C J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATIC BUS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM AT THE NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - The Automatic Bus Diagnostic System (ABDS) was tested and evaluated at the New York City Transit Authority in a demonstration program for the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. This paper describes the system and its operation. Specific examples are detailed. Evaluation results and future plans are discussed. KW - Automated diagnostics KW - Availability KW - Buses KW - Data collection KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Microprocessors KW - New York City Transit Authority KW - Sensors KW - Supply KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381885 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Burns, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE OPERATION OF OVERLENGTH VEHICLES--THE SASKATCHEWAN EXPERIENCE PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Since January 30, 1980 general merchandise carriers have received permits to operate vehicles on four lane divided highways in Saskatchewan that exceed the maximum legal length 23 m (75 ft. 5 ins.) specified by regulations. This paper provides an overview of the program and its success to date from a regulators vantage point. It also describes the vehicle configurations that are used, the conditions of permit the carriers must comply with and some indication of the efficiencies that are associated with the overlength vehicles relative to legal units. KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Overlength vehicles KW - Permits KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202134 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381901 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Chan, D Y AU - Grimsey, R G AU - Stoneman, R T AU - Webster, G D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CANADIAN ALTERNATIVE FUELS TESTED IN A BOMBARDIER MEDIUM SPEED DIESEL PY - 1983 SP - p. 85-91 AB - A Bombardier 12 cylinder, 3000 HP medium speed diesel was tested on a straight run reference fuel, a high end point No. 2 diesel and two Canadian tar sands derived fuels of varying aromaticity. Higher aromatics levels caused increases for ignition delay, rates of maximum cylinder pressure rise at lower speeds, maximum cylinder pressure, specific fuel consumptions and the emissions CO, NOx. Despite these increases no engine operational difficulties were encountered but additional testing for longer periods particularly idling tests are recommended. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine performance KW - Performance tests KW - Tar sands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204825 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381872 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lovell, W W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: THE NEW REALITY PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The way consumers look at their cars and the companies that make them has changed, in recent years, as radically as the automobile itself. Increasingly, we treat our cars as long-term investments, and our expectations of quality have risen proportionately with the price of the car. For automobile manufacturers, this shift of attitude has presented a challenge, not just to provide a better product and better dealer service, but to convince consumers that they stand behind the product should something go wrong. For some, Better Business Bureau mediation/arbitration has become a key element of their customer satisfaction strategy. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Customers KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202121 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381874 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Norton, D D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DESIGN OF A THREE-WHEELED, HIGH PERFORMANCE SPORTS/COMMUTER VEHICLE PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to promote the understanding and acceptance of a new family of proposed 3-wheeled sports/commuter vehicles. The design of the engineering prototype, the Norton Shrike, is described, and discussion of the dynamic stability aspects and other safety and performance aspects of 3-wheeled vehicles is presented. KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prototypes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Three wheeled vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381881 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - CLARKE, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAVY TRUCK SPLASH AND SPRAY SUPPRESSION: NEAR AND LONG TERM SOLUTIONS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Truck splash and spray has been thoroughly researched over the past 20-25 years, but only recently (5-7 years) have concerted efforts been made to develop and market products which are both practical in the rugged trucking environment and yet effective at reducing spray. Achievement of these dual objectives is obviously difficult and involves numerous tradeoffs. This paper describes the mechanisms involved in generating vision obscuring spray and relates them to vehicle design considerations. It describes an assortment of vehicle design modifications and component additions which can be made to the present generation of truck designs to materially reduce their spray generation properties. It also outlines points to consider as the next generation of more aerodynamically-shaped, fuel efficient trucks are being designed. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Fenders KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202130 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381883 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SEAL, M R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A LIGHTWEIGHT TWO-PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE COMBINING IMPROVED CRASHWORTHINESS, GOOD PERFORMANCE, EXCELLENT FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The Viking Six Integrated Research Vehicle was designed under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the Department of Transportation. A progress report published in November 1982 indicated the successful demonstration of superior fuel economy and performance by the Viking Six without compromising passenger safety. The Viking Six has achieved occupant survival in a 41.2 mph barrier crash, fuel economy of 40.4 mpg city and 66.6 mpg highway and has met 1982 exhaust emission standards. It can accelerate from 0-60 mph in less than nine seconds and shows outstanding stability on corners and in crosswinds. Additional modifications to the Viking Six include exchanging the 1600 cc engine for a 1300 cc engine using hydraulic valve lifters to gain higher compression and also the integration of a different engine emission control setup designed to meet the 1983 California Emission Standards. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air quality management KW - Crashworthiness KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Hydraulic valve lifter KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Valves KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202132 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381918 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Blackburn, J H AU - Pinchin, R AU - Nobre, JIT AU - Crichton, BAL AU - Cruse, H W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE OF LUBRICATING OILS IN VEGETABLE OIL ESTER-FUELLED DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - A series of engine dynamometer tests was carried out with 100% ethyl ester of soya oil as fuel and six different diesel engine lubricants. In each case the lubricant became contaminated by unburnt fuel during the tests with measured dilution rates of up to 0.2% of the fuel throughput. The lubricant/fuel mixture eventually underwent degradation to such an extent that phase separation occurred. The tests were terminated when the lubricant lost all dispersancy, as evaluated by a blotter-spot test. Used oil analysis revealed that rapid oxidation of some of the fatty acid ester components of the fuel diluent had occurred in the later stages of the tests. At the high levels of fuel dilution recorded in these tests there was little difference between the performances of the six lubricants, despite their differing performance categories. It is therefore concluded that conventional performance categories cannot be used to define the grade of lubricant necessary for use with 100% vegetable oil ester fuels. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Esters KW - Lubricating oils KW - Performance KW - Testing KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202155 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381920 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - VARDE, K S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROPANE FUMIGATION IN A DIRECT INJECTION TYPE DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the use of propane and natural gas as fuels for diesel engines. Experiments were conducted by injecting different quantities of pilot diesel fuel at a fixed injection timing. The amount of pilot quantity was found to influence the engine performance, particularly at low loads. The engine thermal efficiency, emissions and noise were found to depend on the overall equivalence ratio as well as on the quantity of pilot injection. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Effective stress KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Fumigation KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381955 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cha, S AU - Sloan, R L AU - Black, F M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STUDY OF MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF AVERAGE ROAD LOAD OF IN-USE DELIVERY TRUCKS PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - Coast-down studies of Class 6 trucks were conducted at near-zero road grade and wind conditions. Speed-versus-time data were recorded, smoothed to a quadratic equation to calculate deceleration rates, and reduced by the least-square method using two-, three-, and five-parameter linear models. The estimated parameters were analyzed statistically and compared to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended procedure. The averages of the individual truck road loads for the three models were consistent within 4% when reference conditions of 40 mi/h, 15,000 lb weight, and 65 sq ft projected frontal area were used. These reference conditions represent the median values of experiment conditions that were varied during coast-down tests. At these conditions, road load variations among the trucks averaged 10% and 16% for the two- and five-parameter models, respectively. The coefficients of the five-parameter model displayed instability during sequential estimation, showing multicollinearity. Because of this instability and the significance of the truck-to-truck variations, the two-parameter model seemed most appropriate for predicting the truck road load. At reference conditions, the two-parameter model road load was 10% greater than that from the EPA recommended procedure. KW - Driving resistance KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Friction forces KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Road load KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381957 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McGeehan, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF PISTON DEPOSITS, FUEL SULFUR, AND LUBRICANT VISCOSITY ON DIESEL ENGINE OIL CONSUMPTION AND CYLINDER BORE POLISHING PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to define the factors which affect oil consumption and cylinder bore polishing. The investigation focused on top land deposits, fuel sulfur, and lubricant viscosity in a series of direct-injection diesel engine tests in the U. S. and Europe. In these engine tests it was demonstrated that excessive top land deposits cause high oil consumption and cylinder bore polishing. Cylinder bore polishing can also be caused by corrosion when high sulfur fuels are used with oils of low alkalinity values. Maintenance of the crosshatch honing pattern is critical to oil control, low ring wear, and prevention of ring scuffing. Low oil consumption and low cylinder bore polishing can be achieved with lubricant formulations which minimize the top land deposit and provide sufficient alkalinity to minimize the corrosive aspect of bore polishing. In addition to the top land deposit and fuel sulfur factors, multigrade oils showed a significant oil control advantage in certain engines; and a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon is presented. KW - Cylinder bore polishing KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oil consumption KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Sulfur KW - Testing KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381869 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schneider, R W AU - Tibbetts, D R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ASSESSING PRODUCT RELIABILITY FROM WARRANTY DATA PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Warranty data can be a useful, accurate, and timely information source for monitoring the reliability of a product. At Cummins Engine Company a warranty based reliability information system was developed for diesel engines that has the capability to 1) evaluate the reliability of engines and their components, 2) compare the reliability performance of engines and components to goals and prioritize those areas needing improvement, and 3) detect changes in the warranty claims pattern of engine components to provide early warning of potential problems. This paper describes this warranty data system with emphasis on the analytical tools used to perform the above activities. Although many of the examples refer to diesel engines, the general concepts apply to the use of warranty data for many types of products. KW - Data systems KW - Diesel engines KW - Information systems KW - Products KW - Reliability KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381871 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Connor, D H AU - Stapf, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CATERPILLAR 3406B TRUCK ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - A new configuration 3406 heavy-duty diesel Truck Engine, designated the 3406B, has been developed. The in-line 6-cylinder engine covers the power range of 255-400 hp (190-298 kW) at rated speeds from 1600-2100 rpm. A primary objective of the development program was to provide continued improvement in fuel economy. Emphasis was placed on development of combustion components and systems that could meet both current and future gaseous and noise emission levels. A new fuel system was one of the key elements in meeting the objectives. This paper deals with the design, development and performance aspects of the 3406B Engine. KW - Air quality management KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381886 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cihak, F J AU - Jones, P D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT ACTIVITIES OF THE APTA BUS TECHNOLOGY LIAISON BOARD PY - 1983 SP - 3 p. AB - The American Public Transit Association (APTA) supports the Bus Technology Liaison Board (BTLB) under contract to the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The function of the Board is to provide the transit industry's viewpoint and advice in the form of reviews and evaluations of UMTA's bus and paratransit technology projects. Recent activities of the BTLB related to product improvements, regulations, and procurement policies in the urban transit bus industry are examined. KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Evaluation KW - Paratransit services KW - Procurement KW - Public transit KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Reviews KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202135 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381888 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Francis, G A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRANSIT BUS FUEL ECONOMY RESEARCH PY - 1983 SP - 21 p. AB - A new method of comparing the fuel economy of transit buses has been demonstrated. The method is based on SAE J1321. The SAE test procedure was combined with the Transit Coach Design Operating Profile Duty Cycle from the "White Book" (2) and the test track configuration to produce MPG data for the commuter, arterial, and central business district phases of the duty cycle and MPG data for the combined or overall test cycle. The resulting test procedure makes possible the determination of MPG on a wide range of revenue duty cycles and could be useful in calculating life-cycle cost of transit buses. The six 40-foot buses used in this series of tests were produced by six different manufacturers and featured different drive configurations, curb weights, and seating capacities. KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Diesel engines KW - Duty cycles KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Instrumentation KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mathematical models KW - Testing KW - Validation KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202137 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381913 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Meiring, P AU - Hansen, A C AU - Vosloo, A P AU - Lyne, PWL AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH CONCENTRATION ETHANOL-DIESEL BLENDS FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - A fuel blend containing 30 percent ethanol, diesel fuel and additives was tested in a diesel tractor to determine its effect on engine performance and durability. Uprating the delivery of the fuel injection pump was found to be a practical method of restoring the 11 percent power reduction caused by the lower heat content of the blend. Operation of the tractor under on-farm conditions for alternate 100 hour periods totalling 2000 hours on diesel fuel and on the blend revealed no noticeable deterioration in engine condition related to the blend. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Alternate fuels KW - Blends KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Durability KW - Engine performance KW - Ethanol KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381915 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reinhart, C O AU - Weisert, L E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT OF ENGINE AIR CLEANER EFFICIENCY USING AIRBORNE PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Dust loading and efficiency characteristics are discussed for a typical heavy duty diesel engine intake air cleaner. The effects of particle size and dust loading on efficiency are described with illustrative data for a typical system. Instrumentation and measurement techniques are explained. KW - Air cleaners KW - Diesel engines KW - Dust filters KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effective stress KW - Efficiency KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Sieve analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382423 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Germane, G J AU - Wood, C G AU - Hess, C C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LEAN COMBUSTION IN SPARK-IGNITED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES--A REVIEW PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Lean combustion in spark-ignition engines has long been recognized as a means of both improving engine efficiency and lowering carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen exhaust emissions. In this paper, the fundamentals of lean combustion are reviewed in terms of lean flammability and ignition, and lean misfire limit, from a compilation of research results. Over 100 references are included in the review. The effect of lean mixture on engine efficiency, performance and exhaust emissions is discussed. The effects of engine variables on lean combustion are presented, including mixture preparation, ignition, combustion chamber shape, compression rates and fuel additives. Techniques for lean burn engine control and emissions clean-up are also described. KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Lean combustion KW - Performance KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381900 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Webster, G D AU - Chiappetta, S J AU - Ho, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TAR SANDS DERIVED FUELS TESTED IN AN AIR COOLED HIGH SPEED DIESEL PY - 1983 SP - p. 75-84 AB - Three blended fuels with varied levels of tar sands components considered to be representative of future Canadian diesel fuel were tested and compared with a reference fuel in a single cylinder Deutz air-cooled high speed diesel engine. High output tests were performed with 30 deg C and 5 deg C combustion and cooling air temperatures. In addition, a rated output test was performed at the 30 deg C temperature. Engine performance characteristics and combustion parameters were evaluated for all fuels. The effects of the fuels on injection behaviour were also studied. It was found that performance at the test temperatures was acceptable but further evaluation at lower temperatures is required. Slightly advanced injection timing was observed for the denser fuels. Fuels with higher concentrations of aromatics and lower cetane numbers exhibited longer ignition delays, higher cylinder pressures, higher rates of pressure rise and lower thermal efficiencies. KW - Air cooling KW - Blends KW - Combustion KW - Cooling systems KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel injection KW - Ignition KW - Performance tests KW - Tar sands KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204824 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381902 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Ziemke, M C AU - Peters, J F AU - Schroer, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LONG-TERM OPERATION OF A TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINE ON SOYBEAN OIL FUEL BLENDS PY - 1983 SP - p. 93-103 AB - It has been known for more than 50 years that some diesel engines could be fueled for short periods with vegetable oils, either neat or with hydrocarbon fuel additives. World over-production of soybean oil is increasing its potential as an economical diesel fuel extender. The subject test program was undertaken to determine long-term effects of this alternate fuel on a modern, high-speed diesel engine. The choice of a vegetable oil (soybean oil) as an alternative diesel engine fuel or fuel extender rather than the other major biomass motor fuel (ethanol) is related to the relative properties of these fuels. The common U.S. vegetable oils are much closer to hydrocarbon (No. 2D) diesel fuel than is ethanol in both cetane rating and volumetric energy content. Unlike ethanol, the vegetable oils can be blended 1:1 with No. 2D fuel to produce engine power and volumetric fuel consumption levels practically identical to those obtained with 100% No. 2D fuel. However, engine operation and laboratory bench tests demonstrated that some fuel blends were unsatisfactory for continuous use. The reasons for these difficulties were determined and a satisfactory fuel blend was proven through prolonged testing. The results of the soybean oil fuel extender tests are considered to be particularly significant because: Soybean oil is the principal U.S. grown vegetable oil, representing about 85% of possible current national production; The total duration of the tests (over 1,000 hours) is the longest known U.S. operation of a single engine on any type of vegetable oil fuel; Successful operation was obtained under standard engine test conditions without any engine modification or adjustment; and From an economic standpoint, soybean oil is closer to the cost of No. 2D fuel than any common U.S. vegetable oil. KW - Blends KW - Costs KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Energy resources KW - Engine performance KW - Equipment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Performance tests KW - Soybeans KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204826 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382419 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Woodrooffe, JHF AU - Billing, J R AU - NISONGER, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVED STABILITY AND HANDLING OF TRUCK COMBINATIONS WITH THE DOUBLE DRAWBAR DOLLY PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - The double drawbar dolly eliminates articulation of the conventional single drawbar converter dolly to improve the stability of multiple trailer truck combinations. It is usually provided with a self-steering axle to improve maneuverability. This paper describes double drawbar dolly types, factors in their design, and findings from tests of a specific dolly and computer simulation results pertaining to a range of dolly concepts. Performance topics investigated include low and high speed offtracking, stability characteristics and loads at the dolly hitch. The results showed vehicle performance is highly dependent upon friction and stiffness in the dolly self-steering system. Both test and simulation showed that compared with the single drawbar dolly, a double drawbar dolly having properties equivalent to that tested would significantly improve vehicle stability. If steer stiffness is diminished to the free castering condition, stability becomes poorer than with the conventional single drawbar dolly. The double drawbar dolly can impose high longitudinal and vertical loads on the pintle hooks. Therefore, the latch mechanism must be capable of resisting these large upward loads. KW - Barricades KW - Dollies KW - Double drawbar dolly KW - Drawbars KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian barrier KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202414 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382421 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Darlington, T L AU - CRAWFORD, R W AU - Sashihara, M A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SHORT TEST RESULTS ON 1980 AND 1981 PASSENGER CARS FROM THE ARIZONA INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - This paper presents the results of a study which examined short test results and repair data on 1980 (GM vehicles only) and 1981 (all makes) model year passenger cars participating in the Arizona Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) program. The primary purpose of the study was to gather information on the failure rates of these vehicles using the Arizona short test, their mean emission levels, and the types of repairs performed on the failing cars. A unique part of the study was that a generalized software system was developed to extract very specific emission control information from the vehicle identification numbers (VIN's) for these vehicles. The results of the study indicate that in general these vehicles have quite low failure rates in comparison with pre-1980 vehicles, and that certain vehicles have a higher probability of failing the short test than others. The results also indicate that 80-90% of the failed vehicles are successfully repaired by service personnel, and that the average I/M repair cost for 1981 vehicles when free (warranty) repairs are not included is around $38. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Failure KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202416 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381890 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Berg, P-S AU - Udd, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRUCK ENGINE CHARGE AIR COOLING--EXPERIENCE, TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Experience from nearly six years in production of air-to-air (A-A) charge air cooling (CAC) is reported. Solutions to overcome the drawbacks of air-to-air compared to water-to-air charge air cooling are presented. KW - Air cooling KW - Cooling systems KW - Engines KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202139 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381904 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Jones, P E AU - Hager, F M AU - Swank, B W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE B SERIES DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - The B Series product line consists of 3,4 and 6-cylinder high swirl direct injection diesel engines having a displacement of .98 liters per cylinder. They were designed to achieve high levels of turbocharging with conservative component loading. The seven most important design objectives were durability, reliability, sociability, performance, application adaptability, cost and service. The design concepts employed are discussed in some detail and results are given for typical analyses performed during the design phase. Optimized engine performance data is presented for emission regulated and non-emission regulated configurations. The mechanical development and validation of the design are also discussed along with the accompanying results. This development and validation process included rig tests, fatigue tests, endurance tests, abuse tests, field tests and reliability proof tests. Some typical approaches to cost avoidance are enumerated towards the end of the paper. KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202141 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381909 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Leshner, M D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVAPORATIVE ENGINE COOLING FOR FUEL ECONOMY--1983 PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Automotive engineers have recognized the fuel economy advantage of elevated coolant temperatures for many years. Evaporative engine cooling is a well established technology which maintains the engine coolant at its boiling temperature regardless of operating conditions. By assuring that the coolant entering the engine is at nearly the same temperature as that leaving the engine, overcooling is avoided. Excellent temperature uniformity is assured throughout the engine, permitting coolant temperatures to be raised without raising peak metal temperatures. Evaporative cooling allows engine coolant to boil freely at atmospheric pressure, taking advantage of the inherently high heat transfer rates obtained with boiling and condensing. The benefits derived from evaporative cooling are faster warm-up, reduced friction, (which contribute toward fuel economy) greater engine durability, and safe, low pressure operation. This paper reviews the history, theory, and practice of vapor cooling in stationary and mobile powerplants. KW - Coolants KW - Cooling KW - Electric power plants KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Glacial lacustrine soils KW - Glacial soils KW - Lacustrine soils KW - Vapors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202146 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381911 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hill, B W AU - Blair, G P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FURTHER TESTS ON REDUCING FUEL CONSUMPTION WITH A CARBURETTED TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper describes a unique and uncomplicated method of stratified-charging a two-stroke cycle engine which assists in reducing the short-circuited loss of fuel during scavenging. Performance characteristics as presented were acquired from tests conducted on a 400 cu cm naturally aspirated, single cylinder, spark ignition two-stroke engine with carburettor control of gasoline fuel, the design and construction of the engine also being done at The Queen's University of Belfast. Using a tuned exhaust pipe, the engine produces a peak power of 16 kW at 5000 rev/min and has a minimum brake specific fuel consumption of 0.275 kg/kWh. Moreover, for the tests presented at full and quarter throttle openings, virtually all of the brake specific fuel consumption values are below 0.36 kg/kWh. Most of the performance characteristics shown at various engine speeds are as a function of air/fuel ratio. This paper is a continuation of that presented as SAE 830093. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance tests KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381898 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Parsons, J B AU - Germane, G J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF AN IRON BASED FUEL CATALYST UPON DIESEL FLEET OPERATION PY - 1983 SP - p. 51-61 AB - This paper will discuss several aspects of fuel combustion in internal combustion engines. It will be shown that one area of significant potential cost reduction for the operator of a major diesel fleet could involve the application of a chemical fuel catalyst to improve the combustion of the diesel fuel. It will be shown that substantial reduction in engine deposits and increased fuel economy on a long term fleet basis have resulted from the use of the catalyst in several large fleets operating in Western Canada. KW - Catalysts KW - Combustion KW - Diesel fuels KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel conservation KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Iron UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204822 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381873 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schubert, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COORDINATION OF TRUCK DRIVETRAINS TO MINIMIZE FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Significant fuel savings can be achieved by deliberate design measures on the drive line of commercial vehicles. This paper describes some of the results gained by M*A*N in the course of drive line optimization. First the engine and its accessories will be dealt with. Taking a turbocharged and a naturally aspirated engine as examples, three development steps are explained for each of these versions, and their effects on fuel consumption discussed. Then follows a consideration of the savings potential still possible through optimized design of engine accessories. Transmission design and the selection of suitable rear axle ratios for heavy commercial vehicles is also considered. Finally the results of tests to determine the effect on fuel consumption of drive line optimization are discussed. Tests with heavy long-haul road trains with various drive line configurations are considered, then the possibility of influencing fuel consumption on city buses by drive line optimization are investigated. KW - Axle ratio KW - Design KW - Drivelines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Optimization KW - Power trains KW - Transmissions KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381880 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Crowley, R T AU - Coffey, C S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - JETFOIL--THE WAVE OF THE FUTURE PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - JETFOIL is presented as a hydrofoil with unique capabilities operating world-wide, year-around as a high speed transportation system. A brief historical summary of the JETFOIL program is discussed as well as where the hydrofoils are in-service and the achievement of high fleet reliability. The configuration features of Boeing hydrofoils such as foil arrangement, automatic control, gas turbines and waterjet propulsion are discussed as they affect the specific hydrofoil attributes of speed, ride comfort and agility. Present and future JETFOIL applications in the role of resource protection, offshore transportation, and naval coastal patrol are also presented. KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Hydrofoils KW - Reliability KW - Ride quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202129 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381884 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Suchy, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ONE-ATMOSPHERE SUBSEA TRANSFER SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper describes methods of transporting personnel, under normal atmospheric conditions, from the surface to dry, one-atmosphere hydrocarbon production chambers. It begins with a discussion of the state of the art of various transfer systems, both existing and conceptual; defines transfer system requirements in light of the typical range of subsea tasks; and concludes with an evaluation of the various design options. KW - Guidewire systems KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Submersible transfer systems KW - Subsea oil production KW - Winch-down systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202133 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381903 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shang, S AU - ZHANG, L AU - Xu, Hongli AU - Chou, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS OF COAL-OIL MIXTURE WITH WATER (COM) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - For selection of an optimum COM preparation system, a series of tests on high intensity ultrasonic mixing devices is performed. A brief description of the system is presented. A coal-fuel oil-water mixture up to 25% coal concentration has been used as an alternative fuel in China standard Model 195-2 Single cylinder, 10 H.P. at rated 1800 RPM and Model 2135 Two cylinders, 40 H.P. at rated 1500 RPM diesel engines with very encouraging results. Preliminary tests results are given in this paper. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Coal-fuel oil-water mixtures KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mixing KW - Performance tests KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202140 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381910 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - York, M E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXTENDING ENGINE LIFE AND REDUCING MAINTENANCE THROUGH THE USE OF A MOBILE OIL REFINER PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - The by-pass oil refiner, which removes both solid and liquid contaminants, has shown itself to be very effective in substantially extending the life of an engine. In twelve years of piloting and testing with school bus fleets, this author found the refiner to keep oil cleaner than either a full-flow or diesel by-pass oil filter can and, in doing so, eliminate the necessity of interval oil changes. Its use constitutes a major maintenance change: extended oil use results in a processing of oil and engine which can be accomplished in no other way. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of twelve years of field observation and experience with the by-pass oil refiner. The concept presented demonstrates the ability of the refiner to deliver improved engine life with reduced levels of maintenance. KW - Bypass oil refiner KW - Contaminants KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine life KW - Engines KW - Filters KW - Maintenance KW - Oil filters KW - School buses KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381917 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brown, D G AU - Thompson, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NOVEL APPROACH TO ENGINE TORQUE SPEED CONTROL PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - This paper describes a novel approach to the design of an engine torque/speed controller. Since all the information necessary to design the controller is obtained directly from a small number of step response tests, the necessity of first producing a control model for the engine is avoided, thus effecting considerable savings in time and effort. Further, although the independent control of an engine's torque and speed is not trivial, the resulting controller has a simple physical structure which makes the device easy to manufacture and inexpensive. The method of control and the required design stages are all demonstrated using a Ford 1.1 L CVH engine. KW - Controllers KW - Design KW - Engines KW - Speed control KW - Testing KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202154 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381921 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Caton, J A AU - Rosegay, K H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REVIEW AND COMPARISON OF RECIPROCATING ENGINE OPERATION USING SOLID FUELS PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - The literature review indicated that operation of solid reciprocating engine has been attempted for nearly a hundred years. Problems which have been encountered continuously have involved the fuel delivery system, solid-particle combustion, and engine component wear. Recent investigations (1979-1982) using coal/oil, carbon-black/oil, and coal/water slurries in a variety of reciprocating engines have yielded encouraging results. The use of coal/water slurries is an attractive approach to using solid coal in engines, since fuel handling problems are simpler than using dry-powder fuels, and the slurry is petroleum independent. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Coal fuels KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuels KW - Piston engines KW - Solid fuels KW - Solids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202158 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381956 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hercamp, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREMATURE LOSS OF OIL CONSUMPTION CONTROL IN A HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - The effect of some engine operating condition variables on loss of oil consumption control is discussed. A 200 hour multi-cylinder diesel lab engine test procedure is described which has shown the ability to assess the relative performance of lubricating oil formulations. The relationship of various parts rating measurements to oil consumption is shown. The detrimental effect of piston crownland deposits on oil consumption is demonstrated. KW - Consumption KW - Control KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oil consumption KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382420 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KATO, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED DESIGN CONCEPT ON LARGEST DIESEL-MECHANICAL TRUCK--KOMATSU HD1600M PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - As a direct result of the Mining Industries need to improve efficiency and production in Open Pit type operations, the size of haulage units have increased dramatically. This trend has continued such, that the majority of dump trucks operating in Open Pit operations are in the 170 ton class. Continued mining in existing locations has meant that the increase in vertical lift and resultant grades, and increases in hauling distances are making electric drive systems unsuitable. This is largely due to the electric drive systems heat limitations on major propulsion components. With these mining requirements in view and the present limitations on electric drive systems in mind, Komatsu have been developing the Komatsu HD1600M, a diesel powered mechanical drive dump truck capable of operating in deep pit operations. KW - Diesel engines KW - Dump trucks KW - Electric drives KW - Mining KW - Pits KW - Pits (Excavations) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381899 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Bentley, J R AU - Schellhase, H-U AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL STABILITY AND STORAGE LIFE OF MIDDLE DISTILLATE FUELS PY - 1983 SP - p. 63-73 AB - B. C. Hydro is concerned about the long term storage stability of middle distillate fuels. In the first half of 1982 an extensive literature survey was initiated and various experimental approaches were evaluated. Our laboratory followed other investigators in the field. Fuel quality after aging for 12 weeks at 110 deg F was selected as an accelerated test for the assessment of fuel storage life. Thermal aging for 16 hours at 212 deg F was adopted for fast fuel screening, and the more severe conditions of 212 deg F for 60 to 120 hours for the testing of highly stable fuels and additives. A total of seven test fuels were tested under various conditions. Eight fuel additives were tested, and of these--three additives (so called combination additives) were found to be most effective in controlling thermal aging of ("Keogh") fuel. Initial results of ultrasound aided thermal aging at 110 deg F seem to indicate that the so called "induction period" is accompanied by poor aging statistics. KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuels KW - Handling and storage KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204823 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381876 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henriksen, B S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SERIES 92 FUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - The Detroit Diesel Allison Series 92 two-stroke cycle diesel engines have undergone a number of changes within the past five years aimed at improving fuel economy and reducing gaseous emissions. These changes include the use of aftercoolers, higher efficiency turbochargers, reduced area intake ports, camshafts for increased expansion stroke, low friction cylinder kits and bypass blowers. Fuel economy has improved approximately 14%. Future changes to lower engine speeds, increase the blower bypass area, improve combustion efficiency, utilize advanced charge air cooling, reduce mechanical friction, increase turbocharger efficiency, and incorporate electronics will improve fuel economy further. This paper describes the changes the Series 92 has undergone and the changes planned for the future to further improve fuel economy. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Turbochargers KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381877 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hsieh, H-C AU - Zhang, H-Y AU - Bai, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW CONCEPT ON VERY HIGH PERFORMANCE MOBILE POWER PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A turbocompound engine cycle turbocharged with very high pressure ratio up to 10 and equipped with a complementary combustor and a bypass duct for compressed air is proposed. This paper is to present computer predictions on the real working processes, the performance characteristics, the capability of power boosting, and the optimums of parameters for the proposed cycle. Computer prediction discovered that the proposed cycle gives surprising attractive performances for mobile power and that a power boosting as high as 200-300% will be attained at comparative better fuel consumption without significant increase in thermal and mechanical load of the engine. KW - Computer programs KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Turbocompounding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202126 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381906 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sakamoto, Y AU - Yamaguchi, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF COMPACT, WATER-COOLED ENGINE K2AS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Mitsubishi has developed the new, compact, water-cooled vertical type 2-cylinder diesel engine model K2AS and brought it to market in spring of '82. The K2AS is a small-sized engine of 451 cc total displacement and 10HP/3600 rpm maximum output. Its weight of 58 kg is light enough to use this diesel engine for various machines which have formerly been driven by gasoline engines. The well matched combustion chamber and injection system realize low fuel consumption, low noise and easy engine starting. High durability is also assured by various kinds of reliability evaluation. Features of K2AS are outlined. KW - Cooling water KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Noise control KW - Reliability KW - Startability KW - Vehicle design KW - Water cooling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202143 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381907 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Allsup, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EMISSIONS, EFFICIENCY, AND DURABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL DIESEL ENGINES USING LOW-PROOF ETHANOL PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Experimental investigations were made to evaluate the potential of using low-proof ethanol to supplement diesel fuel in agricultural engines. Fumigation, mechanical emulsification, and chemical emulsifiers were used to introduce a significant amount of alcohol with diesel fuel for engine operation. A total of five diesel tractor engines were tested using each of the fuel systems. Exhaust products and fuel usage were determined at various engine speed/load conditions. A 500-hour engine durability test was conducted on three of the engines using 25% 160-proof ethanol with diesel fuel. Two tests were conducted using fumigation, and one test was done with a mechanical fuel emulsifier. Results suggest that approximately 25% alcohol can be used with diesel fuel to realize essentially the same thermal efficiency as diesel fuel. In addition, no adverse effects on engine life expectancy were apparent using 25% 160-proof ethanol fumigated into an engine. However, using the same fuels and a mechanical emulsification fuel introduction system led to premature engine failure. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Dispersers KW - Durability KW - Ethanol KW - Fumigation KW - Life testing KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381924 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ziejewski, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEGETABLE OILS AS A POTENTIAL ALTERNATE FUEL IN DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - Laboratory endurance tests were performed on a direct injected, turbocharged, and intercooled diesel engine. A 25/75 blend (v/v) of alkali refined sunflower oil with diesel fuel and a 25/75 blend (v/v) of high oleic safflower oil and diesel fuel were tested. For comparison prior to the tests with the experimental fuels, a baseline endurance run with Phillips D2 Reference Fuel was carried out. The major problems experienced while operating on the 25/75 blend of alkali-refined sunflower oil and diesel fuel were premature injection nozzle performance deterioration and heavier carbonaceous buildup in the compression ring grooves and on the piston lands. There were no significant problems with engine operation when using the 25/75 blend of high oleic safflower oil and diesel fuel. Based on the results of this investigation, the 25-75 blend of high oleic safflower oil with diesel fuel is a very promising candidate as an alternate fuel. This investigation provides evidence that chemical differences between the vegetable oils have a very important influence on long term engine performance. In the tested fuel viscosity range it appears that the chemical properties rather than fuel viscosity is the major factor which determines engine performance deterioration while using vegetable oil fuels. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Dielectric properties KW - Dielectric strength KW - Direct injection KW - Fuel injection KW - Oils KW - Performance KW - Sunflower seed oil KW - Testing KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202161 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381953 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kenny, T M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTION OF CONTAINED AIR TEMPERATURE FROM SAE STANDARD ROLLING RESISTANCE TEST DATA PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Truck tire rolling resistance, when determined through the SAE J 1379 test matrix, can be shown to predict cavity air temperature at test equilibrium. Cavity temperatures are determined with the SAE Standard test data, heat transfer relationships, and equations of state. When this method is compared to road test data, the SAE J 1379 test procedure is shown to be more precise, equally accurate, and many times faster to perform than the same test conducted on the road. KW - Cavity temperatures KW - Heat transfer KW - Rolling resistance KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381895 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Karim, G A AU - Wierzba, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF METHANE AND PROPANE AS FUELS FOR SPARK IGNITION AND COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - p. 25-37 AB - The paper reviews the combustion characteristics of the two fuels and sets out to consider their respective performance in both spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Results of comparative tests involving spark ignition engines over a wide range of operating conditions are presented and discussed. Some of the performance characteristics considered are those relating to power output, efficiency, tendency to knock, cyclic variations, optimum spark requirements and exhaust emissions. Similarly, some of the performance characteristics in compression ignition engines considered include power output, efficiency, tendency towards knock and autoignition, exhaust emissions and low operational temperature problems. Finally, the relative operational safety aspects of the two fuels are evaluated. It is then suggested that in this regard, methane has some excellent physical, chemical and combustion characteristics that makes it a particularly safe fuel. KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Engine performance KW - Methane KW - Performance tests KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Safety KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204819 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381365 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Asai, M AU - Ono, T AU - Ouchi, B AU - Morikawa, S AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AND MOTORCYCLES. TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT ON TRAFFIC EDUCATION PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 106-114 AB - "San Nai Undo" (the Three No Movement) is a campaign to protect students from traffic accidents and is now being enforced in high schools by the PTA and high school authorities on a nationwide scale. "San Nai Undo" has three slogans: 1. we do not acquire drivers' licenses. 2. we do not buy motorcycles. and 3. we do not ride motorcycles. As a result of this movement, there has been widespread recurring trouble with students who protest against these slogans. Due to these confused circumstances, the absence of traffic safety education is causing great concern, and systematic education for young people is being sought after intensely. By studying the actual conditions and influences of "San Nai Undo," the prospects of carrying out traffic safety education have been discussed from three standpoints: the PTA promoting the movement, the high school students opposing it, and high school teachers who began to research the traffic safety education. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver licensing KW - High schools KW - Motorcycles KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201825 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381724 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Alic, J A AU - Jenney, L L AU - Bull, T E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUTURE AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY: TECHNOLOGY AND THE MARKETPLACE PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Technology is not now a primary limiting factor in the fuel economy achieved by the U.S. new-car fleet, nor is it likely to be in the near future. Technology is a limiting factor to the extent that it determines the fuel economy that can be achieved in cars of a given size. While means are generally available to achieve significant improvements in the fuel economy of cars of all sizes--by making them lighter in weight for given interior dimensions, refining powertrains, and making other design improvements--costs can be rather high, and benefits in the marketplace uncertain. Sophisticated design approaches are needed not for fuel economy alone but also to continue providing amenities such as ample interior space and carrying capacity, luxurious and quiet surroundings (which unavoidably add weight), higher performance levels, air conditioning and power accessories--while also improving gas mileage. Based on such considerations, the Office of Technology Assessment has projected average new-car fuel economies through the end of the century according to two scenarios. The low scenario, relatively conservative technically but assuming continuing market demand for better fuel economy, results in the following estimates for the average gas mileage of new cars sold in the United States, based on EPA 55 percent city/45 percent highway ratings: 1990--38 mpg; 1995--43 mpg; and 2000--51 mpg. The high scenario, with a major shift toward smaller cars, points to an average new car gas mileage rating greater than 70 mpg by 2000. OTA's projections show that continued improvement in automobile fuel economy beyond a 30 mpg baseline new-car average in 1985 could save 0.6 to 1.3 million barrels of oil per day by 2000, depending on the size mix of future new car sales and the technologies these vehicles embody. KW - Automobiles KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Market research KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202025 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381725 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ohe, M von der AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FRONT AND REAR SUSPENSION OF THE NEW MERCEDES MODEL W201 PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - For the new Mercedes W201 entirely new front and rear suspensions had to be developed, because this small and light weight car was to achieve the same standard of ride and handling qualities, compared with bigger and heavier cars. The paper explains the design of the new suspension systems. One main point is to report on the means, how to control the rear wheel motions by particular elastokinematic characteristics. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Driving KW - Front suspension systems KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes-benz KW - Rear suspension KW - Rear suspension systems KW - Ride quality KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381742 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Beuzit, P M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RIDE AND HANDLING OF A EUROPEAN CAR: THE RENAULT 9 PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - We discuss the problems of comfort and handling of european vehicles using a typical example: the RENAULT 9. Many problems related to weight, size, unibody construction and, four cylinders engines... are given. Some details about the means used to solve them are given and solutions for a RENAULT 9 are analysed. Of course the vehicle represents a compromise adapted to european market vehicle which is rather different from the U.S. Market, a factor considered in the design of the RENAULT-AMC Alliance. KW - Comfort KW - Driving KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Handling characteristics KW - Markets KW - Ride quality KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202043 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381743 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brunot, C A AU - Schuring, D J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SAE INTERLABORATORY TEST FOR ROLLING RESISTANCE OF PASSENGER CAR TIRES--PART I: DATA VARIATION WITHIN AND BETWEEN LABORATORIES PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - An interlaboratory test program was carried out by twelve test facilities with the objective to determine the degree of tire rolling resistance loss variations within and between laboratories. The same tires and test procedures were used throughout. Statistical data analysis involving all data as well as various data subgroups suggest that most of today's tire rolling loss test facilities have obtained an excellent level of performance. All measured and analyzed data are tabulated and displaced for each laboratory. KW - Automobiles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Rolling resistance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test facilities KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202044 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381758 AU - Bechtold, R L AU - Timbario, T J AU - Tison, R R AU - Sprafka, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PRACTICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF CONVERTING HIGHWAY VEHICLES TO USE NATURAL GAS AS A FUEL PY - 1983 SP - p. 47-69 AB - The costs of converting to CNG include vehicle conversion costs, refueling station costs, and required operating and maintenance costs. These costs vary according to vehicles (how many storage tanks and how difficult the conversions are), the planned utilization of compressor capacity, whether the vehicles are refueled using slow-fill or fast-fill techniques and the refueling site preparation required. In this paper, these costs are explained and compiled for the conversion kits and refueling equipment presently available. A few case studies are explored to demonstrate what must be known to evaluate whether a fleet of vehicles has potential to save money using natural gas and how long it may take to see a return on the initial investment. Also discussed in the paper is an overview of CNG safety aspects, especially as related to road and operating restrictions that may exist in some local jurisdictions. Thus, in keeping with the intent of this paper to be a practical guide for decision-makers, reference is made to safety-related considerations and the restrictions which may be imposed by some states or municipalities on CNG vehicle operation. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Conversion KW - Costs KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Highway safety KW - Refueling KW - Restrictions KW - Safety factors KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202058 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381762 AU - Messera, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - U.S. POSTAL SERVICE OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH A CNG FUELED DELIVERY FLEET PY - 1983 SP - p. 93-97 AB - Significant fuel cost reductions are being achieved using Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in lieu of gasoline as a vehicular fuel in Postal delivery vehicles. A total of 98 operational vehicles have been converted for dual fuel operation. In a twelve month period the vehicles traveled 446,815 miles on CNG vs. 109,649 miles on gasoline. CNG usage has increased from 29% in the first month of operation to 89% in the twelfth. Fuel costs were 9.9 cents per mile for CNG as compared to 14.9 cents per mile for gasoline. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Dual fueling KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381752 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS P-129 PY - 1983 SP - 108 p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Research and Development Needs for CNG Fueled Vehicles, T. J. Joyce; NGFVs--How Large Is the Potential Market?, R. J. Sprafka et al; CNG Measurements Using PVT Relationships, R. P. Wyman; Report of Severe Abuse Tests Conducted on Composite Reinforced Aluminum CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) Vehicle Fuel Cylinders, N. C. Fawley; Sorbent-Containing Storage Systems for Natural Gas Powered Vehicles, A. Golovoy; The Practical and Economic Considerations of Converting Highway Vehicles to Use Natural Gas as a Fuel, R. L. Bechtold et al; The Dual Fuel Engine of the Compression Ignition Type--Prospects, Problems and Solutions--A Review, G. A. Karim; High Performance Methane Engines, M. R. Seal; A Team Effort in Compressed Natural Gas Fleet Conversion, J. L. Hutton and P. Shaffer; U. S. Postal Service Operating Experience with a CNG Fueled Delivery Fleet, J. R. Messera; Safety Issues Surrounding the Use and Operation of Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles, R. R. Tison et al. KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Conversion KW - Cylinders KW - Development KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Engines KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel storage KW - Markets KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381766 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Santer, R M AU - Gleason, M E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE AERODYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROBE IV ADVANCED CONCEPT VEHICLE PY - 1983 SP - p. 23-50 AB - The aerodynamic development and characteristics of a four-passenger advanced concept automobile are described. An overview of the areas of the vehicle design which were dealt with to obtain a drag coefficient value of 0.153 is provided. The interior packaging philosophy is outlined which led to the potential for packaging four to six passengers within an extremely low drag automobile. Parametric shape studies of the major surface design elements are documented from the contributing development testing. The particular design treatments adopted and the rationale behind the choice of design are examined for each of the aerodynamically-sensitive areas of the vehicle. Examinations of the unique solutions to vehicle cooling, ramp and curb clearance, front wheel skirting and vehicle attitude are presented. Full scale wind tunnel data is shown for the configurations examined and vehicle stability parameters compared with conventional vehicles. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Coefficients KW - Concept vehicles KW - Drag KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204812 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381355 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE SUBSTITUTION AND COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRAFFIC AND COMMUNICATION PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 24-29 AB - Traffic in our lives is deeply concerned with information. If traffic could be substituted by communication, the problems caused by traffic would be decreased. The purpose of this project is to clarify the actual condition of the relationship between substitution and complementary functions of traffic and communication, and the possibilities for the future. From this point of view, this paper reports on the results of a questionnaire sent to businessmen working in Tokyo on the possibility of substituting and complementing traffic with communication. KW - Communications KW - Questionnaires KW - Relationships KW - Substitution KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201815 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381362 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Wada, J AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR SECURING THE WINTERTIME TRAFFIC ON THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY IN REGIONS SUBJECT TO HEAVY SNOWFALL PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 81-88 AB - Niigata Prefecture, facing the sea of Japan, has a population of 2,450,000 people. It is a major rice producing district, with an area of 12,580 sq km. As the district includes a notorious area of high snowfall reaching more than 20 m in total, it has many problems in securing road transportation during the wintertime. This paper refers to the present situation and the problems of countermeasures enforced by Nagaoka highway construction work office of the Ministry of Construction who is responsible for securing the wintertime traffic on the national highway in a heavy snow region by taking, as an example, trunk National Highway No. 17, linking the metropolitan area and Niigata. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver information systems KW - Snow KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow fences KW - Snow removal KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201822 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381374 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huang, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE VEHICLE-OCCUPANT IMPACT DYNAMICS AND ITS APPLICATION PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The vehicle-occupant impact dynamics during a crash are studied using a simple mathematical model. The model yields explicit analytical relationships between occupant responses and physical parameters of the vehicle structure and occupant restraint system. These parametric relationships, verified by experimental crash tests of the total system, are useful in describing the physical concepts of the impact event, and predicting occupant dynamic behavior during a vehicle crash. The limitations of the model are discussed and the design procedures using the equations and "carpet" plots are presented to aid the designer in the selection of a restraint system and vehicle structural parameters to meet predetermined design criteria. The application of the "carpet" plot in studying the sensitivity of the occupant response to the vehicle structural parameters is also demonstrated. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Occupant restraint KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle-occupant impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201829 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381385 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Newlyn, H A AU - Few, P C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN ENGINE GEOMETRY ON THE COMBUSTION IN AN S.I. ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - A new expression for the turbulent to laminar flame speed ratio in fully developed combustion in a spark ignition engine is proposed. The expression contains parameters related to the basic engine geometry and the inlet systems. Its use in a computer simulation indicates a good indication of the probable effects of changes in engine geometry on the combustion process. KW - Combustion KW - Culvert inlets KW - Engine geometry KW - Inlets KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201840 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381721 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - COOK, J A AU - Hamburg, D R AU - Kaiser, W J AU - Logothetis, E M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE DYNAMOMETER STUDY OF THE TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF ZRO2 AND TIO2 EXHAUST GAS OXYGEN SENSORS PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The transient response of ZrO2 and TiO2 EGO sensors has been investigated under actual engine operating conditions. The results of this study show that the response of an EGO sensor is dependent upon the characteristics of the engine and feedback control system with which it is used. Specifically, sensor response time is a function of the magnitude and frequency of the A/F changes and the initial and final values of A/F to which the sensor is exposed. ZrO2 and TiO2 sensors show similar transient behavior and have practically equivalent response times. KW - Catalytic converters KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Sensors KW - Titanium KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Zirconium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202022 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381728 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Okimoto, H AU - Ohzeki, H AU - Kawachi, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVEMENT OF ROTARY ENGINE PERFORMANCE BY NEW INDUCTION SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Recent market trends show growing demands for automobile engines to attain better fuel economy and higher output while meeting the emission standards. To cope with these demands, Toyo Kogyo has made numerous improvements year by year on the rotary engine. A new engine that guarantees well-balanced fuel economy and vehicle performance has been developed. This engine uses a new induction system which incorporates the following technologies: 1) A variable intake port mechanism called the 6-Port Induction system. 2) A newly-developed intake passage which improves volumetric efficiency, utilizing the induction pressure variation generated in the intake manifold. This new induction system is simple in design, lightweight, and low in cost. It allows considerable improvement in performance over the entire engine speed range, without trading away fuel economy in normal vehicle operation. KW - Automobiles KW - Electromagnetic induction KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Rotary engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202029 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381739 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Adams, F J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POWER STEERING "ROAD FEEL" PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - This "paper" discusses current power steering characteristics and considers why and how the characteristics should change for different driving conditions. It then compares the different ways in which this can be done and considers the advantages and disadvantages of each, including some of the safety aspects. It is mainly, but not exclusively, concerned with motor cars and is basically confined to the modern hydraulic power steering rotary valve which uses torsion bar springing. Most of the illustrations relate to rack and pinion steering but, in a general sense, all that is said can be applied to other types of steering gear. KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Power steering KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Safety factors KW - Steering systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381746 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - CRAWFORD, R W AU - Kaufman, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SEASONAL AND REGIONAL MPG AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND TRAVEL PATTERNS PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - In-use fuel economy shortfall varies regionally and seasonally in response to changing environmental conditions and travel patterns. Shortfall changes by 25 percent or more are associated with variation in miles travelled per day by in-use vehicles. Monthly variations in northern states are twice those in the south; air conditioning penalties also vary by region. Although regional difference in annual levels are relatively small, shortfall can increase by 16 percent in densely populated urban areas. These variations have been quantified in an analysis of time-series mpg data and related to variables commonly reported in fuel economy surveys. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Miles per gallon KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202047 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381754 AU - Sprafka, R J AU - Tison, R R AU - Vitous, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NGFVS--HOW LARGE IS THE POTENTIAL MARKET? PY - 1983 SP - p. 7-12 AB - A principal impediment at present to the growth of the compressed natural gas fueled vehicle (NGFV) fraction of the privately-owned vehicle fleet is the lack of adequate and widespread refueling facilities. Many of the vehicles on the road today could profitably convert to dual fuel operation if refueling facilities existed. For the longer-term, however, the incentive toward conversion may disappear. The emergence of more fuel-efficient gasoline vehicles, the replacement of needed larger vehicles with diesel-powered units, and the general trend toward pricing fuels on Btu content, all minimize the economic benefit realizable today by operating a converted dual fuel vehicle. Dedicated vehicles specifically designed to operate on compressed natural gas, which take advantage of the properties of this fuel, can help to alleviate some of the vanishing economic incentives, although the refueling-point availability problem must be solved before such vehicles are competitive in the marketplace. This paper examines the above factors and estimates the potential market penetration of retrofit and OEM NGFVs. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Availability KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Conversion KW - Incentives KW - Markets KW - Refueling KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202054 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381828 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - Phillips, L A AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - PREVENTION NOW! WE CAN'T AFFORD TO WAIT PY - 1983 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 9-17 AB - This is a presentation given by the author as the keynote address for an alcohol and drug abuse symposium held in Anchorage, Alaska, on March 7, 1983. The author gives rational answers to those who say that we must spend our resources on treatment instead of prevention and offers guidelines for prevention programs. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Prevention KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381846 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Curzon, A E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DIMENSIONLESS LOAD CAPACITY OF A PLANE, FINITE, RECTANGULAR-PAD, SLIDER BEARING--AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION SUITABLE FOR SMALL COMPUTERS PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - An analytical solution is given for W, the dimensionless load-capacity of a plane, finite, rectangular-pad, slider bearing. This solution is suitable for small computers so that students of tribology can carry out calculations on a realistic bearing without having to use a large computer which may not be readily available. The solution described is superior to that obtained by the use of standard numerical methods on Reynolds equation because it is obtained more rapidly, it needs less computer memory storage space and can be carried out in single precision. KW - Bearing pads KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer memory KW - Dimensionless parameters KW - Tribology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381837 AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - ANNUAL REPORT 1981/82 PY - 1983 SP - 142 p. AB - This annual report is divided into three major sections: (1) The duties and organisation of the National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute; (2) Report of activities; and (3) Finances. KW - Cooperation KW - Development KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Highways KW - Information dissemination KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Sweden KW - Traffic KW - Traffic research KW - Traffic safety KW - Travelers KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381843 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN ACCIDENT FACTS 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 32 p. AB - This publication contains accident statistics for the year 1982 in the State of Wisconsin. It consists of tables containing data on the following: 1982 facts and figures; economic loss; reporting agency; 10 year summaries; accidents by highway class; accidents by month; fatal accidents by month; types of motor vehicle accidents; BAC of driver fatalities; accidents by highway system and county; accidents by county and severity; holiday fatal accidents and fatal accidents by month; environmental conditions; types of motor vehicles; time of occurrence; age of drivers; all drinking drivers and pedestrians; drinking drivers and pedestrians (ability impaired); possible contributing circumstances; motorcycle accidents; motorcycle graph; persons killed and injured by age and type of accident; pedestrians killed and injured; persons killed and injured by age-type of person and sex; economic loss by severity-urban by population; and graph on speed citations and possible contributing circumstances of speed. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speeding KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198053 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381767 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Mohawk, E L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW DESIGN APPLICATION AND MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION FOR HEAVY DUTY TRUCK BODY PANELS PY - 1983 SP - p. 51-56 AB - This paper will discuss the design and development of glass reinforced reaction injection molded parts on the front end of a heavy duty C.O.E. truck which in the past have been traditionally steel or aluminum sheet metal. The subject areas to be discussed are performance criteria for material at elevated and sub-zero temperatures, the design criteria established to take full advantage of the selected material and meet existing requirements for Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards where applicable. The final outcome of this program was the production release of the following Class "A" exterior glass reinforced urethane reaction injection molded front end panels: Grille Cab Front Panel; Grille Extension Panels; Bumper End Caps; and Air Dam. KW - Cab over engine trucks KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Materials KW - Panels KW - Performance KW - Reaction injection molding KW - Trucks KW - Urethane KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204813 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381769 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Gregg, W W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GMC AERO ASTRO BODY PANELS PY - 1983 SP - p. 65-73 AB - The GMC Aero Astro is a C.O.E. (Cab-Over-Engine) Vehicle which incorporates the use of add-on plastic body panels to achieve a more aerodynamicly efficient truck-tractor. These panels are made of low pressure-low modulus unreinforced RIM plastic and FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) using RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) fabricating techniques to obtain Class "A" surfaces. The RTM process is unique since the reinforcement is integrally molded to the outer skins in a one step operation. The RIM (Reaction Injection Molded) panel is designed to collapse into a low profile sidewall when the dragfoiler is dropped into the lowered position. However, this same panel would have to expand and remain rigid enough to minimize cross wind effects in the raised position. This paper describes how these panels were developed for the Aero Astro, and how they would negotiate the multi-mission requirements for fuel efficiency. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Cab over engine trucks KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Fuel conservation KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Panels KW - Plastics KW - Reaction injection molding KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Resin transfer molding KW - Trucks KW - Unreinforced plastics KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204815 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381352 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - IATSS RESEARCH, VOLUME 7 1983 PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - 126 p. AB - This volume of IATSS Research contains IATSS Project Team Reports, Symposium Reports, seven articles pertaining to some aspect of travel safety, and a report on IATSS activities. The Project Reports are on the following projects: 423-Roadscape; 525-Safety in Automobile-Relying Society; and 633-The Substitution and Complementary Relationships between Traffic and Communication. Symposium reports are from the 7th IATSS Domestic Symposium and the IATSS International Symposium "Man and Space". KW - Communications KW - Conferences KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Landscape KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Reports KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201812 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381354 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - SAFETY IN AUTOMOBILE-RELYING SOCIETY PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 15-23 AB - This project is a study to define and identify the safety in automotive traffic where the man and the machine coexist and may sometimes even conflict each other. The image of safety has changed with the ever developing and transforming mode of transportation. Since the transportation is related with all the other activities of our lives, the safety is not an entity by itself but must be viewed in a total societal framework. As a preliminary step, the study examined a real traffic accident to clarify and analyze how the various facets of our society interrelate with the particular case. Efforts have been made to find a sensible solution rather than merely to interpret the phenomena. KW - Crash investigation KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201814 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381382 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NAGATA, Y AU - Miura, T AU - Okada, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DOWN-GAUGING OUTER BODY PANELS THROUGH THE USE OF RIB-SHAPED PLASTIC REINFORCEMENT PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Down-gauging outer panels is an effective method for reducing the weight of an automobile body. We have succeeded in narrowing the thickness of outer panels by using rib-shaped plastic reinforcement. The plastic reinforcement consists of unhardened resin and an adhesive sheet, and it conforms well to the curved panel surface. In the body paint oven, it is hardened on the outer panels and forms a rib-shaped structure. This paper describes the composition of the resin material, the manufacturing process and the strength and rigidity of outer panels made with the rib-shaped reinforcement. It also discusses the weight reduction effect achieved by applying these panels to the doors of a production vehicle. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Panels KW - Plastics KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Resins KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201837 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381384 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henk, M G AU - WHITE, J J AU - SKOWRON, J F AU - Onal, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF AGEING CYCLES ON LEAD TOLERANT CATALYST DURABILITY PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - One of the central points of debate in the discussion of whether oxidation catalysts are capable of working with leaded-fuel is the simulation of in-use mileage accumulation. Various catalyst ageing cycles have been proposed. Some engine cycles have been shown to only slightly deactivate catalysts, while road ageing experience typically produces significant catalyst deactivation. This paper will report the influence of three different engine ageing cycles on oxidation catalyst durability when a typical 0.15 g Pb/liter European fuel is used. Steady-state ageing at either 370 deg C or 590 deg C inlet temperatures were compared to a multi-mode cycle with a maximum catalyst inlet temperature of 760 deg C. The multi-mode cycle was developed as a simulation of the CCMC cycle requirements based on information obtained from characterizing a vehicle driven according to the recommendations of the CCMC. KW - Aging KW - Catalysts KW - Deactivation KW - Durability KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Oxidation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201839 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381738 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Doering, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYAMIDE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The priorities for the development of cars were never so quickly changed than in the last 10 years. Whereas safety was the main target in the 1970's, it is now energy saving. Therefore plastics consumption has increased tremendously. Main contenders are polypropylene and polyamides. Recently developed items in polypropylene for the bumper systems, for seats, for fascias and interior trim applications are discussed. Polyamide developments are mainly based on under bonnet applications like header tanks and airfilter parts, but also get wider acceptance for exterior parts. KW - Automobile industry KW - Energy conservation KW - Europe KW - Lightweight materials KW - Plastics KW - Polyamide resins KW - Polypropylene KW - Technology KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202039 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381740 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reif, Z F AU - Moore, T N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTION OF IN-CAB NOISE EXPOSURE OF DRIVERS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The noise levels within truck cabs and the noise exposure of drivers were measured during commercial payload runs with an instrument of special design. Sound levels were continuously recorded within both ears of the driver and at the centre of cab station. It was found that the sound levels within the ears were in most cases significantly higher than those at the centre of cab station and that the greatest exposure existed during freeway driving. A relatively simple formula was developed for the prediction of noise exposure. This paper presents details of a study performed to determine the potential noise exposure of truck drivers running heavy vehicles under commercial operating conditions and, ultimately, to determine if a simple and inexpensive noise prediction method can be developed for such operations. By means of this method the noise exposure can be calculated thus eliminating the need for the far more expensive and inconvenient instrumentation monitoring procedure. An earlier paper (see reference) describes in detail how the results presented in this paper were obtained. Therefore only a short summary of the measurement procedure and the general considerations, which dictated the use of this method, will be given here. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Crash exposure KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - In-vehicle noise KW - Noise KW - Sound level KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202041 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381745 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Menges, G AU - Derek, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SMC PARTS--REPORT ON PROCESSING AND AUTOMATION FOR COST REDUCTION PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - This paper deals with a basic flow characterisation for SMC materials. A method is shown to calculate flow of SMC in the mold. Cure and flow control is carried out by pressure transducer measurement to optimise flow and to minimise curing time. Consequences for part production are discussed. A lay out for process control is developed. Several devices of an automised production line are shown. A final economy consideration gives a rapid amortisation period and a good pre-tax profitability. KW - Automation KW - Concrete curing KW - Costs KW - Flow KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Pressure KW - Processing KW - Savings KW - Sheet molding compounds KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202046 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381747 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cha, S AU - Carter, P AU - Bradow, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SIMULATION OF AUTOMOBILE BRAKE WEAR DYNAMICS AND ESTIMATION OF EMISSIONS PY - 1983 SP - 21 p. AB - Asbestos emissions from automobile brakes were measured under conditions simulating downtown city driving. Reference data for city driving was obtained by measuring vehicle speed, time of brake application, cooldown time between applications, brake hydraulic-line pressure and pad temperature. Data from 1800 braking applications were then analyzed to provide a statistical distribution of representative braking cycles. We constructed a computer-controlled brake emission test rig that simulated road braking operation of a front wheel disc brake and collected airborne wear debris. Representative braking cycles were programmed on this system to experimentally estimate brake emissions under a variety of braking conditions. Realistic braking operations produced particle and asbestos emission rates in close agreement with those measured by Williams and Muhlbaier. Asbestos concentration was not correlated with mechanical work done in braking. Application of the Asbestos emission rates to air quality models confirmed Williams and Muhlbaier's finding that about 1% of asbestos fibers in city core districts originated from disc brake wear. KW - Asbestos KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - City driving KW - Disc brakes KW - Driving KW - Emission rates KW - Pollutants KW - Urban areas KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202048 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381847 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Libertiny, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING IN THE BASIC LANGUAGE PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Numerous text books are available on BASIC programming, however, many practicing engineers do not have the time to read lengthy texts. The object of this paper is to summarize the most important aspects of elementary BASIC programming. A working knowledge of the material in this paper will provide the ability to use computers in solving most of the common engineering problems. KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programming languages KW - Engineers KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381765 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Paul, J C AU - LaFond, J G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB TI - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE FOREBODIES USING POTENTIAL FLOW THEORY AND A BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION CRITERION PY - 1983 SP - p. 1-21 AB - An effective method of designing low drag, attached flow automobile forebodies has been developed. Based on a potential flow panel method, a series of computer programs is used to define idealized pressure gradients at several forward corner locations including the hood, fender, windshield header and A-pillar. Idealized pressure gradients for several radii at each corner location are analyzed using a turbulent boundary layer separation criterion to determine if real-world viscous flow will remain attached. Correlation with wind tunnel test results is included. A non-circular, attached flow hood corner shape is developed based on the separation criterion and an inverse (geometry defining) computer method. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobile bodies KW - Boundary layer KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Separation KW - Test results KW - Vehicle design KW - Viscous flow KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204811 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381356 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Suzuki, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - TRAFFIC AND COMMUNICATIONS: THEIR RELATIONSHIP AND PROSPECTS PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 30-37 AB - This is a report on the 7th IATSS Domestic Symposium held on September 18 and 19, 1981. Lectures, workshops and discussions were held in connection with the relationship between traffic and communications to find what substitute function communications can perform to solve traffic congestion. KW - Communications KW - Relationships KW - Substitution KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201816 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381358 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Suzuki, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - RESULTS OF A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY ON THE CONCEPT CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MAN AND SPACE PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 45-49 AB - This article presents the results of a questionnaire survey on concepts concerning the relationships between man and space. The survey was carried out to clarify the spatial situation in which each member of society is placed, what the people feel and how they act. An important objective of the symposium for which this report was prepared was to put into perspective the influences which an extremely densely populated society, with little available land and a large population, have on the Japanese people's concept of space and their behavior. The questionnaire was structured in the form of an international survey of four countries, the United States, Belgium, Thailand and Japan. The data collected, while limited and in some ways inadequate as objective data, provide a rare example of an international comparative survey concerning concepts of space. KW - Aerospace engineering KW - Cities KW - Data collection KW - Population growth KW - Questionnaires KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Spacial structure KW - Surveys KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201818 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381378 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Horde, K R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF PLASTIC APPLICATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN CAR INDUSTRY PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - The role of plastics in the European car industry has changed considerably. Historically the material was used as a substitute which did little to influence the total car design nor the production process. New development and market pressures indicate that creative plastic applications on vehicles are mandatory in order to meet the strategic objectives of the automotive industry. Development vehicles and already released advanced design studies give us an indication of how the new challenges are being addressed. Engineering thermoplastics already proven in several demanding applications will play a major role in state of the art vehicles manufacture in the late eighties. To realise the industry's vision a new dimension in the dialogue between plastic suppliers and car manufacturers has to be implemented to ensure mutual profitability. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Europe KW - Industries KW - Plastics KW - Suppliers KW - Technology KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201833 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381380 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kan, H AU - Kawaura, T AU - Iki, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USED ON THE NISSAN STANZA--A NEW FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE COMPACT PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The suspension system of the Nissan Stanza was specifically designed for use on a front-wheel-drive car. It was developed with the idea that the new suspension should be compact and light, and afford a comfortable ride as well as good stability and controllability. Furthermore, it should have excellent noise and vibration characteristics. To achieve these objectives we adapted a strut suspension for both the front and rear, and careful consideration was given to the fundamental specifications. In addition, some new ideas were applied for the layout of the suspension. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Front wheel drive KW - Japan KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ride quality KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Suspension systems KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201835 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381732 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - FUKUI, T AU - Nakagami, T AU - Endo, H AU - Katsumoto, T AU - Danno, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MITSUBISHI ORION-MD--A NEW VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - A 1.4-liter, 4-cylinder variable-displacement engine was developed as an optional powerplant for a subcompact passenger car. In order to maximize its fuel saving effects, incorporated in the engine are unique valve deactivation devices which are electrically controlled and activated by means of engine oil. Several measures were taken to assure smooth cylinder switching and to cope with the problems caused by reducing the number of operating cylinders from 4 to 2. Thus without deteriorating the driveability, nearly 20% reduction of fuel consumption in the Japanese 10-Mode Cycle was achieved by this engine. KW - Cylinders KW - Engine displacement KW - Fuel consumption KW - Japan KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Technology KW - Variable displacement engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202033 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381734 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lenox, H AU - Scussel, A J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE NEW FORD 2.3L HIGH-SWIRL-COMBUSTION (HSC) ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - A completely new in-line four cylinder engine has been designed at Ford Motor Company for use in the 1984 Tempo/Topaz front-wheel-drive vehicle line. This paper will describe several factors which influenced the engine design, specifically in the areas of improved combustion, reduced friction, electronic controls, packaging and manufacturing. Individual component and overall system designs will also be described. KW - Automobiles KW - Combustion KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine components KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Friction KW - Manufacturing KW - Packaging KW - Swirl speed KW - Transverse mounted engines KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202035 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381736 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - De LANGE, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PAINTING OF PLASTIC PARTS FOR EUROPEAN CAR BODIES PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The European automobile industry is taking an increasing interest in the use of coated plastic for the construction of vehicle-body components. The various types of plastic currently in use are received with particular emphasis on their specific areas of use and on the coating systems required. A detailed example of coating processes for flexible polyurethane components illustrates the general trends in Europe today. KW - Automobiles KW - Coatings KW - Europe KW - Painting KW - Plastics KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Technology KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202037 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381749 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schuring, D J AU - Speyer, A G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TIRE ROLLING LOSS AND PRESSURE INCREASE PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The laboratory practice of measuring tire rolling loss at constant, regulated pressure purposely deviates from in-service operations where the tire air is capped and the pressure varies with tire temperature. Nevertheless, even if the pressure is not allowed to change, the potential pressure increase between the initial (cold) and the equilibrium (hot) state of a tire can be estimated with the help of an equation developed from physical principles. Examples are given for passenger car, light truck, and heavy duty truck tires operated at constant speed but different loads and initial inflation pressures. KW - Automobiles KW - Light trucks KW - Pressure KW - Rolling resistance KW - Temperature KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202050 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381751 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kaufman, S M AU - Mocarski, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WHAT AUTOMOTIVE DESIGN ENGINEERS REQUIRE FROM THE P/M INDUSTRY PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - A case is presented here for revision and augmentation of P/M specifications and standards. It focusses upon the unique properties of these materials and how they are currently treated. Using an example comparison between P/M steels and cast iron, some of the major problems encountered by designers are illustrated. Recommendations for needed changes and additions to existing specifications and standards for P/M steels are made. KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Properties of materials KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Steel KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381820 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS. SUPPLEMENT 3--AMENDMENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS ISSUED DURING 1982 PY - 1983 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains amendments and interpretations issued during 1982 to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards No. 208, 213, and 217; Part 575--Consumer Information; and Part 581--Bumper Standard. KW - Amendments KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Interpretation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381819 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS. SUPPLEMENT 2--AMENDMENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS ISSUED DURING 1982 PY - 1983 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains amendments and interpretations issued during 1982 to Part 537--Automotive Fuel Economy Semi-annual Reports; Part 555--Temporary Exemption from Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Part 571--Matter Incorporated by Reference; and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards No. 101-80, 108, 109, 110, 111, 121, and 127. Pen-and-ink corrections to two pages are also included. KW - Amendments KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Interpretation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201498 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381361 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Sugawara, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - MOTOR TRAFFIC IN SNOWY DISTRICTS. STUDDED TIRE PROBLEM PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 71-80 AB - Following their introduction into Japan in mid-1960's, studded tires which where developed to improve the traction force and resistance to skidding on icy pavements have received rapid acceptance. Their wide spread use, however, has been a source of much controversy in the highway community composed of driver, car and tire makers and highway administrators. Pavement wear by studded tires raised now a serious problem. Recently, in addition to the pavement wear, increasing use of studded tires raised questions concerning detrimental effects on environment generated from air pollution and highway noise. The objective of this paper is to assemble the facts that are currently available on the effects of studded tires, and to search a course of further studies. KW - Air pollution KW - Defects KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - State of the art studies KW - Studded tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201821 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381363 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Iwabuchi, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ONE STEP FURTHER FROM "3-NAI UNDO" (THE 3-NO MOVEMENT) PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 89-97 AB - Traffic safety education at high school is now strongly required, while traffic safety education for pre-school children and that for students riding bicycles were formerly required. The thinking behind "the 3 no movement" which has the underlying purpose of keeping students away from automobile society has much in common with that of traffic safety education for pre-school children and bicyclists. This paper describes and analyzes the actual condition of "the 3-no movement" which seems to prevent the establishment of traffic safety education in high school. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver licensing KW - High schools KW - Restrictions KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201823 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381375 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - UENO, S AU - Sato, K AU - OHYAMA, Y AU - Yamanaka, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANTI-DIRT PROPERTY OF HOT-WIRE AIR FLOW METER PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Hitachi has recently developed a hot-wire air flow meter which uses a temperature-sensitive resistor of an extremely thin platinum wire wound around a ceramic bobbin and coated with glass. This temperature-sensitive resistor, or a hot wire, is located in a bypass of the intake air passage of an engine and responds exactly for the effective control of engine operation. The flow meter of this construction is sturdy enough to withstand impacts of backfires and vibration and reduces variation in engine output characteristic likely to be caused by dust and dirt present in the intake air. Furthermore, this device requires no cleaning or other maintenance. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Engines KW - Flow KW - Hot wire KW - Measuring instruments KW - Resistors KW - Temperature sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201830 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381377 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kuhn, H A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER-ASSISTED IMPLEMENTATION OF POWDER FORGING PROCESSES PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Computerized methods have been developed for powder preform forging processes to reduce the trial-and-error development required for preform design and to improve dimensional control in the finished parts. First, the part volume and volume distribution are calculated from digitized input of the drawings. Die dimensions are then calculated including thermal and elastic effects. Shrink ring dimensions and interferences are also calculated if required. Preform design is then accomplished using an interactive computer program that includes consideration of densification, cracking limits and die chilling. At the present stage of development, some user decisions are necessary and previous experience is helpful for application of the system to complexly-shaped parts. Currently, the completely integrated system is ideally applicable to a family of similar parts, such as bearings, cam rings or gears. KW - Computer aided design KW - Dies KW - Forging KW - Interactive computing KW - Machine tools KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Preforms KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201832 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381722 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cleeton, M M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FABRICATED INTAKE AND EXHAUST MANIFOLDS--THE STEEL STORY PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper describes the merits of manufacturing passenger car intake and exhaust manifolds from steel stampings or fabrications. Information on manufacturing methods, projected costs, as well as prototype work is presented. A review of successful current applications and potential future applications of fabricated manifolds concludes the paper. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Fabrication KW - Manifolds KW - Manufacturing KW - Prototypes KW - Steel KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381729 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kurachi, H AU - Okamoto, K AU - Saito, I AU - Chikuma, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVEMENTS IN RACK AND PINION STEERING GEARS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - The most effective way to improve the driver's road feel at high speeds is to increase the stiffness between the steering wheel and the vehicle's wheels at times when only a small amount of steering effort is required. Though rack and pinion steering systems have good features in this respect compared with recirculating ball steering systems, which have been commonly used in Japan and the U.S.A., we are studying ways to improve the stiffness of rack and pinion steering systems by analyzing the effects of each parameter on stiffness. The effect of the stiffness of rack and pinion steering gears on overall automotive steering systems is analyzed here based on actual vehicle tests, which naturally include the stiffness of the vehicle's wheels on the road. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automobiles KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Steering gears KW - Steering systems KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202030 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381731 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - PARSONS, K C AU - GRIFFIN, M J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHODS FOR PREDICTING PASSENGER VIBRATION DISCOMFORT PY - 1983 SP - 19 p. AB - Measurements of vehicle vibration and passenger discomfort have been used to evaluate alternative methods of predicting passenger vibration discomfort. Twelve vibration inputs to the body were considered: three translational and three rotational axes on the seat, three translational axes at the back and three translational axes at the feet. Equivalent comfort contours were obtained by laboratory experimentation for all twelve inputs for eight male subjects. The responses of these subjects to the ride in six different cars on twelve different roads were then correlated with nine alternative methods of averaging the twelve vibration inputs. Evaluation on only the "worst" vibration input or the "worst" vibration frequency did not provide good predictions. Either the rms or rmq of the frequency and axis weighted accelerations should be determined. The square root of the sums of squares of these twelve values provided the best correlation with the discomfort ratings in the vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Forecasting KW - Human subject testing KW - Passenger comfort KW - Testing KW - Vibration KW - Vibration levels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202032 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381755 AU - Wyman, R P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CNG MEASUREMENTS USING PVT RELATIONSHIPS PY - 1983 SP - p. 13-26 AB - The need to make accurate measurements of compressed natural gas (CNG) for vehicle refuelling led to an investigation of gas behavior under actual and simulated fill conditions. During the past century, scientists and engineers have developed several equations of state to show how gas properties are related. Two popular equations, the AGA and the BWR equations have been used extensively in the gas industry. With the aid of a computer, these equations have been adapted to determine the amount of natural gas by weight, gas volume or heat content in a CNG automotive fuel cylinder. One of the main problems in using PVT relationships is determining gas temperatures. Unlike pressure, it is difficult to directly measure gas temperature due to the hardware constraints of the fuelling system. Direct temperature measurements, taken during a carefully monitored quick fill experiment, showed that the temperature dropped below ambient then started to increase until the temperature was 10 deg C to 20 deg C (approximately 20 deg F to 40 deg F) above ambient. A theoretical study, using the first law of thermodynamics, also showed a dip then increase in temperature. By using the results of the experiment and study, a correction factor was incorporated into the computer program to account for the temperature deviation from ambient. By using the correction factor, a close estimate of gas quantity can be made from the initial and final fill pressure, cylinder size, gas composition and ambient temperature. These estimates agreed well with the quantity of gas measured by a commercial mass flow meter. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Cylinders KW - Fuel level KW - Measurement KW - Pressure KW - Refueling KW - Temperature measurement KW - Volume KW - Volume determination UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202055 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381757 AU - Golovoy, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SORBENT-CONTAINING STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR NATURAL GAS POWERED VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - p. 39-46 AB - Natural gas can be used as a vehicular fuel, but its low energy density is a significant drawback. The energy density can be increased by adsorption of the natural gas on high surface area sorbents. The adsorption of methane on activated carbons and molecular sieves was investigated at pressures up to 16 MPa (2300 psig). The improvement in methane storage capacity over empty cylinders is appreciable at low pressures but diminishes as the pressure increases. When adsorbed, for example, on 9LXC activated carbon at 3, 7, and 14 MPa the energy density increased by 245%, 100%, and 53%, respectively. Less improvement was observed with molecular sieves. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Activated carbon KW - Adsorbents KW - Adsorption KW - Capacity KW - Carbon KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Cylinders KW - Density KW - Fuel storage KW - Molecular sieves KW - Pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202057 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381770 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Waller, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEHICLE REGULATIONS IN EUROPE. 1983 SAE/I MECH E EXCHANGE LECTURE PY - 1983 SP - 19 p. AB - The paper initially sets the scene by giving a resume of the history of vehicle regulations in Europe. It goes on to explain the differences between the United Nations (U.N.) and Common Market (C.M.) organisations, together with their separate approaches towards the harmonisation of Vehicle Construction Regulations in Europe. The inter-relationship of the national legislation of the individual countries to the regulations of the Common Market and United Nations organisations is explained. The procedures and processes for establishing compliance with the national regulations of the countries of Europe and with the harmonised regulations for vehicles and vehicle systems is contrasted with the American/Canadian self-certification systems. The techniques by which the authorities in Europe also satisfy themselves that conformity is maintained in production are set out. The rule making process for new regulations within the Common Market and United Nations organisations is explained, together with the process by which vehicle manufacturers are permitted, indeed, are required to comment on and contribute to the formulation in Europe. Reasons for the lack of harmonisation of regulations between the North Americans and Europe are suggested. Whilst the emphasis in Europe on greater control of the environmental type of regulation is shown to be understandable under the different living conditions in most European countries compared with those in North America, a means by which greater unanimity could be achieved is suggested. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compliance KW - Europe KW - History KW - Regulations KW - Standardization KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202064 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381357 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - TSUKIO, Y AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - A REPORT ON THE IATSS SYMPOSIUM ON TRAFFIC SCIENCE 1982 "MAN AND SPACE" PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 38-44 AB - The IATSS International Symposium "Man and Space" was held on October 1st and 2nd of 1982. The symposium was divided into 3 sessions: "Space Perception," "Space and Behavior" and "Designing Space" to examine the main theme from many aspects. Considering the perspectives of future society, Japan, one of the most high density societies in the world, is not only in the position, but also has a duty to study how to cope with this high density society. KW - Aerospace engineering KW - Cities KW - Population growth KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Spacial structure KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201817 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381359 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Yanata, R AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE NEW PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. BUS SYSTEM IN AKITA CITY PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 50-57 AB - Along with the development of motorization, bus users have decreased when compared with the 1970's. As the results of weakening financial conditions, the local public enterprise reconstruction law was applied in March, 1974 to the Akita City bus system. Though we understand the reason why the people do not use buses, we were not able to find a specific solution. However, we believed we could recover the users patronage by offering them better service. We have taken the financial limitations into account and tried to offer the best service possible. Finally, we were successful in placing a brake on the declining trend of bus users and thus overcame the financial problem. KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Japan KW - Level of service KW - Marketing KW - Public transit KW - Ridership UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201819 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381379 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yamaguchi, M AU - Ikeda, T AU - Oka, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TILT-WHEEL STEERING COLUMN WITH "MEMORY" PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Unlike conventional tilt-wheel devices, the newly developed ones have a "memory mechanism" which allows steering wheels to return to pre-set tilt-angle positions selected by individual drivers using only a single lever. This paper describes the design of such devices and outlines the engineering and test results regarding certain problems, such as the vibration of the systems and influences on the original energy-absorbing characteristics caused by weight addition and increased complexity of the wheel columns. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Energy absorption KW - Japan KW - Memory KW - Steering columns KW - Stiffness KW - Technology KW - Tilting KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201834 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381381 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tesio, M AU - TURINO, G AU - Chruma, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION BY THE USE OF A REINFORCED NYLON ROCKER COVER PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - In recent years, the development of sophisticated engineering resins for the automotive industry has expanded the applications into areas generally reserved for metals. Weight and cost reduction have been driving forces for most conversions, with noise reduction only a distant possibility. This study describes work in which a thermoplastic nylon 66 rocker cover was designed to reduce the overall noise emitting from a diesel passenger car engine. A 10% reduction of engine acoustic power output was achieved. KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Resins KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201836 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381733 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ohsawa, K AU - SUGIYAMA, K AU - Fujikake, K AU - Idota, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW FEEDBACK CARBURETOR WITH AIR JET COLLISION CONTROL PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - A new type closed loop A/F control carburetor has been developed. In the carburetor, an air jet, a by-pass stream of an intake air flow, is made to collide with a fuel flow to suppress the flow rate. Studies were made of the basic features of the method such as fuel controlling capability and the factors affecting it from phenomenological consideration and schlieren observation. For comparison, three types of carburetors were prepared for the combination of main and idle fuel circuits. In driving mode tests on a dynamometer, a new carburetor which employs the new method for the main fuel circuit, provides 30% lower emission level than an air bleed control carburetor. Higher controlling frequencies were obtained for the new carburetors. The high controllability of the air jet collision control method is attributable to the smaller fluctuation in both the controlling air and the spouting fuel. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air jets KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Carburetors KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Loops (Control systems) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381735 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shiga, S AU - Horiuchi, Horiuchi AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE NEW NISSAN 1.7 LITER 4 CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The new Nissan 1.7 liter 4 cylinder diesel engine has been developed to meet the social requirements for energy conservation. The main objective was to improve fuel economy without sacrificing driveability, and this has been achieved by minimizing engine weight, reducing mechanical friction loss and optimizing the combustion system. The CA series gasoline engine, which is known for its light weight, was chosen as the base engine for dieselization. The swirl chamber combustion system used for the LD28 engine was modified to satisfy the requirements for high power, good fuel economy and low noise. Engine noise has been reduced with the aid of several analytical methods such as laser holography. Special attention has been paid to the reduction of diesel knock which is most offensive to the ear. To install this engine in a small FWD vehicle transversely, much effort went into the minimizing of the engine length and width. This paper deals with the design characteristics of the engine components and the development highlights. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine components KW - Engine design KW - Engine knock KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lightweight materials KW - Nissan automobile KW - Nissan Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Noise KW - Swirl speed KW - Transverse mounted engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202036 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381750 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Larsson, A AU - Zetterstrom, S AU - Bergstrom, C-I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VOLVO 760 GLE REAR AXLE SUSPENSION PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The main objective of the design has been to combine the suspension elements of a live axle in such a way that low frequency (50-200 Hz) engine torque fluctuations will be adequately insulated from the body and in this way diminish any tendency to body boom even when driving at low speed with a 4 cylinder car. The goal should be met without infringing upon other desirable characteristics of the rear axle suspension. The importance of wind-up compliance, and properly positioned attachment points on the rear axle housing is stressed. Results from sound and vibration measurement and computation are given. KW - Axles KW - Engines KW - Rear axles KW - Suspension systems KW - Torque KW - Vehicle rear end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202051 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381753 AU - JOYCE, T J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS FOR CNG FUELED VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - p. 1-6 AB - A comprehensive examination of the research needed to accelerate the acceptance of compressed natural gas as a vehicle fuel has been conducted. The technical problems which have limited acceptance but which may be alleviated through research are poorer engine performance and reduced driving range as compared to vehicles using liquid fuels. A public perception that CNG is not as safe as gasoline for public use has been a problem. The identified research needs include specific projects which will reduce or eliminate these problems. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Development KW - Engine performance KW - Public opinion KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381280 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - THE YEAR'S WORK 1982-1983 PY - 1983 SP - 33 p. AB - The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety is an independent, nonprofit, public service organization that identifies, evaluates, and develops ways to reduce human and economic damage associated with the use of motor vehicles. This report states the Institute's objectives, and describes its major activities during 1982-1983. During this period, Institute work covered a range of factors involving both the initiation of collisions and the causes of human and property damage in and after collisions. Teenaged drivers and crash responsibility, driver risk-taking, impaired driving, anti-lacerative windshields and the relative performance of 5 mph and 2.5 mph car bumpers were among subjects represented in the research and communications programs. KW - Accident costs KW - Bumpers KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Insurance industry KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Nonprofit corporations KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381372 AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - THE U.S. IN THE INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE FUTURE PY - 1983 SP - 148 p. AB - This is a collection of the papers presented and the discussions held at the Management Briefing Seminar of the University of Michigan. The topics covered by the papers included the following: the future of the automotive industry, auto bargaining, the changing role of the union in the auto industry, Japanese competition, government policy, technological trends, multinational concerns, fuel sources, automobile suppliers views, a world truck industry, future trends in quality, future markets, finances of the auto industry, and world wide competition. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Financing KW - Fuels KW - Future policies KW - Government policies KW - Labor unions KW - Policy KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Technology KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197775 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381768 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Peterson, L D AU - Holka, T C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROBE IV ADVANCED CONCEPT VEHICLE PY - 1983 SP - p. 57-64 AB - The application of aerodynamics to the automobile in the last several years has grown considerably. Ford Motor Company, a forerunner in the use of this technology in both their production and concept vehicles, recently unveiled its latest advanced concept vehicle--Probe IV. This paper discusses the various engineering developments which made this vehicle a reality. Specifically addressed are those engineering developments which were necessary to accommodate the unique styling and aerodynamic functions. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automotive engineering KW - Concept vehicles KW - Ford Motor Company UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204814 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381353 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROADSCAPE. THE ANALYSIS OF VISUAL-PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 3-14 AB - In this research, an analysis was undertaken concerning what kind of influence the components of the roadscape have on the driver's visual-perceptual mechanism, using momentary exposure experiments. The roadscape is complicated but has very little content, while the natural landscape is simple but has an abundance of content. Generally, a roadscape in which buildings are conspicuous is given a low evaluation, and when there is noticeable greenery, it is highly evaluated. The conspicuous components of the roadscape are the pavement, the skyline of roadside trees or buildings, and other objects at the roadside. Usually, they are visually perceived in this order, but there are some cases in which this generalization is not applicable, so that the objects at the roadside rank high in conspicuousness. KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Experiments KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Landscape KW - Perception KW - Roadside KW - Visibility KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201813 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381360 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Ohta, Y AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - HUMAN RESPONSE UNDER STRONG SEISMIC ACTIVITY PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 58-70 AB - A field survey on human responses during and after a large earthquake was performed in the affected areas by both questionnaire and interview methods, to find better ways of mitigating serious seismic disasters. Major results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) The most significant factor which governs human response is seismic intensity. 2) Apparently random behavior at the time of an earthquake can be interpreted by taking into simultaneous consideration personal characteristics such as sex, age, and career and surrounding circumstances. 3) Loss of life as well as injuries is caused by the degradation of behavioral performance due to strong tremors, plus the undesirable situation of seismically weak construction and limited open space. KW - Behavior KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Earthquakes KW - Elastic waves KW - Human beings KW - Intensity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201820 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381376 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pease, L F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF POWDER METALLURGY TODAY AND ITS FUTURE POTENTIAL PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - The present level of technology is briefly reviewed in four areas of powder metallurgy: hot forging/forming (P/F), cold forging of sintered preforms, injection molding and sintering of metal powder/plastic mixtures, and high temperature sintering. Some historical background on the factors that have slowed the market acceptance of P/F are reviewed as a guide to understanding future growth. Several examples of current commercially produced parts are cited for each technical area. KW - Cold forming KW - Forging KW - Forming KW - Hot forming KW - Injection molding KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Preforms KW - Sintering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201831 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381383 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tittel, R G AU - Selby, T W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF CURRENT DESIGN TRENDS IN AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY UPON ENGINE OIL VISCOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - The fuel efficiency of the automobile is the focus of major engineering efforts and has been for ten years. One of the questions frequently raised concerning these engineering trends toward improved fuel efficiency has been of what effect these trends will have on the life of the engine, particularly on the oil's ability to maintain hydrodynamic lubrication. The authors assess the present and developing situation using a sizable database constructed from the engineering data and sales of the last 12 years and contrasting this information with the theory and practice of lubrication. KW - Automobiles KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Energy efficiency KW - Engine oils KW - Lubrication KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201838 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381723 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Glagow, K C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FORD AUSTRALIA GATHERS EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT, DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF LARGE PU-RIM COMPONENTS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Ford of Australia commenced producing polyurethane bumper systems on their large passenger car range in 1979. In 1982 this bumper system has been updated to latest PUR design and manufacturing technologies. This paper describes the achievements of that update and the developments that lead to this second generation bumper system. KW - Bumpers KW - Design KW - Development KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Manufacturing KW - Polyurethane resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381730 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - GENTLE, D F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MANUFACTURING OF LARGE THERMOPLASTICS COMPONENTS FOR EUROPEAN CARS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - There are three major areas of large thermoplastics component development on European cars; instrument panels, bumpers and body side mouldings. Unlike the equivalent parts in the U.S. which are normally painted these parts in Europe are commonly self-coloured with a grained finish. In addition, there are many new thermoplastics components such as grille panels and spoilers which are painted body colour, must be moulded and finished to tight tolerances and help to bring total plastics usage on new European cars to over 10% of total vehicle weight. The development and manufacture of some of the larger components is discussed, with the large self coloured all plastics front and rear ends and the painted grille panels used on the new European Ford Sierra described in detail. The use of material modification to tailor plastics to the end use has encouraged wider acceptance in the european engineering community and the development of new processing and testing techniques has allowed the manufacture of previously impossible structures and the attainment of strict European quality standards. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the development of large thermoplastics component use in European cars, to give details of the manufacture of specific components, which illustrate the new processing techniques being introduced, and to show some of the techniques, which are still under development, that could further extend the use of large thermoplastics mouldings. KW - Europe KW - Manufacturing KW - Processing KW - Technology KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202031 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381737 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Summersell, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PLASTICS--CHALLENGE FACING SOUTH AFRICAN LOCAL PLASTICS DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - Low volume production, coupled with Government local content legislation by vehicle weight has inhibited the growth of a sound plastics converting industry. However with the increasing use of plastics materials by parent companies in Europe and America, and the need to meet local conditions both engineer and converter has been stimulated into taking a more positive approach to the challenge of developing alternative materials and processes which from a cost and investment requirement will be suitable for short production runs, and still meet the quality and safety standards. Developments in the past have included most interior trim applications. Currently however there are growing activities into the areas of plastic fuel tanks, bumpers, spoilers, and outer body parts. The challenge which faces the manufacturer is to develop a reliable self sufficient plastics industry which is cost competitive to that of the imported products. KW - Automobile industry KW - Development KW - Plastics KW - South Africa KW - Vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202038 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381748 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harvey, C A AU - Garbe, R J AU - BAINES, T M AU - Somers, J H AU - Hellman, K H AU - Carey, P M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF SOME UNREGULATED MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Studies of emissions from vehicles equipped with catalysts have shown that some unregulated emissions can increase when a catalyst is used. One example of this is sulfuric acid, which has been studied extensively. Other unregulated emissions include ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. In a number of studies, these unregulated pollutant emissions have been measured from light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines. These emission levels were used in air quality dispersion models to predict the resultant air quality levels. The ambient concentrations predicted for each pollutant were then compared to suggested concentrations at which adverse health effects may be found to determine if additional monitoring or control would be indicated for these pollutants. It was determined that mobile source emissions of sulfuric acid, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia do not in general result in ambient levels of concern for the air quality situations studied. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact studies KW - Light vehicles KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202049 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381763 AU - Tison, R R AU - Sprafka, R J AU - Bechtold, R L AU - Timbario, T J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SAFETY ISSUES SURROUNDING THE USE AND OPERATION OF COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - p. 99-102 AB - With more and more fleet vehicles being converted to compressed natural gas operation, concerns have arisen about the safety of their fuel systems and the need for regulations to ensure safe operation. The potential for widespread operation of vehicles using compressed natural gas adds urgency to these concerns. Most of the safety concerns revolve around the high-pressure storage and fuel lines present in existing systems. Specific items in question are: the need for high-pressure automatic fuel cutoff switches, vehicle disablement during refueling, the need for methane sensors, cylinder specifications and venting requirements, location of refueling points, and system crashworthiness. This paper examines these concerns. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fuel storage KW - Fuel systems KW - High pressure KW - Pressure KW - Refueling KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381764 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEHICLE AERODYNAMIC DEVELOPMENTS SP-545 PY - 1983 SP - 80 p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Analysis and Design of Automobile Forebodies Using Potential Flow Theory and a Boundary Layer Separation Criterion, J. C. Paul and J. G. LaFond; The Aerodynamic Development of the Probe IV Advanced Concept Vehicle, R. M. Santer and M. E. Gleason; New Design Application and Material Substitution for Heavy Duty Truck Body Panels, E. L. Mohawk; Engineering Development of the Probe IV Advanced Concept Vehicle, L. D. Peterson and T. C. Holka; GMC Aero Astro Body Panels, W. W. Gregg. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automotive engineering KW - Concept vehicles KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Panels KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197994 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381275 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - Hewlett, A H AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - CRACKDOWNS ONLY DRIVE ALCOHOLICS INTO HIDING PY - 1983 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 23-24 AB - This feature reprints a column by the author which appeared in a number of U.S. newpapers. The column attempts to answer the question as to what is the best approach to reduce the drunk driving problem. Through linking drunk driving to part of the large problem, alcohol misuse, an argument is made against stricter drunk driving laws in favor of retaining an approach which avoids stigmatizing alcohol by emphasizing early treatment for alcoholics and encourages a healthy atmosphere for those choosing to drink to do so responsibly and in moderation. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Psychological aspects KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381283 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - HAIGHT, F A AU - National Safety Council TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. PART 2 PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-12 AB - This paper continues the discussion (Journal of Safety Research, 12(2), 50-58) of traffic safety problems in developing countries. The emphasis in this part is on the relationships between transportation and public health, with a number of specific suggestions for developing countries. KW - Developing countries KW - Highway transportation KW - Public health KW - Relationships KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201774 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381364 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Nagae, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - CONTROL AND STABILITY OF SINGLE-TRACK VEHICLES PY - 1983 VL - 7 SP - p. 98-105 AB - Motorcycles and/or any other single-track vehicles have the inherent instability, for which the standing stability has to be maintained even in the straight running. This is the predominant operation for controlling the vehicle motion and is the idiosyncrasy in contrast with four-wheeled vehicles. Another different feature is that the rider feels more sensitively to the steering force rather than the steering angle. This paper presents the results of running tests of single-track vehicles with different engine displacements, concerning the behavior of the vehicles as well as the steering efforts of riders. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201824 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381373 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gullon, A C AU - Ostrouchov, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AMERICAN VS. EUROPEAN VEHICLES ON THE ECE FUEL CONSUMPTION CYCLES PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The recent publication in Europe of vehicle fuel consumption values on standardized test procedures has made it possible to compare the over-the-road energy efficiency of vehicles designed for North America with those designed for Europe. Thirty-six of the former were tested on the three ECE fuel consumption cycles. The results indicate equal or better performance for the American technology and made it possible to calculate "one-way" factors to predict a vehicle's performance on the ECE cycles from the U.S. EPA fuel consumption data for the UDDS and HWFET cycles. KW - Forecasting KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201828 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381386 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Drake, D A AU - Blass, G F AU - Calhoun, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EMISSION CONTROL CAPABILITY OF CATALYST-EQUIPPED VEHICLES AT EXTENDED MILEAGES UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The emissions performance of a fleet of five vehicles equipped with prototype 1975 catalyst emission control systems and run under field conditions for up to 125,000 miles (202,000 km) was evaluated. The vehicles were driven by non-expert drivers in California and Michigan for commuting and personal use and maintained in a manner similar to in-use vehicles. The average fleet emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) remained below the 1975 California emission standards appropriate for these vehicles for 80,000 miles (129,000 km), the average carbon monoxide (CO) emissions remained below the standard for 70,000 miles (113,000 km), and emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) never exceeded the appropriate standards. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalytic converters KW - Field studies KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mileage KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201841 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381387 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hamburg, D R AU - COOK, J A AU - Kaiser, W J AU - Logothetis, E M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ENGINE-DYNAMOMETER STUDY OF THE A/F COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN A THREE-WAY CATALYST AND AN EXHAUST GAS OXYGEN SENSOR PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - An engine-dynamometer study was performed to quantify the air-fuel ratio (A/F) offset between the window of a three-way catalyst (TWC) and the closed-loop control point of an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor. In this study, the effects of rpm, torque, EGR, and A/F modulation were explored along with the age of the TWC and EGO sensor. In general, it was determined that the closed-loop EGO sensor control point shifts lean as a function of increasing feedgas NOx concentration, thus causing the engine A/F to move away from the high NOx conversion efficiency regime of the TWC. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Dynamometers KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Oxygen KW - Sensors KW - Three-way catalyst UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201842 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381726 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kulp, D L AU - McKenna, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL ECONOMY RATINGS VS. ROAD EXPERIENCE--AN ANALYSIS OF FORD'S 1982 LEASE FLEET PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Beginning with the 1978 Model Year, Ford Motor Company (Ford) has been collecting and analyzing on-road fuel economy data for Ford vehicles leased by Company employes. The data base for 1978-1982 models includes 46,634 data points. Data for 1982 models (10,776 data points) indicate that on-road fuel economy was 3% better than for 1981 models and 41% above 1978 levels. Further, a comparison of 1982 on-road results to EPA-approved mpg values indicates that the percent difference is comparable to those reported for the 1979-1981 model year surveys. The previously reported seasonal difference (i.e., summer on-road mpg results are approximately 2 mpg higher than winter results) was substantiated by 1982 model data. Data for different driving patterns (i.e., urban vs. highway driving and different values for miles driven per day) also were analyzed to estimate the effect of "percent urban" driving and "miles per day" on in-use mpg results. KW - Automobiles KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mileage KW - Ratings KW - Rental cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381727 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yamashita, H AU - Shintani, H AU - Okada, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVEMENT OF CRASHWORTHINESS USING PLASTIC SCALE MODELS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper describes the applicability of plastic scale modeling to evaluate the crash performance of the vehicle structure, which is considered an effective tool in the initial stage of vehicle development. In selecting a suitable plastic material, importance was placed on the relative insensitivity to breakage under load, as well as the similarity of the stress versus strain characteristics to that of steel. A corrective formula was derived to convert the plastic material results to that of steel material. This formula is based on the examination of the substantial effect of material thickness, in addition to general scale analogy. Further, the plastic scale model load versus displacement characteristics, corrected using the corrective formula, were inputted in a simple mathematical simulation model. The use of this technique can predict crash response with adequate accuracy. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Plastics KW - Scale models KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381741 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Johnke, K D AU - FEHRECKE, H AU - McLeod, D G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REALIZATION VIA DYNAMIC TESTING WITH GLASS-FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTICS--INTERPRETATIONS FOR BUMPER SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Today the new situation in the areas of energy and raw materials is exercising a tangible influence on the use of plastics in European automotive engineering. New attitudes towards the situation as regards raw materials and energy emphasize the importance of plastics as future-oriented materials. Plastomers, duromers and elastomers are being shown to be usable not only for the bodywork but also for exterior components of the car which are subjected to high mechanical stress. The extent to which lightweight construction can realistically be applied to the area of bumper systems using composite materials and the question as to whether or not these high polymers can make it possible to save enough energy to meet with economy requirements will be discussed here. In addition, the findings arising from the determination of deformation-related degrees of damage to glass-fibre reinforced plastics and the possible influence on the design of new bumper systems will be shown. There are examples to show how effectively glass-fibre reinforced and glass-fibre mineral reinforced high polymers, both compact and foamed, can be used. KW - Bumpers KW - Composite materials KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy conservation KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Lightweight materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202042 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381744 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schuring, D J AU - Brunot, C A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SAE INTERLABORATORY TEST FOR ROLLING RESISTANCE OF PASSENGER CAR TIRES--PART II: MODEL AND TEST MATRIX OPTIMIZATION PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The analysis of tire rolling loss data described in Part I (Data Variation Within and Between Laboratories) was expanded to include a search for an efficient regression model and an economical test matrix which combined would satisfy the requirements of simplicity, precision, and universal applicability. Two recommendations were made and compared with the existing SAE Recommended Practice J1269/70. KW - Automobiles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Optimization KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202045 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381759 AU - Karim, G A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DUAL FUEL ENGINE OF THE COMPRESSION IGNITION TYPE--PROSPECTS, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS--A REVIEW PY - 1983 SP - p. 71-80 AB - A review is made of some of the main problems associated with the use of natural gas, notably methane, in dual fuel engines of the compression ignition diesel type. It is shown that such applications represent in principle a very attractive mode for the utilization of the fuel for the production of power generally at relatively high efficiencies and outputs with good exhaust emissions characteristics. Some relevant solutions to the problems outlined are then discussed. Moreover, some further research and development needed in this general area is also outlined. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Development KW - Dual fueling KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Problem solving KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202059 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00381760 AU - SEAL, M R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH PERFORMANCE METHANE ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - p. 81-84 AB - Several approaches to recovering power lost in a methane conversion are discussed in the paper. High compression, turbocharging and improved breathing capability were investigated. The base engine was 1781 cc aluminum boxer-type four-cylinder engine. Compression ratios as high as 12.3:1 were tried as was 20 PSI turbocharger boost. Four-valve-per-cylinder heads were manufactured and tested. The original BHP of the engine on gasoline (71 BHP) was more than doubled on methane. U1 - Conference Proceedings P-129, Compressed Natural Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 22-23, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Conversion KW - Engines KW - High performance KW - Horsepower KW - Performance KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202060 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380976 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - BROWNE, A L AU - Whicker, D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN INTERACTIVE TIRE-FLUID MODEL FOR DYNAMIC HYDROPLANING PY - 1983 SP - p. 130-150 AB - An interactive tire-fluid model has been developed to serve as an aid in understanding dynamic hydroplaning of pneumatic tires. Dynamic hydroplaning occurs when the amount of fluid encountered by the tire exceeds the drainage capacity of the footprint region. The tire is completely separated from the pavement by a fluid film. Important advances in the present model are the automatic generation both of tire surface deformation in the contact region and of vertical axle displacement, both being due principally to fluid inertial forces. Present forms of the two major analysis modules comprising this model--tire deformation and fluid flow--are described in detail. Required experimental inputs including velocity, water film depth, and tire cross-sectional geometry are indicated. A description is then given of how these modules and the inputs they require are combined to form an interactive model. Examples are provided demonstrating the accuracy of the model's predictive capability. The effects of both speed and load on tire deformation in the footprint region and on axle height as predicted by the model are seen to be in agreement in trend with experimentally determined results. KW - Deformation KW - Dynamics KW - Flow KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Fluid flow KW - Hydroplaning KW - Interactive computing KW - Mathematical models KW - Tires KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197129 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380977 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Hayes, G G AU - Ivey, D L AU - Gallaway, B M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - HYDROPLANING, HYDRODYNAMIC DRAG, AND VEHICLE STABILITY PY - 1983 SP - p. 151-166 AB - A comprehensive series of experiments is reported involving a variety of full-scale highway pavements and various automobile tires. Test condition variables include vehicle speed, tread depth, water depth, and pavement inundated length. Extensive test data are shown which define the tire forces encountered during partial and full dynamic hydroplaning as a function of the ASTM E 274 skid number. This enables an engineer to better interpret the actual friction available under specified conditions and shows vividly one reason it is so difficult to relate wet weather accident frequency to ASTM skid numbers. In the final section of this paper 27 tests in selected water "puddles" are reported. These tests show that loss of tire/pavement contact can occur during puddle traversal and asymmetrical drag forces can develop which have the potential for precipitating a vehicle loss of control. These puddle depths range from zero on the outer edges to 28.5mm (1 1/8 in.) in the deepest part. Drag forces up to 135 kg (300 lb) were measured. It is illustrated that hydroplaning drag forces, in some cases coupled with loss of pavement contact due to hydroplaning, may pose a hazard to drivers who exceed a reasonable speed during wet weather. KW - Drag KW - Friction factor KW - Hydrodynamic drag KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Hydroplaning KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197130 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380973 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Janowski, W R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TIRE TRACTION TESTING IN ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS PY - 1983 SP - p. 65-78 AB - Traction testing of passenger car and truck tires in adverse environments (snow, ice, mud, and sand) has become an increasingly important segment of most new tire development programs. This increased emphasis is due to the continued refinement of the all-season design, consumer desires for more effective on-and off-road recreational vehicle tires, and the greater amounts of test documentation required for government agencies. This paper reviews testing and engineering techniques currently used in traction testing in adverse environments and discusses problems specifically related to the traction testing of small, lightly loaded tires under winter conditions. In addition, overall test course preparation is discussed, including the increasingly important concept of reconditioning of snow test surfaces to overcome unfavorable weather conditions. Typical instrumentation and data acquisition systems are presented. The paper concludes with a review of current industry efforts to standardize test methodology in the winter environment, and suggestions for further improving tests in all of the adverse environments. KW - Ice KW - Moisture content KW - Mud KW - Rolling contact KW - Sand KW - Snow KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197126 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380980 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Henry, J J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - COMPARISON OF THE FRICTION PERFORMANCE OF A PASSENGER CAR TIRE AND THE ASTM STANDARD TEST TIRES PY - 1983 SP - p. 219-231 AB - Tire-pavement friction data were obtained for three tires using a pavement friction tester conforming to ASTM Method E 174. The ribbed E 501 test tire, the blank E 524 test tire, and a commercial passenger car tire of similar size and construction were tested. When new and slightly worn, the passenger car tire produces higher friction under the E 274 test conditions than does the ribbed tire. For greater water film thicknesses it is shown that the slightly worn passenger car tires produce friction levels between those of the two standard test tires. Braking distance tests were performed with the slightly worn passenger car tires on a diagonally braked vehicle in accordance with ASTM Method E 503. The results are compared with a prediction of braking distance calculated from longitudinal friction data obtained with a pavement friction tester operated over the same site under the same water film conditions. The calculations provide a conservative estimate of braking distance for use in estimating stopping sight distance. KW - Braking KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Stopping distances KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197133 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379718 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schweimer, G W AU - Bader, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A VERY SMALL (1.6 CID) DI DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - A fuel economy of 3,508 mpg was achieved at an average velocity of 10.5 mph with a specially-designed three-wheeled vehicle powered by a one-cylinder DI Diesel engine, the characteristics of which are as follows: Bore/stroke--32/32 mm; Displacement--25.7 cc; Compression ratio--20:1; Torque--0.8 Nm; Speed range--1500-3000 rpm; Power output--200 W; Fuel consumption--450 g/kWh; Injection pump--5-mm plunger; Nozzle--4 50-microm holes; Injection pressure--350 bar; Fuel delivery--0.5-1.2 mg/stroke; Injection timing--Fixed; Swirl generation--Deflector on inlet v.; Combustion chamber--Heron; Piston rings--3; Bearings--Ball only; Flywheel--4.6 kg and clutch to crank; Flywheel clutch--Cork-aluminum; Starting clutch--Cork-aluminum. KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Three wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380984 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - BERNARD, J E AU - Ervin, R D AU - Segel, L AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TRACTION MODIFICATIONS RESULTING FROM TEST-INDUCED TREADWEAR PY - 1983 SP - p. 288-303 AB - Measurements have shown that the traction performance of pneumatic tires can be profoundly influenced by wear which accrues during the testing process. These findings indicate that changes can occur in the shear forces generated at both high and low slip angles as a consequence of testing at high angular slip. These performance changes are capable of significantly altering a vehicle's directional properties and thus suggest that data from tests involving high rates of test wear be interpreted with special caution. The paper reviews and expands upon the basic findings through presentation of data taken on laboratory and mobile tire traction dynamometers and from vehicle tests for both passenger car tires and truck tires. KW - Testing KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197137 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380948 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - BALL, D AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - TAKE IT EASY ON DRUNKS? PY - 1983 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 24-25 AB - This article is a rebuttal of the article written by Augustus H. Hewlett, president of the Washington-based Alcohol Policy Council. Hewlett's article was encouraging a more lenient attitude toward drunk drivers. Don Ball, himself an alcoholic, does not agree and bases some of his opinions on a consensus of Alcoholics Anonymous, which is that each time an alcoholic escapes personal responsibility for anti-social actions while drunk serves only to delay recovery. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legislation KW - Safety programs KW - Sanctions KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380695 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - THE CONTINUING WAR AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING... PY - 1983 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 19-22 AB - A number of factors may have contributed to the sharp decline in traffic accident deaths last year, but one of the major reasons for the improved safety record is the emphasis on preventing drunk driving crashes, which has been long recognized as the biggest single factor in traffic fatalities. During the past year, more than half of the states moved to tighten drunk driving laws, including mandatory license suspensions, jail terms, random roadblocks to check for drunk drivers, and a more widespread use of breathalyzers to determine when one is legally "under the influence of alcohol" and should not drive. In a suburb of St. Louis, a local ordinance requires coin-operated breathalyzers installed in bars so that patrons can tell when they have had too much alcohol. The trend toward raising the legal drinking age has continued in New Jersey, moving it up to 21 years. Competitions have been sponsored to select exotic and tasteful nonalcoholic drinks. Radio stations have run public service spots to help combat drunk driving. Roadside advertising has also helped. Some states have stiffer drunk driving laws. The best results have been obtained in a mix of realistic penalties and no-nonsense enforcement. This article describes examples of these current strategies from across the nation. Citizens are encouraged to report drunk drivers. Some states are considering seizing cars from motorists or using special license plates for those who have three convictions for drunk driving. Some bar owners in Michigan are providing free rides home for intoxicated patrons. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Penalties KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196973 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380737 JO - Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery PB - Saunders (WB) Company AU - Huelke, D F AU - Compton, C P AU - Saunders (WB) Company TI - FACIAL INJURIES IN AUTOMOBILE CRASHES PY - 1983 VL - 41 SP - p. 241-244 AB - In automobile accidents, the facial area is the most frequently injured body region in passenger car occupants. Laboratory studies have indicated that the tolerance of facial bones to impact is relatively low. Most of these facial injuries are rated as minor. The windshield, steering wheel, and instrument panel are the major points of contact. Restraints, lap belts, and lapshoulder belts reduce the frequency of facial injuries at all levels of severity and also reduce the more severe and serious injuries to other body regions. KW - Crashes KW - Face KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Instrument panels KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Severity KW - Steering wheels KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380581 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1982 TO DECEMBER 31, 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 61 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the first quarter of 1982 and/or any future issues. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380667 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - MOTOR VEHICLE TITLE AND INSPECTION ACT OF 1982. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS, CONSUMER PROTECTION, AND FINANCE OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-SEVENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON H.R. 6427, MAY 24, 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 57 p. AB - This is the Hearing on H.R. 6427--"Bill to require the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to provide for the establishment on states of motor vehicle title and inspection requirements in order to promote traffic safety and deter motor vehicle theft and for other purposes." It is noted that one out of every 143 registered motor vehicles is stolen and fewer than 60 percent of them are recovered. The sale of extensively damaged or dismantled motor vehicles together with the title to such vehicles provides professional criminals with the tools necessary to commit fraud, motor vehicle theft and related crimes. This publication contains the text of H.R. 6427 and six statements from representatives of the Cleveland Police Department, the Automotive Dismantlers and Recyclers Association, the Ohio Highway Patrol, the Cleveland Crime Prevention Committee, and the Nationwide Insurance Company. KW - Hearings KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Testimony KW - Theft KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193467 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380970 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FRICTIONAL INTERACTION OF TIRE AND PAVEMENT PY - 1983 SP - 334 p. AB - This ASTM Special Technical Publication contains the following papers: Tires--Roads--Rainfall--Vehicles: The Traction Connection, A. G. Veith; Influence of Tread Wear Irregularity on Wet Friction Performance of Tires, A. R. Williams and M. S. Evans; Tire Traction Testing in Adverse Environments, W. R. Janowski; Design and Performance Aspects of Antilock Brake Control Systems, H. K. Brewer; On-Road Test Facility for Truck Tire Rolling Resistance and Bearing Losses Measurements, A. J. Bosik and J. H. Lougheed; An Interactive Tire-Fluid Model for Dynamic Hydroplaning, A. L. Browne and D. Whicker; Hydroplaning, Hydrodynamic Drag, and Vehicle Stability, G. G. Hayes, D. L. Ivey, and B. M. Gallaway; Pavement Design and Controls for Minimizing Automotive Hydroplaning and Increasing Traction, G. G. Balmer and B. M. Gallaway; A Method for Rating the Skid Resistance and Micro/Macrotexture Characteristics of Wet Pavements, W. B. Horne and F. Buhlmann; Comparison of the Friction Performance of a Passenger Car Tire and the ASTM Standard Test Tires, J. J. Henry; Tire Rolling Noise in Dry and Wet Conditions on Pavement Surfaces of Different Skid Resistance, W. Liedl and E. Kohler; Effects of Surface Curvature and Texture on Passenger Car Tire Noise Generation on Roadwheels and Roadways, P. R. Donovan and L. J. Oswald; Tire/Road Interaction Studies to Reduce Noise and Improve Wet Grip, J. C. Walker; Traction Modifications Resulting from Test-Induced Treadwear, J. E. Bernard, R. D. Ervin, and L. Segel; and Prediction of Tire-Road Friction from Surface Texture and Tread Rubber Properties, W. O. Yandell, P. Taneerananon, and V. Zankin. KW - Curvature KW - Drag KW - Friction factor KW - Hydrodynamic drag KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Hydroplaning KW - Moisture content KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380985 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Yandell, W O AU - TANEERANANON, P AU - Zankin, V AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - PREDICTION OF TIRE-ROAD FRICTION FROM SURFACE TEXTURE AND TREAD RUBBER PROPERTIES PY - 1983 SP - p. 304-322 AB - Over the past decade the senior author and his students have been working on a purely theoretical technique for predicting tire-road friction. It is based on a postulated model of the tire friction mechanism and hence relies on road surface texture measurements and on road surface water film thickness plus the laboratory-measured elastic and damping properties of the tire tread rubber. The method has evolved into a more mathematically complex procedure after validation tests on a number of roads. Each additional refinement has made the method more accurate but possibly not, at this stage, as practical as simpler, partly empirical methods that recently have been developed elsewhere. The paper, however, which is presented in simple terms, demonstrates that the moderate use of tread rubber temperature categories will enable the sideways force or locked-wheel friction to be predicted accurately for any speed, wetting condition, or tread rubber properties for bald and patterned tires. In the event of the technique being finally validated, it could be largely automated for simplicity. KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197138 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380694 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - THE ECONOMICS OF ALCOHOLISM PY - 1983 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 2-4 AB - This article shows how, according to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) surveys, 9% of the drinking age population is responsible for consuming 68% of the alcohol in the U.S. It points out how the liquor industry would have difficulty surviving economically, if any of the prevention, education and treatment programs disturbed the drinking patterns of society's heaviest drinkers. In a lead story in a newsletter of the Distilled Spirits Council of the U.S. (DISCUS), the President of DISCUS built a "solid case" for alcoholic beverages saying that drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation brought health benefits. Using standards defined by the NIAA and beer, wine and spirits sales statistics for 1981, it is shown that if the drinking patterns among current alcohol drinkers were those of the "moderate use" category, the liquor industry would suffer a 40% decline from 1981 sales figures. It is therefore urged that one does not place faith in the liquor industry's "moderation" campaigns, or welcome the appointment of liquor industry representatives on task forces handling alcohol-related problems. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Economic factors KW - Industries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196972 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380972 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - WILLIAMS, A R AU - Evans, M S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INFLUENCE OF TREAD WEAR IRREGULARITY ON WET FRICTION PERFORMANCE OF TIRES PY - 1983 SP - p. 41-64 AB - The reduction in wet skidding resistance with reduced tire tread pattern depth on road surfaces possessing low macrotexture is well understood. With the dominance of radial tire construction, with its inherently higher abrasion resistance, automobile tires are often observed to be removed from the vehicle in an irregularly worn condition rather than the regularly worn condition that has been the subject of previous work. This paper describes tire measurements using indoor and outdoor test facilities for a range of tires that includes the most common irregularly worn conditions: those of two-shoulder and one-shoulder wear, center wear, and the increasingly less observed uniform wear. The correlation between test methods is discussed and observed differences in tire friction characteristics with wear type explained. The stability of the vehicle under low friction conditions is an additional factor in the accident mode situation; the influence on vehicle stability due to irregular tire wear and that provoked by changing the position of part-worn tires on the vehicle is also discussed. KW - Moisture content KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380974 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Brewer, H K AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ASPECTS OF ANTILOCK BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - p. 79-115 AB - This paper analyzes the general requirements of antilock brake systems in decreasing vehicle stopping distance and maintaining directional control during braking. The dual phenomenon of tire slip and vehicle dynamic weight transfer, which necessitate the use of antilock systems for high-efficiency braking performance, is discussed. Also, a review of the present level of antilock technology development as well as specific system configurations is presented for aircraft, automobiles, heavy-duty trucks, and motorcycles. KW - Aircraft KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Brake controllers KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380979 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Horne, W B AU - Buhlmann, F AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A METHOD OF RATING THE SKID RESISTANCE AND MICRO/MACROTEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF WET PAVEMENTS PY - 1983 SP - p. 191-218 AB - A method is developed from combined viscous-dynamic hydroplaning theory to rate the skid resistance of wet pavements in terms of pavement microtexture and macrotexture drainage coefficients derived from full-scale tire-pavement friction tests. The friction tests can be conducted using any of the conventional tire test operating modes such as braked rolling, yawed rolling, or locked-wheel sliding. Once the drainage coefficients have been established for a wet pavement surface by friction test in a particular tire operating mode, the method can be used to predict friction coefficients on the wet pavement surface for the other tire operating modes, as well as friction coefficients for different-size tires and inflation pressure conditions. The procedure for using the method is described and examples are given. The method is used to evaluate the skid resistance, microtexture, and macrotexture characteristics of 83 highway pavements in Switzerland which were tested by The Institute of Technology (ISETH) using a skiddometer (locked-wheel test mode) over a 40 to 100-km/h speed range. The results obtained are compared with British pendulum, sand patch, and outflow meter tests of pavement surface texture also performed by ISETH on the same 83 highway pavements. Comparison with experimental data shows that the method gives reasonable estimates of friction coefficient for both aircraft and automobile tires for the examples cited. KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Hydroplaning KW - Macrotexture KW - Microtexture KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197132 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380981 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - LIEDL, W AU - Koehler, E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TIRE ROLLING NOISE IN DRY AND WET CONDITIONS ON PAVEMENT SURFACES OF DIFFERENT SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1983 SP - p. 232-249 AB - When investigating tire rolling noise it is imperative that driving safety must not be neglected. For this reason, noise measurements with a single-wheel measuring trailer on very different dry and wet road surfaces are accompanied by skid coefficient measurements in wet conditions using the Stuttgart friction meter. Included in the investigations are a large number of tires with standard and special tread patterns (steel-belted tires for passenger cars). The hydroplaning behavior of these tires is additionally examined by traction coefficient measurements in wet conditions on an inside drum tester. The results indicate that, particularly on a dry road surface, the often-quoted conflict of goals between lowering tire rolling noise on the one hand and reducing driving safety on the other does not exist since it is possible for comparatively quiet road surfaces to have excellent grip in the wet. Furthermore, the results on the inside drum tester show when compared with the on-the-road noise measurements that there is a distinct correlation between improving the hydroplaning behavior and reducing the rolling noise of the tires investigated. KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Moisture content KW - Noise KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Rolling noise KW - Safety factors KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197134 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380983 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - WALKER, J C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TIRE/ROAD INTERACTION STUDIES TO REDUCE NOISE AND IMPROVE WET GRIP PY - 1983 SP - p. 271-287 AB - Studies have been made of the factors involved in tire/road noise with a view to reducing the intensity of the total noise level by modification of both the tire tread pattern and the materials used for road surfaces. The work covers test results on automobile tires over a wide range of road surfaces, and includes testing of automobile tires on indoor replica road surfaces, to separate the surface-excited and the tread pattern-excited components. Figures relating noise level in dry conditions to braking grip in wet conditions show that it is possible to increase wet grip and still reduce noise level by using suitable road surface materials. KW - Friction KW - Moisture content KW - Noise KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Sound level KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire grip KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197136 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380971 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Veith, A G AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TIRES--ROADS--RAINFALL--VEHICLES: THE TRACTION CONNECTION PY - 1983 SP - p. 3-40 AB - Meaningful assessment of tire wet traction performance requires an understanding of the tire use environment. The important factors are tires, rainfall conditions, roads, vehicles, and vehicle operation. Analysis shows that certain combinations of these factors are frequently associated with loss of control or skidding. Tire performance (for wet traction) must be assessed under test conditions that closely duplicate certain critical pavement texture, speed, and water depth conditions. Under such worst-possible-case test conditions, an evaluation of tire performance is obtained where the motorist needs the greatest margin of traction reserve. If tires are evaluated at combinations of speed, pavement texture, and water depth that do not approximate the worst-possible-case set of factors, ambiguous or outright misleading tire performance appraisals may be made. Based upon the results of an ongoing research and development traction program conducted according to these guidelines and upon certain literature sources, important tire design features are discussed vis-a-vis wet traction performance. The influence of construction features, tread compound, and tread pattern on wet traction is discussed as well as how these interact with certain external-to-tire factors. KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Rainfall KW - Rolling contact KW - Skidding KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197124 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380982 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Donavan, P R AU - Oswald, L J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EFFECTS OF SURFACE CURVATURE AND TEXTURE ON PASSENGER CAR TIRE NOISE GENERATION ON ROADWHEELS AND ROADWAYS PY - 1983 SP - p. 250-270 AB - Differences in surface curvature and surface texture are the only possible explanations for the differences in the noise of passenger car tires measured on-road and on a laboratory roadwheel. To determine the individual effects of curvature and surface texture, acoustic intensity measurements were made alongside four passenger car tires operating on roadwheel and roadway surfaces as the two parameters were varied independently. In the study, curvature was varied by using roadwheels of varying diameters and a flat roadway. Surface texture was varied both on the roadwheels and on the roadway. The results show that differences in surface texture account for most of the differences observed between noise measured on-road and on a roadwheel. Curvature effects were found to be minor over the range investigated here (roadwheels with diameter greater than 1.7 m). It was also observed that another important parameter in causing differences is direction of tire rotation and measurement side of tire. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Automobiles KW - Curvature KW - Noise KW - Pavements KW - Sound level KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197135 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00380954 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOW-VOLUME ROADS: THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, 1983 SN - 0309035112 PY - 1983 IS - 898 SP - 378p AB - This record contains 55 papers which were presented at the Third International Conference on Low-Volume Roads and 3 additional papers which were not presented at the Conference but were sponsored by TRB's Committee on Low-Volume Roads. The papers express many new views on the special problems of economics and planning of low-volume roads; on specific criteria and standard for design, construction and maintenance; on the legal aspects of administering a low-volume roadway system; and new engineering methods and techniques for the solution of problems unique to the low-volume highway networks of the world. U1 - Third International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsTempe,Arizona,United States StartDate:19830724 EndDate:19830728 KW - Administration KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design standards KW - Developing countries KW - Economics KW - Engineering KW - Legal factors KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1983/898/898.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197110 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380759 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Keyserling, W M AU - National Safety Council TI - OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND WORK EXPERIENCE PY - 1983 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-42 AB - The relationship between occupational injury rates and work experiences was studied in a population of 344 volunteer industrial workers by monitoring visits to the medical clinic of their employer. Subjects were assigned to one of three categories depending upon their work experiences: Incumbent (at least one year of experience prior to entering the study), Recent Hire (more than 3 months but less than one year of experience), or Probationary (less than 3 months of experience). The relationship was found to follow the shape of an inverted-U with the Recent Hire group suffering the highest injury rate. The Probationary group (also the most carefully supervised group) experienced the lowest injury rate. KW - Experience KW - Injuries KW - Knowledge KW - Occupational safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380696 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - ALCOHOL PROBLEMS INDEX PY - 1983 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 31-32 AB - Some of the findings of a 3 year National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) study are discussed. Alcohol epidemiological data from all states except Alaska and Hawaii were researched and basic indicators of alcohol problems were noted. Seven factors contribute to the mortality rate from alcohol problems: cirrhosis, alcohol psychosis, alcoholism, alcohol poisoning, fatal highway accidents, suicide, and homicide. Mortality rates for states are further classified according to health problems and casualties. The casualty index includes highway fatalities and other such incidents. The study also produced an index which rates each county and state with respect to a wide variety of ecological data, including factors which could place the area at risk for a high or low incidence of alcohol problems in the future. The large number of Indian reservations in New Mexico places that state high on this index. This article also draws attention to the proliferation of Nevada-style legalized gambling which could lead to bars open 24 hours and to heavy drinking. The two largest counties in Nevada, namely Clark (Las Vegas) and Washow (Reno), are in the top 5 percent of all counties in the U.S. in the overall composite index for alcohol problems. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Crash causes KW - Death rate KW - Ecology KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380764 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - POINT OF LAW PY - 1983 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 29-30 AB - This article discusses several court cases involving drunk drivers. The first case shows the importance of "refusal-as-evidence" laws; another case deals with malicious intention of drunk drivers involved in accidents designated as vehicular homicides; another case involves a person who was convicted of negligent homicide for lending his car to a friend who was allegedly drunk; and the final case addresses the question of using alcoholism as the basis for defense of a person accused of a crime. KW - Alcoholism KW - Case studies KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evidence KW - Fatalities KW - Homicide KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Malicious intent KW - Negligence KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380975 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Bosik, A J AU - LOUGHEED, J H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ON-ROAD TEST FACILITY FOR TRUCK TIRE ROLLING RESISTANCE AND BEARING LOSSES MEASUREMENTS PY - 1983 SP - p. 116-129 AB - A rig has been designed and built for the on-road measurements of rolling resistance and bearing friction losses for free-rolling tires of large trucks. The rig comprises a force bridge, axle, suspension, and two sets of dual wheel assemblies mounted on a 13.7-m (45 ft) flatbed trailer which is towed at normal highway speeds. The rig is designed to be used over a wide range of ambient temperature conditions as well as road surface types. The tire cavity temperatures are monitored and the tire inflation pressures are regulated through a slipring and rotary seal assembly. A quick-lift auxiliary axle is also mounted on the trailer for transporting the rig when no measurements are being made as well as for braking and other safety reasons. The outputs of six load cells, two inclinometers, and a tangent angle-rolling radius device are used to automatically determine the rolling resistance forces, bearing moments, and the vertical and transverse tire loads. Instantaneous values of these outputs and the outputs of temperature and pressure sensors can be monitored during testing and are recorded on an on-board computerized data acquisition system for further data reduction. Preliminary on-road testing has demonstrated that the force bridge is highly sensitive and the values of rolling resistance and bearing moment are of the right magnitude. KW - Bearing moment losses KW - Data collection KW - Measuring instruments KW - Rolling resistance KW - Test facilities KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380978 JO - ASTM Special Technical Publications PB - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Balmer, G G AU - Gallaway, B M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - PAVEMENT DESIGN AND CONTROLS FOR MINIMIZING AUTOMOTIVE HYDROPLANING AND INCREASING TRACTION PY - 1983 SP - p. 167-190 AB - The authors discuss test results and analyses of tire hydroplaning, skid resistance, and other tire-pavement interactions. They address roadway and vehicle operator controls for mitigating hydroplaning and improving highway safety. The conclusions are based on analyses of simulation, laboratory, and full-scale tests. Pavement cross slope, texture, rut depth, pavement wear, surface drainage, drainage-path length, precipitation intensity and duration, tire inflation, tread-pattern depth, tire construction, and vehicle traveling speed influence hydroplaning tendencies and vehicle control. Other factors considered are tire rolling resistance, vehicle fuel consumption, noise, splash and spray, and headlight glare. These results are applicable to highway pavement design, construction, and rehabilitation; tire construction; and vehicle operation. KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage KW - Texture KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197131 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380408 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Thornton, J A AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - TYRE CARE PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-8 AB - This article points out the service requirements expected from tires, then discusses the importance of tire care both for safety and for economy reasons. Five simple rules are offered for properly maintaining tires. KW - Maintenance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196799 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379688 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harvill, J I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE HORIZONTAL HOT CHAMBER DIE CASTING MACHINE--A NEW CONCEPT IN HOT CHAMBER DIE CASTING PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Current day requirements for die castings for automotive decorative applications have been previously limited in wall thicknesses and design configurations because of limitations of the hot chamber die casting machine. The papers arising out of the Australian Die Casting Congress in 1977 reflected on the current problems with the present vertical hot chamber design of die casting machines. Study of these inherent design problems led to the realization that a new concept of hot chamber die casting is called for if we are to achieve the higher metal velocities and pressures now called for to make the ultra thin hot chamber parts now required in die casting. Also, world pressures are dictating new designs to make all machinery safer to protect the operator and to make the machinery more efficient to keep our environment cleaner and to use less fuel supplies. Studying this problem, Harvill Machine, Inc. has developed a new concept in hot chamber die casting, the new Horizontal Hot Chamber die casting machine. KW - Design KW - Die castings KW - Machines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379766 AU - Arnberg, P W AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - THE LASER ROAD SURFACE TESTER PY - 1983 SP - 36 p. AB - The Laser Road Surface Tester (RST) is the second generation of an integrated road surveying instrument developed in Sweden. The principal component of the Laser RST is a noncontact road profiling system. The first road surveying instrument, the Saab RST, has been used for surveying the Swedish road network since 1980. It has given practical experience concerning the measurement and evaluation of road surface characteristics. In this report the new system, The Laser Road Surface Tester, is presented. KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Profilometers KW - Road raters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379767 AU - United States Senate TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 56 p. AB - This Bill is to amend various provisions of law to provide for more effective highway and motor vehicle safety regulations and enforcement, and for other purposes. It contains the following: Title I--Automotive Safety Improvement Act of 1983; Title II--Drunk and Drugged Driving Prevention Act of 1983; Title III--Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1983; Title IV--Hazardous Materials Transportation Act Amendments of 1983. KW - Amendments KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway Safety act KW - Laws KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192756 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379722 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SURVIVAL IN AIRPLANE CRASHES PY - 1983 VL - 13 IS - 3-4 SP - 11 p. AB - Fatality rates show that air travel on a scheduled commercial airline flight is 30 times as safe as driving the same distance by automobile, and about 250 times as safe as flying the same distance in a light plane. The relative risks are discussed here, along with issues of how air travelers can be better protected during and following crashes. KW - Air transportation KW - Aircraft KW - Civil aircraft KW - Commercial planes KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Passengers KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380394 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - HOME AND ABROAD PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-10 AB - A straightforward, well-illustrated pamphlet put out by Norway and providing road safety guidelines for foreign tourists is described. The message, which appears in five languages, forbids driving with an alcohol content of 0.05 percent, draws attention to speed limits operating throughout Norway, urges one to look out for children at play, points out the triangular yield sign, cautions about animals, and urges one to ask for help from their efficient police force. KW - Animals KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Children KW - Highway safety KW - Tourists KW - Yield signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380388 AU - Department for Transport, England TI - SEAT BELTS THE LAW AND YOU PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - From Monday 31 January 1983 most drivers and front seat passengers in most vehicles will have to wear seat belts by law. This booklet tells you: (1) Why seat belts are necessary; (2) Who has to wear a seat belt; (3) Which vehicles you have to wear a seat belt in; (4) When you don't have to wear a seat belt; (5) Which seat belts have to be worn; (6) How to make your seat belt more comfortable; and (7) How to look after your seat belts. KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193226 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380369 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Fowler, J E AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR THE DESIGN OF THE SAFER MOTOR CAR PY - 1983 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 20-23 AB - This article reviews the development of Austin Rover's computerized design methods which enable prediction of body stiffness, strength, crashworthiness and occupant protection. Austin Rover's started developping these techniques in the 1960s and they are now routinely used in vehicle design. KW - Automobiles KW - Computer aided design KW - Crashworthiness KW - Safety engineering KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380387 AU - Departments of the Environment and Transport TI - CHILD SAFETY IN CARS PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - This leaflet tells you a little about the law. It is only a general guide. It does not set out the law itself. That is mainly in Section 33B of the Road Traffic Act 1972 and in Regulations made under that Act, particularly the Motor Vehicles (Wearing of Seat Belts by Children) Regulations 1982 and the Motor Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1978 as amended. The leaflet also tells you what you can do to make your children even safer. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380029 AU - Jacobs, F A AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - M40 HIGH WYCOMBE BY-PASS: RESULTS OF A BITUMINOUS SURFACE-TEXTURE EXPERIMENT PY - 1983 SP - 27 p. AB - In 1967 a full-scale experiment was started on Motorway M40, High Wycombe By-pass to compare a range of bituminous surfacings in their ability to maintain a good, high-speed, skid-resistance in wet conditions. One of the main criteria for this aspect of performance is surface texture. Deep textures of 1.5mm or more were maintained throughout the 12 years of observation by the mastic asphalts, the rolled asphalts and the pervious macadam. Surface dressings started with texture depths of well over 3mm but these dropped rapidly during the first year of service. The dressings on a fine cold asphalt substrate levelled out at about 1.8mm, those on an asphaltic concrete substrate at 1mm and those on an unchipped rolled asphalt containing 40 per cent of coarse aggregate at about 0.8mm. For all the materials tested the percentage drop in braking force coefficient from 50 to 130 km/h was approximately equal to 40--(20 x texture depth in mm). KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Braking force coefficient KW - Braking performance KW - Depth KW - Pavements KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379552 AU - Fairhall, G C AU - Fahey, M F AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - PREHOSPITAL AND HOSPITAL COSTS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS--THE MICROSCOPIC APPROACH PY - 1983 SP - v.p. AB - This Bulletin is a summary of the findings from a research project that involved a detailed analysis of injury costs of all accident admissions to Christchurch Hospital over a two month period from the time of impact at the accident site, until the discharge of the accident victim from the hospital. The cost data collected also included out-patient care up to 3 months following hospital discharge. From this study a relationship between average daily hospital stay costs, and costs for road accident patients as a single group was able to be established. Other aims of the study were to obtain information of seat belt use, to compare costs of injuries with and without seat belt use, to define injury patterns associated with a particular type of accident, to compare hospital records with those obtained, by the Ministry of Transport, to collect information regarding the road accident victim's age, race, socioeconomic group, licence status, driving and drinking habits, and to identify time, day and location of the accident. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash records KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379529 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KOCH, H AU - Meyerdierks, D AU - Golden, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VOLKSWAGEN'S DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW CARBURETED EXHAUST EMISSION CONCEPT FOR MODEL YEAR 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - A complete new emission control system has been designed for Volkswagen four cylinder inline carburetor power plant in model year 1982. This paper will describe the main components of the mixture formation and emission control system consisting basically of new carburetor and dual bed catalytic converter. The paper also shows the development results in the area of emission and fuel consumption. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Carburetors KW - Catalytic converters KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196176 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379591 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cooper, K R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF HANDLEBAR FAIRINGS ON MOTORCYCLE AERODYNAMICS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - A series of wind tunnel experiments were used to quantify the mean and unsteady aerodynamic forces on a motorcycle fitted with a handlebar fairing and a handlebar windshield. The results have shown that the positive aerodynamic yaw damping of the steerable front frame tends to stabilize wobble mode when a handlebar device is present. The mean front-frame yawing moments as a function of yaw angle were harder to interpret without use of a dynamic simulation. Static arguments were advanced to suggest that cross-wind response may be reduced with a fairing or windshield mounted. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Handlebar fairings KW - Motorcycles KW - Windshields KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196212 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379605 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pearlstein, R S AU - Pyle, L F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CYLINDER HEAD GASKET SEALING OF INDIRECT COMBUSTION DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Cylinder head gasket problems are identified and discussed for indirect combustion light duty diesel engines. Bi-metal considerations, engine testing, force analysis, precombustion chamber factors, gasket coatings and surface finish of the mating flanges are reviewed. Included is a discussion of various design approaches used for the cylinder head gasket. KW - Cylinder head gaskets KW - Cylinder heads KW - Diesel engines KW - Gaskets KW - Indirect combustion KW - Precombustion diesel engines KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196226 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379608 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Poulos, S G AU - Heywood, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF CHAMBER GEOMETRY ON SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION PY - 1983 SP - 24 p. AB - The way in which combustion chamber geometry affects combustion in SI engines was studied using a quasi-dimensional cycle simulation. Calculations were performed to investigate the following questions: (i) the sensitivity of geometric effects on combustion to engine operating conditions; (ii) the differences in burn duration between ten chamber geometries and spark plug locations; and (iii) the relative merits of improved chamber design and amplified turbulence as means to reduce burn duration. The results from these studies are presented and discussed. KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Geometry KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196229 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379689 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Birss, V I AU - Lidstone, R B AU - Zamin, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVING CORROSION FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - This paper is concerned with the influence of the environment on the fatigue behavior of welded aluminum structures and describes methods that have been evolved to improve this behaviour. Successful approaches include the application of particular organic coatings and the use of brush peening and combination of the two methods which proved to be cumulatively beneficial. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive environments KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Organic coatings KW - Peening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379690 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lowther, H V AU - Maxwell, W L AU - Rogers, T W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVING THE FUEL SAVING BENEFITS OF SYNTHETIC ENGINE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - A comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate additives for their ability to reduce the coefficient of friction of synthetic engine oils using a laboratory bench test apparatus. A class of additives was identified that also proved effective in providing fuel economy benefits when tested in vehicle dynamometer evaluations. Additional investigations using the proposed ASTM Five Car Energy Conserving Engine Oil Test Procedure confirmed the fuel saving performance of this specific additive class. This paper also discusses overall engine performance of synthetic engine oils formulated using this unique type of friction reducing additive. A full series of API SF/CC/CD quality level sequence tests, including critical extended length evaluations, was performed and excellent performance was demonstrated. KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oil additives KW - Performance KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379707 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kliman, G B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERMANENT MAGNET AC DISC MOTOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE DRIVE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - The principal objective of this work was to establish the feasibility of the axial flux permanent magnet ac disc motor with load-commutated inverter as a candidate for an electric passenger vehicle drive system component. Three motors were built in the course of the project. The first, known as the proof-of-principal (POP) motor, was built to demonstrate the electromagnetic concepts and establish design data. It was built with rare earth magnets and a dc motor type random winding. The second motor, known as the Functional Model A (FM(A)) motor, was built for full performance and high speed (11,000 rpm). Alnico 8E magnets were used to stimulate manganese-aluminum. A three-layer air gap winding was used in the stator. This motor did not perform as predicted due primarily to demagnetization of the magnets and, secondarily, to imbalance in the windings. The third motor, known as Functional Model B (FM(B)), corrected these problems by use of rare earth magnets and a novel, single-layer chain winding. The motor performed well and in excess of contract requirements electromagnetically, thermally, and mechanically. A peak efficiency of 93% was measured at cycling power when the motor was being driven by the inverter. Several modifications were proposed to raise the efficiency to 95%. KW - Disc motor KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric vehicles KW - Engines KW - High speed engines KW - High speed vehicles KW - Inverters KW - Performance KW - Permanent magnets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379708 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Adcock, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PLATED PLASTIC AUTOMOTIVE MIRRORS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The use of chromium plated plastic for outside rearview mirror housings in the automotive industry is a relatively new concept. This paper discusses the engineering considerations necessary to successfully apply this technology to mirror applications, as well as some of the advantages of the technology in the areas of weight, ease of manufacturing, styling freedom, and cost. KW - Automobiles KW - Chrome KW - Plastics KW - Plating KW - Plating (Ships) KW - Rearview mirrors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196312 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379594 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chui, G K AU - King, E T AU - Groff, W P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODIFIED SEQUENCE V-D TEST WITH TWO ENGINES USING ALCOHOL FUELS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Modifying the standard Sequence V-D test for alcohol fuels requires material changes in the fuel handling system, addition of a fine mesh fuel filter and the provision for easy fuel drainage. Besides rejetting the carburetors, the initial ring gaps of the 2.3L engine are reduced to maintain the blowby level of the standard test. Large oil consumption necessitates a modified oil leveling procedure. Precise measurements of the rings, bores, and valve-train components are essential to the evaluation of oil performance. Wear of a 2.3L engine using alcohols is larger than using gasoline. Special oils can be formulated to mitigate the wear problem. To test the 1.6L engine with the Sequence V-D procedure requires extensive modification to the production carburetor and some plumbing changes of the standard test stand. Load and initial oil charge are scaled to reflect the smaller engine requirements. Wear of the 1.6L engine is less severe than the 2.3L. KW - Alcohols KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel systems KW - Modifications KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196215 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379601 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Belaire, R C AU - Davis, G C AU - Kent, J C AU - TABACZYNSKI, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMBUSTION CHAMBER EFFECTS ON BURN RATES IN A HIGH SWIRL SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Experimental measurements of burn rates have been carried out in a single cylinger homogeneous charge engine. Three different combustion chambers were investigated (75 % and 60 % squish bowl-in-piston chambers and a disk chamber) using a cylinder head with a swirl producing intake port and near central spark location. Data were obtained with each combustion chamber as a function of spark timing, EGR, and load at 1500 RPM. The combustion rate is strongly influenced by chamber shape. The 10-90 % burn durations of the 75 % and 60 % squish chambers are respectively about 40 % and 60 % that of the disk chamber. Chamber configuration had less effect on 0-10 % burn duration. The disk had about 25 % longer 0-10 % burn time than the bowl-in-piston chambers. Modifications to the GESIM model enabled good overall agreement between predictions and experimental data, a rather severe test of the model because the coupling of fluid mechanics, combustion and chamber geometry must be properly modeled. An improved basic understanding of the influence of combustion chamber shape on burn rate has been achieved through the interactive use of experimental data and modeling. The results suggest that differences in turbulence intensity and flame area development due to changes in chamber shape are responsible for the observed burn rate differences. KW - Burn rate KW - Burning rate KW - Combustion chambers KW - Forecasting KW - High swirl KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379612 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Walter, S L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF FIVE BASIC DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS ON RADIAL TIRE ROLLING RESISTANCE AND CORNERING FORCE PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - The Effects of Tire Design/Construction Parameters: Mold Tread Radius, Tread Arc Width to Section Width Ratio, Aspect Ratio, Belt Width to Tread Arc Width Ratio, and Crown Angle were studied. By building tires with combinations of these parameters selected to fulfill the requirements of a designed experiment it was possible to determine the direct and interactive effects of these parameters on rolling resistance and cornering force. The results of these tests, including suggestions for optimum tire design, are discussed. KW - Construction KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Design KW - Parameters KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rolling resistance KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196233 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379619 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reinker, J K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EVOLUTION OF SMC IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1983 SP - 3 p. AB - Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) has been used in various automotive applications since the early 1970's. Providing such advantages as corrosion resistance, weight reduction, and part consolidation, this versatile material has seen increased usage in each succeeding year. This paper will review the early FRP processes leading up to the development of SMC, a description of the process, and a detailed review of major automotive applications. KW - Applications KW - Automotive engineering KW - Evolution KW - Plastics KW - Sheet molding compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196240 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379686 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SHER, E AU - Yafe, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FLATTENING THE TORQUE CURVE OF A TWO-STROKE ENGINE WITH A FLUID DIODE INSTALLED AT THE SCAVENGE PORT PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The typical convex torque of a simple two-stroke engine having a port-controlled piston is attributed to the backflow through the scavenge ports. It is proposed here to suppress the backflow by installing scroll diodes at the scavenge ports. Experimental observations on a fired engine demonstrate the remarkable improvement achieved with the diodes installed. The effect of the diodes presence on the engine power and on the delivery ratio is discussed by using a recorded diagram of the crankcase pressure variation with crank-angle during the gas exchange process. KW - Diodes KW - Torque KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379693 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gieck, J E AU - Wyman, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW-MODULUS FLAT-PROOFING MEDIA FOR PNEUMATIC TIRES PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - This paper describes the development and performance testing of a family of unique, low-modulus, elastomeric tire-filling media for puncture-proofing of heavy-duty pneumatic tires. Static and dynamic properties are evaluated in comparison with air inflation, including such factors as ride, rolling resistance, internal heat build-up, and durability. KW - Development KW - Durability KW - Earthwork KW - Elastomers KW - Heat KW - Performance tests KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic tire KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Ride quality KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379704 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Knechtges, D P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PVC AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - The PVC, or vinyl, industry will continue to be an aggressive materials supplier to the automotive industry. Vinyl has played a substantial role in the industry for nearly 40 years. It has provided interior beauty, durability and utility. Vinyl's weatherability and corrosion resistance have aided in protective exterior applications. Advances in vinyl technology, particularly in processing advantages, will continue to improve the decorative and utilitarian value of PVC in the autos of the 1980s. KW - Automobile industry KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Durability KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196308 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379711 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Blair, G P AU - Hill, B W AU - Miller, A J AU - Nickell, S P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REDUCTION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF A SPARK-IGNITION TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - The paper describes and lists the performance characteristics of a 400 cubic cm single-cylinder two-stroke cycle engine with natural-aspiration, spark-ignition and carburetter control of gasoline fuel. The engine features an uncomplicated and unique system of stratified-charging which helps reduce the short-circuited loss of fuel during scavenging. With an untuned exhaust system the engine produces a peak power of 13 kW at 5500 rev/min and a brake specific fuel consumption which has a minimum of 0.265 kg/kWh but, more importantly, virtually the entire speed and load range is below 0.34kg/kWh (0.55 lb/hp. hr). All performance characteristics at several throttle openings are presented at various engine speeds as a function of air/fuel ratio. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Speed KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379525 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Matthews, K B AU - Appleby, M R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOWARDS A WORLD CAR PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Automobile sales figures, survey data, and the results of an automobile testing program entitled, "The Target Car Program", were used to evaluate the shift toward a universal or "World" car--a car that would fulfill the transportation needs of the average driver anywhere in the civilized world. The results of the evaluation indicate that a move towards the "World" car began in the United States in the early 1970's as the sales of full-size autos began to decline in favor of the smaller autos that are the standard in other areas of the world. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Small car KW - Target car program KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - World car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196172 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379701 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Handley, S O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - 120VAC POWER INVERTERS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Inverters are solid state devices which change DC to 120VAC electricity. They are sufficiently rugged and reliable to make them practical for use on utility vehicles for operating thumpers, tools, lights and induction motor loads. The SCR type rather than the transistor type inverter is generally required for inductive and reactive loads. Static inverters operate from battery input. They provide power without running an engine, but are limited by battery capacity so they work best in intermittent load applications. Dynamic inverters operate from alternator input and will handle continuous loads to 7200 watts with truck engine running. KW - Equipment KW - Inverters KW - Solid state KW - Solid state devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196305 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379703 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KOZERSKI, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OPTIMIZING COMBUSTION SEALS ON DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The yieldable wire fire ring gasket has been used with good success in the majority of domestic medium and heavy duty diesel engines. With this type of head gasket design, the wire ring is attached to the gasket body by means of a thin stainless steel element (flange). The applied clamping force can be broken down into three component forces: combustion unit load, body-under-flange stress and gasket body stress. This paper will cover a design refinement that increases the combustion load and the gasket body stress by eliminating the body-under-flange load. Also discussed is an approach whereby the combustion seal seating load can be tailored for a particular application by providing a wire fire ring with a variable thickness around its circumference. In addition to better load distribution, these designs can provide cost-effective approaches to improvements in block counterbore loading, tolerance control on gasket operating thickness and bore distortion. KW - Combustion KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Gaskets KW - Optimization KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196307 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379710 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cochran, C N AU - McClure, RHG AU - TRIBENDIS, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECYCLING OF AUTOMOTIVE ALUMINUM--PRESENT AND FUTURE PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - About 70% of the 740 million pounds of aluminum in U.S. cars scrapped in 1982 will be recovered for the secondary aluminum industry, making cars second only to used beverage containers as a source of old aluminum scrap. By the late 1990's aluminum could supersede ferrous materials as the component with the highest total scrap value in the car. To fully realize this value, the automotive scrap industry will probably move from methods primarily designed to recover ferrous values toward practices which decrease the mixing of materials that presently limits recovery and value for aluminum. Today's system for recycle of used aluminum beverage cans could foreshadow development of a means for recycling automotive aluminum back to primary aluminum producers. This could be accomplished by increasing dismantling and by identification and segregation of aluminum components by alloy. Aluminum intense structures of the future could be stripped of non-aluminum components and shredded separately or baled. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Recycling KW - Scrap UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379712 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reynolds, S E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SELECTION AND INSTALLATION OF AC ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS FOR MOBILE UTILITY APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 19 p. AB - A substantial number of utility vehicles are being equipped with small integral engine-driven electrical generators to provide electrical and accessory power. With the variety of installations it is possible to incorrectly size, apply and install the engine--generator set. This paper is presented to provide general guidelines for selection and application of small engine-generators installed on utility vehicles. KW - Auxiliary power units KW - Building KW - Electric generators KW - Emergency power supply KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196316 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379524 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mersereau, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL EXPANSION OF PHENOLIC BRAKE PISTONS PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - The linear coefficient of thermal expansion of glass fiber reinforced phenolic materials for automotive brake pistons is influenced by the method of measurement, the size of the specimen, the orientation of the specimen in the test fixture, and by the thermal history of the part. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Disc brakes KW - Glass fibers KW - Phenolic resins KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196171 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379526 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fox, L D AU - Black, J W AU - French, P AU - Schwarz, E E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UPRATE OF CUMMINS V-903 DIESEL ENGINE TO 1000 BHP FOR MILITARY APPLICATION PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - A commercial truck engine normally rated at 350 bhp was upgraded to 1000 bhp for military application. The design approach used was increased engine speed, low compression ratio, high pressure turbocharging, after-cooling and turbocompounding. This paper presents details of the performance analysis, engine modifications, and design and development of the new turbo-machinery required. Results of engine test-work are also presented. KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Military KW - Military organizations KW - Modifications KW - Performance evaluations KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196173 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379528 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Seiffert, U W AU - Grove, H W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE VOLKSWAGEN RESEARCH CAR--AUTO 2000 PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper describes the research project which led to the development of the Auto 2000. The purpose of the project was to develop a passenger car to meet the needs of the motoring public in the year 2000. Special attention was given to the reduction of fuel consumption with advanced aerodynamics and the use of alternate materials, improvements in vehicle safety, reduction of exterior noise and the use of the microcomputers in different areas. The research resulted in a passenger car with an aerodynamic drag factor of .25, two different engine concepts with superchargers, transmission options with unique energy management systems, all of which combine for good driving performance and fuel economy. In addition, safety and environmental factors were considered and the results indicate that this vehicle fulfills the transportation demands for the year 2000 and beyond. KW - Auto 2000 KW - Automobiles KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196175 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379593 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Guenter, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE "LONG TERM WAVINESS" OF LARGE SMC-PANELS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - A new method is described for determining the long term waviness of large and shaped body panels made from SMC or other materials. Line tracing with a digital length gauge is used in combination with a computer to recreate characteristic profilegraphs of the range of surface structure determined by the plastic. The graphs have straight mean lines, independent from the original panel shape and cover up to more than 1 m in length. A "quality index" is defined. It is used for the quantitative assessment of the optical quality of the surface. Furthermore the computer program permits an enlargement of interesting details of the measured panel lines. KW - Computer programs KW - Panels KW - Profiles KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Sheet molding compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196214 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379595 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Maclaurin, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROGRESS IN BRITISH TRACKED VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 19 p. AB - The higher power/weight ratios of modern tracked armoured vehicles has increased potential cross-country speed and placed greater demands on vehicle suspension systems. This has led to advances in component hardware and techniques for predicting and measuring suspension performance. The paper describes the use of computer modelling for comparing the effects of different suspension characteristics and the use of concrete profiles including a "random" profile course for measuring performance and validating models. Two modern tracked vehicle suspension systems are described--one torsion bar/rotary damper and the other hydrogas. Research work in progress on active suspensions and electronically controlled damping systems is also described. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Electronic control KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Suspension systems KW - Tracked vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196216 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379618 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fuccella, D C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EVOLUTION OF ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The utilization of engineering thermoplastics in automotive applications has increased dramatically since a modest start in the early 1950's. Major application areas include electronic, engine cooling fan and system components; head lamp and instrument panel retainers; and window lift mechanisms. The evolution of engineering thermoplastics in automotive applications is traced through examination of these application areas. Projections of future evolutionary trends are presented based on anticipated application requirements and material performance potential. KW - Applications KW - Automotive engineering KW - Cooling systems KW - Electronics KW - Headlamps KW - Instrument panels KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Windows UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196239 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379620 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ritzema, K J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EVOLUTION OF STYRENIC POLYMERS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - Styrene-based polymers have been used widely in automotive applications for more than 25 years, and during the past few years, the styrenic family has undergone a dramatic evolutionary change. With the downsizing of the automobile and the move to eliminate the painting of the plastic parts, new end-use requirements are being placed on the styrenic family. To meet these new performance requirements, old resins are being modified and new resins are being developed. KW - Applications KW - Automotive engineering KW - Evolution KW - Polymers KW - Styrenes KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196241 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379563 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Burt, E C AU - Turner, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOIL MECHANICS IN OFF-ROAD VEHICLE DESIGN: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper presents a review of current traction-mobility technology and discusses its applications to vehicle design. The impact of this technology on previous vehicle designs is assessed. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - History KW - Soil mechanics KW - Technology KW - Traction KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196201 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379682 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lynn, D K AU - Murray, H S AU - McCormick, J B AU - Huff, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SIMULATED PERFORMANCE OF SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL-CELL-POWERED VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Fuel cells offer a number of attractive features as alternate power sources for transportation applications. Potential advantages include high efficiency, good performance operation on nonpetroleum fuel and negligible pollution. General Electric (GE) assessed solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) fuel cells specifically for automotive applications. The results of this assessment are used to calculate the performance and fuel consumption of the GM X Car and of the GE Chrysler Electric Test Vehicle 1 (ETV-1). The X car was calculated to have good performance, negligible emission, and substantially reduced energy consumption. The calculated performance of the ETV-1 with an SPE fuel cell is comparable to that of a present day, small gasoline-powered passenger car. In addition, the calculated fuel consumption is 33 mpg of methanol, equivalent to 66 mpg of gasoline on an energy basis. KW - Air quality management KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electrolytes KW - Fuel cells KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Polymers KW - Solid polymer electrolyte KW - Solids KW - X-cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196286 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379697 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McKibben, J S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTORCYCLE SUSPENSION DESIGN--STATE-OF-THE-ART SURVEY, 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Evolutionary changes have produced significant improvements in motorcycle ride, handling, stability and control. These changes include improvements in chassis geometry, wheel travel, damping, user adjustability and structural stiffness. Within the short span of the last decade, both highway and offroad motorcycles have achieved substantially higher levels of chassis performance. Using current model machines, it is possible to clearly identify trends in chassis development, and to illustrate the very high level of technical sophistication of modern motorcycles. KW - Data collection KW - Motorcycles KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379699 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Winkler, C B AU - HAGAN, M R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW FACILITY FOR TESTING MOTORCYCLE TIRES PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - Analysis of the dynamic modes of the single-track vehicle has been hampered by the general lack of facilities for gathering force and moment data on motorcycle tires under dynamic test conditions. The facility described was designed and constructed by UMTRI under the sponsorship of the HONDA Research and Development Company in order to alleviate this problem. Unlike conventional tire dynamometers, this new facility allows for testing under dynamic conditions and provides for non-zero path curvature. These particular capabilities hold promise for advancement in the state-of-the-art understanding of the dynamic operating modes of the single-track, pneumatic-tired vehicle. The facility is unique in its physical design in that it employs a small, light tire-mounting head which is controlled by a mechanically simple system of servo-controlled hydraulic cylinders. This mechanical simplicity is achieved, however, at the cost of a complex electronic control system involving substantial on-line digital calculation. KW - Dynamic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Motorcycles KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic tire KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196303 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379714 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nuttall, L J AU - McElroy, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF A SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL POWERPLANT FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Based on recent progress in the state-of-the art of fuel cell technology a preliminary design study has recently been completed, which assessed the feasibility of using a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell in an automotive application. Through the incorporation of several innovative system design features, a powerplant design concept was achieved which met or exceeded the specification goals in all areas. In addition, avenues of development were identified which could result in significant reductions in the production costs of the fuel cell modules which could bring them into the range of economic viability. The system design concept is described, together with the economic analysis of the potential production costs for large quantity production rates. KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Electrolytes KW - Fuel cells KW - Polymers KW - Productivity KW - Solid polymer electrolyte KW - Solids KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379716 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schuring, D J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TREAD CONTRIBUTION TO TIRE ROLLING LOSS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Tires built from compounds with equal storage moduli but different loss moduli for tread and body were subjected to designed tests on both roadwheel and twin rolls. The results allowed computation of the tread contribution to the total rolling loss, at various loads and pressures. On twin rolls, the relative tread contribution was much higher than it was on the roadwheel (typically, 60% vs 30%). On both machines, the loss contribution of the tread depended strongly on its loss modulus and on tire load; the effect of inflation pressure was small. KW - Inflation KW - Loads KW - Losses KW - Modulus KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379597 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kubozuka, T AU - HAYASHI, Y AU - HAYAKAWA, Y AU - Kikuchi, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYTICAL STUDY ON ENGINE NOISE CAUSED BY VIBRATION OF THE CYLINDER BLOCK AND CRANKSHAFT PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - To clarify the mechanism of torsional and lateral bending vibration of the cylinder block which has a large affect on engine noise, an analysis was conducted of the influence of crankshaft torsional vibration on cylinder block vibrations. There were two main results. The first is that the lateral forced vibration of the crankshaft by the fluctuation of the lateral inertia force generated with the torsional vibration of the crankshaft directly causes the vibrations of the cylinder block. The other is that the level of cylinder block vibration varies according to the condition in which the frequency of the fluctuation of inertia force approaches the resonant frequencies of the cylinder block. Further, noise reduction can be achieved by optimizing the resonant frequency of the crankshaft torsional vibration. KW - Crankshafts KW - Cylinders KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196218 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379599 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rivett, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ASSESSMENT OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDS IN LOW CARBON AND HIGH STRENGTH STEEL SHEET PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - The introduction of high strength steels has highlighted the lack of knowledge regarding the properties required of resistance spot welds, particularly in the vehicle industry. The laboratory static and dynamic tests currently employed cannot be used to predict performance under service conditions, and there is a further complication because of lack of standardisation of test techniques. Specimen dimensions strongly influence the results when the properties of welds in low carbon and high strength steels are compared. The suitability of routine shop floor tests used in mass production industries has been questioned with regard to the necessity of generating plug failure. This cannot be resolved until the significance of plug failure in high strength steels is established. If plug failure is not essential, weld size can be determined by employing high speed metallurgical techniques for steels giving interface failure. Resistance welding is the most widely used technique for assembling transport vehicles and similar structures but despite this there is a lack of realistic data which adequately define the properties and likely service behaviour of such joints. This article describes the various test methods for resistance welds and summarises observations of the influence of test technique on the results obtained for welds in low carbon and high strength steels. KW - Carbon steel KW - High strength steel KW - Low carbon steels KW - Resistance welding KW - Spot welding KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196220 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379614 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Smisek, R R AU - Marsh, L C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLE FOR NICKEL ZINC BATTERY TESTING PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper describes the vehicle and propulsion system mechanization selected by General Motors to assess the progress being made in the area of Nickel Zinc battery development. Towards this end a fleet of 12 road vehicles have been fabricated and have contributed significantly to the accumulation of 200,000 test miles on Nickel Zinc powered electric vehicles. The drivetrain selected for these vehicles includes a separately excited DC motor, an SCR armature chopper, a transistorized bi-directional field chopper and a low level electronic control system based on General Motor's Custom Microprocessor chip set. This fleet of test vehicles does not represent production intent but does possess many of the attributes thought to be necessary for a commercially viable Electric Vehicle. Although GM's Electric Car development activities have been reduced in recent months, GM is maintaining a level of battery development that will provide the Corporation with sufficient flexibility to respond to future energy supply uncertainties. Consequently, these battery test vehicles will continue to play an important role in battery development and test. KW - Electric vehicles KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Power trains KW - Test vehicles KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379616 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NEEDHAM, J R AU - Norris-Jones, S R AU - Cooper, B M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EVALUATION OF UNTHROTTLED COMBUSTION SYSTEM OPTIONS FOR FUTURE FUELS PY - 1983 SP - 34 p. AB - Demand upon finite petroleum crude reserves is forcing various countries to examine alternatives. Within the USA liquid hydrocarbon fuels manufactured from coal and oil shale are envisaged. When considering such alternatives, the trade-offs between the production costs, fuel specifications and the technical implications in use must be studied. This paper describes a programme of work examining the interaction between several fuel/light duty engine combinations. Combustion systems covered indirect and direct injection diesel and spark ignited stratified charge. Fuels primarily covered D-2 diesel, naphtha and intermediate broad-cut blends. Low ignition quality diesel fuels were also addressed. The data obtained assists in the selection of candidate combustion systems for future fuel groups based upon baseline performance characteristics. Performance and environmental penalties as appropriate are also highlighted relative to each candidate. Further work areas for a fuller understanding are also reviewed. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Direct injection KW - Fuel injection KW - Future concepts KW - Indirect ignition KW - Innovation KW - Naphtha KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379533 AU - Waller, P F AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - HEAVY TRUCK SAFETY IN A CHANGING HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION ENVIRONMENT PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Heavy trucks are overrepresented in fatal crashes even when mileage is considered. Current programs for driver licensing and monitoring and for vehicle maintenance are totally inadequate. Our vehicle fleet is changing rapidly, with downsized passenger cars and larger trucks accounting for increasing proportions of the total fleet mileage. Occupants of smaller cars are more vulnerable to injury and are at a disadvantage in sharing the road with large trucks. Passing sight distances are a particular problem. The roadway facility also poses difficulties. Roadside appurtenances and deteriorating road surfaces are creating new problems for both cars and trucks. The vehicle is more amenable to change than are highways or drivers. The mechanical engineer is perhaps in the best position to resolve the safety problems of both heavy trucks and downsized cars. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Defects KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Passing sight distance KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Roadside structures KW - Small car KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379596 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Behrin, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF AUTOMOTIVE PROPULSION SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - We analyze a number of existing and proposed automotive propulsion systems and compare their specific energy and specific peak power in terms of mechanical energy delivered from the propulsion system's energy-conversion device. The calculations account for losses due to the energy-conversion process and include the masses of both the fuel (or energy-storage device) and the energy-conversion components. Values used in the comparisons range from the current state of the art, or most-probable forecasts of characteristics, to highly optimistic projections of device characteristics. On the basis of this analysis, we estimate the range and acceleration for passenger vehicles utilizing the various propulsion systems. We also examine power-boosted hybrid systems. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196217 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379598 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hata, S AU - Takahashi, Masanori AU - Utsunomiya, N AU - Sakata, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF ACOUSTIC INTENSITY MEASUREMENT TO HIGH FREQUENCY INTERIOR NOISE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper describes the application of an acoustic intensity measurement method to high-frequency interior noise. Technical problems in applying an averaging technique via surface scanning to high-frequency interior noise were conquered, and detailed quantitative contribution analysis of interior surfaces was made possible. Based on the analysis of a small passenger car, the effectiveness of additional noise control treatment can be roughly estimated, and an acoustic comfort of the car was improved by a minimum additional treatment required. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - High frequency KW - Interior KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196219 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379600 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Knoll, R AU - Aamodt, J A AU - Gjertsen, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLD-DRAWN PRECISION ALUMINUM TUBING FOR AUTOMOTIVE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to summarize the development work of "HYDALEX", a cold-drawn aluminum precision tube, which meets all criteria outlined in the material specifications of SAE, ASTM and DIN for automotive hydraulic system applications. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Cold drawn precision aluminum tubing KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196221 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379613 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ervin, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE AND WEIGHT VARIABLES ON THE ROLL STABILITY OF HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS PY - 1983 SP - 26 p. AB - The roll stability of heavy-duty trucks and truck combinations is discussed both on the level of the fundamental mechanics of vehicle response and from the viewpoint of the quantitative influence of size and weight variables. The presentation on fundamentals begins with the case of a rigidly-suspended vehicle and builds up to the case of a tractor-semitrailer with distinctive suspension stiffnesses and spring lash properties at the various axle positions. Size and weight considerations cover variations in axle load, gross weight, and overall width as well as incidental issues involving the height and possible lateral offset of the payload center of gravity. Size and weight influences on roll stability are interpreted in terms of the likely implications for rollover accident involvement. KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Rollover crashes KW - Size KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196234 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379615 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hietbrink, E H AU - Boak, R W AU - Atkins, L P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLE ROAD TESTS OF NI-ZN BATTERIES PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper describes an on-the-road Electric Vehicle test program that was conducted at the General Motors Proving Ground to assess the performance and durability of a Ni-Zn battery system in a vehicle environment. Vehicle driving schedules, and the results of battery pack service and cycle life under various conditions are emphasized. A general description of the Ni-Zn cell design and the installation of the battery pack in the test vehicle is included. KW - Electric vehicles KW - Field tests KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Test vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196236 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379681 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Walter, C E AU - Salisbury, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ROADWAY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - The performance of a roadway-powered electric vehicle system was determined by analysis and test. In this system, energy can be transferred efficiently from the roadway to the vehicle by inductive coupling across reasonably large air gaps. Higher frequency, flux density, and road current all improve power density and/or system efficiency. Use of the powered roadway by conventional vehicles is not compromised because driveability and thermal effects are small. No difficulties were uncovered which obviate the desirability of developing the powered roadway as a means to reduce dependence on petroleum. KW - Electric vehicles KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Performance KW - Roadway powered electric vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196285 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379683 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Freudenthal, F D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STANDARDIZATION OF DIGGER DERRICK CAPACITY RATINGS PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Utility digger derricks are usually classified by their capacity rating with the booms fully retracted and fully elevated. This is not a practical working position. A more meaningful comparison of useful lifting capacities can be made when the rating classification is the load which can be lifted by the digger derrick lift cylinder at a ten foot load radius. Lifting capacities at lower boom angles are also important for digger derrick applications. KW - Booms KW - Construction equipment KW - Lifting capacities KW - Loads KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379698 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hall, D M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW APPROACH TO GLASS FIBER REINFORCED HIGH HEAT THERMOPLASTICS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper presents the properties of glass-reinforced high-heat ABS/SMA-terpolymer alloys offering cost-effective alternates to reinforced polyesters in automotive applications. It also discusses a unique new approach to the design, prototyping, and raw material selection phases of developing a new product. This approach, based on the terpolymer alloy in combination with a collimated glass concentrate polymerized in SAN, enables the design engineer to empirically establish the optimum glass level for his application using these data as a starting point. The "custom" product thus established can then be supplied on a routine basis. KW - Alloys KW - Automobiles KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Prototypes KW - Raw materials KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379700 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sawhill, J M AU - Sawdon, S E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW MECHANICAL JOINING TECHNIQUE FOR STEEL COMPARED WITH SPOT WELDING PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Two mechanical joining techniques were compared with spot welding in a number of plain carbon and high-strength steels with or without various metallic and painted coatings. Spot welds had higher static strength than mechanical joints, but the new button-type (crack-free) joint had equivalent fatigue strength at long lives. Relationships were developed to estimate the strength of the button-type mechanical joint given base metal strength properties and the geometry of the joint. KW - Carbon steel KW - Fatigue strength KW - High strength steel KW - Joining KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Spot welding KW - Static resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379715 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mathur, H B AU - Babu, MKG AU - Reddi, K S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A THERMODYNAMIC SIMULATION MODEL FOR A METHANOL FUELED SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 30 p. AB - A thermodynamic simulation model for the 4-stroke cycle of a single cylinder spark ignition engine operating on neat methanol is described in this paper. The development of the model for all the processes is illustrated. It computes the gas pressure, gas temperature and the rate of formation of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide at each crank angle using basic energy equation and reaction kinetic mechanism. A gas exchange model has been formulated by finite difference scheme to evaluate the mass flow rate through valves and the properties in the intake and exhaust systems. The validation of the above model has been carried out by comparing the predicted and experimental data at different operating conditions encompassing changes in fuel-air equivalence ratio, speed, load, spark timing and compression ratio. The special characteristics of methanol such as rapid burning rate, high power output and reduced nitric oxide emissions have been truthfully predicted by the model. KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Simulation KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379717 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Footit, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TREDLOC BELTS--A UNIQUE TECHNOLOGY FOR RADIAL PLY TIRES PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Modern radial ply tires most commonly utilize a multiple cut ply composite belt to reinforce the tread region of the tire. The woven belt is a unique alternate radial ply tread reinforcement. This system constitutes an innovative advancement in radial ply construction technology. The woven belt is a unit structure composed of rubber covered multiple cord strips interlaced to form a complex pattern. Woven belts are splice free and are also effectively free of cut reinforcement cord endings. In direct comparison to tires with conventional cut belts, woven belts demonstrate superior performance characteristics in several areas. Most notable among these performance factors are improved durability while underinflated/overloaded and superior high speed performance. KW - Durability KW - Performance KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Tire treads KW - Woven belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379523 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - THOMPSON, A G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SUSPENSION DESIGN FOR OPTIMUM ROAD-HOLDING PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Formulas are developed for the optimum spring and damper rates in conventional car suspensions. The formulas are based on the minimization of the mean-squared tire forces on random roads and take into account the body ksq/ab ratio. The suspension spring rates are optimally tuned in relation to the tire radial rates and the optimal spring and damper rates are independent of speed. Frequency locus methods are employed in the theory which is based on a linear half-car model. An example demonstrates the important effect of body centre of gravity position on suspension performance and overall static stiffness. KW - Automobiles KW - Bounce KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Friction KW - Optimization KW - Pitch (Dynamics) KW - Road holding KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Stiffness KW - Suspension systems KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196170 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379544 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pauli, E AU - LEPPERHOFF, G AU - PISCHINGER, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DESCRIPTION OF THE REGENERATION BEHAVIOR OF DIESEL PARTICULATE TRAPS WITH THE AID OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Monolithic ceramic filters, suitable for reducing particulate emissions to within the 0,2 g/mile emissions limit, are intermittantly loaded and regenerated. A mathematical model was developed in order to describe the processes which take place in the filter during regeneration. The basis of the calculation model, such as reaction kinetics, heat and mass transfer, energy and mass balance, and flow performance are explained. Filter temperature, soot oxidation and exhaust flow behavior are described over the length of a filter channel. A calculated and measured regeneration sequence for an engine operating point near engine full load are illustrated and compared. The results show that due to the prevailing higher temperatures, an intensified soot oxidation occurs at the rear of the channel. A comparison of calculated and measured regeneration requirements as well as salient oxidation parameters leads to the definition of an engine operating range where the minimum regeneration requirements are satisfied. In this range the filtered soot mass and the oxidizing soot mass are in equilibrium. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Fly ash KW - Mathematical models KW - Oxidation KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Soot KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196185 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379685 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Riesner, M AU - DeVries, R I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF VEHICLE WHEELS PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - This paper describes the application of the MSC/NASTRAN finite element program to the structural analysis of automotive vehicle wheels and the optimization of wheel designs subject to both NVH and fatigue related constraints. Common wheel design considerations are discussed including wheel tests for both fatigue and stiffness. Techniques for the finite element modelling of wheels subjected to such loadings are described including MSC/NASTRAN cyclic symmetry capabilities, solid element modelling and plate element modelling of wheels. The use of OPUS (Optimization Process Utility System) interfaced with MSC/NASTRAN for automated design optimization is described. Its application to the structural optimization of a cast aluminum wheel using gage related design variables and both NVH and fatigue related constraints is described. It is concluded that such analytical techniques represent a practical approach to the design, structural analysis, and optimization of automotive vehicle wheels. KW - Fatigue tests KW - Finite element method KW - Optimization KW - Stiffness tests KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle components KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196289 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379687 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ullman, T L AU - HARE, C T AU - BAINES, T M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL EMISSIONS AS A FUNCTION OF ALTERNATE FUELS PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - Emissions for a modern heavy-duty diesel truck engine were characterized with five different fuels during transient and steady-state operation. A control fuel (Phillips D-2) was used for baseline emissions, and as base stock in three alternate fuel blends containing EDS or SRC-II middle distillates, or used lubricating oil. The fifth fuel tested was neat soybean oil, heated to 145 deg C. HC, CO, NOx, and particulate emissions were similar for this engine on all fuels tested, with the exception of higher particulates for the soybean oil and higher NOx for the SRC-II blend. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Soybeans KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196291 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379694 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harding, G G AU - Phillips, B L AU - HAMMOND, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE LUCAS HYBRID ELECTRIC CAR PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - A five-passenger prototype car has been built to demonstrate and develop the hybrid drive concept. It uses a battery electric drive system similar to that already used on 1-tonne payload vans, together with an IC engine and generator enabling operation in both series and parallel modes. With a projected range of some 40 miles (64 kilometres) in urban traffic in battery-only mode, the car has been designed to have traffic compatible performance and the ability to cruise on highways indefinitely using the engine, with additional power available from the electric motor if required. KW - Dual mode transportation systems KW - Electric automobiles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Prototypes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196298 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379696 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Matekunas, F A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODES AND MEASURES OF CYCLIC COMBUSTION VARIABILITY PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - A single-cylinder engine with a transparent piston crown was tested with three intake geometries which produced different levels of swirl, and with two spark locations. A heat-release analysis was performed on the accumulated pressure-time data. Using this data base, relationships of maximum cycle pressure and its location in the cycle to the placement of the burn in the cycle are developed for different burning rates as a means of diagnosing sources of combustion variability. Among the significant observations were that combustion variability for operation away from the lean limit or incipient misfire is not strongly dependent on flow conditions at the spark plug and early flame behavior, but more dependent on the cyclic repeatability of the overall cylinder flow pattern. In the region of incipient misfire the early flame process becomes a significant source for variability. The onset of significant variability in IMEP corresponds to a condition where a collection of cycles shows the production of an increasing number of abnormally late burns as the spark is advanced. Additional spark advance results in the occurrence of misfire at approximately the frequency of the late-burn occurrence. KW - Combustion KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196300 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379719 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Booth, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A WEAVE MODEL FOR MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - A theoretical model to predict weave mode behavior of a single track vehicle is presented. The three degree-of-freedom model includes rear caster effects only. Tire force characteristics are based on dynamic tire testing conducted for Harley-Davidson at the Calspan TIRF. Parameters from the linearized equations are suitable as a guide for two wheel vehicle design. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle design KW - Weaving traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379602 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sutton, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMBUSTION CHAMBER DESIGN FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMY WITH HIGH COMPRESSION LEAN BURN OPERATION PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Further investigations of compact chamber high compression lean burn gasoline engines performance were undertaken, and involved exploration of the possibility of improving engine knock resistance when operating at a compression ratio of 13:1. The studies show the importance of location of the combustion chamber in the cylinder head and the design concept to create a strong swirling air movement to provide high performance and efficiency. Comparison is made between the basic low compression engine and the high compression designs, and economy and performance gains are demonstrated. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cylinder heads KW - Design KW - Economic factors KW - Engine knock KW - High compression KW - Lean burn KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196223 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379604 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kanamaru, K AU - Kunieda, T AU - Eishima, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR NOISE AND VIBRATION ON VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - An analysis system for vehicle noise and vibration has been developed. It consists of minicomputer based analog processing system connected with a large main-frame computer. This system features multi-modes for data analysis, fast data processing, data compatibility with conventional analog systems and feasibility. Fast data processing was achieved by newly developed FFT processor and minicomputer software. A new remote control box makes it simple to operate. Data processed by the minicomputer can be transferred to a large mainframe computer for further analysis. KW - Data analysis KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Noise KW - Vehicles KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196225 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379609 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chisaka, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF JAPANESE LEGAL CONTROL OF VEHICLE EXHAUSTS ON PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG CONTROL PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Japanese legal control of HC and NOx emissions from motor vehicles have a sufficient effect on controling photochemical smog in HC-NOx reaction system. This thing was obtained through numerical simulations in effect equivalent to dynamic smog chamber tests using a simplified box model consisting of a reaction module and some environmental factors. Concerning the dilution capacity of R=100 %/h, if the emission flux of NOx is controled so as not to exceed 0.058 ton/cu kmh, the maximum concentrations of O3 and NO2 can can be lowered to 0.10 and 0.023 ppm. Moreover, simultaneous control of both the HC and NOx so as not to exceed 0.58 and 0.27 ton/cu kmh respectively, is predicated upon meeting both the Japanese O3 and NOx air quality standards. It turns out that this control admits ample traffic volume 6100 cars/sq km, and is a considerably more cost-effective strategy. KW - Air quality management KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Japan KW - Legislation KW - Photochemical oxidants KW - Pollutants KW - Smog UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196230 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379611 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Adamczyk, R D AU - Dickinson, D W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF SURFACE CARBON ON THE SPOT WELDABILITY OF A MICROALLOYED 60 KSI COLD-ROLLED STEEL PY - 1983 SP - 23 p. AB - The surface condition of sheet steel has been noted in the past to affect the occurrence of interfacial nugget failures of spot welds during qualification testing. A microalloyed 60 ksi minimum yield strength cold-rolled steel was observed to have an unusually high incidence of interfacial nugget tears when welded in the as-received condition, but virtually no interfacial tears when wiped before welding. Samples of welds from both the as-received and wiped materials were examined to determine the surface characteristic causing the interfacial failures. Using Auger surface analysis techniques, the presence of a high concentration of carbon relative to iron was observed on the surface. This carbonacious surface was found to be detrimental to the formation of successful spot welds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the diffusion bonded region of the weld heat-affected zone of the spot welds in the as-received material was significantly smaller than that of the similar region in the cleaned material. This was evidenced by the extent of the ductile dimple structure found within the heat-affected zone of a tested sample. Additionally, a significantly higher amount of secondary cracking was noted in the heat-affected zone of the as-received material. Good spot weldability, as evidenced by ductile nugget pull-out, was found to correlate with significant heat-affected zone solid-state bonding. When little heat-affected zone bonding was observed, inter-facial nugget fracture resulted. A spot weld model describing the plastic zone development and propagation during a standard peel test has been proposed on the basis of the observations noted in the heat-affected zone. KW - Alloy steel KW - Carbon KW - Cold treatment KW - Cracking KW - High strength steel KW - Metallurgy KW - Spot welding KW - Surface cracks KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196232 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379695 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Maly, R AU - Wagner, E AU - Ziegler, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODELING OF FLAME PROPAGATION AND ENERGY CONVERSION RATES IN SI ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - In this paper a thermal model for flame propagation in premixed homogeneous charges is developed which is based on real physical properties of engine and fuel. It is applied to engine cycle simulations of a model engine. The flame propagation model has been successfully used already to analyze ignition problems and engine knock. Here it will be shown that this flame propagation model is capable also of correctly predicting all the known dependencies of the cylinder pressure on fuel-air-ratio, compression ratio, spark timing, EGR, fuel properties, etc., which are observable on engines both with respect to magnitude and tendency of the corresponding changes. The results of extensive parametric studies with this model are presented along with details of the model calculation. The predictions are compared to real engine data taken both from established literature and from own engine work. From the very good agreement between predicted and measured dependencies it is concluded that the proposed model is a very useful tool for guiding research work. KW - Energy conversion KW - Flame propagation KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Reliability KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196299 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379702 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fortin, P E AU - Bull, M J AU - Moore, D M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN OPTIMIZED ALUMINUM ALLOY (X6111) FOR AUTO BODY SHEET APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The influence on properties of various alloying elements in the principal aluminum alloys used for external auto body components has been studied and from the results an alloy with improved characteristics has been devised. The properties evaluated were strength, formability, age-hardening response and corrosion resistance. The fabrication practices were also examined and the best procedures to maximize properties were developed. The alloy has been formulated to provide the necessary formability requirements encountered in the production of body panels, while still obtaining a high yield strength after paint bake for good denting resistance. The result is a sheet alloy with slightly reduced yield strength but better formability and less susceptibility to spring back than 2036, 2038 and 6010 in the T4 temper and with an excellent response to paint bake treatments. The corrosion resistance of the new alloy is superior to that of 2036 and 2038 and is comparable to that of 6009 and 6010. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile bodies KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Fabrication KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Properties of materials KW - Sheet metal KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196306 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379709 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Daudel, H L AU - Fieber, M J AU - Hardenberg, H O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROGRESS IN INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST ODORANTS PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Odorants from the exhaust gas of combustion engines can be determined qualitatively and quantitatively by means of two-dimensional gas chromatographic separation, using human sense of smell, a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer as detectors. Maintaining certain test conditions is the deciding factor for the success of such investigations. Considerable progress was made with regard to complete, reproducible analyses of organic exhaust components after the test equipment and procedure had been modified, and after the optimal conditions for adsorption, desorption and substance transfer into the analytical equipment had been established. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flame photometry KW - Gas chromatography KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Odors KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Quantitative analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379713 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tsuchiya, K AU - Nagai, Y AU - GOTOH, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A STUDY OF IRREGULAR COMBUSTION IN 2-STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - In general, two-stroke engines have a tendency to develop irregular combustion under light load. Under this condition, two-cycle motorcycles have inferior riding qualities. This paper discusses the operating conditions of the engine under which irregular combustion takes place. To analyze irregular combustion, the gas scavenging process is simulated and the adiabatic flame temperature is introduced as a criteria. Auto ignition, which is apt to occur under light load and high speed, is also investigated and is discussed in association with gas temperature and adiabatic flame temperature at the moment of ignition. KW - Combustion KW - Motorcycles KW - Riding qualities KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379720 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nevison, DCH AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ZINC DIECAST DIE DESIGN FOR PLATING APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - As part of its continuing research to improve the die casting process, International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. has prepared a computer program, "Computer-Aided Design for Zinc Die Casting Dies," which will enable a die caster to design the metal flow system for a die within a matter of minutes--simply and more accurately than ever possible, previously. It is helping convert what has been an art into a science. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Die castings KW - Plating KW - Plating (Ships) KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379684 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pietrowski, R AU - Gasse, W F AU - Kenny, W D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF RENITROGENIZED AND DUAL PHASE STEELS PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - One of the more effective ways of improving automobile fuel efficiency is by reducing vehicle weight. This can be accomplished through the use of higher strength, lighter gauge steels. This study concentrates on two such steels (renitrogenized and dual phase) that potentially could be used in some fatigue applications. Three dual phase steels with different monotonic strengths were tested, as was some dual phase which was exposed to undervehicle corrosion. Two renitrogenized steels were also tested, as well as a mild steel of similar carbon content. These were tested in the hot rolled condition, and also after forming and aging. Some samples were also cycled intermittently to simulate stop-and-go driving. The data was compared to previously determined HSLA data. KW - Automobiles KW - Dual phase steel KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - High strength steel KW - Lightweight materials KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379527 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Aoki, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEHICLE ROAD TESTINGS OF BRAKE LININGS--PRESENT STATUS IN JAPAN PY - 1983 SP - 19 p. AB - Various methods to evaluate lining characteristics by road test, both governmental and industrial, are reviewed. Japanese Automobile Standards (JASO) are established covering wide range of tests. This standard is widely accepted by vehicle manufacturers, but still there are items not defined in this standard, and some of the manufacturers like to modify the standard for various reasons. It is intended that JASO will cover all aspects of road test procedure and be adopted by all Japanese manufacturers. We hope further that this standard will serve for the rationalization and harmonization of international standards like ISO and various regulations like ECE, FMVSS, Japanese Regulations, etc. KW - Brake linings KW - Industries KW - International KW - International standards KW - Japan KW - Road tests KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196174 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379592 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Murrell, J D AU - Loos, S AU - Heavenrich, R AU - CHENG, J AU - LeBaron, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHT DUTY AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY... TRENDS THRU 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 54 p. AB - This, the eleventh in a series of Papers on EPA fuel economy trends, emphasizes the current Model Year (1983) as usual, but also gives increased emphasis to trends in vehicle technology, including catalyst and transmission subclasses. Final "CAFE" production volumes and MPG figures have been used to update the data bases through the 1980 Model Year, and an analytic method used in the past to allocate year-to-year fleet MPG changes to specific causes, such as weight mix shifts, has been reinstituted. Conclusions are presented on the relation between fuel economy and emission standards, catalyst types, and transmission types. KW - Automobiles KW - Catalysts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Statistics KW - Technology KW - Transmissions KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196213 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379603 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SIERENS, R AU - Baert, R AU - WINTERBONE, D E AU - Baruah, P C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF WANKEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - An extensive experimental and analytical study of the performance of a Wankel engine is reported, with special emphasis on the combustion process. A one dimensional technique for calculating gas velocities in the combustion chamber under motoring conditions is described and this is then used to evaluate flame travel when combustion occurs. A novel three-zone combustion model is introduced. The effect of the position of the rotor recess is examined and shown to change the engine power output and hydrocarbon emissions. KW - Analysis KW - Combustion KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Velocity KW - Wankel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379610 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Haepp, H J AU - Truong, H-S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF METHANOL/DIESEL FUEL EMULSIONS ON THE MIXTURE FORMATION IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES: A THEORY ON SPONTANEOUS EVAPORATION PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Blendings of methanol and diesel fuel can only be produced in the form of emulsions. The stability of those emulsions strongly depends on the concentration of surface active agents. It is shown that observed changes in mixture formation of emulsions in comparison to pure diesel fuel conditions can be explained by a theory of spontaneous evaporation. Several feasible droplet models are discussed. Emulsion droplets evaporate spontaneously if the droplet temperature exceeds the superheating limit of the disperse phase. The superheating limit is only exceeded at the outer zone of the injection jet. KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Direct injection KW - Emulsions KW - Evaporation KW - Fuel injection KW - Methanol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196231 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379617 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Murayama, T AU - MIYAMOTO, N AU - Chikahisa, T AU - OGAWA, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELIMINATION OF COMBUSTION DIFFICULTIES IN A GLOW PLUG-ASSISTED DIESEL ENGINE OPERATED WITH PURE ETHANOL AND WATER-ETHANOL MIXTURES PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Forced ignition with glow plugs has great potential for the utilization of alcohol fuels in diesel engines. However, the installation of glow plugs may cause misfiring or knocking in parts of the operating range. This paper presents an analysis of the factors influencing the ignition characteristics of ethanol in a glow plug-assisted diesel engine; these factors may be classified into two categories: the factors related to the temperature history of the droplets before contact with the glow plug, and those related to the probability of contact. By optimizing these factors, the combustion difficulties were successfully eliminated over the whole operating range, and engine performance comparable with conventional diesel operation was achieved. KW - Alcohols KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine cylinders KW - Engine performance KW - Ethanol KW - Glow plugs KW - Hydrostatic uplift KW - Hydrostatics KW - Uplift pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196238 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379589 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - O'Brien, J M AU - Titus, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ARC CLEANING FOR JOINING ALUMINUM PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The advantages of oxide removal prior to resistance spot welding mill-finish aluminum sheet are well documented. The process of localized oxide removal through the sputtering action of a plasma arc has been integrated into a spot welding cycle at rates compatible with most automotive processes. The resulting process provides a low electrode-sheet interface resistance, having profound effects on electrode life and weld quality consistency. KW - Aluminum KW - Cleaning KW - Manufacturing KW - Oxides KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Spot welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196210 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379606 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hwang, G J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A 4-SEATER ELECTRIC VAN WITH A REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - An advanced 4-seater electric van named TEEV-8XA was developed at Tang Eng Iron Work Company to evaluate the engineering feasibilities of a unibody construction of the van and an electronic controller with a regenerative braking circuit for a DC series-wound motor. The unibody construction and trim of the van body save a weight of about 45 Kg as compared with the original construction. A two-current-level control logic is employed for the speed control of the vehicle. During the braking period, the chopper for motoring switches to the chopper for field excitation, the motor becomes a generator, and one additional chopper and an inductor are used to step-up the generator voltage. Road tests were taken and it is found that about 15.3% of the input electric energy is recharged to the batteries. KW - Chopper systems /automobiles/ KW - Electric vehicles KW - Regenerative braking KW - Vans KW - Vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196227 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379607 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Osawa, K AU - Shimomura, T AU - Kinoshita, M AU - Matsudo, K AU - Iwase, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-STRENGTH COLD-ROLLED STEEL SHEETS FOR AUTOMOTIVE USE BY CONTINUOUS ANNEALING PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - High-strength cold-rolled steel sheets having tensile strength of from 350 to 1,500 MPa with a wide variety of features have been developed by using the continuous annealing process consisting of water-quenching system. Newly developed high-strength steels include dual-phase steels with high bake-hardenability, dual-phase steels with low yield ratio and excellent ductility, dual-phase steels with high deep drawability, ultra high-strength steels and extra deep drawing high-strength steels. This paper describes the metallurgical characteristics of the products of the continuous annealing process consisting of water-quenching system, processing conditions and mechanical properties of these high-strength steels, and their application to automobiles. KW - Annealing KW - Automotive engineering KW - Cold treatment KW - High strength steel KW - Metallurgy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196228 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379621 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DOUAUD, A AU - Soete, G de AU - Henault, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PART-LOAD COMBUSTIONS IN SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The low efficiency of spark ignition engines at partial load is mainly due to non-optimum combustion. Investigation of such combustion shows that an initial phase must be distinguished from the development phase. Unacceptable combustions may be of various types such as slow and/or late burning, misfire. An experimental method based on pressure-diagram acquisition and real-time cycle-to-cycle computer processing has been developed to characterize the effects of such combustions on engine-running efficiency and smoothness. The effects of the most significant parameters--ignition, combustion-chamber geometry, mixture turbulence and composition--have been investigated with various industrial combustion chambers, leading to guidelines for optimization. To further the study of engines, fundamental data on flame initiation have been obtained through laboratory experimentation using laser tomography. KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Experimental data KW - Geometry KW - Lasers KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379562 AU - Jansson, J O AU - Shneerson, D AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - SOME APPROACHES TO CAR DEMAND MODELLING PY - 1983 SP - 80 p. AB - A number of different approaches to car demand modelling can be found in more or less separate literatures. There is work--often sponsored by the National Road Administration or other authorities responsible for road investment planning--with an ultimate view to forecasting the long-term development of car traffic. These models usually consist of two separate parts--one for estimating the future level of car ownership, and another for estimating the average mileage per car. For the purpose of fiscal and/or monetary stabilization policy, macroeconomic models for short-term forecasting are developed. An important and notoriously unpredictable item of total demand is private investment by firms as well as by households in consumer durables. Among the latter, cars is a major item. Fluctuations in total car purchases from one year to another of plus or minus 30% are not unusual, and quite different models (than the models for forecasting the long-term development of car ownership) are used for predicting expenditure on cars 1-3 years hence. As a natural extension of modal split modelling efforts, discrete choice models estimated on disaggregate cross-section data have been applied also for explaining car ownership. By this approach deeper knowledge of the socio-economic factors of importance for household car ownership has been obtained. The influence of local conditions like public transport supply and parking facilities on car ownership also become more tractable by the disaggregate approach. On the other hand, some important factors for the long-term development of car demand like the price-elasticity and the diffusion process seem difficult to estimate by cross-section analysis only. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192534 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379691 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Muthukrishnan, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INSTRUMENTED CAR RESPONSES DURING OBSTACLE ENVELOPMENT BY ROLLING TIRES PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Experimental studies were carried out to obtain instrumented car responses during impact with a simulated road obstacle. A cleat 2 in. wide x 0.5 in high x 15 in. long (5.08 cm x 1.27 cm x 38.1 cm) was employed to simulate tar strip-like road irregularities. The tests were conducted both on the roadwheel and on the road. Two automobiles of different weights were used with two different size tires. Test speeds were 30, 50 and 60 mph (48, 80 and 96 kmh). The axle accelerations, the floor acceleration and the interior noise were measured. The time and frequency domain characteristics were determined for all the test data. These results were compared with the resonant characteristics of the tires to determine the tire-car interaction effects towards vibration and noise transmission. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Noise KW - Speed KW - Tires KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196295 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379692 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Murray, H S AU - Bobbett, R E AU - Lynn, D K AU - Huff, J R AU - DEROUIN, C R AU - McCormick, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE LOS ALAMOS FUEL CELL TEST PROGRAM PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - A description is given of the program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory for testing a state-of-the-art acid fuel cell system for automotive applications. The system comprises a fuel cell stack, fuel processing system, and the equipment necessary for stack cooling and system integration. The specific tests relevant to operation of the fuel cell power plant in a vehicular environment and the measurement system are described. The results of computer simulation studies are presented showing the predicted performance of the test power plant in an electric vehicle. KW - Electric vehicles KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel cells KW - Performance KW - Programs KW - Simulation KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379705 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Moyer, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR MATERIAL-HANDLING AERIAL DEVICES PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Economies of labor and equipment are being achieved in the utility industry through the use of material-handling aerial devices. Proper designs and configurations are achieved by giving consideration to factors such as operating methods, intended uses, material-handling components, boom construction, safety factors, chassis requirements and testing. KW - Aerial devices KW - Design KW - Materials management KW - Performance KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379706 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PERFORMANCE AND HANDLING OF A TOP FUEL DRAG MOTORCYCLE PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The design and development of a top fuel drag motorcycle are reviewed from the standpoints of performance, stability and handling, and rider safety. The paper begins with a summary of design requirements related to longitudinal performance, lateral/directional stability and control, structural properties, rider factors, organizational rules, and the fact that drag racing is a spectator sport. A contemporary top fuel dragster design is used as an example case study. Analytical results illustrate the effects of aerodynamics, and varying other design parameters, on performance and stability. A principal result is that adequate down load must be maintained on the front tire. The results suggest that safety and good handling need not compromise ultimate performance, and that the required tradeoffs can be guided by analysis at the design stage. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Downforce KW - Downwash KW - Drag KW - Driving KW - Fuels KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motorcycles KW - Tires KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379580 AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - DRUNK DRIVING: A KILLER WE CAN STOP PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - This brochure lists some of the ways in which members of the community can help in programs aimed at reducing the number of alcohol-related accidents. Death by drunk driving can be drastically reduced through a combination of effective laws, consistent enforcement, heightened awareness of the problem, and a fundamental change in public attitudes toward drunk driving. Individual action, it is noted, is the key to all these efforts. Such individual actions are discussed and include the following: join a group that has a successful program; learn about the laws and regulations that have been effective and get involved; speak up in your community; set a good example; and help to change public attitudes. Sources for further information on this topic are listed. KW - Attitudes KW - Community action programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192552 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379422 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - SAKAI, H AU - Saito, K AU - Tsukada, H AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - STIFFNESS AND DENT CHARACTERISTICS OF BODY OUTER SURFACE PANEL--FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENT PY - 1983 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-22 AB - When the motor car's outer surface panel is subjected to a concentrated load, load-deformation curves show typical non-linear characteristics. It can be approximated, however, by two straight lines, one of which represents a high rigidity area (1st stage) and the other a low rigidity area (2nd stage). Considering this point, the stiffness and dent characteristics at each stage were thoroughly investigated from both aspects of finite element analysis and experimental analysis. As a result, stiffness was found to be greatly influenced by the transition of a high deformation energy band in the 2nd stage. Also, the dent resistant characteristics are stronger with a small radius of curvature of outer surface panel in the 1st stage and with large radius in the 2nd stage. These phenomena might be quite useful in motor car body designing. KW - Curvature KW - Dents KW - Finite element method KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Plastic deformation KW - Radius KW - Radius of curvature KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196106 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379441 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Aigner, J AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE RELIABILITY OF SUBJECTIVE VEHICLE EVALUATION PY - 1983 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 61-68 AB - Vehicle evaluation is an important tool for the development engineer, whether as a means of interpreting measured results or of analysing and understanding customer preferences and criticism. However like any other measuring instrument the evaluator has to calibrate this data output and analyse error sources. The student's t-test shows at a glance how accurately a group of evaluators can do the job. To cater for product quality variation the student's t-test formula is extended by a correction factor. Thus a relatively quick method of analysing evaluation data with respect to accuracy range and reliability is now available. KW - Accuracy KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality control KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Reliability KW - T test KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379435 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Mitamura, R AU - Ikemura, S AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - MITSUBISHI NEW SMALL-SIZED PASSENGER CAR "CORDIA" PY - 1983 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 69-85 AB - Mitsubishi Motors Corporation has introduced the "Cordia", a small-sized passenger coupe. This new vehicle is characterized by optimum specifications with respect to size, performance, roominess, economy, and flexibility. The major engineering features are front-wheel drive, electronic application, aerodynamic considerations, turbotuned engine, unique styling, reliability-and economy-oriented technologies. In this paper, the major specifications, design features, special components and new technologies are presented. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Compact automobiles KW - Engine performance KW - Front wheel drive KW - Fuel conservation KW - Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Riding qualities KW - Small car KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196117 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379421 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Kueper, P F AU - Gruden, D O AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE PROCEDURE TO CONTROL THE EXHAUST EMISSION OF VEHICLES IN USE PY - 1983 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 3-12 AB - Information is given about the state of development of the "no-load" test, a simple procedure to control the exhaust emission of vehicles in use. The no-load test serves to verify the ignition and mixture control system, i.e.: the ignition system by controlling the ignition timing; and the mixture control system by determining the CO and CO2 concentration in two zero-load points (idling at the engine speed specified by the manufacturer and idling at increased engine speed.) A prerequisite for doing this is the knowledge of the vehicle-type specific CO and CO2 exhaust concentration limits and the ignition timing characteristic. The proposed no-load test is particularly suited for determining vehicles with high exhaust emissions. It provides sufficiently precise statements on the functioning and required adjustments of the ignition and mixture control systems such that control of the exhaust emissions of vehicles in use seems to be feasible. KW - Air quality management KW - Engine idling KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Idling KW - Ignition timing KW - Testing KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379423 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Nagata, M AU - Kuriyama, H AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A DRIVING SIMULATOR FOR TRAINING PY - 1983 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-35 AB - A driving simulator system with audiovisual aids has been developed. The hardware of the system is characterized by analogous models of various mechanical functions on car running characteristics and operation sense with high fidelity. The software of the system is based on the principles of programmed learning. The system teaches the novice driver basic driving skills and the rate of erroneous response is comparable with that of conventional teaching methods at driving schools. The results show that this form of instruction is superior to the conventional one. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Hardware KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Novices KW - Programmed instruction KW - Software KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196107 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379424 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - SHAYLER, P J AU - Collings, N AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - ACCELERATED CORROSION TESTING OF VEHICLE EXHAUSTS PY - 1983 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 53-60 AB - Local rates of corrosive attack in an exhaust system cannot be predicted with certainty and field trials are inherently slow. Design assessment in the laboratory under controlled conditions and minimizing the real time required to produce a reference level of corrosion, is highly desirable. In this paper, the development of a 24-hour-day test facility is described. The facility has four engine/exhaust rigs with control and data acquisition by a single microcomputer. The exhausts are tested coupled to an engine to simulate service conditions, following a cycle of user-specified running conditions. A theoretical model has been developed to provide an insight to the way cycle specification and average corrosion rates are related. The model has been used to optimize cycle conditions, mimimizing test duration. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Automatic control KW - Corrosion tests KW - Data collection KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Models KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377937 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Owen, W E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BUICK MOTOR DIVISION'S NEW PRODUCTION ENGINE TEST FACILITY PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - The push for improved quality by the American automotive industry has taken many forms. Recent changes in technology have allowed advances in production engine testing that were not possible ten years ago. This paper describes the background, concepts, test cycle, computer and mechanical technology necessary to bring Buick Motor Division's new production engine test facility to reality. It also describes the procedures only recently developed by which quality discrepancies can be more accurately diagnosed in order to allow quick and correct repair of the discrepancy. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Performance tests KW - Test facilities KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195229 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377944 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Liou, T-M AU - Santavicca, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CYCLE RESOLVED TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN A PORTED ENGINE WITH AND WITHOUT SWIRL PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Measurements are presented of mean velocity and of turbulence intensity, energy spectrum, time scales and length scales in a ported engine with flat head and piston, motored at 1200, 1800 and 2400 RPM both with and without swirl. The measurements were made using laser Doppler velocimetry at data rates which were sufficiently high to allow the mean velocity in each cycle to be determined which enables one to separate the cyclic fluctuations of the mean velocity from the turbulence. The turbulence measurements near top dead center both with and without swirl showed relatively homogeneous turbulence intensity and time scales, approximately linear scaling of the turbulence intensity with RPM, decreasing time scales with increasing RPM and a shift in the turbulent energy spectrum to higher frequencies with increasing RPM. With swirl however, 25% to 50% greater turbulence intensity, higher frequency content and smaller cyclic fluctuations in the mean velocity were found. KW - Engines KW - Measurement KW - Swirl KW - Turbulence KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195236 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377955 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NUMAZAWA, A AU - Ushijima, F AU - Fukumura, K AU - ISHIHARA, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW IN A TORQUE CONVERTER PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Theoretical analysis of the fluid flow in a torque converter is not easy because it is a three-dimensional and very complicated problem. A new flow visualization method applicable to oil flow, namely a liquid-resin film method, was developed to observe the fluid flow in a torque converter. The existence of cross, swirl, reverse and separated flow in torque converters was made clear by this method, and it was clarified that the existence of these kinds of flow resulted in depressing torque converter efficiency. Additionally, the flow pattern in a torque converter was predicted theoretically by estimating the pressure distribution in it. An elliptical torque converter with high efficiency was developed by flow visualization and theoretical consideration. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Experimental data KW - Flow KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Fluid flow KW - Fuel consumption KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Torque converters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377962 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Phatak, R G AU - Komiyama, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATION OF A SPARK-ASSISTED DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - A single-cylinder, open-chamber direct-injection (OCDI) diesel engine was converted to low compression ratio, spark-assisted operation. A modular construction cylinder head was built for the test work. The research work indicated that on a typical OCDI diesel engine, several spark plug locations are possible to produce successful ignition of a wide range of fuels. Performance tests were run with different compression and swirl ratio combinations. The best combination was found to be 12.2 compression ratio and 10 swirl ratio. The spark-assisted engine (CR 16:1) was performance tested with methanol and DF-2 plus 20% methanol emulsified fuel. The spark was always required with methanol, however, with emulsified fuel spark was desirable for starting and warming up periods. The investigation suggested the feasibility of economically developing multi-fuel spark-assisted diesel engines. KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Cylinders KW - Emulsified fuels KW - Methanol KW - Performance tests KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Swirl speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195254 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378126 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ZIEROCK, K-H AU - Rothe, G AU - Steppat, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS OF THREE DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - The concentrations of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were analysed in the particulate emissions of a swirlchamber, direct injection and prechamber engine, respectively. The article describes the sampling and the analytical procedure and discusses in detail the results measured at more than 23 different steady-state operating conditions. KW - Analysis KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Particulates KW - Polycyclic hydrocarbons KW - Sampling KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195347 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378133 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - WILLKE, D T AU - Guenther, D A AU - Monk, M W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SUB-SYSTEM AND FULL SYSTEM TESTING TO ASSESS SIDE IMPACT SAFETY PY - 1983 SP - 19 p. AB - A study is being conducted in which both component level and full scale crash tests are being compared. This report documents the approach selected for component level testing and the matrix selected for full scale crash testing. The hardware that was fabricated to conduct the component tests is shown and discussed. The component test results to date are discussed as to repeatability, durability and ability to discriminate between levels of safety. KW - Durability KW - Impact tests KW - Repeatability KW - Safety KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195354 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378140 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reidelbach, W AU - ZEIDLER, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WHAT IS A REALISTIC LATERAL IMPACT TEST? PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - From the Daimler-Benz accident investigation files, 222 side collision reports were selected and ranked according to injury severity of car occupants. Those collisions which caused serious to fatal injuries were then analysed regarding direction of impact, mass and rigidity of impacting object, degree of injury risk attributed to the occupant seating position, and distribution of injuries over the body areas (head, thorax, pelvis). The findings on direction and "rigidity" of impact support the proposal to continue using the conventional rigid moving barrier but the injury distribution data underline the need to accelerate the development of improved anthropomorphic dummies suitable to simulate human kinematic characteristics. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Kinematics KW - Location KW - Position fixing KW - Risk assessment KW - Severity KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378165 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davidson, G A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER GRAPHICS DESIGN--THE DRAMATIC CONVERSION OF THE WORK FORCE PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - The work force in design and drafting is undergoing the most dramatic change in its history with the advent of Computer Graphics. The computer and CRT are replacing the traditional T. square, pencil, and compass. Work is being accomplished by one person where manually it would have required several. Even the end product is changing from layouts and details to digital data and mathematical surfaces. Retraining the highly skilled and experienced work force is the key to taking full advantage of this rapidly expanding technology. KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Instructions KW - Instructors KW - Labor force KW - Professional personnel KW - Retraining KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195386 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378177 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BAKER, Q A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPANDING DIESEL ENGINE CETANE LIMITS THROUGH STAGED INJECTION PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - Interest in alternative diesel fuels has led to consideration of various types of poor ignition quality products, such as a broad cut fuel or a synthetic fuel/DF-2 blend. Attempts were made to expand the cetane number tolerance limit of an EMD 567B medium-speed diesel engine through staged injection to permit operation on such fuels. A small portion of the fuel was injected early in the cycle to act as a pilot for the main fuel charge. Both pilot and main charges were the same fuel. Knocking was eliminated on fuels with cetane number as low as 17 at the standard 16:1 compression ratio. Attempts to operate on methanol at 20:1 failed, but such operation may be feasible with further modifications. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Cetane number KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine knock KW - Methanol KW - Staged injection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195397 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378184 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Prigent, M AU - Brunelle, J P AU - BLANCHARD, G AU - Doziere, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LEAD-TOLERANT CATALYSTS FOR EUROPE: THE BEHAVIOR OF PRECIOUS METALS ON ALUMINA PELLETS WHEN USED WITH 0.15 OR 0.40 G/L LEAD IN GASOLINE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - It may be necessary to have recourse to catalysts in Europe to reduce automotive emissions if future legislation imposes very strict limits. Since it is not desirable to forbid the use of leadbase additives in gasoline, such catalysts must be able to withstand lead poisoning. An analysis of poisoning shows that some catalysts resist this form of deactivation better than others and that the same catalyst ages more or less quickly depending on the conditions under which it is used. Improved endurance performances can be obtained by optimizing the active phase of catalysts and their supports, as well as by implementing them at high temperatures. With gasoline containing 0.15 g/l of lead and after 40,000 km of effective running, 80% CO oxidation and 65% unburned-hydrocarbon oxidation were obtained. With 0.4 g/l of lead, plugging occurs more quickly, and the reaction of lead deposits with the support at high temperatures tends to degrade the mechanical properties of catalysts. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Deactivation KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195404 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378191 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gordon, A L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REVIEW OF GASKET MATERIAL STANDARDS PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - The historical development of present standards for gasket materials has occurred over a period of almost forty years. The major portion of the work has been done by ASTM Committee F-3 with the collaboration of SAE. Coordination and participation by the U.S. Government has been obtained. The most widely used standard is a classification system published by SAE and ASTM. A modified form of the system is published as a military specification. Applicable test methods are published by ASTM. KW - Gaskets KW - History KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195411 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378349 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Staron, J T AU - Willermet, P A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYSIS OF VALVE TRAIN FRICTION IN TERMS OF LUBRICATION PRINCIPLES PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - Friction losses in a motored 1.6L valve train can be reduced by roller tappets, by needle bearing inserts placed in the rocker arm/fulcrum contact and in the cam journals and by reducing spring tension. Friction reducing engine oil additives reduce valve train friction substantially, but oil viscosity has only a limited effect. These results can be quantitatively accounted for by a simple friction model based on lubrication theory. Both the model and the experimental results are consistent with the idea that the friction losses in the valve train are mainly due to boundary and mixed lubrication. KW - Engine oils KW - Friction KW - Lubrication KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Oil additives KW - Valve train KW - Valves KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195529 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378356 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Coyle, J P AU - Tsang, PHS AU - JOHNSON, T E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF ROTOR METALLURGY ON BRAKE PERFORMANCE AND WEAR RESISTANCE PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Improvements in disc brake friction and wear characteristics are usually sought by alternating the disc pad composition or processing conditions. This study investigated the effects of varying the cast iron rotor chemistry and microstructure on the performance and wear resistance of a disc brake composed of such rotors and standard commercial semimetallic disc pads. A statistical design of and engineering experiment was used to determine such effects of five chemical variables of the cast iron rotor--C, Si, Mn, P and Ti--and two processing variables--solidification and cooling rates. An increase in manganese or phosphorus content improved brake performance and decreased pad wear, compared to a standard chemistry cast iron. Cast irons with high titanium or carbon levels showed low friction and high pad wear. Improved performance but high pad wear were found for cast irons with high silicon contents. A fast liquid solidification rate or a fast solid cooling rate significantly reduced pad wear without influencing performance. The changes in rotor chemistry in the present study did not seem to affect the rotor wear, however. KW - Brake components KW - Brake pads KW - Disc brakes KW - Durability KW - Metallurgy KW - Performance KW - Rotors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195536 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378360 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lawrence, F V AU - Wang, P C AU - Corten, H T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EMPIRICAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF TENSILE-SHEAR SPOT-WELDS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - An empirical method which is based principally on estimates of the fatigue crack initiation life (N sub I) has been developed which predicts the fatigue resistance of tensile-shear spot welds in the long life regime. The method uses Basquin's law and Peterson's equation to estimate N sub I and thus is founded on the fatigue behavior of smooth specimens and modelling of the fatigue notch size effect. The fatigue notch factor (K sub f) required in this analysis was obtained from Pook's relationships for the stress intensity factors of tensile-shear spot welds. Estimates of N sub I are added to estimates of the fatigue crack propagation life N sub P to obtain the total fatigue life (N sub T) but in the long life regime N sub P can usually be neglected. The improvement of tensile-shear spot weld fatigue resistance through manipulation of geometry and material property variables are discussed with the aid of the model. The model predicts that nugget diameter, sheet thickness, and residual stress control offer the best possibilities for fatigue life improvement. KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Spot welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195540 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378367 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Petrunich, P S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GASKET DESIGNS AND APPLICATIONS USING FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - High performance gasket technology has been based on elastomeric-bonded, fiber-filled materials with asbestos fibers historically affording the optimum price-performance benefits. Binder-free, non-asbestos, flexible graphite has temperature-pressure capabilities superior to those of asbestos-based products and can be made into a wide range of useful gaskets with simple fabrication techniques. Essential design characteristics of flexible graphite are overviewed and compared with those of elastomeric-bonded asbestos and non-asbestos materials. Several specific head gasket and exhaust sealing applications are cited. KW - Asbestos KW - Bonding KW - Design KW - Elastomers KW - Gaskets KW - Graphite KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378374 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Coyle, J P AU - Tsang, PHS AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF CAST IRON ROTOR SURFACES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON BRAKE PERFORMANCE AND WEAR RESISTANCE PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Rotor surface temperatures reaching above 700 deg C are not unusual for heavy-duty disc brakes in service, which are used in both heavy vehicles and high-performance passenger cars. Brake rotors are conventionally composed of pearlitic gray cast iron. The over 700 deg C temperatures experienced in heavy-duty service cause microstructural changes in which the surface rotor material is transformed from pearlitic to spheroidic cast iron. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of this transformation of rotor metallurgy on brake friction and wear. In this study, the normal and spheroidized rotors are coupled to a common semimetallic friction material, and the respective brake pairs are then evaluated for possible difference in friction and wear properties. Tests of rotors so transformed, either by heat treatment or by temperature cycling on a brake dynamometer showed no significant change in braking performance, but an increase of 15% in pad wear and a doubling of rotor wear over the untransformed rotors. KW - Brake components KW - Brakes KW - Cast iron KW - Friction KW - High temperature KW - Metallurgy KW - Rotors KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378381 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Malliaris, A C AU - Nicholson, R M AU - Hedlund, J H AU - Scheiner, S R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROBLEMS IN CRASH AVOIDANCE AND IN CRASH AVOIDANCE RESEARCH PY - 1983 SP - 24 p. AB - This paper presents the methodology and results of an analysis of the available information on motor vehicle accident occurrence which could be used to provide a basis for establishing priorities for future Government and private sector work directed at enhanced crash avoidance or mitigation. The work was stimulated by several factors: (1) the absence of a recent and updated framework for problem evaluation; (2) motor vehicles have changed substantially in the past several years; (3) the quantity and quality of accident data and vehicle accident avoidance performance information have increased very substantially over the past 5 years; and (4) Government policies and the amount of Government and private sector resources available for future work have changed. This study takes the Agency's automated files on accident experience as the baseline information on motor vehicle involvement in accidents of all types. This information, in conjunction with exposure data, yields relative rates of accident involvement as a function of vehicle type, vehicle size, and accident category. Primary parameters used in the analysis include the identity and frequency of precrash conditions and the incidence of driver, vehicle, and environment related contributing factors. Two factors with major influences on the accident picture--car size and alcohol--are treated extensively. The paper concludes with an agenda for further attention which addresses the relative adequacy of data and methods available for sharper problem definition and exploration of solutions. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Environment KW - Human characteristics KW - Safety KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195561 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378385 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wiers, W W AU - Hostetter, T D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT, VARIATIONS AND EFFECTS OF VEHICLE FRICTION LOSSES ON ELECTRIC DYNAMOMETERS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Techniques were developed with the electric dynamometers to: (1) measure vehicle driveline and tire losses on the emission rolls; and (2) establish the windage and friction settings required to match the dynamometer load to the actual road load or other desired load conditions. Vehicle driveline and tire losses were measured on 33 similar front wheel drive vehicles equipped with the same tire size. The total losses averaged 6.2 HP at 50 MPH and ranged from 4.8 to 8.4 with a standard deviation of .75 HP. With the standard dynamometer load used for the FTP test with that vehicle, the plus or minus .75 HP represents a 11% change in load and about a 5% effect on fuel economy. The difference between the maximum and minimum driveline and tire losses measured would result in a 27% change in load and an approximate 11% change in fuel economy. Tires accounted for the largest percentage of the total losses while the brake systems caused the greatest variations. Measurement of the vehicle losses and the ability to match the dynamometer to a desired load would allow testing all vehicles in a given program at the same load conditions. This would eliminate the effect of variations in losses when comparing the merits of various development designs and calibrations. KW - Brakes KW - Drivelines KW - Dynamometers KW - Friction losses KW - Fuel consumption KW - Measurement KW - Tires KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195565 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378529 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wales, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UTILITY FLEET USERS EXPERIENCE WITH FRONT WHEEL DRIVE ON CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS--SURVEY RESULTS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The United States auto makers have been and are still actively phasing rear wheel drive automobiles out of production, which will leave the fleet purchaser without a choice as to front or rear wheel automobiles. While the manufacturing of front wheel drive only light trucks has not become a reality as has front wheel drive automobiles, the possibility of front wheel drive light trucks does exist. For this survey, only utility companies and companies which lease to utility companies were contacted. A questionnaire was distributed in order to determine fleet vehicle user's experience with front wheel drive automobiles and light trucks (4x4). The information provided in this document represents their experience. The purpose of the survey is to determine the place that front wheel drive vehicles have in these fleets. Data shows that approximately fifteen percent (15%) of the automobiles are front wheel drive and four percent (4%) of the light trucks are front wheel drive (4x4). The maintenance cost for front wheel drive automobiles is basically the same as the maintenance cost for rear wheel drive automobiles whereas the maintenance cost for front wheel drive light trucks is more than the cost of rear wheel drive. KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Front wheel drive KW - Light trucks KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195647 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378536 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lee, W AU - Schaefer, H J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF LOCAL PRESSURES, SURFACE TEMPERATURES AND ENGINE DAMAGES UNDER KNOCK CONDITIONS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - The mechanism of surface damage in the combustion chamber of SI-engines is still unknown. More agreement is found in the literature about the theory of knock as an uncontrolled autoignited combustion with high flame velocities followed by pressure oscillations. Although there are many investigations dealing with engine damage, there is still a lack of detailed local information of pressure and temperature histories in the damage zones of the combustion chamber. In this work four pressure transducers and nine film thermocouples were inserted in a single cylinder engine with Heron type production combustion chamber and high compression ratio. The data obtained from cylinder pressure and combustion chamber surface temperature traces were registered synchronously with the Volkswagen high-speed data acquisition system HDS and analyzed with an on-line computer. Surface damage development was studied on a four cylinder production engine under conditions similar to those of the single cylinder engine measurements. Furthermore ideas how to avoid these damages are discussed. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Engine knock KW - Loss and damage KW - Pressure KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Surface temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195654 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378547 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tarter, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DISC BRAKE SQUEAL PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Theories which have been proposed as an explanation of brake squeal are reviewed. It is now thought that disc brake squeal is best explained by modeling the brake as a multi-degree of freedom spring-mass system which may be stable or unstable depending on the values of its parameters. A method of testing disc brakes to measure squeal is described. Test results show that squeal is eliminated if the rotor is slotted. Test results also show that changes in friction material and pad contact geometry can have a significant effect. It is concluded that the elimination of disc brake squeal will require both better matching of the friction material to the brake, and improvements in the design of the brake. KW - Brake pads KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Disc brakes KW - Friction KW - Noise KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195665 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378554 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hillis, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION ON MAGNESIUM CORROSION PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - To aid in better assessing the corrosion performance of AZ91 die cast magnesium, standard salt spray corrosion tests have been made on both randomly selected commercial die castings and on three series of controlled purity test panels. The results reveal that the poor performance often associated with magnesium parts in salt spray are due principally to iron, nickel, and copper contamination levels. When these contaminants were limited, severe pitting corrosion was eliminated and the salt spray performance was good to excellent when compared to 380 aluminum and cold rolled steel. KW - Contaminants KW - Copper KW - Corrosion tests KW - Die castings KW - Iron KW - Magnesium KW - Nickel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378561 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bleckmann, H-W AU - Burgdorf, J AU - Gruenberg, H-E von AU - Timtner, K AU - Weise, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FIRST COMPACT 4-WHEEL ANTI-SKID SYSTEM WITH INTEGRAL HYDRAULIC BOOSTER PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - The major step in promoting vehicle safety in the past decade is undoubtedly the advances made in developing automatic anti-skid systems. The authors' company, Alfred Teves GmbH, has made a significant contribution with an intensive 12 year anti-skid program. After successful presentation of the Mk I System in the late 70's, further progress led to the Mk II Anti-Skid System, which has attracted wide attention. It will see production in 1984 in advanced European vehicles. The main feature of this new system is its integral and highly compact design, using a single hydraulic medium, namely brake fluid. A hydraulic booster, master cylinder, energy supply with electro-pump and accumulator, and a solenoid valve block form the assembly. Another key element is the first passenger car use of microprocessors which double processes all information and mutually checks every step. These microprocessors are also highly adaptable to program changes, without affecting the hardware. This new Anti-Skid design has unique features which will set a standard for all future systems, especially as the demand for anti-skid spreads from today's upperclass vehicles to small and medium size vehicles, and the very significant safety advances are made available to the broadest range of the motoring public. KW - Antiskid device KW - Design KW - Microprocessors KW - Skid resistance KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378741 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Miller, W K AU - Ryntz, E F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MAGNESIUM FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS A STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSMENT PY - 1983 SP - 29 p. AB - This paper provides an assessment of many factors which will be important in the successful use of magnesium in automotive components. Included in this comprehensive and extensively documented review are the subjects of magnesium availability, price, energy requirements, properties, manufacturing processes, safety and applications. Potential advantages and problems are highlighted with the hope that this information will aid in the selection and development of components which best utilize the unique characteristics of this lightweight metal. KW - Availability KW - Lightweight materials KW - Magnesium KW - Prices KW - State of the art studies KW - Supply KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195765 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378749 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hugot, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW PROCESS TO PROTECT MAGNESIUM AGAINST CORROSION PY - 1983 SP - 2 p. AB - New efficient protection finish for magnesium die cast parts for automotive application, obtained by primer plus application of paint by electrophoresis, is described in this paper. KW - Corrosion protection KW - Die castings KW - Electrochemical processes KW - Electrophoresis KW - Finishes KW - Magnesium KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Protective coatings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378756 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Waters, P E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PROTECTION OF OCCUPANTS OF PRIVATE CARS IN HEAD-ON COLLISIONS AND ITS CONTROL BY LEGISLATION PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The use of the Part 572 dummy in crash testing is reviewed, noting that the variability of the results obtained from crash tests is unsatisfactorily high. The procedures lack flexibility to check all of the possibly important vehicle impact configurations and we are a long way from establishing reliable biomechanical data to cover the types of injury and population variability that need to be considered. It is concluded that this type of testing is not suitable for legislative purposes. An alternative is to use an integrated regime of simple, controlled subsystem tests calibrated from in-depth accident data. Calibration against accident data takes better account of the variability of the user population than can testing with a fiftieth percentile dummy and bypasses the difficulties inherent in the integrated test. As an example of this method, a previously unpublished study of ECE Regulation Number 12 (FMVSS 203) is used. KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Frontal crashes KW - Laws KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378767 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sunday, S P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SELF-PIERCING RIVETS FOR ALUMINUM COMPONENTS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Recent trends in the automotive industry toward improving fuel economy have led to the conversion of many steel applications to aluminum. The use of aluminum reduces vehicle weight while allowing the automaker to continue to use traditional fabricating methods. The primary joining technique used for steel sheet components has been resistance spot welding. While this technique is currently used to join many aluminum components, automakers are reluctant to specify this joining technique due to capital equipment cost, electrode tip life, or reliability concerns. Several alternate joining techniques have been investigated and used. These include adhesive bonding, weld bonding, resistance welding with arc cleaning, GMA spot welding, clinching, and riveting. Recently, a method of riveting components without prepunching or predrilling holes has generated a large amount of interest. This paper is a review of this riveting technique. Data is included for comparisons to resistance spot welded joints. KW - Aluminum KW - Joining KW - Resistance welding KW - Riveting KW - Rivets KW - Spot welding KW - Vehicle components KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377932 AU - Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre TI - HIGH STRENGTH STEEL PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - This article points out the advantages of high strength steels (HSS) and high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, which include increased strength and, along with this, down gauging in thickness to produce a lighter weight steel. The availability of HSS is also discussed and welding recommendations for car body repairs are given. Tables list car manufacturers now using HSS, along with the model and part description. KW - Automobiles KW - Availability KW - High strength steel KW - Lightweight materials KW - Low alloy steel KW - Strength of materials KW - Supply KW - Thickness KW - Vehicle components KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377436 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hardy, K S AU - Langendoen, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED HYBRID VEHICLE SUBSYSTEM ASSESSMENT PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Various candidates for nonpetroleum electric and hybrid vehicle (EHV) subsystems have been evaluated as part of the Advanced Vehicle (AV) Assessment at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The subsystems include battery and power-peaking energy storage, heat engine and fuel cell energy conversion devices, motor/controller subsystems, transmissions, and vehicle subsystem (structure and body) technologies. The primary objective of this effort, was to project the mature capabilities of the various components in the 1990's for application in the systems evaluations in the next phase to this activity. This paper presents the basic characteristics of the subsystems and compares their capabilities with projected AV subsystem requirements. KW - Assessments KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Subsystems KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195072 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377443 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fulton, C W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTINUOUS ROLL-BONDING: A MEANS OF MANUFACTURING HEAT EXCHANGER PARTS AND COMPONENTS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The limited number of heat exchange applications for Roll-Bond is due to existing methods of manufacture. New technology has been developed to change this. By bonding and inflating coils rather than short pieces, continuous roll-bonding increases design flexibility. Very long lengths, lighter gauges, straight tubes or groups of tubes are now possible in addition to conventional silk-screened patterns. Greater productivity makes the new product more economical and combinations of continuous Roll-bond with alcladding and brazing are especially interesting possibilities when designing cost effective, high performance heat exchangers. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Heat exchangers KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377487 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - FURUHAMA, S AU - Hirukawa, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PISTON SLAP MOTION AND ENGINE NOISE UNDER LOW TEMPERATURE IDLING OPERATION OF DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Diesel engines make a shrill noise called "idle knock" under low temperature idling operation. This causes a serious noise pollution problem in automobile diesel engines. It was clarified by this study that one important source of this noise was piston slap impulse. Piston slap motion was measured under usual operating conditions and a condition with additional oil supplied into the piston clearance. The piston slap motion was calculated, taking into account the frictional resistances of the crank mechanism and squeeze action of oil film. It was concluded that only a negligible amount of oil existed in the piston clearance for the squeeze action. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine idling KW - Engine knock KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Noise KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377491 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kihara, R AU - Mikami, Y AU - Kinbara, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ADVANTAGES OF THE ISUZU SQUARE COMBUSTION CHAMBER FOR D.I. ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - An appropriate configuration of square cavities shows two distinct characteristics when compared with the characteristics of the circular cavity. One is that the injection angle to the square cavity wall has some effect on reducing smoke level at low engine speeds and loses this effect with increasing engine speed. Secondly, the reduction in swirl at high engine speeds results in a better balance of swirl over the entire engine operating range. This allows best injection timing for BMEP to be retarded resulting in lower NOx and noise. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion chambers KW - Direct injection KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Isuzu motors limited KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Smoke KW - Sound level KW - Swirl speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377754 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Seino, T AU - Furusawa, M AU - Ikuma, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ON THE THEORY OF ORTHOGONAL ENGINE MOUNT SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION TO MOTORCYCLES PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - By orthogonalizing the primary inertia moment vector produced by an engine with many eigen vectors, a new engine mounting method called "the orthogonal engine mount system" was designed. This paper explains its theoretical background. In addition, a motorcycle with a two-cylinder engine incorporating this system was analyzed by means of modal analysis and building block approach techniques to determine the effectiveness of the orthogonal engine mount system. KW - Auxiliary lanes KW - Effectiveness KW - Engine mount systems KW - Engine mounts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Orthogonality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377933 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Giovanetti, A J AU - Ekchian, J A AU - Heywood, J B AU - Fort, E F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS MECHANISMS IN A DIRECT INJECTION SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 23 p. AB - The direct injection spark-ignition engine is the only internal combustion engine with the potential to equal the efficiency of the diesel and to tolerate a wide range of fuel types and fuel qualities without deterioration of performance. However, this engine has low combustion efficiency and excessive hydrocarbon emissions when operating at light load. In this paper, potential sources of hydrocarbon emissions during light load operation are postulated and analyzed. The placement of fuel away from the primary combustion process in conjunction with a lack of secondary burnup are isolated as important hydrocarbon emissions mechanisms. Analyses show that increasing cylinder gas temperatures can improve secondary burnup of fuel which would reduce hydrocarbon emissions. Practical means to achieve this include higher compression ratio and use of ceramic parts in the combustion chamber. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195225 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377934 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bothe, D R AU - Mitchell, R L AU - Rutter, R R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATIONS OF MONTE CARLO SIMULATION TO VEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND COMPONENT REMANUFACTURING DECISIONS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - As component and systems sophistication in both cars and trucks increase, improved diagnostic capabilities are required to assure proper and expedient serviceability. Replacement of electrical modules, starter motors, carburetors, fuel injectors and even whole engines or transmissions is encouraged by high labor costs and continued vehicle mobility mandates. The remanufacturing business has grown and components previously discarded now provide valuable core elements to feed the industry. To achieve efficient utilization of capital, equipment and labor, remanufacturers must estimate when this supply of core elements will be available and plan their production schedules accordingly. In order to properly service private individuals and commercial fleets, minimize vehicle downtime and reduce life cycle costs, adaptation of available analytical tools must be made. This paper adopts the Monte Carlo simulation model as a predictive tool for OEM's, remanufacturers and large fleets to gauge the requirements for maintenance and facility requirements. KW - Manufacturing KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Requirement KW - Spare parts KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195226 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377948 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - VARDE, K S AU - POPA, D M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL FUEL SPRAY PENETRATION AT HIGH INJECTION PRESSURES PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - To study diesel fuel spray behavior at high injection pressures, an experimental study was undertaken to investigate spray penetration and spray angles at constant injection pressures. Fuel spray penetration and spray angles were found to depend on the injection pressure, density of the background gas, orifice dimensions, etc. A relation, based on non-dimensional parameters, is derived to predict diesel spray tip penetration. The calculated tip penetration is found to agree well with the experimental results. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Direct injection KW - Fuel injection KW - High pressure KW - Pressure KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195240 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377951 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - HOUPT, P K AU - ANDREADAKIS, S K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ESTIMATION OF FUEL-AIR RATIO FROM CYLINDER PRESSURE IN SPARK IGNITED ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - A novel approach to the estimation of equivalence ratio in spark-ignited internal combustion engines is proposed, based on a certain cycle-by-cycle statistical analysis of indicated cylinder pressure data. A classical ("zero-dimensional") first law cylinder pressure thermodynamic model is re-parameterized into a difference equation in which crank-angle is the independent variable, and parameters in the combustion model are estimated from observation of cylinder pressure alone. An efficient algorithm based on statistical maximum-likelihood techniques is derived to produce estimates of combustion duration, ignition delay, and total heat released on a cycle-by-cycle basis. It is then shown that the statistical signature of the estimated parameters (combustion duration in particular) can be exploited to develop a Bayesian estimator for equivalence ratio. Experimental results from a CFR engine are presented together with potential simplifications to the required data processing requirements. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Cylinders KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Pressure KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195243 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377965 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Klick, D AU - Marko, K A AU - Radzwion, D J AU - Rimai, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LASER ANEMOMETRY FOR ENGINE FLOW STUDIES PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Interferometric laser anemometry was used to determine cycle-resolved velocity records within the cylinder of a laboratory engine. Direct recording of the signal enables two new types of information to be collected. For single seeds, two-dimensional projections of seed trajectory are measured to yield information about microscale turbulence. For multiple seeds, continuous records of velocity versus time are found to contain velocity fluctuations on a smaller time scale than previously measured in an engine. A discussion of the simple apparatus will be presented, along with some suggestions for noninterferometric flow measurement. KW - Anemometry KW - Engines KW - Flow measurement KW - Interferometers KW - Lasers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195257 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377966 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yardley, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHTWEIGHT STEEL TUBE MASTER CYLINDERS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - In order to produce an economical lightweight master cylinder, a unit has been developed which incorporates a thin walled steel tube as the basic component for the manufacture of the body. The range includes tandem cylinders of both conventional and shortened lengths together with single cylinders for use with clutch systems. Also included is a concept for producing non-machined master cylinder pistons. KW - Clutches KW - Cylinders KW - Lightweight materials KW - Steel KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195258 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378122 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ulezelski, J C AU - Evans, D G AU - Haka, R J AU - Malloy, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEEDLE BEARING AXIAL THRUST STUDY PY - 1983 SP - 46 p. AB - This paper discusses the mechanics of axial forces generated by needle skew in full complement, continuous rotation needle bearings. Experimental measurements of the axial forces and observed needle skew angles are presented for single and double row bearings. Various mechanisms causing the needles to skew are discussed along with design modifications for eliminating or reducing the axial thrust. KW - Axial thrust KW - Design KW - Needles KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378136 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nozue, Y AU - Satoh, H AU - Umetani, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL STRESS AND STRENGTH PREDICTION OF DIESEL ENGINE CYLINDER HEAD PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper describes the research which objective is to establish the method to predict the crack initiation life of the diesel engine cylinder head caused by thermal fatigue. Both experimental and analytical researches were carried out. The experiments were to determine thermal and mechanical boundary conditions, applying a foil-type thermo-couple and a high-temperature strain gauge. FEM models for heat transfer and thermal stress analysis were prepared and refined based on the experimental results. Finally, the authors propose a prediction method, which consists of simplified FEM analysis and evaluation of thermal fatigue strength. KW - Boundary conditions KW - Boundary value problems KW - Cracking KW - Cylinder heads KW - Diesel engines KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Strength of materials KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195357 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378137 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sovran, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRACTIVE-ENERGY-BASED FORMULAE FOR THE IMPACT OF AERODYNAMICS ON FUEL ECONOMY OVER THE EPA DRIVING SCHEDULES PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A fuel consumption analysis has been made to determine the impact of changes in aerodynamic drag on fuel economy over the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) driving schedules. It is based on the tractive energy required by vehicles to negotiate those schedules--specifically, on the fraction that is required to overcome drag. Formulae for this energy fraction that are applicable to any automobile have been previously derived. In conjunction with empirical inputs on closed-throttle fuel rate and the fuel consumption fraction for engine and vehicle accessories, an expression for the aerodynamic influence coefficient relating any percentage reduction in drag to the corresponding attainable percentage reduction in on-road fuel consumption has been formulated. The simple formula is used to show the effect of drag changes of various magnitude on EPA Urban, Highway, and Composite fuel consumptions. The equivalent reductions in vehicle mass and tire rolling-resistance coefficient required to produce the same fuel saving are also shown. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tires KW - Tractive forces KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195358 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377439 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lapsys, A L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PORE-FREE ALUMINUM WHEELS AND OTHER O.E. CASTINGS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Use of highly styled aluminum wheels and aluminum castings for various chassis components has dramatically increased in the O.E. community due to the styling and weight reduction opportunities afforded. The processes historically considered for aluminum chassis components have been forgings, permanent mold castings (low pressure and gravity) and occasionally high pressure die castings. The advent of the Pore-Free process in the United States affords the design engineer a new technology that combines the benefits of high strength, ability to heat treat, absence of gas porosity, weldability and a high degree of dimensional accuracy in a single process. Basic work over the past two years has resulted in a U.S. talent-based Pore-Free die casting process capable of producing high elongation, high ultimate and yield strength, hydrostatically sound and dimensionally precise castings suitable for styled wheels, various stressed chassis components and pressurized vessels such as power steering gear housings and pump bodies--all at comparable or lower cost than with current production methods. KW - Aluminum KW - Casting KW - Porosity KW - Production methods KW - Vehicle components KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195075 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377440 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kerr, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A CHRONOLOGY OF FORGED ALUMINUM WHEEL DEVELOPMENT AT ALCOA PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - In the late 1940's Alcoa began marketing forged aluminum disc wheels for Class VII and VIII highway tractors, and in 1972 stylized passenger car wheels. This paper covers the evolution of some early pre-production designs to the present. KW - Aluminum KW - History KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377484 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - PRATT, G C AU - Whitney, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE BEARING OVERLAYS: THE EFFECT OF OVERLAY COMPOSITION ON DIFFUSION AND POST-DIFFUSION BEARING PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - At engine temperature the loss of tin and copper from the overlay of lead-tin overlay plated crankshaft bearings can result in a corrosion prone overlay and a reduction in bearing life. A nickel barrier between the overlay and the lining offers only a partial solution to the problem. New data for the effect on diffusion rate of the original tin and copper contents of lead-tin-copper overlays have a major effect on diffusion rate, as do the choice of barrier and its quality. The mechanisms operating during diffusion are illustrated by x-ray maps obtained on the scanning electron microscope. Data for the post-diffusion corrosion and cavitation erosion resistance of overlays have been obtained. The results demonstrate the importance of heat-treatment at engine temperature prior to the assessment of overlay performance. KW - Bearings KW - Copper KW - Corrosion KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Durability KW - Engines KW - Heat treatment KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Metal heating KW - Performance KW - Tin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378169 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chaibongsai, S AU - Howlett, B J AU - Millard, DHT AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENGINE SCREENING TEST TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF METHANOL FUEL ON CRANKCASE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - An engine screening test has been successfully developed to study the effect on bore and ring wear of crankcase oils in methanol-fueled spark ignition engines. The cyclical Sequence V-D test procedure was modified and used in the 2.3L engine for this development. The main modifications were as follows: The engine was equipped with an oil filter, dual carburetors and an oil flushing mechanism. The metals content in the used oil samples were monitored as a bore and ring wear indicator and oil quality was differentiated effectively in 4 to 22 hours of testing. As a result, two fully formulated oils have been defined. The performance of these oils exceeds the SF specification limits in methanol-fueled V-D testing and reduces bore and ring wear to almost the same levels as typically seen in gasoline-fueled engines. These products are now undergoing extensive field evaluation. KW - Crankcases KW - Engine oils KW - Metal fibers KW - Methanol KW - Performance evaluations KW - Screenings KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378173 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cogswell, J A AU - Malen, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE MOUNT FOR INTEGRAL BODY VEHICLE PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - A typical problem in integral body vehicles is the isolation of high frequency vibration and noise. A method of attacking this problem is presented for isolation of engine noise. A mount concept which acts as a mechanical low pass filter was analyzed, designed and tested. Results in reducing engine noise in the vehicle show it to be an effective method. KW - Engine mounts KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Integral construction KW - Noise KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vibration isolation KW - Vibration isolators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195393 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378187 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tracy, D H AU - Arnio, B M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY OF NON-ASBESTOS GASKETING MATERIALS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Some non-asbestos gasketing materials have proven to be equal to (and some superior to) asbestos reinforced gasketing materials under severe service conditions. Proper selection of materials for performance/cost considerations given the service requirements is essential. Data comparing non-asbestos gasket materials to conventional products over a wide range of simulated application parameters will be presented. Emphasis will be placed on data and test conditions that can be used to predict functionality and reliability of gasket materials. KW - Gaskets KW - Materials tests KW - Performance KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195407 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378188 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Keegan, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PHENOLICS IN AUTOMOTIVES--A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1983 SP - 2 p. AB - Automotive electrical parts were among the first uses of phenolic molding compounds. Improvements in materials, process equipment and molding techniques have mirrored the expanded use and productivity to meet the requirements of lower cost and weight. The ever increasing performance requirements have been met with the "old-but-new" phenolic molding materials. KW - Forming KW - History KW - Phenolic resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195408 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378363 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - WASKO, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATION OF FULL VEHICLE AND COMPONENT TEST PROCEDURES FOR IMPROVING SIDE IMPACT CRASH-SURVIVABILITY PY - 1983 SP - 32 p. AB - This paper reports the results of one of the tasks addressed in a coordinated NHTSA/MVMA side impact test procedure development program: the identification of specific tests which should be able to discriminate among vehicle designs having a significant effect on side impact injuries. Component and full vehicle crash tests addressing impacts between specific occupant body parts and vehicle regions are recommended for development. Advantages and disadvantages of component vs. full vehicle tests are discussed and areas needing further research to support side impact test development are recommended. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195543 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378364 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lazear, N R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVOLUTION OF POLYCARBONATE FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of polycarbonate resins for various automotive applications. To accomplish this the polycarbonate materials will be divided into three categories. The first part will discuss unmodified and reinforced polycarbonate; then binary blends of polycarbonate with other polymers will be treated and finally some new polymer blends that provide significant property improvements will be described. Polycarbonate is a unique material that combines excellent impact strength, weatherability and heat resistance with transparency. Initial uses were based on these characteristics but there were also limitations. Stress cracking on exposure to some automotive fluids, reduced ductility at low temperatures and creep at elevated temperatures excluded polycarbonate from several exterior parts. These limiting characteristics can be overcome by reinforcement or blending with other polymers. Through these techniques the versatility of polycarbonate in meeting the varied automotive requirements has been increased. This will be demonstrated by examining several applications in more detail. KW - Automobiles KW - Ductility KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Polycarbonates KW - Resins KW - Strength of materials KW - Thermal resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195544 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378377 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henderson, R L AU - Sivak, M AU - Olson, P L AU - Elliott, W M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTOR VEHICLE REAR LIGHTING AND SIGNALING PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - This paper addresses the relationship between vehicle rear lighting and signaling systems and probability of accident involvement. All classes of vehicles and all aspects of rear lighting and signaling systems as specified in current standards are considered in terms of the informational needs of following drivers. Relevant vehicle, driver, and environmental characteristics are identified, and their frequency of occurrence and relationship to accidents (or pertinent proxies) discussed whenever such information is available. The bulk of the report is devoted to reviewing, summarizing, and integrating the large body of data concerning vehicle rear lighting and signaling systems, including engineering analyses and other analytical studies, as well as experimental data from laboratory, simulation and field studies. The major output of this review and summary is the identification of: 1) the major problems associated with vehicle rear lighting and signaling systems, 2) mitigating concepts, including a discussion of how these concepts should be evaluated, and 3) considerations for the future attention of the research community interested in improving vehicle rear lighting and signaling systems. KW - Data analysis KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Human characteristics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Rear signals KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195557 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378378 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - Rezabek, S E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OCCUPANT INJURY PATTERNS IN SIDE IMPACTS--A COORDINATED INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - The Accident Data Analysis Task Group of a coordinated government/industry project to develop and compare full-scale with subsystem side impact test procedures investigated four areas of side impact injuries. The Task Group ranked crash configuration modes; established injury categories based on predominant body region injured and vehicle interior component contacted; investigated the relationship between these first and second impact variables; and discussed the role of structural integrity to occupant injury. KW - Classification KW - Data analysis KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Patterns KW - Side crashes KW - Structural adequacy KW - Structural analysis KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195558 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378540 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zarrugh, M Y AU - Goncer, B A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER-AIDED SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - A computer-based package has been developed for the analysis and synthesis of machine elements, such as linkages, cams, gears, bearings, transmission shafting, brakes and clutches and springs. The package can also be used for the design of an entire system containing a satisfactory combination of basic elements. The major distinguishing aspects of this work are (1) the large variety of elements contained in one package which facilitates the design of systems of components, (2) simplicity of use, (3) complete interactivity with computer graphics and (4) ease of extending the package to include new elements or to modify the selection procedures of existing elements. KW - Components KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Interactive graphics KW - Machines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195658 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378543 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MISCHKE, A AU - GOEHRING, E AU - Wolsdorf, P AU - Glasner, E C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPT OF DRIVING MECHANICS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - In the following paper, vehicle and test stand related measuring and calculating methods will be introduced which have proven to be a suitable basis for the discussion of the criteria of driving mechanics for commercial vehicles. Because of the progress of electronics development these methods are reliable and quickly performed today. In connection with tire and brake characteristics, which are the basis for measuring driving maneuvers, and with the knowledge of axle and wheel movement, a purposeful and physically correct evaluation of the driving behavior of vehicles is possible. With the aid of complex mathematical vehicle substitution systems it is already possible to accurately estimate tendencies in the pre-development stage of a vehicle. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Handling characteristics KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195661 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378557 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Glance, P C AU - Munt, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY FOR U.S. ARMY GROUND VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - The US Army conducts Research, Development & Acquisition programs on a wide variety of tactical and combat vehicle types. Available resources for the research and development (R&D) of candidate engines, however, are far more limited. Consequently, there is need for a management strategy by which the US Army Tank-Automotive Command (TACOM) can more effectively direct the limited Department of Defense (DOD) R&D resources to those programs which will provide the greatest benefit to the overall effectiveness of the DOD. In response to this need, TACOM has evolved an engine R&D two-fold strategy. The first part of the strategy is the limitation of TACOM's R&D efforts to that range of engines wherein there are no cost-effective commercially available engine options. The second part of the strategy is the goal to develop an objective, quantifiable methodology which integrates the highest priority goals into an overall evaluation of the cost/combat (or operational) effectiveness of candidate engines. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Development KW - Engines KW - Military vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195675 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378558 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Holzwasser, H A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINEERING FOR REMANUFACTURING PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Remanufacturing has come of age as an industry, stressing quality, production efficiency, and cost savings in response to growing consumer demand and the imperatives of wise energy and resource use. A threat to the remanufacturing alternative is engineering that seeks weight reduction and low cost in components rather than durability and hence remanufacturability. Such goals also endanger OEMs' reputation for quality. As American consumers become more pragmatic, the concept of totally remanufactured cars, as a dependable, low-cost alternative, generates greater public interest. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Manufacturing KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Remanufacturing KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195676 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378734 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brach, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPACT ANALYSIS OF TWO-VEHICLE COLLISIONS PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has conducted twelve staged collisions with the purpose of furnishing collision data for use with accident models. In this paper the data is fit to a two-vehicle impact model using the method of least squares. The model is based upon the equations of impulse and momentum; the computed constants are the coefficients of restitution and equivalent coefficient of friction. A gradient search technique was used to minimize the sum of squares directly. Solutions (coefficients and velocity components) are found for 11 NHTSA collisions. The data seems to fit the model well, although deviations of 10% in impact velocity changes are not uncommon. Collisions with similar geometry but different initial velocity magnitudes do not always result in similar values of coefficients of restitution and friction. A specific parameter involving the total initial momentum, collision energy loss and velocity change of a single vehicle remains remarkably constant throughout all experimental collision types, speeds and vehicle mixes. This allows a simple expression to be used to predict approximately the velocity change of either vehicle in any collision. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Least squares method KW - Momentum KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195758 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378737 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Benson, G AU - Fletcher, E A AU - Murphy, T E AU - Scherrer, H C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - KNOCK (DETONATION) CONTROL BY ENGINE COMBUSTION CHAMBER SHAPE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A reduction of engine knock intensity is demonstrated by incorporation of a stepped piston top to provide an abrupt increase in flame front area in an ASTM-CFR octane rating engine. The conclusions are based on several different types of knock measurements. Three different piston designs were tested. Decreases in the knock intensity, the magnitude of the pressure oscillations following knock, of up to 40% were realized. The statistical nature of knock is shown to be somewhat different from a normal distribution. The data have more scatter, particularly toward the high side of the mean value. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Design KW - Engine knock KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195761 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378752 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KOCH, M AU - Nilsson-Ehle, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PRACTICAL STATISTICAL APPROACH TO SET SPECIFICATIONS IN CAR SAFETY ENGINEERING PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Safety specifications can be expressed by Market Requirements which describe a performance that any car has to surpass. Alternatively there are the Engineering Specifications which describe average performance for engineering and laboratory testing. A statistical procedure used for translation of the Market Requirements to the Engineering Specifications is described. It is a combination of engineering judgement and frequency distribution graphs, with confidence limits included. The procedure has been successfully used in design work on Volvo cars. Potential improvement areas of the method are listed. The method should be applicable to many products with narrow tolerances between Market Requirements and average product performance. KW - Confidence limits KW - Frequency distributions KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195775 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378753 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Andersen, D H AU - Lawrence, A F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRECISION CONTROL EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF COMPRESSION MOLDING PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - A precision compression molding press, the press controls, and mold temperature control are described. Controllability of the press motion, press force and the mold temperature have a significant impact on reduced cycle time, reduced material costs and reduced scrap in compression molding of "Class A" finish FRP structural panels. Conceptual ideas on automation of the process are presented that can substantially reduce labor costs and increase consistency of molded SMC panels. KW - Automation KW - Compression molding KW - Control systems KW - Costs KW - Precision KW - Productivity KW - Sheet metal KW - Temperature control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195776 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378770 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hiraga, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SPIRAL COMPRESSOR--AN INNOVATIVE AIR CONDITIONING COMPRESSOR FOR THE NEW GENERATION AUTOMOBILES PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Sanden Corporation (named Sankyo Electric Co., Ltd. prior to September 1982) developed a new automobile air conditioning compressor, the "TR" type, based upon the spiral machine principle. Two spiral components have 2.8 turn involute spiral walls projected from discs. Both spiral components are housed in a cylindrical casing, with one in a fixed position and the other interleaved with the former at an angular relationship of 180 deg. The free moving component is driven by a crankshaft in an orbiting motion. The orbiting motion of the free moving component provides a continuous compression process in two pairs of compression pockets. The "TR" compressor has several unique features in its physical and mechanical design: (1) Specifically disposed and shaped spiral components to maximize the displacement within a small diameter casing, (2) A compliant crank mechanism utilizing the swing motion of an eccentric bush, (3) A perfect dynamic balancing mechanism with minimized radial forces, and (4) An anti-rotation coupling mechanism with a function of the orbiting thrust bearing. These basic features result in a number of advantages in application which are of interest to today's automotive design engineers: (a) High refrigeration capacity from a compact, lightweight package achieved by combining the super high speed capability (up to 13,000 rpm) and a high volumetric efficiency (75% to 85%); (b) Extremely smooth operation with low torque requirement and inherently low torque variation; (c) Weight reduction of the compressor and its mounting means; and (d) High performance, comfortability and drivability combined with low N.V.H. (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) characteristics. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Comfort KW - Compressors KW - Cooling equipment KW - Design KW - Driveability KW - Performance KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195793 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378771 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davis, J W AU - Knaster, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SUBSTRATE/PHOSPHATE COATING INTERACTION VIA POTENTIODYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The inherent metal quality, coupled with the metal surface condition prior to phosphating has been associated with the corrosion stability and adhesion characteristics of the subsequent phosphated and painted surface. The corrosion and adhesion properties are usually determined via long-term tests; however, our investigation of the potentiodynamic behavior of the metal substrates and phosphated coatings have shown that these electrochemical measurements can provide possible failure-mode explanations exhibited by subsequent accelerated testing. Fundamental properties of phosphate coatings on Fe, Zn, and Al substrates have also been investigated via potentiodynamic measurements. Indications of the reactivity of the different substrates with respect to ease of phosphate-ability may be derived via anodic and cathodic polarization measurements. Further, the effects of variations in the phosphate processing conditions have been correlated to polarization measurements. Finally, the successful treatment of different substrates requires variations in the chemical make-up of the phosphating bath, and a need for flexability in the chemical replenishment of the phosphating bath. KW - Adhesion KW - Aluminum KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Electrochemistry KW - Iron KW - Phosphate coatings KW - Phosphates KW - Polarization KW - Substrates KW - Substrates (Waterways) KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195794 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378159 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kato, T AU - Fujikura, M AU - Iikubo, T AU - Isomura, T AU - Matsuno, M AU - HIRAYAMA, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF A NEWLY DEVELOPED IRON-BASE SUPERALLOY TO EXHAUST VALVES OF DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The exhaust valves of 21-4N or 21-2N generally have hardfaced heads for heavy-duty engines. Hardfacing alloys contain a large amount of cobalt (Co), which sometimes becomes very scarce and outrageously expensive. Therefore, some automakers have adopted nickel (Ni)-base superalloys as unfaced exhaust valves, but continued to search for less expensive heat resisting alloy. The authors had succeeded in developing an iron (Fe)-base superalloy, RS 914, containing 40% Ni, 19% Cr, 2.8% Ti and 0.7% Al. The mechanical and chemical properties of this alloy had proved to be comparable with those of Ni-base Inconel 751. And unfaced exhaust valves of RS 914 passed endurance tests in turbo-charged diesel engines with minimal damage. This alloy is relatively low cost and easy to fabricate, so that it can be applied for unfaced exhaust valves substituting for Ni-base superalloys. KW - Costs KW - Diesel engines KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Super alloys KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195380 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378183 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harrison, B AU - TAYLOR, J R AU - DIWELL, A F AU - Salathiel, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LEAD SPECIES IN VEHICLE EXHAUST: A THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH TO LEAD TOLERANT CATALYST DESIGN PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - As part of a programme to develop lead tolerant emission control catalysts for Europe, a fundamental thermodynamic approach has been used to achieve an understanding of the lead species in vehicle exhaust under widely varying conditions and to consider the possible interactions which may occur between the catalyst and lead species and which may give rise to poisoning. A model has been developed which calculates the gas stream equilibrium and identifies the most stable solid phases which precipitate from the gas phase, until a final equilibrium has been reached. Results covering a wide range of conditions are presented, and compared with rig and engine test data--providing a means for determining the proportion and composition of gaseous and solid lead compounds, and the effect of oxygen content and temperature of the exhaust on the lead species formed. The data assist in the design to total vehicle emission systems with improved lead tolerance. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Lead (Metal) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195403 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378185 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Walter, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MANUFACTURING AUTOMOTIVE INTERIOR PANELS FROM FIBERBOARD PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - The need for lightweight, durable automotive interior trim panels becomes increasingly more important with smaller, lightweight automobiles. The requirements are being accomplished with fiberboard panels produced from reclaimed paper and natural wood fibers. The use of fiberboard panels and manufacturing techniques offers high quality automotive interiors at economical prices. KW - Automobiles KW - Economics KW - Fiberboard KW - Interior KW - Lightweight materials KW - Panels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195405 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378192 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Usuba, Y AU - Nagayama, I AU - Araki, Y AU - Kakuta, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROLE OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN DESIGNING LOW-NOISE CYLINDER BLOCKS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - The finite element method is now being used for designing low-noise cylinder blocks. Either static or dynamic analysis is generally used to determine the block structure. However, investigation of the cylinder block behavior of a running engine shows that the vibration consists of two phenomena, which are the initial elastic deformation and the natural vibration. Therefore, it is necessary to study both phenomena by using simulation techniques in order to determine the optimum design of a low-noise cylinder block, taking into consideration its weight. In this study, static and dynamic finite element analyses were applied to simulate each phenomenon, and the relationship between the static and dynamic response and the components of the cylinder block was examined. The results indicate that the modification for the cylinder block to reduce the initial deformation is different from one to suppress the natural vibration. Thus, both static and dynamic finite element analysis should be utilized in designing low-noise cylinder blocks. KW - Bones KW - Cylinder blocks KW - Design KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Finite element method UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195412 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378194 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Radcliffe, C J AU - Picklemann, M N AU - Spiekermann, C E AU - Hine, D S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SIMULATION OF ENGINE IDLE SHAKE VIBRATION PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - To assist in the development of engine vibration isolation techniques for new transverse front wheel drive vehicles, simulations of engine and vehicle structural response were developed. A simulation of engine vibration response to engine imbalance forces and firing pulses is presented which provided mount forces as input to a vehicle structure simulation. Current design techniques using properties of engine rigid body motion are discussed. Simulation predictions of engine modal characteristics and response correlate well with laboratory measurements of engine motion and mount forces. These results show that connections other than engine mounts between engine and vehicle structure such as hoses, drivetrain, and exhaust system are important vibration transmission paths. KW - Design KW - Engine idling KW - Engines KW - Front wheel drive KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195414 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378357 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Carlson, D C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF VI IMPROVERS AND RESULTANT BASE OIL VOLATILITY ON AUTOMOTIVE OIL ECONOMY WITH SAE 5W-40 OILS PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - This work was conducted to evaluate the effects resulting from the use of various VI improvers in multigrade engine oils on automobile oil economy. The test oils were formulated to be of similar viscosity in the SAE 5W-40 viscosity grade. The VI improvers tested covered a range of permanent shear stability, temporary shear stability and thickening characteristics. Engine oil volatility was the only variable which could be identified as having a significant effect on automobile oil economy. The oils containing the styrene/diene VI improver were less volatile than all other oils tested and provided statistically significant improvements in oil economy. Permanent shear stability, high temperature/high shear viscosity, and in-use (used-oil) viscosity could not be identified as having a significant effect on automobile oil economy of the SAE 5W-40 oils studied. KW - Engine oils KW - Oil additives KW - Viscosity KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195537 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378359 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hoppie, L O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELASTOMERIC REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - A theoretical and experimental investigation into the use of elastomers as the energy storage element of a regenerative braking system for urban vehicles is being carried out. This work has included the design and fabrication of full-scale elastomeric energy storage units which were tested to investigate energy density, efficiency and stress-relaxation. A complete small-scale system which simulates a vehicle was tested during transient speed conditions, and a complete full-scale system to be laboratory tested is under construction. KW - Elastomers KW - Energy storage systems KW - Regenerative braking KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195539 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378366 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MCMILLAN, M L AU - Barry, E G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL AND VEHICLE EFFECTS ON LOW-TEMPERATURE OPERATION OF DIESEL VEHICLES--THE 1981 CRC FIELD TEST PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - A Coordinating Research Council (CRC) cooperative program utilizing seven North American diesel-powered vehicles (four passenger cars and three heavy-duty trucks) and eight fuels (three base fuels and five flow improver additive-treated versions of the base fuels) was run in Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada, between January and April 1981. Minimum operating temperatures for each vehicle-fuel combination were determined and compared with predictions from laboratory tests. Significant differences among vehicles were found and related to fuel system design. The use of flow improvers permitted some vehicles with some fuels to operate substantially below the fuel cloud point. None of the laboratory tests predicted the performance of all fuels in all vehicles, but the LTFT (Low-Temperature Flow Test) and the WPI (Wax Precipitation Index), an empirical relationship combining cloud point and pour point, offered promise. KW - Diesel engines KW - Field tests KW - Fuels KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Performance KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378368 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hughes, W D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH SWELL GASKET TECHNOLOGY--THE MODERN SYSTEM APPROACH PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - High swelling gasketing materials are now being used in certain flange situations. This paper critiques how non-swelling gasketing materials fail in use in order to demonstrate how a controlled high swell gasket material concept is effective. A discussion of the physical and chemical make-up of a specific high swell rubber and cork composite gasket material forms a more complete understanding of how these materials function in application. Additionally, certain application problems are avoided by some redesigning of the gasket flange assembly. KW - Flanges KW - Gaskets KW - High swell KW - Rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378528 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bracco, J J AU - Schoenfelder, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UNICOAT A TECHNICAL INNOVATION FOR ELIMINATING OFF-LINE PAINTING OF PLASTICS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - To meet the future acceptance and economic justification for expanded uses of RRIM and other thermoplastics, a new innovation for painting components on-line in automobile assembly plants is essential. A new coating technology, referred to as UNICOAT, based on two-component aliphatic urethane chemistry, shows promise as a way of achieving the flexibility, hardness and weathering properties for coatings over plastic and metal substrates. This can be accomplished when the components are painted simultaneously and followed by oven baking just below the heat distortion temperature of the plastics. The unique chemistry of urethane coatings provides latitude in curing conditions that avoids problems associated with the heat distortion characteristics of many plastics. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobiles KW - Coatings KW - Painting KW - Plastics KW - Technological innovations KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195646 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378530 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shadle, S G AU - EMERY, L H AU - Brewer, H K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEHICLE BRAKING, STABILITY AND CONTROL PY - 1983 SP - 32 p. AB - An analysis of straight line vehicle braking performance as it relates to basic vehicle, braking system and tire characteristics has been conducted with information drawn from a review of vehicle precrash accident experience focusing on the "no control" condition. Pertinent motor vehicle attributes were reviewed as a function of vehicle size and vintage. The influence of these attributes on vehicle performance in hard braking was analyzed. Stability and control performance was characterized in terms of axle lockup and axle lockup sequence as a function of vehicle attributes and perturbing torques and forces. Both analytical techniques and test results were used in the evaluation. All motor vehicles of early 1970's vintage appear to be underbraked at the front with the concomitant tendency to lock up the rear axle first, a situation that may compromise stability under hard braking. The extent of front underbraking for these earlier vintage cars appears not to be very sensitive to car size for larger cars, but it increases sharply for smaller cars. Based on measurements of a limited but diverse sample, post 1980 vintage cars during hard braking offer actual front brake proportioning of 75 to 85 percent, which represents a level 20 to 40 percent higher than that of early 1970's vintage cars. Because of these differences in front brake proportioning, post 1980 model year cars have a much lower propensity to rear axle lockup under hard braking than cars of 1970 vintage. This is particularly true of a comparison of small cars of these vintages. Based on an examination of a sample of post 1980 production cars, there is considerable variability in brake proportioning by comparison with models of the early 1970's. As regards trucks, light duty trucks of recent vintage appear also to be moving toward higher levels of front brake proportioning, whereas the heavier medium and heavy duty trucks remain much underbraked at the front. The paper concludes with an agenda for further attention. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Braking performance KW - Compact automobiles KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Small car KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195648 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378553 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chiou, J P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF THE AIR FLOW NONUNIFORMITY ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOBILE AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSER PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - A mathematical method for determination of the heat transfer effectiveness of the air conditioning condenser accounting for the effect of the nonuniform cooling air flow distribution is presented. Using twelve typical two-dimensional air flow maldistribution models, the heat transfer effectiveness of the condenser is calculated. The deterioration of the thermal performance of the condenser due to the effect of the air flow nonuniformity is then determined. The effect of the air flow nonuniformity on the sizing of the condenser is discussed. KW - Air KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Air flow KW - Condensers /liquefiers/ KW - Cooling equipment KW - Flow KW - Heat transfer KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Nonuniform flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195671 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378555 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pinto, J J AU - Aronowitz, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EMISSIONS FROM HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES BEFORE AND AFTER TUNE-UP PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen from a large sample of model year 1959 thru 1977 gasoline powered heavy duty vehicles were measured. Chassis dynamometer driving cycle measurements were made with laboratory grade instrumentation, and idling measurements were made with inspection-station-type instruments. Emissions were measured and fuel economy calculated with the vehicles in as-received condition and also after their engines were tuned to manufacturers' specifications. The results should be useful for planning or evaluating heavy duty emissions control programs. KW - Before and after studies KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Engine tuning KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195673 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378560 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Newaz, G M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION SCHEME FOR CARBURIZED MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO IN-PHASE MULTIAXIAL STRESSES PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - A dimensionless fatigue life parameter is developed for the correlation of fatigue data of carburized and core material. It is shown that the Smith-Watson-Topper parameter can be generalized to account for the fatigue strength differentials of dissimilar materials such as the core and case-core interface. Fatigue data generated using circumferentially notched specimens was successfully correlated to the core material fatigue data using this parameter at low stresses. From these observations, a scheme is proposed to predict low-stress fatigue life of a carburized member experiencing multiaxial stresses based on the core material fatigue response only. KW - Carburized material KW - Core material KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378562 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Drexler, H-J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FLORIDA EXPOSURE COMPARED TO DIFFERENT ACCELERATED WEATHERING TESTS FOR CLEAR OVER COLOR SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - The weathering durability of the two-coat metallic system is very important. The influence of the solar radiation, humidity, temperature and clearcoat film thickness is explained. A comparison of different short weathering tests to Florida exposure in various clearcoat systems is presented. KW - Automobiles KW - Coatings KW - Durability KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Paint KW - Paint system KW - Thickness KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378564 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Warner, C Y AU - SMITH, G C AU - James, M B AU - Germane, G J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FRICTION APPLICATIONS IN ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - The determination of appropriate friction coefficient values is an important aspect of accident reconstruction. Tire-roadway friction values are highly dependent on a variety of physical factors. Factors such as tire design, side force limitations, road surface wetness, vehicle speed, and load shifting require understanding if useful reconstruction calculations are to be made. Tabulated experimental friction coefficient data are available, and may be improved upon in many situations by simple testing procedures. This paper presents a technical review of basic concepts and principles of friction as they apply to accident reconstruction and automobile safety. A brief review of test measurement methods is also presented, together with simple methods of friction measurement to obtain more precise values in many situations. This paper also recommends coefficient values for reconstruction applications other than tire-roadway forces. KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Measurement KW - Rolling contact KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195682 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378748 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NAKAMURA, N AU - KOBAYASHI, T AU - Hanaoka, M AU - Takagi, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW PLATINUM TIPPED SPARK PLUG EXTENDS THE LEAN MISFIRE LIMIT AND USEFUL LIFE PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Higher compression ratio and lower air-fuel ratio tend to raise the required break down voltage. Various types of electrode configurations were examined. It was found that a very thin platinum plate attached to each electrode was effective in reducing the electrode wear. This newly developed platinum tipped spark plug uses a small sized center electrode and an enlarged initial spark gap. The lean misfire limit and the torque fluctuation at partial load are improved with the platinum tipped spark plug. After a durability test, the break down voltage became lower due to the grained platinum surface. The spark gap was almost unchanged during an 80 thousand kilometer durability test run. KW - Durability KW - Platinum KW - Spark gaps KW - Spark plugs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195771 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378750 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Baba, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT SURVEY 1973-1981 JAPANESE MODEL PASSENGER CARS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - We described the results of annual surveys for Octane Number requirement of Japanese model passenger cars during 1973-1981. In this period Octane Number requirements showed gradual decrease in both of the 50% and 90% car satisfaction levels up to 1978 model cars at 89.3 and 93.5 ON, but thereafter increased to 90.2 and 94.7 ON in 1981. High speed Octane Number requirements usually showed 3-4 ON less than the low speed Octane Number requirement, however, but in recent years the difference is getting smaller. KW - Data collection KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378757 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Housden, T J AU - Claydon, DGW AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PUNCH RIVETING: A NEW CONCEPT IN JOINING ALUMINUM USING CONTINUOUS WIRE FEED PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Punch riveting uses a tool which is fed continuously with wire and makes a joint by cutting this wire to the required length and punching it through the components to be joined. This eliminates the need for drilling holes and using pre-formed rivets. The rivet is subsequently "headed" and "tailed" by applying pressure to it, and this can be done either in the same combination tool or separately. Rivet heads can be in a variety of shapes or flush. The entire operation takes about 5 seconds and joint strengths are comparable with those of conventionally riveted joints. KW - Aluminum KW - Joining KW - Punch riveting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195780 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378759 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - YONEDA, S AU - Naitoh, Y AU - Kigoshi, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REAR BRAKE LOCK-UP CONTROL SYSTEM OF MITSUBISHI STARION PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper describes a new type Rear Brake Lock-up Control System which is mounted on Mitsubishi Starion. This system meets all the requirements of the ECE R13, Annex 13, gives a high braking stability regardless of the road conditions, and minimizes the body vibration and the pulsative reaction on the brake pedal to achieve a comfortable feeling during the brake application. It would be expected that the adoption of this system could contribute greatly to the reduction of car accidents caused by the rear wheel lock-up. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Braking performance KW - Locked-wheel KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195782 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377435 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zellner, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED MOTORCYCLE BRAKE SYSTEMS--RECENT RESULTS PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Results of an evaluation of possible advanced brake components and systems for motorcycles are reviewed. Potential improved conventional brake components included: friction materials aimed at improving wet brake performance; and components affecting brake system feel properties. A prototype all-mechanical antilock brake system was evaluated. Results showed improvements in performance may be realized via all three of these areas, based on prototype results that might apply to future designs. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prototypes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195071 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377442 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Claydon, DGW AU - Sugihara, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BRAZING ALUMINUM AUTOMOTIVE HEAT EXCHANGER ASSEMBLIES USING A NON-CORROSIVE FLUX PROCESS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - The brazing process for aluminum which uses the noncorrosive NOCOLOK flux is now fully developed and proven and a number of licensees are successfully operating the process on a production basis in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and Japan making a variety of heat exchanger parts and assemblies. This paper describes the process and the key advantages over the other brazing processes for aluminum now in production use. In particular, this paper deals with the methods of production which can be used and describes one of the fully developed continuous tunnel furnace production facilities which are operating in Japan. In addition, the types of automotive heat exchangers being brazed with the process are briefly described. KW - Aluminum KW - Brazing KW - Heat exchangers KW - Production methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377444 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Knoll, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DRAWN LIGHT WALL ALUMINUM TUBING FOR AUTOMOTIVE HEAT EXCHANGERS COMES OF AGE IN THE USA PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper traces historical developments and related progressive improvements for drawn light wall aluminum tubing applications in automotive radiator and heating systems since its inception in 1974/75 in Europe to its current status in the U.S. car industry and its projected growth rate until 1987. The paper discusses the influence on tube design engineering and associated mechanical and metallurgical considerations with reference to heat load factors caused by the impact of such changes as, for example, body size of the American automobile, aerodynamic (drag coefficient styling, type/size/performance of engines, etc.). KW - Aluminum KW - Heat exchangers KW - History KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377945 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pinolini, F AU - Biaggini, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE DIESEL ENGINE FAMILY FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - In this paper the development of a high performance diesel engine family for special applications is described. Based on a range of truck diesel engines which are produced in large volumes, the high performance engines have been developed utilizing the maximum number of parts of the truck engines. With 2.15 cu dm capacity per cylinder a power of up to 100 hp/cylinder (73.5 kW/cylinder) has been achieved. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - High performance KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195237 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377947 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Klein, H-C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT, STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS FOR HYDRAULIC BRAKE BOOSTERS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Hydraulic brake boosters will assume an increasingly important role, as the need for power assistance independent of the vehicle's engine increases. Also, the combination of other functions, such as Anti Skid Actuation, Self-Leveling Suspensions, can lead to overall cost effective systems. This paper covers the development background through duo-medium systems using steering pump as a power source to the latest single-medium high pressure H 21 system. The paper explains the compact integrated design of the unit and concludes by considering middle-to long-term brake system development which would include a greater use of electronics. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Electric power transmission KW - Electronics KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Power systems KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195239 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377952 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cesari, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EUROPEAN PROPOSAL FOR A SIDE IMPACT CRASH TEST PROCEDURE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - The European Experimental Vehicle Committee which includes representatives of 6 European Countries (Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom) set up in 1980 a working group to propose on the basis of accident studies and of test procedures evaluations, a standard test for side impact. Report of this working group, which is summarized here, analyzes the crash configurations and consequences of side impact accidents, discusses test methods for side impact, makes proposals for a standard side impact test using a mobile deformable barrier, and compares the characteristics of this barrier with other existing barriers. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Europe KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377954 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Katoh, H AU - INOH, T AU - Umezawa, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXACT MEASUREMENT OF POWER LOSS IN AUTOMOTIVE TRANSMISSION AND AXLE FOR FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Many problems have been encountered in attempting to clarify the behaviors of drivetrain components from the standpoint of the power loss. This paper describes the analytical and experimental research to develop a method of measuring the total power losses of transmission and axle whereby far more accurate test results can be obtained than by the conventional means with good repeatability. In this pursuit, the power loss of the drivetrain is divided into two groups, i.e. gear tooth friction loss and lubricant churning loss, with the resulting practical formulation which permits calculation of these two losses on a separate basis. Also covered are the results so far achieved by means of practical application of the above approach and concept in both bench and field testings aiming at improvement of fuel economy and prediction of the drivetrain lubricant temperatures in the field operation. KW - Automotive systems KW - Axles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Measurement KW - Power loss KW - Power trains KW - Testing KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378123 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Grinsteiner, J J AU - Mueller, R A AU - Zielke, M R AU - Zlock, M E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE NEW INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER 6.9LD V-8 DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - The new 6.9LD V8 diesel engine has been designed by International Harvester Company to meet the needs of the truck market, Class 2 through 6 GVW, and to provide light to medium duty diesel power to the OEM market at low cost. The complex requirements of these markets have been continuously monitored during the evolution of the new engine and the design has been updated accordingly. Simplicity of design, superior performance, reliability and durability were the main optimization criteria. These have been accomplished by closely coordinating the design, development, and manufacturing of the new product. This paper describes the concept of the new engine, the philosophy of design, the subsequent laboratory and field development testing, plus engine performance and durability data. KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - International harvester company KW - Performance KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195344 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378125 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Glowacz, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PLASTIC PRODUCT DESIGN OPTIMIZATION UTILIZING CAD/CAM PY - 1983 SP - 2 p. AB - With an increasing demand for higher quality plastic products brought to market faster, it is imperative that engineering work closely with manufacturing to reduce the entire design/build cycle. The obvious solution would be to make these products more easily and efficiently manufacturable. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing is one technique to provide the tools for improving all phases of product development, from initial concept to final manufacture, and result in products that are superior in quality and far more economical to bring to market. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Design KW - Optimization KW - Plastics KW - Products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378372 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Damitio, A M AU - DAVIS, C J AU - Lechner, J R AU - Ziola, B J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MANAGEMENT OF CAD IMPLEMENTATION IN A POWER TRAIN DESIGN ACTIVITY AT CHRYSLER CORPORATION PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper describes the implementation of CAD into an automotive design activity. The method by which the system was managed is described in detail. The advantages, disadvantages, organizational linkages and management of CAD are discussed and analyzed based on three years of experience. Reduced manpower levels, tight release schedules, budget limitations and other restrictions affected important issues of training, project selection and personnel scheduling. These issues are discussed from a system user standpoint. This paper presents actual results rather than CAD expectations. KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Computer aided design KW - Management KW - Power trains KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195552 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378532 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yoshida, Y AU - TANAKA, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ADVANCED CAR-AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM WITH MICROCOMPUTER PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - An advanced car air conditioner with microcomputer has been developed from the viewpoint of electromechanics. This system is completed on the basis of the advanced control functions such as PID feedback temperature control, stepless coordinated air flow control, energy saving control, and self-diagnostic function, and new implementing techniques such as single chip microcomputer for controller, stepping motor for actuator, and hybrid IC for interface. These functions and techniques are also integrated and assembled as advanced control system for car air conditioner. The usefulness and effectiveness of these techniques has been confirmed by the results of tests on the simulated environment and actual car driving conditions. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Cooling equipment KW - Microcomputers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195650 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378534 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Volland, R AU - Rothermel, H M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANTAGES OF A NEW HR-MOLDING TECHNOLOGY PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The use of upholstery elements from flexible molded PU-foam is part of modern automotive constructions. In Europe too, hot cure moldings are more and more replaced by HR-foam. Practically all European manufacturers take profit of the advantages given by the high pressure mixing principle like loss free injection and exact metering of all components. Together with the large scale introduction of full foam seats the tool construction has proved to be a key factor for profitable production. Based on these processing elements Bayer has developed Bayfit-systems and the know how for the production of seats and backs with defined areas of different hardness. These "dual hardness foams" fulfill the demand of many car drivers for comfortable seats with improved lateral support. The economical processing of those cushions and their advanced properties under special regard of the vibration/dampening, aging and fatigue behavior are the main theme of the paper. KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Economics KW - Foams KW - Hardness KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195652 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378549 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Blincoe, L J AU - Luchter, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ECONOMIC COSTS TO SOCIETY OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - An estimate was made of the economic cost to society of motor vehicle accidents in 1980, including medical costs, productivity losses, property damage, legal actions, coroner expenses, emergency services, and insurance and public administration. Both total and unit costs were estimated for each of these categories. The sensitivity of the total was estimated for changes in the incidence of serious injury and for different discount rates. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Estimates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195667 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378551 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brinkman, N D AU - Steinke, E D AU - Villforth, F J AU - Williams, W C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF FUEL VOLATILITY ON DRIVEABILITY AT LOW AND INTERMEDIATE AMBIENT TEMPERATURES PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The Coordinating Research Council (CRC) measured cold-start and warmup driveability at low (-20 to 28 deg F) and intermediate (40 to 69 deg F) ambient temperatures using sixteen 1980 model cars and nine fuels. This was the first CRC study at low temperature. Average driveability was worse at low than at intermediate temperature for some cars, but for others the reverse was true. As found previously, decreasing fuel volatility deteriorated driveability. A regression model was developed to relate cold start and warmup driveability to fuel volatility as measured by 10, 50, and 90% distillation temperatures. Overall, as ambient temperature decreased, the importance of the 10% distillation temperature increased. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Driveability KW - Fuel volatility KW - Fuels KW - Low temperature KW - Mathematical models KW - Regression analysis KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Temperature KW - Volatility KW - Warmup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195669 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378566 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hawkins, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH PRESSURE TANKS FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELED VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - Rigorous design criteria, qualification and release testing are essential to meet the requirements for compressed natural gas tanks in passenger automobiles. The origins and history of aluminum high pressure gas cylinders are reviewed, culminating in the development of the filament wound cylinder. The ultra lightweight wrapped aluminum cylinder combines ideal properties for auto applications. KW - Aluminum KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Fuel tanks KW - High pressure KW - Pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378744 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rao, K S AU - Ganesan, V AU - Gopalakrishnan, K V AU - Murthy, B S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MIXTURE MALDISTRIBUTION AND ALDEHYDE EMISSION IN AN ALCOHOL FUELED S.I. ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper deals with the experimental results of two engines--one single cylinder RDH-CFR engine with variable compression ratio and the other a four cylinder variable speed automotive type engine. The single cylinder emission results are projected for multicylinder operation and for a fixed maldistribution symmetry. The results show that there is a reduction in NOx emissions due to maldistribution whereas UBF, CO and CH20 emissions are increased due to maldistribution. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Aldehydes KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Physical distribution KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195767 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378746 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cowie, G O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW APPLICATIONS FOR ZINC FROM A NEW ZINC TECHNOLOGY PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Zinc, which has served the automotive industry for five decades, is reemerging as an engineering material and reinforcing its position as a decorative material. Ongoing research and development by the zinc industry is documenting the engineering properties of zinc alloys and placing this information within reach of the designer. This paper presents an overview of the progress in alloys, processes, and product development achieved by the industry in the last decade. Several new lightweight, cost effective applications, which are now possible with the new technology, are described. KW - Development KW - Lightweight materials KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle design KW - Zinc KW - Zinc alloys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195769 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378761 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cerri, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REGENERATIVE SUPERCHARGING OF FOUR STROKE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - A regenerative supercharging method has been studied and shows an improvement in four stroke engine performance. With this method the mechanical or pneumatic connection between the engine and the supercharge is removed and replaced by a thermal connection. The heat from the engine is converted into compression work by means of a suitable R.S. cycle and this process leads to an increase in power and efficiency. Regenerative supercharging has been compared with traditional turbocharging and the results are presented for some kinds of engines. KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Superchargers KW - Supercharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378763 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Valitsky, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROLE OF ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS IN FITTING CYLINDRICAL PARTS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Anaerobic adhesives have been shown to be an effective assembly method for cylindrically fitted parts. Traditional methods of assembly, such as press fits, keys, and splines, require costly machining to maintain tolerances between parts to maintain joint integrity. Anaerobic adhesives provide additional strength to mechanical methods of assembly and also seal the joint against leakage and corrosion. KW - Adhesives KW - Cylindrical bodies KW - Fittings KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195786 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377446 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davidson, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REVIEW OF THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF SPOT-WELDED SHEET STEELS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - Over the past several years, the automotive industry has used increasing amounts of high-strength sheet steels to reduce vehicle weight for improved fuel economy. It is important that these high strength steels exhibit spot-weld fatigue characteristics at least equal to those of previous lower strength low-carbon steels. This study reviews the spot-weld fatique performance of uncoated sheet steels with respect to material strength, spot-weld diameter, sheet thickness, and the number and array of spot welds. Models used to describe the state of stress around the spot weld are also reviewed. Selected results contained in the literature are reevaluated using fracture-mechanics concepts. Comments are given regarding fatigue-crack growth in spot welds with respect to the cyclic-stress ratio and threshold-fatigue limit. Limitations of current theories used to evaluate fatigue performance of spot welds are discussed, and an alternative approach to interpreting such data is recommended. KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - High schools KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Sheet metal KW - Spot welding KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377448 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stafford, A C AU - Henshell, R D AU - Dudley, B R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SOLUTION OF LUBRICATION AND COUPLED ANALYSES USING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - Finite element analysis offers the ability to handle, with ease, complex geometrical shapes and abrupt changes in field properties. The established finite element software available within the PAFEC suite of subroutines has been modified and added to so that the laminar hydrodynamic equation for any rigid, isothermal, steadily loaded bearing can be solved. Using the other facilities available, the analysis is extended to handle elastohydrodynamic solutions. In order to analyse flexible bearings, structural analysis is also required. The pressures developed within the oil film form the link between the two types of analysis. This paper presents a summary of the lubrication analysis available using PAFEC. The basic analysis involves specifying the oil film geometry. Iteration is required for analyses involving specified loads. An example of piston ring locus prediction is given to demonstrate this. Results are also detailed in the field of elastohydrodynamic lubrication. KW - Finite element method KW - Geometry KW - Iterative methods KW - Lubrication KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Oil films KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377493 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Atkinson, W J AU - Johansen, D W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL AND SOLAR EFFECTS ON VEHICLE COMPONENTS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Solar radiation causes plastic parts to fail prematurely. A survey of vehicles in the Southwest United States indicates which parts do not live in the "real world" environment. Static and dynamic tests were conducted to determine the solar and thermal loads on these components. The test results presented show the solar impact on the plastic components in the "real world" environment. KW - Dynamic tests KW - Failure KW - Impacts KW - Plastics KW - Solar effect KW - Solar radiation KW - Static tests KW - Thermal loads KW - Thermal stresses KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377495 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Newaz, G M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPARENT INTERLAMINAR SHEAR STRENGTH OF EPOXY AND VINYL ESTER COMPOSITES PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The interlaminar shear strength characteristics of unidirectional E-glass fiber/epoxy and vinyl ester composites were investigated. The short-beam flexure test (ASTM D-2344) was utilized for comparing the performance characteristics of the two systems. It was found that E-glass fiber/epoxy composite has higher interlaminar shear strength compared to the vinyl ester composite in dry condition. However, for short-term hygrothermal condition, the retained shear strength values were nearly the same. Optical photomicrography revealed that interlaminar shear damage primarily consisted of fiber-matrix interfacial debonding and matrix cracking. Voids were found to have adverse effect on interlaminar shear strength. The influence of voids was studied in relation to mode II crack or damage propagation. KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Failure KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Performance KW - Shear strength KW - Testing KW - Vehicle components KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378161 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Uzkan, T AU - Borgnakke, C AU - Morel, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF FLOW PRODUCED BY A HIGH-SWIRL INLET PORT PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The flow produced by an experimental high-swirl intake port was studied by several techniques. These included measurements of flow rate and swirl as a function of valve lift on a steady state bench rig, hot-wire measurements of flow issuing from the valve, and flow visualization in water and air. By applying these techniques together to a single port, a body of data was generated which is presented as an addition to what is known about intake port flows and swirl generation. Data include flow and swirl coefficients, information on the effects of valve offset and port orientation angle, swirl generation by velocity non-uniformity around the valve, swirl decay in the rig due to air friction on the walls, and forward/backward flow coefficients. The definition of the appropriate dimensionless parameters for port flow characterization is also discussed. KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Ports KW - Swirl speed KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378163 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Najt, P M AU - FOSTER, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPRESSION-IGNITED HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMBUSTION PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Experimentally obtained energy release results, a semi-empirical ignition model, and an empirical energy release equation developed during this research were used to evaluate the combustion of compression-ignited homogeneous mixtures of fuel, air, and exhaust products in a CFR engine. A systematic study was carried out to evaluate the response of compression-ignited homogeneous charge (CIHC) combustion to changes in operating parameters with emphasis being placed on the phenomena involved rather than the detailed chemical kinetics. This systematic study revealed that the response of the combustion process to changes in operating parameters can be explained in terms of known chemical kinetics, and that through the proper use of temperature and species concentrations the oxidation kinetics of hydrocarbon fuels can be sufficiently controlled to allow an engine to be operated in a compression-ignited homogeneous charge combustion mode. KW - Combustion KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Compression tests KW - Compression-ignition KW - Energy KW - Homogeneity KW - Ignition KW - Ignition test KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195384 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378179 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davies, DNC AU - Owen, P J AU - Riley, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXTENDING THE LIFE OF ROLLER CHAIN CAMSHAFT DRIVES FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - The paper deals with wear performance of roller chain camshaft drives, with particular reference to engine condition and its effect on lubricating qualities of automotive oils and the consequences concerning chain wear. Serious lube oil contamination is a feature frequently encountered in diesel engines and can also arise in gasoline units brought on by certain aspects of engine design, service intervals and the type of vehicle usage. The development story of a special Extra Life Roller Chain is dealt with in detail, involving engine and rig evaluation together with comparative chain wear tests on used automotive oils in various stages of contamination from a variety of known applicational duties. The work culminates in the development of a chromised pin chain giving exceptional extra life, combating the effect of lube oil contamination. KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Lubricating oils KW - Roller chain camshaft drives KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195399 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378181 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lakshminarayan, P A AU - Dent, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTERFEROMETRIC STUDIES OF VAPOURISING AND COMBUSTING SPRAYS PY - 1983 SP - 25 p. AB - Holographic interferometry has been applied to the study of concentration and temperature distribution in transient vapourising non-burning and burning fuel sprays in a quiescent bomb. Empirical relations have been obtained to describe the axial and radial variations of concentration in the vapourising non-burning spray, and to evaluate penetration and air entrainment of the free and wall jet regions of non-burning and burning sprays. The movement of the "tail" of the spray in the post injection period has been studied. Finally, data are presented for species concentration and temperature profiles within the burning spray. KW - Combustion KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Fuels KW - Holography KW - Interferometry KW - Temperature KW - Temperature distribution KW - Vaporizing KW - Volatilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195401 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378196 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Karim, G A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME CONSIDERATIONS OF THE SAFETY OF METHANE, (CNG), AS AN AUTOMOTIVE FUEL--COMPARISON WITH GASOLINE, PROPANE AND HYDROGEN OPERATION PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - The total number of vehicles fuelled with compressed natural gas, CNG, is relatively very small in comparison to gasoline fuelled vehicles. Accordingly, because of the lack of statistics of accidents involving CNG fuelled vehicles, their safety aspects are evaluated in comparison to automobiles fuelled with gasoline or some other alternative fuels such as propane, hydrogen, LNG or LH sub 2. It is suggested that methane, CNG, has some excellent physical, chemical and combustion charateristics that make it a safe automotive fuel. These characteristics are reviewed and the superior relative safety of methane in automotive applications in comparison to applications involving the other fuels is demonstrated where well designed conversion systems and operations are employed. KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Hydrogen KW - Methane KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195416 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378198 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DeJovine, J M AU - Drake, D A AU - Mays, M A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TEST STAND EVALUATIONS OF COMMERCIAL LUBRICANTS WITH METHANOL AND TERTIARY BUTYL ALCOHOL BLENDS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - With the emergence of oxygenates as blending components in unleaded gasolines in the last few years, concern has been voiced as to the effects these materials may have on the wear characteristics of commercial engine oils. To help define these effects, if any, Atlantic Richfield initiated a program whereby gasoline grade tertiary butyl alcohol and methanol/gasoline grade tertiary butyl alcohol were blended into a base unleaded gasoline at various concentrations and individually tested with several commercial SF engine oils in a series of modified ASTM Sequence VD tests. Although it is known that neat methanol greatly increases engine wear rates, the tests conducted here indicate that the alcohol blends up to 4.5V% methanol/4.5V% GTBA are compatible with properly formulated engine oils and do not increase wear rates over that of unleaded gasoline. Other parameters such as sludge and varnish were also found to be unaffected or slightly improved with the addition of the alcohol (s) to the base test fuel. KW - Alcohols KW - Blends KW - Butyl alcohol KW - Evaluation KW - Gasoline KW - Lead free KW - Lubricants KW - Methanol KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378353 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Miller, H R AU - Allen, R W AU - Stein, A C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DRIVER FACTORS, SIMULATORS AND OTHER INSTRUMENTED MEASUREMENT APPROACHES PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Several studies have shown that driver errors predominate as contributing factors in highway accidents, with environmental and vehicular factors trailing a distant second and third, respectively. Yet no one would deny that highway crashes typically involve combinations of these factors interacting in frequently unknown ways. This review is focused on driver factors and the use of observational studies involving simulators and other instrumented measurement approaches to develop a better understanding of the events which lead to crashes and the contributions of each type of factor. A review is performed of key studies from the highway, driver safety and human factors research literature to identify the driver factors that are major contributors to highway accidents, and whose influence should be considered in the performance of future observational research studies. Past use of simulators and instrumented vehicles is discussed and the potential for applying this technology in the crash avoidance area is assessed. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195533 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378355 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nakano, Y AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Matsuura, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HLA FOR HIGH SPEED MOTORCYCLE ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - In order to improve maintenance free operation of the motorcycle engine with DOHC-16 valves In-Line 4 cylinders design by decreasing the labor and cost involved in valve lash adjustment, it has become necessary to develop a Hydraulic Lash Adjuster (HLA) which is compact in design and has a thoroughly high speed valve motion at more than 10,000rpm. This paper describes the process of developing a compact HLA. For instance, the lack of the rigidity of the HLA itself was solved by the extensive analysis of the engine valve motion as well as the behavior of the HLA. As a result, an HLA system with compact design and high speed capability of the engine valve motion has been developed. In addition, it operates better than a mechanical lash adjuster in idling stability, cold startability, warm-up capability and somewhat in engine power, and also it operates more quietly. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Engines KW - Hydraulic lash adjuster KW - Motorcycles KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195535 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377939 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zielinski, A R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING--INJECTION MOLDING FACILITY PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper presents a detailed look at the productivity formula and how the factors of productivity interact to produce the "CAM-IMF". These factors include people, materials, time, space, quantity, inventory, design, process, quality and technology. The machinery controls and technology are then reviewed which will accomplish the Computer Aided Manufacturing Facility operating at zero inventory. KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Facilities KW - Injection molding KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195231 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377941 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yano, R A AU - Harp, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR EVALUATING RECIPROCATING ENGINE AIRFLOW AND EXHAUST STACK PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - A computer program (PISTON) has been developed for evaluating air and exhaust flow parameters within the cylinder and the exhaust manifold of single or multi-cylinder reciprocating engines. The PISTON Code has been experimentally verified to accurately determine such 1) air and exhaust flows (including volumetric efficiency, trapped mass, and blowthrough), 2) piston pumping horsepower, and 3) cylinder and exhaust stack pressures, temperatures, and horsepowers (both instantaneous and average). A turbocompounded system, including a blowdown exhaust stack designed using the PISTON Code, increased the engine BHP output of the ARMY's 525 CID VHO diesel engine by over 25%. This program serves as a useful tool for designing reciprocating engines for optimum performance, i.e. increased airflow, reduced pumping horsepower, and/or increased exhaust energy utilization. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Automobile engines KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Flow KW - Horsepower KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Piston engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195233 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377943 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CREATION OF IMAGE ON DIESEL SPRAY AND FLAME BY MEANS OF RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE AND D.I. DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The continuous series of images on diesel spray and flame were created through the studies by means of using Rapid Compression Machine and D.I. engine based on our latest data. The image of diesel spray was elucidated through the study of thermodynamic global evaporation phenomena and the measurement of instantaneous distribution maps of spray fuel concentration by the high speed photo image analysis method at non-evaporated, evaporated states of free spray under the diesel condition at RCM. The image of diesel flame was also obtained at the instantaneous distribution maps of temperature, soot and concentration of combustion products in the flame by means of photo image analysis method and gas sampling method at free and wall impinging spray flame with RCM and D.I. engine. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Imagery KW - Photoimagery UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377956 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Oza, R D AU - Sinnamon, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FLASH-BOILING FUEL INJECTION PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - Flash-boiling fuel injection is obtained by preheating liquid fuel within the injector so that the sudden decrease of pressure during injection causes rapid boiling of the fuel. Rapid expansion of the vapor phase may then atomize the liquid jet. Two distinct types of flash atomization were observed experimentally. First, at relatively low fuel temperatures the liquid jet remains intact for a short period after leaving the nozzle, then suddenly breaks up when rapid bubble growth begins. Second, at higher fuel temperatures, flash boiling within the injector orifice produces an underexpanded, compressible, two-phase flow. Sudden expansion immediately upon leaving the orifice yields large spray cone angles. An analytical model of vapor-bubble growth was applied to enhance understanding of the flash-injection process. Calculated time scales for bubble growth and delay times were found to be consistent with the above two flashing regimes at both low and high fuel preheat temperatures. Also an unfavorable trend toward suppressed bubble growth with increasing injection pressure was calculated. KW - Boiling KW - Experimental data KW - Flash boiling KW - Fuel injection KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195248 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377958 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sasaki, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A HIGH-SPEED DYNAMOMETER DEVELOPED TO MEASURE A SMALL GAS TURBINE ENGINE'S OUTPUT PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper provides a description of a newly developed dynamometer capable of measuring torque at speeds up to 90,000 rpm. The development which has been made enables the dynamometer to measure output of a small single shaft gas turbine engine without a speed reducing gear box. The unit consists of a high speed generator to absorb the power and a torque measuring device. Since the generator is a key component of this dynamometer, a substantial portion of this paper is devoted to describing the configuration of the generator and the design considerations, as well as its performance. The rotational speed of turbomachines is gradually being increased and will be accelerated further as ceramic materials are introduced. The subjects to be discussed here will, hopefully, be of some use when a torque measuring device for speeds over 100,000 rpm becomes necessary. KW - Dynamometers KW - Engine performance KW - Gas turbines KW - Generators KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Speed KW - Torque KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195250 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378127 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gardner, A N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRODUCTIVITY IN THE INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Automotive injection molding is currently faced with tougher demands for low costs, higher quality and minimal inventory. The resulting transformation in the industry is summed up in the word "productivity". Items such as bulk systems, express mold set systems and robots are discussed as steps toward meeting the productivity goal. KW - Automobile industry KW - Injection molding KW - Productivity KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195348 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378129 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ossi, R R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REEXAMINATION OF THE GAS TURBINE--TORQUE CONVERTER POWER TRANSMISSION UNIT PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - The combination of the free turbine gas turbine engine and the hydraulic torque converter was reexamined. A non-dimensional matching procedure is proposed and non-dimensional results are presented; both of which facilitate comparative analyses. The effects on system specific fuel consumption and heat rejection are discussed. An optimum power unit combination is suggested. The Appendix illustrates how non-dimensional matching may be performed. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Heat KW - Power transmission unit KW - Torque converters KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195350 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378131 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Baranescu, G S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SPARK ASSISTED DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The paper analyses the basic aspects of spark assisted direct injection (SADI) engines of the type with the start of combustion close to the beginning of fuel injection, and with no special arrangements for fuel vaporization on the combustion chamber walls. The analysis refers to the fuel sensitivity of the engine, the correlation between air motion and fuel injection, and the combustion development in this engine. The analysis shows the high sensitivity of this engine to certain characteristics of the fuel, and explains some particularities of the engine operation like the stabilized flame front, the necessity of spark assistance during the entire fuel injection, and the unstable operation in certain conditions. Also the influence of SADI engine characteristics on its performance is investigated. Solutions for improving the operation of this engine, as well as the engine perspectives are discussed. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Combustion KW - Direct ignition engine KW - Flow KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuels KW - Performance KW - Sensitivity KW - Spark assisted UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378162 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BUCHHEIM, R AU - Unger, R AU - Jousserandot, P AU - Mercker, E AU - Schenkel, F K AU - NISHIMURA, Y AU - Wilsden, D J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON TESTS BETWEEN MAJOR EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE WIND TUNNELS PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - The results of comparative aerodynamic force measurements on a full-scale notchback-type vehicle, performed between 6 European companies operating full-scale automotive wind tunnels, were published in the SAE Paper 800140. Correlation tests with the same vehicle have been extended to 2 further European and 3 North American wind tunnels. First the geometry, the design and the flow data of the different wind tunnels is compared. The facilities compared include wind tunnels with open-test-sections, closed-test-sections and one tunnel with slotted side walls. The comparison of results, especially for drag coefficients, show that the correlation between the differently designed wind tunnels is reasonable. Problems of blockage correction are briefly discussed. The comparison tests furthermore revealed that careful design of the wheel pads and blockage corrections for lift seem to be very influential in achieving reasonable lift correlations. Six-component measurements show similar problems. Suggestions for improving correlations are presented. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Europe KW - Full scale KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378164 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Skuta, E B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN ANALYSIS OF INSTRUMENT PANEL IMPACT ZONE PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - In anticipation of complying with European standards for impact protection, an instrument panel design was analyzed to determine: (A) impact zone boundaries; and (B) impact test velocities for the head of a front seat passenger. Chrysler computer aided design (C.A.D.) surfacing capabilities were utilized in the solution. Early knowledge of impact zone location is important to intelligent design decisions; knowledge of impact velocities aids in performing compliance testing. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Computer aided design KW - Europe KW - Front seats KW - Head KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Instrument panels KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety standards KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195385 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378178 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ahlen, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EXPERIENCE GAINED AND THE SPIN-OFF EFFECTS RESULTING FROM THE CHANGE-OVER TO A 3D SURFACE DEFINITION SYSTEM IN AUTOMOBILE DESIGN PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - This article reviews the NUFO (Numerisk Formbestamning or Numerical surface definition) technique as utilized in automobile designing. The NUFO technique now plays an important part in the pre-production process at Volvo, from the product idea right through to the production stage. The system developed by Volvo is known as SVEP (Surface definition by Vector-defined Parametric Curves), which is a 3D surface definition system. Following a brief historical review, discussion centers on the following topics: Why mathematical/geometrical definition; SVEP; Processing hardware; Experience of APL/SVEP; Volvo pre-production process for pattern-controlled components; Styling; Design; Pattern making; Tool making; Decision-making and organization; and Second-order spin-offs. KW - Automobile industry KW - Decision making KW - Hardware KW - History KW - Mathematical models KW - Patterns KW - Pre-production process KW - Spin-offs KW - Styling KW - Surface definition KW - Three dimensional KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378180 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Moser, M A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUNCTIONAL TESTING DEVICES FOR GASKET MATERIALS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Although standard physical property tests such as density, tensile, compressibility, and immersions are important, they are not indicative of how a gasket material will perform in an actual application. Therefore, four functional testing devices were built to evaluate the sealability, torque retention, required flange pressure, and chemical resistance of gasket materials. KW - Chemical tests KW - Flanges KW - Gaskets KW - Materials tests KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Testing equipment KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195400 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378182 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - HAMMERLE, R H AU - Graves, Y B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LEAD ACCUMULATION ON AUTOMOTIVE CATALYSTS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Engine dynamometer and laboratory flow reactor studies of automotive catalyst deactivation caused by the use of leaded fuel indicate that there are two different deactivation mechanisms: one, which dominates between 700 and 800 C, is the poisoning of the active platinum sites by lead oxide, or perhaps lead, and the other, which occurs below 550 C, is a build up of a gas diffusion barrier of lead sulfate. Both deactivation mechanisms can be temporarily reversed. Poisoning is reversed when the platinum is freed of lead oxide by lead sulfate formation below 650 C; and the barrier formed below 550 C can be made more permeable by thermal sintering of the lead sulfate at 600 to 700 C or its decomposition to lead oxide at 700 to 800 C. However, further exposure of the catalyst will again render it inactive via the mechanism predominating in that temperature region. KW - Catalysts KW - Deactivation KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195402 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378195 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Flay, RGJ AU - Elfstrom, G M AU - Clark, PJF AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SLOTTED-WALL TEST SECTION FOR AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMIC TESTS AT YAW PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A test programme of surface pressure measurements on three car shapes at yaw angles from 0 to 30 degrees in a 1/5th-scale slotted-wall test section is described. Comparisons are made with corresponding "reference" results. The low-blockage reference results were obtained in an aeronautical wind tunnel with a solid-wall test section, using the same models and under similar aerodynamic simulation conditions. The comparisons verify results of our previous work (at zero yaw) in slotted-wall test sections. Extremely good vehicle surface pressure distributions can be obtained from tests at high blockage in appropriately designed slotted-wall test sections, even at high yaw angles. The important implication of the present results is that based on surface pressures, the overall size of a facility to give minimal wall-interference can be considerably reduced from the size of a solid-wall facility which would give an automotive aerodynamic simulation of comparable accuracy. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Slotted wall test KW - Testing KW - Wind tunnels KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378197 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yates, A AU - Dudley, PNW AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATIC TESTING METHODS FOR EVALUATING HEAD GASKET PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Through the experimental work conducted on dynamic test engines with strain gauge tools, transducers and thermo-couples it has been found that static test methods can be developed which closely simulates the behaviour of cylinder head gaskets on a dynamic test engine. To make full use of this information for static work it is necessary to obtain the data on components that affect the sealing performance of the gasket. The true bolt loading, clamping loads and the head and block materials all make their contribution on the type of gasket construction and its design configuration. The paper describes the information required and also some of the rigs that have been designed to obtain information on gasket materials and compositions for static test evaluation. KW - Cylinder head gaskets KW - Cylinder heads KW - Engines KW - Gaskets KW - Performance KW - Static tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378352 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ludecke, O A AU - Dimick, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983 SP - 21 p. AB - The EPA has established stringent requirements for levels of particulates emitted from the exhaust of diesel passenger cars. This paper summarizes six years of development activities directed towards reduction of diesel passenger car particulates. A series of conceptual approaches have been experimentally evaluated, leading to development of a regenerative particulate trap. Alternate trapping material investigations, regeneration systems, and total trap systems are reviewed. The current status of this development and required technical needs are identified. KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filter materials KW - Filters KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Traps KW - Traps (Drain pipe) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195532 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378354 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Anders, J H AU - Carravetta, J J AU - Nutt, R A AU - Saperstein, Z P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A WELDED COPPER-BRASS AUTOMOTIVE RADIATOR PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - During the last several years, Modine Manufacturing Company has been developing a high reliability, durable heavy-duty (class 7 and 8) truck radiator. This development work has culminated in the Beta-Weld radiator which was commercially offered to the heavy duty truck markets beginning in June 1982. The objective was to research and develop a heavy-duty truck radiator that possesses substantially improved reliability and durability compared to the "state-of-the-art" soldered tube-to-header joint radiator. In addition, it was desired to improve resistance to solder-bloom corrosion which is sometimes a severe field problem. The extensive process and product R&D resulted in the development of a copper/brass, welded tube-to-header joint radiator core, that also incorporates seam-welded tubes. The air-side of the tube-to-header joints are soldered to provide a "dual bond" that reinforces and seals the weld joint. A comprehensive test program was initiated to characterize the structural performance of the Beta-Weld radiator. This paper presents data that compare the structural behavior of conventional-soldered radiators to Beta-Weld radiators. Thermal cycle, pressure cycle, and shake-test data are emphasized. In addition, extensive field-test results are also presented. The data show that the Beta-Weld radiator possesses exceptional durability and reliability. The results demonstrate a substantial improvement in resistance to tube-to-header joint failure. Virtually absolute immunity to solder-bloom corrosion has also been documented. Field fleet testing verified the laboratory evaluations. KW - Brass KW - Brasses KW - Copper KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Radiators KW - Reliability KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195534 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378369 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - TANAKA, A AU - Furumura, K AU - Ohkuma, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGHLY EXTENDED LIFE OF TRANSMISSION BEARINGS OF "SEALED-CLEAN" CONCEPT PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - A unique stress analysis method was applied to the study of premature flaking failures of ball bearings used in manual transmissions for passenger cars. The study determined that premature flakings were due to the abnormal surface-origination fatigue rather than the normal subsurface-originating type fatigue. Existence of fine ferrous particles of high hardness in transmission oil was the cause. Based on these findings, "Sealed-Clean" bearings have been developed which have special rubber seals on both sides of bearings. Tests proved that "Sealed-Clean" bearings last several times longer than open-type standard bearings or special bearings having steel balls of extra-large size. Already 4.4 million pieces of "Sealed-Clean" bearings have been installed in 16 models of transmissions during the last six years. This stress analysis method has opened a new possibility of remaining-life prediction on ball and roller bearings. The "Sealed-Clean" concept is being applied to other usages including bearings for steel rolling mills with remarkable success. KW - Automobiles KW - Ball bearings KW - Bearings KW - Flaking KW - Service life KW - Structural analysis KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195549 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378371 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cekoric, M E AU - Taylor, R P AU - Barrickman, C E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE THE NEXT STEP FORWARD IN RIM PRODUCTIVITY PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Internal mold release offers the potential for significant increases in the productivity of reaction injection molded polyurethanes. This paper discusses the requirements for internal release formulations, their economic advantages, and various approaches which are under development. Mathematical modelling indicates that approaches which provide around 20 moldings per application of external spray will offer a high percentage of the maximum possible productivity benefit that could be attained with no spray requirement. KW - Economics KW - Internal mold release KW - Mathematical models KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Productivity KW - Reaction injection molding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195551 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378386 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brewer, H K AU - RICE, R S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TIRE--STABILITY AND CONTROL PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - This paper examines the influence of certain vehicle and tire characteristics on the open loop stability and control of automobiles. To facilitate the analysis three generic classes of vehicles have been defined, i.e., small, mid size, and large. In addition each class of vehicle is associated with two populations, referred to as past and present generation respectively. The steady-state stability, and controllability of these vehicles has been investigated using the Method of Moments. Stability and controllability metrics have been defined to quantify the maneuverability diagrams generated by this method and conclusions concerning vehicle design vintage based on these metrics have been drawn. In addition the influence of certain tire in-use factors such as tire mix, inflation pressure, wear, etc., have been investigated. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Compact automobiles KW - Inflation KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Small car KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Vehicle size KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195566 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378531 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henderson, R L AU - Smith, R L AU - BURGER, W J AU - STERN, S D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VISIBILITY FROM MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - This paper addresses the relationships between visibility from a vehicle and probability of accident involvement. It defines and discusses direct and indirect visibility in terms of both quantity (extent of the field of view available to the driver), and quality (extent to which the available field of view is degraded by adverse weather or other factors). Relevant vehicle, driver, and environmental characteristics are identified, and their frequency of occurrence and relationship to accidents (or pertinent proxies) discussed whenever such information is available. The bulk of the report is devoted to reviewing, summarizing, and integrating the large body of data concerning visibility, including engineering analyses and other analytical studies, as well as experimental data from laboratory, simulation and field studies. The major output of this review and summary is the identification of: 1) the major problems associated with vehicle visibility systems, 2) mitigating concepts, including a discussion of how these concepts should be evaluated, and 3) considerations for future attention by safety research community dedicated to improving vehicle visibility systems. KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Human characteristics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Visibility KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195649 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378533 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dobbs, H H AU - Glance, P C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED INTEGRATED PROPULSION SYSTEMS (AIPS) FOR FUTURE MAIN BATTLE TANK (MBT) PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - In August of 1982, the US Army Tank-Automotive Command (TACOM), initiated the first phase of the Advanced Integrated Propulsion System (AIPS) program by awarding six design analysis contracts. The AIPS program is aimed at competitively developing and producing a power package for application to the future heavy combat vehicle weight class. This paper reviews the purpose, schedule, target goals, and acquisition strategy of the AIPS program. The AIPS development differs from past programs in several ways. Technically, the engine, transmission and other subsystems will be designed and developed together as a totally integrated propulsion system. With regard to management of the program, the Government is examining acquisition strategies with the intent of insuring competition throughout all phases (research, development, and production) and achieving the simultaneous qualification of two production sources. The final acquisition strategy has yet to be determined. KW - Military vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195651 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378548 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fujisaki, S AU - Kawamura, M AU - Kawasaki, Kunihiro AU - Kawaguchi, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DUAL CYLINDER ROLLING PISTON ROTARY COMPRESSOR FOR AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONER PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Recently, conventional compressors for automotive air conditioner have been rapidly replaced with rotary type compressor, because rotary compressors satisfy the requirements such as compact size, light weight, high compression efficiency, high durability and so on. Especially, rolling piston type rotary compressor have many excellent characteristics. (Its feature and performance were described at 1981 SAE International Congress.) We successfully developed dual cylinder rolling piston type rotary compressor for automotive air conditioner. This new product has special model which enables to control capacity range. This paper shows the configuration and experimental result of dual cylinder rolling piston type rotary compressor for automotive air conditioner. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Automobiles KW - Compressors KW - Cooling equipment KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195666 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378550 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kaufman, V H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR INCREASED SAFETY BELT USE FOR A SMALL ORGANIZATION PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - A program to increase the use of safety belts in motor vehicles by employees of a small organization was developed by a staff committee. Using readily available materials, the employees were surveyed via a written questionnaire, then checked for actual use at three different times. Overall use of safety belts increased from 20% to 55% among the employees. This was accomplished through an educational program and by providing proper feedback following each survey or spot check. Lack of funds prohibited the program from using money or gifts as incentive for increased safety belt use. KW - Education KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195668 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378565 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Leiferman, M W AU - Martens, S W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL TANK RUNNING LOSSES--A PRE-CONTROL EVAPORATIVE EMISSION BASELINE PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Prior to nationwide installation of evaporative emission controls in 1971, a significant quantity of hydrocarbon vapors was lost from fuel tank vents during vehicle operation. Earlier published quantifications of that emission source/mode were based on test protocols which predated and differed significantly from the now well established 1975 Federal Test Procedure for regulatory emission measurement. This paper reports the results of a series of running loss evaporative emission tests on a fleet of 1970 cars. The testing was designed to provide experimental data under conditions consistent with the regulatory test. Uncontrolled baseline values of 6.7 g (0.9 g/mi) for 1970 cars and 6.0g (0.8 g/mi) for 1960 cars are consequently proposed as benchmarks from which to measure the extent of evaporative emission control accomplished by today's automobiles. KW - Air quality management KW - Evaporative emission control KW - Evaporative emissions KW - Fuel tanks KW - Measurement KW - Pollutants KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195683 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378567 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Meese, G E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HISTORY OF LIGHTING TEST DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - This document is intended to provide some background on the evolution and development of the current SAE Standards and Recommended Practices relating to automotive lighting devices. Although varying with device, material, and intent, this paper addresses the Lighting Committee's methods for arriving at specific levels and features. Lighting standards differ in origin, content and application from most technical standards. They involve the psycho-physiological aspects of vision as well as the physical properties of lighting devices. Since they are sometimes referenced by public regulatory bodies, it was anticipated that this paper might be helpful to those using these standards to understand the origin and factors which affected their development through the years. KW - History KW - Standards KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378742 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - OZAWA, M AU - Uyehara, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICRO-CONTROLLING OF STEEL QUALITY THROUGH AN INNOVATIVE STEEL MAKING PROCESS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - A lately established melting-refining-casting process for special steel and their qualities are described in this paper. The process consists of electric arc furnace melting, ladle furnace refining, vacuum degassing and continuous casting in this order. Such a complicated process has been put in the practice for the first time to manufacture particularly automobile steels. One of the advantages of this process is the reduction of impurities such as oxygen and sulfur. Oxygen is evacuated during vacuum degassing treatment and sulfur is controlled through ladle furnace refining. As a consequence, cold formability is improved significantly. Mechanical reliability can be increased as well, and especially, it should be noteworthy that stress corrosion cracking of high strength fasteners is able to be prevented by the reduction of sulfur. Consistent quality is another major advantage of the process. This is achieved with the minute control of chemistry through ladle furnace refining and vacuum degassing process. Continuous casting is also contributed to improve consistency through minimizing of segregation during solidification. An uniform-hardenability-steel and an uniform-heat treatment-distortion steel are examples of automobile steels taking this advantage. KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Oxygen KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Steel KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195766 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378745 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dent, J C AU - Lakshminarayan, P A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MODEL FOR ABSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF FUEL VAPOUR BY CYLINDER LUBRICATING OIL FILMS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The absorption and desorption of fuel by cylinder lubricating oil films has been modelled using principles of mass transfer. Henry's Law for a dilute solution of fuel in oil is used to relate gas to liquid phase fuel concentrations. Mass transfer conductances in gas and liquid phases are considered, the former via use of Reynold's Analogy to engine heat transfer data, the latter through assuming molecular diffusion through an effective penetration depth of the oil film. Oxidation of desorbed fuel is assumed complete if the mean of burned gas and lubrication oil film temperatures is greater than 1100K. Below this value the desorbed fuel is considered to contribute to hydrocarbon emissions. Comparison with engine test data corroborate the absorption/desorption hypothesis. The model indicates the equal importance of gas and liquid phase conductances. KW - Absorption KW - Desorption KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Lubricating oils KW - Mathematical models KW - Vapors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378760 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lax, D H AU - DULEEP, K G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT TRENDS IN FACTORS INFLUENCING AUTOMOTIVE FUEL DEMAND PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - This paper assesses three factors affecting projections of passenger car fuel consumption: 1) "fuel-switching" by consumers; 2) new car fuel economy trends through 1995; and 3) the on-road fuel economy characteristics of older cars. Surveys of monthly household motor fuel purchases in 1978-1981 are used to demonstrate a significant correlation between vehicle age and trends in "misfueling". Projections of new car fuel economy are derived using a technology-oriented model previously developed for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The forecasts are sensitive to fuel prices, consumer discount rates, and technology payback periods. The paper discusses the effects of changes in vehicle use intensity and odometer on the in-use fuel economy of older cars. Information also is presented on the in-use fuel economy of pre-MY1975 vehicles. The paper concludes with an assessment of the effects of these fuel economy and fuel switching trends on future automobile fuel demand. KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Misfueling KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prices KW - Service life KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195783 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378762 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hamilton, W F AU - KISELEWICH, S J AU - MADER, G H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REQUIREMENTS FOR OVERNIGHT RECHARGE OF PERSONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - EV driving and recharging were simulated with travel data from the 1977 NPTS. Full recharge times of four to sixteen hours were considered for EVs with ranges from 40 to 100 miles. Recharges in less than 16 hours were seldom found to be necessary for cars recharged overnight only. With a 16-hour recharger (83 percent of the simulated EVs received a full recharge, and 90 percent reached at least 90 percent state of charge). Little recharge energy would be purchased during the daytime and early evening, so time-of-use rates would not substantially penalize those with 16-hour rechargers. These and other factors in charger design are being systematically evaluated in a program of battery charger development sponsored by EPRI. KW - Costs KW - Electric vehicles KW - Recharge UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195785 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377445 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shinozaki, M AU - Kato, T AU - IRIE, T AU - Takahashi, Issey AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FATIGUE OF AUTOMOTIVE HIGH STRENGTH STEEL SHEETS AND THEIR WELDED JOINTS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Fatigue properties in various types of high strength steel sheets for automotive use and their spot and arc welded joints were investigated. In steel sheets and strain-aged sheets, fatigue limit stresses and notch sensitivities depend on not only the tensile strength but also the yield strength. Two methods for improving fatigue strength of spot welded high strength steel joints were found. One is to generate moderate expulsion during welding with a current just above the upper lobe curve and another is to conduct a controlled tempering treatment during the welding schedule. By these methods, fatigue strengths at 10 to the 7th power cycles of spot welded high strength steel joints increase by about twice as compared with those by the conventional welding method. KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - High schools KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Sheet metal KW - Spot welding KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377447 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davidson, J A AU - Imhof, E J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A FRACTURE-MECHANICS AND SYSTEM-STIFFNESS APPROACH TO FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF SPOT-WELDED SHEET STEELS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - To improve fuel economy, the automotive manufacturers have been gradually incorporating lighter gage, higher strength sheet steels. For the same fatigue loads, the operating stresses of these spot-welded lighter-gage sheets will be greater causing a concomitant reduction in fatigue life. This paper describes the results of a program using fracture-mechanics concepts to determine the fatigue life of spot-welded connections of various stiffness. A model is developed which predicts the fatigue life, and shows that life increases with increasing joint stiffness. Two types of fatigue cracking were observed and found to be competing throughout the fatigue life. The type of cracking dominating the final failure was also related to the joint stiffness. Above a critical stiffness, shear failure could occur. Below this critical stiffness, sheet failure resulted, and the fatigue life was related to the square root of the change in rotation. KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - High schools KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Sheet metal KW - Spot welding KW - Stiffness KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377492 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kyriakides, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVING QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOTIVE RUBBER PARTS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - A new chemical composition for the protection of vulcanized rubber products has been developed, and its effectiveness has been proven in a number of natural and synthetic rubber products. The new product is based on the surface chemistry of polymers, whereby, a high concentration of an effective system is introduced into the surface of the rubber for its protection against deterioration caused by weathering and ozone attack. Ozone cracking, oxidation, flex cracking and flex fatigue are controlled by chemically treating the surface of rubber. The system provides resistance to ozone attack and an effective singlet oxygen quencher that prevents polymer degradation. The product provides a simple and cost effective method to extend the service life of new and in-service products, and improve their performance. The new concept makes possible the use of low cost elastomers for applications demanding superior resistance to ozone. KW - Automobiles KW - Chemical composition KW - Chemical processes KW - Cracking process /chemical/ KW - Durability KW - Oxidation KW - Oxidation reduction KW - Performance KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Rubber KW - Service life KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377494 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Goodman, H H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MAJOR AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS MADE OF NYLON PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Nylon automotive parts, representing all major areas of the car, were evaluated for field performance after a service life ranging from 2 to 10 years in regular production vehicles. Parts covering nine applications were checked for appearance, relative viscosity, tensile strength and elongation. Results indicate that all parts retained good resin quality, even after years of exposure to the harsh under-hood environment of high heat and thrown gravel and the corrosive action of automotive fluids, gasoline vapor and road salt. Although a dimensional check was conducted on only four of the nine applications, the readings indicate good tolerance retention. KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Field performance KW - Nylon KW - Performance KW - Service life KW - Tensile strength KW - Vehicle components KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377940 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ganoung, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF CVT ENGINE OPERATING SCHEDULES PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Maximum fuel economy and low exhaust emissions can exist together if a predominantly wide-open-throttle engine operating schedule is used to complement a continuously variable transmission. Moreover, the concurrently required engine recalibration often entails less effort than the more usual fuel consumption and emission mapping procedure. KW - Air quality management KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Wide-open-throttle UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195232 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377942 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Foret-Bruno, J Y AU - Hartemann, F AU - Tarriere, C AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONDITIONS REQUIRED TO AVOID BEING KILLED IN CARS IN SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - A study was made of the conditions in which occurred side impacts having led to death of 369 car occupants. This sample is representative of the population of fatal collisions having occurred on French roads, in 1980. 28% of killed were victims of collisions against another private car, 34% struck a fixed obstacle, 21% underwent a collision against a truck. The other types of collisions account for 17%. The performances to be reached in order to spare an important number of victims are of a high level. This is measured as a function of the distribution of impact violences and occupants' ages. The description given in this report of fatal side-impact collisions yields insight into the level of requirements that must be satisfied in order to protect a significant proportion of victims. It enables us to measure the challenge represented by protection against the risk of the occurrence of death in this kind of accident. KW - Age KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195234 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377957 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Oltmanns, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FORD RANGER LIGHT TRUCK PIN-RAIL DISC BRAKE SPRING--FIRMLY COMPLIANT PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Brake system "feel" is influenced by numerous vehicle parameters. The Ford Ranger sought to improve brake system feel over current light truck disc-drum systems by increasing caliper stiffness and reducing system feedback. The Ranger caliper is suspended by a unique pin-rail spring which firmly attaches the caliper assembly to the steering knuckle, yet provides controlled compliance to reduce brake feedback. This paper describes the pin concept; its design and operation to achieve controlled caliper compliance. KW - Brakes KW - Calipers KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Light trucks KW - Pin-rail springs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195249 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377959 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ennis, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY IN THE BUSINESS OF MOLDING SMALL THERMOPLASTIC COMPONENTS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - The reason for the inclusion of the word "business" in the title is self-explanatory. For us to be competitive in the world market, we must look at all aspects of the molding and thermoplastic components. We all know that molding involves more than pushing a cycle button. Packard Electric has several hundred molding machines, and I would like to share with you an insight into our total operation, including the checks and balances used to mold a quality part at the lowest possible cost. The presentation will include our design, processing and validation of both to meet our customers' demands in a product. Then we will move into the production phase and discuss our receiving inspection of material, our manufacturing process controls and final release mechanism for the distribution of product. I'm sure most of you are aware of the "parts" of the molding operation. You may not have the needs of a large molding shop, but, as Ackoff has proposed, the "parts" may not always be representative of the "whole". It is hoped that I will give you an understanding of the approach Packard takes to product, process and reliability to increase productivity. KW - Automotive systems KW - Design KW - Electrical equipment KW - Injection molding KW - Processing KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Validation KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195251 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378128 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Connell, G W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SFI PROGRAM--SELF-REGULATION BY CUSTOM WHEEL MANUFACTURERS PY - 1983 SP - 3 p. AB - In order to establish uniform industry standards for custom aftermarket wheels, manufacturers of these wheels have joined together to develop guidelines for wheel design, testing, and manufacturing. The organization is named SEMA Foundation, Incorporated, (SFI) and the specifications cover both steel and aluminum automobile and light truck wheels. The specifications include requirements for (1) wheel identification marking, (2) design qualification, (3) periodic design requalification, (4) quality control procedures, (5) independent plant audits, and (6) identification of qualified products. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Industries KW - Quality control KW - Regulations KW - Steel KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195349 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378130 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gussak, L A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROLE OF CHEMICAL ACTIVITY AND TURBULENCE INTENSITY IN PRECHAMBER-TORCH ORGANIZATION OF COMBUSTION OF A STATIONARY FLOW OF A FUEL-AIR MIXTURE PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The present paper is concerned with the main experimental facts and generalized results of an investigation into an interaction of the chemico-kinetic and gas-hydrodynamic factors of initiation and promotion of inflammation and turbulent combustion of a stationary flow of the working mixture by a prechamber-torch of a stationary flow of the combustion products of an auxiliary mixture. This interaction is shown to be most favorable, with the lowest temperatures and shortest delays giving the most reliable inflammation, with the fastest and most complete turbulent combustion stabilized over the widest range. This occurs only in the case of independent formation of high thermodynamically super equilibrium concentrations of chemically active hydrogen atoms, hydrogen-containing radicals, and other chemically active particles in the products of incomplete combustion of the rich auxiliary mixture in the prechamber. They are discharged therefrom, after a short residence time in the prechamber, into the working mixture of the combustion chamber in a small amount (about 2-3%) and at a small (about half the critical value) subcritical pressure difference between the prechamber and the combustion chamber via short outlet, sharpedged channels of a small cross-section and forming multiple-small-kernel of discrete turbulent structure of the main mixture in the combustion zone. This principal and technology underlies the forced controlled organization of an avalanche activation of the combustion process (the LAG-Process). KW - Chemical reactivity KW - Combustion KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Prechamber-torch KW - Stationary flow KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378166 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Oren, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF DEFLECTION IN A RIGID FLANGE GASKET JOINT PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - The defelection of a rigid flange as it affects and is in turn affected by varying amounts of gasket compression between the bolt holes is mathematically analyzed. Fiber-polymeric gaskets that can be further compressed beyond the compression at their sealing stress are shown to permit varying degrees of flange deflection while maintaining sealing criteria. The flange design factors of bolt span and deflection as they affect required flange thickness are discussed. Flange bending stress rather than the ability of the gasket material to seal is shown to impose an upper limit on the deflection. KW - Compression KW - Deflection tests KW - Design KW - Flanges KW - Gaskets KW - Polymers KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378168 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Karim, G A AU - Amoozegar, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DETERMINATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A DUAL FUEL DIESEL ENGINE WITH THE ADDITION OF VARIOUS LIQUID FUELS TO THE INTAKE CHARGE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - An examination of the engine performance and associated combustion is made for a dual fuel engine of the compression ignition type when additional auxiliary fuels were introduced in turn in the form of a spray into the main intake charge with methane being the main fuel. This was attempted with the view of modifying the dual fuel engine behaviour particularly at light load. Alcohols, gasoline, benzene or normal hexane were introduced in turn to various extents into the intake charge of the engine. Comparison with dual fuel operation on a range of gaseous fuels and with water spray injection was made. It is shown that gasoline, benzene or n-hexane intake addition reduced the overall ignition delay significantly and increased the power output of the dual fuel diesel engine at light load. This, however, was achieved at the cost of undermining the efficiency of fuel utilization at higher loads. Moreover, the quenching of the charge resulting from water or alcohols additions appeared to slow down the combustion rates necessitating the supply of a certain amount of gaseous fuel and diesel pilot fuel injection for a threshold of adequate combustion. KW - Combustion KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Compression-ignition KW - Diesel engines KW - Dual fueling KW - Engine performance KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Liquid fuels KW - Sprays (Materials) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378174 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BERNARD, J E AU - STARKEY, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE MOUNT OPTIMIZATION PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Recent work in design optimization has led to software which allows the designer to indicate frequency bands which are undesirable. The software determines the optimal amount of several design alterations which will move system natural frequencies from undesirable bands. This design procedure is shown to be effective in selecting stiffness, orientation, and location of engine mounts which remove engine natural frequencies from the range excited at idle. KW - Design KW - Engine mounts KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Optimization KW - Software KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195394 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378176 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Beck, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EVOLUTION OF PLASTICS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - There have been plastics in automobiles almost as long as there have been plastics. This paper deals with plastic molded parts from the 1930's through 1970. These parts include steering wheels, tail light lenses, knobs, electrical connectors, fasteners, speedometer wheels, distributor caps, water pump impellers, dials, and various decorative ornaments. KW - Automobiles KW - History KW - Plastics KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378199 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Russell, R G AU - Connelly, T T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL SHOCK TESTING HEAD GASKETS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Cylinder head gasket tests which quickly measure the performance of design and material alternatives have been developed. The paper describes the engine operating conditions, the equipment used, the techniques for avoiding unrelated breakdowns, and the criteria for measuring gasket performance. KW - Cylinder head gaskets KW - Cylinder heads KW - Design KW - Gaskets KW - Performance KW - Testing KW - Thermal shock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195419 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378347 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Du, C J AU - KITTELSON, D B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOTAL CYLINDER SAMPLING FROM A DIESEL ENGINE: PART III--PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - Particle formation, growth, coagulation and combustion in the cylinder of an indirect injection passenger car type diesel engine have been studied using a system which allows the cylinder contents to be rapidly expelled through a blowdown port, diluted, and collected in a sample bag for subsequent analysis. Characteristic blowdown times were about 0.5 ms. Samples were analyzed using a condensation nuclei counter to determine particle number concentrations and an electrical aerosol analyzer to determine particle volume concentrations in the 0.01 to 1.0 micrometer diameter range. Measurements were made with the engine operating at 1000 rpm and an equivalence ratio of 0.32. Peak particle number concentration in the cylinder 13 times the exhaust level, and peak particle volume (or mass) concentration in the cylinder 3 times the exhaust level were observed. These results suggest that significant particle coagulation and oxidation occur during the expansion stroke. KW - Analysis KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Cylinders KW - Diesel engines KW - Particles KW - Samples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195528 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378350 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hamann, W C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CAD, CAD/CAM, CAE AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS--AN OVERVIEW PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - The development of numerical control, interactive computer graphics and finite element analysis has spawned an overabundance of new acronyms to describe the application of computers in the engineering and manufacturing environment. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of these technologies and describe how greater productivity improvement can be achieved via the synergistic benefits of integrating these diverse systems. Discussions will be based largely on the Ford Motor engineering and manufacturing environment which includes not only the internally developed Ford graphics systems, but systems provided by every major turn-key graphics vendor. Evaluation of the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) and communication of computer graphics data to Ford suppliers will also be discussed. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Computer graphics KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195530 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378373 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Byam, M D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR CONTROLS FOR DURABILITY TESTING PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - This article discusses the development of a microprocessor-based control system for the durability testing of turbochargers for diesel engines. This new control system enables identification of the failure cause during test operations. Future plans for the system include the concept of multi-user multi-tasking software for each processor, being able to edit one test program while running a test with the same processor, and the use of other high level languages. KW - Causes KW - Control systems KW - Durability KW - Failure KW - Microprocessors KW - Testing KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195553 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378375 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henderson, R L AU - Ziedman, K AU - BURGER, W J AU - Cavey, K E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTOR VEHICLE CONSPICUITY PY - 1983 SP - 48 p. AB - This paper addresses the relationship between vehicle conspicuity and probability of accident involvement. As used here, conspicuity refers not only to the "noticeability" of the vehicle, but also to the recognizability of the vehicle and its behavior relative to the observer. All classes of vehicles are considered during both day and night driving on all types of roadways. Relevant vehicle, driver, and environmental characteristics are identified, and their frequency of occurrence and relationship to accidents (or pertinent proxies) discussed whenever such information is available. The bulk of the report is devoted to reviewing, summarizing, and integrating the available body of data concerning vehicle conspicuity, including engineering analyses and other analytic studies, as well as experimental data from laboratory, simulation and field studies. The major output of this review and summary is the identification of: 1) the major problems associated with vehicle conspicuity, 2) mitigating concepts, including a discussion of how these concepts should be evaluated, and 3) considerations for future attention of the research community. KW - Data analysis KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Human characteristics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378382 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Armstrong, L R AU - Wilkinson, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN NON-CONTACT DIESEL DIAGNOSTICS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - This article discusses the development of a non-contact or minimal-contact sensor system which increases significantly the Army mechanic's diagnostic capability. It is based upon the Simplified Test Equipment for Internal Combustion Engines (STE/ICE) and overcomes the necessity of removing armor protection in order to gain access to the engine. Only when the presence of a fault is determined is it necessary to install any "hard-mounted" sensors on the engine. KW - Development KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diesel engines KW - Minimal-contact KW - Non-contact KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Sensors KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195562 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378384 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - WALZER, P AU - EMMENTHAL, K-D AU - Stamm, K AU - Geiger, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SI ENGINE CONCEPT OF THE VOLKSWAGEN "AUTO 2000" PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The VW Research Car Auto 2000 with the spark ignition (SI) engine is intended to achieve a high level of driving performance at low fuel consumption rates while simultaneously emitting the lowest possible levels of exhaust emissions and noise. This report contains the considerations that led to selection of a 1.06 liter engine with charging by a positive displacement charger. It gives the findings of preliminary studies of the combustion chamber, charging procedure, knock limit control, and low idle-speed level. The vehicle achieved a top speed of 186 km/h, acceleration from stand still to 100 km/h in 11.7 seconds, and a fuel efficiency of 16.9 km per liter with the selected engine and a four-speed automatic transmission. At the same time, the present European limits for exhaust emission and noise regulations were fullfilled. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Engine knock KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Noise KW - Performance KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195564 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378535 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rodden, B E AU - Bowden, T J AU - Reichert, J K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ALGORITHM FOR DETERMINING THE HEAD INJURY CRITERION (HIC) FROM RECORDS OF HEAD ACCELERATION PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - An algorithm for calculating the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) from a digital record of the resultant head acceleration of a dummy used in impact testing is described. A result from Chou and Nyquist is used to establish a procedure for searching the range of time intervals within the acceleration pulse which should guarantee finding the true HIC. A second result from the same authors is used to make the search far more efficient for most head acceleration records. The algorithm is implemented in a simple way which does not require curve-fitting or interpolation between the data points. This algorithm, implemented as a computer program, has been tested with head acceleration records from impact tests with dummies and some results are given. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programs KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195653 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378537 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Clarke, M A AU - Perrin, G G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN APPROACH TO IMPROVED ELECTROPLATED PARTS QUALITY PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The long term visual appearance of exterior chrome-plated parts is highly dependent on part designs and supplier performance. The use of numerous complex designs coupled with the pressures of competition has caused a statistically high percentage of parts to be manufactured which do not fully meet customer expectations. A coordinated approach to improve supplier performance and simplification of part designs was required. A task force was established to address these issues in 1980 and desirable results were achieved. The purpose of this paper is to describe an approach used by Ford Motor Company to improve quality of its chrome-plated exterior trim components. KW - Automobiles KW - Chrome KW - Exteriors KW - Parts KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Suppliers KW - Trimming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195655 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378539 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Edwards, C F AU - OPPENHEIM, A K AU - Dale, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PLASMA IGNITION SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Performance of an array of plasma ignition systems has been studied in a CFR engine. This included a standard spark plug, an extended spark plug, a surface discharge plug, and two plasma jet ignitors, one with open cavity and the other with cavity provided with a jet forming orifice. For all the tests the engine was run at a compression ratio of 8:1, a wide open throttle, and minimum for best torque (MBT) ignition timing. In this way specific information was obtained on ignition delay, duration of the exothermic combustion process, engine efficiency, and pollutant emissions. The study demonstrated the effect of various ignition systems on engine performance as the lean operating limit is approached. KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ignition systems KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance KW - Plasma jet ignition KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195657 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378544 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Emmett, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN-DEVELOPMENT, PHENOLIC DISC BRAKE PISTON PY - 1983 SP - 26 p. AB - More than 25,000,000 phenolic disc brake pistons have been produced since first introduced in 1976. This innovative use of a nonmetallic material continues to provide performance advantages over the chrome-plated steel it replaced. Phenolic pistons have been approved, or are being evaluated, by brake and automotive engineers, worldwide. To achieve this broad acceptance and to meet brake performance demands, it was necessary to introduce and implement several modifications and additions to the original piston design concept. This paper will describe several of the improvements and demonstrate how they improved the quality of the piston. KW - Design KW - Disc brakes KW - Improvements KW - Phenolic resins KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195662 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378546 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NAKAMURA, N AU - Itoh, T AU - Morino, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW VARIABLE VENTURI CARBURETOR PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - A new variable venturi carburetor has been developed, in order to achieve high metering accuracy, fuel economy, higher power and good driveability of the vehicle. This carburetor is a down-draft-type, and has better characteristics compared with the fixed venturi carburetor, such as better fuel atomization, lower cycle-to-cycle variation of combustion in lean mixture, faster response, and higher power. For this carburetor, a new type venturi and a new cold enrichment system has been developed. This venturi type has an exponential-profile with a nearly constant increasing rate of venturi opening area to the suction piston stroke. The new cold enrichment system controls the air-fuel ratio in all conditions by changing air bleed quantities using the thermowax. With this system, cold driveability is improved greatly. KW - Carburetors KW - Driveability KW - Fuel consumption KW - Instruments for measuring fluid properties or phenomena KW - Power KW - Venturi tubes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195664 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378733 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Anderson, R W G AU - Asik, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IGNITABILITY EXPERIMENTS IN A FAST BURN, LEAN BURN ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - This paper demonstrates the first successful use of factorial statistical analysis in quantifying the effect of ignition system parameters on lean operation of a fast burn single cylinder engine. Ignition parameters investigated include plug type, plug number, ignition system, plug location, and ground electrode orientation with respect to the mean swirl generated flow direction. System performance is quantified by analyzing the coefficient of variance of the peak cylinder pressure and the 0-10% mass fraction burn time for various parameter combinations. To confirm the results from the factorial analysis technique, data from spark angle sweeps at constant flowrates are presented for the basic system and for two promising candidates that were selected from the factorial experiments. These candidates, a multi-ground electrode plug and a surface-air gap plug combined with more ignition energy, are shown to improve engine operation at lean gas-to-fuel ratio. Finally, a simplified thermodynamic engine model is utilized to predict what specific fuel consumption (ISFC) is attainable with stable operation at lean gas-to-fuel ratio. The value measured at the MBT+1% ISFC level, using the surface-air gap plug and more ignition energy at about 22:1 gas-to-fuel ratio, is found to be within experimental error of the predicted value. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Ignition systems KW - Lean fuel engine KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Performance KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195757 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378738 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bracken, W J AU - Sakioka, J K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LABORATORY AND VEHICLE CHARACTERIZATION OF FRONT DISC BRAKE SQUEAL PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - A drag test method for the quantification of front disc brake squeal which uses a brake dynamometer and noise analysis equipment was developed and previously reported in SAE Paper 820037. Subsequently, the dynamometer procedure was revised to a variable stop method which allows a wider study range in less test time while still providing sufficient information to determine the noise character influence of design changes. In conjunction with this revised dynamometer operation, a systematic vehicle test procedure was developed to more clearly define vehicle/dynamometer noise character correlation and in-vehicle noise sensitivity. KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Disc brakes KW - Dynamometers KW - Noise KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195762 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378740 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Carson, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MAGNESIUM: AN AUTOMOTIVE PERSPECTIVE PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - Vehicle weight reduction accelerated in importance following the 1973 oil crisis. The Ford Motor Company reduced average vehicle weight by approximately 1000 pounds between 1975 and 1980 through downsizing, design efficiencies and material substitutions. This emphasis on vehicle downsizing and weight reduction has provided an opportunity to evaluate magnesium against conventional U.S. automotive materials. This paper describes magnesium's advantages and disadvantages for automotive applications and assesses its future role in weight reduction. Magnesium's potential is analyzed from a business standpoint including cost/supply, technical and timing issues. KW - Costs KW - Lightweight materials KW - Magnesium KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378764 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wilson, W E AU - Husar, R B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROLE OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OF ACIDITY PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Both sulfur and nitrogen pollutants may contribute to acidification of the environment. Measurements indicate that nitric acid is an important contributor to the acidity of snowmelt but that sulfuric acid is the major contributor to rain acidity. In summer nitrate may be utilized by biological processes which effectively neutralize one hydrogen ion per nitrate utilized. In the winter these processes may not be rapid enough to utilize the nitric acid in snowmelt before it reaches lakes and streams. Therefore, NOx may be of concern during the winter, especially in regard to acidification of lakes and streams and spring fish kills. A budgeting exercise for SO2 and NOx leads to an estimate that passenger cars contribute 5% of annual wet deposition of acidity in the U.S., 8.5% of total (wet plus dry) acid deposition, and 11% of the acidity in snowmelt, as measured at several sites in the rural, northeast U.S. KW - Acid rain KW - Acidification KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - pH value KW - Snowmelt KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195787 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378766 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Horne, T D AU - TERRY, C T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SEAT BELT SWEEPSTAKES--AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - As part of an overall effort to support the National Highway Traffic Safety Administrations's (NHTSA) national program to increase seat belt usage, General Motors instituted an employee seat belt use incentive program at the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. This program was responsible for raising seat belt use at the Tech Center from 36% to 70% during its 5 1/2 month duration. The program was patterned, in part, after research work done by Professor E. Scott Geller of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University under a grant from the General Motors Research Laboratories and a program conducted by Berg Electronics (a DuPont subsidiary). The intent of the program was to provide sufficient positive incentive to employees to buckle up for an extended period of time, thereby establishing a seat belt use habit that will continue after the incentives are no longer offered. This program was different from most other efforts to increase seat belt use in that prizes were available to participating individuals if, and only if, overall seat belt use on the site achieved a predetermined level. This paper presents the methodology and results of that program. KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195789 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377449 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hollander, M AU - Bryda, K A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTERPRETATION OF ENGINE BEARING PERFORMANCE BY JOURNAL ORBIT ANALYSIS PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Journal Orbit Analysis is a useful computer tool for bearing system design and troubleshooting. This paper is a handbook for interpretation of calculated journal orbit data and plots. The interpretive techniques presented here apply to any of the Journal Orbit computer programs available. Journal Orbit summary data and plotted output are both discussed in detail. Limits are recommended for summary parameters, and charts are provided to show how typical bearings conform to those limits. Interpretive examples of typical computer plots are also included in the text. KW - Bearings KW - Computer programs KW - Journal orbit analysis KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195085 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377488 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Munro, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL ECONOMY--ITS INFLUENCE ON DIESEL PISTON DESIGN FEATURES PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - The piston has a major role to play in the many aspects of fuel economy development being undertaken in the diesel engine industry. Relative to this work a range of piston features are discussed and several new ideas for improved performance introduced. Some of these features include combustion bowl reinforcement, high top rings, crown insulation and skirt friction. The squeeze casting process is shown to offer potential for improved strength and new design concepts and a novel relieved area low friction skirt configuration is presented. KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Rings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195094 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377490 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tanner, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SILICON CARBIDE REDUCES BORE WEAR PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - The evolution, development, application and future of a new surface treatment for piston rings and cylinder liners are discussed. The treatment has evolved over the last 20 years. It consists of the impregnation of the wearing surfaces with pure silicon carbide. The research background demonstrates that the material is bonded intimately. The process can be applied to liners and rings in a variety of basic materials. The application is to any mechanism where the physics of rubbing surfaces cause wear problems. The process is protected by patents in the main automobile producing countries in the world. KW - Cylinders KW - Durability KW - Liners KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Rings KW - Silicon carbide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377936 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nash, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BRAKE INTEGRATED HYDRAULIC ACTUATION SYSTEM MASTER CYLINDER PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper presents the design and operation of a new stepped bore master cylinder (fast-fill) which also integrates the rear brake proportioning valves and brake failure warning device in one major assembly. This design optimizes weight, performance and package together with several unique design features. It incorporates a combination of a plastic reservoir, permanent mold aluminum body, steel pistons, and miniaturized steel proportioning valves resulting in a significant weight and cost reduction versus equivalent hydraulic actuation systems. KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Engine cylinders KW - Lightweight materials KW - Master cylinders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195228 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377938 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Short, E P AU - Fern, D AU - Kellermann, W M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLOR ANODIZED ALUMINUM AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper outlines the process for the production of ANOLOK finishes and compares it with alternative methods of producing colored anodic finishes on aluminum. The properties of ANOLOK finishes are reviewed and results of accelerated and long term corrosion tests discussed. The practicalities of introducing the process into a typical bright anodizing line are considered. The economics of producing ANOLOK finishes along with alternative methods of producing colored finishes are outlined and desirable improvements to the process are identified. KW - Aluminum KW - Anodizing KW - Automobiles KW - Coatings KW - Color KW - Coloring KW - Corrosion tests KW - Economics KW - Finishes KW - Metal coating KW - Metal coatings KW - Protective coating KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195230 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377961 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Goble, J AU - Gruska, G AU - Bajaria, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INSPECTION--AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY'S ENDANGERED SPECIES PY - 1983 SP - 2 p. AB - The Industrial Revolution and Management Science approach paved the way for specialized departments. Among these came the Inspection Department, later the Quality Control Department, Quality Assurance Department, etc. However, the renewed interest in Quality, Productivity and Quality of Worklife emphasize elements that run counter to this approach. This paper describes the basic ingredients required for a successful transition and offers suggestions for further research. KW - Automotive systems KW - Employee participation KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Quality control KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195253 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377963 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ha, J-Y AU - HAYASHI, A AU - Tanabe, H AU - Sato, G T AU - Kuniyoshi, H AU - Fujimoto, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATION ON THE INITIAL PART AND THE SPRAY FORMATION DELAY OF DIESEL SPRAY PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - As authors reported in SAE Trans.800968, entitled "Investigation on the Characteristics of Diesel Fuel Spray", the flame never proceeds into the initial-part of the spray during injection. The length of the initial part-lies within 10 to 15 mm regardless of the conditions of the injection systems and of the ambient conditions. The ignition delay does not decrease but becomes constant when the ambient temperature or the pressure exceed a discrete value. The authors would like to propose a new concept of "Spray Formation Delay" during which the field is generated where the physical and chemical delay can exist. The spray formation delay is one of the major factors which control the above mentioned limitation of ignition delay. The characteristics of the spray formation delay are investigated and clarified. KW - Diesel fuel spray KW - Diesel fuels KW - Ignition KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195255 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378132 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brubaker, W AU - Tomassoni, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME SPECIAL ANALYSES OF THORACIC PROTECTION IN SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Upper Torso Injuries by the side interior surface of motor vehicles rank first in the injury categories for all non-ejected occupants of side damaged passenger cars in non-rollover accidents. In February 1982, a paper titled, "The Role of the Side of the Motor Vehicle in Crash Protection," Reference 1, discussed the state-of-knowledge in thoracic protection known at that time. This paper updates the state-of-knowledge in thoracic protection and offers an expansion of the analytical approach section of that paper. Occupant responses in full scale crash tests are compared with computer simulations of the crashes. Response of the occupant to variations in his clearance with the side door interior are also examined. It is concluded that thoracic injury level could possibly be reduced by proper choice of padding characteristics. KW - Automobiles KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Thoracic protection KW - Upper torso KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195353 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378134 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Widergren, J F AU - Clemens, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A TEST TO PREDICT AIR ENTRAINMENT IN CRANKCASE OILS UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - A new test has been developed to predict the quantity of air entrained in a crankcase oil under automobile engine operating conditions. The test involves measuring the temperature and API Gravity of the oil before agitating with a rotary mixer and again ten minutes after mixing has ceased. From this API Gravity measurement, it can be determined whether the oil will cause air entrainment related problems. This test appears to be more sensitive and more severe than the ASTM D-892-74 test toward air entrainment. The test can be made in one hour or less and the apparatus is very inexpensive. KW - Air entrainment KW - Automobile engines KW - Crankcases KW - Forecasting KW - Gravity KW - Oils KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195355 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377935 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Grubisic, V AU - Fischer, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMOTIVE WHEELS, METHOD AND PROCEDURE FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN AND TESTING PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - The paper describes a method for optimal wheel design and shows a systematic procedure for determining acting and allowable stresses in the wheel. The traditional wheel fatigue test procedures are criticized because no definite relationship to customer service exists in most cases. The basic design concept, that dimensions should be based on service stresses and allowable stresses is strictly adhered to in the approach and is accomplished by providing a method for simulating service loads in the laboratory and by determining allowable stresses by fatigue testing of representative wheel areas. The operational wheel loads as well as frequency distribution of service stresses are discussed. A Flat Base Wheel Roll Test Facility for determining wheel stresses is presented. Also described is a new Biaxial Wheel Durability Test Machine which provides improved simulation of wheel loading conditions and makes it possible to test the total wheel in a single procedure. KW - Design KW - Fatigue tests KW - Stresses KW - Testing equipment KW - Wheel loads KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195227 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377946 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Suzuki, T AU - Sato, A AU - SUENAGA, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGHER BOOST TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINE FOR BETTER FUEL ECONOMY IN HEAVY VEHICLES PY - 1983 SP - 35 p. AB - This paper presents technical solutions and a development process to accomplish not only superior fuel economy but also excellent driveability with a turbocharged diesel engine for heavy duty trucks. For better fuel economy, one of the basic considerations is how to decrease the friction losses of the engine itself while keeping the required horsepower and torque characteristics. A high boost turbocharged small engine offers this possibility, but it has serious disadvantages such as inferior low speed torque, poorer accelerating response, insufficient engine braking performance, and finally not always so good fuel consumption in the engine operating range away from the matching point between engine and turbocharger. These are not acceptable in complicated traffic conditions like those in Japan--a mixture of mountainous and hilly roads, city roads with numerous traffic signals, and freeways. In order to overcome these shortages and obtain a better fuel economy, novel technologies were investigated and adapted to the engine. As a result of this earnest work, a new type of higher boost turbocharged diesel engine with an intercooler was completed. Numerous new technologies such as optimization of engine swept volume for a certain class of vehicle, variable controlled inertia charging system, turbocharger with ultra backward curved impeller, electronically controlled fuel injection timer (ET-Control) and guillotine type exhaust brake system, etc. were applied to this new engine. The newly developed truck with aerodynamic cabine in which this engine is installed shows 20-30 percent better fuel economy than its predecessors. KW - Diesel engines KW - Driveability KW - Fuel consumption KW - Technology KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195238 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377953 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Oldfield, S G AU - Watson, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXHAUST VALVE GEOMETRY AND ITS EFFECT ON GAS VELOCITY AND TURBULENCE IN AN EXHAUST PORT PY - 1983 SP - 21 p. AB - The influence of fluid flow phenomenon in the exhaust valve and port region on available energy at the turbine of a turbocharged diesel engine is discussed. Zones of high fluid shear, recirculation and vortex shedding all increase fluid entropy and heat transfer and reduce turbine available energy. Detailed measurement of fluid velocity and turbulence intensity downstream of the exhaust valve have been made for six valve designs. The fluid flow characteristics are discussed and the influence of geometric design changes presented. Overall discharge coefficients are included. The data will also be useful for validation of detailed fluid dynamic models of flow through valves. KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy transfer KW - Entropy (Communications) KW - Exhaust ports KW - Exhaust valves KW - Flow KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Fluid flow KW - Fluids KW - Geometric design KW - Heat transfer KW - Turbines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulent flow KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195245 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377960 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DALMOTAS, D J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INJURY MECHANISMS TO OCCUPANTS RESTRAINED BY THREE-POINT SEAT BELTS IN SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1983 SP - 27 p. AB - Drawing on field data gathered during the course of Transport Canada's Fully Restrained Occupant Study (FROS), the current limits of protection afforded vehicle occupants restrained by conventional three-point seat-belt assemblies in side impacts are examined. The sample under consideration comprises 98 restrained passenger vehicle occupants involved either in a near side or a far side impact, each of whom sustained at least one injury at the AIS 2 or greater severity level (1976 AIS Dictionary). A detailed description of the pattern of injury to this subset of occupants and the damage sustained by the vehicle is presented. The principal mechanisms of injury for various body region groupings are discussed, with special attention being given to the incidence of side compartment intrusion. Other factors influencing injury potential such as occupant age and vehicle size are also discussed. In the case of near side impacts, the data suggest the need for greater attention to be paid in vehicle design to the load path developed in vehicle-to-vehicle collisions so as to minimize the degree of lateral compartment intrusion. Measures aimed at increasing the degree of lateral restraint provided occupants in far side impacts also need to be explored. Both subsets of the victim population would benefit from improvements in side door integrity and interior padding. In comparison to frontal impacts, the mechanisms of injury in side impacts are more varied and complex. Assessment of vehicle performance in lateral impacts may be difficult to realize through a single test on a complete vehicle. KW - Injuries KW - Intrusion KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belts KW - Side crashes KW - Three point restraint systems KW - Three-point seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195252 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378124 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - LIES, K-H AU - Postulka, A AU - Gring, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL ENGINES--EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - Since about four to five years car manufacturers are concerned with measurements of particulate matter in the diesel exhaust gas and with possible measures to control and reduce these substances. This paper discusses the technical approaches to the problems of sampling and determination of the diesel particulates on a mass basis. In detail the paper includes 1) results from experiences with the instrumentation for sampling and weighing particulate matter: manual sampling set-up, automatic sampling apparatus, filter holder, filter material, and microbalance; 2) results of the investigation of the main test parameters: sample flow rate, background particulate level, filter conditioning and efficiency. Further, a specific area of concern was the uncertainty of the measurements especially the variability and correlation of test results. The emission testing program, the basis of this study, comprised the determination of the particulate rates from a number of VW and Audi diesel vehicles with a displacement between 1.5 and 2.4 1 including 4-, 5-, and 6- cylinder engines. These measurements were performed on a chassis dynamometer in accordance with the specifications of three transient driving cycles including that used in emissions certification, sulfate testing, and highway fuel economy. KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Exhaust gases KW - Insulating materials KW - Measurement KW - Particulates KW - Sampling KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378135 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Staab, J AU - KLINGENBERG, H AU - SCHUERMANN, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW MULTICOMPONENT EXHAUST EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE PY - 1983 SP - 37 p. AB - The effort in manpower and equipment and the expense in money and time involved in carrying out the various emissions tests have considerably increased over the past years. The same holds true for the fuel economy measurements. The present-day emissions testing practice calls for complex gas sampling and dilution systems (CVS) and for a big variety of different analyzing devices. The development of a unique instrument with which the interesting emission components can be measured simultaneously and directly behind the exhaust pipe would mean a decisive improvement of this situation. In an intensive study possible measurement methods were compared and a way was pointed-out to construct such an instrument. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195356 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377434 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Jorstad, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REYNOLDS 390 ENGINE TECHNOLOGY PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The Reynolds' 390 engine technology eliminates the need for iron bore liners in aluminum engines. This allows casting of the cylinder block and bores as an integral unit. The technology is a three-part system consisting of the hypereutectic 390 aluminum-silicon alloy, compatible pistons and a special cylinder bore finish. When properly applied, it can produce a light-weight, strong, compact and relatively low-cost aluminum engine block. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Casting KW - Technology KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195070 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377441 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Veling, T R AU - Marsh, N E AU - Dickirson, G D AU - Glaser, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FORD MECHANICALLY ASSEMBLED ALUMINUM RADIATOR PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper discusses the design, development and manufacturing of the Ford mechanically assembled aluminum radiator. This new product is lighter in weight, lower in cost, and has superior reliability and durability compared to its copper and brass counterpart. Extensive research and development by Ford of coolants, corrosion inhibitors, and the use of an air side sealant at the tube to header interface has made the mechanically assembled aluminum radiator very attractive for vehicle applications where moderate cooling requirements exist. KW - Aluminum KW - Design KW - Development KW - Manufacturing KW - Radiators KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195077 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377489 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shin, K AU - Tateishi, Y AU - FURUHAMA, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT OF OIL-FILM-THICKNESS BETWEEN PISTON RING AND CYLINDER PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - For continuous measurement of oil-film-thickness on the piston ring, an electrical capacitance method has been applied. The capacitance pick-up fixed in the ring had an electrode with or without an insulating surface layer. We also measured friction forces at the same time, and learned the following. (1) If oil is supplied adequately, oil-film-thickness agrees with the theoretical value. Friction force, however, was 2 or 2.5 times greater than the theoretical value. (2) Oil-film-thickness on the top ring of the actual engine is considerably smaller than the theoretical value. This is considered attributable to inadequate oil supply (starvation). (3) The piston ring sliding surface is not always parallel to the cylinder wall. This phenomenon has a major influence on the formation of partial oil-film-thickness. KW - Cylinders KW - Measurement KW - Oil spills KW - Oil-film-thickness KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Rings KW - Thickness KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377496 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Peters, D L AU - Kowalski, R C AU - Hughes, J K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BLOW MOLDED REINFORCED HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - The first reinforced high density polyethylene blow molding compound with engineering properties has been developed by Phillips Chemical Company in a two-year joint program with Fisher Body Division of General Motors and Ford Motor Company. Chemically coupled mica, compounded with a Marlex high molecular weight high density polyethylene copolymer, results in a material having dramatically improved stiffness at both room temperature and elevated (180 deg F) temperatures. The high rigidity of this material has allowed reduced piece weight and significant cost savings in three automotive seat back panel and load floor applications. A full width seat back weighing about half of a metal frame is now being used in the Chevrolet Camaro, Chevrolet Z28 and Pontiac Firebird. A split seat back version is standard in the Pontiac Trans Am. Ford has realized impressive cost savings using a large mica reinforced high density polyethylene load floor in their Escort EXP and Lynx LN7 cars. The success of these blow molded applications has spawned promising development work in thermoforming and sheet compression molding processes. KW - Automobiles KW - Ethylene resins KW - Forming KW - High density KW - Mica KW - Molding (Process) KW - Polyethylene KW - Seats KW - Sheet molding compounds KW - Structural forms KW - Structural members KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378160 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Donomoto, T AU - Funatani, K AU - Miura, N AU - MIYAKE, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CERAMIC FIBER REINFORCED PISTON FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - A Ceramic Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite has been developed that has excellent wear resistance, seizure resistance against cast iron, good thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures. By strengthening top land and top ring groove of piston with the Aluminum Matrix Composites, a newly designed Diesel Engine attained excellent performance without sacrificing manufacturing cost and productivity. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Engine performance KW - High performance KW - High strength materials KW - Performance KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Thermal conductivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195381 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378167 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Passarella, M T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGNING WITH THERMAL INSULATING GASKETING AND GASKETING SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - In fluid sealing and non-fluid sealing gasket applications, the ultimate user aim may be reducing heat transfer. Material choices range from cellulose to asbestos (and asbestos substitutes), ceramics, cork, and fiberboard, engineering plastics, synthetic fibers, blends, and both "hard" and "soft" composites. Engineering textbooks give conductance values of some materials, generally under free-state conditions, and non-elevated temperatures. In design gasketing, however, additional details on these and other factors may be required. Recognizing this need, work proceeded within the framework of ASTM to develop a test procedure. Completed in 1977, and entitled "Evaluating Thermal Conductivity of Gasket Materials", the procedure has been used to develop improved materials and specifications. This paper will call attention to "k" factors of many materials and the factors influencing heat transfer characteristics using this equipment. KW - Design KW - Gaskets KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Heat transfer KW - Materials tests KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Testing KW - Thermal conductivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195388 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378175 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chruma, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EVOLUTION OF NYLON PLASTICS IN U.S. AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - The use of nylon plastics in the U.S. automotive industry has grown from tentative beginnings in a few gears and knobs to a multi-million pound business which places highly specialized engineered resins into virtually every area of a modern vehicle. The keys to this spectacular growth have been nylon's basic properties which allowed replacement of metals and other materials with a substance that offered superior performance, and by nylon's ability to be adapted and modified to meet ever changing and increasing performance demands. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Evolution KW - Nylon KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195395 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378186 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - RENFROE, D A AU - Henderson, B P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE 1982 GMI SUPERMILEAGE EXPERIENCE PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - GMI Engineering & Management Institute uses the SAE Supermileage Competition as a means of enhancing the design aspect of its engineering curriculum. The project is integrated into senior level courses and involves many students each year. GMI's 1982 effort emphasized maximizing engine efficiency via a re-designed combustion chamber, 12:1 compression ratio, and an overhead valve train. Chassis work centered upon minimum weight and drag losses. Official performance was 350 mpg. Engine starting difficulties and unforeseen chain drive reliability problems detracted from performance. Ambitious plans for 1983 include a complete new vehicle designed by 1982 veterans, and a re-designed version of GMI's 1982 car implemented by a new crew. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195406 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378193 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rabbitt, R D AU - Nametz, J E AU - Wright, R N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SEVERAL ESOTERIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF A GASOLINE POWERED SUPER MILEAGE VEHICLE PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The need for increased fuel efficiency in conventional automobiles has motivated the design of lightweight, single passenger, super mileage vehicles. Typical low budget super mileage vehicles are capable of attaining 1000 to 1500 miles per gallon of gasoline. The present work discusses unique features of a high mileage vehicle designed and constructed by a research coterie at Michigan State University. More significant contributions of the coterie include an electronic engine and vehicle control system, a vehicle operation optimization analysis, and a computerized method of designing cam lobes based on flow mach numbers. These subjects are considered along with several customary design problems. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195413 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378351 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nelson, K W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGNING AUTOMOTIVE FUEL SYSTEMS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE PLASTICS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - The use of high temperature engineering plastics in automotive fuel systems offer significant cost savings for vehicle manufacturers. These engineering plastics, which are available in many different resin compositions, offer such important underhood properties as heat and chemical resistance, low warpage, dimensional stability, toughness and strength. They also provide processing benefits that can substantially reduce capital costs. The expensive finishing steps inherent with die-cast alloys are reduced or even eliminated with plastics. Additional economies are derived from the greater design flexibility and ease of assembly that plastics offer. KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Fuel systems KW - High temperature KW - Plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195531 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378358 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hutton, J F AU - Jones, B AU - Bates, T W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF ISOTROPIC PRESSURE ON THE HIGH TEMPERATURE HIGH SHEAR VISCOSITY OF MOTOR OILS PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - The viscosity of 10W/40 motor oils formulated with different viscosity index (VI) improvers has been measured at pressures up to 200 MPa (2000 bar) over a wide temperature and shear rate range. The response of viscosity to pressure was found to depend on the chemical nature of the VI improver at both low and high shear rates. As a consequence, the ranking of the 150 degree C viscosities of polymer-thickened oils can be different at high pressures to that observed in conventional atmospheric pressure viscometers. These effects of VI improver type on high pressure viscosity appear to be relevant to wear in journal bearings of fired engines; thus in experiments carried out in the ALI Bearing Distress Test, bearing weight loss of multigrade oils containing different VI improvers correlated better with high pressure, high shear viscosities than with high shear viscosities measured at atmospheric pressure. KW - Engine oils KW - High pressure KW - High temperature KW - Journal bearings KW - Oil additives KW - Pressure KW - Viscosity KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195538 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378365 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - CLARKE, P J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FRONT-END VOLATILITY REQUIREMENTS OF LATE MODEL CARS AT INTERMEDIATE AMBIENT TEMPERATURES PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - The response of 1975-1981 model year vehicles to front-end fuel volatility was measured in a consumer survey carried out in Houston in the winter of 1981-82. Two hundred ten customers, approximating the car population for these years, were given gasolines varying in front-end volatility. Responses to these changes in volatility were measured by weekly telephone interviews with each customer. Results show that existing ASTM volatility specifications (Volatility Class E ASTM D 439) provides hot engine driveability protection at 68 degrees F (20.0 degrees C) and even greater protection below 68 degrees F. Sluggish performance (smooth acceleration but at a reduced rate) was the major hot driveability problem observed with fuels of high volatility, with occasional stalling, rough idle and poor hot start being significant but lesser problems. No vehicles suffered disabling vapor lock even on the most volatile fuel tested. Thus, the ASTM volatility specifications provide a significant measure of overprotection against the serious customer inconvenience and safety concerns associated with road stoppage. Incorporation of narrower temperature ranges and more volatility classes in the specifications would maintain the demonstrated high level of protection with no loss in performance and would allow gasoline refiners greater flexibility in utilizing high octane light ends. KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle front end KW - Vehicle performance KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195545 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378376 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Perel, M AU - Olson, P L AU - Sivak, M AU - Medlin, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTOR VEHICLE FORWARD LIGHTING PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - This paper surveys the literature on motor vehicle headlighting and its influence on the ability of drivers to avoid accidents. The review identifies the key relationships between headlamp design characteristics and driver and environmental factors. The major safety problems associated with headlighting are discussed, and issues needing the attention of the research community are identified. KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Environment KW - Headlamps KW - Human factors KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195556 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378383 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wiedemann, B AU - Doerges, U AU - Engeler, W AU - Poettner, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REGENERATION OF PARTICULATE FILTERS AT LOW TEMPERATURES PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Due to good trapping abilities, the ceramic trap filter was chosen for the reduction of the particulate emission of diesel engines. Both tests and the analysis of the regeneration kinetic show that in real-world application the lite-off limit of 500 degrees C may not be exceeded. The minimum exhaust gas temperature necessary for regeneration without the use of a catalyst, can be reduced to approximately 200 degrees C to 250 degrees C with the use of fuel additives. The use of additives for the filter regeneration showed excellent results in real-world conditions as well as with endurance tests. There was no significant change in emissions or specific fuel consumption about 20,000 km as compared to the operation without additives. The regeneration dependability however, is questionable because of the destruction of the filter. This destruction is caused by exceeding the melting point of the ceramic by thermal reactions due to erratic regeneration and by thermal reactions due to a high temperature increase rate after exceeding the lite-off limit. For the increase of the service life of the trap, a ceramic material with a lower thermal expansion coefficient is required. The start of regeneration can be achieved simultaneously by significantly exceeding the lite-off limit. Finally, with the control of oxygen in the exhaust gas (i.e. with EGR), it is possible to avoid exceeding the melting point of the ceramic. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Filters KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel consumption KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Temperature KW - Thermal expansion KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195563 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378538 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Terauchi, K AU - Tsukagoshi, Y AU - Hiraga, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPIRAL COMPRESSOR FOR AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Sanden Corporation (named Sankyo Electric Co., Ltd. prior to September 1982) developed a new automotive air conditioning compressor, the "TR" type, based upon the spiral machine principle. The spiral principle, having been chosen after an elaborate comparative study of several new mechanisms including the vane rotary, the "TR" compressor, proved more than competitive with other types in every criterion. The design refinement program which followed repeated prototype evaluations, included laboratory tests ranging from regular durability to extreme condition durability, such as low speed-high pressure and low refrigerant/oil charge tests, in addition to field tests in Okinawa Prefecture and other parts of Japan. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Compressors KW - Cooling equipment KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195656 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378545 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - SAUL, R A AU - Chou, P AU - Guenther, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DETERMINATION OF CRASH WORTHINESS IN FULL FRONTAL CAR/CAR COLLISIONS BY FIXED RIGID BARRIER TESTING PY - 1983 SP - 10 p. AB - Three groups of crash tests were analyzed to determine how well the standard fixed rigid barrier measures potential crash survivability in small cars when impacted full frontally by larger cars. In addition to experimental results, simple analytical methods were used to determine and compare the level of occupant protection in the small cars. The fixed rigid barrier appears to be an accurate crashworthiness-measuring device for small cars in high speed full frontal car/car collisions, if test velocities are selected on the basis of equivalent energy between car/barrier and car/car collisions as opposed to equivalent momentum. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Small car KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378552 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Simpson, HRD AU - Andon, B M AU - Thilly, W G AU - Rife, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS OF THE PARTICULATES FROM A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Particulates were collected from the exhaust of a single cylinder diesel engine at different speeds and fuel-air equivalence ratios. The filters were rated to capture 99.99% of all particulates greater than 0.3 microns in diameter. Samples were taken at 1500 RPM and equivalence ratios varying from about 0.2 to 0.7, and at an equivalence ratio of about 0.3 and engine speeds varying from 1000 to 2500 RPM. A base point with an equivalence ratio of 0.3 with an engine speed of 1500 RPM was repeated several times to establish the expected test variation of the particulate data. The particulate properties investigated were the total mass of particulate produced per mass of fuel burned, the mass fraction of extractable organic material in the sample, and the mutagenic potency of the extract as measured by a bacterial bioassay. Variation in fuel-air ratio (engine load) affected the particulate and extractable organic production much more than variations in engine speed. The ratio of mass of particulates produced was three to four times higher at both high and low equivalence ratios, than in the equivalence ratio range between 0.3 and 0.6. At low equivalence ratios, the particulates has a soluable fraction approximately five times higher than mid-range. The soluable fraction decreased rapidly until the equivalence ratio reached 0.4 remaining relatively constant above that point. The mutagenic potency of the extract was constant across both speed and equivalence ratio ranges within the accuracy of the bioassay. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Bacteria KW - Bioassay KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Organic deposits KW - Particulates KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195670 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378563 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Leiber, H AU - Czinczel, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FOUR YEARS OF EXPERIENCE WITH 4-WHEEL ANTISKID BRAKE SYSTEMS (ABS) PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Four years of experience with production line installed 4-wheel antiskid systems (ABS) in passenger cars were the motive for analyzing and evaluating the results and the experience gained. The performance, reliability and safety in case of malfunction are the most important reasons for the success of ABS. These points are dealt with and future improvements are outlined. KW - Antiskid device KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Skid resistance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378732 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Riviera, A M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR TECHNOLOGY BOOSTS TRANSIT BUS FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1983 SP - 24 p. AB - An investigation into the use of current hydraulic accumulator technology to regenerate braking energy in urban transit buses indicates that this system can improve vehicle fuel economy by approximately 50 percent. This savings plus that achieved through extended brake life can mean nearly $70,000 saved per vehicle over a 12-year lifetime. Of the four system approaches investigated, that employed by the Technical University of Denmark is described in detail. It has the highest commercialization potential and would require only a short-term development program before introduction. It is also widely applicable to the transit bus retrofit market. A theoretical analysis of the energy available for regeneration during the transit bus duty cycle; a computer simulation of system performance; and a cost/benefit analysis are discussed. Included is an extensive bibliography resulting from a worldwide literature search that produced over 240 papers on the subject. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bibliographies KW - Buses KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Regenerative braking KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195756 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378739 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Coley, T R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW TEMPERATURE OPERABILITY OF DIESELS PY - 1983 SP - 7 p. AB - Operating difficulties with diesel powered equipment during recent cold winter periods led to the formation by the European Co-ordinating Council of an Investigation Group to examine the relevance of the Cold Filter plugging point test to specify the low temperature quality of diesel fuel. Experience on low temperature operability of diesel vehicles was obtained from many sources within the Motor, Petroleum and Additive industries. Examination of all the data confirmed that the CFPP test is still providing a realistic indication of the lowest temperature at which a diesel fuel will operate satisfactorily in typical European diesel equipment. KW - Cold filter plugging point KW - Diesel fuels KW - Low temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195763 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378747 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Satoh, M AU - SHIRAISHI, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE OF ANTILOCK BRAKES WITH SIMPLIFIED CONTROL TECHNIQUE PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The four-wheel controlling antilock brake system is considered as an effective safety device because of its capability to help a driver to maintain vehicle stability and steerability during panic braking even on a slippery road surface. This report deals with a simplified control technique which simultaneously controls right and left wheels on each front or rear axle. Both front wheel with the least slip, while both rear wheels are controlled in response to a signal from the rear wheel that has the greatest slip. A series of tests proved that this technique ensures vehicle steering ability even during panic braking. On a gravel and other rough roads, this system provided shorter stopping distance compared to other four-wheel antilock systems. It has been generally assumed that stopping distance extension on such roads is only one disadvantage of the four-wheel antilock brake system. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Control systems KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Stopping distances UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378751 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harmon, G L AU - Limberg, J F AU - Schreiner, P J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PHENOLIC DISC BRAKE PISTONS--THE WEIGHT REDUCTION ALTERNATIVE PY - 1983 SP - 11 p. AB - Significant cost and weight reduction can be made by replacing chromium-plated steel brake caliper pistons with pistons molded from glass reinforced, mineral filled, novalak type phenolic pistons (phenolic). During development testing and evaluations since 1976, Bendix ACSG has identified important design parameters necessary to successfully incorporate this weight reduction opportunity. This paper will outline the historical data and information obtained during the development process which led to the application in production disc brakes. KW - Design KW - Disc brakes KW - History KW - Phenolic resins KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195774 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378758 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Uhlig, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PULSED ARC WELDING PY - 1983 SP - 3 p. AB - Pulsed arc welding is one of the new processes finding many applications throughout a whole range of industries. The process, which is like metal inert gas welding (MIG), produces a quality akin to tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) with consumable electrodes. The pulsed process is three to four times faster than the TIG process. Essentially, the equipment is similar to MIG welding; however, the shielding gases used are normally argon or an argon mixture. The pulsed process can be used for all-position welding of ferrous and non-ferrous materials. A distinguishing feature of the process is that large wire diameters can be operated at low welding currents. This means the cost of welding wire will be reduced (compared to standard MIG welding) and the problem of pushing aluminum wire through long conduits will be solved. The origin of the process is somewhat confusing; there are a number of patents on the process originating from the U.S. and England. Of historical importance are the combined studies of the electrical arc and power source design to precisely control the metal transfer in MIG welding. The Welding Institute of England has carried out considerable research into the studies of metal transfer in the arc. The importance of their work is largely the reason why the process has been introduced into the industry. KW - Argon KW - Chemical elements KW - Noble gases KW - Pulsed arc welding KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378765 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Colyer, C C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SAE LUBRICANTS REVIEW INSTITUTE--PURPOSE AND OPERATION PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - The keystone of the SAE/ASTM/API tripartite effort to insure the quality of commercial lubricants is the "Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service Classification System," published as SAE J183, which describes these performance requirements. A major element in this effort is the ASTM test monitoring system dealing with the calibration and monitoring of test facilities to assure that engine tests are conducted according to the procedures described by ASTM. Equally important is the SAE Lubricants Review Institute (LRI) which deals with the specification conformance of candidate products for approval by the U.S. Military. Since many such candidate products also meet the requirements described by SAE J183 and are marketed in the private sector, the results of the LRI recommendations also impact upon commercial oils. This paper describes the background and operation of the LRI and the process by which performance of candidate engine oils and gear lubricants is reviewed. KW - Engine oils KW - Lubricants KW - Performance tests KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195788 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377437 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Burst, H E AU - Baeuerle, H-P AU - Thull, W F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ALL-ALUMINUM AUTO BODY--A STUDY BASED ON THE PORSCHE 928 PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - An all-aluminum body in a unitized construction of a sportscar has been developed as a prototype. Design features, forming, welding, and surface treatment have been studied as well as the results of the test trials. A weight-saving of 47% compared to an all-steel body was achieved with good characteristics of static and dynamic stiffness, operational reliability, passive safety properties, corrosion resistance, noise level, and repairability. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile bodies KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Prototypes KW - Reliability KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195073 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377438 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brown, T J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DESIGN OF PASSENGER CAR CAST ALUMINUM WHEELS PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Permanent mold cast aluminum wheels have been widely used as original equipment on passenger cars for a number of years. Testing and field experience together with manufacturing and plant processing experience has resulted in the development of a number of recommended design practices which are outlined in this paper. Methods used to test that design requirements have been met will be presented. Basic wheel designs, rigid and flexible, will be discussed together with the currently used mounting face configurations. Detail design features such as rim contour, nut boss, valve hole, hub pilot, mounting face and window openings will be reviewed. Future design and manufacturing trends will be discussed. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Cast aluminum alloys KW - Design KW - Manufacturing KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377485 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bierlein, J C AU - DeHart, A O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SCORE RESISTANCE, HARDNESS AND PERFORMANCE OF DIFFUSED COPPER-NICKEL-TIN BEARINGS PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - Current production steel-back, copper-lead bearings contain a nickel-barrier layer between the lead-tin babbitt overplate and copper-lead intermediate layer. When these bearings are used in heavy-duty engines, the nickel-barrier layer changes composition via diffusion of tin into the nickel. When the journal wears through the thin babbitt into the modified nickel-barrier layer, scoring distress occurs. The copper-nickel-tin ternary system was studied. Its liquidus isothermal phase diagram was developed; intermetallic compounds were located; hardness and score resistance maps were generated; and the copper-nickel-lead-tin quaternary composition of actual field bearings as a function of depth through the barrier layers was examined. A new tri-metal, nickel-tin-copper barrier was developed which changes the composition of the barrier to have acceptable score resistance and hardness. An engine test, in which coolant is added to the engine oil until scoring distress occurs, was devised to simulate the distress encountered in service. The new tri-metal barrier bearing outperformed all other materials tested. KW - Bearings KW - Copper KW - Distress KW - Engines KW - Hardness KW - Materials tests KW - Nickel KW - Scoring KW - Scoring (Concrete) KW - Tin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377486 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Welsh, W A AU - Booker, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF ENGINE BEARING SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - The "finite element method" of structural analysis and the "mobility method" of bearing analysis are combined for the computation of main bearing load and displacement cycles (together with such secondary performance variables as film thickness and shaft stress). A numerical example for a production engine illustrates problem-dependent discrepancies between results of present and previous computation methods. KW - Automobile engines KW - Bearings KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Finite element method KW - Loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195092 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377949 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - TAKEUCHI, K AU - Senda, J AU - Ito, Y AU - ISHIDA, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DISTRIBUTION OF FUEL DROPLETS, HYDROCARBON AND SOOT IN DIESEL COMBUSTION CHAMBER PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Distribution of injected fuel droplets, total hydrocarbon concentration and soot concentration in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine with a swirl chamber have been measured microscopically with regard to the time and the space by means of optical method. As a result of this study, effect of the swirl flow on atomized droplet distribution, relation between the droplets and hydrocarbon concentration, and relation between the change in concentration gradient of hydrocarbon with the time and the velocity of the swirl flow, and effect of non-luminous flame on the time of heat release rate raising period have been obtained. And from spatial distributions of hydrocarbon concentration, soot concentration, and local temperature in the combustion chamber at each time, the locational characteristics of soot generation are clarified. Further, effects of hydrocarbon and local temperature on soot generation have been considered. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Drops /liquid/ KW - Fly ash KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Soot KW - Temperature KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195241 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377950 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Love, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF STANDARD AMBIENT CONDITIONS ON THE DETERMINATION OF VEHICLE ROAD LOAD AND FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - A new set of standard conditions for the road coastdown procedure was established from the literature. The change in road load predicted from the road and dynamometer coastdown procedures was evaluated using this new set of conditions and the current set of conditions for a twenty four vehicle sample. These changes in road load were related to changes in fuel economy using relationships published by the Environmental Protection Agency. No significant change in fuel economy was predicted when using the new conditions. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the new set of conditions with respect to road load. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Standard ambient conditions KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377964 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zimmerman, D R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LASER ANEMOMETER MEASUREMENTS OF THE AIR MOTION IN THE PRECHAMBER OF AN AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Laser anemometer measurements of the air velocity in the prechamber of an automotive diesel engine were made to verify/modify an analytical model of the fluid dynamics and thermodynamics of the combustion cycle. A special head was constructed to allow optical access to the prechamber volume. The service temperature of this modified head was limited, thus only motoring data was obtained. KW - Air KW - Anemometry KW - Automobile engines KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Lasers KW - Motion KW - Prechambers KW - Thermodynamics KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195256 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377967 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - LAI, JCS AU - WOOD, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - A mass spectrometer has been used to study the nitrogen oxides emissions from a diesel engine equipped with two different turbochargers. Methods of accounting for interference effects from other gases in the exhaust have been described. Results compare well with those obtained by a chemiluminescent analyzer in the trend of nitric oxide emission as a function of engine speed, with the emission level reaching a maximum at where the maximum torque occurs. Discrepancy is found in the absolute levels of nitric oxide between the results of the two instruments but overall agreement is reasonable. KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Chemiluminiscent analyzers KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mass spectrometers KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Torque KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195259 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378120 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chou, C C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE MEASUREMENT OF IMPACT FORCES UNDER DYNAMIC CRUSH USING A DROP TOWER TEST FACILITY PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - The design of structural components requires a knowledge of their crush characteristics, particularly the load-carrying capacity during dynamic crash. Although many attempts have been made to develop analytical techniques or methods for predicting these characteristics, experimental tests are still needed to provide data for real structures for either development or validation. This report describes an experimental method for determining the force-deflection characteristics during dynamic crush of square steel columns using a drop tower test facility. The custom-designed load cells were used for the measurements of the impact and the reaction forces at both ends of specimens, which were subjected to a 30 mph impact. Instrumentation for data acquisition and detailed data reduction for analysis are also presented. Dynamic force-deflection data are then verified through energy computations of the total kinetic energy of the system and the resulting energy absorbed by the specimens, which are calculated from measured impact forces and dynamic deflection. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Columns KW - Crushing KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Deflection KW - Drop tower testing KW - Energy absorption KW - Force KW - Forecasting KW - Impact tests KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378121 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Uras, H M AU - Patterson, D J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT OF PISTON AND RING ASSEMBLY FRICTION INSTANTANEOUS IMEP METHOD PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - An experimental technique termed the instantaneous IMEP Method has been developed to measure piston and ring assembly friction. The technique requires very accurate measurements of cylinder pressure, connecting rod force and calculation of inertial forces. Friction force is the difference of these forces in consideration of the slider-crank geometry. A grasshopper linkage has been used to transmit the connecting rod force signal measured by a strain gage bridge. Inertial forces have been calculated with the assumption of distributed connecting rod mass. The test engine was a Chevrolet 5 litre V-8, modified for single cylinder operation. Piston and ring assembly friction has been determined under motoring conditions with and without compression as well as firing. Friction measurements have been made with SAE 30 and 50 grade oils at different temperatures. Boundary friction has been observed especially near top and bottom dead centers. To date the technique has been used only for low speed engine operation. KW - Beacons KW - Flashing beacons KW - Instantaneous imep method KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Ring assembly UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378138 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - TAKEUCHI, K AU - Senda, J AU - Shikuya, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL ATOMIZATION AND DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN DIESEL FUEL SPRAY PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The purposes of this study are to clarify the atomization mechanism, the change over time in droplet size distribution, and the change in spray characteristics dependent on back pressure on diesel fuel spray. Diesel spray injected into a quiescent gaseous environment under high pressure is observed by taking direct microscopic photographs varying the moment of exposure, the back pressure, and the ambient density. The results show that the mechanism of spray atomization is divided into 4 processes, and spatial distribution of breakup droplets and a droplet volume rate are assessed for the whole spray region. Total and local distributions of droplet size are expressed by empirical equations as a function of time elapsed from the moment of injection. It is confirmed that the uniformity of the distribution, Sauter mean diameter of droplets, and droplet production rate change with time. Mean droplet diameter is further described in relation to the pressure drop and the ambient density. KW - Atomization KW - Chemical bond KW - Diesel fuels KW - Drops /liquid/ KW - Mist KW - Size KW - Sprays (Materials) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195359 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378139 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - FRENCH, CCJ AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A UNIVERSAL TEST ENGINE FOR COMBUSTION RESEARCH PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - The original Ricardo E6 engine which has given good service over many years has been supplemented by the more versatile, high speed Hydra engine. The design offers considerable flexibility for incorporating variations in bore, stroke, and combustion chamber design--diesel, gasoline, and stratified charge. The paper describes the design of the standard Hydra engines and gives typical performance data in a number of builds. Specimen combustion photographs taken through a transparent piston crown are also given. The paper mentions the problems arising from the alignment of the engine/dynamometer connecting shaft, and describes experience with an improved blowby meter. KW - Combustion KW - Design KW - Engines KW - Performance KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195360 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378170 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henry, P R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF FIBERBOARD CONCEPTS FOR NEW VEHICLE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Fiberboard substrates for interior trim components are becoming increasingly popular for new vehicle applications. The design process and timing, from the initial theme selection to the first production vehicle, are reviewed. Specific design requirements for fiberboard substrates are discussed and future development considerations are given. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Fiberboard KW - Instrument panels KW - Interior KW - Substrates KW - Substrates (Waterways) KW - Trimming KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378172 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - GHOJEL, J AU - Hilliard, J C AU - Levendis, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF OXYGEN ENRICHMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS OF I.D.I. DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983 SP - 14 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the partial pressure of O sub 2 in the intake charge of an I.D.I. diesel engine on the various operating parameters and the exhaust emissions. The oxygen content in the intake was varied between 21% and 40% by volume. Engine performance and emissions were evaluated at constant engine speed and injection timing while fueling was varied. The research revealed that enriching the intake air with oxygen led to a large decrease in ignition delay and reduced combustion noise. The fuel economy, the power output and the exhaust temperature remained almost constant. HC and CO emissions decreased and smoke levels dropped substantially, while NOx emissions increased pro-rata with the O sub 2 added. Theoretical analysis using the Zel' dovich kinetics showed that nitric oxide emissions are sensitive to "mean NO-formation temperature" and the combustion duration associated with this temperature, and, to a lesser extent, the atomic oxygen concentration. The theoretical analysis revealed close correlation between calculated and measured NO emissions. KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Compression-ignition KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Oxygen content KW - Oxygen enrichment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378189 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reso, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POLYPROPYLENE--IT'S ONLY JUST BEGUN PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - Twenty years ago, automotive engineers recognized the attractive combination of properties and low cost of polypropylene. Its color versatility makes it the material of choice for interior trim applications. Its high melting point has made it the work horse in engine compartment applications. Reinforcements and mineral fillers can be added to improve the stiffness and strength properties at elevated temperatures. Copolymers and alloys can be used to improve low temperature toughness. This paper will briefly review polypropylene in automotive applications in the past, but it will concentrate on current and future trends that will substantially increase the importance of polypropylene to the automotive industry. KW - Automobiles KW - Interior KW - Polypropylene KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Toughness KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195409 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378190 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Summa, J M AU - Maskew, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTING AUTOMOBILE AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS USING AN ITERATIVE VISCOUS/POTENTIAL FLOW TECHNIQUE PY - 1983 SP - 17 p. AB - An iterative viscous/potential flow calculation method is described in this paper. A potential-flow panel method is coupled with integral boundary layer methods. Simple linear doublet sheets are used to enclose the low-energy separated-flow region of the wake. Calculations for various body shapes demonstrate that unseparated flow pressure distributions are accurately calculated. Body lift trends are also properly computed for a simple body with separation only at the base and in close ground proximity. However, the prediction of average base pressure is only partially successful. The base pressures for a limited number of geometries, which include a Porsche 924, are properly predicted, but calculations for other shapes indicate that the separated-flow wake model must be improved for general body shapes. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Boundary layer KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Flow equations KW - Iterative methods KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195410 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378361 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wright, B AU - Os, N M AU - Lyons, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EUROPEAN ACTIVITY CONCERNING ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION--PART IV-THE EFFECTS OF SHEAR RATE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE VISCOSITY OF MULTIGRADE OILS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - Three mathematical models have been used to correlate over a thousand high-shear-rate viscosity data generated by CEC Committee CL-23 on multigrade reference oils, using shear rates up to 16000/s at 25 degrees C and up to 1300,000/s at 150 degrees C. The work has established that all three models provide a good fit for the data and that there is little difference between their precisions of fit. The constants found by fitting the three models to the high-shear-rate viscosities of fifteen multigrade reference oils of special interest to the CEC and the SAE/ASTM are recorded for future use. KW - Engine oils KW - Mathematical models KW - Multigrade oils KW - Shear rate KW - Temperature KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195541 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378362 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Irwin, R F AU - Fernandez, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENERGY-CONSERVING ENGINE OILS--TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGY PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - A new category of lubricants is now entering the marketplace. These lubricants, known as Energy-Conserving Engine Oils, have required new formulating technology and testing techniques. This paper reviews one approach taken to develop and utilize new test techniques and their application to new formulating technology. Interacting effects of lubricating oil additives and their relationship to both viscometric and friction modification effects are identified. Both gasoline and diesel passenger car crankcase oil technology are covered. The utilization of bench, laboratory engine dynamometer, vehicle chassis dynamometer, and field tests including the ASTM Energy-Conserving Engine Oil procedure, are discussed along with the correlation of these procedures. KW - Development KW - Energy conservation KW - Engine oils KW - Field tests KW - Friction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oil additives KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Test procedures KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195542 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378379 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tolan, L E AU - Hess, T D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PENCIL NOZZLE--PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - Nearly twenty-three million 9.5 mm diameter Pencil Nozzles have been sold in its short twenty year history. Through the years, the design changes have kept pace with the increased performance demands of the small and medium sized diesel engines. Installation details are simpler and less costly than conventional nozzles, including locations beneath the engine valve cover. Standard servicing techniques for this unique design have been in use since the beginning. The new Slim Tip (5.4 mm diameter) version offers additional installation advantages as engine bore diameters decrease and speeds increase. KW - Building KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Nozzles KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195559 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378380 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - WATSON, H C AU - MILKINS, E E AU - Preston, M O AU - Chittleborough, C AU - ALIMORADIAN, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTING FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS--TRANSFERRING CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER RESULTS TO REAL DRIVING CONDITIONS PY - 1983 SP - 24 p. AB - The models presented for predicting fuel consumption and emissions for vehicles driven on the road provide the means for averaging and storing results obtained from vehicle tests usually carried out at an emissions test facility to standard and non-standard drive schedules. For hot start fuel usage and emissions rates the models, in descending order of temporal or spatial resolving capability, include: transient engine mapping (a new model), steady state engine mapping, vehicle mapping, power demand, modal or elemental, lumped parameter (PKE-v) and travel time variants. The engine mapping model is shown to be able to predict instantaneous on-road fuel consumption with good precision (plus or minus 3ml) for one vehicle over a selected 3.3 km stretch of road. Its emissions rate predicting ability is less satisfactory. When link-by-link fuel is needed the 6 coefficient PKE-v model performs well (R equals 0.994). The models can also be applied to transfer emissions and fuel consumption from one drive cycle to another. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195560 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378541 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dix, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - Productivity increase in mechanical design through the application of computers and, especially, computer graphics is today well recognized. The engineering schools are taking a variety of paths to education in this new discipline in which faculty have little experience. A set of minimum proficiencies for ME graduates has been proposed and a consortium of colleges has begun developing educational materials in CAD/CAM. In the paper, the programs at several leading schools are described to illustrate current progress. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Computer graphics KW - Education KW - Engineers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195659 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378542 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - HENSON, S E AU - Dueweke, J J AU - Huang, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER MODELING OF INTRUSION EFFECTS ON OCCUPANT DYNAMICS IN VERY SEVERE FRONTAL CRASHES PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Computer simulations of occupant dynamics in frontal crashes have pretty much been done like sled tests, in that crash-induced deformation of the interior--which may be significant for the occupant--has usually not been accounted for. The object of occupant dynamics simulation studies is often to assess the effect of changes in vehicle front-end parameters on occupant response. But these parameter variations may influence the amount of interior deformation. In order to simulate more accurately occupant dynamics in very severe crashes, the interior deformation caused by engine intrusion should concurrently be simulated. Crash test results over a range of speeds were used in a computer simulation study of occupant compartment intrusion in high speed barrier crash tests. It was found that intrusion has a significant effect on occupant response and where appropriate should be included in crash simulations. For the crash conditions simulated, intrusion increases the restrained occupant's head and chest accelerations while no clear trend emerged for the unrestrained occupant. KW - Automobiles KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Interior KW - Intrusion tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195660 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378556 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tsuchida, Y AU - SUZUKI, N AU - Akasawa, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENERGY SAVING STEEL BARS FOR HOT FORGING PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - Ausforging, in which quenching is performed direct from the high finishing temperature of forging, is one of the energy saving heat treatments. A disadvantage is that it results in degradation of impact toughness especially in low-alloy steels of relatively high Mn content. Ti treatment, which consists of controlling the amounts of Ti and N addition, solidifying in continuous casting process, and breaking down the blooms at appropriate temperatures, was found to improve the impact toughness of ausforged and tempered specimens through both preventing grain growth at forging temperatures and accommodating grain boundary segregation. Ti treatment was also applied to vanadium-containing steel subjected to air-quenching (air-cooling from the finishing temperature of forging), and a higher level of impact toughness was successfully achieved by air-quenching. KW - Forging KW - Grain boundary KW - Quenching /cooling/ KW - Steel KW - Temperature control KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195674 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378559 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Durbin, E J AU - Tsai, K C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXTENDING THE LEAN LIMIT OPERATION OF AN SI ENGINE WITH A MULTIPLE ELECTRODE SPARK PLUG PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - The objective of this paper is to study the lean limit operation of a spark ignited internal combustion engine. The aim is to reduce the combustion duration and cyclic variation in lean mixtures; both of which are sensitive to the initial stage of combustion. This work involves increasing the burning rate in lean mixtures by minimizing the ignition delay through the use of a multiple electrode spark plug that has a total gap length of 10.2 mm. The multiple electrode spark plug was tested on a single cylinder engine and its performance was compared with a conventional spark plug in the following areas: lean limit air-to-fuel ratio; CO, HC, and NO emissions: cyclic variations; and combustion duration. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Lean limit operation KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Spark plugs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195677 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378735 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Perl, T R AU - Anderson, D O AU - Warner, C Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVEMENTS TO THE SMAC PROGRAM PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - The Simulation Model of Automobile Collisions (SMAC) computer program has seen more than a decade of use under NHTSA auspices. Although SMAC has proven itself to be a useful investigative tool, the program has several shortcomings which either have been addressed by the authors or need to be addressed by further work. This paper presents the results of our ongoing work to improve SMAC and our recommendations for further work. Those model features discussed herein which either have been or need to be revised consist of (1) the calculation of crush forces when penetration is deep (2) the representation of the vehicles' crush pressure vs deflection relationship and (3) the distribution of tire normal forces in reaction to pitch and roll. An input interfacing program called SMACED has been written and is described. This editing program greatly simplifies the use of SMAC and will be found particularly useful for the inexperienced or infrequent SMAC user. Finally, the authors make recommendations for the further validation of SMAC once the discussed improvements in model features have been incorporated. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Force KW - Research KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195759 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378736 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rivett, R M AU - Lucas, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - JOINING ALUMINIUM FOR MASS PRODUCTION INDUSTRIES PY - 1983 SP - 16 p. AB - Resistance welding is the major process used for the mass production of sheet metal components but, when used on aluminium, problems arise because of the conductivity of the sheet, the rapid degradation of the copper electrodes and the tendency to solidification cracking of some alloys. It would therefore be advantageous if MIG spot welding could be applied under mass production operating conditions. This paper describes work conducted to try and understand some of the factors influencing the resistance and MIG spot welding of aluminium alloys and thereby develop simple operating procedures and equipment to permit their implementation in areas such as the vehicle fabrication. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile industry KW - Equipment KW - Joining KW - Spot welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195760 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378754 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kawasaki, Kunihiro AU - SETO, Y AU - Yamazaki, T AU - Hijikata, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROPERTIES OF INDUCTION HEAT-TREATED HIGH-STRENGTH SPRING WIRE PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - In order to increase the fuel economy of automobiles, efforts are continuing at weight saving. For suspension springs, a new high-strength Si-Cr steel (SAE 9254) wire was developed by an application of induction heat treatment technique. The wires (ITW) with diameters of 7 to 14 mm with fine microstructure, good surface and less decarburization were attained by rapid heating and short hold times during austenitization. In spite of very high tensile strength from 1770 to 2060 MPa., ITW shows high ductility in tensile, torsion and impact test, and these properties provide excellent cold formability. Coil springs cold worked from ITW showed superior fatigue life and high sag resistance. This high performance makes it possible to produce suspension springs that have the same performance as conventional ones but are 10-20% lighter. Both suspension and emergency brake springs made from ITW have been confirmed by laboratory studies in the United States, to conform to the respective standards and offer weight saving. KW - Ductility KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - High strength steel KW - Induction heating KW - Lightweight materials KW - Performance KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Steel wire KW - Suspension systems KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195777 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378755 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Maly, R AU - Saggau, B AU - Wagner, E AU - Ziegler, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROSPECTS OF IGNITION ENHANCEMENT PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - A simple thermal model for flame propagation is adapted to engine conditions and used to trace back engine parameters via computer simulations to basic physical properties. The competitive constraints imposed by piston motion on ignition and flame propagation are revealed and the principal possibilities investigated to relieve these constraints. General criteria for enhanced ignition and flame propagation are given. The theoretical results are compared to extensive measured engine data showing an excellent agreement between model predictions and easily measureable engine dependencies. By relating basic data to implicitly given engine properties the optimization of engine performance is substantially facilitated. KW - Engines KW - Flame propagation KW - Ignition KW - Optimization KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378768 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kunishige, K AU - Yamauchi, N AU - Taka, T AU - Nagao, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOFTENING IN WELD HEAT AFFECTED ZONE OF DUAL PHASE STEEL SHEET FOR AUTOMOTIVE WHEEL RIM PY - 1983 SP - 5 p. AB - Dual phase steel offers potential for wheel weight reduction, but has not been completely succeeded, in part, because of a localized necking or a fracture during rim fabrication. This failure should be related to a softening in the weld heat affected zone (HAZ). This paper investigates mechanical properties through microstructural change produced in the HAZ of as-rolled dual phase steel and finally suggests a practical solution. The softening, caused by heating the steel up to Ac1 in the HAZ, is found to be affected not only by tempering of martensite, but also by the variation of hardness in ferrite matrix. Moreover strain aging as well as work hardening due to up-setting stage during the flash welding also concerns this problem. Coiling temperature in manufacturing as-rolled dual phase steel has a large effect on the conditions of ferrite and martensite. Control of the temperature is of great importance to avoid such a localized necking or a fracture in the HAZ. KW - Dual phase steel KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mechanical properties KW - Microstructure KW - Rims KW - Softening point KW - Welding KW - Wheel rims KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195791 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378769 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wolfe, A C AU - O'Day, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME VEHICLE FACTORS RELATED TO TYPE AND SEVERITY OF PEDESTRIAN INJURIES PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - About 8,000 pedestrians are killed each year in the United States and probably another 180,000 are injured. This paper reports on an analysis of 1978 and 1979 New York pedestrian accidents to try to find any relationships between vehicle factors and pedestrian injury severity and location. In these data trucks and vans were found to be associated with more severe pedestrian injuries than passenger cars. However, within the passenger car category vehicle weight and injury severity were not clearly related. And few meaningful relationships were found between aspects of the passenger car front end configuration or the past production use of "soft" materials and pedestrian injury severity of location. KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195792 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373611 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Perumpral, J V AU - Kuppusamy, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF SOIL-MACHINE PROBLEMS PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - A brief description of the Finite Element formulation and its advantages are discussed. A review of past studies dealing with finite element application to soil-machine interaction problems and suggestions for future research are also included. KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Soil machine interaction KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil tests KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372868 AU - Cultural Information Service TI - MOTHERS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVERS: THE CANDY LIGHTNER STORY PY - 1983 SP - 4 p. AB - This article reviews a made-for-television movie about a mother who, after her daughter is killed by a drunk driver, organizes a grass-root movement to effect social and legislative changes. The mother is Candy Lightner, founder of MADD-Mothers Against Drunk Drivers. The article includes the real story of the accident and the launching of MADD, questionnaires on citizen participation, a personal survey, and strategies against drunk driving. An insert is included on MADD and how to join, and other organizations and their addresses. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Media KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Politics KW - Public opinion KW - Public participation KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371070 AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS PY - 1983 SP - 168 p. AB - This book presents statistics based on the large material deriving from the periodic vehicle inspection. The presentation mainly takes the form of relative observation frequencies--percentages--for different main systems and subsystems and for different kinds of vehicles. High observation frequencies indicate "weak points" in vehicles in general as well as in particular kinds of vehicles and vehicle makes/types. Obviously, this review of observation frequencies can not be used as a basis for a complete assessment of the quality and durability of different cars, nor can it be used for an analysis of all their advantages and disadvantages. However, as far as defects with an influence on the traffic safety are concerned, the review draws the attention to components that should be watched. This year's report has principally the same structure as last year's. The introduction deals with the different systems of the vehicle and figures are presented in order to describe the development since the 1960s. Also, calculations concerning the median life of passenger cars are presented. The special review of passenger cars includes in this issue of "Weak Points of Cars" the year model 1980, 1978, 1976 and 1972. KW - Automobiles KW - Service life KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184413 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373929 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - A SPECIAL ISSUE: SMALL-CAR DEATHS, INJURIES WORST; MODELS VARY GREATLY PY - 1982/12/30 VL - 17 IS - 20 SP - p. 1-11 AB - A year ago, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety published new information showing extremely high occupant death and injury rates in small cars. (See Status Report, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 5, 1982.) The report noted that deaths per registered vehicle in the smallest cars on the road are twice as high as in the largest cars. No matter what kind of crash, the number of deaths per registered small cars do even worse than others. As a group, Japanese-made cars were found to have even higher death and injury rates than cars of comparable size in the United States. At recent hearings held by the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittees on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials, and Investigations and Oversight, the statement of William Haddon, Jr., M.D., the Institute's president, provided a comprehensive review of the organization's research findings on small car hazards. (See Status Report, Vol. 17, No. 19, Dec. 6, 1982.) The text of Dr. Haddon's statement comprises this special issue of Status Report. KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Small car KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1720.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376282 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - American University TI - THE NEUROANATOMY OF AMNESIA: AMYGDALA-HIPPOCAMPUS VERSUS TEMPORAL STEM PY - 1982/12/24 VL - 218 IS - 4579 SP - 2 p. AB - Using a task-known to be sensitive to human amnesia, we have evaluated two current hypotheses about which brain regions must be damaged to produce the disorder. Monkeys with bilateral transections of the white matter of the temporal stem were unimpaired, but monkeys with conjoint amygdala-hippocampal lesions exhibited a severe memory deficit. The results indicate that the hippocampus, amygdala, or both, but not the temporal stem, are involved in memory in the monkey and suggest that a rapprochement between the findings for the human and the nonhuman primate may be close at hand. KW - Amnesia KW - Animals KW - Brain KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Experiments KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194518 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373670 JO - Automotive News PB - Crain Communications, Incorporated AU - Kahn, H AU - Marketing Sciences, Incorporated TI - LULL IN CRASHWORTHINESS PROGRAM PY - 1982/12/13 SP - 2 p. AB - This article begins by asking what has happened to NHTSA's crashworthiness test program for new automobiles. It then proceeds to point out the consumer demand for such information and the valuable benefits gained when auto makers incorporate the results of such tests in their newer models. One outstanding example given is the Honda Civic. The 1979 and 1980 models did not show up well in the crashworthiness tests. However, by 1981 changes had been incorporated in its design which led to remarkable performance results. NHTSA now uses Honda as an example to show that it is "feasible, both technically and economically, to significantly improve small car performance in severe frontal impacts." Chrysler's Reliant K-car is cited as an example where safety defects were identified by NHTSA, but are not incorporated yet by the manufacturer. All the facts presented show that consumers need the information from NHTSA crashworthiness tests when they prepare to purchase an automobile. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Information dissemination KW - Marketing KW - Purchasing KW - Research KW - Small car KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373599 AU - Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving TI - AN INTERIM REPORT TO THE NATION FROM THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982/12/13 SP - 99 p. AB - Recommendations, references and commentaries from public hearings and the deliberations of the Commission on Drunk Driving are presented in this report. The Commission charge, the Commission approach and the chronology of Commission activities are described. The recommendations of the Commission are then presented. These recommendations relate to the following: systems support; enforcement; prosecution; adjudication; licensing administration; alcohol beverage regulation; public awareness; private sector; education and treatment. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Private enterprise KW - Prosecution KW - Public hearings KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186038 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386523 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - US Center for Disease Control TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED HIGHWAY FATALITIES AMONG YOUNG DRIVERS--UNITED STATES PY - 1982/12/10 VL - 31 IS - 48 SP - p. 641-644 AB - This article gives a brief analysis of the 1981 accident statistics from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, with attention drawn to young drivers under the influence of alcohol. In 1981, 4,738 young drivers under the influence of alcohol were killed, and 9,310 persons died in accidents involving these young drivers. Analysis shows young drivers with known alcohol involvement were 49% more likely to be killed than those with zero or unknown alcohol involvement. Tables are presented showing (1) Fatal single vehicle accidents by age of driver and alcohol involvement, in the United States in 1981 and (2) Crude death rates for highway accident fatalities by age groups and by single years of age for 16 to 24 year olds in the United States, 1977-1981. KW - Adolescents KW - Death rate KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Solids KW - Statistics KW - Suspended solids KW - Suspensions (Chemistry) KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373941 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOCUSES ON PROBLEM OF THE DRINKING DRIVER PY - 1982/12/06 VL - 17 IS - 18 SP - 11 p. AB - This issue of Status Report focuses on the drinking driver. A summary is given of the observations made by experts at a two-day international symposium on drunk driving held in Washington, D.C., November 17 and 18, 1982. Each of five broad areas debated by panelists are reported on. These include international experience with drinking/driving laws, U.S. experience with various enforcement approaches, current enforcement and legal issues in the U.S., the problem of reshaping public attitudes toward alcohol use and driving, and implementation of alcohol and driving policy decisions. This issue also presents some new Insurance Institute for Highway Safety research results in the alcohol area, and reports on proposed federal criteria States would be encouraged to meet in order to qualify for supplemental federal assistance in the "war" against the drinking driver. KW - Attitudes KW - Conferences KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Policy UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1718.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194338 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371114 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - O'Brien, D F AU - American University TI - THE CHEMISTRY OF VISION PY - 1982/12/03 VL - 218 IS - 4576 SP - p. 961-966 AB - The visual response is initiated by light reception and transduction into chemical and electrical energy in the outer-segment membranes of rod and cone cells. Recent research on the molecular events controlled by light has clarified the roles of some of the rod outer-segment biomolecules. These developments and the current unresolved questions are described. KW - Biochemistry KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380669 AU - Richards and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS 1982 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAILROAD/HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1982/12/01 SP - v.p. AB - The papers published here were presented at the nine sessions of the above conference. Session A (Current Legislation) included papers which described the role of the National Transportation Safety Board in rail-highway grade crossing accident investigation and recommendations for safety improvements, current and potential legislation related to rail-highway safety funding programs, the impact of federal legislation upon the administration and implementation of grade crossing improvement programs, and views regarding future crossing safety programs. Session B (Current Research) highlighted research on rail freight car reflectorization and the selection and evaluation of alternative train activated grade crossing warning systems (traffic control) devices. Session C on creditability, reliability and maintenance of warning devices described current technology in this area. Session D focused on how "Operation Lifesaver" is involved in driver education and training of school bus operators and hazardous material vehicle operators. Session E (Laws, Regulations and Standards) covered federal regulations applicable to rail-highway grade crossing safety, the need for uniformity with regard to grade crossing regulations, law enforcement issues, and the pros and cons of additional regulations. Session F covered human factors in rail/highway crossing evaluation. Session G covered new ideas in program implementation. Session H included 5 workshops which covered the following areas: hazardous materials, traffic control in work zones, rail/highway crossing closures, accident prediction and resource allocation, and state rail programs. KW - Closures KW - Crash investigation KW - Forecasting KW - Freight cars KW - Hazardous materials KW - Human factors KW - Improvements KW - Lane closure KW - Laws KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Resource allocation KW - Safety KW - Warning systems KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082939 AU - Cushman, William D AU - McPherson, Kenard AU - American Driver and Traffic Safety Education Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Effectiveness of High School Safety Belt Instruction PY - 1982/12//Final Report SP - 99p AB - The Effectiveness of High School Safety Belt Instruction was developed during a two-phased project. In Phase I, Focus Group Activities were conducted to determine whether audiovisual safety belt instructional materials assembled by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration were understandable, appealing, and subject to improvement in these characteristics. The materials were found to be generally understandable. Additionally, they were clearly appealing to driver education teachers and mixed in their appeal to police public information officers and high school students. There were strong indications that the usefulness of the materials could be enhanced by sequencing the individual media and including appropriate introductory and follow-up discussions. Phase II activities were conducted in traditional school settings to determine the impact of audiovisual safety belt instructional presentations on student knowledge, attitude, and reported safety belt usage. Two treatment groups--driver education students (not licensed to drive) and social studies classes (licensed drivers)--showed significantly better performance than equivalent control groups in each of the three measurement categories, immediately following instruction and one month later. KW - Attitudes KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Driver education KW - High school students KW - Highway safety KW - Knowledge KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25627/DOT-HS-EPX-024.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452245 AU - Billing, A M AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - ROLLOVER TESTS OF DOUBLE TRAILER COMBINATIONS PY - 1982/12 SP - 62 p. AB - Full-scale tests were conducted of the rollover stability of several double-trailer truck combinations in cornering and single and double lane-change manoeuvres. An instrumented vehicle was used to compare A-train and B-train configurations (having three and two points of articulation, respectively) and to investigate the effects of reducing the free play of trailer suspension springs in their frame mounts, and the effects of changing converter dolly hitch length. The B-train configuration was found to have a speed at incipient rollover about 10% higher than for the A-train in dynamic lane-change manoeuvres. This was possible because the fewer number of articulations in the B-train, and roll coupling between its trailers, reduced its rearward amplification of roll response. This enabled the rear trailer to experience accelerations 20% higher than could that of the A-train without rolling over. Although both configurations were equally susceptible to rollover in a cornering manoeuver, the improved dynamic rollover resistance of the B-train can potentially provide a benefit in improved highway safety. Reduced trailer suspension spring lash had smaller and less consistent benefits in improving rollover stability, and a small change in hitch length did not alter rollover stability significantly. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Double trailers KW - Highway safety KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Lane changing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Size KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck tractors KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451602 AU - Arendt, R H AU - Voytovich, G L AU - McGrath, M T AU - MILLER, P M AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST SITE INSTRUMENTATION STUDY--PHASE II PY - 1982/12 SP - v.p. AB - Report describes the development of a microprocessor based test instrument and a companion software analysis program designed to evaluate the accuracy of crash testing data acquisition systems. Ten waveform generator instruments were fabricated for deployment by NHTSA at contractor crash and sled testing facilities. The design, operation, and performance characteristics of the instrument are fully documented in the report. The instrument is packaged in a small, portable, protective case. An Intel 8085A microprocessor regulates overall instrument operation and controls the output waveforms. Waveforms are stored in 32K of digital data memory and are converted into an analog format using 12 bit digital to analog converters. The instrument is designed to simultaneously test up to 16 data channels with eight different test waveforms. Each waveform contains a total of 4096 data points which are output at a rate of 30.5 microseconds per point. Output voltages and impedance levels emulate bridge type accelerometers. During test facility calibration, signals are injected into data acquisition systems, recorded, and then analyzed to determine performance characteristics such as amplitude linearity, time linearity, frequency response, etc. A computer program developed to perform this analysis is fully documented in the report. KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Impact tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Microprocessors KW - Software KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396313 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE 1981 TRAFFIC FATALITY DECREASE: ISOLATION OF THE AFFECTED POPULATION PY - 1982/12 SP - 43 p. AB - The number of fatalities in traffic accidents, both motorist and non-motorist, dropped unexpectedly in 1981 after years of increase. The purpose of this paper is to identify areas of the 1981 decrease. Motorists (drivers and passengers) are treated separately from non-motorists (pedestrians and bicyclists). Among key findings were the following: over 90 percent of the reduction in traffic fatalities for 1981 is associated with a reduction in accidents involving 15 to 19 year-olds which is attributed to the decrease in teenage travel; there appears to be a decrease in travel in light trucks and vans, possibly because of a switch to more economic cars; and there are indications of safer travel for young people, including an increased use of child seats by those under 5 years, a movement to the rear seats of cars by those aged 5 through 9, and an increased use of motorcycle helmets by those aged 10 through 14. KW - Adolescents KW - Child restraint systems KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394325 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A THREE-YEAR-OLD CHILD TEST DUMMY PY - 1982/12 SP - 85 p. AB - The objective of this research was to evaluate new Endevco Model 7267A triaxial accelerometers in the head and chest areas of a SA103C 3-year old child test dummy. The performance of the new accelerometers was compared to the original transducers, Endevco Model 7267C, in a series of dummy replicate calibration and dynamic sled tests performed with both type accelerometers. The Task I work entailed the calibration testing of the dummy with replicate impacts to the head and chest areas. With modified accelerometer mounts, all dummy performance measurements with the newer accelerometers were within 2% of the dummy data using the original transducers. The Task II work involved four 30 mph sled tests of two child dummies in a side-by-side configuration with the Model 7267A accelerometers in one dummy and the Model 7267C in the other. A comparison of these results indicated that the dummy performance levels with the newer transducers were generally within 5% of the data from the original accelerometers. For the one case of head peak resultant accelerations, when using GM Love seat restraints for the dummies, the data compared to approximately 9%. KW - Accelerometers KW - Calibration KW - Child restraint systems KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Sled tests KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387421 AU - Feldman, W AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - BICYCLE COMPATIBLE ROADWAYS--PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDELINES PY - 1982/12 SP - n.p. AB - It is the policy of the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) to promote the increased use of the bicycle as a means of personal transportation and to provide for bicycle traffic by taking into account the needs of this mode in all state-funded transportation projects and programs. Policy statements extracted from the NJDOT Transportation Plan which pertain to bicycle transportation appear in Appendix I. On October 14, 1981, the department issued 11 planning and design guidelines for bicycle transportation (see Appendix I). This report expands those initial guidelines. It provides explanations and sketches to help those responsible for state-funded transportation improvements follow the guidelines and comply with state policy. KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bicycles KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transportation systems KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Traffic control KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387416 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NIGHT-TIME DRIVERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA PY - 1982/12 SP - 54 p. AB - This document represents the analyses of a night-time roadside survey of 7,380 British Columbia drivers done in the Spring of 1981 in order to determine provincial rates of drinking and driving and seat belt use. Additionally, questions on causes of accidents and whether or not the respondents would call the police if they saw a drinking driver were included in the survey. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human characteristics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Night KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200955 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386821 JO - Oklahoma State Medical Association Journal PB - Oklahoma State Medical Association AU - Ernster, J AU - Gross, R H AU - Oklahoma State Medical Association TI - REDUCING THE ACCIDENT TOLL AMONG YOUNG BICYCLISTS PY - 1982/12 VL - 75 IS - 12 SP - p. 397-402 AB - Bicycle accidents result in about 1,000 fatalities per year in the US; about six to nine fatalities occur per year in Oklahoma. Possible applications of educational measures, roadway engineering, bicycle design and law enforcement measures which might reduce the toll of bicycle injuries are discussed. KW - Bicycles KW - Countermeasures KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Highway design KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386747 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Krieg, T L AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - IS RAISING THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE WARRANTED? PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 32-34 AB - The overwhelming majority of research clearly indicates a major problem exists in young drinking drivers. Further, the studies reveal that the problem increases substantially when legal drinking ages are lowered. Recent research indicates that the effect of a lower minimum drinking age may be reduced by restoring or implementng a higher (e.g. 21 years) minimum drinking age. The current public and political impetus to crack down on drunk drivers now allows the criminal justice system to enforce DWI laws with a strong degree of Solidarity. Raising minimum drinking ages can only increase law enforcement's success in protecting the public. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal drinking age KW - Research KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204025 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386623 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Levy, W AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - THE DILEMMA OF DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 28-29 AB - This examination of the drunk driving problem points out the "urgency gap" between the overall problem and the individual--in short, the urgency and passion of warnings do not match the day to day risks per person. The question asked is how do we get individuals to change their behavior if they sense no personal urgency. It is concluded that what is needed is a national campaign against drunk driving which will be sustained at a high level for a decade or more. KW - Behavior KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203968 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386749 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Hindman, M H AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ALCOHOL PROBLEMS PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 39-41 AB - This article looks at one of the complex factors involved in family violence--alcoholism or problem drinking--from the police point of view. Police can be very effective in recognizing the presence of alcohol problems as a factor in family disputes, and provide the information and support that can lead family members to seek appropriate help for their problems. Basic to this concept however, is the assumption that police understand the nature of family violence, the nature of alcohol problems, and are trained in strategies that will help them deal effectively with these often frustrating situations. KW - Alcoholism KW - Families KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Psychological aspects KW - Violent crimes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386751 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Connelie, W G AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - NEW YORK STATE GOVERNOR'S ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY TASK FORCE PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 50-52 AB - This article outlines the creation of the Governor's Alcohol and Highway Safety Task Force in New York State. The goal of the Task Force was to reduce dramatically the incidents and tragic consequences of drunk driving in the state. The article reviews the Task Force organization and research and gives the final recommendations: (1) a unified enforcement campaign; (2) a public information campaign; (3) vehicle and road safety; (4) rehabilitation; and (5) education. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Committees KW - Community action programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Law enforcement KW - New York (State) KW - Occupant restraint KW - Rehabilitation KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Task force KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204029 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386622 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 24-27 AB - The goal of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) alcohol countermeasure program is to provide the states and their communities with the latest technology in solving the drinking driver problem, catalyze the states and communities into action in an organized and systematic manner, educate members of society as to the magnitude of the problem and possible solutions, and through these actions, ultimately, to reduce significantly the alcohol-related deaths, injuries, and property damage accidents in the United States. This article presents NHTSA's recommended approach to the drunk driver problem. It is based upon seven major points: (1) general deterrence approach (short-term); (2) community focus; (3) systems approach; (4) financial self-sufficiency; (5) citizen support; (6) prevention (long-term); and (7) increase safety belt usage. Following discussion of these seven points, six key attributes of a successful DWI enforcement effort are presented and explained. In conclusion, a list is provided of materials available from NHTSA for training or educational purposes. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Communities KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Financing KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Public participation KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203967 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386750 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Clark, W E AU - Rockel, H C AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - MARYLAND'S EFFORT TO REDUCE DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 44-49 AB - Recent efforts to reduce the incidence and effect of drunk driving in Maryland have been typified by statewide cooperation and coordination. The first part of this article describes the enforcement aspects of the various anti-drunk driving programs; the second part focuses on the public relations and education campaigns. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Community action programs KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Maryland KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386752 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Whalen, D P AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - OHIO'S ANTI-DWI EFFORT MAY BE PAYING OFF PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 52-54 AB - This article outlines Ohio's battle against alcohol impaired driving. It goes over the problems encountered in that battle, reviews several major new anti-DWI programs, and relates the recommendations of a special Governor's Study Group on Alcohol-Impaired Driving in Ohio. This study group made major reform proposals including the following: (1) "Per Se" provision (2) Administrative License suspension; (3) Alcohol/traffic intervention programs; (4) Tougher penalties for repeat offenders; (5) Arrest and testing; (6) Admissibility of test results/testimony; (7) Judicial procedures; (8) Administrative procedures; and (9) Public education/community action. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Arrests KW - Community action programs KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - Per se laws KW - Safety programs KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204030 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386508 JO - Journal of Clinical Psychiatry PB - Physicians Postgraduate Press, Incorporated AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Smiley, A AU - Physicians Postgraduate Press, Incorporated TI - EFFECTS OF CHRONICALLY ADMINISTERED BUSPIRONE AND DIAZEPAM ON DRIVING-RELATED SKILLS PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/12 VL - 43 IS - 12 SP - p. 45-55 AB - The effects on driving skills of buspirone and diazepam, singly and in combination with alcohol, were examined. Three groups of 16 subjects each (8 men and 8 women) received either 20 mg of buspirone, 15 mg of diazepam, or placebo daily for 9 days. On day 9, they also received alcohol (men, 0.85 g/kg; women, 0.72 g/kg). On days 1, 8, and 9, subjects were tested on a driving simulator and given four sessions of divided attention tasks examining tracking and visual search performance. Extensive evidence of performance impairment associated with diazepam contrasted with improved performance under chronic buspirone treatment. Alcohol effects were additive. KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Visual search UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386624 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Craig, G AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ATTACKING THE DRUNK DRIVING PROBLEM IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 42-43 AB - California's new drunk driving laws illustrate the evolutionary nature of coping with the endemic ailment of Americans' willingness to drink and drive. This article looks briefly at this evolution, beginning with California's first public awareness and enforcement campaign in 1977 and concluding with modifications to DUI laws to be effective January 1983. Enforcement emphasis is considered critical for two reasons: it heightens the driver's perception of the risk of arrest before he gets behind the wheel after drinking and it takes that many drunk drivers off the road before they can cause accidents. KW - Arrests KW - Awareness KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386748 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Vejnoska, J AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - PUTTING THE BRAKES ON TEENAGE DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 35-38 AB - Criminal activity or violent behavior related to alcohol consumption is an especially common occurrence among American youth. Yet, for all their willingness to take on the problem of drunk driving at the national, state, and local levels, Americans have been slower to face the problem as it relates to teens. This article examines drunk driving as a youth problem, how to deal with this problem, the police response, and public support for the police. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Community action programs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386744 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - Peltier, C E AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - IACP POSITION ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 20-23 AB - This article outlines the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) support to reduce drunk driving, its new policy approaches, and federal, state, and local action. It includes two inserts: "Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving", and "Resolution-IACP Position on Drunk Driving 1982". KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204022 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386746 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Amodei, M AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - MOTHERS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 30-31 AB - Four days after her daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Mrs. Candy Lightner founded "Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD)". The organization was formed to bring about a change in the drunk driving attitudes of the public, and more specifically in the way convicted drunk drivers were treated by the law enforcement and judicial communities. Within three months, MADD had become a nationwide organization and had incorporated under the nonprofit provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Today, MADD is the focus of national attention with 85 chapters in 29 states, and in those states that have responded to grassroots organizations such as MADD, through the enactment of new and sweeping legislation dealing with the drunk driver, statistics show fewer deaths and injuries in 1982, as compared to 1981. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Community action programs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385582 JO - Australian Road Research PB - ARRB Group Limited AU - Landauer, A A AU - Mungar, D AU - Wilkins, R AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - DRINKING-DRIVING PATTERN OF A RANDOM SAMPLE OF PERTH DRIVERS PY - 1982/12 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 257-260 AB - The percentage of drivers who drive at times with an illegal BAC (blood alcohol concentration) was estimated in a study conducted in Perth, Australia. 369 women and 363 men were surveyed at 6 shopping centers. The survey results were compared with the results of a similar survey in 1977. Among other factors, it was found that less than 40% of the men who drink alcohol drive at times with an illegal BAC; in the earlier study it was found that 71% of the male drinkers drove at times with an illegal BAC. It was also found that there was a general increase in alcohol consumption among women. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Surveys UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203308 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385720 JO - Australian Road Research PB - ARRB Group Limited AU - Segel, L AU - Xiao-Pei, L AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - VEHICULAR RESISTANCE TO MOTION AS INFLUENCED BY ROAD ROUGHNESS AND HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT PY - 1982/12 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 211-222 AB - Findings are presented from a preliminary analysis of the manner in which the elevation profile of highway pavements affects vehicular resistance to motion as a result of the energy lost in: (a) the visco-elastic tyre, and (b) the hydraulic damper used to control oscillations of the "sprung" and "unsprung" masses. The findings indicate the relative importance of these two vehicle elements in constituting energy sinks in highway transport, as a function of road roughness and vehicle velocity. Further, the additional resistance to motion caused by the requirement for a motor vehicle to be steered and to sideslip in order to negotiate a curved section of road is identified and discussed, in relationship to the observation that the actual fuel consumption of motor vehicles is greater than that estimated on the basis of laboratory measurements. KW - Alignment KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway curves KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rolling resistance KW - Roughness KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Viscoelasticity UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203397 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385309 JO - BMJ PB - British Medical Association AU - Crisp, A H AU - Lincoln, H AU - Mintram, M K AU - Crutchfield, M AU - Bhat, A V AU - British Medical Association TI - THE GAP IN YOUR KNOWLEDGE: GENDER ON WHEELS PY - 1982/12 VL - 285 IS - 6357 SP - p. 1773 AB - Among a group of young car drivers the size of the gap perceived as necessary to allow them to drive their cars through was related to their degree of measured fatness. This relationship extended to measured height and shoulder breadth in women and self-perception of shoulder breadth in men. No relationship could be found with the premenstrual phase in women. These findings may have important social implications! KW - Adolescents KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Perception KW - Psychological aspects KW - Self evaluation KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385307 AU - POPKIN, C L AU - Stewart, J R AU - Lacey, J H AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - DRIVER ALCOHOL AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/12 SP - 59 p. AB - The intent of the project was to conduct a series of analyses oriented toward providing information useful to operating highway safety agencies in the planning and conducting of their work as it relates to Driver Medical and Alcohol Problems. A secondary goal was to examine the effect that certain programs or laws might have on highway safety. A major effort under this project was to examine the effect that the initial Driver Medical Evaluation process has on the driving performance of persons in that program. The results of that effort appear as Chapter 2 of this report. The next chapter is an examination of the extent to which a population of epileptics is known to the Driver Medical Evaluation Program and how the driving performance of those known to the program and another group not known to the program differ. The fourth Chapter is an examination of the effect adoption of the practice of serving liquor by the drink has had on highway safety in North Carolina. In the next and final chapter patterns of DUI convictions by BAC level and certain demographic variables are examined. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epilepsy KW - Highway safety KW - Legislation KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199204 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385602 JO - American City & County PB - Penton Media AU - Schoene, G W AU - EULER, G W AU - Buttenheim Publishing Corporation TI - LET TRANSYT SPEED TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1982/12 VL - 97 IS - 12 SP - p. 23-24 AB - TRANSYT-7F is the American version of a computer program developed in the United Kingdom to enable traffic engineers to optimize their coordinated traffic signal systems to reduce stops, delays, and fuel consumption. TRANSYT-7F, funded by FHWA, is written in FORTRAN-IV and has been successfully executed on a number of different mainframe computers. As part of TRANSYT-7F's development, FHWA has prepared a comprehensive user's manual to serve as an instructional and reference guide. One of the most important aspects of the development of TRANSYT-7F is the application of the program to eleven cities selected to represent a range of geographical locations, populations, number of intersections to be retimed, types of networks and ages of existing signal timing plans. It has been found that these traffic-signal retiming projects have provided significant reductions in travel time, fuel consumption, and vehicle operating costs. KW - Computer programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385588 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Muto, W H AU - Wierwille, W W AU - Human Factors Society TI - THE EFFECT OF REPEATED EMERGENCY RESPONSE TRIALS ON PERFORMANCE DURING EXTENDED-DURATION SIMULATED DRIVING PY - 1982/12 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 693-698 AB - This investigation studied the effects of 30, 60, and 150 min of continuous driving on drivers' response times to repeated response trials in a simulated emergency--the sudden deceleration of a lead vehicle in a simulated car-following scenario. The results indicated that mean response times of early trials tended to be slower than those of later trials and those of baseline trials. These data imply that repeated response trials can modify decrements normally associated with fatigue mechanisms, and that studies using repeated response trials during driving may not yield valid indications of fatigue-induced performance decrements. KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency response time KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385715 JO - American City & County PB - Penton Media AU - Todd, K AU - Buttenheim Publishing Corporation TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL WARRANTS: THE CONTROVERSY THAT NEVER ENDS PY - 1982/12 VL - 97 IS - 12 SP - p. 25-27 AB - This article gives a brief history of traffic signal warrants, then discusses the controversy that surrounds them. Two new warrants developed by the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation are also discussed and it is pointed out that they still retain most of the shortcomings of the current warrants. The reader is cautioned not to brush aside the perfectly legitimate questions citizens are raising with their highway departments concerning traffic signal warrants. KW - History KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203393 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385580 JO - Australian Road Research PB - ARRB Group Limited AU - Cole, B L AU - JENKINS, S E AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - CONSPICUITY OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1982/12 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 223-238 AB - This paper is concerned with obtaining: (a) estimates of the conspicuity of traffic control devices seen in ordinary road environments, and (b) an indication of the target object properties that determine conspicuity. The principal measure of conspicuity chosen was the probability of seeing a target object under defined conditions of fixation, observation time, and a second measure was in terms of the order in which the objects were first noticed. Experiments were conducted using projected colour slides of 100 urban and semi-urban road scenes. It was found that traffic control devices were not conspicuous in the above terms. Few such devices achieved a detection probability of 0.90 or more in a 500 ms observation period. Size was an important determinant of conspicuity. Edge definition was also important. Brightness was less effective and white signs were noticed less frequently than coloured ones. Long observation periods were not effective in detecting additional signs. KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Traffic control devices KW - Visibility UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203306 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381309 JO - Annals of Emergency Medicine PB - American College of Emergency Physicians AU - Heilman, D R AU - Weisbuch, J B AU - Blair, R W AU - Graf, L L AU - American College of Emergency Physicians TI - MOTORCYCLE-RELATED TRAUMA AND HELMET USAGE IN NORTH DAKOTA PY - 1982/12 VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - p. 659-664 AB - A descriptive epidemiologic study utilizing a multi-disciplinary reporting format was undertaken to assess the impact of helmet usage on motorcycle trauma in North Dakota from 1977 through 1980. This approach yielded an 82.6% reporting increase compared to previous data collection techniques. More than 60% of the 2,934 crashes involved unhelmeted cyclists. Two-thirds of all crashes resulted in injury, with head, neck, and face (HNF) trauma accounting for 21.4% of all lesions. Compared to their helmeted counterparts, helmetless riders suffered HNF trauma 2.30 times as often, and were 3.19 times as susceptible to fatal injuries. The number of injuries and the severity of trauma were significantly higher (P = .01) for those individuals not wearing helmets. A substantial decline in usage occurred in those under 18 years of age, despite the legal requirement that this group wear protective headgear. KW - Crash severity KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381838 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - THE DRINKING DRIVER PROGRAM INVENTORY PY - 1982/12 SP - 40 p. AB - This is an inventory of questions relating to ten different areas of the drinking driver program. Each question is meant as a tool for assessing the strengths and weaknesses in state and local programs to combat drunk driving. These questions (which are written so that they can be checked yes, no, or partly) can help citizens assess the alcohol-crash problems, develop local solutions, and deter people who would drink and drive. The different areas covered in this inventory are as follows: the alcohol-crash problem, legislation, licensing, enforcement, adjudication, alcohol safety programs, prevention/education/treatment, public information and education, personal intervention, and records. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Laws KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380573 AU - Mergel, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1982/12 SP - v.p. AB - Ejection, cab crush and interior component contact (primarily the steering assembly) are identified as the primary causes of fatalities among heavy-truck occupants. This conclusion is based on an analysis of the body of previous studies and reports dealing with data on heavy-truck accidents; an analysis of a number of computerized accident data files; and a review of the literature and past experience dealing with automotive and other transportation vehicle crashworthiness and related test procedures. Three countermeasure areas were identified as having the maximum potential for reducing truck occupant fatalities. These include increased restraint usage, improvement of the cab structure and improvements to the steering assembly. A testing program is proposed to gather basic information related to each of these countermeasure areas. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Steering columns KW - Structural design KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380374 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - JENKINS, J T AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - THE CIRCUMFERENTIAL CONTACT PROBLEM FOR THE BELTED RADIAL PASSENGER CAR TIRE PY - 1982/12 VL - 11 IS - 5-6 SP - p. 325-343 AB - The belted radial passenger car tire is idealized as a prestressed circular ring connected to a hub through a distribution of linear springs modeling the sidewall. A second distribution of such springs exterior to the ring represents the tread rubber. The tire is supposed to be at rest, loaded at its hub, and pressed onto a flat, rigid, frictionless roadway. In this situation the linear differential equations of the model are solved using a singular perturbation technique. Given the load at the hub, the solutions furnish the length of tread in contact with the road, the radial and circumferential displacement of all points on the ring, and the distribution of pressure over the region of contact. KW - Automobiles KW - Contact area KW - Contact pressure KW - Linear differential equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Pressure KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380375 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Eriksson, A AU - Bjornstig, U AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - FATAL SNOWMOBILE ACCIDENTS IN NORTHERN SWEDEN PY - 1982/12 VL - 22 IS - 12 SP - p. 977-982 AB - The number of snowmobiles registered in Sweden has increased rapidly in recent years. At the same time, there has been a proportional increase in the number of snowmobile accidents. In the present study all the 36 fatal accidents reported in northern Sweden in the period 1 July 1973 to 1 July 1981 have been scrutinized. Most of the fatalities were men, two thirds of them between 20 and 40 years of age. Most of the accidents occurred at weekends and during holidays, especially in the spring, when the traffic is heaviest. About two thirds of the fatal accidents occurred at night. Drowning and lacerations of the thorax and the head were the most common causes of death. Twenty-four of the 30 drivers killed were found to have been driving under the influence of alcohol. This suggests that alcohol was a major contributing factor to the accidents. Retrospective analyses of police, social, and medical records revealed that a high proportion of the deceased were habitual excessive drinkers. Preventive measures designed to reduce alcohol consumption while driving snowmobiles seem to be needed. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Snowmobiles KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196780 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380373 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Owen, R H AU - BERNARD, J E AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - DIRECTIONAL DYNAMICS OF A TRACTOR-LOADER-BACKHOE PY - 1982/12 VL - 11 IS - 5-6 SP - p. 251-265 AB - This paper presents a study of the directional dynamics of large industrial tractors. These vehicles have special properties which make their dynamics interesting, including soft rear tires, large yaw moments of inertia and low or negative understeer gradients. A linear yaw plane model was used for the analysis. The lateral compliance of the tires was included via a simplified version of the stretched-string model. Measurements were performed in support of the modeling effort, including inertial parameters, understeer gradient and transient response. A comparison between calculations and test results indicated that lateral compliance was an important influence on the transient response of these vehicles. KW - Directional response KW - Directivity pattern KW - Industrial trucks KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Steering KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Truck tractors KW - Understeer KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380401 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Margolis, D L AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - THE RESPONSE OF ACTIVE AND SEMI-ACTIVE SUSPENSIONS TO REALISTIC FEEDBACK SIGNALS PY - 1982/12 VL - 11 IS - 5-6 SP - p. 267-282 AB - A simple vehicle model is presented incorporating passive, active, and semi-active suspensions. When the desired feedback variables are ideally available, the system response is well understood and excellent sprung mass isolation results. More often than not, the measured variables must be signal processed in some manner prior to their use in some control algorithm. This paper presents the expected response of a simple vehicle with an active and/or semi-active suspension, subject to non-ideal feedback information. KW - Active suspension systems KW - Active suspension systems KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196795 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380028 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Vlk, F AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - LATERAL DYNAMICS OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE COMBINATIONS. A LITERATURE SURVEY PY - 1982/12 VL - 11 IS - 5-6 SP - p. 305-324 AB - This paper presents a review of theoretical and experimental works relative to the handling performance of commercial vehicle combinations. A commercial vehicle combination (road train) is defined as a tractor unit and an arbitrary number of trailers. The review contains literature corresponding the most widely used types of trains: tractor-semitrailer, truck-trailer and tractor-semitrailer-semitrailer (doubles). The vehicle dynamic performance has been investigated taking into consideration the following features: directional performance, roll dynamics, braking performance and combined braking and directional performance. With the aim of evaluating the present state of research activities in the field of lateral dynamics of articulated commercial vehicles, the author has compiled some 250 references. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Directional response KW - Directivity pattern KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379586 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY RESEARCH RELATED TO TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ROADWAY ELEMENTS--VOLUME 1 PY - 1982/12 SP - 193 p. AB - This synthesis is published in two volumes. Each of the 17 safety research subject areas is presented as an individual chapter. Subject areas included in Volume 1 are: roadway cross section and alinement; pavement surfaces; roadside features; access control and driveways; intersections; interchanges; one-way streets and reversible lanes; priority for high occupancy vehicles; and on-street parking. Volume 2 subject areas include: construction and maintenance zones; adverse environmental operations; roadway lighting; railroad-highway grade crossings; commercial vehicles; bicycle ways; pedestrian ways; and speed zoning and control. An overall 17-chapter subject index is included in both volumes of the synthesis for finding specific areas of interest. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Alignment KW - Bus priority KW - Cross sections KW - Driveways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - One way traffic KW - Parking KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal preemption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379587 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY RESEARCH RELATED TO TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ROADWAY ELEMENTS--VOLUME 2 PY - 1982/12 SP - 177 p. AB - This synthesis is published in two volumes. Each of the 17 safety research subject areas is presented as an individual chapter. Subject areas included in Volume 1 are: roadway cross section and alinement; pavement surfaces; roadside features; access control and driveways; intersections; interchanges; one-way streets and reversible lanes; priority for high occupancy vehicles; and on-street parking. Volume 2 subject areas include: construction and maintenance zones; adverse environmental operations; roadway lighting; railroad-highway grade crossings; commercial vehicles; bicycle ways; pedestrian ways; and speed zoning and control. An overall 17-chapter subject index is included in both volumes of the synthesis for finding specific areas of interest. KW - Bikeways KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Environment KW - Highway design KW - Maintenance practices KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic control KW - Walkways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192559 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379048 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - WINTER RESEARCH PY - 1982/12 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - p. 59-65 AB - This article reports the results of testing by Car and Driver magazine to measure winter performance objectively. They tested a broad array of cars for acceleration, braking, roadholding, maneuverability and hill climbing on a snow covered test track, the Chrysler Proving Grounds in Chelsea, Michigan. The most important and obvious conclusion was that traction is the key to snow driving. This was achieved best in cars with front wheel drive. For straight-line acceleration, four-wheel drive is the answer, but it did not offer much benefit in handling. Tires made a tremendous difference. Basically, narrower tires with open, deep-lugged treads proved better for snow driving. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Four wheel drive KW - Front wheel drive KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hill climbing /vehicles/ KW - Snow KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicles KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195935 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379438 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Romano, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION MODELING FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND ABATEMENT OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AND CONSTRUCTION NOISE PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 85-91 AB - Environmental assessments of highway related noise are based on analytic prediction models. Because the application of current noise models is limited to freely flowing traffic and simple site characteristics, the Federal Highway Administration is developing refined noise models that will have application to a greater variety of highway noise assessments that must be performed. Noise models have been designed to assess noise propagation over asymmetric barriers and nonuniform ground cover, noise generated by stop-and-go traffic in urban settings, and construction noise impacts. Computer versions, capable of predicting the energy-averaged equivalent sound level, L sub EQ, have been prepared for each model and are undergoing test and evaluation. KW - Construction sites KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Road construction KW - Simulation KW - Sound level KW - Terrain KW - Traffic noise KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379028 JO - READER'S DIGEST PB - READER'S DIGEST ASSOCIATION LTD AU - Bell, F AU - Reader's Digest Association, Incorporated TI - HELP KEEP YOUR TEEN-AGE DRIVER ALIVE PY - 1982/12 SP - p. 84-87 AB - Fewer than 8 percent of the licensed drivers in the United States are under 20 years old. Yet nearly 17 percent of all automobile accidents in 1980 involved a teen-ager behind the wheel! Most of these tragedies were caused by excessive speed and recklessness, or by drinking and drugs. But all too often, careful and responsible teen-age drivers are killed simply because they don't know the practical safety rules that years of driving experience teach. This article presents some ways to demonstrate these lifesaving habits in a manner kids will remember. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195916 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379035 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Wakefield, R AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - PROGRESS REPORT: ANTI-55 LEGISLATION SPREADS. ARE WE THERE YET? NOT QUITE PY - 1982/12 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - p. 52 AB - Legislators are increasingly concerned with enforcing the 55-mph speed limit. The law imposing this speed limit continues to be one that people want changed. Administrators want to know if non-compliance with the federal government requirement will lead to the imposition of the sanctions threatened by this law. Some states faced with the difficulty of enforcing this law have adopted an energy wastage fine of $5. This has been considered by federal administrators as compliance with the law. Comments are made in the article on the Reagan administrations performance as against the president's election promises. The Reagan administration's contribution has been to relax somewhat the compliance standards. It is noted that current activities may well lead to the 55 mph limit's eventual repeal. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compliance KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195922 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379433 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Parker, M R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERSECTION CONTROL AND ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE IN RURAL MICHIGAN PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 102-105 AB - A study has been conducted in selected counties of Texas, New York, and Florida to investigate the use and need for stop control at low volume intersections. The findings of the study were as follows: (1) stop signs do not reduce accident experience at low volume intersections, and (2) stop signs are being used even where there is adequate sight distance. However, the sample size in this study was small--only 140 intersections. This article reports on a similar, but more extensive, study conducted in rural Michigan. In the Michigan study sample of almost 900 low volume nonsignalized intersections, 96 percent were stop controlled. Other findings from the Michigan study are as follows: (a) stop signs are being used where there is adequate sight distance; (b) there is no relationship between the number of approaches on the minor roadway and accident experience for major volume under 1,000 vpd; and, (c) accident experience at stop controlled intersections is neither better nor worse than at uncontrolled intersections under 1,000 vpd. The findings of the Michigan study substantiated those of the Texas, New York and Florida study. The results of both studies suggest that the extensive use of stop control at rural intersections may not be necessary. KW - Crash rates KW - Low volume roads KW - Rural areas KW - Sight distance KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic volume KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379440 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELIABILITY OF LOCKED-WHEEL SKID RESISTANCE TESTER CONFIRMED PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 92-101 AB - Highways play a major role in the economy of industrialized nations by facilitating high speed transportation of passengers and goods. To safeguard the initial investment, it is essential to provide for continuing and periodic upgrading. Periodic evaluation of pavement skid resistance is one of the requirements of pavement management. This article examines the problems in pavement friction measurement and the results of a Federal Highway Administration staff study on the reliability of the locked-wheel skid resistance tester. The objective of the staff study was to determine if different test modes rank pavements similarly, and if pavement friction measurements in any one test mode are valid for all the different vehicle maneuvers. To answer these questions, a few different test modes were considered to be necessary. In addition to the standard locked wheel tests, these included testing at longitudinal slip values that give the peak friction force and testing with a yawed wheel to determine maximum side friction force. Similar tests would also have to be made under transient conditions, which resemble driving conditions better than steady state testing does. KW - Coefficients KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Evaluation KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Locked-wheel KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reliability KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slip coefficient KW - Steady state KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379032 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Cockburn, A AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - ON THE (CAPITALIST) ROAD PY - 1982/12 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - p. 104-105 AB - This column is a mixture of nostalgia, apprehension, and disappointment. Nostalgia for the good old days of gas guzzlers, tax-deductible lunches, creative accounting and more copious tax breaks: the author has just bought a 1962 Chrysler Imperial to celebrate Reagan's first anniversary in the White House. Disappointment and apprehension because in his words: "A Reagan capable of even contemplating an assault on the tax-deductible business lunch is a Reagan capable of almost any betrayal of principle. Almost any day now he will probably stand up and say that there is an energy crisis after all, ask us to turn off the air-conditioning, drive to work in a metal matchbox, and lower the speed limit to 50 mph." The author and his Chrysler Imperial are definitely worried. KW - Automobiles KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Federal government KW - Politics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195919 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379047 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - VARIABLE-GEOMETRY TURBOCHARGING PY - 1982/12 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 2 p. AB - This article discusses the performance and responsiveness of a variable-vane turbocharger developed by Aerodyne Dallas, Inc. The Aerodyne unit has many innovative elements, including a variable geometry which allows idling in the vicinity of 25,000 to 27,000 rpm and ball bearings for the turbo's supporting shaft. The performance of a Mercedes-Benz 300SD equipped with the Aerodyne unit was undiesel-like and unturbo-like. KW - Ball bearings KW - Bearings KW - Engine idling KW - Performance KW - Technological innovations KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195934 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379049 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - O'Rourke, P J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - WINTER DRIVING MADE EASY PY - 1982/12 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 4 p. AB - This article offers some tips for winter driving in a humorous sort of way. For example, it suggests tying a pair of cross-country skis to the front tires. It also offers some suggestions as to what you should do when stuck in a snowbank. KW - Driving KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195936 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379036 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Wakefield, R AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - THE ELECTRONICS REVOLUTION. PART II PY - 1982/12 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - p. 154-157 AB - This, the second of a two-part article reviews the role of electronics in antiskid braking, radar, automatic restraints, power-assisted steering, instrumentation; communication and navigation in both domestic and foreign automobiles. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instrumentation KW - Navigation KW - Power steering KW - Radar KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195923 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379439 AU - GRIME, G AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers TI - PROBABILITIES OF INJURY TO CAR OCCUPANTS IN ACCIDENTS WITH A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE PY - 1982/12 VL - 196 SP - p. 325-332 AB - Methods are described, by the application of which the probabilities of injury to car occupants in collisions of all types may be estimated from data on injury accidents alone, without having to make counts of accidents in which no injury had occurred. To do this, however, the velocity changes have to be known for all vehicles in the sample, so that separate probabilities of injury may be calculated for a number of successive small intervals of velocity change covering the range of velocity change in the accident sample. Proceeding in this way, sets of curves of probability of injury at various levels of injury versus velocity change may be drawn, both for overall injury, and for injury to different regions of the body. A sample calculation at one value of velocity change is given. The method is applicable to single vehicle accidents as well as to collisions, provided that there are at least two car occupants. It is anticipated that the method will be particularly valuable when applied to estimate the effectiveness of seat belts, since it will then be possible to examine how the protection given changes with severity of accident, thus pointing to where improvements are desirable. Difficulties which arise when certain analyses of injury accidents are made without introducing probability theory are discussed. U1 - Institution of Mechanical Engineers Proceedings KW - Automobiles KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Estimating KW - Injuries KW - Interval sequence KW - Manual safety belts KW - Personal injury KW - Probability theory KW - Samples KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377480 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EARLY LICENSE REVOCATION FOR DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE. MODEL REVOCATION ON ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATION (ROAD) LAW PY - 1982/12 SP - 41 p. AB - A study was undertaken to examine existing laws and bills and develop a model law which can be adopted by state legislatures to allow a withdrawal of the driver license prior to a conviction for driving while under the influence. This publication presents the results of that study. The Model Revocation on Administrative Determination (ROAD) Law is presented in two formats: Text only (with line numbers) and Text comments and implementation guidelines. The analysis of existing laws and bills is contained in Appendix A in two parts: Part I contains a summary of each of the laws/bills studied and Part II contains a tabular comparison of 30 issues in those laws/bills. KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Suspensions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25626/DOT-HS-806-307.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376595 AU - Woods, B AU - Davis, J W AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico Traffic Safety Bureau TI - ALBUQUERQUE MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSE IMPACT EVALUATION PY - 1982/12 SP - 33 p. AB - This study evaluates the relative impact of the Albuquerque Motorcycle Rider Course (MRC) in increasing motorcycle safety and reducing accidents. The basis of the evaluation is the analysis of contrasted skills and knowledge of MRC participants and a comparison group of newly licensed motorcyclists with both groups having 3 months riding experience. Analytical techniques are chi-square test and loglinear modeling of contingency tables of data retrieved from a questionnaire and state records of licensed motorcyclists. Analysis confirms a positive impact for MRC participants; non-MRC-trained motorcyclists are three times as likely to receive citations. KW - Driver training KW - Evaluation KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376413 AU - GREEN, J A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - ADAAS (AUTOMATED DATA ACCESS AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM). A CROSS-REFERENCE GUIDE TO FEDERAL DATA SETS IN ADAAS PY - 1982/12 SP - 103 p. AB - With the advent of several significant federally-developed motor-vehicle accident data sets in current years, the importance of these data sources in traffic safety analysis programs has increased greatly. As the number of available information sources grows, however, the problem of knowing what information is available, and where the information is located, becomes more and more acute. This document attempts to alleviate this problem by providing a directory to information items found in current federal files. No attempt has been made to provide a definitive index to all federal data sets. Rather, seven important sets (i.e. BMCS, FARS, CPIR, NASS, NCSS, PICS, and TIU) that are available on-line through the Transportation Research Institute's Automated Data Access and Analysis System (ADAAS) are included. KW - Computers KW - Crashes KW - Data systems KW - Databases KW - Directories KW - Information systems KW - On line computers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376285 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Perkins, J AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - LET'S GIVE THE BIKER A "BRAKE"! PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 10 SP - 5 p. AB - California Highway Patrol Commander Perkins, himself an avid and serious bicycle rider, explains what bicycle riders need from motorists to ride safely: space, common courtesy and an understanding of the bicycle's limitations. Then he explains how the bicyclist should ride to protect himself from motorists: proper education and training are essential. KW - Cyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194521 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376286 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Cowing, M A AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - SAFE DRIVING PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 10 SP - 2 p. AB - Except for an occasional mechanical break or an unusual weather condition all accidents are the result of a human emotion. Besides testing for good health, vision, hearing, and the ability to drive and park a car, one should investigate character habits: the use of alcohol or drugs, calmness or temper alertness, concern for others, attention to the road. These are the qualities that determine whether a driver can be judged safe. KW - Behavior KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Human characteristics KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194522 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376422 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - GASOLINE AND LPG ENGINE SURVEY PY - 1982/12 VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - 5 p. AB - This article reports the results of a survey of gasoline and LPG engine manufacturers. The tables of data on those engines that are obtainable are split into three sections. Part 1 covers engines of under 20 kW (small industrial engines), Part 2 covers small-to-medium units of 20 to 100 kW, and Part 3 covers large engines over 100 kW. Because of the growing significance of turbocharging for gasoline engines, a column headed "aspiration" is included. KW - Automobile engines KW - Availability KW - Data collection KW - Engines KW - Gasoline engines KW - Industries KW - Liquefied petroleum gas KW - Lp-gas engines KW - Supply KW - Surveys KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194607 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376299 JO - Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis PB - Society for Experimental Analysis of Behavior AU - Geller, E S AU - Society for Experimental Analysis of Behavior TI - REWARDING SAFETY BELT USAGE AT AN INDUSTRIAL SETTING: TESTS OF TREATMENT GENERALITY AND RESPONSE MAINTENANCE PY - 1982/12 SP - 31 p. AB - An incentive program to motivate seat belt use was implemented at a large munitions plant. Seat belt usage was assessed daily at an entrance/exit gate of the industrial complex when employees arrived for work in the morning and departed in the afternoon. During Treatment incentive flyers, which prompted seat belt usage and gave belt wearers opportunities to win prizes, were distributed only in the afternoon. Seat belt wearing increased from Baseline means of 20.4% and 17.3% during the morning and afternoon, respectively, to averages of 55.5% during afternoon departures and 31.1% during morning arrivals. During Follow Up, mean belt use dropped almost to Baseline levels. Categorizing vehicles according to driver sex and license plate number enabled a study of belt wearing practices of individuals, and revealed that the incentive program influenced some drivers to wear their seat belts during morning arrival when incentives were not distributed (i.e., treatment generalization) and during a follow-up period after the incentives were withdrawn (i.e., response maintenance). KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194528 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376421 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Widenka, D AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - RECORDING THE EFFECTS OF SIMULATED VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1982/12 VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - p. 33-34 AB - This article describes the electronic recording system used in conjunction with the Canadian Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine Impact Studies Facility crash simulator. At present provision is made for recording electronically up to 49 different effects of impact on test objects and/or dummies. The quantities to be measured include linear and angular accelerations. mechanical stresses, and belt, femur and other loads. The transient recorder, a fairly new type of instrument, is the heart of the electronic recording system. It can reliably capture very short lived signals containing very high frequencies; it can make available immediately perfectly reconstituted long lived replicas for quick visual checks, hard copy analogue traces can be produced from it, and records can be transmitted in digital form. The Datalab DL2000 series multi-channel transient recorders provide the capability necessary for the DCIEM Impact Studies Facility crash simulator, and are discussed further with diagrams and sample printouts. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Training simulators KW - Transient recorders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194606 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376287 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Rubin, H AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - HANDLING HAZARDOUS HIGHWAY SPILLS PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 10 SP - 5 p. AB - This article describes the training program operated by the California Highway Patrol (CHP) for the handling of hazardous highway spills. There are eight field divisions in the state where the courses are taught. Each division has two instruction teams, with two CHP sergeants and two fire service counterparts. Funding is provided by the Department of Health Services. Teaching is done at a community college or building (so-called neutral turf) with class size between 75 and 100. All emergency response personnel from public or private agencies can attend. The curriculum includes three 8-hour modules or courses. Module I is a basic awareness course. Module II, the heart of the program, reviews the previous module, then gets into scene management--how to handle hazardous material incidents. Module III is designed for first line supervisory personnel who are responsible for inter-agency role planning that may become necessary during a large-scale incident. KW - Crashes KW - Curricula KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hazardous materials KW - Interagency relations KW - Spillage KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194523 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376288 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Drury, C G AU - Brodsky, K AU - Dargush, G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ANALYSIS OF GLASS BREAKAGE IN WINDOW ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/12 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - p. 443-456 AB - In order to determine whether changes in glazing would affect the outcome of window accidents, over 8000 accidents reported in the Consumer Product Safety Commission's data bases were analyzed to find the patterns of human behaviour leading to glass breakage. Each pattern formed the basis for a simple biomechanical model to estimate the masses and velocities of human impacts with the glass. Two physical models of the effect of an impact on window glass were used to predict the probability of glass breakage in each pattern. Window parameters of glass size and thickness were varied to estimate the potential for protection by window design. It was concluded that in only two of the patterns (HIT and PUSH) was it possible to choose glass parameters which assured a high degree of protection for the victim. For whole body impacts (WALK and TRIP) extreme thicknesses of tempered glass would be needed to prevent breakage. KW - Biophysics KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Glass KW - Glazing KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Materials tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Tempered glass KW - Window glass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376295 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, COLLISION COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES. 1982 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, 1981 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST TWO YEARS, 1980 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST THREE YEARS PY - 1982/12 SP - 55 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequencies and the sizes of collision coverage claims for damage to 1980, 1981, and 1982 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. The principal findings are: (A) Passenger Cars: (1) Among the high-volume 1982 cars, the four-door Oldsmobile Delta 88 had the best collision coverage loss experience and the Mazda RX-7 the worst. Among the low-volume cars, the Chevrolet Corvette had the worst results and the four-door Mercury Marquis and the two-door Buick LeSabre the best; (2) Eight of the ten 1982 model year cars with the best collision coverage loss experience were either regular four-door models or station wagons and all but one were domestic models; (3) The 1982 model year cars with the worst collision coverage loss experience were all either regular two-door models or sports or specialty models and most were imported models and (4) Two-door models consistently had higher collision losses than comparably-sized four-door models and station wagons. (B) Vans, Pickups, and Utility Vehicles: (1) Among the vans, pickups, and utility vehicles, small utility vehicles and small pickups had the highest average loss payments per insured vehicle year and vans and large utility vehicles had the lowest; (2) For pickups and utility vehicles, there were pronounced size relationships; small pickups had higher collision coverage loss results than standard pickups and small utility vehicles had higher losses than the larger models; (3) Small pickups and standard pickups had approximately equal average loss payments per claim, but the small pickups had significantly higher claim frequencies. In general, the standard pickups had better than average claim frequencies, but their average loss payments per claim were higher than average; and (4) For the different size utility vehicles, the claim frequencies were approximately the same, but the average loss payments per claim were much larger for the small utility vehicles. All utility vehicles had better than averge claim frequencies, but most of the small and intermediate utility vehicles had average loss payments per claim which were worse than average. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Insurance KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Statistics KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376417 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - FASTENING AND JOINING TECHNIQUES PY - 1982/12 VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - p. 26-27 AB - This article considers plastic/metal fasteners in general and fiber reinforced plastic fasteners in particular. Fasteners for plastic are of particular interest in view of the trend toward the use of light weight materials in substitution for metal. KW - Automobiles KW - Fasteners KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Inserts KW - Joining KW - Lightweight materials KW - Pins KW - Plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194602 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376284 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CALIFORNIA'S NEW DRUNK DRIVING LAW IS WORKING PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 10 SP - 8 p. AB - This article reviews the progress of California's new drunk driving law. The facts of two drunk driving cases (the Watson case and the Castillo case) are used to illustrate the growing public concern over the need for tougher drunk driving laws. Also illustrating this concern is the establishment of the organization known as MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Drivers). One of the most effective ways in which MADD is contributing to making California's highways safer and reducing the death toll is with their court monitoring program. MADD is keeping the entire enforcement procedure and the judges under scrutiny. MADD is also making its influence felt by enlisting media support. Overall, with the new law and despite occasional verdicts to the contrary, those arrested in California for drunk driving in cases in which there has been a death or bodily injury are less sure of escaping punishment than in past years. KW - Case studies KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376308 AU - GREEN, J A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - ADAAS AUTOMATED DATA ACCESS AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION MANUAL PY - 1982/12 SP - 115 p. AB - This manual documents operation of the Automated Data Access and Analysis System (ADAAS), a set of computer programs developed by the Transportation Research Institute. The manual is not descriptive of analysis techniques, but is intended as a detailed guide to system operation. The two primary functions of ADAAS are: 1) to access accident data maintained by UMTRI, and 2) to perform simple analyses of the data. This manual provides an overview of the system, fully describes each valid command, and documents special features of the system such as selective filtering and recoding operations. Examples of both user input and program output appear throughout the text. KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Information retrieval KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373926 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Sharadin, E AU - Liebenguth, E D AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SEAT BELTS: TWO PERSONAL VIEWS (A HEAD-ON LOOK AT SEATBELTS AND WHAT'S YOUR EXCUSE? FOR NOT WEARING SEATBELTS) PY - 1982/12 VL - 16 IS - 7 SP - 1 p. AB - Personal accounts are given of the advantages of wearing seat belts. In the first account, and air force officer describes a head-on collision in England from which he came through with only a bruised rib and the driver of the car had only broken his hand. The occupants of the other car had only minor bruises. All parties were wearing seat belts. In the second account, the driver was not wearing a seat belt and suffered more serious injury but escaped alive. The latter vowed never to drive again without wearing a seat belt. KW - Frontal crashes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373581 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHANOL INSTEAD OF GASOLINE? PY - 1982/12 VL - 90 IS - 12 SP - p. 7-10 AB - This article briefly summarizes the discussion about methanol at a hearing before the Subcommittee on Fossil and Synthetic Fuels, House Committee on Energy and Commerce, held on September 24, 1982. The pros and cons of methanol as a substitute for current fuels and as a supplement in the form of methanol-gasoline blends were discussed, as well as the tolerance of existing vehicle designs for the methanol blends. Testimony was presented by leading auto manufacturers and the oil companies and many ideas were tossed out to encourage development of methanol. The remainder of this article summarizes the following: judicial activities related to automatic crash protection; legislative activities related to commercial truck width, acid rain, GAO methanol report, drunk driving, auto research competition, alcohol fuel reserve, product liability, risk analysis, and the NHTSA Authorization Act; and executive branch activities related to fuel economy, vehicle ID numbers, test dummies, headlamps, motorcycle lighting, energy reporting, bus design, and defect and non-compliance notification requirements. KW - Appropriations KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Drunk driving KW - Dummies KW - Fuel consumption KW - Headlamps KW - Hearings KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Liability KW - Methanol KW - Motorcycles KW - Nhtsa authorization act KW - Recall campaigns KW - Research KW - Risk analysis KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle identification numbers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373584 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDROSTATIC SYSTEMS CAN BE DESIGNED FOR MINIMUM NOISE PY - 1982/12 VL - 90 IS - 12 SP - p. 43-47 AB - This article discusses the design of a minimum-noise hydrostatic transmission system. The first step is selecting quiet components. Next, operating parameters for each component must be established which can minimize potential and actual noise generation. The final phase incorporates design concepts within the system which minimize the transformation of noise potential, fluid-borne or structure-borne, to airborne noise. Stating that both the potential and transformation function can be reduced by understanding the component noise characteristics and design concepts which control response, this article continues with a discussion of hydrostatic noise characteristics, operating parameter effects, engine and gear noise, reducing hydrostatic noise, and system noise. KW - Design KW - Hydrostatics KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189511 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373925 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - NEW YEAR'S DRIVING RESOLUTIONS 83 PY - 1982/12 VL - 16 IS - 7 SP - p. 10-11 AB - A list of resolutions which would contribute to greater safety for the automobile driver and the motorcycle driver are listed. These include such resolutions as using seat belts, more careful observation of traffic conditions, observing speed limits, carrying children in child car seats, and observing basic driving rules. Avoidance of drinking and driving is emphasized. Motorcyclists are urged to treat intersections with great caution, wear helmets, make the motorbike as conspicuous as possible, and drive only when sober. KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Helmets KW - Intersections KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcyclists KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373927 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Southers, W D AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SNOW TRICKS PY - 1982/12 VL - 16 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-17 AB - Advice is given on precautions that should be taken to cope with snow and ice conditions during winter driving. Preparation of the car should include lubrication, cleaning of spark plugs and checking of brakes. Items such as turn signal lights should also be checked. Preparation and care of the parking place is important. Preparation before starting to leave the parking place is also important. Overview the street and the route and consider alternate routes. Consider your personal driving habits. Avoid tight schedules. Special equipment and emergency aids such as kitty litter maybe helpful. Extra weight, traction aids, trowels, extra reflectors, are also helpful. Also, watch out for slick spots. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Lubrication KW - Parking KW - Precautions KW - Routes KW - Spark plugs KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373618 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - BRAKE DRUM REMOVAL PY - 1982/12 VL - 158 IS - 6 SP - p. 47-48 AB - The rear drums of new cars with leading-trailing brakes have new self-adjusting mechanisms. This article explains the new techniques necessary to retract shoes that are locked against the drums in the Ford Escort/Lynx, the Volkswagen, General Motors Cars and Mazdas. KW - Brake drums KW - Brake shoes KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Maintenance KW - Mazda KW - Mazda automobile KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Self-adjusting KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373920 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - PERFORMANCE AND CATCH-55 AND CATCH-NOX AND CATCH-MPG... PY - 1982/12 VL - 16 IS - 7 SP - 6 p. AB - This article explains how to add performance and economy in a car by adding accessories: a four-barrel carburetor, a "performance" intake manifold, dual exhaust and headers, a performance camshaft, a less restrictive muffler, a lower rear axle ratio, a higher compression ratio and a ram air charger. It explains also that you should find out about emission laws in the state in which you drive because some of these accessories also increase the amount of pollution the car puts out. Tips on modifying the car's handling and on driving with a view toward fuel economy are also given. KW - Accessories KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Handling characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373582 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICROCOMPUTERS APPLIED TO HEAVY-DUTY AUTOMATICS PY - 1982/12 VL - 90 IS - 12 SP - p. 24-27 AB - This article discusses the development of the universal electronic control (UEC) system for heavy-duty vehicles. A major design requirement was that it must be adaptable for use with the complete Detroit Diesel Allison (DDA) hauling transmission product line. This includes hydrokinetic transmissions with capabilities from 175-1006 kW (235-1350 hp) in both on- and off-highway vehicle applications. The design requirements acknowledged the challenging thermal, electrical, and vibration environments associated with the hauling transmission line. The article traces the development of the UEC by further discussion of hardware, diagnostics, benefits and future trends. In conclusion, it is stated that future electronic transmission control systems can be expected to incorporate even more extensive and sophisticated built-in diagnostics than those available with the UEC. Availability of a more powerful next generation microcomputer will make this possible. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Benefits KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Future concepts KW - Hardware KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Innovation KW - Microcomputers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189509 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373583 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAT RECOVERY IMPROVES PART-LOAD TURBINE SFC PY - 1982/12 VL - 90 IS - 12 SP - p. 37-40 AB - This article discusses the development of optimization schemes for adapting an existing 30-kW generator set with recuperative or regenerative heat recovery systems to minimize fuel consumption by its gas turbine powered mobile generators over the half- to full-load range. Methods include aerodynamic component modification, speed variations, and use of variable compressor inlet guide vane geometry. For the future, elevated turbine inlet temperatures are the key, but this will require a change from metals to ceramics and other technological advances. Heat recovery, together with the higher component efficiencies projected for 1983 and beyond, is expected to permit a specific fuel consumption on the order of 190 g/kW-h for devices of the types described in this report. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Development KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Heat recovery KW - High temperature KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189510 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373924 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ELIMINATING GLARE PY - 1982/12 VL - 16 IS - 7 SP - 1 p. AB - Ford Motor Company suppliers appear to have successfully developed an automatic dimming day/night mirror. Two cadmium sulfide light sensing photocells provide the input to the mirror's electronic circuit which contains an integrated circuit. One photocell is aimed to the rear to detect glare from following headlamps at night. The other photocell is aimed through the front windshield to detect the light the driver normally sees. The forward light that strikes the driver's eyes determines how the eyes adapt to rear glare. A sensor prevents the mirror from operating during the day. The mirror automatically becomes alert at night. Each driver can select the particular glare sensitivity desired. The mirror is also wired into the car's backup lights so that when the car is shifted into reverse, the mirror will hold in the normal day position regardless of glare to provide the driver maximum mirror visibility when backing. KW - Automation KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Glare KW - Rearview mirrors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373939 JO - Virginia Dept of Hwys and Transportation Bulletin PB - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - BUCKLE UP YOUR CHILD--IT'S NOW THE LAW! PY - 1982/12 VL - 48 IS - 12 SP - p. 4-5 AB - Experience suggests that buckling up children is 80 to 90 percent effective in saving their lives in accidents. Eighteen states have passed laws requiring protection for child passengers and other states have laws pending. Hints which help in shopping for child safety seats are provided in this article. Infant safety seats fit children from birth to 27 pounds or about 9 months. Protection for toddlers and preschoolers are available in several varieties all of which have a forward-facing upright position. Harness restraints are available. The shield-type restraint features a padded surface designed to catch and protect the child on impact. Children may begin using the car's safety belt at age 4. Advice is also offered on introducing a restraint to the child and emphasizing its importance. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373621 JO - Best's Review PB - A.M. Best Company AU - O'CONNELL, J AU - Best (AM) Company TI - OFFERS THAT CAN'T BE REFUSED PY - 1982/12 VL - 83 IS - 8 SP - 7 p. AB - The idea of using no-fault insurance in other than auto claims has been impeded by the fear of insurers and their corporate insureds (including manufacturers and other businesses as well as health care providers) that claim frequency would increase dramatically under such insurance. In this article, a statute is proposed under which a defendant in a claim for personal injury would be given the option of foreclosing the claim by offering, within 60 days of the claim, to pay the claimant's economic loss or "special" damages, consisting mostly of medical expenses and wage loss, beyond any collateral sources already available to the claimant. KW - Ground settlement KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Legislation KW - Loss and damage KW - Loss and damage claims KW - No fault insurance KW - Personal injury UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373600 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TURBOCHARGER TRANSIENT RESPONSE STUDIED PY - 1982/12 VL - 90 IS - 12 SP - p. 30-35 AB - The improvement of vehicle transient response via turbocharger design and installation modifications was studied. It was found that turbine inlet temperature, turbocharger rotating inertia, turbine housing flow characteristics, and turbine outlet restrictions had the most important effects on vehicle response. Vehicle tests were performed with a 4-cylinder, 2.3-L turbocharged engine. Two types of vehicle tests were performed: 0-96.5 km/h wide-open throttle accelerations from a standing start shifting through all gears; and 2000-5000 engine rpm wide-open throttle accelerations from steady speed conditions in first, second, and third gears. Details of the tests are described and the results are discussed. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Gears KW - Installation KW - Temperature KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Turbine inlets KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194133 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373928 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - RUST NEVER SLEEPS PY - 1982/12 VL - 16 IS - 7 SP - p. 22-27 AB - To prevent or slow the rusting process, the engineers are using new materials and design techniques as well as protective materials. The article, written for automobile owners, gives instructions on how to rustproof their cars with do-it-yourself kits. KW - Automobiles KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rust prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373617 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - CHRYSLER TURBO PY - 1982/12 VL - 158 IS - 6 SP - 3 p. AB - This article reviews Chrysler's first serious high performance engine in many years: the turbocharged 2.2-liter four. It is equipped with a Garrett Airesearch turbocharger mounted very close to the engine's exhaust ports, this proximity allowing it to fully utilizing the heat energy and velocity of the exhaust. The turbo engine is fueled by an electronic port injection system. A Bosch throttle body and injectors are mated with Chrysler computer controls. The system determines mixture requirements on the basis of intake manifold pressure. KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Electronic injection KW - Engine design KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194146 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372878 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - EVALUATING STRUCTURAL VIBRATION AND NVH PY - 1982/12 VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - p. 13-15 AB - Experimental modal analysis has evolved steadily since the early 1950's. Recent software development has automated the process in order to extract better information from the acquired data. A single input method has been developed which focuses on measuring frequency response (output response/input force) over a desired sweep then extracting mode shapes and modal parameters (frequency, damping, stiffness, and mass) through curve-fitting techniques: all facilitated by digital analysis systems. However, in practice, single exciter location is limited in cases where a mode near that location, of some major structural mode, would not yield the information in a frequency response data set. Thus a typical modal survey may require two to ten excitations performed at one time. Inevitably therefore much redundant information is generated and considerable sorting is required. SDRC Engineering Services Ltd. has developed a technique that can take in information from several locations and provides a scaling, also a combining facility for partial mode shape data. Its mathematical background and examples of the facility are given in this paper. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Frequency response KW - Modal analysis KW - Modal split KW - Structural analysis KW - Vehicles KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189042 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371101 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Grable, R AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - FUEL INJECTION: HOW IT WORKS PY - 1982/12 VL - 34 IS - 12 SP - p. 104-110 AB - This article explains some of the basic problems associated with carburetion and examines the way fuel injection acts in these same problem areas. Although carburetors are compromises at best, they are getting better all the time. Fuel injection systems are more expensive, and the electronic controls required increase the complexity and are a source of potential reliability problems. KW - Carburetion KW - Carburetors KW - Electronics KW - Fuel injection KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371131 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - U.S. AUTOMAKERS EASE TOWARD CAD/CAM PY - 1982/12 VL - 162 IS - 12 SP - p. 29-31 AB - Computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) mean increased productivity, reduced lead times, increased standardization of design and smoother transition from design to manufacturing. This article briefly examines the CAD/CAM programs of Chrysler, Ford and General Motors. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Design KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371066 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING CHRYSLER'S ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM. PART 1 PY - 1982/12 VL - 158 IS - 6 SP - p. 35-38 AB - This article explains how to troubleshoot the Chrysler electronic spark control system that came into existence in 1976. This system is not self-diagnosing and won't be until February 1983, with the introduction of engines having throttle body fuel injection. This article lists the models having this system and tests which are made with conventional instruments. KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Control systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Spark control systems KW - Sparks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371068 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TURBOCHARGING. THIS TIME IT'S HERE TO STAY! PY - 1982/12 VL - 158 IS - 6 SP - 7 p. AB - Turbocharged engines use otherwise wasted energy to boost power. Properly used, turbochargers give cars that go faster and use less fuel. A turbocharger is a centrifugal supercharger driven by exhaust gases. This article describes mechanical details of the turbocharger and its workings. The turbo is attractive because it is essentially a demand system. The article notes that the turbocharged engine must be considered as a whole and not just by the turbo component. Turbos are known to work well with diesels. Intercoolers are integral to race-car turbo systems. KW - Automobile engines KW - Coolers KW - Cooling KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy conservation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Power KW - Sports cars KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371130 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - LOST FOAM CASTING BREAKS INTO HIGH VOLUME PY - 1982/12 VL - 162 IS - 12 SP - p. 43-44 AB - Automakers are experimenting with a new casting process -- the lost foam casting process -- which could save money 10%-40% and yield higher quality parts. It is cheaper to tool and maintain, produces greater yield and quality, and reduces finishing and trimming. For any given part, this process requires less floor space and labor content. The Central Foundry Division of General Motors and the Casting Division at Ford are developing the lost foam process. Automotive firms are also experimenting with it. Details of the process are briefly summarized. Ford plans to make 10,000 2.3L OHV intake manifolds a year with a pilot line to get manufacturing and field experience. To date, high production parts made by the lost foam process have been exclusively aluminum. However, Ford has made a cast iron planetary gear case for the Escort ATX that looks promising and could prove to be an important development. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Cast iron KW - Casting KW - Foams KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Industries KW - Lost foam casting KW - Manifolds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371127 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Szigethy, N M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - TRADE-OFFS KEY IN TIRE DESIGN PY - 1982/12 VL - 162 IS - 12 SP - p. 15-18 AB - This article reports the views of tire engineers as to what is necessary for optimizing tire design. The primary concern discussed is rolling resistance, which has been cut 40-50% over the past 5 years purely by changing tire designs. Of extreme importance for improvement of rolling resistance is the tread compound which reduces the hysteretic properties of a tire. Some of the engineers favored natural rubber in the tread compound, but others favored synthetics. Other design features discussed are tread pattern and aspect ratio. In conclusion it is stated that all of the tire engineers contacted agreed that there were still advances to be made in tire design, but that further reductions in rolling resistance would be marginal. KW - Aspect ratio KW - Design KW - Hysteresis KW - Optimization KW - Ratios KW - Rolling resistance KW - Rubber KW - Synthetics KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188110 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371119 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - KEEP SAFETY UNDER YOUR HAT PY - 1982/12 VL - 126 IS - 6 SP - p. 39-43 AB - This article reviews the history of the evolution of the hard hat (also called safety headgear, safety caps, bump caps, safety hats, or helmets), offers some answers to common objections to the wearing of safety headgear, outlines the factors which should be incorporated in their design, and provides general guidelines for their use. Developments in recent years, especially in fire-fighters' helmets, and available accessories are also discussed. KW - Accessories KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Helmets KW - History KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371166 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL ADMINISTRATIVE RULE TO SUPPORT UNIFORM VEHICLES CODE SECTIONS 6-205 AND 6-206 WITH COMMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES PY - 1982/12 SP - 22 p. AB - A model administrative rule was developed to assist with the implementation of administrative suspension programs by those states that have adopted Uniform Vehicle Code Sections 6-205 and 6-206. This Model Pre-Conviction Suspension (PCS) Regulation, when adapted by a state to conform to its own statutory base, will enable that state to make pre-conviction suspensions on the basis of its existing laws. This publication contains the text of the PCS Regulation, followed by a repeat of the text along with comments and recommended implementation guidelines. KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - Pre-conviction suspension KW - Regulations KW - Suspensions KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25643/DOT-HS-806-305.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184524 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370933 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Hartley, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - FROM JAPAN'S LABS: CERAMIC DIESELS PY - 1982/12 VL - 221 IS - 6 SP - p. 54-56 AB - A new era of engine technology may be heralded in by the first Japanese ceramic auto engines. The advantages of ceramic pistons have been demonstrated. The heat resistance of ceramics helps engineers design better engines. With ceramics, a cooling system is not needed and more heat goes into the exhaust where it can be recovered by turbocharging or turbocompounding. However, since the typical gasoline engine does not respond well to higher operating temperatures, the diesel engine is the most likely to benefit from ceramics. Most of the research in this area is done by a Japanese government sponsored organization of makers of industrial ceramics. From this base of shared knowledge individual companies work separately and competitively. Kyoto Ceramic was the first company to demonstrate a car with a ceramic engine. Research by this and other companies is described. KW - Automobile engines KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Research KW - Technology KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188011 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370938 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Keebler, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - SOUND PROOFING YOUR CAR FOR A WHISPER-QUIET INTERIOR PY - 1982/12 VL - 221 IS - 6 SP - p. 88-90 AB - With the right materials and know-how, any car owner can seal off the passenger compartment from the sources of unwanted noise: the propulsion system, tires, and the wind. This article focuses on four major areas that can be dealt with: door and window seals, holes in the fire wall, body panels and fender wells, and sound barrier and absorption materials to line the passenger compartment interior. The author describes his own experience with a large group of soundproofing products. KW - Automobiles KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Fiberglass KW - Foams KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Sound absorption KW - Sound barrier KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373907 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Neubauer, G AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - PNEUMATIC GRIPPERS FOR A VISE-LIKE GRIP OR A GENTLE SQUEEZE PY - 1982/11/25 VL - 54 IS - 27 SP - p. 69-71 AB - Pneumatic grippers, unlike mechanically actuated grippers, can be adapted easily to odd shapes, provide adjustable holding force, and do not scratch or deform parts. On the other hand, they cannot provide precise positioning, and are limited to relatively light loads and to temperatures below about 100 degrees centigrade. The most common types of pneumatic grippers are fingers, hands, mandrel and pin grippers, and suction-cup holders. Grippers components are typically made of wear-resistant elastomers matched to the type of part being handled and to safety or environmental requirements. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Grippers KW - Parts KW - Pneumatic devices KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194310 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373905 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Stover, J D AU - Widner, R L AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - NEW TECHNOLOGY YIELDS LONGER LIFE FOR BEARINGS PY - 1982/11/25 VL - 54 IS - 27 SP - p. 54-58 AB - Improved alternative techniques have been developed for producing clean steels. These new methods are more effective than degassing in expelling impurities and much less costly than remelting. The new technology involves improved steel refining procedures which employ a precipitation-deoxidation process that enhances agglomeration and flotation of oxide inclusions. This new process is expected to replace the vacuum-carbon deoxidation process in making bearing steels and has already triggered increased bearing ratings. KW - Alloy steel KW - Bearings KW - Metallurgy KW - Service life KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371099 JO - Automotive News PB - Crain Communications, Incorporated AU - Hartley, J AU - Marketing Sciences, Incorporated TI - ROBOTS GIVE MITSUBISHI FLEXIBILITY PY - 1982/11/22 SP - 1 p. AB - Mitsubishi Motor Corporation is utilizing robots flexible enough to produce different models of cars on the same assembly line in random order at their Okazaki plant. This short article describes the production. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly plants KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Japan KW - Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188094 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370942 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - CUTTING COSTS BY DESIGN PY - 1982/11/06 VL - 162 IS - 4174 SP - 4 p. AB - It is important that the design of a car should ensure that it is cheap to run and as easy to service and repair as possible. The Ford Motor Company has taken care to adhere to this principle in the development of its cars, particularly the Sierra. Ford's first step to ensure that design is practical and functional follows from the system of Management by Objectives. The details of this system are briefly outlined. Attention is given to many aspects including among others, handbrake adjustments and paintwork. When it comes to the creation of a new model or update of an existing one, any design initiative is evaluated in the light of 19 different factors related to variable costs. The financial status of each of these factors is monitored with the help of elaborate 19-panel control forms. All these add up to a sophisticated management tool which ensures that important issues are not ignored. Examples are given of how this system works with reference to the Sierra. KW - Automobiles KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Low costs KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Serviceability KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188019 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370941 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - THE CHAIN GANG FIGHTS BACK PY - 1982/11/06 VL - 162 IS - 4174 SP - 1 p. AB - American engine manufacturers will be fitting Renolds 0.375in pitch roller chain in traditional European practice. In Japan the trend to roller chain camshaft drives is emerging on car diesels that are nearing the production stage. It is claimed that a correctly designed and installed roller-chain camshaft drive will last as long as the engine. Renold is now manufacturing the EL (Extended Life) 0.375in roller chain which has significantly better wear resistance than its predecessor. The toothed belt also is quieter. It is noted that mechanical chain tensioners are more practical and cheaper than oil pressure-controlled design. KW - Automobile engines KW - Camshaft drives KW - Diesel engines KW - Industries KW - Roller chains KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370822 JO - AutoWeek PB - Crain Automotive Group AU - Cerullo, B AU - Crain Consumer Group TI - MECHANICS CORNER PY - 1982/11/01 VL - 32 IS - 44 SP - 1 p. AB - This article offers a step-by-step method for home mechanics to do a brake job on their cars, provided they have a good hydraulic jack and jack stands. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399239 AU - McBride, R S AU - Jones, B AU - Council of State Governments AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION OF MINOR TRAFFIC OFFENSES STATE-OF-THE-ART PY - 1982/11 SP - 77 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to review the jurisdictions which have reclassified/decriminalized minor traffic offenses and determine the impact that these changes have had on the apprehension, processing, adjudication and sanctioning of minor traffic offenders. The review demonstrated a great deal of interest in reclassification/decriminalization but also some concern whether the adjudication system would be affected. The review indicated that without accompanying changes in the adjudication system, the effect of decriminalization would be minimal. Different adjudication systems were reviewed. Administrative Adjudication systems in New York, Rhode Island and Washington, D.C., demonstrate the appropriateness of Administrative Adjudication for densely populated areas and highly overburdened courts. Officials from more rural areas tended to oppose or question the need for Administrative Adjudication. General legal issues discussed in the report include the Separation of Power Doctrine and Due Process considerations. Specific legal concerns were (1) the effect of decriminalization on the traffic offender, (2) the standard of proof, (3) the impartial tribunal, (4) summary hearings, and (5) "urban only" systems. Overall recommendations were to tailor the adjudication system, based on economic, political and case load conditions of the court. The New York model, placing the adjudication system within the Department of Motor Vehicles agency, appears to work well. Modified judicial systems in metropolitan areas experiencing resistance to removing the adjudication from the courts have several advantages. Finally, more rural areas might "fine-tune" their current system by upgrading the quality of personnel with training programs. KW - Adjudication KW - Courts KW - Crimes KW - Decriminalization KW - Minor offenses KW - Reclassification KW - Recommendations KW - State of the art studies KW - Training KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214659 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395335 JO - Drug and Alcohol Dependence PB - Elsevier AU - Steer, R A AU - Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Limited TI - SYMPTOM PROFILES OF "DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE" OFFENDERS REFERRED FOR ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT PY - 1982/11 VL - 10 IS - 2-3 SP - p. 165-170 AB - The SCL-90-R inventory was administered to 290 men arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol. A modal profile analysis was conducted to determine whether or not men displayed similar symptom profiles. Three distinct symptom profile shapes were identified: (1) paranoid, (2) somatic, and (3) obsessive-depressed. The importance of the three syndromes for treating DUI offenders is discussed. KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Mental disorders KW - Physical condition KW - Profiles KW - Psychiatric abnormalities KW - Psychological aspects KW - Symptoms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386758 AU - POPOFF, A J AU - Saskatchewan Department of Highways and Transportation, Canada TI - HEAVY TRUCK INVOLVEMENT IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/11 SP - 39 p. AB - This report investigates the involvement of heavy truck accidents in Saskatchewan. Traffic accident profiles are presented in a variety of tables and charts to better understand the relationship and profiles of heavy truck accidents. Straight truck accidents are compared to accidents involving articulated units. A review is made of heavy trucks involved in fatal accidents. An analysis is made of double trailer accidents. Involvement rates are compared for different vehicle categories. The report concludes that heavy trucks are not involved in a disproportionate number of traffic accidents and that straight trucks, semi-trailer units and double trailer units have different accident profiles. One half the double trailer accidents are single vehicle occurrences. The operators of the lighter vehicles contribute more often to the factors resulting in a fatal collision. The report recommends further study and research into truck safety and accidents because the total number of heavy truck accidents are of a magnitude to warrant concern and action. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Double trailers KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200419 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386503 JO - Illinois Medical Journal PB - Illinois State Medical Society AU - Benckendorf, S B AU - Benckendorf, D A AU - Illinois State Medical Society TI - CHILD RESTRAINTS PY - 1982/11 VL - 162 IS - 5 SP - p. 427-429 AB - Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death in children over one year of age. Although legislation, such as the mandatory child restraint law, (HB 608) will set public policy towards child restraints, it will be difficult to enforce. Therefore, the personal counseling by physicians, nurses, and other health care personnel, in addition to the legal mandate, will be required to implement utilization of child restraints by parents. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Parents KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203882 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385310 JO - American Society of Mechanical Engineers Papers PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Brand, R A AU - Crowninshield, R D AU - Wittstock, C E AU - Pedersen, D R AU - CLARK, C R AU - Krieken, F M AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - A MODEL OF LOWER EXTREMITY MUSCULAR ANATOMY PY - 1982/11 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - p. 304-310 AB - The mathematical prediction of muscle and joint force requires a quantitative knowledge of muscle origins and insertions. A model is presented based upon marking the origins and insertions in three cadavers (six limbs). Right-to-left biological variations and/or marking errors are sometimes significant, but they rarely result in moment arm calculation variations of greater than 20 percent and usually the variations are less than 10 percent. The muscle origin and insertion differences between small and large cadavers is great, as would be expected, and the use of single specimen or average data will result in large errors in muscle force predictions. A scaling scheme is presented which substantially reduces those errors. The inherent limitations of developing a straight line muscle model include: 1) right-to-left biological variations and/or marking errors; 2) difficulties in establishing "effective" origins or insertions when the locations of the actual origin or insertion do not accurately reflect muscle function; and 3) intersubject variability which cannot be accounted for by simple scaling schemes. KW - Anatomy KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Lower extremities KW - Lower extremity KW - Mathematical models KW - Muscles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203181 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384669 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers (Australasia) PB - Society of Automotive Engineers AU - Someya, T AU - Okano, H AU - Okamura, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers TI - A DEVELOPMENT OF A TRACTION ROLLER SYSTEM--A STUDY ON ITS TORQUE CAPACITY PY - 1982/11 SP - p. 75.1 AB - Experimental tests were conducted on a high speed planetary roller system which can work as a speed increaser. Four models of the roller system were tested which have different normal load applied on the rollers. The output shaft speed was from 60000 to 90000 rpm. On the roller system, the traction coefficient and the slip ratio were measured and the results were compared with the estimation by the EHL theory. The proportional limit of traction coefficient f for slip ratio S was about 0.05 in this experiment. The traction coefficient of the outer contact which has larger normal load was smaller than that of the inner one and both are insensitive to rotational speed. The reason for this was attributed to oil temperature. Higher temperature causes reduction of dynamic viscosity and viscosity-pressure coefficient and accordingly of traction coefficient. KW - Experiments KW - Oils KW - Planetary roller system KW - Ratios KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slip ratio KW - Temperature KW - Torque KW - Traction KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204885 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384670 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers (Australasia) PB - Society of Automotive Engineers AU - JANICIJEVIC, N AU - Milidrag, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers TI - CONTRIBUTION TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF A HYDROSTATIC TORQUE CONVERTER IN A HYDRO-MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION OF A CRAWLER TRACTOR PY - 1982/11 SP - p. 91.1 AB - The paper presents some results and conclusions of a theoretical and experimental study of a hydro-mechanical power transmission with a hydrostatic torque converter, applied to an agricultural crawler tractor. Dynamic behaviour of the characteristic parameters of the hydrostatic part of the transmission is analysed, separating the kinematic and energy transmission ratios and the corresponding internal losses. Hence a new method was developed to produce the normal traction diagrams of a crawler tractor with an hydrostatic torque converter and a nomogram describing the dynamic response of the system to the variation of the external load. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Crawler tractors KW - Hydromechanics KW - Torque converters KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384522 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers (Australasia) PB - Society of Automotive Engineers AU - Tanabe, H AU - SUZUKI, N AU - Sorihashi, T AU - Fujimoto, H AU - Sato, G T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TRANSIENT GAS JET PY - 1982/11 SP - p. 26.1 AB - This paper presents the fundamental study on the instantaneous concentration distribution in the transient jet, which exists in the direct injection engines. Helium is injected into a quiescent atmosphere instantaneously and the instantaneous concentration is measured by using the fast response concentration probe in the jet. Statistical data processing is carried out and empirical equations are given for expressing the instantaneous concentration distribution. KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Direct injection KW - Equations KW - Fuel injection KW - Physical distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204882 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384671 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers (Australasia) PB - Society of Automotive Engineers AU - Sasaki, T AU - Asanuma, T AU - OHASHI, K AU - Uchiyama, Yusuke AU - Society of Automotive Engineers TI - TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS OF COMBUSTION GAS IN A PRECHAMBER SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1982/11 SP - p. 118.1 AB - An infrared absorption-emission pyrometer is used to measure instantaneous gas temperatures at several stations in order to understand the mechanisms of the combustion process in a prechamber spark ignition engine. Gas temperature diagrams are obtained with both the air-fuel ratio and torch nozzle diameter as parameters. It is disclosed that the cyclic fluctuations in the combustion process, temperature-rise in the auxiliary chamber and flame propagation in the main chamber are influenced considerably by such factors as air-fuel ratio, and torch-nozzle diameter. The optical pyrometer is also employed to determine the monochromatic emissivity which is needed in the use of a monochromatic radiation pyrometry. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Flame propagation KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Gases KW - Pyrometers KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Temperature measurement KW - Temperature measuring instruments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384668 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers TI - ENERGY AND MOBILITY: XIX INTERNATIONAL FISITA CONGRESS MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, NOVEMBER 8-12, 1982. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 2 PY - 1982/11 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains the papers presented at the nineteenth International Fisita Congress, Melbourne, Australia, November 8-12, 1982. The subject of interest is energy and mobility. Volume 1 contains papers number 82009, 82010, 82012-82020, 82022-82048, 82050, 82051, 82053, 82055-82057, and 82059-82064. Volume 2 contains papers number 82065, 82067-82088, 82090-82093, 82095-82113, 82115, 82116, 82118, 82121, 82122, and 82124-82129. Among the topics discussed in these 107 papers are fuel economy, engine design, exhaust emissions control, spark ignition engines, internal combustion engines, diesel engines, ethanol, alternative fuels, high strength steels, vehicle design, lightweight materials, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, vehicle dynamics, aerodynamic drag, traffic management, bus design, rolling resistance, traffic noise, child restraints, motorcycle safety, and combustion. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air quality management KW - Alternate fuels KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Child restraint systems KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Drag KW - Electric vehicles KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - High strength steel KW - Highway traffic control KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motorcycles KW - Rolling resistance KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384521 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers TI - ENERGY AND MOBILITY: XIX INTERNATIONAL FISITA CONGRESS, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, NOVEMBER 8-12, 1982. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 1 PY - 1982/11 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains the papers presented at the nineteenth International Fisita Congress, Melbourne, Australia, November 8-12, 1982. The subject of interest is energy and mobility. Volume 1 contains papers number 82009, 82010, 82012-82020, 82022-82048, 82050, 82051, 82053, 82055-82057, and 82059-82064. Volume 2 contains papers number 82065, 82067-82088, 82090-82093, 82095-82113, 82115, 82116, 82118, 82121, 82122, and 82124-82129. Among the topics discussed in these 107 papers are fuel economy, engine design, exhaust emissions control, spark ignition engines, internal combustion engines, diesel engines, ethanol, alternative fuels, high strength steels, vehicle design, lightweight materials, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, vehicle dynamics, aerodynamic drag, traffic management, bus design, rolling resistance, traffic noise, child restraints, motorcycle safety, and combustion. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air quality management KW - Alternate fuels KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Child restraint systems KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Drag KW - Electric vehicles KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - High strength steel KW - Highway traffic control KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motorcycles KW - Rolling resistance KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201525 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384523 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers (Australasia) PB - Society of Automotive Engineers AU - Sato, G T AU - Tanabe, H AU - SUGIHARA, H AU - Fujimoto, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers TI - STUDIES ON DIESEL SPRAY AND ITS COMBUSTION PY - 1982/11 SP - p. 27.1 AB - The authors have carried out the basic and systematic investigations on the characteristics of diesel spray and the combustion processes of diesel spray in the quiescent atmosphere, using model chambers. This paper presents the calculation of rate of heat release with the simple combustion model of diesel spray based on the experimental results. The rate of heat release calculated from the model has the same tendency as that obtained from the experiments. And the combustion model explains the reason why the rate of heat release has the first and second peaks. KW - Calculation KW - Combustion KW - Computation KW - Diesel fuels KW - Experiments KW - Heat flow KW - Heat release rate KW - Mathematical models KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384524 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers (Australasia) PB - Society of Automotive Engineers AU - Kinbara, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers TI - DETERMINATION OF INJECTION ASPECTS IN THE PUMP-PIPE SYSTEM FOR DI ENGINES PY - 1982/11 SP - p. 30.1 AB - The simple parametric equations which consist of injection aspects, maximum power rpm and the extent of the fuel feed at maximum power rpm have been considered to represent injection phenomena to the first approximation for DI diesel engines with the pump-pipe injection system. The satisfied injection characteristics which do not have cavitation, secondary injection and cyclic irregular injection but give an excellent engine performance can be obtained through proper selection of the values of the parametric equations mentioned in the paper. KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Engine performance KW - Equations KW - Fuel injection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204884 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380950 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Cafiso, J AU - Goodstadt, M S AU - Garlington, W K AU - Sheppard, M A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - TELEVISION PORTRAYAL OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER BEVERAGES PY - 1982/11 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 12 p. AB - Monitoring of three television stations representing the three major networks was performed to analyze the frequency that alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages were used or referred to, including differences between types of programs, time of day, networks, and programs and advertisements. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379412 AU - Gladstone, R AU - HARVEY, M R AU - Lesczhik, J AU - Autosafety Engineering Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF WEIGHT AND CONSUMER PRICE RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FMVSS 201 IN PASSENGER CARS AND FMVSS 103 AND 104 IN LIGHT TRUCKS PY - 1982/11 SP - 328 p. AB - The contractor conducted a program that provided estimates of consumer price and weight variance occurring on production passenger cars and light trucks in response to the following Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. These standards were: (1) FMVSS-201-Interior Impact Protection (Passenger Cars); (2) FMVSS-103-Windshield Defrost and Defog Systems (Light Trucks); and (3) FMVSS-104-Windshield Wiping and Washing Systems (Light Trucks). For each task, applicable components were studied using automotive industry type cost and weight estimating techniques to develop consumer price and weight. Data related to the implementation of a standard was obtained by a comparison study between an established baseline and the implemented component or system. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Implementation KW - Light trucks KW - Pricing KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379411 AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE 1976 VERSION OF FMVSS 301: FUEL SYSTEM INTEGRITY PY - 1982/11 SP - 72 p. AB - The primary objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the 1976 version of FMVSS 301: Fuel System Integrity in reducing the rate of post-crash fires. The study data consists of police narratives from North Carolina crashes occurring in the period 1971-81 along with crash data for Maryland for the period 1977-80. Logistic regression models were utilized in both instances to accommodate the combination of continuous and discrete data as well as the rarity of the phenomenon of post-crash fires (N = 402 for North Carolina while N = 159 for Maryland). The models controlled for the most important explanatory variables determined by Reinfurt (1981). These included car age, impact site, speed, and calendar year in North Carolina and car age, impact site and vehicle damage severity for Maryland. The final models provided effectiveness estimates of 0.26 for North Carolina and 0.29 for Maryland--significant in North Carolina and nearly significant in Maryland (alpha = 0.05)--where the effectiveness estimate represented the proportional reduction in post-crash fire rates for the Post-Standard cars (i.e., 1976+ model year vehicles) compared with the rates for the Pre-Standard cars (i.e., 1969-75 model year vehicles). It would appear from these analyses that the 1976 modification of FMVSS 301 was at least marginally effective in reducing the incidence of post-crash fires. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379445 AU - Scott, R E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - SIDE IMPACTS: AN ANALYSIS OF LIGHT TRUCKS, INTRUSION, AND INJURY IN FARS AND NCSS DATA PY - 1982/11 SP - 140 p. AB - This report complements an earlier report which was devoted to the subject of side impacts of passenger cars. In this report, side impacts of light trucks are studied with respect to where, how, and why they occur using the data of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), and the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS). Data from the second phase of the NCSS program is also used to study side-impact injury and their relation to intrusion in both passenger cars and light trucks. One-eighth of the fatalities in light trucks result from side impacts. The serious injury rate for side impacts is approximately the same as for other types of impacts to light trucks. Impacts by passenger cars resulted in only 23 percent of the side-impact fatalities in light trucks, and 25 percent of the serious injury. Collisions with heavy trucks and buses, and single-vehicle impacts resulted in 62 percent of the fatalities. Light-truck side impacts resulting in fatality or serious injury are of a variety of configurations, with a variety of impacting objects and vehicles. Intrusion of the passenger compartment is associated with a greatly increased proportion of serious injury in side-impacted passenger car and light trucks. However, it is not clear if the increase results from intrusion per se, or from greater impact severity associated with the intrusion. The body region most frequently injured seriously in side impacts is the head, which accounts for 38 percent of such injury. The chest receives only 21 percent of the serious injuries. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Crash severity KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Intrusion KW - Light trucks KW - National crash severity study KW - Personal injury KW - Side crashes KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192407 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377763 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - EASTMAN, C AU - Norris, H AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, RELAPSE AND SELF-IDENTITY PY - 1982/11 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 18 p. AB - This study explores the extent to which psychological dependence can be understood in terms of one single concept. This concept is that drinking behavior is personally functional, and that a major determinant of whether people drink is whether they "want" to do so. It is proposed that much of the motive for drinking is to alter self-identity and that drinking will be more likely if the individual attributes a positive evaluation to that version of his self-concept that he anticipates will result from drinking than if he has negative expectations of alcohol. KW - Alcohol dependence KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Intoxication KW - Psychological aspects KW - Self-identity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195117 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377759 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Fitzgerald, J L AU - Mulford, H A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN IOWA 1961 AND 1979. A COMPARISON OF SALES AND SURVEY ESTIMATES PY - 1982/11 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 19 p. AB - Survey data reveal that an increase in per-capita alcohol consumption in Iowa from 1961 to 1979 is attributable mainly to an increase in the prevalence of drinkers and less so to an increase in the frequency of drinking occasions, and that there was little change in the quantity per drinking occasion. The extent, the direction and the sources of the consumption changes, however, varied widely across sociodemographic subpopulations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Consumption KW - Demographics KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377499 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Pheasant, S T AU - Taylor & Francis TI - A TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FROM THE PARAMETERS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF STATURE PY - 1982/11 VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - p. 981-992 AB - The purpose of this paper is to describe and validate a method for estimating anthropometric characteristics. A collection of anthropometric sources dealing with adult European and North American populations was assembled. A selection of dimensions generally useful for the purposes of workspace design was made. The sources were divided into two groups (A and B). For each dimension in each group A source, two ratios were calculated, relating its mean and standard deviation to those of stature. These ratios were then averaged across the group A sources (taking male and female populations separately), to give scaling factors which could be used for predictive purposes. For purposes of validation, the scaling factors derived from group A were used to predict the results of the six published surveys in group B. (Only the sex and the mean and standard deviation of stature of the group B surveys were used in the predictions.) Comparisons were made between the predicted 1st and 99th percentile value of each dimension and the "true" values published in the surveys. Errors were normally distributed with a mean value of -3 mm and a standard deviation of 13 mm (136 comparisons). The actual percentiles which the predicted 1st and 99th percentiles represented were calculated. On average, these included 96% of the population (as against 98% for a perfect prediction). Many of the predictions fell within the confidence limits for the 1st and 99th percentiles of the published surveys. These inaccuracies are modest in comparison with those which may occur, for example, in correcting for clothing, shoes or "sitting slump." It is concluded therefore that anthropometric data estimated by this technique are sufficiently accurate for many practical purposes. KW - Anthropometry KW - Deviation KW - Deviation (Statistics) KW - Ergonomics KW - Forecasting KW - Gender KW - Height KW - Work area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377756 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Benton, R P AU - Banks, W P AU - Vogler, R E AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - CARRYOVER OF TOLERANCE TO ALCOHOL IN MODERATE DRINKERS PY - 1982/11 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 12 p. AB - Details are given of the method and the results of a study which found that tolerance to the subjective effects of alcohol was increased by a simple previous drink, even when the blood alcohol concentration from the first dose has reached zero. Chronic tolerance and acute tolerance to alcohol are discussed and different mechanisms to account for these phenomena are proposed. The study results fit well with a functional description of drug effects. Heavy drinkers have been found to show more rapid adaptation than moderate drinkers. The study indicates the need to identify heavy drinkers who have a greater potential for developing alcoholism since they may adapt more rapidly than those without such potential. Those who adapt to alcohol extremely rapidly may be poorer candidates for moderation training than those who show more moderate adaptation. The study also shows that the internal monitor of intoxication is a heavily adapting system that cannot be relied on for an accurate assessment of blood alcohol content. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Moderate drinkers KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195110 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377760 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Colon, I AU - Cutter, HSG AU - Jones, W C AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - PREDICTION OF ALCOHOLISM FROM ALCOHOL AVAILABILITY, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND DEMOGRAPHIC DATA PY - 1982/11 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 15 p. AB - Alcohol availability, alcohol consumption, and socio-cultural, economic and demographic variables have all been posited to influence the incidence of alcoholism. The relationship of these variables to liver cirrhosis mortality as an index of alcoholism is the subject of this study. Cirrhosis mortality was predicted in the fifty states and the District of Columbia. KW - Alcoholism KW - Availability KW - Cirrhosis KW - Consumption KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Death rate KW - Demographics KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Liver KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377750 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Pheasant, S T AU - Taylor & Francis TI - ANTHROPOMETRIC ESTIMATES FOR BRITISH CIVILIAN ADULTS PY - 1982/11 VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - 9 p. AB - Anthropometric data concerning British civilian adults is incomplete with respect both to the samples of people investigated and the measurements taken. The purpose of the present paper is to review the currently available sources and to provide (by estimation) a data set which is sufficiently comprehensive and accurate for general application in workspace design. The method of estimation employed required a knowledge of the mean and standard deviation of stature in the target population. Statistical parameters of other body dimensions were obtained by scaling these down according to ratios previously determined for other reference populations. A previous study had indicated the magnitude of the errors to be anticipated in this procedure. Anthropometric tables are provided for the adult male and female populations of Great Britain (aged 16-64 years). Percentile values are given for fifty bodily dimensions. KW - Adults KW - Anthropometry KW - Females KW - Males KW - Tables (Data) KW - United Kingdom KW - Work area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377757 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Beirness, D J AU - Vogel-Sprott, M D AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DOES PRIOR SKILL REDUCE ALCOHOL-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT? PY - 1982/11 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 8 p. AB - The details are described of a study that found that the amount of alcohol-induced impairment of performance was independent of prior proficiency on a motor-skill task. The relative proficiency of subjects who had learned the task and of others who had additional practice to improve their skill was still evident under alcohol. Nevertheless, their impairment, measured as an absolute or percentage change from drug-free levels of performance, was identical. The measures employed in the study, and the procedure are are described. The results are tabulated and discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195111 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377421 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Connors, G J AU - Ranish, S S AU - Maisto, S A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL AND VICTIM COMPENSATION AS DETERMINANTS OF RESPONSIBILITY ATTRIBUTION IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/11 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper reports the results of a study designed to investigate several variables which may underlie the variance in subjects' attributions of responsibility--the effects of the subject's sex, attitudes toward women, locus of control, the driver's sex, the driver's level of intoxication, and victim compensation. It was found that attributions of responsibility and assignment of penalties for fictional traffic accidents were determined mostly by the driver's level of intoxication. Other situational factors and respondent characteristics had little effect. KW - Adjudication KW - Attitudes KW - Compensation KW - Crash victims KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Employee compensation KW - Gender KW - Intoxication KW - Responsibilities KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195057 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377422 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Clark, W B AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - FREQUENCY OF DRUNKENNESS IN THE U.S. POPULATION PY - 1982/11 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 9 p. AB - Data from a 1979 household survey of the U.S. adult population indicate that self-reported frequency of drunkenness is a useful measure in explaining various kinds of drinking problems in a general population study. The survey included these two questions on drunkenness: "How often in the past year did you drink enough to feel drunk?" And (if so) "How many drinks do you think you would have to have before you would feel drunk?" The respondents used their own definitions of drunkenness. KW - Data collection KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Intoxication KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376587 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - DRIVER IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC VIOLATORS PY - 1982/11 SP - 52 p. AB - This manual provides guidelines for a driver improvement system for traffic violators. The goals and objectives of the system are outlined and an overview defines the structure of the system. There is also discussion of the principles upon which the system is based. The major portion of the manual is devoted to a discussion and description of the requirements of an effective driver improvement system. The discussion is organized as follows: General Requirements--The requirements that apply across all levels of activity and categories of driver; Level-Specific Requirements--Those requirements that are unique to each level of activity, i.e. warning, instruction, and sanction; Category-Specific Requirements--Those requirements that are unique to the two special categories of violators, youthful offenders and drinking drivers. KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190484 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373573 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - DETROIT NOTEBOOK. TRACTION BAR CORRECTS HOPPING MUSTANG PY - 1982/11 VL - 52 IS - 11 SP - p. 50-53 AB - Axle "hop" on the 1982 model Mustang/Capri equipped with the 5.0L engine and SROD manual transmission, can be eliminated by the installation of a rear suspension traction bar, says Ford. This article explains the procedures recommended by Ford to install that bar. KW - Automobiles KW - Axles KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Suspension systems KW - Traction bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189503 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373568 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE MERCEDES-BENZ ENERGY CONCEPT PY - 1982/11 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 500-510 AB - The Mercedes-Benz Energy Concept is the company's new philosophy for research and development, giving particular attention to fuel economy while maintaining performance. The most striking results of this new design policy have been produced in the V8 engine cars, but improvements in fuel economy as well as other environmental benefits are claimed throughout the company's range of passenger cars. The eight-cylinder engines have been fairly radically modified. The six-cylinder engines have a reduction of 12% in idling speed, and fuel-injected versions also have fuel cut-off during overrun and exhaust gas recirculation. Five-speed transmission, with an "economy" gear, is available on four-cylinder, six-cylinder and NA diesel cars. A new automatic transmission with consumption characteristics similar to the five-gear manual gearbox is available in some six-cylinder and eight-cylinder models. The company claims that improvements of around 20% - in some cases up to 28% - have resulted from changes implemented in the design of the V8 cars. KW - Automobiles KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Design KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes benz UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189499 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376091 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Agent, K R AU - CLARK, J D AU - Printerhall Limited TI - EVALUATION OF REVERSIBLE LANES PY - 1982/11 VL - 23 IS - 11 SP - p. 551-555 AB - This study involved an evaluation of reversible lanes as a method of increasing traffic flow. A unique feature of the system was allowing left turns during the period of reversible flow, which required moving the left-turn lanes and shifting signal displays without interrupting traffic flow. The evaluation involved a comparison of data taken before and after installation of the reversible lanes. Types of data included delays, volumes, accidents, speeds, traffic conflicts, fuel consumption and environmental factors. Installation of the reversible lanes resulted in significant savings in travel time in the peak direction. There was a large increase in travel times in the off-peak direction in the afternoon. An economic analysis based on current operating times showed a benefit-cost ratio of 6.90. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Left turns KW - Peak periods KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194452 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373554 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Helfer, H AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - SPARE PARTS PY - 1982/11 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - 3 p. AB - Tidbits of information and humorous notes are offered in these pages. One note suggests another name for gasohol, namely, super unleaded with ethanol. Another note describes a super "swanky" car wash in Brooklyn, New York. A "hallucinogen inhibitor computer" has been developed in Japan which can keep cars from operating if the driver is drunk; the device reacts to a whiff of alcohol in the drivers breath by cutting off the ignition and telling the driver to take a breath test. Police in Graville, Michigan say that some beer drinkers are wrapping their beer cans in phony plastic labels to make them look like soft drinks. Other similar snippets are noted. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Drunk driving KW - Gasohol KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189486 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373566 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - SHAYLER, P J AU - Collins, N AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - VAPOUR CONDENSATION AND CORROSIVE ATTACK IN EXHAUST SYSTEMS PY - 1982/11 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 477-484 AB - The service life of mild steel exhaust systems is limited mainly by corrosion. A useful life of two or three years is typical. Design changes can be made to extend this period, but because the process of corrosive attack is poorly understood, the changes are not necessarily as cost effective as possible. To address this problem, the way exhaust vapours condense and accumulate in a standard system has been studied. Dew point temperatures have been measured to be 48 deg C, and the time dependent accumulation of condensate in the rear muffler box has been recorded. The relationship between system temperature, condensate accumulation, and corrosion is discussed. The use of thermal insulation to reduce problems of condensate accumulation has been investigated. Experiments show that the increase in system temperature results in a substantial reduction in liquid accumulation at points prone to corrosive attack. KW - Condensation KW - Corrosion KW - Dew point KW - Dew point temperature KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373909 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - 1981 IOWA ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1982/11 SP - 57 p. AB - This report contains accident statistics for the state of Iowa during 1981. The format of the vehicle pages in the 1981 report emphasizes the number of accidents by vehicle type. The 1981 summary contains several new pieces of information: expanded alcohol information, (including trend information, time of day, day of week, and detailed statistics on the driver, vehicle and environment for alcohol-related accidents); collisions by vehicle type; and accident information for each county by road system. In addition, the individual vehicle pages include seat belt usage information (based on accident data). Several items should be noted. Accident information concerning the Driver, Machine and Environment for vehicle type is contained on facing pages. Percentages are based on known information; unknown cases are also noted. KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Buses KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trucks KW - Utilization KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373561 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - AGARWAL, P D AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - ENERGY UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES AND THEIR IMPACT ON US NATIONAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PY - 1982/11 SP - p. 436-449 AB - This paper discusses energy utilization and the power train efficiency of electric and electric/flywheel hybrid vehicles. The results of EVSIM (a digital simulation program) and test data obtained from a mini-computer controlled dynamometer facility are presented. It is shown that the marginal improvement in vehicle range that results from the application of regenerative braking does not justify the complexity of its controls. Similarly, the electric/flywheel hybrid is not an attractive and practical scheme because of its additional cost, complexity, and poor performance at constant speeds. It shows that even with coal as the prime energy source, an electric car is not energy conservative. Less coal is consumed when it is liquefied for use in an IC engine vehicle than when it is burned to generate electricity to provide the same transportation in an electric vehicle even with the most advanced nickel/zinc batteries. KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy efficiency KW - Flywheels KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373562 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Suda, T AU - Numagai, N AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - CENTRAL CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS PY - 1982/11 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 450-462 AB - Automotive electronics systems employing microcomputers are increasing at a rapid tempo. Chassis electronics show tendencies toward integration of both similar and different functions into a single system. Engine electronics, aimed specifically at attaining the three targets of greater mileage, cleaner exhaust gas, and improved performance, tend to involve more control items of greater complexity which are processed by making use of the characteristics of the microcomputer. The development of these systems requires a careful study of radio noise interference, idle current at switching power off, back-up circuit for securing system reliability, and the arrangement of a control box. The problems to be solved for completion of these systems in a short period of time concerns the scale and balance of the systems, shortening the manufacturing period of microcomputer mask ROMs, and the selection of system test details. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Centralized control KW - Centralized traffic control KW - Chassis KW - Electronics KW - Microcomputers KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189494 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373559 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - BUCHHEIM, R AU - DOBRZYNSKI, W AU - Mankau, H AU - Schwabe, D AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - VEHICLE INTERIOR NOISE RELATED TO EXTERNAL AERODYNAMICS PY - 1982/11 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 398-410 AB - Vehicle interior noise measurements have been made in the wind tunnel and on the road. The noise in the passenger compartment of vehicles caused by the external flow around the car is analysed. Correlations between pressure fluctuations at the outside body surface of a car and the interior noise are established. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Interior noise KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189491 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373560 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Inaba, A AU - MIYAJIMA, M AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - DESIGN CONCEPT OF FRONT SUSPENSION COMPLIANCE APPLICATION TO THE BLUEBIRD 910 WITH EXAMINATION OF STEERING SHIMMY PY - 1982/11 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 411-423 AB - It is known that the concept of suspension compliance is one of the important parameters in achieving better handling performance and improved riding comfort. Theoretical and experimental analyses were carried out on the influence of the front suspension compliance on steering shimmy and riding comfort. The results of the study were applied to the front suspension design of the Bluebird 910. KW - Compliance KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Ride quality KW - Shimmy KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle design KW - Vibration KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189492 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373556 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - COMMON SENSE SERVICE OF I-BEAM SUSPENSIONS PY - 1982/11 VL - 52 IS - 11 SP - p. 18-23 AB - The servicing of I-beam suspensions is described and areas which require special attention are noted. Figures are used to illustrate the layout of the I-beam assembly and their installation aspects. A representative I-beam is considered and details are given of the center section and the steering knuckle kingpin assembly. All involved components should be washed in cleaning solvents. The installation of the knuckle is detailed. KW - Building KW - Cleaning KW - Facilities KW - I beams KW - Installation KW - Level of service KW - Service KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189488 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373563 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - WATSON, H C AU - MILKINS, E E AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - COMPARISON AND OPTIMIZATION OF EMISSION EFFICIENCY AND POWER OF FIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUELS IN ONE ENGINE PY - 1982/11 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 463-476 AB - A CFR engine has been operated on iso-octane, propane, methane, methanol and hydrogen over an extensive range of compression ratio, inlet pressure and temperature, engine speed, mixture strength and spark timing, Torque, efficiency and HC, CO and NOx emissions were measured. Selection of optimum operating conditions allowed the fuels to be ranked in terms of efficiency and power potential. Hydrogen offers best efficiency and lowest emissions over most of the range of conditions investigated. Methanol shows highest specific output potential. Methane can be operated at thermal efficiencies 20 to 30% greater than iso-octane, whilst maintaining the same power output as iso-octane. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Hydrogen KW - Iso-octane KW - Methane KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189495 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373578 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Pimble, J AU - O'Toole, S AU - Taylor & Francis TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT REPORTS PY - 1982/11 VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - p. 967-979 AB - The Materials Handling Research Unit has been developing a method for coding and analysing accident data from various industries. A literature review of accident reporting and analysis procedures in different industries was carried out. In order to demonstrate the methodology, a case study, consisting of an analysis of accident reports from the construction industry over a 5-year period, was reviewed. The aims of this study were: (a) To identify those occupations with a high incidence of accidents, and, in particular, handling accidents; (b) To compare accident rates across different industries and occupations; (c) To monitor the effects on accident rates of any design or operational changes introduced by a company; and (d) To develop a standard coding system which could be used in setting up an accident data bank for all industries. Comparisons were made with two other industries which had been examined previously. The classification system for coding of accidents was reviewed and possible improvements were suggested. Problems were encountered when trying to assess the numbers of employees at risk each year in different occupations. These were discussed and the value of the possible analyses assessed. KW - Analysis KW - Classification KW - Construction industry KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Data banks KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupational safety KW - Risk analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189506 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373553 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - OFFICERS GIVEN GREATER CAR SEARCH AUTHORITY PY - 1982/11 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - 8 p. AB - On June 1st, 1982, the United States Supreme Court ruled by a 6-3 vote, that an officer can open and search even closed containers in a car trunk any time he has "reasonable cause" to believe the car may contain contraband or incriminating evidence. This article reviews legal cases that led to this decision. KW - Court operations KW - Courts KW - Federal court rules KW - Federal government KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Morgantown (West Virginia) KW - Police powers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373572 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - SUPPLEMENT TO SUMMARY OF STATE MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY INSPECTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS 1982 EDITION PY - 1982/11 SP - 34 p. AB - This volume is a supplement to the 1981 edition of the "Summary of State Motor Vehicle Safety Inspection Laws and Regulations." This volume should be used in conjunction with the 1981 edition. This supplement contains any major changes which have occurred in state safety inspection laws since September 1981. The two volumes together serve as a guide to motor vehicle safety inspection requirements in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373557 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - BETTER BRAKE BLOCK PY - 1982/11 VL - 52 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - Enduramid brand brake block for heavy duty applications is described. This brake block has increased life, slows drum wear and offers the same stopping quality as an asbestos block. This brake block utilizes new synthetic fibers: processed mineral fiber used by Carlisle, and Kevlar aramid fiber made by DuPont. The Enduramid will gradually replace the asbestos-based brake block. Tests conducted to evaluate durability of the product are described. KW - Brake blocks KW - Brakes KW - Durability KW - Service life KW - Synthetic fibers KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373565 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Kelley, B AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - HIGHWAY CARNAGE: IT CAN BE CURBED PY - 1982/11 SP - p. 12-17 AB - This article discusses two approaches that can help reduce the number of crashes and the deaths and injuries that result: one approach involves changing the ways people behave; the other involves changing the ways cars and roads behave. Discussion of the first approach centers around the drinking driver problem, with brief mention made of efforts to encourage seat belt use. Discussion of the second approach points out the gap between available safety technologies and their application in new-car design, the leading example being air bag technology. Concluding remarks point to the awareness that a market for safety clearly exists, waiting to be nurtured by the car companies. It is predicted that if American companies don't move quick enough, someone else will be sure to grab this market, and the motoring public will be the beneficiary. KW - Air bags KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Markets KW - Safety KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189496 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373567 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - WATANABE, H AU - Sakurai, Y AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE HONDA CITY PY - 1982/11 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 485-499 AB - The Honda City is a new compact car developed to satisfy the requirements as well as the social needs of car users in the 1980s. Resource conservation and fuel efficiency are key aspects of the City's design. It is an effective and attractive vehicle, which aims to meet the demands of personal inner-city transportation. KW - Automobiles KW - City driving KW - Compact automobiles KW - Driving KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Honda automobile KW - Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Noise control KW - Performance KW - Specifications KW - Styling KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189498 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372881 JO - Journal of the Indian Roads Congress PB - Indian Roads Congress AU - KADIYALI, L R AU - VISWANATHAN, E AU - Gupta, R K AU - UMMAT, S K AU - Indian Roads Congress TI - SPEED-VOLUME STUDIES ON RURAL HIGHWAYS IN INDIA PY - 1982/11 VL - 43-3 SP - p. 360-435 AB - As a part of Road User Cost Study--a research project sponsored by the World Bank and the Government of India--a detailed investigation has been carried out on one of the most important components of traffic flow research i.e., speed-flow relationships on different categories of rural highways in India. Published results from abroad may not be applicable to behaviour of traffic under typical Indian conditions. In the absence of research in India, the highway planners had often to be content with ad hoc norms of capacity based on experience abroad. The Road User Study presented the first opportunity to collect extensive data in India and to build speed-flow relationships. A number of test sections were selected for the purpose covering a wide range of roadway geometry, roughness and terrain. Traffic on Indian roads is heterogeneous in character and is composed of slow and fast-moving vehicles. The mix of the wide range of vehicle types, each with its own distinct characteristics such as dimensions and speeds, gives rise to complex behaviour when the vehicles interact with one another. Statistical relationships have been established and will be useful in predicting speeds of different vehicle categories under different conditions of volume and composition. The results will be very useful in development of geometric design standards, selection of speeds for traffic regulations, fixation of norms for capacity of different roads and evaluation of road user benefits. KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189045 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372883 JO - Journal of the Indian Roads Congress PB - Indian Roads Congress AU - Shivalingaiah, L AU - Rajagopal, A S AU - Justo, CEG AU - Indian Roads Congress TI - EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT OVERLAYS AND PROPOSED DESIGN METHOD PY - 1982/11 VL - 43-3 SP - p. 489-521 AB - This Paper presents the details of studies on five test sections of overlays each of 100 metres length constructed over an existing flexible pavement using (i) 4 cm thick BC, (ii) 8 cm thick BC, (bituminous concrete), (iii) 10 cm thick WBM + 2 cm PMC, (iv) 15 cm thick WBM + 2 cm PMC and (v) 20 cm thick WBM + 2 cm PMC. However, the actual thickness of overlay at each deflection observation point was determined by a network of spot levels before and after the overlays were constructed. The pavement and overlays were subjected to Benkelman Beam deflection studies and surface condition evaluation. The values of deflection reduction factor, R were worked out for the overlay materials; it was found that the R-value increases with overlay thickness. Regression equations were worked out for R-values on thickness of BC and WBM overlays. The equivalency factor or BC in terms of (WBM + PMC) was worked out using the results of this study. The equivalency factor of BC is found to decrease with increase in overlay thickness. An interim chart for the design of BC and WBM overlays over flexible pavements has been prepared. The economics between the two types of overlays has been discussed. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection KW - Design methods KW - Economics KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189047 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372880 JO - Journal of the Indian Roads Congress PB - Indian Roads Congress AU - Indian Roads Congress TI - INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS JOURNAL VOLUME 43-3 PY - 1982/11 VL - 43-3 SP - 533 p. AB - This volume of the Indian Roads Congress Journal contains the following three papers: Speed-Volume Studies on Rural Highways in India, L.R. Kadiyali, E. Viswanathan, R.K. Gupta and S.K. Ummat; Traffic Management Plan for the Central Area of Trivandrum, N.S. Srinivasan and A. Herur; and Evaluation of Different Overlays and Proposed Design Method, L. Shivalingaiah, A.S. Rajagopal and C. E. G. Justo. KW - Design methods KW - Highway traffic control KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372882 JO - Journal of the Indian Roads Congress PB - Indian Roads Congress AU - SRINIVASAN, N S AU - HERUR, A AU - Indian Roads Congress TI - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE CENTRAL AREA OF TRIVANDRUM PY - 1982/11 VL - 43-3 SP - p. 437-488 AB - This Paper presents the results of the study on traffic management conducted for the central area of Trivandrum, which accounted for nearly 23 per cent of the intra-city trips and 21 per cent of the inter-city trips of the city. M. G. Road, which is the main arterial road in this area faces acute traffic and parking problems, and it was found that road space available was deficient to the extent of 50 per cent at many places. On the basis of scientific analysis of data collected from a series of traffic studies, a traffic management plan for the central area has been formulated. This included parking plan, a network plan, bus route rationalisation, bus terminal, area improvement schemes, and synchronisation of signals. These proposals have been formulated with a view to control the deteriorating traffic environment and to improve the traffic conditions. These proposals have also been formulated with the objective of keeping the costs to a minimum and within available space. Some of these schemes have already been implemented and this has been possible due to an unique system of evaluation and implementation of improvement schemes undertaken by the Government of Kerala. KW - Bus terminals KW - Highway traffic control KW - Parking KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189046 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371643 JO - Railway Gazette International PB - DVV Media Group AU - Porter, G A AU - IPC Transport Press, Limited TI - PROCESSORS REPLACE RELAYS BEHIND THE PANEL PY - 1982/11 VL - 138 IS - 11 SP - 915 p. AB - Microprocessors will be used to drive panel displays for British Rail's East Anglian resignalling scheme. KW - Block signal systems KW - Block systems KW - British Rail KW - Displays KW - Information display systems KW - Microprocessors KW - Signaling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371134 AU - Alem, N M AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Melvin, J W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health TI - SUPERIOR-INFERIOR HEAD IMPACT TOLERANCE LEVELS PY - 1982/11 SP - 271 p. AB - The objectives of this research project were first to generate experimental kinematic response and injury data resulting from axial (superior-inferior) head impacts, then to use the generated results to establish a head/neck tolerance level to be used in the design and testing of protective industrial helmets. Fourteen impact tests were conducted on cadaveric specimens. Parameters of impact were the impactor weight (10 kg), its velocity at impact (7 to 11 m/s), padding of the impactor 0- to 5-cm ensolite), and the neck alignment with the spinal column. Peaks of the impact force ranged from 3 to 17 kN. Measured responses were the head 3-D motion and the spinal column accelerations. The autopsies performed indicated that four tests failed to produce any neck or head damage. In one of the remaining tests, basal skull fracture (with no neck damage) was produced, while the skull fractured under the impactor in another test. In the remaining eight tests, cervical spinal injuries of various types were produced under varying impact conditions. The size of the sample of tests available for determining S-I tolerance levels remains too small for accurate assessment. This sample must be enlarged by conducting more S-I head impacts, and by widening the scope of experimental documentation to focus on measurement of the neck motion. KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Design KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Neck KW - Spinal column KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371136 AU - Bowman, M J AU - Compton, C P AU - GREEN, J A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - MICHIGAN ACCIDENT DATA IN PLANNING APPLICATIONS PY - 1982/11 SP - 43 p. AB - This report documents an evaluation of the Michigan Accident Data File in terms of the quality of the data contained in it, the procedures involved in the data collection, the scope of potential users of the data, and the utility of the data to such potential users. The quality of the data is discussed first in terms of missing data rates on specific variables and the consistency of the data across variables. The procedures used to collect and digitize the data are then reviewed. Recommendations to improve the utility of the data and to facilitate the data collection procedures are presented. KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Data collection KW - Planning KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184491 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371100 JO - Modern Tire Dealer PB - Bill Communications (Akron) Incorporated AU - Orme, T AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - IT'S OFFICIAL PY - 1982/11 VL - 63 IS - 13 SP - 1 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) authorization bill (H.R. 6237) which contained the controversial section of voluntary tire registration has been passed. The bill calls for independent tire dealers to fill in the tire ID number on a registration form and put it on the front seat of the customer's car. It will be up to the customer to fill his or her name and address and mail the card to the manufacturer. The bill only exempts tire dealers and distributors whose business is not owned or controlled by a tire manufacturer. The bill also contains a "trigger mechanism" that calls for the Secretary of Transportation to review the voluntary system after two years and to order a return to mandatory registration if it is not working. NHTSA is expected to study the current level of registration so that it can be compared with levels two years later. NHTSA will also draw a plan to encourage tire registrations. KW - Distributors KW - Industries KW - Laws KW - Registrations KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371107 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Buckler, E J AU - Shackleton, J AU - Walker, J AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENTS IN SYNTHETIC "TIRE" RUBBERS PY - 1982/11 VL - 14 IS - 11 SP - p. 17-24 AB - This article concentrates on the technical developments associated with the hydrocarbon rubbers used in tires which, in all their uses, comprise over 60% of the total amount of synthetic rubber consumed. An attempt is made to expose the fundamental reasons for the directions being taken in synthetic rubber development. In addition, interpretations are attempted of advances being announced, as far as is possible, in the early and incomplete stages of new developments. The article is presented under the following topical areas: energy considerations (raw materials, manufacture of monomers and elastomers and use of rubber in tires); quality considerations (green strength, rolling resistance, rolling resistance and traction in passenger tires, rolling resistance and chunking in truck tires, and inflation pressure); and future trends (natural rubber cost and supply, recycling in the rubber industry, and changes in automobiles). KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Development KW - Elastomers KW - Inflation KW - Monomers KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Raw materials KW - Recycling KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rolling resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Synthetic rubber KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371093 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Ealey, L A AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - THE DIRECT APPROACH PY - 1982/11 VL - 162 IS - 11 SP - p. 18-21 AB - Virtually all heavy-duty diesels take advantage of direct fuel injection (DI), while every diesel passenger car on the road is propelled by indirect injection (IDI) diesel. If emissions and noise restrictions can be opened up, the direct injection diesel engine would generate fuel economy gains of 10 to 20 percent over that of indirect injection diesels. This article reviews U.S. and European research and development. KW - Automobiles KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371094 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - FAST BURN TECHNOLOGY HEATS UP PY - 1982/11 VL - 162 IS - 11 SP - p. 11-13 AB - The development of fast-burn engines could threaten the viability of the diesel engines in the marketplace. Manufacturer's evidence indicate that a high compression, fast-burn engine can match or even better the fuel consumption of a diesel at part to wide open throttle. If the diesel is forced to produce the same power output of the gasoline engine, either with turbocharging or a larger displacement, then the diesel engine will loose its fuel advantage in the partial load range. The ways in which the fast-burn engine could achieve these advantages including the meeting of emissions regulations are explained in this article. Aspects such as induction swirl, chamber geometry, spark plug location, and knock sensors are discussed. Among the manufacturers involved in developmental work are Mitsubishi, Honda, Daimler-Benz, Porsche, and Volkswagen. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fast burn engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371144 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Stassinos, H AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - VEXATIOUS VEHICLES! PY - 1982/11 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - 3 p. AB - The article describes experiences with older cars that the author has owned. These include a 1962 Buick Special, a 1968 Oldsmobile 98, a 1957 Chrysler, and a 1969 Plymouth. The vagaries of these cars are described. KW - Used vehicle industry KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188121 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371088 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Smith, P D AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - YES, CAR BATTERIES DO BLOW UP PY - 1982/11 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 1 p. AB - This article describes what happens when a car battery explodes, describes how to use jumper cables and recommends the use of goggles. There are many situations that can generate sparks at battery terminals: hooking up a battery charger, disconnecting cable clamps when there is an electrical load on the circuit, or inadvertently causing a short with a wrench when tightening clamps. A battery generates hydrogen gas which accumulates at the top of the battery. If this gas escapes through vents and comes across spark sources, it will ignite and carry back to the hydrogen pocket in the battery causing an explosion. It is noted that the timing light is a device that could ignite in an explosive atmosphere. KW - Automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Explosions KW - Goggles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371095 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - WINTER SAFETY REDUCES COSTS PY - 1982/11 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 1 p. AB - This article offers simple guidelines for winter maintenance and driving and includes seven simple steps suggested by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to make driving safer: (1) Wear your seat belt; (2) Keep tires properly inflated; (3) Keep windshield and headlights clean; (4) Drive defensively; (5) Stay alert and sober; (6) Adjust headrest properly to prevent whiplash, and (7) Don't carry briefcases or samples, except on the floor. KW - Cold weather KW - Driving KW - Guidelines KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371157 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF SIDE STRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS IN RESPONSE TO FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 214 PY - 1982/11 SP - 430 p. AB - Side door beams were installed in passenger cars in response to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214. The purpose of beams is to reduce the velocity and depth of door intrusion into the passenger compartment in side impact crashes. The objectives of this Agency staff evaluation are to determine how many fatalities and injuries are prevented by Standard 214, to measure the actual cost of the standard, to assess cost effectiveness and to describe the actual crash performance of equipment installed in response to the standard. The evaluation is based on statistical analyses of the Fatal Accident Reporting System and National Crash Severity Study data, cost analyses of production beam assemblies and a review of staged crash tests. It was found that (1) Standard 214 eliminates 480 fatalities and 4,500 nonfatal hospitalizations per year in side impacts with fixed objects. The standard has brought about significantly shallower and wider damage patterns and has reduced occupant ejection in these crashes; (2) Standard 214 eliminates 4900 nonfatal hospitalizations per year in vehicle-to-vehicle side impacts but has not reduced fatalities in these crashes. Door intrusion was significantly reduced; (3) Standard 214 has added $61 (in 1982 dollars) to the lifetime cost of owning and operating a car. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Doors KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Highways KW - National crash severity study KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184515 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371092 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - HIGH SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY FOCUSES ON SAFETY PY - 1982/11 VL - 162 IS - 11 SP - p. 36-37 AB - This article gives a brief description of what Dynamic Science Inc. in Phoenix, Arizona is doing with high speed photography in their safety testing of vehicles. The cameras they use range from standard 35 mm models to a HiCam rotating prism camera. The latter is capable of recording up to 11,000 frames per second. Crash test set-ups include 7 to 10 cameras normally, but as many as 16 cameras can be used. Special set-up conditions are described, such as open pits to have cameras for filming the underside of vehicles and onboard mounting to record the movement of a passenger dummy. Both Kodak Ektachrome EF 7241 film (daylight) and Ektachrome EF 7242 film (tungsten) are used. KW - Cameras KW - Crashes KW - High speed photography KW - Impact tests KW - Mounting KW - Photographic film KW - Photographic materials KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371087 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - ROOD, J AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SPIRITS OF THE SEASON PY - 1982/11 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 6 p. AB - End-of-the-year holiday parties and some of the consequences of drinking alcoholic beverages are discussed. The responsibilities of the party-giver to avoid over-drinking by guests or driving while intoxicated by leaving guests are noted. The responsibilities of the guests at the party are also noted. Different persons react to alcohol differently. It is important to be aware of one's own level of tolerance and not overstep it. It is important that the host of the party provides plenty of food--it helps counteract the effects of alcohol as well as provides an alternative to drinks. It is important to watch guests to see that they do not consume too much alcohol. This could be done by having a bartender. If a guest is not in a fit state to drive, keep him engaged in conversation until he is sober or provide him with a place to sleep. If the drunk guest insists on driving, take his car keys from him or arrange for someone else to drive him home. KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Holidays KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371089 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - American University TI - TWO NEW ROUTES TO SOLAR HYDROGEN PY - 1982/11 VL - 218 IS - 4572 SP - 1 p. AB - This short article reports on two new systems in which sunlight provides the energy for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. Both systems are based on new semiconductor electrodes that appear to be both stable and inexpensive. Either system might make photochemically produced hydrogen much more cheaply than other proposed systems. The first system was reported at the September 1982 meeting of the American Chemical Society by Christopher Leygraf of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory who is performing the work along with Monica Hendewerk and Gabor Somorjai, the second system was revealed in a press conference called in October 1982 by John O'M. Bockris of Texas A&M University. KW - Hydrogen KW - Photochemistry KW - Semiconductors KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Sunlight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371156 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADMINISTRATIVE DRIVER LICENSE SUSPENSIONS/REVOCATIONS PRIOR TO COURT APPEARANCES PY - 1982/11 SP - 26 p. AB - The papers reproduced herein were presented at the 14th Annual Institute on Motor Vehicle and Traffic Law at Boulder, Colorado, on August 8-12, 1982. Panel members at that conference presented papers on the Federal viewpoint on drunk driving, the experience of three jurisdictions that actively have been imposing administrative S/R, and an extensive legal dissertation on related constitutional issues. Persons representing each of the jurisdictions reporting strongly supported the use of early administrative suspensions/revocations prior to court appearance and described their State programs as working well. KW - Courts KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371162 AU - Golden, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW TO SAVE LIVES AND REDUCE INJURIES. A CITIZEN ACTIVIST GUIDE TO EFFECTIVELY FIGHT DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982/11 SP - 131 p. AB - The purpose of this guide is to educate victims and concerned citizens on the methods they can use to effectively get drunk drivers off the roads, in large enough numbers, so that death and injury associated with alcohol-related crashes can be substantially reduced in their States and communities. This guide is based on more than 1,000 interviews conducted nationwide by an investigative reporter, Sandy Golden, and the knowledge formulated while helping to induce corrective action in Maryland, California, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and numerous other States and local communities. The methods in the manual have been proven to work and the advice to be sound in these situations. It provides a framework from which to build. KW - Community action programs KW - Crash victims KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Public participation KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184520 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371067 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRUCK SPEED CONTROLS CAN SAVE FUEL PY - 1982/11 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - p. 35-39 AB - This article reports the results of a study conducted by AMAF Industries, Inc. for NHTSA whereby they collected and evaluated information on a variety of speed control concepts and their effectiveness in operation. Such units include road speed governors, engine speed governors and power train numerical ratios, tachographs or trip recorders, cruise controls, and driver training and motivation programs. The performance characteristics, implementation, and benefits of these units are discussed. An insert accompanying this article, entitled "Electronic speed control is multi-functional", describes the Electronic Truck Engine Control (ETEC) system which was recently introduced by TRW. The various operating modes are described, followed by a detailed analysis of the system's design, operation, and performance. The function of ETEC is to increase vehicle operating efficiency. KW - Benefits KW - Cruise control KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Electronic control KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Governors (Devices) KW - Implementation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Speed control KW - Speed governor KW - Tachographs KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371110 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - ELASTOMERS: THE STRETCH AHEAD PY - 1982/11 VL - 14 IS - 11 SP - p. 34-38 AB - This article takes a look at the elastomeric product industry and gives the predictions that have been made concerning its future through the 1980's. Following a brief introduction, these topics are addressed: business survival; when to get out; "long wave" business cycles; new emerging technologies (petroleum area and polymerization); world elastomer forecast; liquid, powdered, and thermoplastic elastomers; chemical challenges--new products, new processes, and new product forms; future trends in extender oils; and the climate for innovation. KW - Chemical processes KW - Chemical properties KW - Economics KW - Elastomers KW - Extenders KW - Forecasting KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Production KW - Research KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370824 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - NHTSA DROPS TIRE TREADWEAR RATING PY - 1982/11 VL - 65 IS - 11 SP - p. 27-28 AB - The article includes excerpts from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's decision to drop its tire treadwear grading requirements "because of serious concern over accuracy of the treadwear information". Included also are excerpts from the company that administers the treadwear test program's response to the NHTSA treadwear ruling and some suggestions for changes offered by Consumers' Research Magazine. KW - Calibration KW - Evaluation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Measurement KW - Reliability KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Tire grading system KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Uniform tire quality grading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370935 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Nozdryakov, A AU - National Safety Council TI - A LOOK AT TRAFFIC CONTROL MOSCOW-STYLE PY - 1982/11 VL - 82 IS - 6 SP - p. 18-20 AB - This article reviews Moscow's approach to the handling of traffic problems created in recent years by the rapid growth in the use of private automobiles. The Soviet capital has avoided traffic congestion by its reliance on an efficient mass transit system and by effective traffic planning, which is the principal task of the State Traffic Control Service. The Service has many varied duties, including traffic rules enforcement, roadway design and construction, setting of standards, issuing of driver licenses, vehicle registration and inspection, and the conducting of driver training programs. Each of these duties is discussed further in this article. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public transit KW - Registration KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188013 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370810 JO - IEEE Spectrum PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - DRIVERS GET MORE OPTIONS IN 1983 PY - 1982/11 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - p. 30-36 AB - This article describes some of the electronic devices which are being incorporated in 1983 automobiles. Most of these electronic systems enhance car performance and/or driveability (performance, handling and ride quality as perceived by the driver) and driver awareness. The basis for increased use of electronic devices is the microprocessor which is being used, or is under consideration, for almost any conceivable control, display, or alarm function if the required sensors and actuators are available. Among the devices described are the Ford EEC-IV engine control system, General Motors Pontiac Motor Division's throttle body fuel injection system for 2.5-liter four-cylinder engines, a digital system for setting the ignition angle developed jointly by Porsche and Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Berlin, microprocessor-controlled car suspension systems, microprocessor-based system for eliminating wheel spin, electronic control of automobile transmissions, dashboard display applications, an automatic day-night mirror, and an experimental navigation system for getting drivers back on course after they have become lost. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instrument panels KW - Microprocessors KW - Ride quality KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187917 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370814 JO - PTA Today PB - National PTA AU - National PTA TI - 15 SITES SELECTED FOR PTA SAFETY BELT PROJECT PY - 1982/11 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 6-8 AB - The National PTA's Safety Belt-Child-Restraint Project, which is jointly sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, is part of a major effort to educate the public about the benefits of using safety belts and child restraints. The $150,000 NHTSA grant is divided into three major components. First 15 PTA councils have received grants of up to $2,000 each to develop and conduct local safety belt educational projects. Second, each of the 52 state PTA congresses will receive safety belt audiovisual kits. The project's third and final component will include displays and presentations at state, regional and national PTA meetings, and cooperation with other agencies in joint efforts to encourage the use of safety belts. This article includes a list of the 15 sites that received the $2000 grants and the project highlights. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Parent teacher associations KW - Public information KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187919 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370944 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - SCANLON, M AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - ELECTRONICS: TAKING A BIGGER "BYTE" PY - 1982/11 VL - 18 IS - 11 SP - p. 21-24 AB - This article gives some examples of application of increasingly sophisticated electronics to cars, trucks, off-highway and Agricultural equipment. These examples are taken from papers presented at the conference "Convergence". An insert "A Tale of Four Chips" describes how Ford's new EEC-IV engine control module (ECM) came to be. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Computers KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Microprocessors KW - Mobile computing KW - On board computers KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188020 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370670 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - McKibben, J S AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - BUREAUCRATS AND (OTHER) BAGS OF AIR. THE LATEST IN BELTS, BAGS AND BILLS PY - 1982/11 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - p. 88-89 AB - The overturning by a Federal Appeals Court of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) decision to drop their planned requirement for passive restraints is discussed as well as a District of Columbia Appeals Court order that all 1984 autos be equipped with passive restraints. The reasons why NHTSA dropped its support are noted. It is noted that airbags are not as good a restraint system as the lap and shoulder belt system. Airbags are little if any better than no restraints in many crashes including those serious injury crashes involving ejection from the passenger compartment. In the past, NHTSA advocates of airbags have ignored comparisons with lap and shoulder belts and have made comparisons only with unrestrained occupants. Only an elaborate passive restraint system that uses electric motors and the like to wrap the occupant in a properly adjusted lap and shoulder belt without the occupant fitting the belts himself, is a technically acceptable substitute for the current manual belt systems. The author notes that the best protection is a good-fitting, properly adjustable lap and shoulder belt system. KW - Air bags KW - Courts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187837 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370815 JO - PTA Today PB - National PTA AU - National PTA TI - BUCKLE UP, EVERYONE PY - 1982/11 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - This article urges the use of safety belts and urges the responsibility of encouraging its' use among all people within one's community. The public must be made aware of the need for safety belts and child restraints. Ways in which this may be done as a family member, a friend, member of the business community and as a participant in political, religious or social community activities are described. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Community action programs KW - Community support KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187920 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370923 JO - PTA Today PB - National PTA AU - Soule, D AU - National PTA TI - SEAT BELTS ON SCHOOL BUSES: SOME CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1982/11 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 13-14 AB - This article reviews the research that has been done on the advisability of installing seat belts in school buses, at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in the mid 1960s, then in 1972 also at UCLA under a contract with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and finally the NHTSA's own tests of school bus passenger seats in the mid-to-late 1970s. NHTSA's tests confirmed UCLA's recommendation that well-padded seats, with backs higher than the conventional 20 inches would provide substantial additional protection to pupil passengers. Because of this research the Department of Transportation decided not to require seat belts in large school buses. Proponents of seat belts on school buses and those who question the wisdom of that give their point of view, and the subject of the possibility or impossibility of installing seat belts on buses without major engineering changes, is raised. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - School buses KW - School children UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370450 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY '80. A REPORT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966 JANUARY 1, 1980 - DECEMBER 31, 1980 PY - 1982/11 SP - v.p. AB - This is the 14th report on Highway Safety. Although prepared in 1981, the activities induced in this report were accomplished in 1980 under the previous administration. The report includes: Part one: Introduction-Trends and issues; Highway Safety Program; Support for Highway Safety; Part two: The role of the Federal Highway Administration; Appendices: (A) Statistical Compilation; (B) The National Highway Safety Advisory Committee-1980 Membership; (C) Funding Tables; (D) Publications of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Highway Administration; and (E) Current Research Grants and Contracts and the problems they address. As a first step, the Agency plans to simplify and redirect the highway safety grant program under section 402 of the Highway Safety Act. In the future, Federal aid will be directed only to programs with a verifiable payoff in terms of reduced deaths and injuries, and to safety problems that are truly national in scope, turning back to the States those activities that rightfully should be their responsibility. After a review of all programs funded under Section 402, several successful programs were identified for continued eligibility for Federal funding. They are: alcohol safety; police traffic services; emergency medical services; safety belts and child restraints; and traffic records. Despite funding restrictions in many traditional program areas, NHTSA will continue to offer technical assistance to the States to improve their safety projects, and each State still has the option of using a portion of its basic safety funds for programs that it considers necessary. KW - Documents KW - Federal aid KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety act KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370451 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY '80. A REPORT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966 AND THE MOTOR VEHICLE INFORMATION AND COST SAVINGS ACT OF 1972 INCLUDING THE ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975 JANUARY 1, 1980-DECEMBER 31, 1980 PY - 1982/11 SP - v.p. AB - This is the 14th report on Motor Vehicle Safety. Although prepared in 1981, the activities included in this report were accomplished in 1980 under the previous administration. The contents of this report are: Introduction; the Motor Vehicle Safety Problem--Trends--Federal Safety Regulations; Saving Lives; Avoiding Accidents; Fuel Economy; Enforcement and Legal; Support for Motor Vehicle Safety; Appendices: (A) Statistical Compilation; (B) Funding Tables; (C) Publications of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and (D) Current Research Grants and the problems they address. In numerical terms, there will be fewer regulations in the future. New regulations will be issued only when they are cost-effective, and when regulation is the only practical alternative to a situation that needs correcting. Some of the existing regulations governing motor vehicles and related equipment are unnecessarily stringent and will be relaxed or rescinded with little or no cost to worthwhile regulatory goals. In their place will be a new reliance upon the motor vehicle industry and the market to achieve the same safety benefits. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Documents KW - Federal aid KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Federal programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Industries KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Publications KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186252 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370808 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BUMPER REGULATION--THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE PY - 1982/11 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - p. 11-14 AB - A review of bumper regulatory history reveals that conflicting analyses supported various efforts either to reduce the requirements (generally sought by the auto industry) or to increase the requirements (generally sought by the insurance industry). Final analysis was heavily influenced by the partiality of the particular Administration in power. The current Reagan Administration dropped the regulation back to 2.5 mph for testing front and rear bumpers, allowing unlimited damage to the bumper face bar. The insurance industry took the matter to court, where it now stands. The auto industry has rallied around the NHTSA. Following a discussion of the preceding statements, including an interesting alternative proposed by NHTSA, a review is given of recent judicial activities related to automatic crash protection; legislative activities related to alternative fuels and drunk driving; and executive branch activities related to EPA mileage ratings, rearview mirrors, seat belts, lead content of gasoline, electric vehicle research and development, tires, the MVMA antitrust suit, motor vehicle recalls, vehicle safety defects, auto visors, buses, and the Acid Rain Peer Review Panel. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobile industry KW - Bumpers KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Drunk driving KW - Electric vehicles KW - Insurance industry KW - Laws KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187916 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370931 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Orlan, B P AU - National Safety Council TI - ALL ACCIDENTS ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL PY - 1982/11 VL - 82 IS - 6 SP - p. 8-10 AB - This article discusses a simple equation developed by the North Atlantic Division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to factor out the influence of state accident trends on fleet accident rates. The district accident rate is divided by the overall state accident rate and multiplied by the percentage of driving done in each state by district drivers. The figures for each state are then added together to arrive at the comparability factor (CF) for the whole district. This CF equation is useful in comparing the safety performance of one segment of an organization with another, or the same segment's performance with its own over time, it allows an organization to budget more effectively its limited funds to those areas where the need is greatest, and it is highly cost effective. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Equations KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fund allocations KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370676 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Wakefield, R AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - THE ELECTRONICS REVOLUTION. PART I PY - 1982/11 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - p. 52-56 AB - Almost all U.S.-built automobiles now have so-called electronic engine controls, regulating with mini- or microcomputer precision fuel-air mixtures (via fuel injection or carburetor), ignition timing, emission-control devices, and even the number of engine cylinders in operation. This article addresses electronic fuel injection systems, electronic ignition, computer-controlled engine systems, and cylinder cut-out systems, both in the U.S. and abroad. KW - Air quality management KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Electronic ignition KW - Ignition systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Minicomputers KW - Power trains KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187841 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370945 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: A WORLDWIDE VIEW PY - 1982/11 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - p. 57-64 AB - Michigan's recent Management Briefing Seminar, an annual event sponsored by Michigan's Chamber of Commerce and its University's Industrial Development Division and College of Engineering, included a three-day session in which 27 speakers addressed the future of the domestic automotive industry in the international marketplace from such points of view as management, finance, labor, engineering, education, and politics. This article is a capsulization of the speakers' presentations. The general tone of the meeting is described as more encouraging than last year's meeting with emphasis on what is being done and can be done, and much less emphasis on what other nations' industries are conducting successfully. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Conferences KW - Education KW - Financing KW - Future policies KW - Labor market KW - Management KW - Markets KW - Policy KW - Politics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370946 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - HOW TO MAKE BATTERIES PART OF THE WINTER CAMPAIGN PY - 1982/11 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - Simple low-cost procedures enable fleets to obtain the most from their batteries: (1) Keep a battery from freezing by maintaining it fully charged; (2) Keep the battery properly charged; (3) Keep the battery exterior and connections clean; (4) Mount the battery properly; (5) In conventional batteries maintain the electrolyte level above the plates and below the vent cap openings; (6) Avoid damaging a battery when installing or removing it; (7) Rotate the battery stock on a first-in/first-out basis; (8) When specifying the alternator, make sure that the charge output at engine idling speed is sufficient to handle the electrical load; (9) When required to park vehicles for more than 10 days, disconnect the ground terminals; and (10) Purchase the proper replacement batteries. The article includes details on these procedures, some causes of failure in cold weather and battery cold power ratings established at 0 degree Farenheit. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Cold weather KW - Electric batteries KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Maintenance KW - Operations KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winterization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188022 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370672 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Shuldiner, H AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - THE NEW COMPUTER-DESIGNED SUPERTIRES PY - 1982/11 VL - 221 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - Computers plus important discoveries in polymer chemistry and modern testing devices are helping the rubber companies to create a new generation of all-season, low-rolling-resistance radial supertires. The computer designed tires provide improved traction, performance and longer wear and, because they have low rolling resistance, contribute more to vehicle fuel economy. Computerized design is also paving the way for more advanced tires with aerodynamically efficient shapes, specialized construction and one-way tread designs for front and rear wheels, new run-flat systems, and even cast plastic tires for urban vehicles. The all-weather tire is also rapidly replacing the traditional snow-tire-in-winter, regular-tire-in-summer routine. In this article, the author interviews the top engineers at the research and development departments of some of the biggest tire companies in the U.S. and Europe. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - All season tires KW - Computer aided design KW - Development KW - Durability KW - Europe KW - Mileage KW - Polymers KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rolling resistance KW - Technology KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187839 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370816 JO - PTA Today PB - National PTA AU - National PTA TI - CHOOSING A SAFETY SEAT PY - 1982/11 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 1 p. AB - Parents have several considerations to keep in mind when selecting a safety seat, because seats come in different shapes and sizes according to the different stages of a small child's development. This article reviews infant carriers, convertible models, toddler seats, booster seats, and adult safety belts. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370817 JO - PTA Today PB - National PTA AU - Tofany, V L AU - National PTA TI - HOW PARENTS CAN PROMOTE SCHOOL BUS SAFETY PY - 1982/11 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Even though statistically, school buses are one of the safest forms of ground transportation, school bus safety is a continuing problem, especially at bus stops. Three types of accidents occur at bus stops: Pupils are struck by a vehicle when the school bus is not present, pupils are struck by a vehicle that has violated the school bus stop law, and pupils are struck by the bus itself. This article explains how parents can work with their school districts and their PTAs to promote school bus safety. In addition parents are urged to walk their youngest children to the bus stop and insist on good behavior while on board the bus. KW - Parents KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187922 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370920 JO - PTA Today PB - National PTA AU - National PTA TI - THE NUMBER ONE KILLER OF CHILDREN: A TRAGEDY SEAT BELTS CAN PREVENT PY - 1982/11 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 1 p. AB - This article reviews the role of safety belts in reducing the possibility of injury and death, and the myths that are the rationale behind avoiding the use of safety belts. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370936 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - FOCUS ON THE HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY DIVISION PY - 1982/11 VL - 82 IS - 6 SP - p. 22-23 AB - Continuing the series on the work of the Highway Traffic Safety Division of the National Safety Council, this article reports on the challenges facing a new committee, the Committee on Traffic Law Enforcement and Adjudication. These challenges are evident from the responses received to a questionnaire which the committee sent to police, court officials, traffic records personnel, and transportation engineers, requesting ideas to be used in formulating a National Safety Council policy statement. The problem appears to be that police traffic services are trailing behind the conditions created by the rapidly changing American society. Also, a major concern identified is the maintaining of an adequate record system. Other points raised by respondents are listed, followed by a list of actions which the committee voted to take. KW - Adjudication KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Questionnaires KW - Records management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188014 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370687 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Cerullo, B AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - THROTTLE-BODY FUEL INJECTION PY - 1982/11 VL - 221 IS - 5 SP - p. 86-88 AB - Throttle-body fuel injection is a single-point-injection system that injects fuel into a throttle body that looks like the lower half of a carburetor. This article gives a general description of the system and some basic pointers for working on it. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel systems KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187848 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370930 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - LIVINGSTON, C F AU - National Safety Council TI - DRUNK DRIVING: THE HARSH REALITIES AND THE PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS PY - 1982/11 VL - 82 IS - 6 SP - 4 p. AB - Pointing out the statistics which prove that the present system of dealing with drunk drivers is not working, this article discusses what is necessary to make the changes required in current state practices. The approach recommended has six key elements: (1) Conducting programs oriented toward deterring the majority of drunk drivers who are never arrested, rather than "treating" the few who are; (2) Placing program emphasis and responsibility at the local level; (3) Integrating and coordinating the various functions involved; (4) Assessing fines, court costs, and treatment fees so that convicted offenders defray program costs; (5) Generating community support for comprehensive programs, thus providing a political base for increased countermeasure activity; and (6) Efforts to change societal attitudes toward drinking and driving through longterm prevention programs. Further discussion includes an outline of six goals for state and local programs, a listing of seven specific and essential program components, and discussion of results already achieved by various state task forces. KW - Attitudes KW - Committees KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Local government KW - Programs KW - Public relations KW - Safety KW - States KW - Task force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188008 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366810 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Bauman, R AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - BE A SAFE HOME MECHANIC PY - 1982/11 VL - 45 IS - 11 SP - 4 p. AB - This article discusses safety practices which should be exercised by the home mechanic. Some suggestions made are: wear snug fitting clothes; keep the engine off unless it needs to be on; let the car cool off before working on it to avoid burns; never take the top off of a hot radiator; never crawl under a car supported solely by a jack; never smoke around gasoline or the car's engine; use non-flammable cleaners; and have a fire extinguisher available. Other suggestions are made along with many helpful tips, such as what to use in place of jacks to raise the front end of the car. KW - Automobiles KW - Engine tuning KW - Inspection KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Tune-ups KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181369 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386513 JO - New Zealand Medical Journal PB - New Zealand Medical Association AU - Geddis, D C AU - Allied Press Limited TI - HOW CHILDREN TRAVEL IN CARS IN NEW ZEALAND PY - 1982/10/27 VL - 95 IS - 718 SP - p. 740-742 AB - Two years ago a nationwide observation survey of children (0-14 years) in cars demonstrated that only 20 percent were appropriately restrained. Parent education material was prepared and the law was altered so that children over eight years of age were required to use a seat belt. A repeat observation study was undertaken to determine what effect, if any, these measures had produced. Altogether 21,554 children 0-14 years were observed. Twenty-five percent were appropriately restrained. The older the child, the less likely he was to be restrained. Fifty-six percent of children over eight years of age, and travelling in the front seat were wearing seat belts--unchanged from 1978. However only 23 percent of a random sample of 1000 adults correctly identified the new traffic rule. It is necessary to improve current attempts at health education. Any future legislative changes should be widely publicised. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370671 JO - AutoWeek PB - Crain Automotive Group AU - Freeman, D AU - Crain Consumer Group TI - CHOOSING THE BEST OIL: HEED YOUR CAR'S MAKER PY - 1982/10/25 VL - 32 IS - 43 SP - 1 p. AB - Refining industry spokesmen and analysts alike urge motorists to use a luburicant that is specified in the owners manual. Oils are available in both single and multiple viscosities and are also classified by their performance qualities. Once the oil of the specified viscosity and performance requirements for a specified car engine has been identified, the high-performance lubricants recently flooding the market may be considered. Mobil 1 and Acro Graphite are discussed. The car owner is urged to use the recommended service category, the right SAE viscosity and change oil at the proper intervals. KW - Change KW - Engine oils KW - Lubricating oils KW - Manuals KW - Performance KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187838 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370919 JO - AUTOCAR PB - HAYMARKET MAGAZINES LTD AU - IPC Transport Press, Limited TI - NO SMOKE WITHOUT FIRE PY - 1982/10/23 VL - 162 IS - 4172 SP - p. 52-53 AB - Greater demands are being placed on the ignition system with today's trend towards the development of more efficient engines and cleaner exhausts. A Swiss-developed Autoflash spark plug is described which forms a pre-combustion chamber which, after the mixture has been initially ignited inside the chamber, shoots out a flash to ignite the rest of the fuel charge in the cylinder. Tests, however, do not support the claims made for this spark plug. An ignition system can provide a significant contribution to engine efficiency as an integral part of engine designs which incorporate high turbulence combustion intended to burn very lean mixtures with high compression ratios. An example of this type of engine (Jaguar V12) is described. The use of twin spark plugs helps cope with the demands of heavy exhaust gas recirculation. The time required for ignition is reduced with twin spark plug ignition. A sophisticated electronic ignition system can provide a significant contribution to the design of a lean-burn engine. The initiation of combustion and the spark energy required in a lean burn engine are discussed. KW - Automobile engines KW - Combustion KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ignition KW - Lean fuel engine KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Spark plugs KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188002 ER -