TY - ABST AN - 00391701 AU - Blount, W R AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - THE EFFECT OF DRINKING DRIVER REHABILITATION EFFORTS ON REARRESTS WHEN DRINKER TYPE IS CONTROLLED PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 22-37 AB - Between 1/75 and 6/76, 1691 social drinkers were randomly assigned (p=1/2) to DWI School Social Classes or a minimum exposure control condition ("read only") while 1523 problem drinkers were randomly assigned (p=1/3) to DWI School Problem Drinker Classes, the read only control, or DWI School problem Drinker Classes plus five months of Group Therapy. Equivalent age, race, sex, BAC and diagnostic scores were obtained for social and problem drinkers both at the time of assignment to the design and at the time of treatment completion. This was expected for the social drinkers (97% completion rate), but not for the problem drinkers (55% completion rate). Social drinker recidivism analyses (rearrests) showed a clear pattern of significant differences in favor of the School group emerging at 12 months and maintaining itself for an additional 10 months (the school group showing a 26% reduction in recidivism over the control group at 12 months, a 35% reduction at 18 months and a 41% reduction at the end of 22 months). Significant differences were also found for problem drinkers in favor of those who completed the School plus Therapy condition compared to the other two groups both at 12 and 18 months. Maximum follow-up for social drinkers was 24 months and for problem drinkers was 18 months. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recidivism KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211881 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00391703 AU - Bunn, G A AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - DWI COUNTERMEASURES AS PART OF A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH DEALING WITH THE ENTIRE ALCOHOL PROBLEM CONTINUUM PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 62-81 AB - This paper reviews the U.S. Navy's efforts to deal with the alcohol problem. Commencing in the early part of 1965 with a pilot treatment effort in the annex of the Navy Hospital at Long Beach, California, primary attention then and for some time to come was on the far end of the alcohol problem continuum--alcoholism. As the Navy's experience grew, the problem of alcohol abuse was recognized, with driving while intoxicated (DWI) being the most visible aspect. The Navy Alcohol Safety Action program (NASAP) was created in 1974 and became the leading exponent of the Navy's secondary prevention effort. Its design is to identify and reduce the problems caused by alcohol misuse and/or alcoholism at the earliest stage when problems are first identified through civilian law violations, work-related accidents, military offenses, and hospital emergency room or sick call records. In 1980, as the direct result of the success of NASAP and the direct immediate need to deal with drugs other than alcohol, the Navy Drug Safety Action Program (NDSAP) was developed. Concluding comments in this paper refer to the current successful ingredients of these Navy programs and those ingredients which need to be re-focused. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211883 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00391707 AU - Waller, P F AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - SPITTING IN THE OCEAN: REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS OF THE IMPACT OF DRIVER ALCOHOL EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMS ON THE PROBLEM OF DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 122-136 AB - This paper discusses the following areas: Federal involvement in drinking-driving countermeasures; alcohol education and rehabilitation programs; barriers to sound evaluation of rehabilitation programs; factors relevant to success of alcohol programs including the inherent difficulties in changing human behavior, the societal content in which the rehabilitation programs occur, and the potential role of biological factors; and the relationship of rehabilitation programs to total drunk driving problems. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Biological factors KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Living things KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211887 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00391708 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - STATUS OF INQUIRY FOR ESTABLISHING A "DWI" INSTITUTE PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 137-146 AB - This paper reports the results of an inquiry into the possibility for establishing a DWI Institute. It is concluded that a DWI Institute is an attractive idea with many potential benefits for DWI reeducation and rehabilitation programs. However, it would be very expensive if set up and operated as an independent organization. A DWI Institute could be operated more efficiently and less expensively by an organization already devoting considerable attention and resources to DWI rehabilitation programs--such, for example, as the Naval Alcohol Safety Action Program, or the state of Florida or New York and their respective DWI programs. A revitalized, restructured NASASA (National Association of State Alcohol Safety Administrators), with adequate funding from member states, might also successfully house the "Institute." It is also concluded that if a DWI Institute does not eventuate, whatever the reasons, a considerable number of the functions envisioned for it should be attempted through the ways and means described in this paper. KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Institutions KW - Nonprofit corporations KW - Organizations KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211888 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00391704 AU - Merrill, D G AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - EDUCATION AND THERAPY PROGRAMS FOR DRUNK DRIVERS; THEY WORK! PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 82-98 AB - Project CRASH (Countermeasures Related to Alcohol Safety on the Highways) originated in 1970 when Vermont was selected as one of the first nine demonstration projects under the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Alcohol Safety Action Programs (ASAP). Project CRASH completed its demonstration and evaluation effort in 1976 but did not end its operation. Due to a significant change in Vermont's DWI laws in 1973, the education and rehabilitation countermeasures became self-financed and have continued since they came into operation in 1971. The enforcement effort continued under highway safety 402 funds. Today Project CRASH operates in four major areas. This paper discusses one of these areas--Operating the Education and Rehabilitation Programs for Drunk Drivers. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Rehabilitation KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390449 AU - Ware, A AU - COOK, R AU - Orme, T AU - Pabon, Sims, Smith and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYERS TO ENCOURAGE THEIR EMPLOYEES TO USE SAFETY BELTS, PHASE 2 PY - 1983/08 SP - v.p. AB - An employer manual is developed which offers guidelines for the elements of a successful safety belt program. The guidelines are based upon the model developed as a result of site visits to successful programs and synthesis of expert opinion. A needs analysis is conducted for the health promotion/wellness worksite programs. The programs are examined as a potential vehicle for safety belt programs for employees. This report represents Phase 2 of a two-part study. KW - Employers KW - Guidelines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Motivation KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390881 AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - THE TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPACT OF CALIFORNIA'S NEW DRUNK DRIVING LAW (AB 541): AN EVALUATION OF THE FIRST NINE MONTHS OF EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/08 SP - 25 p. AB - On January 1, 1982, California enacted tougher sanctions against drunk driving (Assembly Bill 541). The present study evaluates the short-term impact of the new legislation through a comparison of monthly accident counts before and after AB 541. The following injury and fatal accident categories were analyzed by month and quarter for the period January 1977 through September 1982: Had-been-drinking (HBD) accidents, non-HBD accidents, night accidents, day accidents, and night single vehicle accidents involving males (NSVAM). The night accident categories were included as surrogates for alcohol based on past research showing night accidents, particularly NSVAM fatals, to have a high likelihood of involving alcohol. The evaluation design was based on the premise that any impact of AB 541 would be limited to accidents involving alcohol. Consequently, one would expect that AB 541, if effective, would result in a reduction in the proportion of injury and fatal accidents due to alcohol. Although all accident categories declined following enactment of AB 541 (1982), the analyses showed a statistically significant larger reduction on four of six alcohol accident categories: HBD fatal, HBD injury, night injury, and NSVAM injury accidents. The differential reductions ranged from 7-12% when 1982 was compared with 1981 over the first nine months of each year. There was a tendency for the effects to diminish in the second and third quarter, but the HBD fatal accident category showed significant reduction through all three quarters. KW - California KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390463 AU - Suffolk County Executive TI - TESTIMONY REPORT OF PUBLIC INFORMATION HEARING ON PROPOSED SUFFOLK COUNTY SAFETY BELT LAW PY - 1983/08 SP - v.p. AB - On the basis of research on the use of safety belts in the U.S.A. and other countries, it was determined that the issue of safety belt usage and proposed safety belt usage legislation should be brought before the public at a hearing. It was also determined that individuals with technical knowledge on the subject should be contacted. At the public hearing which was attended by 50 persons, 27 gave testimony. An overwhelming majority were in favor of safety belt usage as an individual preference and 6 persons objected on the grounds of infringement of civil liberties. Individuals from the medical profession, traffic safety profession, automotive and insurance industries, public citizens and public interest groups made presentations. This report includes a draft of the local law requiring certain motor vehicle occupants to use safety restraints when driving in Suffolk County. This is followed by the minutes of the Hearing. The introductory remarks of the Suffolk County Executive are presented as well as the individual testimonies. KW - Automobile industry KW - Insurance industry KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Physicians KW - Public hearings KW - Testimony KW - Traffic engineers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390888 AU - LaBelle, S J AU - Hudson, C L AU - Argonne National Laboratory TI - ENERGY-EFFICIENT AUTOMOBILES FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1983/08 SP - v.p. AB - This paper focuses on the characteristics of energy efficient vehicles determined by the degree of incorporation of advanced technology and on reactions of consumers to the vehicles using those technologies. Critical technology design aspects, as well as important consumer preferences, have been identified. Nearly 300 vehicles were designed using a heuristic method to meet several different expectations of consumer preference for acceleration. Air pollutant emission standards in the Clear Air Act Amendments of 1977 were assumed to have been met in all designs, even when fuel efficiency was projected to increase sharply. Weight reductions are still expected to play an important role in improving fuel economy. The use of alternative propulsion systems, including diesel, Brayton, Stirling, and electric motors, was also expected to play a significant role in reducing automobile energy consumption. Use of alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, as well as for the other engines, was projected. Large gains in overall energy efficiency were projected, with methanol fuels playing a significant role. Even with so many acceptable alternatives projected to be available to households for purchase, the spark ignition engine always captured the largest share of the market. Steady improvement in that vehicle's design kept it attractive to households through the year 2000 under varying economic conditions. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automobiles KW - Concept vehicles KW - Consumers KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208800 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387744 JO - Changing Times PB - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated AU - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated TI - A CRASH COURSE IN WEAKER BUMPERS PY - 1983/08 VL - 37 IS - 8 SP - 2 p. AB - The cost to the consumer and the impact on the insurance industry of rolling back the standards for passenger car bumpers are discussed. This downgrading means that the front and rear of a car would no longer have to withstand a 5-mile-per-hour impact with a fixed barrier. The new standards require protection at only 2.5 mph, and allows manufacturers to reduce the shock absorbing potential of bumpers. The government estimated that this would save the car owner $28 over the lifetime of the car. This, however, had not proved to be the case. Crash tests have shown that cars with the weaker bumpers sustained $172 to $497 more in repairs than those with bumpers built to the old specifications. The results of tests by the Insurance Institute which support this claim are described. Automakers' response to this downgrading regulation has been mixed. Volvo and Honda have downgraded bumpers on all cars. Chrysler has changed bumpers on some models, and Ford has kept all bumpers at the 5-mph standard. The new standard is opposed by many auto insurance companies who have sued charging that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration overstepped its mandate by rolling back bumper standards. The suit contends that the government estimates were flawed and that they ignored the 5-mph bumper's greater savings. KW - Automobile industry KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Impact tests KW - Insurance industry KW - Savings KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387722 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIMPLE MODELS OF FATALITY TRENDS USING EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION DATA PY - 1983/08 SP - 21 p. AB - This paper discusses some simple models developed by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis to show the historical relationship between the number of traffic fatalities, the size of the population, the number of employed people, and the number of unemployed people who are seeking work. The models explain 93 to 98 percent of the variability of the annual fatality counts, based upon a standard statistical measure of fit. The models indicate that, historically, fatality decreases have been associated with increases in the number of unemployed people seeking work, with decreases in the number of employed people, and with decreases in the size of the non-labor force (people not available for work). The models suggest that employment and population factors influence fatalities but do not show how. KW - Employment KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Population KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387827 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - 1982 IOWA ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1983/08 SP - 59 p. AB - The format of the vehicle pages in the 1982 report emphasizes the number of accidents by vehicle type. The 1982 summary again includes alcohol-related accident information (including trends, time of day, day of week, and detailed statistics on the driver, vehicle and environment for alcohol-related accidents); collisions by vehicle type; and accident information for each county by road system. In addition, the individual vehicle pages include seat belt usage information developed from the accident data. Several items should be noted. Accident information concerning the Driver, Machine and Environment for each vehicle type is contained on facing pages. Percentages are based on known information; unknown cases are also noted. Starting in 1979, Iowa fatality figures include all persons who died as a result of a traffic accident on public roads within 30 days of the accident. Previous traffic fatality figures included all persons who died within one year of the accident. The change was made to conform to nationwide standards for reporting highway fatalities. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386892 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Fife, D AU - DAVIS, J AU - Tate, L AU - Wells, J K AU - Mohan, D AU - Williams, A F AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - FATAL INJURIES TO BICYCLISTS: THE EXPERIENCE OF DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA PY - 1983/08 VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - p. 745-755 AB - Among 173 fatally injured bicyclists, the head or neck was the region most seriously injured in 86%. The frequency of injury to the head and neck region and the frequency of nonsurvivable (AIS 6) injury were highest among the cases aged 16 years or less. Vertebral fractures occurred most often in the highest cervical vertebra (C1) and progressively less often in lower vertebrae. The relationship between vertebral position and fracture likelihood is approximately log linear. Bicyclists with a relatively long time from injury to death tended to be older persons with survivable injuries. They often died from complications (pneumonia, pulmonary embolus) rather than directly from their injuries. KW - Age KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386893 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Fife, D AU - DAVIS, J AU - Tate, L AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - TWO FATAL BICYCLIST INJURIES FROM EXTENDED REAR VIEW MIRRORS PY - 1983/08 VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - p. 756-757 AB - Rear view mirrors mounted on the sides of vans and small trucks may extend beyond the sides of the vehicles and pose a hazard to other road users. Case reports of two bicyclists fatally injured by extended rear view mirrors of small trucks are presented. KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386835 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - GAO'S REVIEW OF SELECTED OPERATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL (GAO/RCED-83-116) PY - 1983/08 SP - 6 p. AB - This review of selected operations of the Department of Transportation's (DOT) Office of Inspector General focused on how well the office complied with audit standards and how often audit recommendations were implemented. It was found that the office had made significant programs since its establishment in 1979; it has identified millions of dollars in potential cost savings and is responsible for many improvements in DOT programs and operations. The objectives, scope and methodology of the review are explained. It was recommended that periodic audits of the DOT'S audit follow-up system be performed and reported to the Secretary. The latter reports should disclose instances of corrective actions not being taken on sustained findings. KW - Auditing KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Savings KW - Standards KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386012 AU - Westenberg, D A AU - Westenberg, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NON-USE OF MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY BELTS AS AN ISSUE IN CIVIL LITIGATION PY - 1983/08 SP - 88 p. AB - The current and potential role of the "safety belt defense" in civil litigation is studied. The paper presents an overview of the safety belt defense, including an evaluation of current precedent. Based on interviews with leading motor vehicle civil litigation practitioners, the paper describes how the safety belt defense is used in practice. Trial strategies of both plaintiffs and defense attorneys, selected from a cross-section of states, are explored and contrasted. The potential impact of safety belt use statutes and areas for expansion of the safety belt defense are highlighted. The use and impact of the safety belt defense in out-of-court settlements (where most tort litigation is resolved) is analyzed. Observations and suggestions for promoting increased judicial acceptance and wider use by attorneys of the safety belt defense are offered, although more research needs to be conducted to determine whether the possibility of a reduction in recoverable damages, via the safety belt defense, encourages people to use their safety belts. Interspersed throughout the paper, actual trial and settlement examples are documented to illustrate the points being made. KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Litigation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199835 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386034 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Brick, J AU - Horowitz, G P AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - TOLERANCE AND CROSS-TOLERANCE TO MORPHINE AND ETHANOL IN MICE SELECTIVELY BRED FOR DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO ETHANOL PY - 1983/08 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - p. 770-779 AB - Ethanol-sensitive long-sleep mice showed greater sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypothermia whereas the less sensitive short-sleep mice showed greater sensitivity to morphine-induced hypothermia. The short-sleep mice, but not the long-sleep mice, displayed a degree of cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol following repeated exposure to morphine. KW - Animals KW - Ethanol KW - Experiments KW - Hypothermia KW - Morphine KW - Narcotics KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386033 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION PY - 1983/08 SP - 312 p. AB - This digest is designed for use by anyone interested in alcohol-related legislation in the States. This document is the result of a comprehensive search of State Codes and Supplements. As such, it provides the reader and researcher with the status of laws in each State and with the Code citation for further reference. NHTSA expects this to be a living document because we intend to stay abreast of legislative activity through both the Commerce Clearing House electronic system and reports from the States and NHTSA Regions. NHTSA will periodically publish page changes to this "Digest" to include new legislation and to correct any errors we may have made in our research. This document is divided into three main areas: 1) Introduction, 2) Compilation of 10 types of high-interest legislation, and 3) State Law Matrix--a comprehensive representation of all State laws relating to alcohol and highway safety. The primary purpose of this matrix is to provide interested persons with a document that can facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The matrix is organized by State and by types of legislation. The matrix includes the Code citations and the latest reference used. This should facilitate further research or comparison of laws in different States. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199854 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386036 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Black, G W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERS PY - 1983/08 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - p. 24-27 AB - Taking the position that traffic engineers should have enough knowledge of accident investigation and reconstruction to assess the quality of the police report and that they should conduct an independent investigation to determine what happened and make a personal inspection of the physical evidence on the scene, this article presents some fundamentals of accident investigation and reconstruction that will be useful to traffic engineers. The areas covered include physical evidence on the roadway, physical evidence from the vehicle, diagrams, and speed estimates. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Traffic engineers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203582 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385790 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Vogel-Sprott, M AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - RESPONSE MEASURES OF SOCIAL DRINKING. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/08 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - p. 817-836 AB - Frequency of drinking occasions appears to be more sensitive than quantity per occasion to social and economic variables, whereas quantity is related only to age and sex. KW - Age KW - Alcohol use KW - Economic factors KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Gender KW - Quantities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203431 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385791 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Zung, B J AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - MODIFICATION OF THE BRIEF MICHIGAN ALCOHOLISM SCREENING TEST PY - 1983/08 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - p. 863-871 AB - An abbreviated version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, modified with probes requesting dates for most recent occurrence of the stated problem, had encouraging retest and internal consistency reliability but was weak on concurrent validity, test scores being only moderately predictive of psychiatric diagnosis. KW - Alcoholism KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Forecasting KW - Questionnaires KW - Reliability KW - Screenings KW - Test procedures KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203432 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385116 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - ENDING FRONT END CHUCKLE PY - 1983/08 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 3 p. AB - Chrysler says that complaints of "front end chuckle" on 1983 Aires, Reliants and others, may be traced to the suspension struts. It also says that a scraping noise on the rear brakes of 1981 Omni/Horizon and Aires/Reliant cars, can be caused by the parking brake return spring contacting the rear brake drum hub. Cadillac informs brake technicians that the 1983 Cadillac Limo might demonstrate a scraping noise from the rear of the vehicle, especially during right hand turns. The cause of this scraping noise is the left-hand brake drum contacting the stationary backing plate. Also from Cadillac, comes information on a brake noise on the 1982 Cimarron. This is caused by a lack of front disc brake pad noise insulators. For all these problems, the article offers a solution. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Noise KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle front end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385306 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - GOODALL, R M AU - KORTUM, W AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - ACTIVE CONTROLS IN GROUND TRANSPORTATION--A REVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART AND FUTURE POTENTIAL PY - 1983/08 VL - 12 IS - 4-5 SP - p. 225-257 AB - Active control systems offer significant functional advantages over passive systems; their introduction into production-line vehicles, however, is cautious and slow. This survey describes the recent progress in the analysis, design and technology of active controls in vehicles. It includes the state-of-the-art of their introduction into operation as well as their future potential in view of recent advances in technology and computer aided design strategies. The survey has been limited to suspensions for vehicles on roads and tracks. KW - Active controls KW - Active suspension systems KW - Computer aided design KW - Electric potential KW - Future concepts KW - Ground transportation KW - Innovation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - New systems KW - Potential KW - State of the art studies KW - Technological innovations KW - Tracked vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385798 AU - Filkins, L D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRIVERS IN ALCOHOL-RELATED ACCIDENTS AND CONVICTED DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1983/08 SP - 17 p. AB - A 1% sample of Michigan drivers, with 68,950 drivers and 180,423 incidents, was drawn in June, 1982. A subset of drivers with alcohol-related (a-r) accidents, convictions for DUIL or DWI offenses, or breath-test refusals under implied-consent legislation was created. If an accident and a conviction of IC refusal occurred on the same date, only the accident was retained. The resulting file had 4,649 drivers with 3,589 HBD (Had Been Drinking) accidents, 2,834 DUIL/DWI convictions, and 155 IC refusals. A two-way distribution showed that, of drivers having either a-r accidents or drunk-driving (d-d) offenses, only 13.2% had both. Further, if the occurrence of either triggers a countermeasure based on specific deterrence, the maximum percentage of HBD accidents preventable by a 100% effective program is 35.9%. This finding led to the conclusion that countermeasure programs relying on general deterrence must be used to reach the majority of potential drivers in a-r accidents. The risk of a driver having a subsequent a-r accident was also determined. The occurrence of either a non-accident, d-d offense or the occurrence of an a-r accident elevates the risk of a subsequent accident by a minimum factor of 3.5. The elevated risk makes such drivers candidates for countermeasures based on principles of specific deterrence. KW - Convictions KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Deterrence KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385795 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Chadda, H S AU - Carter, Everett C AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - SIGN VANDALISM: TIME FOR ACTION--NOW PY - 1983/08 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - p. 16-19 AB - This article discusses the growing problem of traffic sign vandalism and what can be done about it. There are three forms of vandalism: (1) destruction or physical damage; (2) defacement or mutilation; and (3) theft. Possible countermeasures and techniques to deter vandalism fall into four categories: (1) physical countermeasures; (2) legal countermeasures; (3) educational programs; and (4) public information campaigns. A balanced approach involving the best elements of all of these countermeasures is recommended for an effective and successful program to combat this growing problem. KW - Countermeasures KW - Theft KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs KW - Vandalism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385141 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SCHOOL BUSES SEE THE LIGHT PY - 1983/08 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 32-33 AB - Some advanced designs and technological innovations in lighting equipment are briefly described. The Halogen-Cycle sealed beam lights in the 200-T and 36-A and 100 series remain brighter longer than unsealed units. Road dirt, corrosive fumes, and air pollution will not dull their reflective surfaces. The 200-T all-weather safety light has patented louvers, and will cut through fog, dust and rain without blinding on-coming traffic. Another series, the R-Series, is engineered for late model bumpers with rectangular openings. Also described here is the Deceleration Alert System (DAS) designed to control the driver just behind the decelerating car. The DAS is a patented application of the Positive Accelerator Position Signal (PAPS) concept of signaling acceleration/deceleration before the brake signal. This concept considers the position of the acceleration/deceleration mode of the accelerator. The device signals the point of zero acceleration through various controls to a lighting fixture attached to the rear of the vehicle. The operation of the DAS is described. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Deceleration KW - Headlamps KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear signals KW - School buses KW - Sealed beam headlights KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385117 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - FORD'S NEW SUSPENSION--AIR SPRINGS BACK PY - 1983/08 VL - 163 IS - 8 SP - p. 38-39 AB - Ford Motor Company is set to introduce a full electronically-controlled air suspension system on the 1984 Continental and Mark VII. The new system on the 1984 Lincolns consists of four independently-sealed air springs with their own solenoids, a 2-K microcomputer that controls the system from the trunk, a 200-watt electric air compressor in the left fender apron, and three Hall-effect height sensors between the body and the suspension arms to maintain the proper height. Two sensors are in front and one is in the rear. KW - Air suspension systems KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Sensors KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385788 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Neff, R L AU - Landrum, J W AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - THE LIFE ACTIVITIES INVENTORY AS A COUNTERMEASURE FOR DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED PY - 1983/08 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - p. 755-769 AB - The simple administration of the Current Status section of the Life Activities Inventory appears to reduce drunken-driving recidivism substantially and cost-efficiently among "lower-risk" drinkers. KW - Activity choices KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Life activities inventory KW - Life styles KW - Recidivism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203430 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385717 JO - Scientific American PB - Scientific American Incorporated AU - Trunkey, D D AU - Scientific American Incorporated TI - TRAUMA PY - 1983/08 VL - 249 IS - 2 SP - p. 28-35 AB - Trauma is clearly a major medical and social problem in the U.S. To a large extent, however, it is being neglected by physicians, hospital administrators, government officials and the general public. Data from several parts of the country show that death from trauma has a trimodal distribution: immediate deaths, early deaths, and late deaths. When the death rate is plotted as a function of time after injury, three peaks appear in the resulting graph showing this trimodal distribution. In this article the pathology of each peak is discussed in greater detail, with particular reference to the prospects for reducing the rate of mortality and disability resulting from the associated set of medical conditions. KW - Death rate KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203394 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385114 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - END THE TROUBLE OF BRAKE SHUDDER PY - 1983/08 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - p. 14-17 AB - Ford F250/350 light-duty trucks, 1981-83 models using the semi-floating rear axle design (standard equipment) have been known to demonstrate a brake shudder condition. In this short article, Ford Motor Company service engineers tell why it is required to correct this condition and explain how to do it. The article includes runout specifications. KW - Brake shudder KW - Drum brakes KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Light trucks KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385121 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - UNDERSTANDING WHAT MAKES SPECIAL STUDENTS SPECIAL PY - 1983/08 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 24-25 AB - Driver training for transporting special education students requires understanding of the vehicle and the passengers. A training guide developed by the Board of Education for the City of Toronto details some of the aspects requiring formal instruction for handicapped and special education transportation, and suggests the type of expertise which should be transmitted to the trainee. Careful driver selection is an important part of a good training program. The training program itself should consist of several basic components such as basic driving skill, disability awareness and customer relations, equipment handling and passenger assistance, and accident and emergency procedures. The details of a comprehensive training program are briefly outlined. Attitudinal considerations are discussed and it is noted that the attitude of the driver can have a significant impact on the overall effectiveness and utilization of the specialized transportation service. KW - Adaptive equipment (Disabled persons) KW - Attitudes KW - Driver selection KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Equipment KW - Persons with disabilities KW - School buses KW - Selection and appointment KW - Special vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384899 AU - Krechmer, D AU - Lantos, G AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - BUS ROUTE DEMAND MODELS: CLEVELAND PROTOTYPE STUDY PY - 1983/08 SP - 119 p. AB - The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority's prototype Bus Patronage Estimation Study was initiated to develop techniques for the estimation of changes in bus service patronage at the individual route level. The techniques are designed to be accurate within acceptable tolerance limits, responsive to local conditions, capable of utilizing existing local data, and operable by the Authority's in-house staff. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Bus routes KW - Cleveland (Ohio) KW - Data collection KW - Level of service KW - Ridership KW - Routing KW - Umta section 8 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56300/56347/busroutedemandm0970unse_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385736 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - ADVANCES IN VEHICLE HANDLING PY - 1983/08 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - p. 40-43 AB - This article reports on the May 1983 IMechE AD International Conference on Vehicle Handling. This is followed by extracts from three key papers on computer analysis, all of which were considered outstanding in furthering the analysis of vehicle handling, and the understanding of suspension systems, important to future vehicle design. The paper by W.F. Milliken and R.S. Rice discusses the Moment Method of computer simulation, of which practical applications to date have included tire selection, torque steer associated with throttle release in a corner, high speed directional instability, and the effects of suspension compliances. The paper by H.S. Radt and W.F. Milliken proposes non-dimensional relationships for tire side force and self-aligning torque (as a function of slip ratio, steer angle, load and friction coefficient) for use in vehicle computer simulation. The third paper by Dr. Ing K. Enke describes an elasto-kinematic system of wheel suspension aimed at resolving the ride comfort/handling compromise involving a five-link per wheel system to control steer effects arising from the use of elastic anchorage bearings used in the rear suspension of the W201 series Mercedes Benz cars. KW - Conferences KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Simulation KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203409 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385739 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Clemence, G T AU - Hurlbut, G W AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - THE APPLICATION OF ACOUSTIC RANGING TO THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF A GROUND VEHICLE PY - 1983/08 VL - T-32 IS - 3 SP - p. 239-244 AB - The use of acoustics is proposed as an alternative method to determine the position of vehicle relative to the road or to other vehicles. Acoustic transducers mounted on the vehicle would range to passive targets along the side of the road or to other vehicles. The simplicity of the system indicates that it could offer potential advantages in cost savings. Factors which affect the accuracy of the system are discussed. Theoretical and experimental analysis is presented to determine the extent to which these factors influence the accuracy of the system. Based on these results, acoustic ranging represents a feasible method for use in the automatic control of a ground vehicle. KW - Accuracy KW - Acoustics KW - Automatic control KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Transducers KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203411 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385122 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - THE FUTURE OF FUELS PY - 1983/08 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 34-35 AB - This article reviews alternative fuels technologically possible for school bus application: compressed natural gas, liquefied propane, and the alcohol fuels. Market forces in the near and long term will determine their economic feasibility. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Liquefied gases KW - Methanol KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385305 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - UFFELMANN, F AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - AUTOMOTIVE STABILITY AND HANDLING DYNAMICS IN CORNERING AND BRAKING MANEUVERS PY - 1983/08 VL - 12 IS - 4-5 SP - p. 203-223 AB - Automotive steering behaviour is classified for steady-state cornering and the definitions of over-/understeer and stability/instability are well known. In this paper it is intended to apply these definitions to combined cornering and braking maneuvers i.e. to extend the criteria to quasi-steady-state conditions. This way of investigation was chosen because it gives a clear idea of the typical handling behaviour. Furthermore, the vehicle behaviour is analyzed using the cornering stiffness of the axles and front/rear cornering stiffness ratio because this is always of primary significance. The following contribution is based on a theoretical analysis considering the most important non-linear vehicle properties. The paper deals with two groups of vehicles: single vehicles (passenger cars) and combinations (passenger car/caravan and tractor/semitrailer). In the case of combinations the effect of trailers on the towing vehicles is examined. So, careful attention is paid to the coupling forces, which alter the wheel loads and influence steerability and stability. KW - Braking performance KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Couplers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203177 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382505 JO - Best's Review PB - A.M. Best Company AU - Best (AM) Company TI - AUTO INSURANCE--1982 PY - 1983/08 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article gives the results of a survey of the 1982 automobile insurers for direct writes and national and regional agency companies. It includes several charts and inserts such as: 1982 Auto Insurance Market Share by State; Leading Writers of Automobile Insurance; Leading Writers of Private Passenger Auto Insurance; Leading Writers of Commercial Auto Insurance; Total Auto Business Adjusted Loss Ratios by State; Private Passenger Auto Business Adjusted Loss Ratios by State; and Total Auto Insurance Premium Distribution and Leading Writers by State. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Data collection KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Statistics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202480 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382513 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - LINING LIMITS PY - 1983/08 VL - 160 IS - 2 SP - 9 p. AB - This article tries to answer questions about replacement brake lining quality. It considers friction codes, resistance to fade, wear, noise, resistance to effects of water, friendliness to drums and rotors, lining quality and lining identification. It includes several charts and photos and an insert: "Brake Lining Scorecard." KW - Brake fade KW - Brake linings KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Friction KW - Friction index KW - Noise KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202484 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384691 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - ROOD, J AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE CUSTOMER IS ALWAYS WRONG PY - 1983/08 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 8 p. AB - The author and a photographer from Driver magazine spent one night riding in a California Highway Patrol car on the "X Watch," a special night shift set up to focus on picking up drunk drivers. They found that the California Highway Patrol is doing a brisk business, making six to ten stops each night and at least two drunk driving arrests. The processing of a drunk driver was found to be time-consuming. It took at least an hour, with stopping and checking the suspected drunk driver, arresting and booking at the jail, and administering the alcohol test, either through breath or urine analysis. Blood testing had to be done by medical personnel. Also, there was the report writing and filling out forms, which took much time when the suspect was uncooperative or belligerent. Included with this article are two inserts: Know Your Enemy (Recognizing the drunk driver) and a DUI Detection Guide. KW - Arresting /process/ KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Police patrol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202988 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384693 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - FINE TUNING PY - 1983/08 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-25 AB - This is the third part of a three-part series on tuneups for the home mechanic. The first part showed how to inspect the battery, replace the air and fuel filters, check the emissions control systems, clean and examine the spark plug wires, and clean the carburetor. The second part showed how to check the engine's internal fitness by performing vacuum and compression tests, how to read spark plugs, and how to do a basic ignition system check. The final step of the tuneup is to get the fuel and ignition systems working together, so this third part shows how to adjust the valves, set the distributor, adjust the carburetor, and set the timing. KW - Engine timing KW - Engine tuning KW - Gasoline engines KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Tune-ups KW - Valve timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202990 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382519 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - TAKE CARE OF YOUR TIRES PY - 1983/08 VL - 66 IS - 8 SP - p. 24-25 AB - This article provides information on proper tire maintenance. It addresses the topics of tire inflation pressure, tire inspection, effect of driving habits on tires, and the relationship between tires and several vehicle mechanical systems. The article should be of interest to all car owners. KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202490 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382520 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - MEETING THE DRUNK DRIVER HEAD-ON PY - 1983/08 VL - 66 IS - 8 SP - p. 26-29 AB - This article is a review of different strategies considered by the federal government, state governments, citizen activists and law enforcement agencies, to combat drunk-driving. It includes a chart showing impairment response and myths and facts about alcohol. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legislation KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Public participation KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202491 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384694 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - THE EPA VS. THE STATES: DOING THE PMVI WALTZ PY - 1983/08 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - p. 18-20 AB - This article briefly reviews what is happening with periodic motor vehicle inspection (PMVI) in the following states: Pennsylvania, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, Kentucky, Florida, Colorado, New Jersey, and Missouri. KW - Air quality management KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202991 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384690 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Mullins, P J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - AUTOMATED ASSEMBLY GAINS GROUND PY - 1983/08 VL - 163 IS - 8 SP - p. 27-28 AB - In Europe, manufacturing engineers are investigating the possibilities of applying robots and automation to automotive assembly work. For automatic assembly to progress, two basic conditions are recognized: vehicle design must be adapted to make the assembly steps less complicated; and as many sub-units as possible must be pre-assembled. The extent to which this is being done by the auto industry in various European countries is discussed in this article. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Europe KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202987 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384692 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DANGEROUS ATTITUDES: FIVE THOUGHT PATTERNS YOU SHOULD AVOID PY - 1983/08 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - p. 10-11 AB - This article takes the five hazardous thought patterns exhibited by airplane pilots involved in accidents and applies them to automobile drivers. These five attitudes are anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and external control. In conclusion some antidotes to these dangerous attitudes are suggested. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202989 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382528 JO - Motor AU - Emanuel, D AU - Hearst Books TI - TWO BARREL TUNEUP PY - 1983/08 VL - 160 IS - 2 SP - 5 p. AB - Holley's 5200/6500 series carburetor, designed by Weber, the Italian Manufacturer, is a staged two barrel carburetor in which the primary throttle is opened approximately 40 degrees before air flow through the secondary is initiated. This article gives a step-by-step, well illustrated description of its tuneup. KW - Carburetors KW - Engine tuning KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Reconstruction KW - Tune-ups KW - Two barrel carburetors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202499 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384695 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - BACK TO BELT BASICS PY - 1983/08 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 4 p. AB - This article provides basic information about drivebelts for the service mechanic. It discusses storage, belt types, belt sizes, belt inspection, replacement tips, and installation tips. The mechanic is cautioned not to use chemicals on a belt, unless certain they won't harm anything, and to be aware that a new belt requires 10-29 percent more tension than a used one. KW - Belt drives KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Handling and storage KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Replacing KW - Size KW - Storage facilities KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202992 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381893 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - GARDINER, D P AU - BARDON, M F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLD STARTING TESTS ON A METHANOL FUELLED SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 11-15 AB - The present cold starting performance of methanol fuelled spark ignition engines is poor compared to their gasoline counterparts. Apparatus has been developed to cold soak a small engine to temperatures as low as -65 deg C. Tests have been conducted using methanol, Indolene and sample of commercial gasoline of depressed volatility. Data are provided showing the effect of fuel-air ratio on minimum starting temperature for the three fuels. Methanol failed to start at temperatures below about 0 deg C whereas the Indolene started easily to below -45 deg C. Reid Vapour Pressure is shown to be ineffective as a predictor of cold starting performance for methanol. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Gasoline KW - Indolene KW - Methanol KW - Performance tests KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204817 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381894 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Ashton, P M AU - McCurdy, G AU - Osler, C F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHANOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUEL: CMC'S APPROACH AND EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 17-23 AB - This paper highlights experiences of Canadian Methanol Canadien (CMC) in demonstration of both methanol fuel and methanol-gasoline blends in Winnipeg since 1980 and describes CMC's commercial and technical approach to development of methanol as an alternative automotive fuel. CMC's marketing approach is to equip existing retail service station outlets with the capability to dispense a full slate of fuels (methanol, methanol containing gasolines, as well as conventional fuels) with fuel blending occurring at the service station location. In this way, the fuel distribution infrastructure can be put in place to service simultaneously both existing vehicles (with a range of methyl gasoline blends) and new methanol fuelled vehicles while assuming a high degree of blended fuel quality in a cost-effective manner. It is concluded that methanol and methanol containing gasolines are excellent transportation fuels for Canada and elsewhere, and can be readily integrated into existing transport fuel retail infrastructure. KW - Gasohol KW - Infrastructure KW - Marketing KW - Methanol KW - Physical distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204818 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381892 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Stamets, L AU - Price, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TECHNOLOGY IMPACTS ON CALIFORNIA CAR AND TRUCK FUEL DEMAND PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 1-10 AB - This paper presents forecasts of future California car and truck fuel demand based on projected economic, demographic, and technologic variables. Vehicle stocks and sales are predicted based on changes of these variables. The paper presents several different cases of market-induced, technical fuel economy improvements. Increased fuel efficiency is projected to reduce fuel demand despite growth in income, population, and vehicle miles traveled. Implementation of relatively inexpensive, past-1985 fuel economy improvements is forecast to reduce 2002 fuel demand 9 percent from 1982 levels, assuming a fuel price escalation rate of 3 percent above inflation. An additional 7 percent reduction appears feasible through refinements in existing technology. KW - Demand KW - Energy resources KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel conservation KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382392 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPLICATION OF PLANT MANUFACTURING BURDEN TO STANDARD PRODUCT COSTS AND COST ESTIMATES RELATED TO VEHICLE TEARDOWN STUDIES PY - 1983/08 SP - v.p. AB - The automotive industry's uses of competitive vehicle teardown studies are described and recommendations for more effective use of teardown data in vehicle weight reduction are presented. This report also relates the development and application of plant manufacturing burden to standard product costs and cost estimates developed from automotive vehicle teardown studies. KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Light vehicles KW - Manufacturing KW - Prices KW - Vehicle teardown UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381891 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL ALTERNATIVES FOR SPARK IGNITION AND DIESEL ENGINES SP-548 PY - 1983/08 SP - 108 p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Technology Impacts on California Car and Truck Fuel Demand, L. Stamets and R. Price; Cold Starting Tests on a Methanol Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine, D. P. Gardiner and M. F. Bardon; Methanol as an Alternative Fuel: CMC's Approach and Experience, P. M. Ashton et al; Comparative Studies of Methane and Propane as Fuels for Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition Engines, G. A. Karim and I. Wierzba; Development of a System for Methane Operation in a Four Cylinder Light Duty Diesel Engine, J. L. Vickers; Propane/Methane Development Program, M. R. Seal et al; The Effects of an Iron Based Fuel Catalyst upon Diesel Fleet Operation, J. B. Parsons and G. J. Germane; Fuel Stability and Storage Life of Middle Distillate Fuels, J. R. Bentley and H.-U. Schellhase; Tar Sands Derived Fuels Tested in an Air Cooled High Speed Diesel, G. D. Webster et al; Canadian Alternative Fuels Tested in a Bombardier Medium Speed Diesel, D. Y. Chan et al; Long-Term Operation of a Turbocharged Diesel Engine on Soybean Oil Fuel Blends, M. C. Ziemke et al. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Catalysts KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Iron KW - Methane KW - Methanol KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Soybeans KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Tar sands KW - Technology KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381896 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Vickers, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR METHANE OPERATION IN A FOUR CYLINDER LIGHT DUTY DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 39-45 AB - A light duty Japanese diesel pickup and a light duty turbocharged German diesel in a lightweight two seat experimental car were converted to natural gas operation. The gaseous fuel was inducted through various experimental carburetors mounted in the air manifold system. Ignition was effected with pilot oil. Various gas metering valves and linkage to the pilot oil system were tested. Power and fuel economy were measured. KW - Carburetors KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Ignition KW - Light vehicles KW - Metering KW - Methane KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204820 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381310 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Lindsley, E F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - COMPUTERIZED TROUBLE-SHOOTING PROGRAMMED FOR YOUR CAR PY - 1983/08 VL - 223 IS - 2 SP - p. 86-88 AB - The article discusses a demonstration of electronic automotive trouble-shooting by the Coats Diagnostic Division of Hennessy Industries with that company's new model 460 computerized diagnostic analyzer. A few initial comments describe the unit itself and what it is used for, with a description of the demonstration following. The author concludes, however, that while the computer can provide a mechanic with a vehicle's exact performance specs and give a fast accurate checkout of systems that seem to be functioning properly, the computer does not spell out the cause or location of problems, and it lacks the mechanic's problem-solving ability. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Information processing KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201799 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381351 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Ruby, D AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - SEALED AUTO BATTERY RECOMBINES GASES SO YOU NEVER ADD WATER PY - 1983/08 VL - 223 IS - 2 SP - p. 42-44 AB - This article describes Chloride Inc.'s new Torque Starter one-size-fits-all replacement battery. The battery has a long life, high discharge voltage, tolerance to deep discharge, and a totally sealed design that never requires water or leaks acid. KW - Automobiles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Oxygen recombination KW - Sealed batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201811 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381830 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Krenslak, F AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - ESSEX SPECIALTY PRODUCTS. THE PIONEER OF LIQUID AUTO GLAZING PY - 1983/08 VL - 33 IS - 8 SP - p. 26-29 AB - Due to its ease of application, excellent physical properties, and outstanding safety features, Urethane/E has become one of the most popular automotive glass sealants available today. This article gives a step-by-step illustrated procedure for windshield replacement. KW - Automobiles KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Glass KW - Glazing KW - Installation KW - Sealing compounds KW - Urethane KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380955 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW TO TUNE UP YOUR AIR CONDITIONER PY - 1983/08 VL - 160 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - This article explains how to inspect an automobile air conditioning system, how to do a series of simple basic checks if you feel A/C performance is below normal, how to add refrigerants, how to check the ductwork, and what to check if the A/C won't come on at all. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Automobiles KW - Engine tuning KW - Inspection KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Refrigerants KW - Repairing KW - Troubleshooting KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620538 AU - Koppa, R J AU - Vinson, G E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRUCK AND BUS INSPECTOR TRAINING PROGRAM: HEAVY TRUCK AND BUS SAFETY INSPECTION COURSE. A SELF-STUDY GUIDE TO FIELD OR TERMINAL SAFETY INSPECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/07/31 SP - 284 p. AB - The manual is the product of an 18 month development effort in which technical material available from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety of the Federal Highway Administration, several State agencies and many private ones was combined with field study results to produce a comprehensive self-study guide to safety inspection of large commercial vehicles. Graphics and art available through these resources was supplemented by original material and photographs made during the project in a style and format which was originally developed in the Nation's manned space program. Five different parts comprise this manual: Procedures, Out-of-Service Criteria, Detail Procedures, Theory of Operation, and Regulations (NHTSA and BMCS). Each part in turn covers these topics: Air Brakes, Other Brake Systems, Steering, Suspension, Wheels, Tires, Exhaust, Fuel Tanks and Lines, Visibility Systems, 5th Wheel and Coupling Devices, Cab Checks, Driver Checks, and Hazardous Materials. The manual was written to be used by novice safety inspectors who do not have extensive experience as auto or truck mechanics or as truck drivers, as part of their preparation to assume responsibilities for safety inspections in such facilities as weighing stations, special portable inspection locations, fleet terminals or garages. The manual is also designed as a reference source for supervisors, safety professionals, and truck drivers themselves. The loose-leaf format is designed for easy rearrangement and updating to a jurisdiction's needs and specific regulations. KW - Buses KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Training KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362422 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394047 JO - South African Medical Journal PB - Medical Association of South Africa AU - Dall, G AU - Medical Association of South Africa TI - THE INCIDENCE OF MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA--AN ALARMING INCREASE PY - 1983/07/30 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - There has been a dramatic rise in the number of motorcycle accidents in South Africa. The need for prophylaxis is emphasized and the way in which the problem has been tackled in Japan (with striking results) is presented for serious consideration. KW - Countermeasures KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216369 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392235 JO - South African Medical Journal PB - Medical Association of South Africa AU - Fosseus, C G AU - Medical Association of South Africa TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS AND ALCOHOL. A SURVEY OF FATALITIES IN THE CAPE PENINSULA PY - 1983/07/30 VL - 64 SP - p. 159-160 AB - Autopsy was performed on a total of 48 motorcycle accident victims (39 riders and 9 passengers) in Cape Town during 1982. Thirty-nine (81%) were under 30 years of age, while 61,3% of the riders tested were found to have alcohol in their blood, 42% having a blood alcohol level of more than 0,10 g/dl. KW - Age KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Autopsies KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash victims KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Post mortem KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210866 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385607 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - LIFE-SAVER OR NECK BREAKER? PY - 1983/07/30 VL - 163 IS - 4212 SP - p. 24-25 AB - The primary danger in rear-end collisions is hyperextension of the neck resulting from the head rotating back more than the body can tolerate. This article discusses the contribution of head restraints to injury reduction, taking the Ford Motor Company in England as an example. KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety engineering KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203332 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385784 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - THE IMPOSSIBLE TAKES A LITTLE LONGER... PY - 1983/07/30 VL - 163 IS - 4212 SP - p. 26-27 AB - This article points out some highlights from the ninth annual conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV) held in Kyoto, Japan, in November 1982. The Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz Auto 2000 cars are described, along with a project that is even closer to production reality, the Alfa Romeo Synthesis Vehicle. The overall impression gained from the ninth ESV conference is described as a gradual evolution and development of car safety rather than jumping ahead in leaps and bounds. Also there is an awareness that improved safety does not have to be at the expense of fuel economy, performance or general comfort levels. KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Fuel conservation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety vehicles KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203427 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385783 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - SAVING A LIFE A DAY... PY - 1983/07/30 VL - 163 IS - 4212 SP - p. 22-23 AB - In the two months following B-Day on January 31, 1983, when it became compulsory in Great Britain for drivers and front seat passengers to belt-up, deaths and serious injuries among those in the front fell by 1,100 compared with the same period the previous year. This 25 percent decrease came despite a 12 percent increase in traffic. This article discusses this further, quoting from police, doctors and accident investigators. Concluding comments refer to rear seat belts. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389170 AU - United States Senate TI - AUTO FUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDS PY - 1983/07/21 SP - 250 p. AB - These Hearings on energy conservation and power includes testimony presented by several individuals representing automobile manufacturers, educational institutions, federal government agencies and private organizations. These presentations review automobile fuel efficiency standards established by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, and discuss what steps automobile manufacturers have taken or are planning to take to comply with the law. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386024 AU - Benson, S D AU - Tarrance (V Lance) and Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF TRAVEL PATTERNS AND DRIVING BEHAVIOR ON CRASH INVOLVEMENT PY - 1983/07/21 SP - 254 p. AB - This study was conducted to obtain statistically valid data on a variety of highway safety issues, such as attitudes toward drunk driving, use of safety belts and child safety seats, and to establish data regarding driving patterns. The study design provided a unique opportunity to determine what, if any, relations existed between the respondents attitudes toward drunk driving and the use of occupant protection devices and how those attitudes affected their driving patterns. This study was done in three phases. Phase I was a series of focus groups to assist in the development of the survey instrument. Phase II was a nationwide telephone survey of 1,000 households, as well as a sample of 200 respondents who had been interviewed by telephone approximately 19 months earlier. Phase III of the study was a final set of focus groups which were used to interpret data from the telephone survey and in providing a sense of the qualitative intensity of results. KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199846 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395328 JO - MOTOR TRANSPORT PB - Reed Business Information, Limited AU - Business Press International Limited TI - CHECK YOUR BRAKES LESS AND BE SAFER PY - 1983/07/20 SP - p. 28-30 AB - This article describes the Ferodo friction retarder, a light alloy casing containing a pack of friction discs that rotate semi-immersed in oil. The oil is used to exchange heat generated as fine oil is squeezed between the disc plates. A positive displacement oil pump is used in conjunction with a two-way valve which pressurizes a stainless steel bellow to clamp the discs together. This transmits a retardation force of up to around 600 lb ft. The pump also circulates oil to a heat-exchanger in the engine cooling system which contains a higher and more constant engine temperature. KW - Brake components KW - Brake drums KW - Brake linings KW - Brake retarders KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386027 AU - Benson, S D AU - Tarrance (V Lance) and Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTIVATION OF RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE AMONG SPECIFIC TARGET GROUPS OF DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS PY - 1983/07/14 SP - 54 p. AB - Thirty focus groups were conducted in seven different cities. These focus groups were used to determine potentially effective motivational approaches, develop appropriate themes and general content of messages and, finally, to identify corresponding communication networks to increase the voluntary use of Occupant Protector Devices for five target groups. The major findings were that messages and themes which linked safety belt usage to either preventative health, or the "other guy" were more positively received than were messages which were perceived as suggesting that either the car was not safe or that the driver was not competent. The degree of impact for message themes varied by the target groups, as well as by the delivery system which was used to present the message. KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motivation KW - Occupant restraint KW - Publicity KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety education KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25654/DOT-HS-806-470.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385621 AU - Robbins, D H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - General Motors Corporation TI - SIMULATION OF OCCUPANT KINEMATICS IN ROLLOVERS USING THE MVMA 2-D MODEL PY - 1983/07/14 SP - 53 p. AB - This report describes the results of the first phase of a study entitled "Simulation of Occupant Kinematics in Rollovers." What little information is available on the kinematics of vehicle occupants during rollovers has been obtained either after the fact by accident reconstruction or by expensive experimentally-staged accidents. The report describes the use of less expensive analytical techniques to graphically illustrate the applicability of occupant motion simulation computer models to this problem. It also provides guidelines and tutorial information for future users of the software in this application. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Crash victims KW - Kinematics KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392781 JO - New Zealand Medical Journal PB - New Zealand Medical Association AU - Stanaway, L AU - Johnson, R H AU - Lambie, D G AU - Allied Press Limited TI - EPILEPSY AND DRIVING PY - 1983/07/13 VL - 96 IS - 735 SP - p. 525-528 AB - A survey was made of driving habits of 103 epileptic patients who, having suffered a seizure, were picked up by the Wellington Free Ambulance Service. It was found that 21 (20%) subjects were driving a motor vehicle--for nine this was necessary for their employment; 57% of drivers with epilepsy reported that the Ministry of Transport had not been informed of their epilepsy. For three subjects a driving accident was a direct result of their seizure. Forty-three percent of subjects in this study claimed never to have had any professional advice about driving. Of the 21 subjects who continued to drive, 13 were receiving inadequate drug therapy at the time of seizure. Advice and drug therapy for epileptic patients therefore required regular review. We consider that the Ministry of Transport should issue a simple statement about epilepsy and driving which should explain the law, risks, precipitating factors for epilepsy, and the need for good drug control. This should be issued to doctors and also be available for those applying for a driving licence. KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Education KW - Epilepsy KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Physicians KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392780 AU - Wasielewski, P AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - DO DRIVERS OF SMALL CARS TAKE LESS RISK IN EVERYDAY DRIVING? PY - 1983/07/13 SP - 17 p. AB - Previously reported observed data on risky everyday driving are brought together and reanalyzed in order to focus on the relation between risky driving and the size of the car being driven, as indicated by car mass. The measures of risky driving include separation between vehicles in heavy freeway traffic and speed on a two lane road. Observed seat belt use provides a third measure of driver risk. Confounding effects arising from the observed association between car mass and driver age are taken into account by segmenting the data into three driver age groups. Driver risk taking is found to increase with increasing car mass for each of these three aspects of everyday driving. The implications of these results with respect to driver fatality rates are discussed in terms of a simple model relating observed risky driving to the likelihood of involvement in a severe crash. KW - Age KW - Compact automobiles KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Small car KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392769 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - US Center for Disease Control TI - PATTERNS OF ALCOHOL USE AMONG TEENAGE DRIVERS IN FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS--UNITED STATES, 1977-1981 PY - 1983/07/08 VL - 32 IS - 26 SP - p. 344-347 AB - From 1977 to 1981, data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) show that the overall proportion of drivers with measurable blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) steadily increased. The percentage of 16-to 19-year-old drivers (defined as "teenage") tested who had positive BACs rose from 20 percent in 1977 to 28 percent in 1981--an 8 percent increase. Results of two national probability surveys confirm the FARS findings. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Patterns KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211145 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380766 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - PRO AND CON--CHECKPOINTS TO CATCH DRUNK DRIVERS? PY - 1983/07/04 SP - p. 65-66 AB - This article presents an interview with Robert McGuire, Police Commissioner, New York City and John Roemer, Executive Director, American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland. Mr. McGuire affirms his position that there should be checkpoints to catch drunk drivers, and Mr. Roemer defends the opposing view that there should not be such checkpoints. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Search and seizure KW - Security checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197030 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381008 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - SUPREME COURT DECISION THAT STUNNED CONGRESS PY - 1983/07/04 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article reviews the effects of the Supreme Court's decision of June 23, 1983, striking down the so-called legislative veto as unconstitutional. The article includes comment by various officials, Capitol Hill's reaction--mostly negative--an insert of some laws which had legislative-veto provisions, and a second insert touching other rulings by the Justices on auto safety (airbags and automatic seat belts in new cars), pregnancy benefits, and reapportionment cases. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Constitutional law KW - Courts KW - Legislation KW - Legislative veto KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497464 AU - Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated TI - A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GENERAL MOTORS AIR CUSHION RESTRAINT SYSTEM MARKETING EFFORT, 1974 TO 1976 PY - 1983/07 SP - 53 p. AB - This is the report of a study which attempts to support the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's current air bag effort by reexamining General's Motors' unsuccessful air bag marketing effort in the mid-1970s. The study is based on 3 data sources: documents relating to the air cushion restraint system (ARCRS) program; interviews with GM dealers; and interviews with consumers. GM's approach to ARCRS marketing is examined. The results of all phases of the study are presented. The reasons why the GM effort failed are set forth. It is noted that a major prerequisite to marketing air bags is to allay consumer fears and doubts which permit the system to be dismissed as not cost effective. KW - Air bags KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Marketing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495870 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM. A REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES IN THE U.S. COLLECTED IN NASS IN THE YEAR 1981 PY - 1983/07 SP - 54 p. AB - This is the third report on traffic accident statistics in the United States from the National Accident Sampling System of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis. The information in the report is based on investigations of accidents that took place in 1981. In some cases, the data is combined with data from crashes investigated in 1979 and 1980. Data are presented on occupant restraint and alcohol, people in accidents, injuries, vehicles and crashes, accident sites, and on using the NASS data. Appendices provide further information on NASS sample design, sampling units, data elements, estimation procedures and sampling errors. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Sampling KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452203 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1981 PY - 1983/07 SP - 54 p. AB - This is the third report on traffic accident statistics in the United States from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA). NASS began collecting data from detailed accident investigations in 1979. It is designed to provide basic information on a representative sample of police-reported accidents in the U.S. For 1981, 5,986 such accidents were investigated and reported. When the system reaches its full, planned maturity, it is expected to have data on 15,000 crashes per year. While fewer than half of all motor vehicle accidents are reported to the police they include almost all of the more serious crashes: those in which there is significant personal injury or major property damage. Since the majority of accidents not reported to the police involved no (or only very minor) injury, this report focuses on those accidents reported by the police. They are important to safety research and detailed information on their circumstances and outcomes can be obtained in most cases by investigators. The information in this report is based on investigations of accidents that took place in 1981. In some cases (which are identified in the report itself), these data have been combined with data from the 3,413 crashes investigated in 1979 and the 2,973 crashes investigated in 1980. NASS and the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) provide the Department of Transportation (DOT) with detailed information on traffic accidents. Both programs are operated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). NASS data are used to identify traffic safety problems; and to support research, development, and evaluation of motor vehicle and highway safety countermeasures. Appendix 4 shows the number of accidents investigated from 1979 through 1981, and the primary national estimates derived from them. Estimates of year-to-year changes in accident statistics are not yet possible from NASS data because such changes are masked by the uncertainty of individual annual estimates. Appendix 5 describes NASS estimation procedures and provides illustrative examples of sampling variability for 1981. These measures of variability should be used to estimate the probable error of the estimates in the body of this report. Because of the uncertainty in national projections from NASS data, most of these projections are valid to no more than two significant figures. Thus, most of the information in this report that is derived from NASS data is rounded two significant figures except where additional figures are useful to show sums. Nevertheless, sums are not always exact because of rounding. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Development KW - Estimating KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396140 AU - Perel, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE FAMILIARITY AND SAFETY PY - 1983/07 SP - 26 p. AB - A literature review and accident data analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between vehicle familiarity and safety. The information from these diverse sources was consistent in suggesting that drivers of passenger cars and motorcycles are having safety problems adjusting to unfamiliar vehicles. This problem was not caused by low total driver experience but by inexperience with the accident-involved vehicle. Estimates were made of the extent of this problem and recommendations were suggested to better understand the causes of the problem and identify possible countermeasures. KW - Automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle familiarity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33359/33359.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395367 AU - Howett, G L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Department of Labor TI - SIZE OF LETTERS REQUIRED FOR VISIBILITY AS A FUNCTION OF VIEWING DISTANCE AND OBSERVER VISUAL ACUITY PY - 1983/07 SP - 72 p. AB - A formula is derived giving the letter stroke-width needed for legibility of words on a sign at any given distance by an observer with any given visual acuity. The stroke width, in turn, determines the letter size, depending upon the characteristics of the type face used. The derivation is strictly mathematical and is based on the assumption that beyond a distance of a few meters, a person's visual acuity is specifiable by a fixed visual angle, independent of the distance. The information implicit in the formula is also presented graphically, in four plots that apply to four different combinations of length units for measuring stroke width and viewing distance. Also presented are formulas and graphs for correcting the critical stroke width for nonstandard contrast or background luminance. These correction formulas are based on a body of data on visual acuity as a function of contrast and background luminance, and a formula fitting the mid-ranges of the data, both published recently by other researchers. KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Distance KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - Luminous intensity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Size KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Vision characteristics KW - Visual acuity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213138 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392258 JO - Archives of Disease in Childhood PB - British Medical Association AU - Geddis, D C AU - APPLETON, I C AU - British Medical Association TI - USE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN CARS PY - 1983/07 VL - 57 IS - 7 SP - p. 549-551 AB - Many deaths and injuries would be prevented if children in cars were adequately restrained. Cars were stopped at random and the use of child car seats by 853 children aged between 6 months and 4 years was ascertained. One hundred and thirty-three (65%) of the children aged between 6 and 11 months were travelling in seat restraints. Thirty-five (30%) of the children aged between 3 and 4 years were similarly restrained. Thus there was a significant decline in the use of child car seats within the age range for which they are suitable. There are several possible explanations for this finding and it is suggested that not only should efforts be made to encourage parents to provide car restraints for their infants but that attention should be focused on the reasons for this decline in the use of seat restraints. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Parents KW - Preschool children KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210889 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392239 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Certo, T F AU - Rogers, F B AU - Pilcher, D B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - REVIEW OF CARE OF FATALLY INJURED PATIENTS IN A RURAL STATE: 5-YEAR FOLLOWUP PY - 1983/07 VL - 23 IS - 7 SP - p. 559-565 AB - Of fatally injured patients with non-CNS injuries reaching the ER alive in an entire state from 1975-1979, 22% were judged to have potentially survivable injuries. A previous study from 1969-1974 in the same state of fatally injured abdominal injury patients showed 26% potential survivors. Errors in initial volume replacement, airway-respiratory control, and in the recognition of surgical urgency stand out in the present series. Review of these cases suggests that stabilization and resuscitation are necessary before transfer and that bypass to a regional trauma center would not have been likely to be effective in such a rural state. KW - Abdomen KW - Crash victims KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Resuscitation KW - Rural areas KW - Surgery KW - Survival KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390471 AU - Campbell, B J AU - Hunter, W AU - Gemming, M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - SEAT BELTS PAY OFF. A COMMUNITY WIDE RESEARCH/PUBLIC SERVICE PROJECT DESIGNED TO INCREASE USE OF LAP AND SHOULDER BELTS. AN INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/07 SP - 17 p. AB - A campaign/research project is underway in the community of Chapel Hill/Carrboro N.C. in which the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center (HSRC), with the cooperation of many other community groups, is attempting to increase use of restraint systems on a community wide basis. This project involves a public information campaign combined with an incentive procedure by which citizens can receive immediate reward for wearing a seat belt while riding in a car. Said immediate reward is in the form of a small prize worth 3-5 dollars and a chance to win a monthly prize of $500 or a grand prize of $1,000. The incentive approach has demonstrated good success in closed settings like schools or factories. The utility of this approach is not known, however, for larger population settings like a whole community. Likewise, experience with this approach is too recent for good documentation of any long-term results after an intensive short-term campaign. Baseline belt use data were collected during March of 1983 and the incentive process began an April 19, 1983. The campaign will last six months. Thereafter, it is hoped that a sustaining public information program will continue, and belt use trends will be monitored months (perhaps years) thereafter. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Monitoring KW - Public relations KW - Publicity KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390470 AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - AN INITIAL EVALUATION OF THE NORTH CAROLINA STATEWIDE ALCOHOL AND DRUG EDUCATION TRAFFIC SCHOOLS CONDUCTED BY THE UNC HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH CENTER. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983/07 SP - 13 p. AB - With the 1979 passage of Senate Bill 691, North Carolina adopted a statewide program of Alcohol and Drug Education Traffic Schools (ADETS) for first time convictees of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) and Careless and Reckless Driving after Drinking. The program went into effect January 1, 1980. This is the report of an initial overall evaluation of the program conducted by the UNC Highway Safety Research Center under contract to the N.C. Department of Human Resources. The scope of the evaluation activity included reviewing the program coordination activities handled at the state level and attending one of the ADETS courses in order to describe the process, analyzing knowledge tests taken by ADETS students to assess knowledge gain as a result of attending the schools, surveying various ADETS users groups to determine their perceptions of the program, querying neighboring states as to their practices in regards to ADETS type programs and analyzing DUI arrest/conviction data and accident data to assess the potential deterrent effects that may be realized as a result of attending the course. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Arrests KW - Convictions KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390879 AU - Allsup, J R AU - SEIZINGER, D E AU - Cox, F W AU - Brooks, A L AU - McClellan, R O AU - Department of Energy TI - VEHICLE EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS USING MECHANICALLY EMULSIFIED ALCOHOL/DIESEL FUELS PY - 1983/07 SP - 10 p. AB - Alcohol/diesel fuel mixtures have been used to fuel diesel engines typically operated at steady-state mode. These systems have been limited to introducing alcohol by fumigation or by premixed fuel. An optional method of alcohol utilization involves emulsifying the alcohol/diesel fuel mixture prior to introduction into the engine fueling system. A light-duty diesel vehicle fueled with an emulsified alcohol/diesel fuel was operated under cyclic mode. Emission and fuel economy measurements were taken during vehicle operation. The test results showed the volumetric fuel economy decreased slightly. Carbon monoxide emissions increased slightly, and oxides of nitrogen showed no significant change. Particulate emissions were reduced slightly, and the particulate extractables increased slightly. The environmental effect of these data cancel each other resulting in no significant changes in the total release of biological activity into the environment. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Dispersers KW - Emulsification KW - Emulsions KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390404 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - McGuinness, R A AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - DRIVER OPINIONS ON FREEWAY SIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES PY - 1983/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 12-14 AB - Like those who offer various products and services in the private sector, the City of Columbus, Ohio thought it would be desirable to learn a little more about its customers. The City developed a questionnaire which would obtain some traffic control design and operations information. Specifically, the questionnaire sought driver opinion on four areas of freeway operations: (1) most motorists use mile markers, at least part of the time; (2) most motorists prefer the use of a suburban city name as opposed to a local street name at freeway exits; (3) most motorists prefer a quick and cheap approach to road construction and repair projects; and (4) those drivers who have difficulty in construction zones do not read the signs. While not originally intended to be a part of this study, the data allowed differentiation between drivers who prefer to use the freeway system and those who would rather use surface streets. The drivers who did not like to use the freeway systems tended to be low-mileage drivers who did not like diagrammatic signs and showed a preference for following other vehicles through construction zones. KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeways KW - Questionnaires KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209852 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391117 JO - Australian Alcohol/Drug Review PB - Australian Medical Soc Alcohol & Drug Related Prob AU - Smith, D I AU - Australian Medical Soc Alcohol & Drug Related Prob TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF RESTRICTIONS ON AVAILABILITY AS A MEANS OF REDUCING THE USE AND ABUSE OF ALCOHOL PY - 1983/07 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 84-90 AB - The effect of changes in the legal minimum drinking age, hours of sale of alcoholic beverages and number and type of liquor outlets on variables for the use and abuse of alcohol are reviewed. Implications for research and preventive education of the conclusions drawn are briefly discussed. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Effectiveness KW - Legal drinking age KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Restrictions KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389421 JO - WHEEL EXTENDED AU - Hirose, T AU - Toyota Motor Corporation TI - CULTURES ON WHEELS-3: ATTITUDES TOWARD THE AUTOMOBILE AND MOTORING PRACTICES. COMPARISON OF WEST GERMANY AND JAPAN PY - 1983/07 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - p. 23-27 AB - In this article a Japanese physicist who spent three years at Heidelberg University, West Germany, compares his personal experience with driver education, training and licensing in both countries. He also compares the two countries with respect to attitudes toward drinking and driving, methods of holding the steering wheel, attitudes toward grade crossings, and the handling of traffic accidents. The article is interesting, informative, and at times unintentionally humorous. For example, Dr. Hirose observed that West German restrictions on drinking and driving are not as severe as in Japan. He also observed that his driving instructor in West Germany kept a bottle of whiskey under the car seat. This same instructor informed Dr. Hirose that drinking coffee would make him nervous during practice sessions, but that a little beer would make him more relaxed. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Attitudes KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Germany KW - Handling characteristics KW - Japan KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389173 AU - POPKIN, C L AU - Li, L K AU - Lacey, J H AU - Stewart, J R AU - Waller, P F AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - AN INITIAL EVALUATION OF THE NORTH CAROLINA ALCOHOL AND DRUG EDUCATION TRAFFIC SCHOOLS VOLUME I--TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/07 SP - 99 p. AB - With the 1979 passage of Senate Bill 691, North Carolina adopted a statewide program of Alcohol and Drug Education Traffic Schools (ADETS) for first time convictees of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) and Careless and Reckless Driving after Drinking. The program went into effect January 1, 1980. This is the report of an initial overall evaluation of the program conducted by the UNC Highway Safety Research Center under contract to the N.C. Department of Human Resources. The scope of the evaluation activity included reviewing the program coordination activities handled at the state level and attending one of the ADETS courses in order to describe the process, analyzing knowledge tests taken by ADETS students to assess knowledge gain as a result of attending the schools, surveying various ADETS users groups to determine their perceptions of the program, querying neighboring states as to their practices in regards to ADETS type programs and analyzing DUI arrest/conviction data and accident data to assess the potential deterrent effects that may be realized as a result of attending the course. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Arrests KW - Convictions KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic schools UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25658/HSRC-PR126.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387414 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - DRINKING DRIVER VS SOBER DRIVER: MOST FREQUENTLY CITED CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS B.C. 1982. COUNTERATTACK BRIEF REPORT NO. 7 PY - 1983/07 SP - 11 p. AB - This report compares drinking drivers in accidents causing injury or death with drivers who were not thought to have been drinking and who were in the same sort of accidents in terms of the contributing factors codes cited on the Traffic Accident Report Form (MV104) in British Columbia in 1982. From the results of this comparative study, one obtains the strong impression that drinking drivers in injury/death accidents are, as a group, both personally and socially irresponsible: they become physically impaired and drive by choice and thus show their irresponsibility and contempt for the law; once driving, they are both careless and tend to speed, again showing personal and social irresponsibility. In short, the problem rests at least as much with the individual's personality as it does with effects directly attributable to the physiological influence of the alcohol consumed. KW - Contributing factors KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Personality KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200953 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387739 JO - Journal of Transportation Engineering PB - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - Guell, D L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ADDITIONAL THROUGH LANES AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/07 VL - 109 IS - 4 SP - p. 499-505 AB - One method for increasing the capacity at a signalized intersection is to provide an additional through lane on the approaches to and beyond the intersection. If an additional lane is provided, the question arises as to how far to extend the lane beyond the intersection. The current design procedure, and the theoretical and practical considerations relative to the problem are considered, and an example is presented. KW - Highway capacity KW - Lane length KW - Signalized intersections KW - Through lanes KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204682 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387790 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Voas, R B AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS OF A PASSIVE ALCOHOL SENSING SYSTEM PY - 1983/07 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 3-21 AB - This paper reports an initial effort to determine the accuracy and reliability of a passive alcohol detector which collects air from in front of the face of a driver and detects alcohol in the expired air. The passive alcohol sensor (PAS) was developed in Japan through the Honda Motor Company. The device is baton-shaped, 20 inches long, and made of plastic. It weighs 4 pounds when filled with batteries. Because the PAS device collects environmental as well as expired air, it can never be as accurate as the active breath testers which collect only the expired air of the suspect. On the other hand, it involves significantly less intrusion since it does not require the individual to put a collector in his mouth or to actively blow into the unit. Since it involves little intrusion and since a large number of tests can be collected rapidly, it can have an important role in permitting the use in the United States of the "chemistry-based" systems of enforcement, whereby all drivers are stopped at sobriety checkpoints or roadblocks and all required to take a breath test. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Legal factors KW - Passive alcohol sensors KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204717 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387791 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Studdard, R C AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - TESTING THE IMPAIRED DRIVER: THE LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT PY - 1983/07 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 22-24 AB - This article describes a standard field sobriety test battery (FST) developed by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). The FST enables an officer at the roadside not only to detect impairment but also in many cases to determine the exact cause of the impairment, whether alcohol or other drugs. Since the drug evaluation training program was initiated, the LAPD has experienced an increase in DUI-drug arrests and a decrease in the amount of time officers spend in court. Currently, very few of the cases handled by a fully trained officer are contested. As a result, the LAPD officers assigned to DUI enforcement are able to spend more time on the street looking for impaired drivers. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Arrests KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Legal factors KW - Police KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387787 AU - Dille, J R AU - Booze, C F AU - Civil Aerospace Medical Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE 1980 AND 1981 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF CIVIL AIRMEN WITH SELECTED VISUAL PATHOLOGY PY - 1983/07 SP - 9 p. AB - In studies of the 1974-76 accident experience of U.S. general aviation pilots with static physical defects, all the significantly increased rates and ratios were for visual defect categories--blindness or absence of either eye, deficient distant vision, deficient color vision with no operational limitations, and contact lenses. A 1979 study was limited to accident airmen with 19 visual deficiencies. The 1,140 pilots with aphakia and 173 with artificial lens implants had significantly higher rates, but the monocular pilots and contact lens users did not. The present study examined the 1980-81 accident experience of 4,169 monocular pilots, 1,299 with amblyopia, 969 with aphakia, 285 with lens implants, 118 with a history of diplopia, 1,269 with a tropia, 2,601 with hyperphoria more than 1 diopter, and 2,711 with esophoria or exophoria more than 6 diopters by class of medical certificate held. Numbers were too small for statistical treatment, but first and second class medical certificate holders, who often have more accidents per 1,000 airmen, consistently had progressively lower accident rates per 100,000 hours. They fly more. Monocular, aphakic, lens implant, and amblyopic accident airmen had higher accident rates than did the total airman population. Bases were found to question the value and adequacy of phoria and field of vision testing. KW - Air pilots KW - Airline pilots KW - Contact lenses KW - Crash rates KW - Monocular individuals KW - Vision KW - Vision characteristics KW - Visually impaired persons UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am83-18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387747 AU - Hendtlass, J AU - VICTORIA POLICE AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - DRIVING WITH DRUGS IN VICTORIA AND NORTHERN IRELAND PY - 1983/07 SP - 99 p. AB - This report describes the use of alcohol and medication reported by weekend, night-time drivers surveyed at random by Police in Victoria, Australia and Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. In Melbourne 5.3% of these drivers had used alcohol, 8.4% had used medication and 12.7% had used alcohol and medication or both. These figures were 2.1%, 2.6% and 3.7% respectively for drivers in rural Victoria. In Belfast, they were 1.5%, 5.5% and 6.6% respectively. Differences between Melbourne and Belfast in the frequency of alcohol and medication use by drivers were generally consistent with differences in published data relating to use of alcohol and medication in the two communities. Prescription drug use was reported up to six times more frequently than use of over-the-counter preparations. The community and existing drug control agencies therefore need to co-operate with Road Safety organisations in developing new countermeasures against driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Medicine KW - Night KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201173 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387795 JO - South African Medical Journal PB - Medical Association of South Africa AU - Newlands, G AU - Medical Association of South Africa TI - MOTORCYCLING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY--AN UNSTUDIED EPIDEMIC PY - 1983/07 VL - 64 IS - 30 SP - p. 155-158 AB - South Africa has the highest motorcycle accident and associated casualty rate in the world. In dealing with the problem South Africa lags far behind other countries where rider training programmes have had astonishing success. Accident statistics, problems relating to motorcycling and protective clothing are discussed. Recommendations are made which if implemented should reduce the accident and casualty rate by at least 50%; this indicates the size of the problem in this neglected field of automotive preventive medicine. KW - Crash rates KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Safety KW - South Africa KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387710 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAD AND NECK INJURY CRITERIA. A CONSENSUS WORKSHOP PY - 1983/07 SP - 253 p. AB - This publication contains the proceedings of a consensus workshop on head and neck injury criteria held in Washington, D.C., March 26-27, 1981. Evaluations of existing national and international criteria and reviews of head/neck injury mechanisms were completed. This effort provided the basis of recommendations for what type work must be done to improve the scientific merit of injury criteria now in use as the basis for standards and regulations. Attendees included scientists and other individuals from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Sweden, Germany and Japan, representing major universities, government agencies and manufacturers. The most important fact that emerged was the recognition of a serious mismatch now occurring between the quantity and quality of "engineering" and "medical" data being collected in various studies. The development of interagency collaborative programs was suggested to correct this situation. Participants also noted the doubtful applicability of the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) to noncontact head injuries, its inaccurate extrapolation temporally at both ends, and its failure to address the problem of brain injuries caused by rotational acceleration or associated with the occurrence of skull fractures due to contact phenomena when stresses in excess of the fracture limit are achieved. It was also recognized that currently suggested criteria for neck injury are weak and that much more work needs to be done on neck and head/neck interface injury problems, specifics of which are given in the proceedings. KW - Biophysics KW - Data collection KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Interagency relations KW - Neck KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201139 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386625 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - O'Day, J AU - Filkins, L D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ATTITUDES TOWARD WEARING BELTS: A SURVEY OF MICHIGAN DRIVERS PY - 1983/07 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-8 AB - A sampling survey of Michigan drivers collected information on their use of seat belts and their opinions about seat belt wearing. The data, analyzed at UMTRI, produced several findings relevant for policymakers. For example, 50 percent of Michigan drivers worry that if they wear a seat belt, it may trap them in the car after a crash (when actually the very opposite is probable). That and other significant findings are discussed. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Entrapment KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386627 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Hansen, C S AU - Wolfe, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - COSTS OF DEER-RELATED AUTOMOTIVE ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/07 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-12 AB - A sample survey of Michigan drivers involved in deer-related automotive accidents was used to estimate the direct costs of such accidents in property damage and injuries. The estimated average cost per accident was $651. In 1981 the 21,242 deer-related accidents in Michigan constituted 7 percent of all police-reported accidents and resulted in total direct costs estimated at more than $17 million. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203972 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386745 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - ZADOR, P L AU - American Public Health Association TI - HOW EFFECTIVE ARE DAYTIME MOTORCYCLE HEADLIGHT USE LAWS? PY - 1983/07 VL - 73 IS - 7 SP - p. 808 AB - In 1981 H.H. Hurt et al concluded in a study of motorcycle accidents that "headlamps-on in daytime is a highly effective countermeasure for increasing conspicuity and reducing crashes". In a recent study, A. Muller attempted to determine the effectiveness of 17 mandatory daytime headlight-use laws that are currently in force in the United States. Muller's findings were that current daytime headlight use laws are either ineffective or of marginal effectiveness. This article refutes Muller's findings. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386755 AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - 1982 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1983/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This annual publication is a study of the data compiled and developed from an analysis of the motor vehicle traffic accidents for all street and highway systems in North Dakota. This data is received from reports submitted by law enforcement agencies in their investigations of all traffic accidents resulting in death, personal injury, or property damage of $400 or more during 1982. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - North Dakota KW - Statistics KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386042 AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Pettis, L C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1980 (VERSION JUNE 26, 1983) PY - 1983/07 SP - 111 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1980. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, 81.4% of the FARS medium and heavy trucks were found to be correctly classified. The 5,058 vehicles confirmed as medium and heavy trucks were divided into 1,350 straight trucks and 3,634 tractors. Of the latter, 3,495 were combination vehicles. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highways KW - Medium trucks KW - Safety and security KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385130 AU - Scott, R E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS AND MOTORCYCLE INJURIES--A REVIEW PY - 1983/07 SP - 48 p. AB - This report provides information on the relationship between motorcycle helmet laws and usage, describes more than a decade of motorcycle accident experience in Michigan, and examines the relation between helmet usage and the cost of injury and the incidence and severity of injuries to the head, face, and neck. Several states have repealed or weakened their helmet laws in the past eight years and studies of the consequences have been conducted in a number. The results of such studies in Colorado, Kansas, South Dakota, and Louisiana are reviewed. In each state, helmet usage dropped, typically to near 50 percent. Fatality rates increased as did the incidence of serious to fatal head injury. A description of the fatal accident experience of Michigan over the last twelve years is provided, along with a study of all motorcycle accidents which have occurred from 1978 through 1982. The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) provides nationally representative information on traffic accidents that includes detailed injury descriptors and the costs of trauma as measured by length of hospital stay and days work lost. The consequences of motorcycle accidents as they are related to helmet use is evaluated using the NASS data of 1980 and 1981. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Face KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Neck KW - Passenger transportation KW - Safety and security KW - Severity KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385557 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Department of Energy TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, WINTER 1982-83 PY - 1983/07 SP - 67 p. AB - Analytical data for 1,330 samples of motor gasoline, were collected from service stations throughout the country and were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies. The data were submitted to the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center for study, necessary calculations, and compilation under a cooperative agreement between the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (BETC) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). The samples represent the products of 28 companies, large and small, which manufacture and supply gasoline. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts into which the country is divided. A map included in this report, shows marketing areas, districts and sampling locations. The report also includes charts indicating the trends of selected properties of motor fuels since winter 1959-60 survey for the leaded gasolines, and since winter 1979-80 survey for the unleaded gasolines. Sixteen octane distribution percent charts for areas 1, 2, 3, and 4 for unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 90.0, unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 90.0 and above, leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 93.0, and leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 93.0 and above grades of gasoline are presented in this report. The antiknock (octane) index (R+M)/2 averages of gasoline sold in this country were 87.3 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.5 for unleaded 90.0 and above, and 89.1 for leaded below 93.0, and no data was reported in this report for leaded gasolines with an antiknock index (R+M)/2 93.0 and above. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Markets KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385792 AU - Olson, P L AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Three M Company TI - NIGHTTIME LEGIBILITY OF LICENSE PLATES PY - 1983/07 SP - 27 p. AB - This study evaluated the legibility of license plates under field viewing conditions. The independent variables were: plate background luminance, legend luminance, glare, and subject age. The plates were mounted on the front and rear of a vehicle and the subjects were driven slowly past, pressing buttons to indicate legibility distance. The results indicate a general superiority for fully reflectorized plates, especially under conditions of glare. The older subjects, in particular, seemed to benefit from the highly reflective plates. KW - Backgrounds KW - Glare KW - Legend KW - Legibility KW - License plates KW - Luminous intensity KW - Night KW - Reflectorized materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385578 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Schneider, M A AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - BOOZE, DRIVING AND REALITY PY - 1983/07 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 13-14 AB - The author emphasizes the individual's responsibility to be informed about alcohol use, misuse, and alcoholism, and in the individual's major role in the prevention of alcohol misuse. Children must be told of the scientific and medical dangers of alcohol misuse. Peer counseling must be developed. Organizations such as MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Drivers), SADD (Students Against Drunk Driving) and the Orange County Trauma Society should be supported. The local chapters of the National Council on Alcoholism also need community support. This article also discusses BAL (blood alcohol levels) and the body's tolerance of the effects of alcohol consumption. Breathalyzers in bars and other public places are discussed. It is noted that most DUI (driving under the influence) offenders are alcoholics--a fact that requires consideration and treatment. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Students Against Drunk Driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385127 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Landauer, A A AU - HOWAT, P AU - Taylor & Francis TI - LOW AND MODERATE ALCOHOL DOSES, PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AND PERCEIVED DROWSINESS PY - 1983/07 VL - 26 IS - 7 SP - p. 647-657 AB - To investigate the role of alcohol on reaction time, performance errors and perceived drowsiness, 26 subjects were tested on a step input tracking task combined with a divided attention test. In four sessions in which varying amounts of alcohol were consumed it was found that as the mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rose from 0 to 0.073 the number of errors increased significantly. Also, subjects reported being drowsy for at least 3 hours after drinking moderate amounts of alcohol (mean BAC, 0.050 to 0.073). The results of the study are discussed in relation to alcohol induced driving impairment. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385298 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Juniper, R G AU - Good, M C AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - AN ANALYSIS OF MOTORCYCLE DISC BRAKE DYNAMICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VARIABLE CHARACTERISTIC MOTORCYCLE BRAKE SYSTEM PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 130-133 AB - The physical performance of motorcycle braking systems has been the subject of both scientific study and government regulation in recent years. The task of applying the brakes on a motorcycle during an emergency stop is quite demanding, requiring as it does the independent modulation of front and rear braking effort so as to avoid wheel lock-up and consequent loss of directional control. However, very little information is available in the literature as to how the difficulty, or otherwise, of the braking task is related to the brake system characteristics. The motorcycle accident literature shows that riders typically do not make full use of the braking capacity of their machines, the front brake being especially underutilized. In view of this, and the relatively high frequency and severity of motorcycle accidents, the relationship between brake system "feel" properties and rider/cycle braking performance is a topic requiring urgent experimental investigation. To enable such experimentation to be preformed efficiently, a variable brake control gradient (VBCG) motorcycle has been developed and is described in this paper. KW - Brake capacity KW - Brake controllers KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Disc brakes KW - Motorcycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203170 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385300 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Unda, J AU - Gimenez, J G AU - Jalon, J G AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF ROAD VEHICLES PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 148-151 AB - This paper presents the application of a computer method developed by the authors and their colleagues for the kinematic and dynamic analysis of plane mechanism, to the analysis and simulation of road vehicle suspensions. For this purpose, some improvements and new capabilities have been added to the original method described previously. In the follow-up a very general description of the method is given, and after that, these particular new characteristics are described in greater detail. Finally, an example of a car suspension is presented. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Kinematics KW - Simulation KW - Suspension systems KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203172 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385729 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - D'Arcy, C AU - Bold, G AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL AND DRUG DEPENDENCY IN SASKATCHEWAN, 1969-1974 PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 630-646 AB - The demographic characteristics and the trends in health care utilization of alcohol- and drug-dependent residents of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan from 1969 to 1974 are examined. KW - Alcoholism KW - Canada KW - Demographics KW - Drugs KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203404 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385731 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Moberg, D P AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - IDENTIFYING ADOLESCENTS WITH ALCOHOL PROBLEMS. A FIELD TEST OF THE ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT SCALE PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 701-721 AB - A modified version of the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS) was administered in a telephone survey and in a longitudinal study. Results indicated acceptable reliability and validity in the AAIS but scores may be unstable in the long run because of the transient nature of alcohol misuse among many adolescents. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203406 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385139 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Laue, C AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - YOUTHS AND DRUNK DRIVING: AN INDUSTRY REACHES OUT PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 26-31 AB - The National Association of Insurance Women (NAIW) associations have pioneered drinking and driving awareness programs for teens in nearly 20 states. They have also sponsored art, essay and editorial contests on drinking and driving in high schools. Speakers bureaus, drinking and driving awareness programs in shopping malls and letter-writing campaigns have also been organized. This article focuses on some of the views on drinking and driving expressed by the teenagers in these campaigns, and describes some of the joint activities of the NAIW and the Insurance Information Institute (I.I.I). A survey shows that more than 90 percent of the teenagers have been touched by an automobile accident involving alcohol. The views expressed by the students clearly show that they are concerned about the problem. The joint NAIW/I.I.I. campaign has several dimensions and involves the use of proven communications techniques to help young drivers develop responsible attitudes and habits as part of the multi-year program. While the projects are part of a National Campaign, the program is being carred out at the local level by chapters of the NAIW. Experiences in some local areas are briefly described. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Awareness KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High schools KW - Insurance industry KW - Programs KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385576 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Smith, M F AU - Calvin, R M AU - Crabb, O AU - Maryott, D W AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - HOW SHOULD DRIVER EDUCATION BE EVALUATED? PY - 1983/07 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 2 p. AB - Attempts are made to answer the question of driver education evaluation by four safety education officers. A National Highway Traffic Safety Administration officer observes that design of the evaluatory procedure should be based on the answers to four questions: what are you evaluating? why is the evaluation performed? how should the evaluation be performed? how will the evaluation be performed? Currently, driver education requires different evaluation designs with different impact criteria. The Highway Users Federation officer notes that there are many ways of evaluation. After the 1966 Highway Safety Act, safety as measured by accident reduction, became the mandated criterion for High School Driver Education evaluation. However, accident reduction should be balanced against other effectiveness criteria which reflect societal values and the demands of the highway transportation system. Evaluations should also be sensitive to program constraints. A Maryland State Department of Education officer observes that any evaluation should consider four questions: should teens be required to take driver education? is the public willing to pay for driver education? does driver education improve performance? and is the program cost effective? A New York State Department of Motor Vehicles officer notes that ability to avoid collisions should be the bottom line of any evaluatory scheme. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Criteria KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Personnel performance KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385294 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - RILL, G AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - THE INFLUENCE OF CORRELATED RANDOM ROAD-EXCITATION PROCESSES ON VEHICLE VIBRATIONS PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 50-54 AB - An improved mathematical description of the interaction between vehicle and roads requires complexity in vehicle modeling as well as in road modeling. As the equations of motion for systems with many degrees of freedom can be derived from computerized algorithms, see Kreuzer, a good approximation to real vehicle dynamics is possible. The modeling of the road unevennesses, however, is mostly simplified to independent random excitation processes. In this paper a special kind of shape filter approach is presented, which takes all correlations between the road-excitation processes on a two- or multi-axle vehicle into consideration. To show the influence of correlated random road-excitation processes on vehicle vibrations, the vehicle is modeled as a multibody system with 19 degrees of freedom, and the road unevennesses are described by first order shape filters. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Interaction KW - Mathematical models KW - Stochastic processes KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385296 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - GOEL, V K AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - DYNAMICS AND HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE TRACK VEHICLES DURING BRAKING AND ACCELERATION PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 59-64 AB - This paper presents mathematical models (vehicle model and tire model) to study the dynamic behavior and vehicle handling characteristics of single track vehicles during braking and acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mathematical models KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Scooters KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385750 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - DRUG MISUSE AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS AMONG THE ELDERLY PY - 1983/07 SP - 19 p. AB - Drug misuse among the elderly is a serious and increasing problem, and has major economic as well as medical consequences. The reasons for drug misuse include lack of physician awareness of appropriate geriatric drug administration, negligence on the part of the elderly patient in their self-administration of drugs, and the fact that drugs are often not manufactured, tested or monitored taking into account the unique problems of the elderly patient. This briefing paper provides some insights into what can be done to reduce the incidence of drug-related problems. It specifically reviews the regulatory activities of the Food and Drug Administration. KW - Aged KW - Drugs KW - Medicine KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199637 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385551 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Callen, K AU - Public Health Service TI - THE SECRETARY'S CONFERENCE FOR YOUTH ON DRINKING AND DRIVING: SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1983/07 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - p. 336-343 AB - Part of a Department of Health and Human Services initiative against teenage alcohol abuse, a national Conference for Youth on Drinking and Driving--held March 26-28, 1983 in Chevy Chase, Maryland--brought together more than 300 high school student delegates and school superintendents from every State and Territory. The conference spotlighted successful programs that students around the country have undertaken to promote sober driving--programs that incorporate these key principles: (a) they rely almost solely on peer leadership "by students for students"; (b) they employ a "holistic" approach to health promotion, emphasizing self-esteem and alternatives to alcohol and drug abuse; and (c) they use the resources of the whole community. Working with student leaders of these model programs, conference delegates devised ways to launch similar programs in their own schools and communities and to enlist help from parents, teachers, lawmakers, the media, and business and civic groups. The Department of Health and Human Services plans to hold similar conferences annually, to mobilize future generations of students against drunk driving. KW - Adolescents KW - Conferences KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety programs KW - Students KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385554 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - SAVKOOR, A R AU - Pacejka, H B AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - A THEORY OF ROLLING TYRE CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY AND WET ROADS PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 67-70 AB - It is a well established fact that the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles in the plane of primary motion is sensitive to variations in contact forces generated by tyres on dry and specially on wet roads. In this paper we will present a general formulation of an analysis of rolling tyre characteristics based upon the Green's function approach. In any such attempt to quantify tyre characteristics, one is confronted with two formidable complementary problems. The first one is to obtain an adequately accurate model of the elastic structural response of the tyre; the second is that of modelling the elusive frictional behaviour, of both dry and wet roads. In the sequel we will mainly focus our attention on the former aspect and consider the latter in a simplified manner, mainly to illustrate its influence on the accuracy demanded of structural modelling and consequently on the tyre characteristics. A major objective of the present work is to evaluate the applicability of the Green's function approach as a practical design tool to discern the effects of tyre design features and operating variables. This is justified in view of the several simplifying assumptions which are introduced to make the problem tractable. KW - Design KW - Friction KW - Pavements KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tires KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203281 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385555 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - SAITO, Y AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - A SIMULATION STUDY OF MANEUVERABILITY OF VEHICLE PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 115-119 AB - In the field of vehicle handling research many and various investigations have been devoted to evaluate driver-vehicle system performance. However, no generally accepted test procedures have been evolved from the past research efforts. This paper proposes a method for evaluating objective and fundamental maneuverability of the vehicle by a simulation study of lane-change maneuvers. As the most important handling qualities of the vehicle in cruising on the roads, there could be considered three aspects; (1) keeping the vehicle with ease on the centerline of the road in fast straight running, (2) conducting lane-changing maneuvers quickly and safely and (3) making a rapid 90 degree turn smoothly at the corners. No doubt the first of them is mainly concerned with the directional stability and both the second and the third are closely related to the controllability of the vehicle. In this paper, the second aspect of vehicle handling, that is, a double lane-change maneuver is selected to evaluate the maneuverability of a motor vehicle. KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lane changing KW - Maneuverability KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385135 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - MacKay, M AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - REDUCING CAR CRASH INJURIES: FOLKLORE, SCIENCE AND PROMISE PY - 1983/07 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 27-32 AB - This article discusses the relationship between the design of vehicles, both interior and exterior, and the injuries caused in crashes. This particular science has come to be known as biomechanics. It shows that the majority of deaths and injuries now occurring can be prevented by correct, crash-protective design. Among those topics included in the discussion are pedestrians, historical perspectives on crash protection, seat belts, head restraints, windscreen glass, general aspects of crash-protective design, legislation, innovation and product liability, and the future. KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Exteriors KW - Future concepts KW - Headrests KW - History KW - Injuries KW - Innovation KW - Interior KW - Legislation KW - Liability KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrians KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385719 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Koepke, B J AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - TRUCK DRIVER TRAINING AT NORTH AMERICAN VAN LINE PY - 1983/07 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 2 p. AB - This article describes the truck driver training program at North American Van Lines (NAVL), Ft. Wayne, Indiana. The program is fast-moving and challenging. Students range in age from 21 to 60, are both male and female, and come from all walks of life. The training program includes classroom instruction and road tests, followed by a five day road trip which covers about 1100 miles. When students return from the road trip, they spend one-half day in a class on business management and one-half day on basic tractor maintenance. The following Monday they sign their contracts with NAVL, pick up their tractors and trailers, and receive the dispatch for their first load. KW - Driver training KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385295 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - LUGNER, P AU - Lorenz, R AU - Schindler, E AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - THE CONNECTION OF THEORETICAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTS IN PASSENGER AND CAR DYNAMICS PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 55-58 AB - Only by a close connection between theory and experiment the whole advantages of simulation in vehicle dynamics research and development can be fully utilized. After the theoretical models and their validity limits are verified by experiments with a test car, the effects, e.g. of design modifications of different vehicle components, can be investigated significantly. On the other hand test bench experiments are also very essential in respect to the establishment of the theoretical model and the determination of proper data. So to get useful results the test bench experiments, determination of data, the calculation by a theoretical model and the test car measurements have to be united, a fact which causes a variety of problems. A simulation taking into account a great amount of details will be qualified to show the essential features in this connection. The demand to simulate any combined input of the driver by steering and braking or accelerating sets the main frame for the theoretical model. Furthermore locking up or spinning of the wheels, driving on an arbitrary inclined road and extreme driving situations have to be taken into account. KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Kinematics KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Passenger dynamics KW - Simulation KW - Test vehicles KW - Theoretical studies KW - Theory KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385302 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - SHARP, R S AU - Giles, C G AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - MOTORCYCLE FRONT WHEEL PATTER IN HEAVY BRAKING PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 159-160 AB - A common problem with motorcycles of conventional design is pattering of the front wheel under braking levels which are usual in racing and sometimes employed on the road. This not only causes discomfort to the rider, but brings substantial limitation to the deceleration which can be achieved, and directional control problems if, as is usual, the braking accompanies, or immediately precedes, a turning manoeuvre. The mechanics of this phenomenon appear similar to those of axle tramping vibrations, and the paper describes a mathematical model of the system, the purposes of which are (a) to reproduce the behaviour of interest, and (b) to reveal the system stability as a function of its design. The model solution is by digital simulation, and the behaviour is shown by time histories of the significant variables. KW - Braking KW - Deceleration KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Front wheels KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Pattering KW - Vehicle front end KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203174 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385626 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Voas, R B AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - TO REDUCE DRUNK DRIVING: A BOLD, NEW ENFORCEMENT INITIATIVE IS REQUIRED PY - 1983/07 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - A brief historical review of state drinking and driving laws is given, along with a review of drunk driving law enforcement in Norway, Sweden, Britain, France and Australia. A chemistry-based enforcement system, similar to airline inspections where everyone without exception is checked is proposed. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Chemical tests KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police powers KW - Psychological aspects KW - Roadside testing KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203349 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385728 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Crowley, T J AU - Weisbard, C AU - Hydinger-MacDonald, M J AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - PROGRESS TOWARD INITIATING AND MAINTAINING HIGH-DOSE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MONKEY SOCIAL GROUPS PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 569-590 AB - Monkeys in a social group drank sufficient alcohol to develop physical dependence, but it was not demonstrated that alcohol reinforced the drinking. Possible protocols for inducing sustained high-dose, alcohol-reinforced alcohol drinking in monkey social groups are proposed. KW - Animals KW - Experiments KW - Intoxication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203403 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385293 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Palmkvist, G AU - Nordstrom, O AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - HYBRID LABORATORY TEST METHOD FOR ANTI-LOCK SYSTEMS PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 45-49 AB - Testing of anti-lock systems on a test track implies for economical and safety-related reasons a strong limitation of the number of tests that can be performed. The difficulty of obtaining desired and consistent test conditions is also considerable. A pure computer simulation requires a correct mathematical description of the anti-lock system, which can be difficult to obtain and very time consuming and expensive to program. It is also a considerable drawback that no hardware is actually tested in the simulation. The problems of the two methods mentioned above can be largely eliminated with a hybrid method where the most important components from anti-lock system testing point of view are actually used in the test by integrating them in a computer-simulated test. Such a method which has been tested with good results is presented in this paper. Hybrid simulation of this type has been used before in anti-lock research. New in this context is to our knowledge the evaluation of steerability and stability in addition to braking efficiency and the use of pure digital simulation. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Hybrid simulation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Wheel lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385552 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - PREM, H AU - Good, M AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - A RIDER-LEAN STEERING MECHANISM FOR MOTORCYCLE CONTROL PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 29-32 AB - This article relates experiments in which riders with a wide range of skill performed a variety of steering tasks on an instrumented motorcycle. Observation of the data suggested a strong coupling between the steering and lean inputs applied by riders, especially for less skilled ones. This observation led to a re-examination of a previous model proposed by D.H. Weir in a Ph.D Thesis, and to the development of an alternative model, which is described in this paper. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Steering KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203279 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385553 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - CROLLA, D A AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - THE STEERING BEHAVIOUR OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 39-42 AB - This article explains why the steering and handling behavior of off-road vehicles has to date received little attention. It then describes mathematical models which have been developed to predict the handling performance of various types of off-road vehicles. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mathematical models KW - Steering KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203280 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385726 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Babor, T F AU - Treffardier, M AU - Weill, J AU - Fegueur, L AU - Ferrant, J P AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - THE EARLY DETECTION AND SECONDARY PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM IN FRANCE PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 600-616 AB - The conceptual foundation and structural development of a major secondary prevention program established in France to screen, diagnose and treat persons in the prodromal stages of alcoholism are described. Also discussed are the application and validity of a simple examination procedure used to identify alcoholics in this program. KW - Alcoholism KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - France KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203401 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385734 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - BARANCIK, J I AU - Chatterjee, B F AU - Greene, Y C AU - Michenzi, E M AU - Fife, D AU - American Public Health Association TI - NORTHEASTERN OHIO TRAUMA STUDY: I. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM PY - 1983/07 VL - 73 IS - 7 SP - p. 746-751 AB - This study measured the incidence of cause-specific trauma in the Cleveland and Lorain-Elyria Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs), population 2.2 million, as reported to hospital emergency departments (ED). Cases were selected according to a stratified probability sampling plan (N equals 9268). The participating hospitals accounted for 97.6 percent of 903,346 ED visits in 1977; 52 percent of these visits were for trauma (ICDA-8 E800-E999). The trauma incidence rate was 197 per 1,000 population. The six leading causes of injury were: falls, 24.4 percent; cut/piercing injury, 14.2 percent; striking or struck by object, 13.8 percent; motor vehicle collisions (MVC), 11.6 percent; overexertion strain, 8.2 percent; and assault, 4.3 percent. Only falls, MVCs, and assaults were leading causes of both injury and death. The injury incidence rates for vehicular crashes and assault were 1.4 and 3.8 times higher, respectively, than the official incidence rates for these SMSAs. These differences point to a significant underreporting of data needed for public health decision making. Because data were not collected on cases treated outside the participating hospitals, the incidence rates reported here represent a conservative estimate of the magnitude of the problem. KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Public health KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203408 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385133 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - KANELLAIDIS, G AU - Abacoumkin, C AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - PERCEPTIONS OF SAFETY OF INTERCITY TRAVEL MODES USING FACTOR ANALYSIS METHODS PY - 1983/07 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - p. 411-418 AB - The scope of this article is to present ongoing research that, among others, has the aim to analyse and quantify the safety variable. The objectives of the research are to (1) measure the perceived safety of intercity travel modes; (2) identify the performance measures (perceived dimensions) using factor analysis methods; and (3) validate the measurement using a linear regression model. KW - Factor analysis KW - Intercity transportation KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Travel by mode KW - Travel modes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203094 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385140 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - A ROLE FOR PRODUCERS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 32-33 AB - This article holds that the key to fighting drunk driving effectively is a sustained effort to make the public aware of the problem and its costs to society. Insurance producers can play an important role in making drinking and driving unacceptable. The Insurance Information Institute has been working with property/casualty insurers on a full-scale program to fight drunk driving. To help insurance producers join the effort, the institute has assembled a kit designed for agents and company representatives who want to attack the problem locally. It will help producers educate the public about the high cost of drunk driving. A 15-minute motion picture is also offered. Arrangements can also be made for public service announcements on television. In an effort to educate government, industry and organizational leaders, an international symposium was held, and presentations from that symposium have been the basis of a publication. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Insurance industry KW - Motion pictures KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385297 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - NISONGER, R L AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - INFLUENCE OF SELF-STEERING AXLES ON THE DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 93-96 AB - Application of self-steering axles to heavy vehicles in an effort to decrease tire wear and increase low-speed maneuverability has the potential to degrade the high-speed directional stability of the vehicle. This degradation comes from the axle developing a steer angle in response to lateral force or aligning torque in such a way as to reduce tire slip angle and thus reduce the lateral force generated at the steerable axle. The effect of replacing a fixed axle with one that possesses a passive self-steering mechanism is investigated analytically using a computer simulation. Variations in parameters of the steering mechanism itself and in the axle location on the vehicle are examined to evaluate their influence on both high- and low-speed maneuvering. KW - Axles KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Directional response KW - Directivity pattern KW - Low speed KW - Maneuverability KW - Self-steering KW - Simulation KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203169 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385304 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Sayers, M AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - DYNAMIC PAVEMENT/WHEEL LOADING FOR TRUCKS WITH TANDEM SUSPENSIONS PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 171-172 AB - This paper presents measurements of the vertical loads imposed on the road by a heavy commercial vehicle with tandem suspensions, and also the vehicle ride accelerations induced by roughness. Measured characteristics of the vibrations are compared with those predicted using a two degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle model. KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tandem suspensions KW - Texture KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vertical loads KW - Vibration KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203176 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385556 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - SHARP, R S AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - THE STABILITY AND CONTROL OF PIVOT-FRAMED TRICYCLES PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 165-166 AB - This paper is an account of a mathematical model based in assumptions which run parallel to those which have become accepted for the motorcycle. The model is restricted to the description of small perturbation motions from straight running at constant speed on a flat level road. The equations of motion derived are constant coefficient linear differential equations, and these are manipulated to eigenvalue form. Numerical analysis then yields eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and this stability and modal information is generated and examined for a machine design based on the original B.S.A. layout. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Eigenvalues KW - Linear differential equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Stability analysis KW - Steering KW - Tricycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203283 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385303 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - THOMSON, B AU - Rathgeber, H AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - AUTOMATED SYSTEMS USED FOR RAPID AND FLEXIBLE GENERATION OF VEHICLE SIMULATION MODELS EXEMPLIFIED BY A VERIFIED PASSENGER CAR AND A MOTORCYCLE MODEL PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 166-171 AB - This study treats two systems based on the Newton-Euler formalism which has been developed for building numerical or symbolic equations of motion. To illustrate the different functions and the model range, the procedure to be adopted in model construction is shown for an automobile and a motorcycle model. The models have been verified within detailed test programs by use of standard BMW vehicles which have been equipped with special measuring devices. KW - Automation KW - Automobiles KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Longitudinal movement KW - Motorcycles KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203175 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385627 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Buchanan, L S AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - GETTING ON WITH MOTORCYCLE RIDER EDUCATION PY - 1983/07 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-21 AB - Research provides strong indication that motorcycle rider education is effective in reducing accidents among riders who complete a training course. In fact trained motorcycle riders are underrepresented in accidents by a factor of two. This article reviews two studies funded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) whose conclusions are noted above and mentions the "Motorcycle Rider Education Evaluation Project" also funded by NHTSA. KW - Crash rates KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385781 AU - Hammer, J B AU - Smith, R N AU - Tye, E J AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FREEWAY FATAL ACCIDENTS 1982 PY - 1983/07 SP - 51 p. AB - There were 702 fatal traffic accidents on California freeways during 1982. These resulted in the death of 797 people. This is a decrease of 17% in fatal accidents and 18% in fatalities from 1981. Freeway travel during the same time increased 2% to approximately 70 billion vehicle miles. The 17% drop in fatal accidents is the second largest one-year drop experienced in recent decades. The biggest decrease was the 38% reduction in 1974, which has been attributed in large part to imposition in January 1974 of the 55 mph speed limit. The 1982 fatality rate of 1.14 persons killed per 100 mvm of travel is exactly the same as the 1974 rate. The reasons for the decrease in 1982 are unknown, but is thought by some to be related somehow to the economic recession. Reductions were rather uniform across the various accident types and no one accident category accounts for a majority of the reduction. Fatal accidents are categorized by type of accidents, fixed object struck, location and probable cause of rollovers, movement or location of rear-end accidents, time of occurrence, environmental conditions, age of driver, and type of vehicle. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Age KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed object KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Rear end crashes KW - Recession KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199667 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385124 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Nunn, A S AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - HERE COME THE BIG TRUCKS PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 10-15 AB - The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 forces all states to allow bigger, heavier trucks on a 181,000-mile network of highways designated by the Federal Highway Administration. The deadline for states to implement the new rules was April 1983. The trucking provisions of the act set off an outcry in some states. The ongoing debate involves issues of politics, economics and highway safety. This article discusses some of these issues. KW - Double trailers KW - Economics KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Politics KW - State government KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385730 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - McKenna, T AU - Pickens, R AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALCOHOLIC CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 688-700 AB - Among 1929 alcoholics, the number of alcoholic biological parents was directly related to elevations on MMPI measures of psychopathology, especially aggression. Subjects with only alcoholic fathers did not differ from subjects with only alcoholic mothers, nor did the personality measures reveal any sex-of-child by sex-of-alcoholic-parent interactions. KW - Aggression KW - Alcoholism KW - Children KW - Parents KW - Personality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203405 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385732 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Humphrey, J A AU - Stephens, V AU - Allen, D F AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - RACE, SEX, MARIHUANA USE AND ALCOHOL INTOXICATION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS PY - 1983/07 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 733-738 AB - In college students, alcohol intoxication was more frequent in men than in women, in Whites than in Blacks and in White women than in Black women. The difference between White and Black men was negligible. Only gender differences were noted in marihuana use. KW - Gender KW - Intoxication KW - Marijuana KW - Race KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203407 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385577 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Dunn, L AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - ALCOHOL EDUCATION PROGRAMS: AN EXPANDED VIEW PY - 1983/07 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 11-12 AB - For effectiveness in providing information and experiences to teenagers which will affect their drinking and driving behaviour, educators must become involved with community alcohol programs, colleges and universities and other groups interested in the drinking and driving problems. This article gives a brief description of selected alcohol education programs for teenagers conducted by community organizations. These include the following: the Jaycees youth oriented alcohol education program titled "All in the Family"; the 4-H program titled "Know Your Limits"; and Camp Fire Incorporated's "Horizon In My Pocket". College and University programs in the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and the University of Florida (BACCHUS program) are briefly described. Traffic safety oriented alcohol education programs in schools are also discussed. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Community action programs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety programs KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203303 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385299 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - WILLUMEIT, H-P AU - Kramer, U AU - Rohr, G AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - CLOSED-LOOP SIMULATION OF THE DRIVER-VEHICLE-ROAD SYSTEM PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 141-145 AB - This article describes a driver behaviour model. In this model the free determinable parameters are reduced to reaction time, gain and anticipation. The use of fuzzy sets theory enables a qualitative prediction of driver's uncertain behavior. Additionally, this model allows a simulation of eye-movements which are highly correlated with steering movements. KW - Anticipation KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Feedback control KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Gains KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Profits KW - Reaction time KW - Simulation KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203171 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385301 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Flegl, H AU - Foldi, T AU - Witte, L AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - ABOUT THE HANDLING OF ALL-WHEEL DRIVEN MOTOR CARS PY - 1983/07 VL - 12 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 153-154 AB - This paper presents calculations of the maximum acceleration capacity in transient cornering of an all-wheel driven vehicle with different lay-outs to investigate the influence of axle load distribution, drive torque distribution, and differential(s) locked/unlocked, at various adhesion coefficients. Similar comparative calculations are performed for both front and rear drive configurations. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Four wheel drive KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maximum acceleration KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203173 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382499 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION PY - 1983/07 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Recent advances in automotive engineering have enabled the development of cars with a drag coefficient of 0.15, which is roughly equivalent to that of a jet fighter. Ford Motor Company's aerodynamicly designed car, the Concept 100, is an example of the vast array of advances that can be packaged in a car once aerodynamic design is translated into form. This article describes its sleek exterior features and sophisticated interior features. Its safety features include sonar detection, voice alert, voice command and warning displays, four-wheel anti-skid brakes and an electronically controlled air-suspension system. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Drag KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384517 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT DRINKING AND DRIVING? A SELF EVALUATION FOR TEENAGERS PY - 1983/07 SP - 16 p. AB - This is a test to let teenagers see where they stand on the "danger" scale for drinking and driving. It consists of forty statements describing an attitude teenagers sometimes express about drinking alcohol, driving, or doing both at the same time. The person taking the test is asked to indicate whether he or she strongly agrees, agrees, neither agrees nor disagrees, disagrees, or strongly disagrees with each of the statements. An evaluation of score results is provided along with the results from a survey of about 3,000 high school students who took the test. A brief knowledge test of 16 true or false statements is also included. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Knowledge KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382500 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE THREE-PART GASOLINE ENGINE TUNEUP TESTING PY - 1983/07 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 20-25 AB - This is the second part of a three-part series on gasoline engine tuneup. This part describes internal engine checks which are done by testing vacuum and compression. A step by step procedure is given that should enable the home mechanic to determine if the engine is sound enough to be tuned. KW - Compression tests KW - Engine tuning KW - Gasoline engines KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Test procedures KW - Tune-ups KW - Vacuum UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202476 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384688 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Smith, W S AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - AUTOMOBILE PARKING TRENDS PY - 1983/07 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - p. 431-452 AB - Notable changes affecting parking have occurred during the past decade, changes that affect the actual provision of parking space and changes that have caused parking to become a greater leveraging tool in helping to achieve community objectives. In discussing new policies affecting parking this article examines these topics: policies to reduce or control parking supply; alternatives to parking development; new parking pricing policies; parking enforcement and adjudication; changing parking demands; influence of smaller cars; and operational expenses. The discussion of development mechanisms and financing examines public financing, private sector financing, and public-private venturing. KW - Adjudication KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Communities KW - Compact automobiles KW - Financing KW - Law enforcement KW - Operating costs KW - Parking KW - Parking demand KW - Policy KW - Pricing KW - Small car KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202985 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382498 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - RESPONSIBILITY VS. THE "UNLUCKY" DRIVER PY - 1983/07 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 7 p. AB - This article examines the two extremes in the driver population--those who have repeated accidents and those who never dent a bumper. The research literature reveals that most high-accident drivers have these traits: immature, impulsive, unstable, intolerant of others and anti-authority. The no-accident driver is more mature, more responsible, better adjusted emotionally, has respect for law, and is more goal-oriented. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Behavior KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Personality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202474 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382521 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - OUR CONTINUING BIG PROBLEM--"THE REPEATERS" PY - 1983/07 VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - 7 p. AB - Repeat offenders are responsible for most drunk driving fatalities in America. Investigation discloses that repeat offenders have often escaped punishment because of "loop holes" in our criminal law, judicial leniency or our easy parole system. Actual cases illustrating this are presented in this article. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legislation KW - Repeat offenders KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202492 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382527 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carrier, H AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - TURBO CHARGERS PY - 1983/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - 6 p. AB - This article briefly explains how turbochargers work and gives advice on their maintenance and the reasons for their failure: inadequate lubrication, contaminated lubricants, foreign object damage, restricted air flow and sludge and carbon build up on the wheels, fans and rotors. KW - Failure KW - Lubricants KW - Lubrication KW - Maintenance KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382390 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND SAFETY BELT YOUTH GUIDE PY - 1983/07 SP - 28 p. AB - This guide describes the objectives, strategies and activities addressing the youth alcohol/safety belt problem which is the focus of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's communitywide programs. These programs stimulate joint planning among persons of different technical disciplines (police, doctors, school officials, etc.). The guide offers a brief overview of planning principles that are fundamental to creating a successful program. Five major objectives are outlined for reducing drunk driving and increasing the number of young people using safety belts. The strategies and activities suggested in this guide were formulated from the suggestions and ideas of many young persons and professional. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Community action programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Interdisciplinary KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Planning KW - Rupture envelope KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198433 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381286 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - WHAT CAUSES HAND AND ARM INJURIES? PY - 1983/07 VL - 128 IS - 1 SP - p. 42-45 AB - A comprehensive study of workplace injuries to hands and arms, recently completed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, will help OSHA in developing safety standards, compliance strategy, and training programs designed to reduce on-job injuries. Workers' Compensation reports from 23 states, spanning the period from December 1980 to May 1981, were used to identify the injured workers; a special questionnaire was sent to the workers to obtain the cited information. The accidents, categorized in the two-part study as either hand injuries or amputations, are examined: by industry; nature and/or source of injury; age and sex of worker; conditions or events contributing to the injury; activity of the worker and type of accidents; the use of protective equipment; use of safeguards by workers using fixed machinery; safety practices employed, and, in some cases, the estimated time lost following the injury. The article summarizes the results of the survey. KW - Arm KW - Compliance KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Federal government agencies KW - Hand KW - Injuries KW - Occupational safety KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Workers compensation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201777 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381349 JO - Motor AU - Nelson, R J AU - Hearst Books TI - FIXING CIS HOT START PROBLEMS PY - 1983/07 VL - 160 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - This article is two-fold: First it reviews the basics of Continuous Injection Systems (CIS) and second it shows how one mechanic troubleshoots a CIS hot-start problem. The CIS is used on thousands of domestically built Volkswagens and almost all European imports. KW - Continuous injection system KW - Hot start KW - Hot starts (Driving) KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vapor lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201810 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381368 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PY - 1983/07 VL - 22 IS - 9 SP - 3 p. AB - In this, the second half of an article begun in June 1983, the author takes a comprehensive look at preventive maintenance. He then cites an example that shows that good car care can save you money through savings in both fuel and repair costs. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Engine tuning KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381823 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF SIDE MARKER LAMPS FOR CARS, TRUCKS AND BUSES PY - 1983/07 SP - 177 p. AB - Side marker lamps were installed in cars, trucks, buses, trailers and multipurpose passenger vehicles in response to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108. The purpose of side marker lamps is to enable a driver to see another vehicle that is approaching at an angle at night--and to see it early enough that the driver can stop in time to prevent a collision or, at least, slow down to reduce the severity of the collision. The objectives of this agency staff evaluation are to determine how many accidents, casualties and damages are prevented by side marker lamps and to measure the actual cost of the lamps. The evaluation is based on statistical analyses of North Carolina, Texas and Fatal Accident Reporting System data, a study of travelling speeds in fatal angle collisions, and cost analyses of production lamp assemblies. It was found that: (1) Side marker lamps annually prevent 106,000 accidents, 93,000 nonfatal injuries and $347 million in property damage; (2) The lamps have not been effective in reducing fatalities; and (3) They add $21 (in 1982 dollars) to the lifetime cost of owning and operating a motor vehicle. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash causes KW - Evaluation KW - Lamps KW - Side crashes KW - Side marker lamps KW - Signal face KW - Statistical analysis KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198030 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381829 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - WHAT DOES IT COST TO OWN A CAR? PY - 1983/07 VL - 66 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-18 AB - Most owners think of costs only in terms of outlays for gasoline, oil, fire and tolls. A more careful examination shows that some costs occur whether or not the vehicle is driven, while others are directly related to the amount of travel. The travel-related group is generally referred to as operating costs and the other group as ownership costs. This article explains how to calculate ownership costs (which include depreciation, insurance, registration and titling fees, scheduled maintenance and any taxes applied to these items) and operating costs (repairs and maintenance, gasoline, oil, tires, parking, tolls, and the taxes applied to these items). KW - Analysis KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381839 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Yanai, T AU - Hitomi, N AU - Higuchi, M AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF VARIABLE RATIO STEERING GEAR PY - 1983/07 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 402-412 AB - This paper examines the geometric relationships between the rack and pinion (sector) gears which compose a variable ratio steering gear, and investigates a universal method for analyzing these gear teeth surfaces. The proposed analytical method was applied to an investigation of a ball and screw type steering system. Various geometric characteristics of the sector tooth surface generated by the plane rack tooth surface were studied. Tooth design characteristics such as undercut limit and tooth profile interference were obtained. KW - Gear teeth KW - Geometric design KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Steering gears KW - Steering systems KW - Surfaces KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381841 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Metz, D AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - ENERGY COST COMPARISON BETWEEN BICYCLES AND CARS FOR URBAN TRAVEL PY - 1983/07 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 442-454 AB - The direct and indirect energy required for urban travel by both bicycles and motor cars were compared. USEPA published mileage estimates and the Urban Driving Cycle were used in the case of motor cars; while for bicycles, a series of test rides were performed. While riding a simulated urban trip, bicycle velocity and pedalling rate were indirectly monitored. When combined with knowledge of the power required for propulsion, these data allowed for the computation of the direct energy used during the bicycle ride. Results show that for urban travel, the bicycle offers an energy saving of more than 90% over that required by the motor car. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Costs KW - Energy consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381311 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS. PART IV: GM CARBURETOR SUBSYSTEMS AND DECELERATION VALVES PY - 1983/07 VL - 160 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-24 AB - This article is part of a series of articles on emission control parts used on 1977-82 General Motors cars and light trucks. Descriptions and maintenance measures follow on the idle-stop solenoid, the electric choke, the primary and secondary vacuum breaks and the deceleration valve, noting that while some of these do not control emissions, their presence on engines came about because of emissions control. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Carburetors KW - Chokes KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration valves KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Light trucks KW - Solenoids KW - Vacuum breaks KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381278 AU - Flora, J D AU - Wolfe, A C AU - O'Day, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - MEDICAID TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INJURY CLAIMS IN MICHIGAN, 1980-1981 PY - 1983/07 SP - 30 p. AB - This is the final report of a project entitled "Analysis of Traffic Injuries in Medicaid Data." The aim of the project was to investigate the Medicaid claims data to determine the number and cost of Medicaid claims resulting from traffic accident injuries in the State of Michigan. The Medicaid Inpatient General Hospital Claims data from 1980 and 1981 were used to determine the number and costs of Medicaid claims resulting from traffic accidents. There were 401 such claims identified in the 1980 data and 298 in the 1981 data. These resulted in Medicaid charges of 1.1 million dollars in 1980 and one million dollars in 1981. The State of Michigan pays forty-nine percent of these costs from state tax revenues (the federal government pays the balance from federal tax revenues). The direct cost to the State of Michigan for Medicaid hospital claims was $545,000 in 1980 and $508,000 in 1981. The average cost per claim was $2770 in 1980 and $3480 in 1981, corresponding to average hospitalizations of 8.9 and 10.2 days, respectively. Medicaid hospital claims resulting from traffic accidents represent a very small part of medicaid hospital expenditures, approximately 0.32 percent. Medicaid also pays only a small part of the medical costs from traffic accident injuries. Michigan's legislature, particularly through the no-fault automobile insurance law, has determined that medical costs from traffic accidents will primarily be paid from private insurance (auto or health). The intent to have the public pay for medical costs of traffic accidents through private auto or health insurance seems to have been largely accomplished. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Health care KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Medicaid KW - Medical costs KW - Personal injury KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197688 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381284 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING OIL CONSUMPTION PROBLEMS PY - 1983/07 VL - 160 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-40 AB - Many vehicle owners assume that the solution to an oil use problem will be expensive. While it's true that repairing some of these can be costly, a great number of oil consumption problems can be fixed inexpensively. Oil loss can occur from internal or external leakage or both. The article covers determination of where leakage is from as well as possible remedies. KW - Automobiles KW - Leakage KW - Oil loss KW - Repairing KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201775 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381367 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - PROPANE: PROVING ITS WORTH AS A FLEET FUEL PY - 1983/07 VL - 22 IS - 9 SP - p. 35-36 AB - After careful study of operating costs, propane was chosen as a fuel for the vans in the Northrop vanpool program established in 1982. Propane is cheaper than gasoline and is cleaner burning. The latter fact means that engine maintenance and emission problems are reduced. The Ford and Dodge vans were converted to propane by installing new carburetion systems and fuel tanks. The tanks installed come in various sizes and vary according to the type of vehicle converted to propane. Vans in the Northrop vanpool carry 35 to 37 gallons of propane. The miles per gallon are 10 to 15 percent less for propane than for gasoline but it is offset by the difference in price between the two fuels. Direct savings of 30 to 35 cents per gallon have been realized using propane instead of gasoline. The initial cost of conversion averages $1,000 per vehicle, and it could be some time before payback is realized. Conversion to propane use is very effective in fleets that do heavy mileage but is not recommended for the average car owner. The question of propane availability is discussed. Northrop installed its own fuelling station on site. Studies showed that propane is safer to use than gasoline because of the type of tank used. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Carburetion KW - Conversion KW - Fuel tanks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Vanpools KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381825 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES COLLISION COVERAGES. INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1983 MODELS PY - 1983/07 SP - 24 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results of the collision coverage loss experience of 1983 model year passenger cars during their first months of availability. The principal findings are: (1) The overall claim frequency for all 1983 models compared to all 1982 models decreased by five percent and the average loss payment per claim increased by six percent, resulting in an unchanged average loss payment per insured vehicle year; (2) Sports and specialty models had the worst collision coverage loss results and station wagons the best. Generally, four-door models had better results than corresponding two-door models and bigger cars better results than smaller ones; (3) There were large variations in the collision coverage loss experience of individual vehicle series, even among cars of the same body style group and size class; (4) The relative mix of exposure by car size changed from 1982 to 1983 with large cars increasing their share. The percentage of the total exposure for 1983 large cars compared to corresponding 1982 models increased from 15 to 24 percent and for small subcompacts decreased from 30 to 23 percent; and (5) Large increases in claim frequencies were noted for 1983 Honda Civics and Accords which were equipped with 2.5 mph bumpers compared to corresponding 1982 models with 5 mph bumpers. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Four door vehicles KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sports cars KW - Station wagons KW - Two door vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198032 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381840 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Takato, M AU - MATSUMOTO, K AU - Hakozaki, T AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - INTERIOR SPACE IN HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK CABS PY - 1983/07 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 430-441 AB - Heavy-duty trucks are often required to incorporate in their cabs sufficient sleeping space to enable the crew to take a rest during long hours of driving. In addition, space must be provided for the driver to move freely inside the cab from his seat to the bed. The cab of a heavy-duty truck must have a spacious area for the crew's comfort and convenience. With a view to improving the comfort of this particular area, the authors have analysed the movements of the driver inside the cab based on a survey of trucks operating on the road. KW - Cab design KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Interior KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380987 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Benson, M AU - National Safety Council TI - IN MOTORCYCLE SAFETY TRAINING--SELF-FUNDING IS THE WAY TO GO PY - 1983/07 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article describes a program that has become known as self-funding motorcycle rider education legislation--voluntary training programs funded by small increases in motorcycle registration or motorcyclist license endorsement fees. At this writing, 12 states have enacted legislation that provide for these programs. KW - Driver training KW - Legislation KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety programs KW - Self-supporting KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197140 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380738 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Bedard, P AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - THE 55-MPH SPEED LIMIT PY - 1983/07 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - p. 67-72 AB - This article argues against the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit. It points out the various justifications which have been offered in support of the 55 limit, including fuel economy and primarily reduction in annual traffic fatalities. These justifications are called "bloated claims" used by "a self-serving government" and data are presented so that the reader can judge for himself. Stating that Ronald Reagan was elected on a platform pledged to eliminating the 55 limit, the author calls upon readers to support an effort to remind him of this by signing an attached postcard which states, among other things, that "the 55-mph limit results in nothing more than the indiscriminate harassment of law-abiding citizens." KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Government policies KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Policy KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380673 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL-IN-PERSPECTIVE PY - 1983/07 VL - 48 IS - 7 SP - 4 p. AB - Different patterns of alcohol abuse are identified and certain aspects of alcohol absorption and its effect on the body are described. Alcohol, which is primarily a depressant, acts on the central nervous system, affecting mood and behavior as well as motor coordination and the thought process. It is also an irritant to the stomach lining. Alcohol absorption in the intestine is extremely rapid, and although the presence of food may delay intoxication, food does not prevent intoxication. The concentration of alcohol in the drink, whether the beverage is carbonated, the consumer's body weight, health, and liver age contribute significantly to the effects of alcohol consumption. The consumption patterns of alcoholics and their health disorders are described. Long-term population studies in the U.S. and abroad have shown that moderate drinkers enjoy good health and longevity. Studies have linked moderate drinking to a lower risk of coronary heart disease--a result, perhaps, of alcohol's ability to raise the level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the blood. However, doctors temper their advice about alcohol to suit patient's individual needs. Studies of alcoholics indicate that people at high risk of alcoholism include not only those with a family history of alcoholism but also those with a history of teetotalism. Normal social drinking is hazardous in two common situations, namely, driving and pregnancy. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Health KW - Intoxication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196963 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380989 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - HERTZ SAFETY SEAT LOANS MAKE IT CLICK FOR YOUNGEST RENT-A-CAR PASSENGERS PY - 1983/07 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - p. 18-19 AB - This article describes a program, started in the summer of 1982 by Hertz, the nation's largest car rental company, whereby it provides child safety seats on a free-loan basis to customers with small children who are going on a fly-and-drive vacation. Besides providing the seats on a loan basis, the company is also encouraging employees who have small children to purchase the seats at company's reduced wholesale price. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Rental cars KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380691 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Abrahamson, D AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - DRIVING IN YOUR RIGHT MIND PY - 1983/07 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 6 p. AB - A driver improvement course based on a radical new approach and focusing on self-awareness is described. The course consists of a series of introspective, persuasive films, with fifteen 20-minute pauses for discussion, that focus on the use of the psychological techniques of transactional analysis (TA) to understand the emotional states behind the wheel. TA theory maintains that ego states influence driving. The course focuses on the aggressove aspects of driving behavior. The program was the result of a need for a decision-making model based on TA which students themselves could use. This program won the support of the National Safety Council. Lobbies worked for official credit for drivers who took the course. The typical reward was points off one's driving record. Many states have recognized the merits of the TA-based approach. Evaluatory studies have concluded that this driver-improvement program significantly lowered the reconviction rate for traffic violations. Commercial fleet-operators have reported substantially fewer accidents after adopting the program. Points of contention regarding the administration of the program include the insurance discount mandated in some states for taking this course, and the erasing of drivers' points for attending a driver-improvement class. KW - Aggression KW - Behavior KW - Discount KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Insurance KW - Prevention KW - Psychological aspects KW - Reconviction KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380986 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Horne, T D AU - TERRY, C T AU - National Safety Council TI - GM'S GREAT SEATBELT SWEEPSTAKES PY - 1983/07 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - Despite strong scientific evidence supporting the value of seatbelts, only 12 per cent of the motoring public actually uses them. Concerned about this, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) instituted a national multifaceted program to increase seatbelt use. As part of an overall effort of support for the NHTSA program, General Motors set up its own incentive plan to increase belt use among employees at the GM Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. GM found that the hope of winning a car or other valuable prizes is an effective incentive to employees to buckle up when coming to or leaving work, and those who do form habits that carry over to nonworking hours and long after the sweepstake is over. This article describes the GM program in detail. KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197139 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380988 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Ashwell, J F AU - National Safety Council TI - IN AMHERST--TOWN AND GOWN UNITE TO FIGHT DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1983/07 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - This article relates an overall campaign against drunk driving that started in September 1981 in Amherst, Massachusetts. The local police and University of Massachusetts officials are working together to combat driving while under the influence through law enforcement linked with education in judicious drinking and responsible barkeeping. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - College students KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal responsibility KW - Police KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197141 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380990 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Hough, G L AU - National Safety Council TI - MICHIGAN IS PUTTING MALI ON THE MAP PY - 1983/07 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - MALI is the acronym for Michigan Accident Location Index, a computerized location system that pinpoints accident concentrations on every highway in the state. A computer process stores and analyzes this information which is then made available to all police road commissions, federal agencies, and non-profit organizations interested in traffic safety in Michigan. KW - Computer memory KW - Crash analysis KW - Information systems KW - Location KW - Management information systems KW - Michigan KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197143 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380951 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Cerullo, B AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - TIPS FROM A PRO: TROUBLE-SHOOTING HIGH-PRESSURE, HIGH-TEMPERATURE COOLING SYSTEMS PY - 1983/07 VL - 223 IS - 1 SP - p. 99-101 AB - This article explains how the cooling system works, how to diagnose some of the more unusual high-pressure cooling-system problems, and how to head off costly cooling-system repairs. KW - Automobiles KW - Cooling systems KW - Leakage KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381007 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING: A SERIOUS PUBLIC-HEALTH PROBLEM PY - 1983/07 VL - 48 IS - 7 SP - p. 353 AB - This article discusses how alcohol impairs driving ability and reviews the value of enforcement efforts versus the deterrent value of penalties. It includes a chart that shows the average responses of people to alcohol according to body weight and the number of drinks consumed over a two-hour period. KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Public health KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201613 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380746 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - INSTALLING SECURIFLEX. "NO PROBLEM" IS THE REFRAIN HEARD MOST OFTEN PY - 1983/07 VL - 33 IS - 7 SP - p. 31-33 AB - As part of an experimental testing of Securiflex windshields now being conducted in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and Saint-Gobain Vitrage, Parkway Glass in Laurel, Maryland, is installing Securiflex windshields in Maryland State Police Cars. The windshields are installed just the same as normal windshields using the same sealants, cleaners, and tools. The Maryland State Police have had no problems with the new windshield. In fact, it has already helped save one trooper from serious injury. KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Securiflex windshields KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380084 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A GUIDE TO AUDIOVISUAL AND PRINT MATERIALS ON SAFETY BELTS AND CHILD CAR SAFETY SEATS PY - 1983/07 SP - v.p. AB - The audiovisual materials described in this guide illustrate three major occupant protection concepts: (1) The Dynamics of the Crash; (2) The Effectiveness of Safety Belts or Child Car Safety Seats; and (3) Myths and Misconceptions Related to the Use of Occupant Protection Devices. Items for presentation should be selected according to the time available and the interests of the audience. However, whenever possible, select the films that contain aspects of all three major concepts. It is suggested that the slide packages be used in follow-up presentations, either on child safety seats or safety belts. Each film or slide guide is designed to assist in selecting the materials that are most appropriate for the audience or situation. In addition, suggested presentation questions and answers have been provided. This document describes all of the audiovisual materials selected by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for inclusion in various educational program kits. Although a particular kit may contain a few of these materials, the others may be obtained directly from NHTSA or the original producers listed on the last page of this guide. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379477 AU - Post, T J AU - Alexander, G J AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIRPORT PAVEMENT BULLETIN. EVALUATION USING NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND OVERLAY DESIGN PY - 1983/07 SP - 115 p. AB - This bulletin updates and supercedes FAA-74-1, "Airport Pavement Bulletin, Nondestructive Testing". Bulletin 74-1 was limited to nondestructive testing (NDT) and evaluation procedures. This bulletin describes the NDT procedures, airport pavement evaluation procedures to obtain load-carrying capacities, overlay design procedures to determine required thicknesses of overlays for existing pavements and also economic analyses of pavement rehabilitation alternatives. NDT is used as a basis for pavement evaluation, since it is efficient and suitable for testing airport pavements. The 16-kip NDT equipment developed and used by the U.S. Army Engineer, Waterways Experiment Station (WES) is cited in this bulletin, since it was used in the development of the evaluation procedures. With the 16-kip vibrator, testing time per test point is two to four minutes. Benefits of NDT are that runway downtime is minimal, and tests may also be conducted during nighttime hours when there is no scheduled aircraft traffic. The evaluation procedures are based on past research and development efforts that provided correlations of NDT results with the allowable single wheel loads (ASWL) determined by direct sampling and field and laboratory testing of various types of pavement. Computer programs, which may be used to obtain the results of the evaluation and overlay design are provided. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Bearing capacity KW - Computer aided design KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Route guidance KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Thickness KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192428 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385568 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - American Medical Association TI - AUTOMOBILE-RELATED INJURIES. COMPONENTS, TRENDS, PREVENTION PY - 1983/06/17 VL - 249 IS - 23 SP - p. 3216 AB - This report focuses on injuries and deaths related to motor vehicles, describing some newer concepts about the occurrence of injuries and providing information about long-term trends in mortality related to motor vehicles. The report also considers major epidemiologic factors in crashes and indicates some effective preventive measures that already exist. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380756 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - THE NEW GENERATION OF FLAT INSTRUMENT DISPLAYS PY - 1983/06/13 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - p. 98-102 AB - This article notes the recent trend in the use of liquid crystal display (LCD) panels in automobile dashboards. Much of the technical development has been concerned with reducing costs and making LCDs industrially practical. Critical problems appear to have been solved concerning interconnection technology, the production of large LCD panels, and in fabricating displays that can withstand temperature and humidity extremes. Research in these areas in the U.S., Japan, and West Germany has produced significant new fabrication technology. The discussion of this technology in this article refers to the twisted nematic display, connectors, and dichroic displays. KW - Connectors KW - Development KW - Dichroic technology KW - Fabrication KW - Fasteners KW - Instrument panels KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Polarized light KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Twisted nematic technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380755 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT: HIGH-TECH FUN PY - 1983/06/13 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - p. 62-69 AB - To help boost sales, manufacturers of almost all recreational products have taken advantage of high technology as never before. Sophisticated electronics are everywhere, and are part of the reason for enhanced fuel economy in recreational vehicles. Sophisticated aerospace materials are being used, and even traditional materials such as steel wire are finding innovative uses that cut weight and cost. This article discusses the innovative features found in the new recreational vehicles, including those from Winnebago Industries, Inc. and Ford Motor Company. Also discussed are the new digital audio systems. KW - Electronics KW - Fuel conservation KW - Materials KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Steel wire KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386023 AU - Pierce, R N AU - Mason, R L AU - Jones, E F AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF LOAD AND PRESSURE ON TIRE TREADWEAR. VOLUME II, APPENDIX E, INDIVIDUAL TIRE INSPECTION REPORTS PY - 1983/06/03 SP - 1197 p. AB - Data was generated and reported on an individual tire basis each 800 vehicle miles during the program and used for the development of the project as presented in Volume I of this report. The individual data included groove measurement depths, inflated tire dimensions, tire tread hardness, shoulder drop measurements, and a subjective examination of the tire condition. Calculated results reported on these data sheets included the average outer, inner, and overall remaining groove depths, corresponding losses for the test run (800 miles), crown radius, and tire size factors. Volume I, 592 pages, contains the Test Procedures, Results, and Appendices A, B, C, and D. KW - Data collection KW - Inflation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386022 AU - Pierce, R N AU - Mason, R L AU - Jones, E F AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF LOAD AND PRESSURE ON TIRE TREADWEAR. VOLUME I, THE TEST PROCEDURES, RESULTS, AND APPENDICES A, B, C, AND D PY - 1983/06/03 SP - 592 p. AB - A program was conducted in three tasks to evaluate variables involved in determining tire treadwear according to the procedures set forth in the Uniform Tire Quality Grading requirement. The program is the initial phase of an effort to determine the viability of the treadwear portion of the UTQG System. The primary study was in terms of relating the wheel-load/tire inflation interaction with tire treadwear; supplementary experiments were to evaluate the tire treadwear relative to test course environmental conditions, vehicular operating conditions, and laboratory procedural controls of the operational parameters and measurement determinants. The evaluation was conducted with eight identical vehicles over a total of 172,800 vehicle miles in three successive convoys of eight vehicles each. The measurement data was collected on each tire at 800 mile increments. Treadwear rates and projected tire mileage estimates were established for each tire under the varying load/inflation conditions. The report includes a statistical analysis of the resultant data, presentation of the best fit wear-rate curves, and a discussion of the test variants and their influence on the result. Volume II, 1197 pages, contains the Individual Tire Measurement Reports as Appendix E. KW - Data collection KW - Inflation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199844 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384696 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Bottoms, D J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR OPERATOR ENTRY-EXIT SYSTEMS ON MOBILE EQUIPMENT PY - 1983/06 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 83-90 AB - The space available on mobile equipment for an operator's workplace is often restricted and can cause design conflicts. Easy entry and exit is important for safety, productivity and comfort. The paper presents guidelines for the design of entry-exit systems. The recommendations are based mainly on the results of an extensive series of laboratory experiments. These were conducted to establish generally acceptable standards rather than the optimum arrangements more frequently presented in the literature. The need to consider the whole access system is emphasised because of the interactions between the size and location of steps, handholds, doors and workplace arrangement. Some experimental assessment of access systems for new designs is recommended. KW - Access KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Entry-exit systems KW - Guidelines KW - Human machine systems KW - Mobile equipment KW - Operator performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Portable equipment KW - Productivity KW - Safety KW - Space KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491843 AU - Partyka, S AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISON BY AGE OF DRIVERS IN TWO-CAR FATAL CRASHES PY - 1983/06 SP - 48 p. AB - Most analysis of accidents by driver age is limited by the lack of relevant measures of exposure to accidents. Adequate controls for differences in driving patterns (where and when) by age are currently not available. This paper is an attempt to circumvent this difficulty by a comparative analysis of the two drivers in a two-car fatal crash. There is a small but consistent tendency for the drivers involved together in a two-car fatal crash to be about the same age. This may largely reflect travel patterns -- people of the same age are more likely to drive at the same times and to the same places than is the population as a whole. However, the youngest (under 20 years) and oldest (over 64 years) drivers are also disproportionately involved with one another in fatal crashes. It is suggested that the differences in driving behaviors and skills between the young and the old make it difficult for each to anticipate or compensate for the driving actions of the other. When two cars collide, the older driver is much more likely to receive fatal injuries than is the younger driver. In a fatal crash, the odds that the older driver was the fatality increase as the difference between the ages of the drivers increases. At the extreme, in a fatal crash between a driver under 20 years and a driver over 64 years, the older driver is five times as likely to have died as is the younger driver. The relative frequency of driving a struck (rather than a striking) vehicle increases with age. This is consistent with the greater odds of fatality for older people, the lower rate of violations charged to older people (with the exception of the group over 64 years old), and the patterns of driver contributory factors by age. It is estimated that increased fatality risk for older people is less a result of the increased crash forces they experience than it is a result of decreased resistance to these crash forces. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Crash exposure KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Motor skills KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00404165 AU - CHETHIK, B B AU - MCHENRY, P J AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD TEST, A MOTIVATIONAL TRAINING PACKAGE FOR AUTOMOBILE DEALERS AND SALES PERSONNEL PY - 1983/06 SP - 1 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Marketing KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399243 AU - Wolfe, H AU - Shuman, L AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - COMPUTERIZED ALGORITHMS FOR EVALUATING PREHOSPITAL CARE PY - 1983/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes the development and an application of a methodology for evaluating the performance of emergency medical services prehospital personnel in the assessment and treatment of medical emergencies. The evaluation is computerized and permits economical screening of data taken from standardized prehospital response reports to screen out potential problem cases for indepth medical review. The methodology facilitates evaluations of prehospital responses over time for individual practitioners, evaluation of individual service performance, and multi-service (regional) comparative evaluations. The appropriate treatment for particular types of presenting patients is specified in computerized clinical algorithms which were developed for a broad variety of medical emergencies. For a given patient, the computer compares the treatment prescribed in the appropriate algorithm and those actually recorded on the response report. The appropriateness of each action is scored. Those cases for which the treatment provided deviates significantly from that specified by the algorithm are screened out by the computer for indepth medical review. Descriptive results are provided on the application of the methodology to evaluate the relative performance of a representative sample of 75 ambulance services. A description of the medical treatment algorithms for this methodology is contained in the Appendix to the report. KW - Algorithms KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Information processing KW - Medical services KW - Prehospital care UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396302 AU - Chethik, B AU - McHenry, P AU - Southeastern Michigan Health Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD TEST: A MOTIVATIONAL TRAINING PACKAGE FOR AUTOMOBILE DEALERS AND SALES PERSONNEL PY - 1983/06 SP - 58 p. AB - This field test, which followed another field test--that of a seminar--evaluated the effectiveness of a flip chart which was designed to (1) inform auto dealers and sales personnel about safety belts and the need for them, (2) to motivate sales personnel to pass this information along to the millions of customers who pass through auto showrooms annually and (3) to increase safety belt use among those customers. The field test used to determine these points consisted of three components: (1) an in-dealership evaluation, (2) a mystery shopping segment, and (3) a phone questionnaire. The in-dealership evaluation captured the responses of 42 auto dealers and sales personnel immediately after the flip chart was presented at each of 9 intervention dealerships. The evaluators appraised the ideas in the flip chart favorably except for the idea that selling safety belts would help sell cars; they also offered several suggestions for improving the format. In the mystery shopping segment, 10 trained parents accompanied by children, 4 or under, shopped all county dealerships both before and after the flip chart was used. They reported that sales personnel who had been exposed to the flip chart showed a gain in discussing the inertia reel mechanism, child occupant restraints and adjusting safety belts for comfort. In the phone questionnaire of randomly selected new car buyers (December, 1982) the results showed that sales personnel who had seen the flip chart talked about safety belts with more frequency than those who had not. Although 99% of those interviewed said the topic of safety belts had not and would not affect their own safety belt usage or car-buying decision, about half were willing to receive the brochures on safety belts the Health Department offered them. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sales KW - Training KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396298 AU - Hirsch, A AU - EPPINGER, R AU - SHAMS, T AU - Nguyen, T AU - Levine, R AU - MACKENZIE, J AU - Marks, M AU - Ommaya, A AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPAIRMENT SCALING FROM THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE PY - 1983/06 SP - 100 p. AB - This study represents the results of an initial attempt to quantify each injury contained in AIS manual into an equivalent form describing both short and long term consequences of that lesion to provide a critically needed impairment data base. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Databases KW - Driver impairment KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393075 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Knoop, J C AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR ACCIDENT CAUSATION RESEARCH PY - 1983/06 SP - 183 p. AB - The objective of this study was to fully develop and apply a methodology to study accident causation, which was outlined in a previous study. "Causal" factors are those pre-crash factors, which are statistically related to the accident rate for specific types of accidents, in specific pre-crash situations. To calculate accident rates, exposure measures matched to the pre-crash situations are needed. Data collection techniques to collect certain basic data by roadside observations were developed. A data collection design was developed, indicating when and where to collect data in Ulster and Schenectady Counties, New York. Data were collected, and exposure estimates for several pre-crash situations derived. Using police accident reports, accident rates were calculated for these pre-crash situations. The relations of these rates to various pre-crash factors and their interactions were studied. The general methodology is described in a separate "Manual for Accident Causation Research." KW - Crash causes KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Precrash factors KW - Precrash phase KW - Research KW - Stochastic processes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33354/33354.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393074 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUAL FOR ACCIDENT CAUSATION RESEARCH PY - 1983/06 SP - 102 p. AB - This manual is one of the products of a study "Development of a Methodology for Accident Causation Research." The objective of this study was to fully develop and apply a methodology to study accident causation, which was outlined in a previous study. This methodology is based on a stochastic concept of causation: factors which influence the probability that an accident occurs in a given pre-crash situation are "causal" factors. Accident probabilities are estimated by accident rates. To calculate accident rates, exposure measures matched to the pre-crash situations are needed. Such exposure measures have to be obtained by observation of pre-crash situations. Data collection techniques to collect certain basic data by roadside observations were developed. A data collection design was developed, indicating when and where to collect data in Ulster and Schenectady Counties, New York. Data were collected, and exposure estimates for several pre-crash situations derived. Using police accident reports, accident rates were calculated for these pre-crash situations. The relations of these rates to various pre-crash factors and their interactions were studied. The methodology described in this manual is based on a previous study, it was further developed in this study, and parts of it were applied to and revised on the basis of the study in Ulster and Schenectady Counties. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Precrash factors KW - Precrash phase KW - Research KW - Stochastic processes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390714 AU - Oregon State Motor Vehicles Division TI - DRIVER IMPROVEMENT SCHOOLS--A SECOND LOOK PY - 1983/06 SP - 26 p. AB - The primary purpose of this study has been to ascertain the relative effectiveness of Oregon's two driver improvement courses. It had been speculated that the superiority of the National Safety Council's Defensive Driving Course in an earlier study (1980) was at least partially attributable to the rather early developmental stage in Oregon of the National Traffic Safety Institute's Traffic Violator Workshop (TVW). Objective data in an earlier study hinted at some improvement in TVW relative to DDC as TVW's experience in Oregon increased. Furthermore, a first-hand assessment of program and instructional aspects of TVW led to the subjective estimate that TVW had undergone major improvements since the completion of a 1980 study. For these reasons, a second objective evaluation of the two courses was undertaken. A secondary purpose of the study was to examine the driver records of successful and unsuccessful course participants for indicators of particular classes of drivers who might profit more from attending one of the courses than the other. In other words, do certain driver characteristics predispose their possessors to better post-course driving records after completion of one of the two courses. Finally, the success/failure ratios of two courses were compared for the two studies, 1980 and 1983. Although other uncontrollable factors could contribute to differences in the two study intervals, it is reasonable to assume these forces would have the same effects on DDC as on TVW. The data analyses revealed: (1) nearly identical success/failure ratios for the two courses; (2) no significant differences between the courses in terms of either chargeable accidents or convictions for specific traffic violations; (3) no significant difference in the delaying effects of the courses on subsequent traffic involvements; (4) no differences in the characteristics of failure drivers with the possible exception of prior accidents and driver age; and (5) a dramatic and highly statistically significant improvement in the success/failure ratio of the 1983 TVW course graduates relative to 1980. KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Human characteristics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390472 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - INTERIM REPORT TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. THE NORTH CAROLINA CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION LAW: SUMMARY OF FIRST YEAR EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/06 SP - 10 p. AB - The first years experience since July 1, 1982, the effective date of the North Carolina Child Passenger Safety Act, is summarized. Statistics show that 46% of the children in crashes were protected by the statute and that death and injury rates are down because restraint use is up. Statistics show that for children covered by the law, there was an immediate jump in use, corresponding to the law's effective date. Program support activities across the state that facilitate public acceptance of the law are described: community based loaner/rental programs; foster care programs; public information programs; North Carolina Child Passenger Safety Association. Statewide child safety conferences have been held to help encourage community support for the law. It is noted that 40 states now have child protection laws. KW - Child passenger protection KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Conferences KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Public relations KW - Publicity KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390880 AU - Helander, C J AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR ACCIDENT-INVOLVED DRIVERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF CURRENT CALIFORNIA POLICY AND ALTERNATIVES PY - 1983/06 SP - 56 p. AB - This project was designed to evaluate current and alternative strategies for selecting and treating accident-involved drivers in California. The standard criteria for selecting accident-involved drivers for treatment (involvement in a fatal accident or three accidents within one year) were contrasted with an expanded selection strategy which included convictions as well as accidents as criteria for selection. The standard reexamination treatment was compared to two alternative treatments--an accident-avoidance session and a mailed pamphlet/self-administered test. Comparisons between the standard and expanded selection criteria showed that drivers selected by the standard criteria were significantly affected by treatment, while most drivers selected by the expanded criteria were not. Comparisons between treatments showed the accident-avoidance session to be the most effective treatment for standard criteria drivers. Based on the results of the statistical tests and benefit-cost analyses, it was recommended that: (1) the accident-avoidance session replace the reexamination as the DMV's operational intervention for standard criteria drivers, and (2) the pamphlet/self-test treatment be implemented for expanded criteria drivers with minimal conviction histories. It was estimated that implementation of these two recommendations would prevent an estimated 545 accidents annually, producing $3,680,000 in societal benefits at a cost of $147,000, resulting in total annual net benefits of $3,533,000. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Alternatives analysis KW - California KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver training KW - Evaluation KW - Policy KW - Retraining KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389483 AU - Stock, J R AU - Weaver, J K AU - Ray, H W AU - Brink, J R AU - Sadof, M G AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - DeKalb County School System AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SAFE PERFORMANCE SECONDARY SCHOOL DRIVER EDUCATION CURRICULUM DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1983/06 SP - 115 p. AB - The primary objective of this Project was to determine the crash reduction potential of a quality, competency-based driver training program known as the Safe Performance Curriculum (SPC). The experimental design called for the random assignment of 18,000 volunteer high school students in DeKalb County Schools, Georgia, to one of the following: (1) Safe Performance Curriculum (SPC)--a 70-hour course including classroom, simulation, range, and on-street training; (2) Pre-Driver Licensing (PDL)--a modified curriculum containing only the minimum training required to obtain a license; (3) Control--no formal driver education in the secondary school. The sample of students were monitored for a period of 2 to 4 years after assignment to assess measures of intermediate and ultimate performance. The primary measures of ultimate performance analyzed were the numbers and types of crashes and violations the students experienced in this time frame. Comparative analyses of SPC vs. PLV vs. Control groups were then made in terms of these ultimate measures. Final detailed analyses showed a statistically significant short-term program effect, with SPC and PDL groups having significantly lower accident and violation means during the first 6 months of licensed driving. However, with an increasing time period of observation, the comparative relative differences between group means decreased and were not statistically significant. Moreover, the short-term effect was additionally offset or neutralized by the earlier licensing of SPC and PDL group students, yielding a net effect of no statistically reliable differences among SPC, PDL, and Control groups of students in overall accident and violation means. KW - Curricula KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25721/DOT-HS-806-568.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389477 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Fredette, H O AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG NUMBER 5 PY - 1983/06 SP - 110 p. AB - The "Occupant Protection Public Information Materials Catalog" is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on restraint systems (adult and child) and motorcycle helmets. It lists materials produced for campaigns, along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Catalogs KW - Child restraint systems KW - Helmets KW - Information dissemination KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389476 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Fredette, H O AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL/SAFETY PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG NUMBER 7 PY - 1983/06 SP - 167 p. AB - The "Alcohol/Safety Public Information Materials Catalog" is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on alcohol and highway safety. It lists materials produced for campaigns along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Catalogs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387711 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACTS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1983/06 SP - v.p. AB - This document contains the June 1983 revisions to the Acts administered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. These Acts include the Highway Safety Act of 1966, the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. KW - Highway Safety act KW - Motor vehicle information and cost savings act KW - National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 KW - Revisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387830 AU - Manders, S AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - MOTOR VEHICLE RESTRAINT USE IN VICTORIA NOVEMBER 1982 PY - 1983/06 SP - 17 p. AB - The results of this survey show that compliance with compulsory seat belt wearing legislation has been maintained at high levels in the front seats (driver 95.2%; front left passenger 91.2%). Recent improvements in rear sear belt wearing rates have also been maintained (left 71.3%; right 74.1%). Certain specific groups with lower wearing rates were also identified. KW - Compliance KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387413 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - SITUATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALCOHOL-RELATED TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS B.C. 1982. COUNTERATTACK BRIEF REPORT NO. 6 PY - 1983/06 SP - 22 p. AB - This report examines the Traffic Accident Report Form (MV104) for all traffic accidents involving injury and/or death in British Columbia in 1982 in order to compare alcohol-related traffic accidents with other traffic accidents in terms of when, where, and under what conditions these accidents occur. Given the limitations outlined in this report, it was found that the alcohol-related injury/death traffic accident is likely to have: (1) been a single-vehicle accident where the driver has lost control of the vehicle, ran off the road, and hit an object at the side of the road; (2) occurred late in the week, late in the day, and in the Spring as opposed to Winter; (3) occurred on a more-or-less nondescript portion of the road, between intersections, with no traffic control devices in the immediate area; (4) occurred in high proportions in good driving weather and good road conditions and in low proportions in bad conditions and bad weather; and (5) occurred in curved road sections as opposed to straight sections, while road grade and surface composition did not appear to appreciably affect alcohol-related accidents. KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway curves KW - Location KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic crashes KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387713 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966 PY - 1983/06 SP - 40 p. AB - This document contains the June 1983 revisions to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. It includes the following: Title I--Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Title II--Tire Safety; Title III--Research and Test Facilities; Title IV--National Driver Register; and Section 414 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 relating to Splash and Spray Suppressant Devices. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - National Driver Register KW - National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 KW - Revisions KW - Splash guard KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 KW - Test facilities KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387714 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INFORMATION AND COST SAVINGS ACT PY - 1983/06 SP - 56 p. AB - This document contains the June 1983 revisions to the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act. It includes the following: Title I--Bumper Standards; Title II--Automobile Consumer Information Study; Title III--Diagnostic Inspection Demonstration Projects; Title IV--Odometer Requirements; and Title V--Improving Automotive Efficiency. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Demonstration projects KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel-saving devices KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle information and cost savings act KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oedometers KW - Revisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387831 AU - Manders, S AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - THE SPEEDS OF VEHICLES DISPLAYING P-PLATES IN VICTORIA PY - 1983/06 SP - 21 p. AB - The speeds of 1341 vehicles displaying P-plates, indicating recently qualified drivers, were collected at four 100 km/h sites, and one 60 km/h site around Melbourne. These speeds were compared with the speeds of 2743 vehicles not displaying P-plates which were collected at the same time. The P-platers' speeds at the 100 km/h sites were approximately 10-15 km/h slower across the entire distribution. Significant differences were detected in mean and 85th percentile speeds. However, significantly more P-platers were exceeding the applicable limit. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Average travel speed KW - Mean-time speed KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387712 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966 PY - 1983/06 SP - 32 p. AB - This document contains the June 1983 revisions to the Highway Safety Act of 1966. It includes the following: Section 401--Authority of the Secretary; Section 402--Highway safety programs; Section 403--Highway safety research and development; Section 404--National Highway Safety Advisory Committee; Section 405--Repealed P.L. 94-280; Section 406--School bus driver training; Section 407--Innovative project grants; and Section 408--Alcohol Traffic Safety Program. Additional highway safety items included are the National Driver Register, the National Maximum Speed Limit, Section 209 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 as amended by Section 206 in 1982 dealing with the Highway Safety Education and Information Program, and several uncodified authorizations. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Development KW - Grant aid KW - Highway Safety act KW - National Driver Register KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Revisions KW - Safety programs KW - School bus drivers KW - Speed limits KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386836 AU - Jonah, B A AU - Grant, B A AU - Transport Canada TI - LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMMES FOR INCREASING SEAT BELT USE. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM PY - 1983/06 SP - 29 p. AB - The effect of Selective Traffic Enforcement Programs (STEP's) on seat belt use and accident casualties is evaluated. The following research questions were addressed: 1) Will seat belt use 2 years after a STEP be above the pre-STEP level? 2) Will repeated STEP's be as effective as an initial STEP in increasing seat belt use? 3) Are shorter STEP's (eg. 2 days, 1 week) as effective as longer STEP's (eg. 1 month)? 4) Do STEP's increase seat belt use for all drivers regardless of place of residence, age and sex? 5) Does the increase in seat belt use induced by STEP's result in a reduction of motor vehicle casualties? A series of six seat belt use surveys was conducted in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton where three STEP's were conducted during a 12 month period, and in Kingston (Ontario) which served as a control community. These seat belt surveys indicate that the five research questions should be answered in the affirmative. Seat belt use increased from 66% before the first STEP to 84% after the third STEP. Periodic STEP's are a feasible and cost-effective method of promoting 80% seat belt use. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Impact studies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Selective traffic enforcement program KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386878 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - OCTANE REQUIREMENT INCREASE OF 1980 MODEL CARS PY - 1983/06 SP - v.p. AB - The need to study octane requirement increase (ORI) with unleaded fuel became evident in 1970 when manufacturers announced that cars would require catalytic converters and use unleaded gasoline of at least 91 RON quality to meet future emission standards. Since that time, manufacturers have made many engine modifications to meet both exhaust emission and fuel economy standards. Because of these engine design changes and the increasing use of unleaded gasoline, the Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) initiated a series of ORI programs in 1971. The ORI data from 1971 and 1973 through 1979 model cars have been reported previously. This report summarizes ORI data for 1980 model cars. KW - Automobiles KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201570 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386888 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Huth, J F AU - MAIER, R V AU - Simonowitz, D A AU - Herman, C M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - EFFECT OF ACUTE ETHANOLISM ON THE HOSPITAL COURSE AND OUTCOME OF INJURED AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS PY - 1983/06 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - p. 494-498 AB - Acute ethanolism in automobile drivers is purported to be both protective and detrimental in susceptibility to injury from an accident. The potential influence of acute intoxication (serum ethanol greater than 100 mg/dl) on pattern and severity of injury, hospital course, and long-term outcome, including mortality, was examined in 182 consecutive automobile drivers requiring admission to a regional university trauma center during 1980. Significantly more drivers were intoxicated than not, 61% vs. 39%. Similarly, more than 75% of the intoxicated drivers were young males and more than 80% of the intoxicated drivers were felt to be negligent and at cause for the accident. However, in this series, the patterns and severity of injuries, hospital course, and late outcome were unaffected by the patient's blood alcohol level. Acute alcohol intoxication apparently neither protected nor hindered the response to injury in these motor vehicle drivers. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Intoxication KW - Mortality rates KW - Recovery KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386516 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Lowe, D K AU - Gately, H L AU - Goss, J R AU - Frey, C L AU - Peterson, C G AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - PATTERNS OF DEATH, COMPLICATION, AND ERROR IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT VICTIMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR A REGIONAL SYSTEM OF TRAUMA CARE PY - 1983/06 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - p. 503-509 AB - A nonautopsy, retrospective analysis of severe motor-vehicle accident trauma can provide valuable information in regard to volume of trauma and quality of care. In a 6-county region surrounding a large metropolitan area trauma care, as reviewed by this method, had deficiencies at all levels of delivery. Patients were taken to the nearest hospital. Hospitals then had not been classified or designated according to capability. Twenty-five percent of the fatalities and 16% of all outcomes were considered inappropriate for the severity of injury incurred. A regional trauma system with categorization and designation of hospitals providing trauma care would have eliminated or improved these deficiencies, resulting in improved outcomes for a significant percentage of these patients. KW - Crash victims KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Medical services KW - Quality of service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386016 AU - Lockett, D W AU - Wyron, R C AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR A K-12 TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION CURRICULUM. VOLUME I: PROCEDURES AND FINDINGS PY - 1983/06 SP - 256 p. AB - The aim of this project was to recommend content and instructional approach guidelines for a K through 12 traffic safety education curriculum. The specific project requirements were to identify: (1) content requirements for a curriculum; (2) developmental capabilities of school-age children; (3) the most suitable approach for teaching traffic safety to specific ages of learners; and (4) issues affecting implementation, evaluation and research of K-12 traffic safety education programs. In addition, an advisory panel of traffic safety, education and child development experts were consulted to review this project's content and instructional approach recommendations. Documents included in this volume served as the foundation for the recommended curriculum guidelines. Contained in this volume are the following: description of the procedures followed in completing the work requirements, which includes discussion of implementation, evaluation and research needs; review of the literature on the types of traffic accidents in which school-age children and adolescents are most frequently involved; review of the literature on primary prevention programs in alcohol abuse; review of the literature on the perceptual, motor, cognitive and social capabilities of school-age children; and results of a review of instructional objectives by a panel of traffic safety experts. The recommended content and instructional approach guidelines for a traffic safety curriculum are contained in Volume II. KW - Curricula KW - Guidelines KW - School children KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386017 AU - Lockett, D W AU - Wyron, R C AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR A K-12 TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION CURRICULUM. VOLUME II: CURRICULUM CONTENT AND INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH PY - 1983/06 SP - 92 p. AB - The aim of this project was to recommend content and instructional approach guidelines for a K through 12 traffic safety education curriculum. The specific project requirements were to identify: (1) content requirements for a curriculum; (2) developmental capabilities of school-age children; (3) the most suitable approach for teaching traffic safety to specific ages of learners; and (4) issues affecting implementation, evaluation and research of K-12 traffic safety education programs. In addition, an advisory panel of traffic safety, education and child development experts were consulted to review this project's content and instructional approach recommendations. This volume contains the recommended content and instructional approach guidelines for a K-12 traffic safety curriculum. Included in this document are: an overview of instruction recommended in four traffic safety areas (i.e., occupant, alcohol, pedestrian and bicycle safety); a discussion of estimated teaching time projected for one academic year; the critical information students in grades K through 12 should be taught about traffic safety; and the most suitable approach for teaching traffic safety according to the developmental capabilities of students. Volume I describes the procedures followed in completing the work requirements and the findings. KW - Curricula KW - Guidelines KW - School children KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386771 AU - Crouse, M R AU - Yette, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SINGLE VARIABLE TABULATIONS OF 1982 ACCIDENTS IN THE STATE OF TEXAS PY - 1983/06 SP - 104 p. AB - This report is divided into four sections: (1) Accident Information; (2) Driver/Vehicle Information; (3) Casualty/Occupant Information; and (4) Roadway Information. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Data KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200433 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386507 JO - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN PB - American Medical Association AU - Stulginskas, J V AU - PLESS, I B AU - American Medical Association TI - EFFECTS OF A SEAT BELT LAW ON CHILD RESTRAINT USE PY - 1983/06 VL - 137 SP - p. 582-585 AB - Automobile passenger fatalities account for almost 25% of all accidental deaths of children aged 1 to 14 years. Given that child automobile restraint devices provide effective protection against serious injury and death, several jurisdictions have adopted some form of child restraint law. In August 1976, Quebec enacted legislation requiring the use of seat belts by all front seat passengers weighing more than 23 kg. Although the law was chiefly aimed at adults, a series of observations extending throughout six years were performed to assess its impact on children. Prelaw rates showed 6.4% restraint use for children aged 0 to 11 years and 14.7% for drivers. In the year after legislation, rates for both drivers and children more than doubled and has increased to 55.5% and 24.5%, respectively, in 1981. The child's age and parent's use of a seat belt were important factors associated with restraint use among children. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Parents KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385617 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Wilson, T AU - Greensmith, J AU - Human Factors Society TI - MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRIVOMETER VARIABLES AND DRIVERS' ACCIDENT, SEX, AND EXPOSURE STATUS PY - 1983/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 303-312 AB - Drivers classified by sex, accident history, and driving exposure drove a 50-km route in an instrumented car. Run time, speed changes, fine and coarse steering-wheel reversals, accelerator and brake applications, lateral accelerations, gear changes, traffic-free speed, signals, and overtaking were recorded. Aggression and anxiety tests were also administered, and discriminant analyses were performed on the results. In general, the personality variables did not discriminate between driver groupings. With regard to driving variables, however, significant and important discriminations between groups were made. Accident-involved drivers drove more quickly on clear roads, moved about more, and overtook in traffic. When moderate-exposure drivers were examined, both female and male accident-free drivers were typified by relatively low mean clear speed, infrequent overtaking, and frequently being overtaken. In addition, accident-free females used the brakes relatively infrequently. Accident-free males did not move the car about in traffic. Overall, high-exposure male drivers tended to drive relatively quickly, but those who were accident free were typified by adjusting their car to changing conditions (brake applications, gear changes, accelerator applications, and possibly coarse steering-wheel reversals). KW - Behavior KW - Crash exposure KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Drivometer KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385619 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Drury, C G AU - Brill, M AU - Human Factors Society TI - HUMAN FACTORS IN CONSUMER PRODUCT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PY - 1983/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 329-342 AB - Using task analysis as a basis, a job aid was developed to enable accident investigators to obtain human factors data during their investigations. For each product, a limited number of characteristic accident patterns were found; these are referred to as hazard patterns or scenarios. These patterns were used to structure "intelligent" questionnaires, with sections on the victim, the task, the product, and the environment. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash victims KW - Environment KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Human factors KW - Occupational safety KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Products KW - Safety KW - Task analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385585 JO - Fleet Owner PB - Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - THE DRIVER'S KNOWLEDGE TEST PY - 1983/06 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 12 p. AB - A Drivers Knowledge Test to evaluate present and future fleet driving personnel is presented. The test incorporates special questions to test driver knowledge in areas which have seen great changes in recent years, namely, new fuel-efficient engines and transmissions, and safety regulations affecting commercial vehicle drivers and fleets. The test is designed to be a practical, realistic tool that fleet management can use to spot-check key aspects of the drivers knowledge: truck inspection, safe and economical driving techniques, relationship with maintenance department, freight handling responsibilities, curtailing vehicle abuse, and properly dealing with road failures. Aspects of both linehaul and city-delivery driving are covered. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Delivery service KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Freight handling KW - Inspection KW - Knowledge KW - Line haul KW - Motor vehicles KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385136 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - SMOKING IN THE CAR PY - 1983/06 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 36 AB - The immediate and indirect effects of smoking in the car and especially at the wheel are described. The distracting effects of smoking while driving are noted. Tobacco smoke is also the root of other dangers. Four groups of substances present in the smoke constitute biological and toxicological hazards: nicotine and its derivatives; carbon monoxide (CO); irritating chemical substances such as nitric oxide, phenyl alcohol, etc.; and tar and its derivatives. Each of these groups of compounds are discussed. Cigarette smoke consists of two currents of smoke: lateral currents and central currents. Studies have shown that non-smokers are almost as exposed as smokers. Exposure to carbon monoxide is most dangerons to drivers since it causes delayed reflexes and miscalculation of distances. Toxic substances in tobacco also affect night vision. Thus, it is pointed out, the non-smoking driver is exposed to the cigarette smoke of other occupants inside an automobile. KW - Automobiles KW - Biological factors KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Environmental impacts KW - Impaired drivers KW - Living things KW - Nitric oxide KW - Passengers KW - Personnel performance KW - Tobacco smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385137 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Ahmed, S A AU - Printerhall Limited TI - STOCHASTIC PROCESSES IN FREEWAY TRAFFIC PART I. ROBUST PREDICTION MODELS PY - 1983/06 VL - 24 IS - 6-7 SP - 4 p. AB - This two-part series of papers presents the results of recent research work on the construction of stochastic process models from empirical time series of freeway traffic state variables along with their application to the automatic detection of traffic incidents (accidents, disabled vehicles, spilled loads, etc.). Part I (this paper) summarises the development of an autoregressive integrated moving average model of the form ARIMA (0,1,3) using surveillance data recorded at the Los Angeles, Minneapolis and Detroit freeway systems. Part II describes a new incident detection algorithm based on the ARIMA (0,1,3) model, amd evaluates the performance of this algorithm using data on 50 lane blockage incidents. KW - Algorithms KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Incidents KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385625 JO - Fleet Owner PB - Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - TESTING THE IH 2375 FOR "REAL LIFE" FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1983/06 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - p. 73-76 AB - In October 1982 International Harvester claimed that a professional driver team averaged 8.26 mph with a 2375, pulling a Fruehauf F-Plus van loaded to 65,000-lb. GCVW. Fleet Owner noted those test results and wondered what fuel mileage a typical driver in a real-life situation would get if he operated a similarly spec'ed 2375 with an identical load. To find out, they made arrangements to borrow a 2375 and conduct their own evaluation. They used a total of 184 gallons for a total of 1,321 miles, a trip average of 7.2 mph. KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Line haul KW - Mileage KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck performance KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203348 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385794 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Perlman, I AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ORIGIN AND DESTINATION DATA FROM LIGHTS-ON SURVEYS PY - 1983/06 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - p. 19-22 AB - The need to obtain accurate information about people's travel habits has not diminished, but municipal budgets for traffic engineering functions such as data gathering have. The purpose of this article is to show the potential for using the lights-on survey as a quick, easy, and inexpensive method for obtaining travel information. KW - Data collection KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Methodology KW - Origin and destination KW - Surveys KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203433 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385128 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLS LCD INSTRUMENT CLUSTER PY - 1983/06 VL - 91 IS - 6 SP - p. 37-41 AB - Chevrolet selected liquid crystal display (LCD) technology for a microprocessor-controlled instrument cluster to enhance driver information in its new Corvette. The instrument panel consists of the LCD instrument cluster and a centrally mounted switch console. Three multi-colored LCDs in the cluster present vehicle speed, engine rpm, fuel level and nine other items of information. The cluster also contains an electric stepper motor total odometer and incandescent high beam and turn signal indicators. This article describes the switch console, the cluster construction and qualification test procedures and specifications for the LCDs. KW - Automobiles KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronics KW - Instrument panels KW - Instrumentation KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385129 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONIC DASHBOARDS ON HIGH-VOLUME EUROPEAN CARS PY - 1983/06 VL - 91 IS - 6 SP - p. 73-78 AB - Austin Rover and Renault have simultaneously brought full electronic instrumentation with voice synthesis back up to high volume popular-priced cars. The first in Europe, these solid-state systems are for top models of the new mid-range Maestro and the Renault 11 hatchback version of the Renault 9/Alliance. They are directly comparable but differ primarily in the use of dedicated vacuum fluorescent displays by the British, and multi-function liquid crystals in the French car. The Maestro dashboard includes a trip computer incorporated in the synthesizer, and has separate microcomputers controlling the two modules. The Renault electronic system is based on two microprocessors providing the necessary memory and calculating capacities. The dashboard layout is more comprehensive and technically complex than on the Maestro and this instrumentation is combined with an elaborate stereo system as a complete model package. KW - Automobiles KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronics KW - Europe KW - Instrument panels KW - Instrumentation KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385132 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PY - 1983/06 VL - 91 IS - 6 SP - p. 15-18 AB - This article covers the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's new car assessment program, legislative activity on general highway safety, EPA reorganization, child restraints and child safety, uniform width standard, regulatory reform, industrial policy, import relief, import quotas, and executive branch activities such as on emissions short tests, emissions factors workshop and retrofit devices. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Highway safety KW - Imports KW - Injuries KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385599 JO - Trial PB - Association of Trial Lawyers of America AU - Association of Trial Lawyers of America TI - HIGH COURT ALLOWS BLOOD TEST REFUSAL AS PROOF OF DWI PY - 1983/06 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - p. 13-14 AB - The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that a driver's refusal to agree to a blood alcohol test may be used as evidence toward proving a charge of driving while intoxicated. The 7-2 decision, in "South Dakota V. Neville" held that use in court of one driver's refusal to take a blood alcohol test does not violate Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination. The court also ruled that a driver, upon being apprehended under suspicion of driving while intoxicated, does not have a constitutional right to be advised that refusal of the test is admissible toward determination of guilt. KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Evidence KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Legal action KW - Legislation KW - Proof KW - Prosecution KW - Refusal KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385138 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Ahmed, S A AU - Printerhall Limited TI - STOCHASTIC PROCESSES IN FREEWAY TRAFFIC PART II. INCIDENT DETECTION ALGORITHMS PY - 1983/06 VL - 24 IS - 6-7 SP - 3 p. AB - Part I of this two-part series of papers addressed the problem of constructing stochastic process models for freeway traffic and examined the robustness of these models in providing short-term predictions of traffic state variables. In this part, an approach for the automatic detection of freeway traffic incidents (accidents, stalled vehicles, debris on the road, etc.) is presented based on the ARIMA (0,1,3) model described in Part I. Traffic incidents often result in full or partial lane blockage, and they occur most frequently during the peak periods when normal freeway capacity is already hard pressed. West found that the non-recurring congestion due to traffic incidents is responsible for as much motorist delay on urban freeways as is the recurring congestion due to geometric bottlenecks. Many freeway operating agencies, therefore have recognised the fact that incident management measures, if soundly based can permit greater traffic flows to be accommodated more safely on the existing freeway system with considerable savings in travel time to motorists. KW - Algorithms KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385618 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Kupec, J D AU - Human Factors Society TI - SCALING OF FLASH RATE FOR A DECELERATION SIGNAL PY - 1983/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 313-318 AB - This study is concerned with determining the number of different flash rates that could be used in an automobile braking signal to inform a following driver of the degree of deceleration. Two methods, magnitude estimation and just noticeable differences (JND) scaling, were employed to relate perceived flash rate to the physical frequency at which an automobile stop signal lamp was flashing. Differences between red and yellow lamps were examined, but no effects were found due to the lamp color. A category scaling procedure showed that only three flash rates between 1 and 7 Hz could be discriminated by absolute judgments. The JND and magnitude estimation experiments yielded similar flash rates (e.g., 1.0, 2.6, and 6.8 Hz) for the presentation of the deceleration information. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Deceleration KW - Flash point KW - Flash rate KW - Flashing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385584 JO - Fleet Owner PB - Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - DRIVER TRAINING: HOW, WHAT AND WHY PY - 1983/06 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - p. 80-83 AB - This article shows how the adoption of certain hazardous materials hauling philosophies and safeguards can upgrade fleet operation. A firm that hauls 36 bulk liquid and gaseous products nationwide, most of which are classified as hazardous, provides training for their drivers that not only tells them what to do but how to do it. Drivers are then checked to make sure they follow the mandates. The way the firm trains its drivers to handle various cryogenic liquids and various tractor-trailer modules in a uniformly safe manner can be of interest to many other fleet owners. A videotape series is used to standardize driver training. A network of driver trainers make sure the information is understood, and also observe drivers performing their jobs. Eight trailer types are used for mechanical instruction on loading, unloading, and coping with highway emergencies. Drivers progress from classroom instruction to hands-on training, and then back to classroom several times before being certified for work. An "all-in-one" instruction book has been produced. The safety program incorporates wearing hard hats and safety glasses, regular safety meetings, fuel conservation incentives and other safety inducements. Visual acuity tests are given periodically. The procurement of drivers is discussed, as well as the physical aspects of trailers. KW - Driver training KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Energy conservation KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Freight handling KW - Hazardous materials KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203310 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385622 JO - Fleet Owner PB - Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - SPEC'ING LONGER LIFE INTO LAMPS PY - 1983/06 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - p. 62-66 AB - This article covers the lamps on both tractor and trailer that have demanded the most maintenance effort: clearance and marker, stop, tail, and turn lamps. Head lamps are excluded because they are made by a different group of manufacturers and because they are comparable in most ways to their automobile counterparts. KW - Lamps KW - Taillamps KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Turn signals KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385587 JO - Trial PB - Association of Trial Lawyers of America AU - Joye, R I AU - Association of Trial Lawyers of America TI - DRUNK DRIVING. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFER HIGHWAYS PY - 1983/06 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 8 p. AB - This article which considers DUI (Driving Under the Influence) a serious offense, observes that "impairment" is an opinion and describes how alcohol affects different people. The difficulty of the determination of impairment is noted. The invention and use of the breathalyzer are noted. The presumption of guilt and the illegal per se laws are discussed. The question of refusing to submit to breath-testing is also discussed. The procedural protection of the due process clause mandated by the fourteenth amendment and its application to driver license suspension is considered. It is noted that stiff penalties do not have a sustained impact and possible alternative solutions are recommended. These recommendations relate to the training of police officers, training of breathalyzer operators, maintenance requirements for breathalyzers, the presumption of guilt, blood sampling, assumptions by judges and prosecutors, the education of youngsters about alcohol handling, the rules of evidence, plea bargaining, insurance, driving under suspension, and jail sentences. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Insurance KW - Judicial processes KW - Penalties KW - Per se laws KW - Plea bargaining KW - Police KW - Suspensions KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382502 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - ANDREASSON, R AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - SOME ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE SEAT BELT--AND THE FACTS! PY - 1983/06 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 26 AB - This article deals with arguments against the use of seat belts. These arguments are: (1) The belt can cause injuries; (2) the belt constitutes an obstacle to maneuvering the vehicle easily and smoothly; (3) it is dangerous to sit fastened in a car if it should catch fire or sink into a lake; (4) in case of a collision it is better to be thrown out of the car than to be belted-in; (5) it is dangerous for pregnant women to use seat belts. In every instance the facts or counter arguments uphold the wisdom of using seat belts. KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202477 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382503 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - JACOBSON, B AU - Ysander, L AU - Ojerskog, B AU - Hansson, P AU - Kinberger, B AU - NILSSON, L AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT VICTIMS PY - 1983/06 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 28-33 AB - 244 traffic accident victims, all motor-vehicle drivers, cyclists or pedestrians over the age of 15 and treated at the emergency wards at two hospitals in Western Sweden, were subjected to a questionnaire regarding drug use and their blood analysed on admission to the hospital for the presence of alcohol (244) or other drugs (176). 18 percent of the injured persons had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeding 0.05 percent. The higher the BAC, the more serious the injury. Seven percent had measurable concentrations of a drug in their blood. In only one case was the level found to be higher than the therapeutic range (digoxin). Only four percent of the persons on whom blood analyses were made had measurable concentrations of drugs usually regarded as hazardous from the traffic-safety point of view, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates and antiepileptic drugs. In no case did the measured levels exceed the therapeutic range for these drugs. There was no connection between drug and alcohol (use) in the traffic population studied. The use of drugs is more widespread among older drivers, cyclists or pedestrians than among younger traffic participants. The older drug users often sustained more serious injuries than the younger ones. According to the results of the study presented, drugs seem to be a very small risk factor in traffic, especially as compared to alcohol. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash victims KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrians KW - Questionnaires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384514 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DWI SANCTIONS: THE LAW AND THE PRACTICE PY - 1983/06 SP - v.p. AB - This study documents state-of-the-art DWI sanctioning practices nationwide and provides new information about the sanctions on the books and those actually imposed on DWI offenders. It provides the first practical review of DWI sanctioning practices in each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia and provides detailed information about mandatory confinement, license actions and community service as DWI sanctions. This operational information will be useful to decisionmakers at the Federal, State and local levels who determine policy for handling DWI offenders. KW - Decision making KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Policy KW - Sanctions KW - State government KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381868 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL SP-547 PY - 1983/06 SP - 88 p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Keynote Address--Statistical Process Control at General Motors, R. W. Decker; Top Management's Responsibilities for Quality, Productivity, and Competitive Position, W. E. Deming; Managing to Survive in a Competitive World, M. Tribus; Training for Statistical Quality Control, R. D. Moen; Management Perception of the Deming Philosophy, J. J. Paulsen; Simple Statistical Methods, A. L. Strongrich et al; Statistical Control of Suspension Bushing Assembly, G. L. Earnhart; Statistical Quality Control at Work, J. H. Overwein; Cast Metal Industries after Two Years with the Deming Philosophy, E. Kratzet; Managing with Statistical Methods, J. C. Siegel; Teaching the Deming Statistical Quality Control Method, P. Gluckman. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Management KW - Process control KW - Productivity KW - Quality control KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381366 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BMCS NATIONAL ROADSIDE INSPECTION OCTOBER 18-22, 1982 PY - 1983/06 SP - 11 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS), assisted by state law enforcement officials, conducted roadside vehicle inspections at 66 sites in 35 States during the week of October 18, 1982. The Essential Elements Examination (EEE) procedure was followed to detect those violations and defects most often identified as causing or contributing to the severity of truck accidents. During this 5-day activity 5,679 vehicles were inspected and 38 percent (2,144) placed out of service. There were 7,378 vehicle defects discovered, of which 32 percent (2,403) were out-of-service defects. Forty percent of the out-of-service defects were attributable to the service brake system. KW - Brakes KW - Crash causes KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Out of service KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381282 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS. PART III: GENERAL MOTORS EFE AND AIR INJECTION PY - 1983/06 VL - 159 IS - 6 SP - 7 p. AB - This article is part of a series of articles on emission control parts used on 1977-82 General Motors cars and light trucks, and specifically covers two additional GM emission control systems--early fuel evaporation (EFE) and air injection. The article covers the basic EFE system (and troubleshooting) as well as the three types of temperature control components: an oil temperature switch and vacuum solenoid, a coolant temperature vacuum valve, and a computer controlled vacuum solenoid. Air injection systems are also covered: the Air Injection reactor (AIR), diverter valve external muffler type, and the pulse air injection reactor (PAIR). KW - Air injection KW - Air injection systems KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Emission control systems KW - Evaporative emissions KW - Fuel systems KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Light trucks KW - Temperature control KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381842 JO - Energy and Technology Review PB - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory AU - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory TI - ALUMINUM-AIR BATTERY DEVELOPMENT: TOWARD AN ELECTRIC CAR PY - 1983/06 SP - p. 20-33 AB - The aluminum-air battery is being developed as a convenient and economical way to extend the energy base available for automotive propulsion. A firm technological basis has been established for the development of a full-scale prototype electric vehicle battery. This article lists the advances made on the aluminum-air battery, and describes the development of the refuelable cell, the integration of cells and crystallizer, electrode developments, and battery engineering design. Modeling vehicle performance, cost and energy consumption are described and the major problem areas are noted. KW - Aluminum air batteries KW - Costs KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Energy consumption KW - Prototypes KW - Technology KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380965 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - A STRUT ROOKIE? IT'S NOT TOO TOUGH PY - 1983/06 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - p. 44-48 AB - This article explains in 12 illustrated steps how to install a Bilstein-manufactured gas pressure strut insert on a VW Rabbit, using tools found in every front end mechanic's tool box, plus a spring compressor. A runout indicator, which is used to check the strut tube for straightness is also recommended. KW - Automobiles KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Repairing KW - Struts KW - Vehicle front end KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197121 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381006 JO - Modern Tire Dealer PB - Bill Communications (Akron) Incorporated AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - VOLUNTARY SYSTEM WILL BE MONITORED TO SEE IF IT IS WORKING: INTERIM RULING OUTLINES TIRE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS PY - 1983/06 VL - 64 IS - 7 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published in the May 19, 1983 edition of the Federal Register, guidelines and requirements for the enactment of voluntary tire registration on an interim basis. The agency wants individual dealer information on the forms so that it can conduct an evaluation of the voluntary registration system to see if it is working. KW - Automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Guidelines KW - Registrations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Tires KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201612 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380772 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - HOW KEEN ARE YOUR MOTORCYCLE RIDING SKILLS? PY - 1983/06 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-16 AB - Since riding today's sophisticated motorcycles requires more attention to skills than ever before, this article offers a quiz for those who wish to take a few moments to check out their knowledge about riding skills. All of the questions (and answers) are based on the Motorcycle Safety Foundation's "Motorcycle Operator Manual" and represent the kinds of skills and knowledge taught as part of the Foundation's "Motorcycle Rider Course." KW - Knowledge KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380961 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - KRISHNAN, K S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF SEAT BELT EFFECTIVENESS IN TWO-CAR COLLISIONS PY - 1983/06 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 227-236 AB - The objective of this research is to quantify occupant protection afforded by restraint systems in two-car head-on collisions. An accepted measure of occupant protection is "Restraint System Effectiveness" (RSE). This quantity is defined as the percent reduction in the probability of an occupant injury due to the use of a restraint system. RSE estimates are calculated in the present paper using a previously developed mathematical model of occupant injuries in two-car collisions and obtaining parameter estimates from two data sets. The two sets of data used for estimating RSE are: New York police accident data and data collected by various multidisciplinary accident investigation teams. Both these data sets have been reported in the literature. The RSE estimates obtained from the two data sets range from 29 to 40%. These estimates are shown to increase as the mass of the occupant's vehicle increases, but decrease as the mass of the other colliding vehicle increases. On the average, the use of a restraint system can offset the decrease in occupant protection that would result from a 40% reduction in car weight. Consequently, the use of restraint systems to reduce occupant risk is estimated to be even more important as the number of small vehicles in the U.S. vehicle fleet increases. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - Empirical methods KW - Frontal crashes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Protection KW - Restraint systems KW - Small car KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197117 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380689 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - DON'T WORRY, WE'VE GOT YOU COVERED PY - 1983/06 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 2 p. AB - Statistics show that school bus accidents in 1980 resulted in $376,200,000 of medical, productivity, property and other losses. This amounts to an aggregate cost per State of 7.37 million and is twice as much as the total expenditures in each State. While all of this does not come directly from the school district budget, most of it is ultimately borne by the district or the insurance companies. The most effective method of protecting a school district's huge capital investment lies in insurance. The Connecticut based Hartford Insurance presently carries more than 5 million worth of policies on fleets. The steps involved in obtaining insurance are described. The steps are designed to obtain as much information as possible about the school bus operation to be insured, and the coverage that was required. The price of the insurance would be affected by the limits of liability the operator wanted, the deductible on the physical damage, etc. Hartford's primary underwriting standards are related to the types of motor vehicles, motor vehicle records, and the experience of the drivers including driver qualifications and driver training. It is noted that losses related to commercial auto insurance on every type of vehicle have been increasing. Federal safety requirements have posed few problems affecting rates and coverage. Hartford publishes the "Monthly Management Bulletin" to keep school bus operators informed of the latest developments in their field. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver selection KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Expenditures KW - Insurance KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Selection and appointment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196967 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380674 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ALEX'S ADVENTURES IN MOTORLAND PY - 1983/06 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-13 AB - Some of the safety concerns of the Society of Automotive Engineers' annual meeting are briefly described in a manner imitative of Lewis Carroll's description of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It is noted that a 1% increase in safety belt usage could lead to the saving of 182 lives, and that the chances of having an accident are one in seven or ten and not one in a thousand as most drivers think. Cars, it is noted, can reach temperatures of 160 deg in direct sunlight and pose a threat to human and animal occupants. Steel available today, can provide bumper reinforcement six times stronger than previous mild steels. Today's aluminum-air battery is an advanced electrochemical energy source that promises to give electric vehicles long range, rapid acceleration, and fast refueling. Robots are used today to spotweld cars. It is expected that they will soon inspect, sort products, manipulate feedback-controlled assembly, and process and control "smart" remote operations. An electronic Full Authority Diesel Fuel Injection System is mentioned, that will assist diesel engine manufacturers in meeting future worldwide vehicle emission standards. A one unit fuel filter and fuel/water separator with optional fuel heater has been developed for diesel engine application. Precision injection nozzles are described that can increase engine performance and reduce noise and emissions in diesel engines. KW - Aluminum air batteries KW - Bumpers KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fuel filters KW - Fuel injection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Robots KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196964 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380747 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - IT CAN BE SAVED PY - 1983/06 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This article looks at a few of the newest devices available that are specifically made to save gas or diesel fuel. The Webster/Heise value addresses the problem of a better fuel/air mix. Secretary of Transportation Drew Lewis declared that "it could present a significant technological breakthrough" that would reduce pollution, fuel consumption and even octane ratings. Interest in the device is great and NHTSA is currently reviewing previous findings and conducting field tests. Another device, a friction reducing piston, manufactured by AE Group of Columbia, Maryland, has demonstrated a 14 percent reduction in frictional loss in tests at full power. This translated into a five percent increase in power and a four percent improvement in fuel economy. Also discussed in this article are fuel additives and the devices for adding them, and the various market forces and their impact on the U.S. economy. KW - Economics KW - Friction losses KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel-saving devices KW - Markets KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Webster/heise valve UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197013 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380957 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Jonah, B A AU - Engel, G R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - MEASURING THE RELATIVE RISK OF PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/06 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 193-206 AB - The present paper describes research which was conducted to develop a methodology for measuring the relative risk of pedestrian accidents. Accident and exposure data were analyzed separately and then in combination to produce relative risks. The accident information (N=472) extracted from police accident report forms revealed that dart-out and intersection dash accidents were the most frequent types of accidents with children more involved in the former and adults more involved in the latter. The exposure survey (N=956) of people aged three years and over indicated that adolescents (13-17) had the highest level of pedestrian activity in terms of number of trips, distance, duration and number of street crossings. The elderly (65+) and children 8-12 had the lowest levels of activity. Qualitative analysis of pedestrian activity revealed that children (3-12) made more trips during daylight hours, were more often accompanied by others on suburban side streets and crossed streets more often at uncontrolled locations than adults. Examination of relative risk ratios revealed that children (3-12) and the elderly had the highest levels of accident risk but only when distance travelled, duration and number of streets crossed were used as the exposure index. The results demonstrated that exposure data is critical in defining target groups for pedestrian safety programs. KW - Aged KW - Children KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash reports KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Risk analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380958 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Vaillancourt, D R AU - Pulling, N H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - CAR DIVE AND COLLISION COST PY - 1983/06 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 207-214 AB - A sonar instrument was developed that can be conveniently attached to the front or rear bumper of an automobile to measure car dive. Car dive at the front bumper during a panic stop was measured in fifty-one 1969-1979 passenger cars, and the results compared with insurance repair costs in order to evaluate the relationship between the amount a car dives in a panic stop with the real-world repair costs associated with that particular car model. Although, according to several studies, dive is largely a matter of suspension design, in practice it was also generally found to be proportional to vehicle length and weight. Even though the series of automobiles tested in 1979 were on the average smaller and lighter than those tested in 1974, they averaged 28% more dive. The results of this research suggest that dive characteristics be included in federal bumper regulations, and that antidive be incorporated in passenger car suspension designs. KW - Accident costs KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Car dive KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Motor reactions KW - Panic brake application KW - Rear end crashes KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Suspension systems KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380992 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - POWER ASSISTED STEERING VALVE--HOLDS CLOSE TOLERANCE IN STEERING RESPONSE CHARACTERISTIC PY - 1983/06 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - p. 26-27 AB - This valve has been developed in response to the move among vehicle manufacturers to higher hydraulic pressures, which will allow reduction in size of hydraulic actuation equipment. The six-slot rotor design, in an aluminum body, is of unusually light weight and compact construction and promises good durability--on the basis of a development program aimed at carefully controlling the sealing performance. KW - Durability KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Lightweight materials KW - Power steering KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Steering gears KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197145 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380993 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - GARRETT, K AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - LEYLAND CONSTANTLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION PY - 1983/06 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - p. 28-29 AB - This article describes a new constantly variable transmission (CVT) designed by British Leyland that will be in the hands of operators, for user trials, by the end of 1984. The production of this CVT is also planned to begin in 1986. Moreover, the same CVT, together with a flywheel energy storage system for regenerative braking, will be put in a Leyland National Bus by the end of 1984, and is expected to be on user trials by 1986. The principal attraction of the system is its potential for substantial savings in fuel consumption. However, its smoothness of operation and the easing of the driver's workload are also valuable assets. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Flywheels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Regenerative braking KW - Technology KW - Transmissions KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197146 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380956 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Shinar, D AU - Treat, J R AU - McDonald, S T AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE VALIDITY OF POLICE REPORTED ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1983/06 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 175-191 AB - Information theory and signal detection theory techniques were used to assess the validity of police reported traffic accident data. The validity criteria were the data and conclusions of multi-disciplinary accident investigation teams who investigated the same traffic accidents. The results indicated that the accident level variables reported by the police with least reliability were vertical road character, accident severity, and road surface composition. The most reliably reported data were those concerned with the accident location, date, and number of drivers, passengers, and vehicles. The informativeness of the police reports with respect to driver/vehicle characteristics was practically nil, with the exception of driver age, sex and vehicle model for which the police were correct most of the time (but not errorless). It was also found that police reports provided very little information regarding the presence of different human conditions and states, vehicle defects and environmental/road deficiencies. The sensitivity of police investigators to all accident causes was low. When causes were categorized into human direct, human indirect (conditions and states) vehicle, and environmental, police were the most reliable with respect to human direct causes and the least reliable with respect to environmental and human indirect causes. Implications for improvement and use of police data are discussed. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Performance evaluations KW - Police KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380959 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Hutchinson, T P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A BIVARIATE NORMAL MODEL FOR INTRA-ACCIDENT CORRELATIONS OF DRIVER INJURY WITH APPLICATION TO THE EFFECT OF MASS RATIO PY - 1983/06 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 215-224 AB - The data analysed consists of the joint distribution of severities of injury to vehicle drivers in head-on crashes, stratified according to the relative masses of the vehicles. On the basis of some fairly strong assumptions, a model is developed which results in the joint distribution being bivariate normal. The parameters are interpretable in terms of the effect of velocity change on injury severity, and the relative variability of velocity change and of injury severity at a particular velocity change. The predictions made by the model enjoy a considerable degree of success. KW - Bivariate analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mass KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Severity KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380994 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mucci, PER AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - CFRP-FOR-STEEL SUBSTITUTION IN A CAR REAR AXLE PY - 1983/06 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - p. 40-43 AB - This article describes a lightweight axle made from carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), which was designed as a replacement for the existing steel axle currently used in a production car. A 27 percent weight reduction was achieved with the new design without any overall dimensional changes. KW - Axles KW - Carbon fibers KW - Lightweight materials KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Testing KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381000 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - SCIENTIFIC CRIME SOLVING PY - 1983/06 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - What may at first glance appear to be a "fatal car accident" may prove to be an attempt to conceal a murder, or a cleverly planned "cover-up" for a disappearance. The California Highway Patrol and other law enforcement officers are now being trained in scientific investigation, and frequently expose those crimes. This article reviews some actual cases. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash investigation KW - Crimes KW - Fatalities KW - Forensic medicine KW - Homicide KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Scientific method UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201606 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380963 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - WHEEL BALANCING SOLUTIONS PY - 1983/06 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 4 p. AB - This article explains how to balance the brake drums as well as the wheel/tire assemblies on medium/heavy duty trucks. It also gives wheel alignment specifications for loaded vehicles and includes a belt tension table. KW - Alignment KW - Brake drums KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Repairing KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Wheel alignment KW - Wheel balance KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380771 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SIMPLE SELF-SERVICE PY - 1983/06 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 7 p. AB - Regular self-servicing of the car is simple and will eliminate many of the problems that might otherwise happen. The service station is the logical place to do this. This article describes those simple things the car owner should do while at the station to keep his car properly maintained. These include such things as how to fill your gas tank properly, checking tires for correct inflation pressure, cleaning the windows and lights, checking fluid levels, and checking battery, hoses and belts. KW - Service stations KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197033 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380754 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Harris, F AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - NEW APPROACHES TO AN OLD PROBLEM--THE DRUNK DRIVER PY - 1983/06 SP - p. 11-13 AB - The city of Creve Coeur, Mo., adopted a new approach to the old problem of the drunk driver. The program consists of two phases--the traditional and the electronic. The traditional phase involved increased enforcement of closing hours for all bars, lounges and taverns, increased patrols around such establishments, and the publishing of the names of persons arrested and charged with drunk driving in a major St. Louis newspaper. The electronic phase involved passage of an ordinance which requires all restaurants and cocktail lounges in the city having a license to sell liquor by the drink and a sales of $100,000 or more annually to install a breath analyzing machine for use by their customers. The electronic phase also involved reinstitution of the "car with the camera" program to video tape traffic offenses and record subsequent conversations through a wireless microphone attached to an officer's shirt. All events are electronically collected and permanently maintained for evidence in court. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evidence KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Tape recorders KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197019 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380960 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Hutchinson, T P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A NOTE ON APPLICATIONS OF THE COMPETING RISKS MODEL PY - 1983/06 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 225-226 AB - Methods proposed for estimating the distribution of fracture strengths of cadaver legs (Searle et al., 1978) and for estimating the distribution of free speeds of vehicles (Branston, 1979) are both shown to be examples of competing risks analysis. KW - Cadavers KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Free speed KW - Impact tests KW - Leg KW - Mathematical models KW - Risk analysis KW - Speed KW - Speed distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380962 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Terhune, K W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN EVALUATION OF RESPONSIBILITY ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING ALCOHOL AND DRUG CRASH EFFECTS PY - 1983/06 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 237-246 AB - This paper evaluates judgments of driver crash responsibility to estimate alcohol and drug impairment effects when exposure data are unavailable to calculate crash risks. Previous studies using responsibility judgments provided some evidence that responsibility is related to BAC. Other studies, some inferring responsibility, indicated a relation between responsibility and relative crash risk. Data are presented showing that responsibility judgments with a rating scale have high interrater reliability, and systematic relations with BAC suggest some validity in the ratings. A method is demonstrated for estimating relative crash risk responsibility judgments with accident data, and the limitations of responsibility analysis are discussed. While alcohol and drug impairment effects are best determined with relative crash risks determined from accident and exposure data, responsibility analysis may provide useful indications in the absence of exposure data. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crashes KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Responsibilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380752 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - MORE THAN JUST AN IMAGE PY - 1983/06 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - p. 43-45 AB - This article presents the ideas of Carlisle Beasley, NAPT region 2 director and director of transportation for the Metropolitan Public Schools in Nashville, Tennessee, on the subject of public relations. As Mr. Beasley points out, creating an effective public relations program requires improved communication and the cooperation of all concerned parties, from the state departments of education, law enforcement officials, the media, the school board of directors, the superintendent, parent-teacher organizations, administrators, all the way down to the drivers and students. Mr. Beasley also discusses student discipline on buses, driver attitude, and driver/student rapport. KW - Communications KW - Cooperation KW - Public relations KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Students KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380743 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Balmer, G G AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDROPLANING--HOW TO REDUCE IT PY - 1983/06 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-19 AB - This article discusses controls, such as vehicle operation restrictions and pavement design, to decrease hydroplaning, which is affected by pavement cross slope, texture, rut depth, surface drainage, drainage path length, precipitation intensity and duration, tire inflation and tread pattern depth, and vehicle traveling speed. The recommended vehicle and pavement design controls are based on analyses of simulation, laboratory, and full-scale tests. The results are applicable to vehicle operation, tire construction, and highway pavement design, construction, and rehabilitation. KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Skid resistance KW - Slip resistance KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage KW - Texture KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380964 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - BRAKE LINE REPLACEMENT PY - 1983/06 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - Modern hydraulic brake pipe is double-layer, annealed-steel, terne-plate tubing. It resists corrosion and has the physical strength to safely contain the high hydraulic pressures found in braking systems. However, sometimes it requires replacement. This short article explains how to replace brake line. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake components KW - Brake tubing KW - Repairing KW - Replacing KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380579 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INNOVATIVE PROJECT GRANT PROGRAM TITLE 23 U.S.C. SECTION 407 PY - 1983/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This publication reports the results obtained during FY 1982 on nineteen projects which were awarded grants under the Highway Safety Innovative Project Grants Program authorized by Section 407 to Chapter 4, Title 23, United States Code. Thirteen of these grants were for projects in the priority areas of safety belt usage (including child passenger protection) and alcohol. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drunk driving KW - Grant aid KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193395 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379759 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING YOUR COOLING SYSTEM. PART 2 PY - 1983/06 VL - 159 IS - 6 SP - p. 37-40 AB - This is Part 2 of an article which gives the home mechanic tips on how to examine the cooling system. It discusses the two common problems--leaks and clogging. Attention is then focused on the radiator. The problem faced by the home mechanic is whether or not to repair it at home or take it to a repair shop, or perhaps to replace it. Helpful suggestions are given and the procedure used by a good radiator shop to get a radiator back in shape is outlined. Tips are given for removing the radiator, buying a new radiator, flushing the cooling system, and the proper antifreeze to use. KW - Antifreeze KW - Clogging KW - Cooling systems KW - Flushing KW - Leakage KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Radiators KW - Repairing KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380402 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Yunick, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - SMOKEY TELLS HOW TO BEAT THE HEAT OF HOT-START PROBLEMS PY - 1983/06 VL - 222 IS - 6 SP - 3 p. AB - Advice is given by a mechanic on how to deal with situations in which the automobile will not start during hot weather. The problems in such situations could be related to the fuel system or the ignition system. The engine could be flooded. In such situations, push the throttle down and hold it there, backing off of the engine does catch. Further advice is given if this course of action is not successful. Another cause of such problems is excess fuel on the outside of the carburetor or down in the intake manifold. The reasons for these conditions are explained. Advice is also given on dealing with electrical system problems. The article tells not only how to get started under such circumstances but also describes how the problems could be resolved. KW - Fuel systems KW - Hot start KW - Hot starts (Driving) KW - Ignition systems KW - Mechanical failure KW - Problem solving KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196796 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380372 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Grable, R AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - DAECO INTERCOOLER PY - 1983/06 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - p. 61-62 AB - The Daeco Intercooler system increases efficiencies by recovering heat normally lost from the engine cooling jacket to power a jet-driven heat pump that circulates refrigerant to an intake intercooler. Daeco claims that this system will remove 80% of the heat of compression without reducing the engine shaft power, increasing the frontal area, or decreasing the fuel efficiency. KW - Cooling systems KW - Dissipation KW - Heat exchangers KW - Intercooling KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381844 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - MARINE ACCIDENT REPORT--EXPLOSION AND FIRE ONBOARD U.S. COASTAL TANKSHIP POLING BROS. NO. 9, EAST RIVER, NEW YORK HARBOR, FEBRUARY 26, 1982 PY - 1983/05/17 SP - 31 p. AB - About 0932 e.s.t. on February 26, 1982, the U.S. coastal tankship POLING BROS. NO. 9 exploded and burned in New York Harbor. The tankship had discharged a cargo of gasoline a few hours before the accident, and its tanks were not free of gas fumes. The vessel was passing or had just passed underneath the Williamsburg Bridge when a fire followed by a series of explosions occurred. The force of the explosions hurled debris onto the bridge roadways and the electrified rail of one of the subway tracks on the bridge, shorting out the electrical system and stopping one subway train on the bridge. There were no injuries to persons on the bridge. One of the eight crewmembers of the POLING BROS. No. 9 was killed by the explosion, and three others were injured. The damage to the tankship was estimated to be about $2 million. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was the failure of the bridge repair contractor to prevent slag from falling on the tankship POLING BROS. NO. 9, where it ignited gasoline vapors in the vicinity of the No. 3 cargo tank openings, and the failure of the crew of the vessel to secure the cargo tanks so as to eliminate all flame propagation paths to the cargo tanks. Contributing to the accident was the failure of New York City officials to take effective action to require the contractor to prevent slag and other debris from falling on vessels passing underneath the Williamsburg Bridge. KW - Bridges KW - Explosions KW - Maintenance KW - Marine safety KW - Repairing KW - Slag KW - Water transportation crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198054 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392227 JO - Canadian Medical Association Journal PB - Canadian Medical Association AU - Whillans, M G AU - Canadian Medical Association TI - COLOUR-BLIND DRIVERS' PERCEPTION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS PY - 1983/05/15 VL - 128 SP - 3 p. AB - There is a dangerous and widespread assumption that colour-blind drivers drive as safely as drivers with normal vision. Colour-blind drivers have difficulties recognizing traffic and vehicle signals. However, simple and practical solutions such as changes to the design, colour and shape of signals will aid these drivers. KW - Color blindness KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver perception KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Perception KW - Signal recognition KW - Signaling KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386028 AU - Coonley, P S AU - Gurvitz, C E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF INSURANCE INCENTIVES FOR SAFETY BELT USAGE PY - 1983/05/12 SP - 159 p. AB - This study assesses the feasibility of insurance companies to offer incentives, in the form of premium reductions or additional benefits, which would be effective in increasing safety belt usage. The insurance types considered in this report are auto, health, life, and workers' compensation. The research findings on auto insurance, workers' compensation, and life insurance rely on discussions with about 20 insurance firms. The health insurance industry findings rely on contacts with industry associations, including the Health Insurance Association of America, and, in particular, the Group Health Association of America. This report concludes that: (1) The best prospect for insurance incentives to influence safety belt usage lies with efforts by employers to achieve extra insurance benefits or premium reductions as supplements to other strong employer safety belt efforts; (2) Insurers have a substantial financial incentive in attracting customers who wear safety belts but precise estimates of these savings need to be developed with actual insurance claim data; and (3) It is unlikely that any insurance company will offer substantial up-front incentives for those who claim to be belt wearers because there are serious problems with trusting the insured's to wear belts and with denying payments to insureds who are injured while not wearing belts. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Employers KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Incentives KW - Insurance industry KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25681/DOT-HS-806-474.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199850 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381009 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - COMING: SAFER WINDSHIELDS. WARRANTY CLAIMS STREAMLINED PY - 1983/05/12 VL - 55 IS - 10 SP - p. 12 AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is seeking to amend Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 205, Glazing Materials, to permit windshields with an additional layer of flexible plastic on the interior surface of the glass facing the occupant compartment. The plastic would prevent the occupant's head from contacting broken windshield glass during a crash. This improved glazing technology has been in use in Europe for several years. NHTSA has granted approval to General Motors to equip 2,500 American cars with antilacerative windshields and three car rental companies will use the vehicles for monitoring and testing. Another experimental use of these windshields began in October 1981 when the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Maryland State Police and the French maker of these windshields began a three-year study of the windshields in 150 Maryland State Police patrol cars. An interim report has shown the windshields to be effective in preventing injuries and lacerations. KW - Automobiles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Glazing KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201615 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381010 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - WOVEN ARAMID BELT IMPROVES TIRE DURABILITY. NO INTERNAL CUTS PY - 1983/05/12 VL - 55 IS - 10 SP - p. 74-75 AB - Radial tires are most likely to fail at the shoulder, the area where the reinforcing belt meets the tire wall. This potential problem exists because the reinforcing belts are cut from rolls of rubber-coated cord materials, and cords, no matter what they are made from--glass, fiber, steel, or aramid fiber--do not adhere well to rubber. Armstrong Rubber Company is offering a tire that seems to solve this problem by making the reinforcing belt from continuous tapes. The tapes are 3/8 in. wide and are made from rubber-coated Dupont aramid fibers. A special machine weaves the tapes into a reinforcing belt which is incorporated into a tire called the Tredloc. KW - Belts KW - Durability KW - Manual safety belts KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Woven fabrics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201616 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379752 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - THERE'S NO HIGHER MANDATE THAN TO PROMOTE SAFETY PY - 1983/05/09 SP - 2 p. AB - This article reports an interview with the Secretary of Transportation in which the Secretary states that the highest mandate for the Department of Transportation would be the promotion of safety in all aspects of transportation including highway safety programs, drunk driving, use of safety belts, and market incentives for the use of air bags in automobiles. Concern was also expressed about rail and boating safety and the modernization of the air-traffic-control system. The Secretary also briefly responded to questions regarding the use of highways by heavier trucks and the resulting safety hazards, the rescinding of many safety rules by NHTSA, and the 55-mph speed limit. Other topics discussed were the proposed sale of Consolidated Rail Corporation, deregulation of trucking and airlines, and operating subsidies for local transit. KW - Air bags KW - Air transportation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Manual safety belts KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Transportation KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385782 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--J.C. SALES, INC., TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER, CALVARY BAPTIST CHURCH VAN COLLISION, STATE ROUTE 198 AT 19TH AVENUE NEAR LEMOORE, CALIFORNIA, OCTOBER 8, 1982 PY - 1983/05/03 SP - 28 p. AB - About 7:50 a.m., on October 8, 1982, the driver of a tractor-semitrailer swerved his vehicle left and applied the brakes to avoid striking an automobile that had stalled on State Route (SR) 198 near Lemoore, California, while crossing the roadway at an intersection and was blocking the westbound curb lane in which the truck was approaching. The truck traveled to the left of the center of the highway, through the intersection, and into the eastbound curb lane where it collided head-on with an eastbound van. Nine of the van's 11 occupants were killed in the collision, 1 passenger died 3 days later, and 1 passenger received minor injuries. The truckdriver received serious injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the truckdriver to slow his vehicle while approaching an automobile that was stalled in an intersection and his subsequent failure to control his vehicle while making an avoidance maneuver. Contributing to the cause of the accident was the automobile driver's poor judgment in moving farther into the intersection after he restarted the automobile's engine. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck drivers KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381279 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - MULTIPLE VEHICLE COLLISIONS AND FIRE, CALDECOTT TUNNEL, NEAR OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, APRIL 7, 1982 PY - 1983/05/03 SP - 46 p. AB - About 12:12 am PST, on April 7, 1982, several vehicles on westbound California State Route 24 entered the north, No. 3 Bore of the Caldecott Tunnel near Oakland, California. A Honda car driven by an intoxicated driver struck the raised curbs inside the tunnel and came to rest at the left edge of the roadway about one-third of the way through the tunnel. It was struck soon afterward by a following gasoline tank truck and tank trailer and then by an AC Transit bus which subsequently struck the tank trailer. The busdriver was ejected, and the empty bus continued west, exited the tunnel, and struck a concrete road support pier. The tank trailer overturned, and gasoline was spilled inside the tunnel. A fire erupted and heavy black smoke quickly filled the tunnel. The tank truck and tank trailer, the Honda car, and four other vehicles that had entered the tunnel were completely destroyed by the fire. Seven persons were killed, and two people were treated for minor smoke inhalation. The tunnel incurred major damage. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was a combination of events involving (1) the erratic driving by the intoxicated driver of a passenger vehicle which stopped in a through traffic lane creating a traffic obstacle; (2) the inattention of the truckdriver causing his vehicle to strike the passenger vehicle; and (3) the busdriver's overtaking the truck too rapidly to enable him to avoid striking the passenger vehicle when it unexpectedly appeared in the path of his bus. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Crash reports KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fires KW - Gasoline KW - Hazardous materials KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Reaction time KW - Rollover crashes KW - Routing KW - Tankers KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197689 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394726 JO - Public Health PB - Elsevier AU - Woodward, A AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE PY - 1983/05 VL - 97 IS - 3 SP - p. 139-148 AB - This study draws on the motorcycle accident statistics routinely collected in Nottinghamshire, in order to describe the epidemiology of these accidents, and to identify areas in which the routine data might be improved. It was found that fatal motorcycle accidents in the county typically involve young men from Social Classes IIIM, IV and V, and occur in urban areas late at night. Alcohol is frequently involved and survival following the crash is usually brief. The statistics which are published routinely relate only to those accidents which are reported to the police, and there is marked under-recording of non-fatal accidents. The Coroners Reports provide a rich source of information about accident fatalities, but the reports are not produced in a standard form and shed no light on deaths which might have been prevented by better medical treatment. Routine linkage of the police and hospital records of road accident casualties should be the top priority in the campaign for better accident statistics. Record linkage could also be usefully extended to include data from insurance claims. KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216729 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495566 JO - Publication of: Elliott (BJ) and Associates PB - Elliott (BJ) and Associates AU - ELLIOTT, B AU - South, D AU - Elliott (BJ) and Associates AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF A DRINK-DRIVING CAMPAIGN: A CASE STUDY SN - 0-644-03339-8 PY - 1983/05 SP - 155 p. AB - In January 1979 the Office of Road Safety, Department of Transport, Australia, commissioned B.J. Elliott and Associates to develop approaches to drink-driving publicity. In October that year, a detailed interim report (Elliott & Peberdy) specified the options available and recommended a communications strategy. These options were based upon original research conducted by one of the authors in Tasmania, together with a thorough review of relevant existing literature and communication efforts from around the world. The strategy deviated from traditional approaches being aimed at the "associate" of the drink-driver, and also in attempting a positive modelling approach, rather than highlighting the negative consequences of the undesirable behaviour. The target audience chosen was the associates of drink-drivers, especially those over 30 years of age. Tasmania was chosen for the purpose of developing and assessing a pilot campaign involving television, radio, press, outdoor advertising and public relations activities. Evaluation of the pilot campaign involved a controlled field experiment, utilising before-and-after surveys of self-reported drinking and drink-driving behaviour in an experimental and control city, with a switch-over experimental design. Positive results were obtained but some effects were not very sizeable in magnitude. The report concludes with a brief statement regarding the future use of the mass media as a result of the experience from the pilot "Cronin" campaign. KW - Before and after studies KW - Case studies KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00410875 AU - Robbins, D H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - QUANTIFICATION OF THORACIC RESPONSE AND INJURY : TESTS USING HUMAN SURROGATE SUBJECTS PY - 1983/05 SP - 207 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Injuries KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/226044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452234 JO - Mississippi State Medical Association Journal PB - Mississippi State Medical Association AU - McDonald, W G AU - Stribling, J G AU - Mississippi State Medical Association TI - TRAUMA ASSOCIATED WITH THREE-WHEELED RECREATIONAL VEHICLES PY - 1983/05 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - p. 121-123 AB - Significant severe injuries requiring hospitalization and including fracture occur as a result of mishap on three wheeled recreational vehicles. These injuries occur predominately in males less than 16 years of age. Parental education along with governmental control, protective gear including helmet and patient education may be helpful in decreasing morbidity. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Helmets KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Parents KW - Protective clothing KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Three wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450655 AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation AU - Alberta Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Commission TI - ALCOHOL AND ROAD ACCIDENTS. FUTURE STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIES PY - 1983/05 SP - 44 p. AB - This report presents the findings of a workshop on alcohol and road accidents, conducted by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada (TIRF). The workshop took place from November 29 through December 2, 1981, at the Lake Louise Inn, Lake Louise, Alberta. The Alberta Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC) sponsored the conduct of the workshop as well as the preparation of this report. The workshop approach was designed to accomplish the following general objectives in light of past research and countermeasure efforts, to examine major issues in the area of alcohol and traffic safety; and to identify priorities for future research and action programs. The report has four sections. Section 1.0 provides a brief Introduction. Section 2.0, Issues, summarizes key issues identified during the workshop. Types and categories of issues are defined, and major issues relating to research and countermeasures are discussed. Section 3.0, A Strategic Approach, outlines a long-range, coordinated approach to reduce alcohol-crash losses. The strategic approach integrates action programs, evaluation, and research. Specific examples of short-and long-term initiatives are given for each of the three components. Section 4.0, Postscript, describes recent developments and trends since the conduct of the workshop. In addition, a series of recommendations that build on its findings are presented and steps toward developing and implementing the strategic approach, are identified. This report contains two appendices. Appendix A lists the many issues and questions raised during the workshop. Appendix B identifies those who participated in the workshop. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Implementation KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Strategy KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266230 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396499 JO - 50 Plus PB - Whitney Communications Corporation AU - Patyk, P AU - Whitney Communications Corporation TI - THE WAR AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING--"BELIEVE ME, YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE" PY - 1983/05 SP - 8 p. AB - This article describes how RID-USA (Remove Intoxicated Drivers) and similar groups such as MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Drivers) come to be formed, presents some facts about the extent of the drunk driving problem, and suggests ways in which citizens could become involved and fight its menace. For every 2,000 drunk drivers on the road, only one is arrested and even fewer are penalized. In 1979, RID's founding president, Doris Aiken, urged the merging of several anti-drunk driving groups and set to work to change drunk driving laws in New York. In 1980, the New York State Legislature passed four DWI (driving while intoxicated) law reforms. In April 1983 the Presidential Committee on Drunk Driving produced the Interim Report with seven recommendations and in October 1982 a new federal drunk driving law established an incentive grant program to encourage states to implement stronger anti-drunk driving programs. The law will also upgrade the National Driver Register to an electronic system capable of providing officials with quick information on problem drivers. Although federal law and national attention helps, drunk driving is seen as a local problem and the forum for action is seen at the state and county levels. Seven ways in which the community can help are described: join RID; join MADD; join a county task force or citizen advisory committee; act through civic, social or fraternal ties; report-suspected drivers; write a letter/make a call; rethink your attitudes. KW - Community action programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Measurement KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - National Driver Register KW - Problem drivers KW - Remove intoxicated drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396136 AU - Aghevli, B AU - Chi, M AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH VICTIM SIMULATOR, TESTING AND IMPROVEMENT PY - 1983/05 SP - 79 p. AB - This report describes the work performed using the Crash Victim Simulator (CVS) program to perform a series of simulations of vehicle occupants and pedestrian impacts. Four tasks were included in the contract, through some modifications were made to them during the course of the work. For each task, the steps undertaken to carry it out, problems encountered in the course of the task, and analyses of the output of the simulations run as part of the task are all described. A set of recommendations based on the experience with the CVS program is also presented. KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Input KW - Output KW - Pedestrians KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213760 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394716 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Colletti, R B AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - HOSPITAL-BASED RENTAL PROGRAMS TO INCREASE CAR SEAT USAGE PY - 1983/05 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - p. 771-773 AB - The ability of hospital-based car seat rental programs to provide car seats inexpensively throughout an entire state and the effect of these rental programs on car seat usage by newborns were evaluated. In July 1979 individuals and groups committed to child passenger safety formed a coalition called Vermont SEAT (Seatbelts Eliminate Automobile Tragedies). During the next 3 years SEAT asked the major hospitals in the state to allow volunteers to operate car seat rental programs on their premises. The number of rental programs increased from 0 to 13; the percentage of newborns born in a hospital with a rental program increased from 0% to 99%. The estimated statewide rate of car seat usage by newborns, based on observations at discharge at five hospitals, increased from 15% to 70%. These findings suggest that a network of hospital-based car seat rental programs operated by volunteers can make car seats readily available throughout a state or region, and can significantly increase car seat usage by newborns. It is recommended that such programs be a part of comprehensive strategies to improve child passenger safety. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Equipment leasing and rental businesses KW - Hospitals KW - Infants KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Ownership, leasing and rental KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216721 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395330 JO - Texas Medicine PB - Texas Medical Association AU - Lloyd, L E AU - Venus, P AU - Texas Medical Association TI - DEATH ON TEXAS ROADS: THE PICTURE WORSENS FOR YOUNG ADULTS PY - 1983/05 VL - 79 IS - 5 SP - p. 53-56 AB - Motor vehicle accidents were the leading cause of death among 15-to 34-year-old Texans in 1980. Furthermore, Texas mortality rates associated with motor vehicle accidents are higher than the nationwide rates. A detailed analysis of motor vehicle accident death rates for the past decade suggests that death rates are likely to increase during the 1980s. Three factors which contribute substantially to accident mortality rates (exceeding the speed limit, driving while intoxicated, and failure to use seat belts) are reviewed. KW - Death rate KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Speeding KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390446 AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIMITED ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE TESTING OF EVIDENTIAL BREATH TESTERS PY - 1983/05 SP - 33 p. AB - This report summarizes a limited test program conducted to determine the susceptibility of evidential breath testers (EBTs) to radio frequency interference (RFI). Several comprehensive test protocols were prepared based on procedures developed by the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension and Smith & Wesson (manufacturer of the Breathalyzer EBTs). NHTSA endorsed a modification of the Minnesota protocol and developed a videotape training package to complement its written instructions. NHTSA also recommended that police radios not be allowed to transmit signals in EBT test rooms, mobile vans, and by the roadside when breath analyses are being conducted. These materials, the training procedures and the videotape, were distributed to each Governor's Highway Safety Representative, each State Police chief and each State chemical test program director during January 1983. As of the date of this publication, comprehensive test programs using the recommended protocol have been conducted in Arizona, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas. The results of these screening test programs indicate that less than one percent of the devices tested were found to be susceptible to RFI in the environments where they were used. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387411 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - RESTRAINT DEVICE USE AND EJECTION FROM VEHICLE. COUNTERATTACK BRIEF REPORT NO. 3 PY - 1983/05 SP - 15 p. AB - This report examines restraint device use across the province of British Columbia by reviewing victim restraint device use as recorded on all accident report forms (MV104) involving injury or death in 1982. In addition, whether or not victims were ejected from any vehicles in the accident is also examined. It is reasoned that if one accepts the premise that the number of accidents where victims are not wearing seat belts and the number of accidents where victims are ejected from vehicles relates positively to the number of persons not wearing restraint devices, then by examining these two variables, one can get a rough notion of the relative differences in restraint device use from location to location. This information in turn could be used to pinpoint geographical locations for restraint device use campaigns, extra police enforcement efforts, and so on. As a result of these analyses, this report recommends: (1) Increased enforcement of restraint device legislation and public education in the Prince George and Prince Rupert areas; (2) increased enforcement of restraint device legislation and increased public education in rural areas throughout the province, and (3) figures on victim restraint device use and victim ejection from the vehicle during an accident be used in order to measure the effectiveness of those efforts noted in (1) and (2). KW - Correlation analysis KW - Ejection KW - Geographical areas KW - Manual safety belts KW - Named Geographic Features KW - Publicity KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200950 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387775 JO - Journal of Fire Sciences PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Kourtides, D A AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - FIRE RESISTANT FILMS FOR AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/05 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - p. 200-220 AB - Alternative sandwich-panel decorative films were investigated as replacements for the polyvinyl fluoride currently used in aircraft interiors. Candidate films were studied for flammability, smoke emission, selected toxic gas emission, flame spread, and suitability as a printing surface for the decorative acrylic ink system. Several of the candidate films tested were flame-modified polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyamide, polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyethersulfone, polybenzimidazole, polycarbonate, polyparabanic acid, polyphosphazene, polyetheretherketone, and polyester. The films were evaluated as pure films only, films silk-screened with an acrylic ink, and films adhered to a phenolic fiberglass substrate. Films which exhibited the highest fire-resistant properties included PEEK polyetheretherketone, Aramid polyamide and ISO-BPE polyester. KW - Aircraft KW - Film KW - Fire resistance KW - Plastics KW - Polymers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204711 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387774 JO - Journal of Fire Sciences PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Franklin, W E AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - VOLATILE PRODUCTS FROM PYROLYSIS OF COTTON FABRICS FINISHED WITH THPS-UREA-PHOSPHATE PY - 1983/05 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - p. 165-176 AB - Volatile products evolved during the pyrolysis of cotton fabrics treated with various add-ons of THPS-urea-phosphate flame retardant were measured by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry. Molar fractions of nine primary, volatile pyrolysis products were determined, accounting for 82-89 mole percent of the products. Three classes of volatile products were distinguished on the basis of the response of the product fractions to add-on of the flame retardant. Increasing add-on decreased the anhydroglucose fractions. Small add-ons increased the "furan" fractions and large add-ons decreased them. Nonfuel fractions increased with increasing add-on. Inverse relations were found between anhydroglucose fractions and water fractions and between "furan" fractions and carbon dioxide fractions. The flame retardancy of the cotton fabrics had the best correlation with the water fractions. These results are compared and contrasted with data from the pyrolysis of cotton fabrics treated with another flame retardant, THPOH-ammonia. KW - Cotton KW - Fire resistant materials KW - Fire retardants KW - Flammability KW - Pyrolysis KW - Thermogravimetric analysis KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387412 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - THE MOST FREQUENTLY CITED CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, B.C. 1982. COUNTERATTACK BRIEF REPORT NO. 4 PY - 1983/05 SP - 19 p. AB - This report documents and comments upon the driver/vehicle/conditions factors contributing to accidents within the context of the 1982 British Columbia data on accidents involving injury or death as recorded on the Accident Report Form (MV104). As a result of these analyses, it is recommended that: (1) Accident Report Form (MV104) be completed more thoroughly on Contributing Factor codes, and, in addition, an attempt be made to include both general (e.g. driving without due care) and specific (e.g. unsafe speed) contributions; (2) analyses of contributing factor codes be done in terms of any level of contribution as opposed to only primary level; and (3) there be a more extensive consideration of the entire range of contributing factors among the government and private sector agencies concerned with traffic safety--in particular, failure to yield, speeding, and general driving concentration are areas that are severely in need of attention. KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386019 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - FLICK, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS--REPORT NO. 1 EVALUATION OF THE FIRST PROPOSED TEST PROCEDURE FOR PASSENGER CARS. VOLUME I PY - 1983/05 SP - 128 p. AB - Twenty-nine vehicles were tested to the first proposed version of a harmonized international braking regulation test procedure to evaluate the procedure and to obtain a data base to be used in the future development of harmonized performance requirements. Although the test procedure was proposed for passenger cars only, six of the twenty-nine vehicles tested were in the light truck or multipurpose vehicle category and were included to evaluate the suitability of the procedure for these classes of vehicles which are expected to be addressed in future braking standards harmonization efforts. In addition to tests to the proposed procedure, tests were also conducted to evaluate a number of issues that have been raised by various parties participating in the harmonization efforts. This report, which is the first in a series of reports that will be published by NHTSA's Vehicle Research and Test Center as the harmonization effort progresses, presents a description of the test program and an analysis of the results. It includes: descriptions of vehicles, instrumentation and test site; detailed data sheets, vehicle performance summaries and graphs; a discussion of results and a critique of the procedure. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - International KW - International standards KW - Light trucks KW - Performance tests KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199841 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386521 JO - Journal of Urban Planning and Development PB - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - Carney, J F AU - Austin, C D AU - Reid, S R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - MODELING OF STEEL TUBE VEHICULAR CRASH CUSHION PY - 1983/05 VL - 109 IS - 3 SP - p. 331-346 AB - The energy dissipation characteristics of steel tube clusters are investigated with a view toward using such a system as a stationary energy absorbing device. Experiments performed on small scale models made up by connecting mild steel rings cut from tube stock are described. Six different configurations were chosen for testing to establish their stability and load-carrying capabilities, and all systems were tested both quasi-statically and dynamically. The energy adsorption properties of all six systems are shown to be remarkably insensitive to the line of action of the loading. For a given kinetic energy, an individual system collapsed by essentially the same amount regardless of whether the impact angle was 0 deg or 15 deg with respect to the line of symmetry of the device. A design example is presented in the paper to illustrate how the results of the model tests can be applied to design a full scale impact attenuation device. KW - Crash cushions KW - Dissipation KW - Energy absorption KW - Model tests KW - Steel KW - Steel tubes KW - Tubing KW - Tubular structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203900 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386511 JO - Injury PB - Elsevier AU - Jones, J J AU - Jeffreys, R V AU - Wright (John) and Sons, Limited TI - HEAD INJURY PATIENTS ADMITTED TO GENERAL HOSPITALS IN MERSEYSIDE PY - 1983/05 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - p. 483-488 AB - During 1975 and 1976, 11,837 patients with head injury were admitted to 16 general hospitals serving 24 million people. Eight hundred and seventy-five had fractures of the skull. 178 died and 103 were transferred to the regional department of neurosciences. A fall was the cause of injury in 49 percent, a traffic accident in 24 percent and assault in 17 percent. Seventeen percent of adult patients had taken alcohol and 16 percent had major extracranial injuries (including fractures of the bones of the face). Sixty-seven percent stayed in hospital for 0-18 hours and 8 percent for 8 days or more. The mortality rate and the number of deaths associated with avoidable factors both increased with the patient's ages. After standardization for age and sex, neither of these measures of the effectiveness of the management of head injury in hospital was found to differ significantly amongst the sixteen hospitals; nor were they related to differences in the way in which head injury patients were managed (for example, duration of stay in hospital) or to admission policy, work load (number or patients admitted with head injury per year) or the distance by road to the regional neurosciences department. KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Mortality rates KW - Quality of service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386020 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - FLICK, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS--REPORT NO. 1 EVALUATION OF THE FIRST PROPOSED TEST PROCEDURE FOR PASSENGER CARS. VOLUME II. APPENDIX A AND APPENDIX B PY - 1983/05 SP - 386 p. AB - This volume contains Appendix A which is the Detailed Proposed Harmonized Brake Test Procedure and Appendix B, Part I of the Detailed Data Sheets for Vehicle Tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - International KW - International standards KW - Light trucks KW - Performance tests KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386021 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - FLICK, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS--REPORT NO. 1 EVALUATION OF THE FIRST PROPOSED TEST PROCEDURE FOR PASSENGER CARS. VOLUME III. APPENDIX C AND APPENDIX D PY - 1983/05 SP - 385 p. AB - Included in this volume are Appendix C and D. Appendix C is Part II of the Detailed Data Sheets for Vehicle Tests and Appendix D is the Summary Performance Tables. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - International KW - International standards KW - Light trucks KW - Performance tests KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199843 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386761 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE FIRES IN TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1983/05 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 8 p. AB - How frequently do automobiles in traffic crashes catch fire, and how much has Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 301 reduced post-crash vehicle fire? In this interview Dr. Jairus D. Flora discusses his examination of those questions in a research study he conducted under sponsorship of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fires KW - Fuels KW - Interviewing KW - Leakage KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204033 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385743 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Oppenlander, J C AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - CONTINUOUS WARRANTS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNALS PY - 1983/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - p. 22-26 AB - Various warrants for the installation of traffic signals are presented in the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways." These requirements are listed in eight categories. However, only the warrants for minimum vehicular volumes, interruption of continuous traffic, and minimum pedestrian volume are described by numerical values. Because warrants that are based on vehicular and/or pedestrian volumes should be continuous to account for the composite interactions of intersecting traffic flows over time, this study was performed to translate the discrete numerical limits into continuous warrants for implementation. KW - Continuous warrants KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385787 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Lum, H S AU - Parker, M R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - INTERSECTION CONTROL AND ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE IN RURAL MICHIGAN PY - 1983/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - p. 27-29 AB - This article reports on a study conducted in rural Michigan to investigate the use and need for stop control at low-volume intersections. Almost 900 intersections were examined based on type of control and related accident experience. It was found that 96 percent of these intersections were stop controlled. Other findings are as follows: (a) Stop signs are being used where there is adequate sight distance; (b) There is no relationship between the number of approaches on the minor roadway and accident experience for major volume under 1,000 vpd; and (c) Accident experience at stop-controlled intersections is neither better nor worse than at uncontrolled intersections under 1,000 vpd. KW - Crashes KW - Intersections KW - Rural areas KW - Sight distance KW - Stop signs KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203429 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385120 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL CELLS: FUTURE AUTOMOTIVE POWERPLANTS? PY - 1983/05 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - p. 39-41 AB - Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) fuel cells are unique in that there is no liquid electrolyte to present problems of leakage, corrosion, or normality control, or to present any possible hazard in the event of an accident or spill. This article relates how the performance of a General Motors X-car and a General Electric Chrysler ETV-1 were judged using SPE fuel cells as powerplants: the cars achieved a 150 percent improvement in fuel economy over their gasoline versions and had negligible exhaust emissions. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automobiles KW - Electrolytic cells KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel cells KW - Fuel consumption KW - Polymers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385119 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOWARD BETTER WINDSHIELDS PY - 1983/05 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - p. 11-14 AB - Some issues receiving attention in government agencies and the legislative branch of government are discussed. The coating of the inside of the windshields with a thin layer of plastic to reduce facial lacerations during car crashes is one such issue. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) claims that this has the potential to reduce 208,000 laceration injuries and save about $10 million every year. The cost to the consumer would be about $38-$45. Potential adverse safety impacts are noted and include a possible reduction in the driver's visual performance. This and other adverse impacts such as an increase in Head Injury Criteria levels because of increased penetration resistance, and increased neck injury caused by higher rearward flexion of the head are discussed. Other concerns include delamination possibilities, rear view mirror attachment capability, etc. Legislative activities discussed in this article are as follows: legislation providing for an independent regulatory commission which would help in the reorganization of the Environmental Protection Agency; measures to encourage competition by allowing joint research ventures; research credit; NHTSA 1980 budget; fuel economy testing; and NHTSA defects enforcement performance. Executive branch activities are also reviewed. KW - Coatings KW - Enforcement KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Laceration KW - Laws KW - Neck KW - Visibility KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385716 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RATES IN KENTUCKY (1981) PY - 1983/05 SP - 40 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to determine average accident statistics in Kentucky for 1981. Those statistics could then be used in Kentucky's high-accident location identification program. Similar statistics were determined in 1978 and 1980. The objective is to calculate rates on an annual basis to allow the most recently available data to be used as well as the possibility of combining several years of data or conducting trend analyses. Average accident rates were calculated using several methods of classifying highways. A series of tables were prepared giving criteria that may be used to determine whether specific locations have accident problems. KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199591 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385786 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Chadda, H S AU - Carter, Everett C AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - MULTI-WAY STOP SIGNS--HAVE WE GONE TOO FAR? PY - 1983/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - p. 19-21 AB - This paper encourages the rational and judicious use of multi-way stop signs in conformance with the warrants presented in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). Various other reasons that have been used for installing multi-way stop signs are discussed, and the problems/impacts of unwarranted stop signs are briefly summarized. Examples, based on discussions between the authors and city and state officials, of cities with experience in removal of unnecessary stop signs are described. In conclusion the authors give suggested steps for identifying unwarranted stop control and for providing data for decisions on subsequent removal. KW - Four way stop signs KW - Multiway stop signs KW - Removal KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic signs KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203428 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382510 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Donovan, D M AU - Marlatt, G A AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DRINKING BEHAVIOR, PERSONALITY FACTORS AND HIGH-RISK DRIVING. A REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FORMULATION PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 395-428 AB - Literature concerned with five broad categories of psychosocial variables contributing to the risk of traffic accidents is reviewed: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) excessive alcohol use, (3) personality traits, (4) acute states of emotional distress and (5) driving-related attitudes. A theoretical cognitive-behavioral model is presented in an attempt to integrate the results concerning the influence of these different factors. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Crashes KW - Demographics KW - Emotions KW - Hazards KW - Personality KW - Psychological aspects KW - Risk assessment KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384674 AU - Cole, D E AU - Harbeck, L T AU - American University TI - AUTOMOTIVE TRENDS THE VEHICLE OF TOMORROW PY - 1983/05 SP - 4 p. AB - Basing his predictions on a survey of key automotive leaders in the U.S. using the Delphi technique, the author foresees the vehicle of the future to be smaller but with a wide range of package volumes, more reliable, lighter, far more fuel efficient, and requiring less service. Front wheel drive will predominate and diesels will be used extensively. In general, overall quality will be improved. The many advances predicted in the Delphi survey will require additional work on the part of the U.S. automotive industry, but these improvements could not occur in the relatively short time frame considered if the industry had not made a major effort in recent years to initiate these programs and take advantage of advanced product and process engineering technology. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Data collection KW - Diesel engines KW - Forecasting KW - Front wheel drive KW - Fuel conservation KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Surveys KW - Technological innovations KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198890 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382518 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Spiegler, D L AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - CHILDREN'S ATTITUDES TOWARD ALCOHOL PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 545-552 AB - Children's perceptions of social drinking norms for men, women and children are established at least as early as age 6, but their feelings about drinking develop more slowly, becoming increasingly negative with age. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Children KW - Perception KW - Psychological aspects KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382514 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Cox, W M AU - Klinger, E AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DISCRIMINABILITY OF REGULAR, LIGHT, AND ALCOHOLIC AND NONALCOHOLIC NEAR BEER PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 494-498 AB - The usability of near beer as a carrier beverage for research that varies alcoholic content is supported because, in a beer-sampling experiment, light beer was not significantly discriminated from regular beer, and near beer without ethanol was not significantly discriminated from near beer with 3.2% ethanol. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Beer KW - Discrimination KW - Ethanol KW - Psychological aspects KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202485 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382516 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Johnston, L C AU - Patel, S AU - Vankineni, P AU - Kramer, N AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DEFICIENT SLOWING OF THE HEART AMONG VERY HEAVY SOCIAL DRINKERS PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 505-514 AB - Very heavy social drinkers demonstrated less slowing of their heart rate than controls while exhaling after a maximal inhalation. While this suggests defective autonomic control of the heart, clarification of the mechanism and significance of this reflex and its impairment must await sophisticated study. KW - Alcohol use KW - Arrhythmias KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Heart KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202487 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382511 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Wells-Parker, E AU - Miles, S AU - Spencer, Billie F AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - STRESS EXPERIENCES AND DRINKING HISTORIES OF ELDERLY DRUNKEN-DRIVING OFFENDERS PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 429-437 AB - There were relationships between first-time drunken-driving offenses in an elderly sample and stressful life events, and between the continuation of problem drinking and lower levels of social support. KW - Aged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Social factors KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384518 AU - Ziegler, P N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING A SURVEY OF THE USE OF SAFETY BELTS AND CHILD SAFETY SEATS PY - 1983/05 SP - 23 p. AB - This manual provides guidance for conducting observational surveys to assess the usage of safety belts and child safety seats. Observation surveys are generally included as one aspect of evaluations to assess the effectiveness of programs to increase the usage of occupant protection systems. Other evaluation aspects can include telephone surveys to assess peoples attitudes and use of restraints. Observational surveys are desirable because they are a direct measurement of occupant protection usage as opposed to "claimed" usage. This manual is divided into four sections. Section I describes how to select the traffic sites and shopping centers to be used as observation points. Section II presents sampling procedures that can be used to obtain the desired data and includes suggestions for data analysis. Section III recommends specific data collection requirements for driver and passenger studies along with some general training guidelines. Section IV, which can be detached from the manual for purposes of reproduction, provides specific data collection instructions for observers along with sample data forms. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Guidelines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Training KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25667/DOT-HS-EPX-030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384684 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - American University TI - YOUTH DRINKING AND DRIVING: ONE EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURE PY - 1983/05 SP - 2 p. AB - This paper focuses on the effectiveness of minimum age laws in reducing young people's involvement in alcohol-related automobile crashes. Sales of alcoholic beverages in several states were also analyzed. In conclusion, the research results clearly demonstrated the efficacy of higher minimum legal drinking ages in reducing alcohol-related automobile crashes among young drivers. More importantly, the results demonstrated that a "supply side" approach, involving government regulation of the marketing and distribution of alcoholic beverages, can significantly reduce the massive social costs associated with the use of alcoholic beverages. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Marketing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382515 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - JACKSON, G AU - Cohen, M AU - Hanbury, R AU - Korts, D AU - Sturiano, V AU - Stimmel, B AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOLISM AMONG NARCOTIC ADDICTS AND PATIENTS ON METHADONE MAINTENANCE PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 499-504 AB - There was no difference in prevalence of current alcoholism between new admissions to a methadone-maintenance treatment program (MMTP) and patients already in MMTP at least one year, by previous treatment for drug misuse, or between MMTP patients and the population of the surrounding community. KW - Alcoholism KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drug addiction KW - Drugs KW - Methadone KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202486 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382517 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Williams, D L AU - MacLean, A W AU - CAIRNS, J AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DOSE--RESPONSE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON THE SLEEP OF YOUNG WOMEN PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 515-523 AB - In healthy young women, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, slow-wave sleep increased, sleep-onset latency decreased and late-night disturbance of sleep increased with increasing doses of alcohol. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Ethanol KW - Females KW - Physiological aspects KW - Sleep KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202488 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382522 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Steer, R A AU - Scoles, P AU - Fine, E W AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NIAAA IMPAIRMENT INDEX AND THE MORTIMER-FILKINS INTERVIEW FOR REPEAT DRUNKEN-DRIVING OFFENDERS PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 555-558 AB - The NIAAA Alcohol Impairment Index affords a reliable measure of alcohol-related behavior in drunken-driving offenders and is less time-consuming than the more widely employed Mortimer-Filkins Interview. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Indexes (Information management) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382523 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Dunham, R G AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - RETHINKING THE MEASUREMENT OF DRINKING PATTERNS PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 485-493 AB - The importance of precision and depth of measurement in studies on drinking patterns is discussed. A technique in which questions about drinking during different time periods are asked in one retrospective interview is offered as a reliable method. KW - Alcohol use KW - Measurement KW - Patterns KW - Research KW - Social research KW - Social sciences UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202494 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382512 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - SUTTON, L R AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL, MARIHUANA AND THEIR COMBINATION ON DRIVING ABILITY PY - 1983/05 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 438-445 AB - The combination of marihuana and alcohol yielded significant impairment during a driving test but neither drug alone did. KW - Alcohol use KW - Combinations KW - Driver impairment KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382394 AU - Partyka, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INFANTS AND TODDLERS IN PASSENGER CAR CRASHES PY - 1983/05 SP - 66 p. AB - The study indicates that the use of child restraints is increasing, that child restraints decrease the occurrence of injury by over 80 percent, that sitting on an adults lap decreases the risk of minor injury but increase the risk of serious injury, and that unrestrained children of under 5 years are, in general, less likely to suffer serious injury than older unrestrained car occupants. Trends in child restraint use are reviewed, and the effectiveness of child restraints are discussed. The special care of children in laps are considered, and comparisons are made of injuries by age of persons sustaining the injuries. Notes are included on the analytical methods used in the study. These notes relate to sample weighting factors, difficulties in estimating non-towaway accident characteristics, injury categorization, adjustments for missing medical data, and model of serious or fatal injury rate versus body weight. Three appendices are included and cover the following: injuries in lap-holding situations, unrestrained occupant injury types, and unrestrained occupant injury contacts. KW - Age KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381826 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Beary, J F AU - Fleming, L H AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MAKE THE FIRST RIDE A SAFE ONE PY - 1983/05 VL - 16 IS - 12 SP - p. 8-9 AB - Auto accidents kill 800 children under 4 years of age and injure 50,000 every year. It is estimated that half of these lives could be saved if child auto safety seats were used by everyone. This article reviews the child auto restraint programs of the three military services. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381285 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TRIPLANNING PY - 1983/05 VL - 16 IS - 12 SP - 9 p. AB - This article discusses planning and preparing for a vacation motoring trip, as well as making the trip as easy and enjoyable as possible. Topics covered include: when to go, what to take, who to take (including planning for space in the vehicle), how to prepare, how to plan, how to stay alert and concentrate on driving, and what to eat and drink. Inserts include information on boating and drinking, handling children and trailering. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Automobiles KW - Boats KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Intoxication KW - Planning KW - Trailers KW - Travel KW - Trip planning KW - Vacations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201776 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381274 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - McCosh, D F AU - Smith, D C AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - COMING OF AGE IN ASIA/PACIFIC PY - 1983/05 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - The world's fastest growing auto market lies in the region loosely bordered by Japan on the north and Australia-New Zealand on the south. It bristles with protective traffic, native power blocks and political unrest. Resource poor nations such as Taiwan struggle to emulate Japan's island economy while fending off its exports. Commodity rich but job poor countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia compete for new industrial investment. However, even though it is risky and erratic, the region lures automotive giants investing with a view to the future: hedging against the day when cars displace motorcycles as basic transportation, developing sourcing strategies for underdeveloped markets, perhaps even aiming at the U.S.; or gambling that cheap labor and human energy someday may meld into a manufacturing center able to compete with Japan. While some may dispute this, the emerging Southeast Asian nations (Newly Industrialized Countries--NICS) such as South Korea, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines are attempting to lure the giants of the West and Japan by dangling cheap labor, rich national resources and double digit domestic growth. This article discusses the above, especially in relation to the NICs. KW - Automobiles KW - Developing countries KW - Development KW - East Asia KW - Economic benefits KW - Exports KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Labor costs KW - Marketing KW - Markets KW - Natural resources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381298 AU - Gelb, P M AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF TAXI REGULATORY REVISION IN SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA PY - 1983/05 SP - 336 p. AB - Effective January 1979 the City of San Diego removed its previous ceiling on taxi licenses and began issuing 6 new taxi permits every month; in July, this limit was raised to 15. In August, the city replaced the standard rate of fare with a variable pricing policy under which taxi companies may file and charge individually-determined rates. An initial maximum rate was removed in October 1980. This Final Report evaluates the effects of these taxi regulatory revisions on local taxi service suppliers, taxi users, and taxi regulators. Evaluation issues included changes in the level and quality of taxi service, taxi user characteristics and awareness of service, taxi service productivity measures and the administrative efforts involved in implementation. Since the city's code changes affected taxi industry size and operations at San Diego International Airport and in San Diego County, special attention was also paid to interjurisdictional issues. KW - Administration KW - Deregulation KW - Fares KW - Implementation KW - Level of service KW - Permits KW - Pricing KW - Productivity KW - Quality of service KW - Regulations KW - Taxicab companies KW - Umta section 6 KW - Urban areas KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act KW - User characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380576 AU - Snyder, M B AU - Vegega, M E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING: SURVEYS FOR USE IN MEASURING PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1983/05 SP - 96 p. AB - This Inventory of Alcohol Items was prepared to help State and local authorities determine what effects their various anti-drinking-driving programs have in reducing the magnitude of the drinking-driving problem. Jurisdictions that wish to compile their own survey instruments can select items from among the 200 in this Inventory. They will be able to compare their results with other jurisdictions who have utilized the items selected. For those jurisdictions who do not wish to compile their own survey instruments, three special survey forms are provided. One form assesses the general deterrent impact, another assesses the impact of public information/education programs, and the third assesses the impact of both of these activities on curtailing the drinking-driving problems. The focus of measurement in this Inventory is the impact of anti-drinking-driving programs on potential drinking drivers or persons in their environment. The Inventory items attempt to assess changes in attitudes, knowledge, perception and behavior of individuals participating in, or targeted by, activities for reducing the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving. The Inventory can also be used by researchers, educators, and program designers for gaining insight into, and defining, the magnitude of the drinking-driving problem. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Knowledge KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety programs KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380682 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, THEFT COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1982 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, 1981 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST TWO YEARS, AND 1980 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST THREE YEARS PY - 1983/05 SP - 49 p. AB - This report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1980, 1981, and 1982 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193483 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380946 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - SQUELCH SQUEAKING SPIRITS PY - 1983/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - This short article explains how to locate and correct a squeaking noise that seems to come from the front suspension system of American Motors' 1981-82 Spirit and Concord, and how to install the new flange nut on 1982 Fairmont/Zephir, Mustang, Granada, Thunderbird, Capri, Cougar and XR7, which replaces the superseded washer-and-nut assembly to attach the lower control arm to the No. 2 crossmember. It also gives some tips from Ford on medium/heavy duty truck-tires, from Raybestos on installing protective dust boots on the single piston calipers found on Ford, Chrysler and AMC vehicles and explains the pitman arm servicing procedure on an AMC Eagle. Finally, it shows how to diagnose a scraping noise in the rear brakes on 1981 and later Omni/Horizon and Aires/Reliant vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Noise KW - Nuts (Fasteners) KW - Repairing KW - Suspension systems KW - Tires KW - Troubleshooting KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380740 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - HANG THOSE REBUILTS AND MOVE 'EM OUT FASTER! PY - 1983/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - p. 34-39 AB - This article discusses the pros and cons of using remanufactured disc brake calipers in auto repair shops. The main advantages are that rebuilt calipers can significantly increase repair bay output while cutting down on warranty exposure. There can be inventory advantages, too with fewer part numbers to keep track of since rebuilt calipers have all rubber parts already installed. Inventory, however, can also be a big drawback, since carrying costs might easily triple. A list of suppliers is included with this article. KW - Brake calipers KW - Brake components KW - Manufacturing KW - Remanufacturing KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380580 AU - Phillips, B M AU - Opinion Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE IN THE TRAFFIC POPULATION: I. SAFETY BELT USAGE AMONG DRIVERS, II. USE OF CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICES, PASSENGER SAFETY BELTS, ETC., III. MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE PY - 1983/05 SP - 142 p. AB - This report presents findings from six observation studies conducted for NHTSA. Safety Belt Usage Among Drivers: The purpose of this study was to continue to monitor the use or non-use of safety belts by drivers in 19 U.S. cities. A total of 54,539 observations, collected during November 1980-October 1982, form the basis of this report. The study shows an increased use of safety belts by drivers. During 1979, the average usage rate was 10.9%. This compares with an average usage rate of 11.3% in 1982. Use of Child Restraint Devices, Passenger Safety Belts and Position of Passengers in Cars: The main objectives were to assess the use of restraint devices for infants and small children, to monitor belt usage by sub-teen, teen and adult passengers, and to determine the extent of any "out of position seating" problem for all unrestrained passengers. Findings are based on a total of 106,365 observations collected in 19 U.S. cities during November 1980-October 1982. Use of restraint devices for infants and toddlers were: 40.4% for infants and 19.4% for toddlers. The percent of other passengers wearing a safety belt were: toddlers (2.8%), sub-teens (4.7%), teens (3.1%) and adults (7.4%). Motorcycle Helmet Usage: The main purpose was to ascertain the use of helmets by drivers and passengers of motorcycles in 19 U.S. cities. Findings are based on 51,905 observations collected from November 1980-October 1982. In cities with helmet laws, 92.9% of drivers and 91.9% of passengers used helmets. In cities with no or only limited laws, only 42.9% of drivers and 30.3% of passengers used helmets. Also reported are restraint usage studies conducted in the first ten National Accident Sampling System areas and special studies conducted in California and Michigan. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drivers KW - Helmets KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passengers KW - Position fixing KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380768 JO - California highway patrolman AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - ROUTINE STOPS PY - 1983/05 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 7 p. AB - This article reports several separate incidents handled by the California Highway Patrol. First discussed is a triple fatal accident in Mariposa County which involved a Mariposa County Sheriff's vehicle and a vehicle occupied by three U.S. Secret Service agents. Another incident discussed took place in the Westminster area and involved delivery of a baby boy on the back seat of a Toyota. Other incidents are reported from the following areas: Blythe, Bakersfield, Riverside, Central Los Angeles, and Santa Rosa. KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Incidents KW - Police KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197031 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380702 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - YAMAMOTO, S AU - Ozeki, O AU - Yamanaka, T AU - Kondo, H AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - ELECTRICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS PY - 1983/05 VL - T-32 IS - 2 SP - p. 151-157 AB - The electrical environment is one of the most important factors in the design of high reliability electronic systems mounted on automobiles. Studies were made of the generation mechanisms and characteristics of both transients and high-frequency conducted noise generated in automotive electrical components. The high-frequency conducted noise data were obtained in terms of amplitude-frequency through real-time statistical treatment of the acquired data. The most important transient for automotive electronic systems has been found to be the alternator load dump transient caused by battery disconnection, and the most influential high-frequency conducted noise is caused by contact breaking. The high-frequency conducted noise characteristics can be expressed in the amplitude-frequency relation in the frequency range of 100 kHz-80 MHz. KW - Amplitude (Physics) KW - Automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Electrical engineering KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - High frequency KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196978 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380773 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - BRAKE NOISE PY - 1983/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - This article describes disc brake squeal as a noise that occurs at the upper range of human hearing which many but not all people with apparently normal hearing can hear. Research at Bendix Corporation employs sophisticated aural testing equipment to isolate, identify and measure brake noises. Tests show that the noise source is the entire system, including the friction material, pad shape, and configuration of the caliper and rotor. Squeal has been reduced by switching the friction material, altering the pad shape, and cutting slots in the rotor. An insert with this article is entitled "Rotor's composition can lower noise, wear." KW - Brake calipers KW - Brake components KW - Brake pads KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Friction brakes KW - Friction pads KW - Noise KW - Rotors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197035 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380945 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - SENDING THE STOP FROM PEDAL TO PAD PY - 1983/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - Modern brake fluid is usually classified as either polyglycol or "synthetic," with Department of Transportation designation DOT 3 or DOT 4 indicating polyglycols. DOT 5 is used to signify silicone brake fluid. A quality brake fluid must serve the following functions: Power transmission, lubrication, good sealing, and coolant. In addition to its four basic functions, brake fluid must prevent rust, prevent formation of sludge/gum/varnish, resist foaming, maintain its stability, prevent corrosion, prevent pitting, separate out water, and be compatible with conventional metals, seals and gaskets. KW - Brake fluids KW - Cooling KW - Electric power transmission KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Lubrication KW - Polyglycols KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380742 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Del'Marmol, J J AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - THE HUMAN COLLISION PY - 1983/05 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 2 p. AB - This article is an appeal to parents and others who drive with children in their cars to use child restraints. It speaks of the human collision, saying that many of the five thousand children killed in auto collisions in 1981 might be alive today if only they had not suffered the human collision during the auto collision. The human collision involves collision of the human body with another object which might be a dashboard, a windshield, a floor or yet another unrestrained flying body. The reader is encouraged to ask himself, why do children ride unrestrained in an automobile, and then to make a value judgment on his answers. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197008 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380675 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Shimizu, S AU - Hara, H AU - Asakawa, F AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - ANALYSIS ON AIR-CONDITIONING HEAT LOAD OF A PASSENGER VEHICLE PY - 1983/05 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 292-311 AB - In order to examine ways to reduce the power consumption of air-conditioner systems, the authors established a simulation program on the heat load of an air-conditioner of a passenger vehicle through theoretical and experimental studies. By using this simulation program it was found that the heat load by solar radiation accounted for more than 50% of the entire air-conditioning heat load under the recirculation air mode. They came to the conclusion that the control of solar radiation was the most effective means to reduce the power consumption of air-conditioners. In the case of a 4-door sedan with an 1.8-litre engine, 20 to 30% of the air-conditioning heat load could be reduced by the adoption of an infrared reflection glass for all windows. The authors hope to reduce the compressor size and/or lower the power consumption of air-conditioners by this means. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heat KW - Solar radiation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380031 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ON-THE-ROAD. SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT PY - 1983/05 VL - 16 IS - 12 SP - p. 24-27 AB - This article gives practical advice to drivers who wish to be prepared for on-the-road vehicle failure. Items to have on hand include a spare tire in good condition and properly inflated, a jack, a wrench, a working light or a flashlight, spare ignition parts, a spare lower radiator hose, a drive belt for the alternator/water pump, epoxy sealer and silicone gasket, emergency fuse kit, jumper cables, a good fire extinguisher, etc. KW - Breakdown KW - Car kits KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Mechanical failure KW - Spare parts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196540 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380379 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - DIAGNOSTIC TUNEUP PY - 1983/05 VL - 159 IS - 5 SP - 7 p. AB - This article, intended for mechanics, explains how a good tuneup should be done. Two cases are taken. In the first case, the customer's car is running fine but it's time for a tuneup. In that case you do a routine replacement of filters and ignition components, then run a diagnostic test to make sure that the choke, EGR valve, ignition, charging system, fuel system and other basic components are all right. In the second case, the customer brings in a car with a specific complaint. Then you should make your diagnostic tests with that specific complaint in mind. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine tuning KW - Repairing KW - Troubleshooting KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196783 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380386 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - DeWitt, T E AU - National Safety Council TI - TESTING THE WAY A DRIVER RESPONDS TO HIGHWAY HAZARDS PY - 1983/05 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - How a driver's responses increase or decrease the hazards encountered in actual driving experience is the determination made in a unique behind-the-wheel testing procedure developed by traffic safety specialists at Michigan State University (MSU). The testing procedure called Driver Performance Measurement (DPM) is designed to serve as an evaluation tool for both pre-employment and post-employment assessment of motor fleet driver competence. The procedure has been demonstrated in tests by Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., at its Tarrytown, N.Y., terminal. Driver Performance Measurement rates the combination of decisions the driver makes in determining how and when to make use of manual driving skills as they relate to basic driving knowledge needed to prevent accidents, in spite of adverse conditions and the errors of other drivers. KW - Decision making KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Driving tests KW - Errors KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Knowledge KW - Measurement KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Professional drivers KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380077 AU - Byron, G E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURROGATE PLANT DATA BASE. VOLUME IV APPENDIX E: MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCK MANUFACTURING PY - 1983/05 SP - 164 p. AB - This four volume report consists of a data base describing "surrogate" automobile and truck manufacturing plants developed as part of a methodology for evaluating capital investment requirements in new manufacturing facilities to build new fleets of automobiles. The report describes the data base, its past uses and potential applications. Separately bound appendices contain the actual data base information. The surrogate plants are typical of automotive manufacturing plants in terms of size, production rates, manufacturing processes, technological sophistication and flexibility. The data for a particular type of surrogate plant, while not representing any specific plant, provides information that, when appropriately aggregated or scaled, will yield accurate industry statistics. KW - Automobile industry KW - Capital costs KW - Databases KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Production KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193046 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380034 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Raue, D P AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - PERFORMANCE OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL HINDERED PHENOLICS IN CROSSLINKED ELASTOMERS PY - 1983/05 VL - 115 IS - 5 SP - p. 17-21 AB - This article reviews recent developments in the use of hindered phenolic stabilizers in several elastomeric systems and illustrates their ability to significantly improve compound performance, sometimes in several different ways. The advantages of these antioxidants range from excellent thermal stability to extraction resistance. KW - Antioxidants KW - Chlorinated polyethylene KW - Elastomers KW - Performance KW - Phenolic resins KW - Thermal stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196543 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380382 JO - Motor AU - Wilkinson, T AU - Hearst Books TI - RADIATOR REBUILD PY - 1983/05 VL - 159 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - This article takes an in-depth look at suggested repair procedures for the two lightweight radiators used in the Ford Escort line. There are two basic types that differ in respect to core construction and materials: Mechanically-assembled aluminum core with nylon end tanks, and soldered copper-brass core with nylon end tanks. The article covers cleaning, repairing and testing procedures for each type of radiator core. KW - Automobiles KW - Cleaning KW - Cleaning procedures KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Lightweight materials KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Plastics KW - Radiators KW - Repairing KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196786 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380384 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - McKee, H AU - National Safety Council TI - FOLLOWING FEDERAL CUTBACKS--CAN THE PRIVATE SECTOR FILL THE FUNDING GAP? PY - 1983/05 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-21 AB - Changes in government funding policy have affected almost everyone. Most people expect private industry to pull in much of the slack left by the departure of government from the funding of community programs. For this to occur many more companies will need to become involved in corporate philanthropy. However, business cannot totally fill this funding void; government agencies must remain to set priorities for what is felt to be vital to the welfare and safety of the community. Highway safety programs need to encourage corporations to provide their financial and management resources as well as their visible support. This article then further discusses ways in which the business community can contribute to highway safety programs, such as education, participation of management on the boards of safety organizations, etc. Also, besides the business community highway safety needs to draw on the pool of professional volunteers. Voluntary organizations can then help fill the void along with government and business, and can help to stimulate and coordinate activities providing for public education and solutions to the safety needs of the community. KW - Communities KW - Corporations KW - Government agencies KW - Government funding KW - Government policies KW - Highway safety KW - Philanthropy KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety education KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380075 AU - Byron, G E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURROGATE PLANT DATA BASE. VOLUME II APPENDIX C: FACILITIES PLANNING BASELINE DATA PY - 1983/05 SP - 392 p. AB - This four volume report consists of a data base describing "surrogate" automobile and truck manufacturing plants developed as part of a methodology for evaluating capital investment requirements in new manufacturing facilities to build new fleets of automobiles. The report describes the data base, its past uses and potential applications. Separately bound appendices contain the actual data base information. The surrogate plants are typical of automotive manufacturing plants in terms of size, production rates, manufacturing processes, technological sophistication and flexibility. The data for a particular type of surrogate plant, while not representing any specific plant, provides information that, when appropriately aggregated or scaled, will yield accurate industry statistics. KW - Automobile industry KW - Capital costs KW - Databases KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Production KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380380 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - NO AIR PY - 1983/05 VL - 159 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - The author describes seven different failures of the air conditioning system of his Chevette that did not involve loss of refrigerant: intermittent loss of vacuum to the controls, no clutch and no blower fan, two failures of the rotary vacuum valve, failure of the cycling clutch switch, of the blower motor, and problems with the blower relay connections. The article includes photographs and explanations on troubleshooting and fixing these problems. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Automobiles KW - Cooling equipment KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380030 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - 57.2 BILLION DOLLARS PY - 1983/05 VL - 16 IS - 12 SP - p. 18-23 AB - This article reviews safety related problems discussed at the 1983 SAE International Congress and Exposition in Detroit. First mentioned is the total societal cost from motor vehicle accidents in the United States. This was estimated at $57.2 billion by L. J. Blincoe and S. Luchter of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Also mentioned are studies on side impact and the protection given by occupant restraint systems, as well as improved design of front and side structures. Other subjects mentioned include brakes, tires, vehicle stability and control, and pedestrians. KW - Accident costs KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Restraint systems KW - Side crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196539 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380032 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Hooker, J N AU - Rose, A B AU - Roberts, G F AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - OPTIMAL CONTROL OF AUTOMOBILES FOR FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1983/05 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 146-167 AB - This paper describes an application of dynamic programming to determining optimal driver control of an automobile for fuel economy. The objective function is provided by a simulator that uses vehicle performance maps derived from statistical analysis of road data collected by the authors. One dynamic program controls acceleration as a function of time subject to constraints on speed, acceleration, and distance covered. Another controls acceleration and gearshift subject to constraints on speed, acceleration, and time required to shift gears. Results are presented for acceleration to a given cruising speed, driving over hills while achieving a given average speed, and driving from one stop sign to another. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Distance KW - Driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gear shifting KW - Optimization KW - Simulation KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196541 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380033 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - REVIEWS OF RECENT RUBBER RECYCLING LITERATURE, WORLDWIDE PY - 1983/05 VL - 115 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - Considerable interest has grown in recycling, reprocessing or reclaiming scrap tires and factory waste in order to recover the hydrocarbon resources in rubber. With an estimated 500 million tires discarded annually in Western industrialized nations alone, and only 15% of auto tires and 49% of truck tires being retreaded at least once, any other recycling is far preferable to landfill dumping. Another growing trend is the realization that factory production scrap amounts to a sizeable waste of virgin rubber compounds, spurring a search for techniques to recycle the scrap--preferably directly back into the production process. With these considerations in mind, this article reviews some ideas culled from recent foreign publications, in two categories--Methods and Applications. KW - Applications KW - Methodology KW - Recycling KW - Rubber KW - Scrap KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196542 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380381 JO - Motor AU - Wilkinson, T AU - Hearst Books TI - HIGH TECH HEAD GASKETS PY - 1983/05 VL - 159 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - Until the 1940s, most head gaskets were a simple sheet of asbestos millboard with a thin sheet of copper or steel on each side. From the '40s to the '60s, two other styles of head gaskets became common: the embossed steel shim gasket and a soft face gasket with a perforated steel core. During the '60s and the '70s compression ratios continued to increase and aluminum cylinder heads appeared along with new styles of gaskets. This article, well illustrated gives installation tips for these new head gaskets. These tips are intended for both gasoline and diesel engine passenger cars. KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Gaskets KW - Head gaskets KW - Maintenance KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380074 AU - Byron, G E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURROGATE PLANT DATA BASE. VOLUME I--INTRODUCTION. APPENDIX A: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURROGATE PLANT DATA. APPENDIX B: APPLICATION OF THE SURROGATE PLANT DATA BASE PY - 1983/05 SP - 32 p. AB - This four volume report consists of a data base describing "surrogate" automobile and truck manufacturing plants developed as part of a methodology for evaluating capital investment requirements in new manufacturing facilities to build new fleets of automobiles. The report describes the data base, its past uses and potential applications. Separately bound appendices contain the actual data base information. The surrogate plants are typical of automotive manufacturing plants in terms of size, production rates, manufacturing processes, technological sophistication and flexibility. The data for a particular type of surrogate plant, while not representing any specific plant, provides information that, when appropriately aggregated or scaled, will yield accurate industry statistics. KW - Automobile industry KW - Capital costs KW - Databases KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Production KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380076 AU - Byron, G E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURROGATE PLANT DATA BASE. VOLUME III APPENDIX D: FACILITIES PLANNING DATA; OPERATING MANPOWER, MANUFACTURING BUDGETS AND PRE-PRODUCTION LAUNCH CHARTS PY - 1983/05 SP - 142 p. AB - This four volume report consists of a data base describing "surrogate" automobile and truck manufacturing plants developed as part of a methodology for evaluating capital investment requirements in new manufacturing facilities to build new fleets of automobiles. The report describes the data base, its past uses and potential applications. Separately bound appendices contain the actual data base information. The surrogate plants are typical of automotive manufacturing plants in terms of size, production rates, manufacturing processes, technological sophistication and flexibility. The data for a particular type of surrogate plant, while not representing any specific plant, provides information that, when appropriately aggregated or scaled, will yield accurate industry statistics. KW - Automobile industry KW - Capital costs KW - Databases KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Production KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193045 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380025 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - HODGE PODGE. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS ABOUT DRIVING PY - 1983/05 VL - 16 IS - 12 SP - p. 10-13 AB - This article is a safety quiz. There are 28 questions covering various areas of driving safety. All questions are considered important and answers are given along with brief explanations. KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Knowledge KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196536 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380383 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Karow, T AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW I LEARNED WINTER DRIVING WITHOUT A SLIP PY - 1983/05 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - This is a participant account of the annual Winter and Emergency Driving Workshops, held for the 16th time in January 1983 at the winter test site at Stevens Point, Wisconsin. This account specifically discusses driving on slippery roads. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Emergency procedures KW - Slipperiness KW - Test tracks KW - Winter KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196787 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380385 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Carraro, B AU - National Safety Council TI - LOWEST EVER 2.95 MILEAGE DEATH RATE PY - 1983/05 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - p. 22-26 AB - This article presents a summary of accidents occuring during 1982, including work, motor vehicle, public, home, farm and school, although the article concentrates on the motor vehicle death rate (2.95 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles of travel). Discussion of the motor vehicle death rate includes: travel, vehicles, drivers; injuries; various factors affecting motor vehicle deaths; regional changes; urban-rural fatality experience; deaths by type of accident; deaths by age of victim; and, state and city experience. Also included is the "National Accident Fatality Toll" for 1982 which precedes publication 51 "Accident Facts" (1983 Edition). KW - Age KW - Cities KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Death rate KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rural areas KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380024 AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - ROBOTICS AND THE FACTORY OF THE FUTURE PY - 1983/05 SP - 85 p. AB - This publication contains the presentations and question and answer proceedings of the University of Michigan's Management Briefing Seminar, held at Traverse City, Michigan, August 2-3, 1982. The following papers were presented: Robots in General Motors--Today and Tomorrow, T. O. Mathues; Keynote Address, D. Ephlin; Robotics in Caterpillar's Factory of the Future, D. F. Domnick; Robotics at Bosch, G. Widl; Robotics at Chrysler, G. P. Russo; A Delphi Forecast of Robotics' Future, D. N. Smith; Multiple Robots in Manufacturing Cells, R. W. Reinhardt; Update Report: Robotic Painting of Agricultural and Industrial Equipment, R. E. Schuster; Robotics in Cosmetics Manufacture, R. Becker; The Factory of the Future, J. A. Baker; Industrial Robotic Systems, Here and Now, P. Villers; Robotics at Ford Motor Company, R. S. Richards; NC Robot System for Painting and Sealing, H. A. Akeel; Introduction to Volvo Autocarrier System, C. Anglewicz. KW - Automobile industry KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Manufacturing KW - Painting KW - Robotics KW - Volvo Car Corporation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192979 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379560 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Jerome, J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ACCELERATION. GETTING OFF ON SPEED, AND OTHER THRILLS PY - 1983/05 VL - 28 IS - 11 SP - p. 131-133 AB - This article explains why acceleration is one of the most massive sensory experiences one can ever have whether one is on a motorcycle or in a car. It's mostly due to proprioceptors, little specialized nerve endings that are embedded in the muscle, the tendons, and the joints, that read and report on body position, movement, and loading. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Physiological aspects KW - Sensory aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196199 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379536 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Lindsley, E F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AIR LIFT FOR CARS--HIGH-TECH SPRINGS ARE LIGHTER, QUIETER, SMOOTHER PY - 1983/05 VL - 222 IS - 5 SP - 2 p. AB - Ford is going to use air springs as standard equipment on its 1984 prestige models, Mark VII and Continental. Air springs offer a plusher ride for lightweight cars, constant headlight aim, no spring fatigue, lighter weight, easier, faster maintenance, and sound isolation. KW - Air springs KW - Automobiles KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Light vehicles KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196177 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379537 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Mercaldo, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE TROUBLESHOOTING QUIZ PY - 1983/05 VL - 222 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - This question-and-answer quiz addresses four topics: grinding noise, undercharged battery, engine knock and hard steering. KW - Electric batteries KW - Engine knock KW - Grinding KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Steering KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196178 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379541 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Sherman, D AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - HAVE DETECTOR, WILL TRAVEL PY - 1983/05 VL - 28 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - The results are discussed of the testing of the current range of early-warning-devices in five simulated speed traps, and plotting their warning devices in five bar graphs. To arrive at the "overall sensitivity score," an eighty-twenty weighing scale was applied to factor in both X-band and K-band performance. The warning-distance results were recalculated to place 15 detectors on the same rating scale. To ensure the compatibility of the results of the two different test sessions, the Escort, that finished best overall, was rerun against the six new contenders. The detectors discussed here are as follows: Escort (overall sensitivity score 961; appearance and utility, excellent); whistler spectrum (overall sensitivity 931; appearance and utility good); Fox Super Trucker (overall sensitivity 927; appearance and utility poor); Road Patrol (overall sensitivity 141; appearance and utility fair); Cobra RD-4000 (overall sensitivity NA; appearance and utility excellent); and Snooper Het (overall sensitivity NA; appearance and utility unknown). The Escort radar detector is already the leader in the field in value, customer service and performance, but an increasing number of competitors are closing the sensitivity gaps. KW - Detectors KW - Performance KW - Radar devices KW - Sensitivity KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379419 AU - Phillips, C T AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED MANUFACTURING PROCESSES IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY PY - 1983/05 SP - 108 p. AB - Advanced manufacturing processes, which include a range of automation and management techniques, are aiding U.S. motor vehicle manufacturers to reduce vehicle costs. This report discusses these techniques in general and their specific applications in the motor vehicle industry. Examples of advanced manufacturing processes discussed here are robots, CAD/CAM, flexible manufacturing, group technology, just-in-time production, and statistical quality control. Examples are given of application of these techniques by the motor vehicle manufacturers, both in general and in specific types of plants. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Just in time production KW - Management KW - Manufacturing KW - Quality control KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380393 AU - Raub, R A AU - PATTERSON, B AU - Illinois Department of Law Enforcement TI - SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS IN THE DIVISION OF STATE POLICE: A STUDY USING POSITIONAL ANALYSIS PY - 1983/04/30 SP - 145 p. AB - The Division of State Police (DSP), Illinois Department of Law Enforcement, assigns officers to a number of specialized positions. Over the past five years, the variety of such positions has increased. They exist both for central office staff and at the field level (districts). Primarily, it is the positions in the districts which are considered in this study. These specialized assignments are both administrative and operational. Officers assigned to these jobs, in some cases, have been compensated at a higher rank than that currently held. In many cases, there are no specific qualifications for the candidate and no policy for specific rotation or further training. Job descriptions for some positions may need to be reviewed. Further, little is known about how the jobs relate to each other, to the rank structure, and to the role of the State Police, in general. This study attempts to define each of these points more clearly. The conclusions are based on what the literature offers, what other state police and highway patrols are doing, and a better definition of tasks resulting from the use of positional analyses. KW - Administration KW - Law enforcement KW - Operations KW - Personnel management KW - Police KW - Positional analysis KW - Qualifications KW - States KW - Traffic assignment KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396132 AU - CHARROW, V R AU - American Institutes for Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE COMPREHENSIBILITY OF AUTOMOBILE RECALL LETTERS PY - 1983/04/29 SP - 22 p. AB - In response to a 1982 GAO report criticizing the way recall letters are written, NHTSA called upon researchers at the Document Design Center at the American Institutes for Research to conduct a study of the comprehensibility of automobile recall letters. Using a paraphrase task and multiple-choice questions, the researchers investigated the comprehensibility of three versions of the same recall letter: an Original version, based on a real recall letter; a Readability version, written according to the parameters of a readability formula; and a Guidelines version, written according to the Document Design Center's research-based guidelines for organizing, writing, and designing documents. Research subjects were 56 people waiting for their cars to be serviced or repaired at three automobile service centers in the Washington, D.C. area. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of three groups and was tested on one version of the letter. Results from the paraphrase task showed that the Guidelines group made significantly fewer errors and, in general, understood the recall letter better than the other two groups. The study concludes with a set of suggested guidelines for producing more understandable recall letters. KW - Automobiles KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Defects KW - Guidelines KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - Readability KW - Recall campaigns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213757 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379756 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - THE RIGHT RATIOS PY - 1983/04/23 VL - 163 IS - 4198 SP - p. 46-48 AB - The transmission systems form the vital link between engine and road wheels, determining a car's performance and fuel economy. This article discusses how they are designed and the characteristics of good design. The way a manufacturer decides how many ratios are required and how they should be spaced is described. The emphasis on fuel economy has resulted in high gear ratios and accompanying lack of flexibility. Recent developments in the area of transmission design has been concerned not only with widening the ratio range but also the improvement of overall performance. Compact Computer application has revolutionized every aspect of this developmental work. Various gear designs are briefly described including the modular gearbox used in the VW design. KW - Design KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gear boxes KW - Geodetic surveying KW - Ratios KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399260 AU - WAKELEY, H AU - Wolf, L AU - Godin, S AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH ON NEW AND USED AUTOMOTIVE GLAZING PY - 1983/04/22 SP - v.p. AB - This study was performed to provide a quantitative background for selecting criteria for automotive glazing materials, particularly for transmittance and haze, as these are affected by laboratory tests and road exposures. Experimental designs and data collection protocols were prepared and followed which yielded objective descriptions of the response of new, in-use, and end-of-useful-life glazing materials to environmental exposures & simulations of exposures. Research subject areas included: (1) Transmittance & Haze of Automotive Glazing Presently in Use, (2) Tolerated Obscuration of Glazing in Use, (3) Environmental Effects on Glazing, (4) ANSI Z-26 Tests Effects on Glazing Transmittance & Haze, and (5) Production of a Motion Picture illustrating the Effects of Increasing Haze on Roadway & Roadside Visibility. The results indicated that drivers often operate vehicles with windshield haze levels exceeding 4%, largely attributable to dirty glazing. Tests based on environmental models indicate Securiflex glazing provides optical qualities equivalent to or exceeding on-road use requirements; Securiflex glazing meets ANSI Z-26 visibility and durability tests, (Tests 3, 4, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 24-17 modified to accept a 4% haze increase proposed for glass-plastic glazing) and retained adequate optical qualities (haze & transmittance) to meet present user requirements. KW - Automobiles KW - Durability KW - Environmental impacts KW - Glazing KW - Haze KW - Laboratory tests KW - Needs assessment KW - Optical properties KW - Research KW - Transmittance KW - User needs KW - Visibility KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380392 AU - Stocia, T L AU - Illinois Department of Law Enforcement TI - EVALUATION OF SEMIMARKED POLICE VEHICLES PY - 1983/04/20 SP - 35 p. AB - Research conducted by the Department of Law Enforcement in 1981 indicated that fuel consumption by patrol vehicles could be reduced by not equipping the vehicles with roof-mounted light bars (visabars). Savings were also projected through reduced equipment costs. Analyses of 1980 accidents involving marked and unmarked units indicated that no increase in accidents would result from removing the visabars. As a result of that research, in 1982 sixty semimarked (decal but no visabars), vehicles were assigned to personnel. Sixty marked units were also assigned. The units were paired so a marked and a semimarked unit were assigned to similar patrols. Data on accidents worked, reports completed, motorist assists made, and warnings issued indicates that the patrols were similar for the two groups in terms of work load. Data indicated that officers assigned semimarked units also achieved better fuel mileage, and incurred fewer and less severe accidents than marked units. They also achieved higher productivity with regard to the issuance of citations for speeding. The evaluation also included a survey of the perceptions of officers who were assigned semimarked units. Officers' perceptions with regard to semimarked vehicles indicated, among other things, a high degree of public approval, greater productivity, better performance (in terms of acceleration, fuel consumption and top speed), little impact on voluntary compliance, some degree of greater difficulty in vehicle recognition by the public, and, some level of reduced safety to the driver and the motoring public. For each of the five statements dealing with increased safety, at least half of the officers perceived "no difference" between marked and semimarked units. A significant percentage of the remaining officers saw a limited degree of decreased safety associated with semimarked units and a few saw a high level of decreased safety. However, these feelings on safety are put into perspective by the fact that 90 percent of the responding officers did not want visabars put on their semimarked units while only 6 percent (three officers) would make such a request. The remainder (two officers) were undecided. Also, as already stated, accident experience indicates a lower incidence of accidents for semimarked units than for marked units. KW - Costs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Equipment KW - Equipment cost KW - Evaluation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Police vehicles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Unmarked police cars KW - Visabars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193229 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379551 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - A FULLY-INTEGRATED CAD! PY - 1983/04/02 VL - 163 IS - 4195 SP - p. 46-48 AB - The entire rationale for using Computer Aided Design (CAD) in the car industry can be stated very simply: modern, fuel-efficient, ecologically-attuned, safety-oriented designs would be impossible without it. This article reviews the utilization of CAD both in Europe and the United States. KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Information processing KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399261 AU - CHI, GYH AU - EASTERLING, D AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT DATA TABULATIONS FOR EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 108 PY - 1983/04/01 SP - 151 p. AB - The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of side marker lamps and/or side reflex reflector requirements in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108. The analyses are aimed at determining weather the Standard has resulted in a significant reduction in the rate of nighttime crashes in accidents where presence or absence of side marker lamps and/or side reflex reflectors should make a difference. The study is based on the North Carolina mass accident data from the period 1971-1980. In modeling the data, a weighted logistic regression approach is used which involves directly the parameter, percent of fleet equipped with side marker lamps and/or side reflex reflectors, and which also eliminates the need to have a control group. The results of the analyses show that side marker lamps and/or side reflex reflectors are significantly effective in reducing the nighttime accident rates. The overall average of the actual percent reductions in the nighttime accident rate on account of Standard 108 are 10.7% for the test group and 13.0% for the refined test group. The corresponding reductions assuming all vehicles met Standard 108 are 15.4% and 19.2% respectively. The percentages are correspondingly higher for injury and fatal crashes. These resulted in the following estimates that in the 10 years between 1971 and 1980, there were on the average about 515 (315 based on refined test group) accident cases per year that were actually prevented on account of this standard, and 740 (525 based on refined test group) accident cases per year that would have been prevented if all vehicles on the road were to have met the relevant requirements of the standard. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Lamps KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Night KW - Prevention KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Side marker lamps KW - Side reflectors KW - Signal face KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396143 AU - Cozzens, W A AU - Mackintosh, D AU - Ostrove, N AU - National Capitol Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USE OF INTERMEDIARIES IN DWI DETERRENCE VOLUME II, PHASE I REPORT. ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL TARGET CLUSTERS FOR DWI INTERMEDIARY PROGRAMS PY - 1983/04/01 SP - 103 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of Phase I of the project, "Use of Intermediaries in DWI Deterrence." Data from secondary sources along with National Accident Samplimg System (NASS), Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) databases were reviewed and analyzed in order to determine what "target clusters"--that is, combinations of drinkers, drinking settings, possible intermediaries and types of intervention offer the greatest potential for DWI prevention and deterrence. Two target clusters were suggested for development in Phase II of the project: Younger and older adult males in neighborhood or home territory bars, service personnel as intermediaries; and Youth and younger adult males in singles or market place bars, friends/family as intermediaries. Report includes Bibliography. KW - Deterrence KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Intermediaries KW - Intervention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390469 AU - CHI, GYH AU - EASTERLING, D AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT DATA TABULATIONS FOR EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 108 PY - 1983/04/01 SP - 151 p. AB - The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of side marker lamps and/or side reflex reflector requirements in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108. The analyses are aimed at determining whether the Standard has resulted in a significant reduction in the rate of nighttime crashes in accidents where presence or absence of side marker lamps and/or side reflex reflectors should make a difference. The study is based on the North Carolina mass accident data from the period 1971-1980. In modeling the data, a weighted logistic regression approach is used which involves directly the parameter, percent of fleet equipped with side marker lamps and/or side reflex reflectors, and which also eliminates the need to have a control group. The results of the analyses show that side marker lamps and/or side reflex reflectors are significantly effective in reducing the nighttime accident rates. The overall average of the actual percent reductions in the nighttime accident rate on account of Standard 108 are 10.7% for the test group and 13.0% for the refined test group. The corresponding reductions assuming all vehicles met Standard 108 are 15.4% and 19.2% respectively. The percentages are correspondingly higher for injury and fatal crashes. These resulted in the following estimates that in the 10 years between 1971 and 1980, there were on the average about 515 (315 based on refined test group) accident cases per year that were actually prevented on account of this standard, and 740 (525 based on refined test group) accident cases per year that would have been prevented if all vehicles on the road were to have met the relevant requirements of the standard. KW - Crash rates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Lamps KW - Night KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Safety KW - Side marker lamps KW - Signal face KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380753 AU - National Road Safety Council TI - NRSC ANNUAL REPORT 1982 PY - 1983/04/01 SP - 16 p. AB - This is the annual report of the National Road Safety Council, South Africa, for the year 1982. In the section entitled Director's Report it is stated that the groundwork laid in previous years was effectively followed up during 1982 and that national road safety projects, coordinated law enforcement, wide and regular media coverage and personal contacts produced unprecedented levels of awareness and motivation among the road-using public. The NRSC was ten years old on March 15, 1982. To mark this occasion this report includes, as well as a photograph of the Council, an article providing a review of the Council's history and activities. KW - Highway safety KW - Reports KW - South Africa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380583 AU - Partners for Livable Communities AU - National Endowment for the Arts AU - Department of Transportation TI - THE WAY TO GO: THE BENEFITS OF QUALITY DESIGN IN TRANSPORTATION PY - 1983/04 SP - 127 p. AB - This publication examines a variety of cases that demonstrate the aesthetic quality of transportation projects. These range from the relatively inexpensive painted "Gus Bus" in Grand Rapids to the large-scale project of designing the Montreal Metro. The purpose is to develop a fresh perspective on ways the visual appeal of transportation can be identified as a distinct element for consideration, and on the degree to which quality design contributes to the economics and function of transportation systems. A second purpose is to develop guidance and examples to assist transportation planners and citizens in dealing with these issues. The projects presented represent a wide range of costs and circumstances encountered in transportation planning. The study shows that the aesthetic benefits provided by quality materials, sensitive design, careful maintenance, and appropriate inclusion of works of art translate directly into increased patronage, cost efficiencies, and a better public environment. KW - Aesthetics KW - Art KW - Bus terminals KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Economics KW - Environment KW - Joint development KW - Land use KW - Marketing KW - Railroad stations KW - Ridership KW - Transit malls KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495597 AU - FISCHER, A J AU - Lewis, R D AU - University of Adelaide TI - SURVEY OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS RANDOM BREATH TESTING: METROPOLITAN ADELAIDE, 1982. RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH 1981 SURVEY PY - 1983/04 SP - 117 p. AB - In October, 1981, random breath tests (RBTs) were introduced to detect the presence of alcohol in the bloodstream of drivers of motor vehicles in Adelaide. Two surveys were carried out to determine the attitudes of the population aged 16 and over towards the tests. The first survey was carried out in September, 1981, and is summarized in a previous report. The second survey was carried out in September, 1982, and is the subject of this report. The results of the main question on attitude to RBTs, before adjustment for biases, were 66.8% in favour, 12.5% neutral/other, and 20.8% against. The second aim of the survey was to test whether people are influenced by leading questions. Results were as follows: (A) Questionnaire biased in favour of RBTs - 73.7% for, 10.1% neutral, 16.1% against; (B) Neutral questionnaire - 67.1% for, 11.3% neutral, 21.6% against; and (C) Questionnaire biased against RBTs - 59.7% for, 15.9% neutral, 24.3% against. Several questions were asked in 1982 which were not relevant or possible in 1981. Section I of the report is an introduction and summary. Section II, the major portion of the report, consists of detailed summary tables, mostly being cross-classifications of determinants of attitudes to the tests. Section III reports the more interesting regressions attempted. There are two appendices. The first consists of summary tables, and the second is a copy of the questionnaire used. KW - Adelaide (Australia) KW - Analysis of variance KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Interviewing KW - Questionnaires KW - Random breath tests KW - Regression analysis KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305642 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452253 JO - Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences PB - University of Alabama, Birmingham AU - JOHNSTON, C AU - University of Alabama, Birmingham TI - CAR RESTRAINT ACTIVITIES--1982 PY - 1983/04 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 217-218 AB - This paper discusses the activities with regard to child restraints which resulted in passage of Alabama's Public Law 82-421, the infant automobile restraint bill. These activities revolved around three problems. The first problem was recognizing the extent of the situation in Alabama by looking at statistics which showed that accidents are the leading cause of death in children of all ages, except in the 4 to 6-month age group. At this point it was recognized also that child restraints were the closest thing to a solution. The second problem was how to change behavior patterns which clearly showed that child restraints, although available, were not being used. It was felt that the legislative process was an option to be pursued. The third problem was how to get a law passed. The techniques utilized were those suggested by the Academy of Pediatrics. KW - Alabama KW - Child restraint systems KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396142 AU - Cozzens, W A AU - Mackintosh, D AU - Ostrove, N AU - National Capitol Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USE OF INTERMEDIARIES IN DWI DETERRENCE VOLUME I. PHASE II REPORT. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERMEDIARY PROGRAMS PY - 1983/04 SP - 136 p. AB - One potential approach to DWI deterrence and prevention involves encouraging people present in potential drunk driving situations to intervene in order to prevent a trip by an impaired driver. Potential "intermediaries" include service personnel in commercial drinking establishments, social hosts at private parties, friends and family members. The project, of which this report is one product, has had five primary objectives: (1) to analyze available data on the epidemiology of drunk driving to determine what "clusters" of drinking settings, drinkers, and possible intermediaries show the greatest potential for intervention; (2) to select a limited number of clusters for program development; (3) to develop one or more intermediary programs that would prepare and encourage potential intermediaries to intervene; (4) to investigate the feasibility of such programs; and (5) to suggest approaches to development, dissemination and implementation. This report presents the results of Phase II of the project (program development, feasibility investigation and development of implementation and dissemination approaches). Two programs are developed: A. For bartenders and other service personnel, B. For friends and family members. Both programs include provisions for training of potential intermediaries, public information campaigns, and involvement of drinking establishment owners/managers and community organization. The programs would be disseminated through networks of cooperating alcoholic beverage trade associations with joint public private implementations at the local level. Appendices contain detailed outlines and drafts of program and training materials. KW - Deterrence KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Intermediaries KW - Intervention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396144 AU - WAGNER, M AU - Cozzens, W A AU - National Capitol Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USE OF INTERMEDIARIES IN DWI DETERRENCE VOLUME III, DRAM SHOP ACTS, COMMON LAW LIABILITY AND STATE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL (ABC) ENFORCEMENT AS POTENTIAL DWI COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1983/04 SP - 22 p. AB - Many trips undertaken by alcohol-impaired drivers originate at public drinking establishments: bars, taverns, nightclubs, restaurants, etc. The managers and service personnel (bartenders, waiters, waitresses) in these establishments could play a role in preventing trips by impaired drivers; either by cutting-off or slowing down alcoholic beverage service before patrons become impaired or by proposing alternatives to driving if patrons have already become impaired. This paper examines the legal framework in which businesses licensed for the sale and on-premise consumption of alcoholic beverages operate. Dram Shop laws, common law liability and state Alcoholic Beverage Control laws are considered from the perspective of what impetus they give the owner and employees to intervene in potential drunk driving situations. A state by state tabulation of Dram Shop and common law liability is also presented. The authors conclude that there are constraints on the effectiveness of all legal approaches to encouraging DWI intervention but that stepped-up enforcement of the state Alcoholic Beverage Control laws and regulations offers more potential for encouraging intervention. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Deterrence KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Intermediaries KW - Intervention KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392229 JO - Insurance Counsel Journal PB - International Association of Insurance Counsel AU - David, C F AU - Richard, R P AU - International Association of Insurance Counsel TI - DEFECTIVE DESIGN AND THE UNCRASHWORTHY VEHICLE PY - 1983/04 VL - 50 SP - p. 232-240 AB - Crashworthiness is the relative ability of a vehicle to protect its occupants from injuries due to "second impacts". The term "second impact" refers to the impact of occupants against objects inside or outside a vehicle, as a result of the vehicle's collision with some external object such as another vehicle or an immobile object. This article, citing 38 legal cases, discusses design defects, as opposed to manufacturing or production defects, which make a vehicle uncrashworthy. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Defects KW - Impact factor KW - Injuries KW - Legal factors KW - Secondary crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391814 AU - Richardson, A J AU - WATSON, H C AU - Bayley, C AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - PROGRESS IN FUEL CONSUMPTION MODELLING FOR URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1983/04 SP - 56 p. AB - The report collects together edited versions of four papers presented at an ARRB Seminar on Fuel Consumption Modelling on 9 October 1981, as well as two subsequent papers. The objective of the Seminar was to focus on the issue of fuel consumption modelling and data needs for urban traffic management purposes. The first paper (Part 1) specifies the general requirements of a fuel consumption model which is compatible with other elements of the traffic system analysis process. It then discusses an elemental model of fuel consumption as the most appropriate "simple model" for traffic design and evaluation purposes. In Parts 2 and 3, more detailed discussions on the elemental model are presented, and its relation to the Positive Kinetic Energy (PKE) model is explored. In Part 4, problems associated with fuel consumption measurement are described. The elemental and the PKE models are then discussed in detail and criticism of the elemental model is provided. In Part 5, the authors of the four previous papers present a joint statement of the resolution of differences in the approaches adopted by them for developing simple fuel consumption models. It is shown that, subject to various simplifications and an unexplained term, the elemental and PKE models are very similar. In the last paper (Part 6), results of further studies are reported which answer some of the questions raised in previous parts of the report. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391712 AU - Crane, C R AU - Sanders, D C AU - Endecott, B R AU - Abbott, J K AU - Civil Aerospace Medical Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INHALATION TOXICOLOGY: III. EVALUATION OF THERMAL DEGRADATION PRODUCTS FROM AIRCRAFT AND AUTOMOBILE ENGINE OILS, AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC FLUID, AND MINERAL OIL PY - 1983/04 SP - 16 p. AB - A malfunctioning seal in the gear-reduction box of a turboprop aircraft engine could allow oil to enter the turbine's compressor section, which is the source of bleed air used to pressurize the cabin. Oil, or its degradation products, could have a deleterious effect on crew and passengers. A series of tests sponsored by the National Transportation Safety Board had examined the possibility that contaminated bleed air might contain toxic products identifiable by chemical analysis, but none of the gases for which they analyzed were present in toxic concentrations. However, the approach did not eliminate the possible presence of an additional component with significant animal toxicity. The research reported here examined the toxicity of thermal degradation products from aircraft lubricating oils and some related products. Rats were exposed to smoke from these products and relative toxicity evaluated in terms of time-to-incapacitation and time-to-death. The carbon monoxide (CO) content of the smoke was measured and this information, in conjunction with the animal response times, was the basis for concluding that the decomposition of these oils did not produce any chemical species, other than CO, in quantities sufficient to contribute to the total toxicity. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Animals KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Engines KW - Experiments KW - Hydraulic fluids KW - Leakage KW - Lubricating oils KW - Smoke KW - Toxicity KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am86-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391692 AU - Skinner, G T AU - RAE, W J AU - Arvin/Calspan Advanced Technology Center TI - STUDY OF THE CONTAINED AIR FLOW IN A RADIAL TIRE: EXPERIMENTAL PY - 1983/04 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes the experimental phase of a DOE-sponsored program investigating the internal air flow in a 14-inch radial tire running under load at roadway speed. The experimental apparatus used to obtain velocity profiles is described. An extensive data base was obtained and is presented. Radial traverses were made midway between the sidewalls (radial centerplane) and at stations displaced two inches towards both the inner and outer sidewalls. These traverses were made at the center of the footprint and at various angles of rotation ahead of and following the footprint. For selected cases two traverses were made, one with the anemometer probe pointing in the direction of rotation, and one with the probe reversed, so as to allow the direction of the mean velocity to be determined in the areas with high turbulence levels. In all, about 30 traverses were completed, with data obtained at radial intervals from 0.1 to 0.25 inch. For each data point, 100 measurements of the velocity components, obtained with a three-component digital hot-wire anemometer, were taken. The average and rms components were then computed. The traverses extended from the rim to within about 0.25 inch from the carcass as the probe passed through the footprint area. The data provide a very clear picture of the flow field configuration as the air in the cavity passes through the footprint region. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Experimental data KW - Flow KW - Measuring instruments KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387073 AU - New England Research Application Center TI - SAFETY BELTS: MATERIALS, MANUFACTURE, AND TESTING 1977-APRIL 83. CITATIONS FROM THE WORLD TEXTILE ABSTRACTS DATA BASE PY - 1983/04 SP - n.p. AB - This bibliography contains citations concerning materials, properties of materials, construction, manufacture, testing, applications, and performance of fabric safety belts. Natural and synthetic fibers are considered. Trade names, manufacturers, and foreign and domestic patents are also included. KW - Bibliographies KW - Design KW - Fabrics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Performance KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386877 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - CARBURETOR CLEANLINESS TEST PROCEDURE STATE-OF-THE-ART SUMMARY REPORT: 1973-1981 PY - 1983/04 SP - v.p. AB - Initially, an extensive study by a CRC Panel of the current laboratory procedures and related information in this area was undertaken. From the study, a tentative proposal for a carburetor cleanliness test was established even before a test engine was selected. The procedure was to be developed with the use of a removable carburetor throttle bore sleeve. Test evaluation criteria were related to the deposit buildup and visual rating of the sleeve. The engine emission levels during the test were also characterized as possible evaluation criteria, but were never fully developed as such. Eight procedure drafts were written and distributed for test development. The first four drafts were mainly concerned with leaded fuel severity and results. The remaining procedures emphasized changes for unleaded fuel testing and for improving test repeatability and reproducibility. Over 750 tests utilizing the procedure drafts were reported to the Panel. Of the 750 reported tests, 66 percent were unleaded fuel runs. Five controlled test programs were completed by the Panel. Programs were used to investigate and validate changes and drafts in the test procedure on severity. A carburetor round-robin program investigated the possible reproducibility effects as related to the carburetor and found that other engine and procedure variables were superseding the carburetor effect. An unleaded fuel correlation program utilizing six fuels proved that the procedure could be used to rank fuels in essentially the same order by the nine participating laboratories. Several of the test programs found repeatability of the procedure acceptable, but reproducibility among laboratories was usually poor. A subpanel developed a proposed carburetor rating procedure which was recommended as a CRC procedure. KW - Carburetors KW - Cleaning KW - Cleanliness KW - Panel studies KW - Ratings KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386828 JO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ADDICTIONS PB - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated TI - RAISING THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE IN MAINE: IMPACT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AMONG YOUNG DRIVERS PY - 1983/04 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 365-377 AB - The minimum legal age for purchase and consumption of alcoholic beverages continues to be a controversial issue in North America as numerous jurisdictions that lowered the legal age in the early 1970s are returning to higher drinking ages. Monthly frequencies of motor vehicle crashes among drivers aged 18-45 in the states of Maine and Pennsylvania from 1972 through 1979 were examined using a multiple time series design. Controlling for the effects of long-term trends, seasonal cycles, and other factors with Box-Jenkins time series models, a significant 17-21% reduction in alcohol-related property damage crash involvement among drivers aged 18-19 is attributable to Maine's increase in drinking age. No demonstrable effect of the raised drinking age on the incidence of injury and fatal crashes was found. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drivers KW - Legal drinking age KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386832 JO - Southern Medical Association PB - Southern Medical Association AU - Fountain, A J AU - Lewis, J A AU - Heck, A F AU - Southern Medical Association TI - DRIVING WITH EPILEPSY: A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE PY - 1983/04 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - p. 481-484 AB - A committee of concerned neurologists in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Safety and other agencies reviewed the present state licensing rules for epileptics and offered recommendations for amendments. Epileptics, diabetics, and patients with cerebrovascular disease have an accident rate of approximately twice that of the general population. Seizures probably account for approximately .02% of all vehicle accidents and only .5% to .01% of the fatal accidents. Accidents caused by seizures involve the driver's vehicle alone or an immovable object 80% of the time and occur in less populated and developed areas than controls. The number of seizures within the first three months of therapy is a powerful prognostic indicator. With knowledgeable individual consideration, licensing epileptics to drive could be done much earlier than previously allowed, without affecting road safety. Physicians giving recommendations for licensing in good faith should be protected by law from liability for unforeseen seizure recurrence. KW - Brain KW - Diabetics KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Epilepsy KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204085 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386626 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Dubowski, K M AU - ESSARY, N A AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - CONTAMINATION OF BLOOD SPECIMENS FOR ALCOHOL ANALYSIS DURING COLLECTION PY - 1983/04 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 3-8 AB - The results are reported of an experimental study on the effect of skin cleansing prior to blood withdrawal on the alcohol content of blood specimens. In conclusion, three precautions are offered in collecting blood for alcohol determination: (1) Avoid use of ethanol, isopropanol, or other volatile organic substance for skin cleansing prior to venipuncture or capillary blood collection by skin puncture; (2) use only dry sterile gauze pads for covering the puncture site during needle removal; and (3) when using evacuated collection tubes, remove the tube from the collection needle and holder before withdrawing the needle from the puncture site. KW - Accuracy KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203971 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386753 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - BLOCH, S A AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - ONE YEAR LATER: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CALIFORNIA'S NEW DRINKING AND DRIVING LAWS PY - 1983/04 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 9-20 AB - In January 1982, California's new more stringent driving-under-the-influence (DUI) laws went into effect. There is some preliminary evidence that these laws resulted in a decline in the incidence of alcohol involved driving. This paper provides some perspective on California's accident statistics and suggests that further analyses be conducted so that a better explanation can be developed for the inability of the DUI laws to affect more substantively the alcohol and driving problems in California. KW - California KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204031 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386631 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - COSTAN, D AU - Freeman, T AU - SABIN, M H AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - DUI ENFORCEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL PY - 1983/04 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 21-23 AB - This article describes the initiation of a DUI program by the city of Redondo Beach, California following receipt of a grant from the California Office of Traffic Safety, the state office empowered to disburse federal traffic safety funds to local entities. Prior to the implementation of the grant in July 1980, there were six fatal traffic accidents of which four were alcohol related. Once the special enforcement was implemented, the remainder of 1980 resulted in only two fatal accidents neither of which was alcohol related. Other results of the DUI program are discussed, including some unanticipated benefits. KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385575 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - SEALS, T A AU - Matthias, H AU - Bloomfield, G AU - McKnight, A J AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - SHOULD WE TEACH STUDENTS TO DRINK RESPONSIBLY? PY - 1983/04 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 2 p. AB - Four traffic safety educators attempt to answer the question of teaching responsible drinking to students. A Florida State University professor points out that the question does not consider total abstinence as a viable alternative. Students should understand the advantages and limitations of abstinence, social drinking and driving, reasonable intake of alcohol, and other aspects of drinking and driving. The students should then make their choice. A St Cloud State University educator believes in the importance of teaching all students the various aspects of drinking and its influence on driving. A Washington State officer notes that education dictates the decision-making process and traffic safety educators have a responsibility to provide the necessary information to their students. The National Public Services Research Institute President comments on the unfortunate phrasing of the question and commends education which would encourage abstinence or responsible drinking. The importance of peer intervention in the control of drinking and driving is noted. KW - Abstinence KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Students UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385609 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Neyhart, A E AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF DRIVER EDUCATION PY - 1983/04 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - p. 13-14 AB - Driving is a decision-making process that requires knowledge, skills and experience, all of which should be provided in a quality driver education course. This article reviews driver education in the past as it is now, and offers recommendations for the future: better preparation of driving instructors, switching from a time standard to a performance standard, and a leadership role from the private sector. KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving instructors KW - High schools KW - Knowledge KW - Personnel performance KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385288 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - REPORT ON JOINT CONFERENCE ENO FOUNDATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND BOARD OF CONSULTANTS OCTOBER 20 AND 21, 1982 PY - 1983/04 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - p. 165-244 AB - In October 1982 the Eno Foundation Board of Consultants joined the Board of Directors in a 2-day conference at the Foundation offices. The underlying theme of the conference was "Transportation and Future Economic Growth." The conference format consisted of panel presentations followed by group discussions. Table I is an outline of the technical program of the conference. The first panel discussed the changing concepts of transportation. The second panel examined the relationship between economic development and transportation, and the third panel speculated on what the future will look like in respect to transportation and economic growth in North America. The following report covers the panelists' presentations and a summary of the ensuing discussion. Each session is prefaced by a summary of the presentations. The purpose of publishing this report is purely informational. KW - Economics KW - Evolution KW - Finance KW - Forecasting KW - Needs assessment KW - Telecommunications KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203161 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385289 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - PART ONE: CHANGING CONCEPTS OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1983/04 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - p. 166-193 AB - Transportation continues as an important tool in achieving economic aims. Transportation's historic focus on making possible the expanding of local markets and creating a national economy may now be expanding to a world scale. This panel presentation includes the following themes: Transportation's past and future; Evolving issues; Impact of communications; Expanding transportation services internationally; and Financing transportation infrastructure. KW - Economics KW - Evolution KW - Finance KW - Forecasting KW - Needs assessment KW - Telecommunications KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385118 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FAA VERSUS NHTSA--THE CHILDREN SUFFER PY - 1983/04 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - p. 13-16 AB - This article includes a discussion and comparison of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's child seat safety standard FMVSS 213 and the Federal Aviation Administration Technical Standard Order C-100, Child Restraint Systems, and a review of legislative activities: Stop lamps; Inspection/Maintenance; Synthetic Fuel Corporation; Alternative Fuels; Uniform Product Liability; Crash Tests Results; Airbags; Bumpers; DOT Confirmation; Gas Mileage Guide; Octane Rating; Truck Size and Weight; Truck Certification Labeling; Crash Testing; Tire Quality Grading; and FARS 1981 Data. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Legislation KW - Legislative intent KW - Seats KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385596 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Niva, G D AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - A FAINT LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL PY - 1983/04 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 2 p. AB - The activities of state and local governments as well as of many public and private agencies in their fight against drunk-driving are reviewed. The six-point program of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving is outlined: (1) To have a policy aimed at general deterrence; (2) To place emphasis on the problem at the local level; (3) To coordinate the activities of the varied groups for added strength; (4) To have convicted offenders fund the new prevention programs through their fines, court costs etc...; (5) To generate widespread citizens' support for the prevention programs; and (6) To have a long term goal of changing public attitude toward drinking and driving. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal action KW - Legal drinking age KW - Local government KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385613 JO - Illuminating Engineering Society, Journal of PB - Illuminating Engineering Society AU - Illuminating Engineering Society TI - RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR ROADWAY SIGN LIGHTING PY - 1983/04 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 141-145 AB - The legibility of highway signs is an important aspect of the driving task. Recognizing this, the Roadway Lighting Committee in the early 1970's prepared recommendations that would provide a uniform means of lighting signs so that the message and sign shapes and color will appear the same, night or day. This recommended practice is a revision and expansion of that report, "Roadway Sign illumination," published in October 1974. KW - Color KW - Guidelines KW - Legibility KW - Lighting KW - Recommendations KW - Shape KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Standardization KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203337 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385290 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - PART TWO: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSPORTATION PY - 1983/04 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - p. 193-224 AB - Transportation investment remains an essential ingredient for a healthy economy. However, transportation's value as a tool for economic development is being questioned increasingly by economists. This panel discussed the following: Using transportation to achieve development goals; transport costs in relation to gross national product; and productivity measurement. KW - Economic development KW - Economics KW - Finance KW - Gross national product KW - Investments KW - Productivity KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203163 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385291 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - PART THREE: WHAT IS THE FUTURE GOING TO LOOK LIKE? PY - 1983/04 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - p. 224-244 AB - The future is usually, if not always, difficult to predict with a great degree of accuracy. It is often equally difficult to get informed people to provide their insights of the future, particularly in a public forum. In this session, the panelists provide some reasonable glimpses into transportation's future. They discuss motivating forces for change, transportation administration and management and government funding of Research and Development. KW - Development KW - Evolution KW - Finance KW - Forecasting KW - Government funding KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385611 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Plato, K C AU - Bloomfield, G AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - PARENTAL VIEWS ON TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AND THE LICENSING OF TEENAGE DRIVERS. RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF WASHINGTON STATE PARENTS PY - 1983/04 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - p. 23-25 AB - The Traffic Safety Education (TSE) unit in the Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction of Washington State, conducted a systematic collection of public opinions on school TSE programs. The focus was licensing issues and teenage driving; the method was a statewide survey of the parents of newly licensed teenage drivers. This report describes the preliminary findings from the parent survey. KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - High schools KW - Licenses KW - Parents KW - Probation KW - Probationary license KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203335 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385614 JO - Illuminating Engineering Society, Journal of PB - Illuminating Engineering Society AU - Illuminating Engineering Society TI - PROPOSED AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PRACTICE FOR ROADWAY LIGHTING PY - 1983/04 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 146-196 AB - This "American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting" has been approved under the rules of procedure of the American National Standards Institute and under the sponsorship of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES). This document has been revised from the 1977 Standard Practice to include, in addition to an illuminance method for design, a luminance method that incorporates veiling luminance. Although the luminance method is preferred for most situations, illuminance is regarded as an acceptable alternative. Design and calculations are now specified in metric units. Changes in the Appendices (which are not part of the Standard Practice but are provided as supplemental information) include a new Appendix on visibility and one containing metric conversion tables. KW - Illuminating engineering KW - Illumination engineering KW - Luminous intensity KW - Metric system KW - Standardization KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203338 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385574 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Cushman, W D AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - COMPETENCY BASED INSTRUCTION PY - 1983/04 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - p. 7-11 AB - The background to competency based instruction (CBI) is described and the implications of such instruction are noted. Versions of CBI have been instituted in California and Michigan. In both states, money was the key factor in bringing it about. The State Department of Education response to the question of CBI is discussed as well as the current situation in schools. The principle features of a CBI program which will provide the same level of training as conventional programs at a substantial cost savings are described. Areas of concern in CBI are noted. CBI is the trend for the future. It is accomplishment oriented, stimulates parental involvement, increases student responsibilities, eliminates artificial hurdles, provides for individual evaluation, adapts to objective evaluation, and provides for maximum learning potential for student/teacher interface. School authorities however, have a responsibility to define clearly for all parties concerned precisely what CBI means in terms of learning. It is also important that all professionals help in preventing misapplication of CBI. KW - Competency based instruction KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Savings KW - Schools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203300 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385610 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Bulger, D AU - Eckert, A M AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - A HOSPITAL-BASED CHILD PASSENGER RESTRAINT PROGRAM PY - 1983/04 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 2 p. AB - This article describes the cooperative program between the California State Automobile Association (CSAA) and Sutter Memorial Hospital in Sacramento. The program provides extensive instruction on child restraints, supplies child restraints at the lowest possible cost, and makes the child restraints available at the time and location where they are needed the most, the baby's first ride home from the hospital. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Hospitals KW - Infants KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384515 AU - Smist, T E AU - RANNEY, T A AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK ACCIDENT CAUSATION: ANALYSIS OF THE CPIR-B FILE PY - 1983/04 SP - 42 p. AB - The CPIR-B (Heavy Truck) accident file was recoded to identify specific factors related to accident causation. The methodology emphasized factors immediately preceding the accident. Because the CPIR-B file is not representative of any known population of heavy truck accidents, and because of the methodology employed, the identified causal factors must by interpreted as suggestive and should serve primarily as hypotheses to be evaluated in controlled statistical studies. Analyses compared accident characteristics and causal factors of accident-involved articulated and heavy straight trucks. Relative to straight trucks, articulated vehicles were more likely to be involved in single vehicle accidents, on curves, on higher speed, limited access roads, and in rural areas. Multiple vehicle accidents of articulated vehicles were most likely to involve vehicles traveling in opposite directions, or in the same direction, rather than from the sides. By comparison, straight truck multivehicle accidents were most likely to involve intersecting paths or turning movements. Degraded vehicle performance in poor weather was the most frequently cited causal factor for articulated vehicles. Vehicle component failures, primarily tires and brakes, were relatively common problems in both articulated vehicle and straight truck accidents. Abnormal driver conditions, including fatigue and alcohol involvement were also identified as causal factors. In single vehicle accidents, 80 percent of the truck drivers were judged fully culpable for their accidents. In multiple vehicle accidents, drivers of other vehicles were more often responsible for the collisions than drivers of the heavy trucks. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Crash causes KW - Data analysis KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384516 AU - RANNEY, T A AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF HEAVY TRUCK OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION: REPORT FOR TASK 1--HEAVY TRUCK ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS PY - 1983/04 SP - 91 p. AB - Results from previously published studies and analyses of selected automated accident data files were combined to determine what percentage of heavy truck accidents involve significant injury to truck occupants, and which subsets are amenable to application of occupant crash protection technology. Based upon analyses of DOT's FARS data and the state files of Texas and Michigan, rollovers and frontal impacts were chosen for further study. Rollovers exhibit a relatively high likelihood of severe vehicle damage and serious injuries, while frontal impacts occur at all severities. Details of injury causation were provided by analyses of the CPIR-B heavy truck file, which was recoded for the study. Consistent with previous studies of heavy truck injury causation, the primary injury sources were identified as ejection, entrapment, and contact with the steering assembly. Relative to injured drivers of other vehicle types, heavy truck occupants were found to be more prone to multiple injuries, resulting in part from the multiple-impact nature of heavy truck accidents. Approaches to improved occupant crash protection are discussed. Recommendations are made for the development of useable restraint systems as a first priority in countermeasure development. Specific information needs are identified and recommendations for collection of in-depth accident and engineering test data are presented. KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant restraint KW - Recommendations KW - Restraint systems KW - Rollover crashes KW - Steering wheels KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381824 AU - Blatt, J AU - Dueker, R L AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE SAFETY-RELEVANCE OF PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST PROGRAMS. VOLUME ONE: CONDUCT AND RESULTS PY - 1983/04 SP - 128 p. AB - This document (Volume One of a Two Volume Report) describes the development of a paper-and-pencil instrument for assessing the safety relevance of pedestrian and bicyclist safety education programs. The safety relevance of the program is the extent to which its content reflects the findings of NHTSA research in accident causation and countermeasure development. This instrument, called the Program Assessment Kit (PAK), was developed in response to a need to provide Federal, state, and local safety program personnel with a comprehensive and systematic means for performing comparative evaluation of alternate programs. It can also be used as an aid to the improvement of existing programs and the development of new programs. The PAK was developed using the Worth Assessment Technique. Assessment areas and weights were provided by experts in pedestrian safety, bicycle safety and education. The PAK contains a set of Program Assessment Scales (PAS) for both program types by various program age levels. Each PAS provides 11 subscores and three area scores--safety relevance (content), instructional approach and materials adequacy. It also includes a checklist survey of implementation considerations, guidelines for interpreting reported program effectiveness and a description of NHTSA pedestrian and bicyclist accident types. The PAK was tested by having project staff independently use the PAK to assess a sample of 23 pedestrian and bicyclist safety education programs. High interrater reliabilities were obtained (mean of .843) and all sub and area scores except two ranged between .657 and .905. These exceptions were the result of ambiguous instructions which were subsequently revised. The mean composite (overall) score for the pedestrian programs sampled was 37.5 (100 points possible); for bicyclist programs, 42.8. The most common program weaknesses identified were too much emphasis on irrelevant information (thus reducing the time or emphasis available for safety relevant content) and too little practice of safety behaviors. KW - Cyclists KW - Evaluation KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25673/DOT-HS-806-436.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381834 AU - Walton, C M AU - Yu, Chenjie AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ENFORCEMENT OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT LIMITATIONS IN TEXAS PY - 1983/04 SP - 140 p. AB - The current state regulations affecting motor vehicle sizes and weights, agencies involved directly or indirectly in the enforcement of these regulations, characteristics of oversize-overweight vehicle movements within the state (both legal and illegal movements), and the cost of these vehicle movements to the state were developed and are presented in this report. The characterization of oversize-overweight movements in the state is emphasized. To study the economic effects to the state a 100 percent compliance case was set up to compare with the actual case. The study showed that, while the current oversize-overweight movements may save the trucking industry up to 1.4 billion dollars over the next twenty years at current conditions, these movements are estimated to cost the state an additional 261 million dollars over the same twenty-year period. Similarly, enforcement of the state laws is estimated to result in only 84 million dollars if the current fine and permit fee structure is maintained. It is recommended that the current fine and fee structure be revised so that violators would pay for their share of the estimated damage to highways. A highway cost allocation study is also recommended. KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Overweight loads KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle size KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381836 AU - Walton, C M AU - Yu, Chenjie AU - Ng, P AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - TRUCK WEIGHT SHIFTING METHODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING HIGHWAY LOADS PY - 1983/04 SP - 208 p. AB - In recent years, maximum legal truck size and weight limits have become major issues in the United States. The assessment of impacts due to changes in maximum limits is an ongoing dynamic problem faced by many highway departments and State legislatures. It has been difficult to predict future truck weight distribution patterns as affected by an alternative legislation governing truck weight. Consequently, it has become implausible to try to forecast precisely the benefits and costs associated with changes in weight limits. In the past, various methodologies for projecting truck weight distribution patterns have been developed. Each methodology makes some contributions to the assessment of changes in truck weight patterns. However, the precision of projection and the application of each methodology can yet be improved. In June 1977, the Texas SDHPT contracted the Center for Transportation Research to conduct a study into the truck size and weight issue. As a part of the truck study, a shifting methodology has been developed for the projection of future truck weight distribution patterns. This methodology can be applied either manually or by using a series of computer programs. It can be used to predict both gross vehicle weight and axle weight distributions. In this report, a brief review of available methodologies and a detailed discussion of the new methodology are presented. Illustrative application of predicting gross vehicle weight and axle weight distributions as a result of changes in weight limits are presented in the text. Comparison of prediction results generated by all the available shifting methodologies is also included. KW - Axle loads KW - Change KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Impacts KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Methodology KW - Physical distribution KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198045 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380757 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Mortimer, R G AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT SEATBELTS AND SEATBELT LAW IN ILLINOIS PY - 1983/04 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 20-21 AB - This article points out that a representative poll of 1050 persons in Illinois conducted during August 1982 showed that most Illinois citizens believe seatbelts are effective. The poll also revealed that very few need education about seatbelts. Concerning a law requiring seatbelt use, the majority of respondents (53.7%) would mildly or strongly support such a law, 42.7% would mildly or strongly oppose it, and 3.6% were undecided. It is concluded that a safety belt use law would be a highly cost effective way to obtain a sharp increase in belt usage, even if the level of enforcement was quite low. By combining the law with rewards for use of belts and modest penalties for not using them, use rates of 80% should be readily attained. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Penalties KW - Rewards KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380679 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Filkins, L D AU - O'Day, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - FACTBOOK ON COMBINATION VEHICLES IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1975-1981 PY - 1983/04 SP - 128 p. AB - This factbook presents statistical data about combination vehicles in fatal accidents on American roads. It is based on data available from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). It contains five sections. The first section considers the frequency of combination-vehicle fatal accident involvements compared with involvements of other types of vehicles over the period 1975-1981. The second section looks at combination vehicle accident characteristics in relation to the type of accident. The third section provides data on combination vehicle driver characteristics in relation to the type of accident. The fourth section looks at accident characteristics in relation to combination vehicle occupant deaths. The fifth section contains miscellaneous tables interrelating various accident characteristics. The last four sections contain data for 1976-1980 only. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Safety and security KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380681 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, COLLISION COVERAGES. A COMPARISON OF THE COLLISION LOSS EXPERIENCE OF SUBARU MODELS WITH 5 AND 2.5 MPH BUMPERS PY - 1983/04 SP - 15 p. AB - This report compares the collision coverage loss experience of 1981 and 1982 model year Subaru two-wheel drive cars with 5 mph bumpers and four-wheel drive cars with 2.5 mph bumpers. The 2.5 mph bumpers have been permitted because the four-wheel drive Subarus are classified as multi-purpose passenger vehicles and as such are not required to meet the federal bumper standards. In order to eliminate biases that might be introduced by different exposure patterns associated with the different vehicle drive systems, for a number of the comparisons, the cars compared were matched by garaging location. In others, separate results were obtained for winter and non-winter months. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile insurance KW - Bumpers KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Four wheel drive KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193482 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380751 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Baker, A AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - MANUFACTURING THE MAESTRO PY - 1983/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 77-80 AB - Engineering aspects of the vehicles are considered prior to an examination of production techniques. According to ARG, Maestro objectives were rational innovation, advanced technology, good aerodynamics, versatile and efficient packaging and exceptionally low running costs. That fully 90 percent of their components are from British companies--over 400 of them--gives the lie to the "Dismal Jimmies" who maintain that the UK's component industry is a spent force. A five-door six-light hatchback body is common to all seven models in the Maestro range. The newcomers maintain BL's position in the forefront for packaging front-drive cars, being genuine (if not over-roomy) five-seaters with generous luggage capacity yet an overall length of only 4049 mm. Making up the septet are three 3.1-litre and four 1.6-litre models; the smaller engine is the A Plus derivative of the evergreen A Series, and the larger is the new R Series unit which in effect is a much-modified E, as was used in Maxis and some Allegros. Base and deluxe (L) 1.3s have a 51 kW version of the A Plus, while the "economy" 1.3HLE has a 48 kW variant and appropriate gearing. Three of the 1.6 models--the L, HLS and Vanden Plas (in ascending order of trim and equipment) are fitted with 60 kW single-carburettor engines while the last one--the MG Maestro 1600--has twin carburettors and a 76 kW output. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automotive engineering KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Production methods KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380688 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - MacKenzie, E J AU - Garthe, E A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - COMPATIBILITY OF THE ICD-9-CM AND AIS 80. AN UPDATE PY - 1983/04 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 25-27 AB - The feasibility is being explored of coding the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) severity directly from hospital discharge diagnoses which have been classified using the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The ability to convert ICD rubrics to AIS severity codes would greatly enhance the scales utility. A clinical modification of the 9th revision of the ICD (ICD-9-CM) giving increased specificity has been recently developed. Several simplifying assumptions were made to facilitate conversion of the ICD-9-CM. Some of the more important ones are listed. A computerized ICD-9-CM-AIS '80 conversion table has been developed which can be used to assign severity scores to those rubrics for which a compatible AIS description exists. The validity of this conversion table is currently being tested. Although primary results are encouraging with regard to the utility of the table, certain limitations have been noted. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Conversion KW - International classification of diseases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196966 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380949 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Eastham, J N AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE REPORT OF AN ONGOING PROJECT PY - 1983/04 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 28-30 AB - This paper describes an ongoing research project which is designed to contribute to the validity of the Abbreviated Injury Scale. The methodological approach involves using the subjective estimates of physicians to develop several scales which represent specific conceptualizations of injury severity, namely, mortality rate, hospital length of stay, length of recovery period, and permanent disability/activity limitation. The relationship between these measurement scales and the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) will be analyzed via multivariate data analysis techniques in an effort to clarify what aspects of injury severity are being measured by the AIS. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Methodology KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Physical disabilities KW - Recovery KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197106 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380758 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Somers, R L AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - NEW WAYS TO USE THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE: A GUIDE TO EVALUATING THREAT TO LIFE PY - 1983/04 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 31-33 AB - The Abbreviated Injury Scale has suggested a new method of relating injury severity to loss of life. The new method is based on the Probability of Death Score which provides a routine means of assigning a specific probability of death to each trauma victim. The individual probabilities of death can be summed over a group to calculate the total expected deaths in the group. Likewise, the individual probabilities of death can be combined with standard demographic data to calculate expected person years lost. The expected deaths and person years lost in turn can be used to advantage in planning and evaluating programs of injury control and prevention. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Probability of death score KW - Risk assessment KW - Severity KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379748 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - LPG STRETCHES FUEL DOLLARS PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 42 AB - The Marshall County, Mississippi, school district fights inflation and high fuel bills by switching its school buses to an alternative fuel. By converting vehicles to propane, the cost of operating school buses is kept down. This article considers the vehicle fleet conversion by Texgas. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Conversion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - School buses KW - Transportation KW - Transportation effects KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379750 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SPECIAL TIRES FOR SPECIAL BUSES PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 45 AB - A Michigan fleet of special education vehicles which have been using Commercial Traction retreads from Bandag, for the last ten years, have found these retreads to be effective in both mud and snow. The effectiveness is the result of using Micro-Sipe--a cold process, precured retread rubber with traction slits. In the Micro-Sipe process, the slits are applied to the tread rubber at the factory before the rubber is bonded to a tire casing. This allows close control of siping angle and depth, two factors which are crucial to the performance of tread design. Retreading has proved economical. The bias ply tires presently being used have taken 2 or 3 retreads. Radial tires are now being evaluated. Tires in the drive axle position are rotated every 15,000 miles. Tire pressure and tread depth are checked every week. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Buses KW - Inflation KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Retreaded tires KW - School buses KW - Special purpose KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196353 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379773 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - FOCUS ON BRAKES AND BRAKE SYSTEMS PY - 1983/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 10 p. AB - This article reports design and development aspects of brakes and brake systems revealed at the IMechE AD conference "Braking of road vehicles," held at Loughborough University of Technology, together with reports from major foundation-brake manufacturers approached separately by AE. The article is divided into three sections. Section 1 deals with passenger car units and vehicle stability in braking. Topics covered include the effect of vehicle design on car brakes, the effect of fuel conservation on the course of brake design, inertia-sensitive brake control valves, braking stability affected by differential wheel forces, and commercial vehicle braking on a curve. Section 2, entitled CV brake systems covers these topics: air systems linked with foundation brakes, the critical role of water cooling, recent developments, user benefit from air-actuation/braking link, antilock as part of an air system, footbrake valves: human aspects of response times, estimating air brake times, and advances in systems for non-rigid CVs. Section 3, CV foundation brakes, covers these topics: cam operated drum brakes performance variations, S-cam brake design advances, brakes for future medium weight commercials, application of disc brakes to CVs, disc brakes for HGVs: developing a disc rotor design, commercial vehicle disc brake with U.S. operational experience, and the case for CV air-wedge brakes. KW - Air brakes KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake controllers KW - Brakes KW - Cooling water KW - Design KW - Development KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Emergency response time KW - Highway curves KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Reaction time KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Technological innovations KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Water cooling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380022 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - HGV TRANSMISSION ADVANCES PY - 1983/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 17-19 AB - This article considers transmission matching by electronic control for heavy vehicles, then takes a look at synchronised transmissions, synchromesh materials and the use of computer aided shifting. KW - Electronic control KW - Gear boxes KW - Gear shifting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Information processing KW - Matching KW - Materials KW - Synchronization KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196534 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380409 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - DETROIT NOTEBOOK: WARNING LIGHT CAUSED BY VACUUM LEAK PY - 1983/04 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - This article reports vehicle defects and methods of connection provided by the various automobile manufacturers. GM provides information for connecting the brake warning light coming on for no apparent reason. Ford discusses connection methods for a noise caused by the brake release switch. Chevrolet corrects previously published information on underbody dimension plotting. Ford offers a turn signal cam kit, and American Motors offers a new clamp for the front half-shaft axle boots on front wheel drive vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196800 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379754 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Smith, D C AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - FUEL FOLLIES: BACK TO A BUCK PY - 1983/04 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 21-23 AB - This article discusses how the slash in fuel prices, by oil producers faced with a mounting glut is causing automakers to rethink their product mixes. Some experts believe that this is a short-term trend. Others think that lower oil prices will act as a disincentive for U.S. oil companies to develop domestic supplies. Other trends that could result could be the upscaling of cars and an overall benefit to the auto industry. To avoid CAFE problems and the "gas guzzler" law, the Big Two automakers (General Motors and Ford Motors) may have to slash prices on diesel-engines and produce more fuel-efficient models to try to curtail the demand for larger models. Other observers feel the big-car boom is not a long-term trend. KW - Automobile industry KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Prices KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380078 AU - Harbridge House, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION RELATIVE TO THE INDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE MAJOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS PY - 1983/04 SP - 142 p. AB - This report summarizes data collected from 1978 to 1980 relating to the following motor vehicle companies: General Motors, Chrysler, Ford, American Motors, International Harvester, BL, Fiat, Peugeot, Renault, Saab, Volvo, Daimler-Benz, Volkswagen, BMW, Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Toyo Kogyo, Mitsubishi, and Fuji. The topics focused on in this report are corporate strategy; product plans; production; marketing and distribution; finance; research and development; government relations; and labor. In addition to information in these subject areas, a broad overview of major markets through the 1930s has been provided. The report also gives financial, production, and registration data for the period 1975-1979. KW - Automobile industry KW - Development KW - Financial analysis KW - Government relations KW - Industries KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Labor relations KW - Marketing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193047 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380377 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Harlow, W A AU - Matthews, D H AU - Printerhall Limited TI - SAFETY AT ROADWORKS PY - 1983/04 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - p. 207-212 AB - The last few years have seen a number of changes in the approach to roadworks, including a greater concern for the safety of workers. New and improved equipment provide cleaner, more emphatic demarcation of the working area bounded by a safety zone, and improvements in reflectivity gives better after-dark delineation. The introduction of more sophisticated traffic systems has increased costs and highlighted a number of problems. Careful planning and attention to detail is required in executing the traffic management plan. It is important that the systems are installed and properly maintained so that signs, markings, cones, etc., are replaced when displaced or damaged. There are hazards for those who install, maintain and remove the equipment intended to protect both the workers and the users of the road. These risks may be considerably limited by the use of procedures such as those outlined in the report produced by the Department of Transport and the County Surveyor's Society. Development work in this area continues with traffic management schemes being refined, new ones being tried and experimental devices being studied. This article considers Chapter 8 of the "Traffic Signs Manual" entitled "Traffic Safety Measures for Road Works," and discusses documents issued since that publication. KW - Construction safety KW - Construction sites KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Night visibility KW - Safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379739 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - AN ACCIDENT BY ANY OTHER NAME...STILL COUNTS PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - Transportation departments are continually addressing themselves to the safety of children transported in school buses, however driver training and preventive maintenance do not prevent all accidents. This article discusses a study by William M. Griggers, executive director of transportation Fulton (Georgia) County Board of Education, which looked at this issue by surveying existing patterns in some states. The lack of statistical information relating to school bus accidents often makes it difficult to judge which areas of pupil transportation safety need improvements and modifications. Thus, one of the purposes of the survey was to provide insight into the causes of pupil injury or death, not merely the occurrences of the accidents, so as to enable transportation officials to begin eliminating the dangers. Also, the study wanted to show exposure to death or injury is greater to students crossing the road (at a school bus stop). This survey revealed that student injuries or deaths are caused by several factors, such as driver error and design error, which should be corrected. However, the more important finding was the discovery of the disparity which exists between the figures reported to Griggers by the various transportation directors and the figures reported by the National Safety Council, which points to the need for a more standardized method of accident reporting. KW - Child safety KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Standardization KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379753 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - WHY IACOCCA'S 25-CENT FUEL TAX MAKES SENSE PY - 1983/04 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Arguments are presented for and against a 25-cent boost in federal fuel taxes. A nickel of this (about 25 billion) is earmarked for highway construction and repair and the rest could be used to offset a federal deficit forecast to soon reach $200-billion. The 25-cent cumulative boost could change on a sliding scale if prices move back upward and so provide stability. A surtax on imported oil to raise $15-billion annually is also suggested. Detractors of these tax proposals point out that the tax would hit hardest on low-income persons, and that the higher fuel tax would be an unreliable revenue source. Also, fuel taxation is not politically expedient in Washington. KW - Fuels KW - Imports KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380079 AU - Hathaway, W AU - Kakatsakis, J AU - Phillips, C T AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING TOTAL AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING COSTS PY - 1983/04 SP - 84 p. AB - A number of methodologies for estimating manufacturing costs have been developed. This report discusses the different approaches and shows that an approach to estimating manufacturing costs in the automobile industry based on surrogate plants is preferred. This method, which specifies the manufacturing processes and plant types required to make a component or a whole vehicle, provides reliable and traceable estimates of manufacturing cost. Examples are used to illustrate this preferred approach. KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Estimating KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380371 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, COLLISION COVERAGES: A COMPARISON OF THE COLLISION LOSS EXPERIENCE OF SUBARU MODELS WITH 5 AND 2.5 MPH BUMPERS PY - 1983/04 SP - 15 p. AB - This report compares the collision coverage loss experience of 1981 and 1982 model year Subaru two-wheel drive cars with 5 mph bumpers and four-wheel drive cars with 2.5 mph bumpers. The 2.5 mph bumpers have been permitted because the four-wheel drive Subarus are classified as multi-purpose passenger vehicles and as such are not required to meet the federal bumper standards. In order to eliminate biases that might be introduced by different exposure patterns associated with the different vehicle drive systems, for a number of the comparisons, the cars compared were matched by garaging location. In others, separate results were obtained for winter and non-winter months. Principal Findings: (1) The 1981 and 1982 model year Subarus with 2.5 mph bumpers had substantially worse collision coverage loss experience than the corresponding models with 5 mph bumpers. The pattern of the results strongly suggests that the weaker bumpers, rather than drive system related factors, are responsible for much of the difference; (2) The collision coverage claim frequencies for the cars with 2.5 mph bumpers were 18 to 57 percent greater than the frequencies for corresponding models with 5 mph bumpers; (3) Differences in average loss payments ranged from -18 percent to +11 percent; (4) increases in average loss payments per insured vehicle year for the cars with 2.5 mph bumpers ranged from 29 percent to 31 percent; (5) Collision coverage losses for the cars with 2.5 mph bumpers increased as deductible amounts decreased; and (6) In both winter and non-winter months the cars with 2.5 mph bumpers had worse loss experience than the cars with 5 mph bumpers. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Four wheel drive KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193205 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379757 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Bare, W K AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - VEHICLE FIRES: HOW TO AVERT POTENTIAL DISASTERS PY - 1983/04 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - Twenty percent of all reported fires in the U.S. are vehicle fires and the leading cause is smoking followed by fuel system defects, ignition system defects or failures, and overheated motors and other malfunctions. Five results from the presence of three basic constituents, namely, fuel, heat and oxygen. The prevention or extinguishing of fires must control or eliminate one or more of these three elements. Suggestions are made of actions that could be taken to avoid vehicle fires. Periodic examinations should be made of the engine compartment, the fuel line from tank to fuel pump, and of the ignition system and wiring. Hints are provided on the selection of automotive type fire extinguishers. The extinguisher should be Underwriter Laboratories listed, the rating should be checked as well as the operating instructions. Some advice is also given on how to act in case of a fire. KW - Engines KW - Fire extinguishers KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Ignition KW - Mechanical failure KW - Prevention KW - Smoking KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196360 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379742 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - BETTER TRAINING REDUCES ACCIDENTS AND SAVES LIVES PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 28-30 AB - For a number of years those responsible for pupil transportation have addressed themselves to the failure of many districts and contractor operators to properly implement effective training programs. In response to the need for better training, a number of courses and programs have developed across the country. The safe transportation of students to and from school is undeniably of great importance. In an effort to find the most thorough and efficient training method, new training programs continue to emerge from across the country. Specifically, this article looks at driver training in Tennessee as well as discussion on a three day Pupil Transportation Supervisor Course being held April 25-28 by the Pennsylvania State University. The goal of this course is to help participants increase the efficiency and effectiveness of pupil transportation systems, including administrative concerns (economics, costs, safety and handicapped transportation), school bus accident emergency plans, pupil management, and driver training. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver training KW - Economics KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Pupils KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379743 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - NOW THERE IS PROOF PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 31-33 AB - In April 1983, the California Association of School Transportation Officials and California State Department of Education released data that show a decline in accident rates of states that have driver training programs over states that do not mandate school bus driver training. This article discusses a survey required by law on the effectiveness of the state law requiring school bus driver training. The survey found that although the number of miles driven and number of buses on the road are increasing, the accident rate and the percentage of school bus driver caused accidents have steadily declined since the mandatory driver training was implemented in the state in fiscal year 1970. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380400 AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - REPORT OF THE ONTARIO COMMISSION ON TRUCK SAFETY PY - 1983/04 SP - 197 p. AB - The findings are reported of a Commission that inquired into all matters relating to the safety of trucking in the Province of Ontario, Canada and made recommendations relating to the same. The Commission studied the following: driver standards including driver training and education, the classified driver licensing system, medical standards and restrictions for drivers and driver management; vehicle standards and specifications including vehicle length and configuration, brakes and braking standards, tires, load securement, commercial motor vehicle inspections and truck maintenance practices; rules of the road which are of particular approachability to the operation of trucks including following distances, reduced speed limits and lane and truck movement restrictions; enforcement and sanctions; and public/industry perceptions and expectations, insofar as they may affect or be perceived to affect, the safety of trucking on the Province of Ontario. The recommendations of the Commission are presented. The recommendations of greatest significance relate to the following: multidisciplinary accident investigation; training programs; medical impairment; speed limits; following distances; the Metro Toronto Ring Road; the demerit point system; commercial vehicle operator license; and overlength vehicles. KW - Brakes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Inspection KW - Length KW - Motor vehicles KW - Perception KW - Recommendations KW - Size KW - Specifications KW - Speed limits KW - Standards KW - Tires KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle length KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193234 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380247 JO - DIE BUNDESBAHN AU - SCHNELL, P AU - Hestra Verlag TI - NEED TO OFFER A BETTER QUALITY PRODUCT AT MORE COST-EFFECTIVE PRICES: A NEW DESIGN FOR LOCAL PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT OUTSIDE THE HEAVILY-POPULATED AREAS T2 - DIE NOTWENDIGKEIT EINES BESSEREN UND WIRTSCHAFTLICHEREN GESAMTANGEBOTS: NEUORDNUNG DES OPNV AUSSERHALB DER VERDICHTUNGSRAEUME PY - 1983/04 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - p. 219-222 AB - The author analyses the effects of the increase in private car ownership and the building and improvement of new roads on the long-term demand for local public passenger transport. He maintains that qualitative improvements to public transport systems based on new technology will not be enough in themselves to guarantee favourable developments. He advocates ways of putting into practice a more effective system of production at the lowest possible cost for local public passenger transport outside the heavily-populated areas. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Competition KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Germany KW - Public transit KW - Quality of service KW - Rural areas KW - Transportation modes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196665 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380370 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - BAD BALL JOINTS? DON'T COUNT ON YOUR EARS PY - 1983/04 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 44-48 AB - This illustrated article, intended for mechanics, explains how to inspect loaded and unloaded ball joints. KW - Automobiles KW - Ball and socket joints KW - Ball joints KW - Maintenance KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196776 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379744 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - FIGHTING SHRINKING TRANSPORTATION BUDGETS PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - The Giles County, Tennessee, School district finds liquid propane gas conversion a cost-effective way of reducing fuel expeditures in its school bus transportation system. The article covers the choice of LPG, especially the importance of quality parts, LPG conversion of the school bus fleet, savings on LPG versus gas, and usage of LPG. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conversion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - School buses KW - Transportation KW - Transportation effects KW - Transportation systems KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196347 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380395 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - SELLING SAFETY INSPECTIONS--INDEPENDENTS PICK UP WHERE STATES LEFT-OFF PY - 1983/04 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - Many serious and fatal highway accidents occur because the vehicles involved were unsafe to operate on the roads. Many states attempt to maintain or upgrade the safety of the vehicles licensed for use on public roads by periodic vehicle safety inspections at state-run inspection centers. However, not all these state-run inspections are effective in reducing the overall accident rate. It is noted that a number of independent vehicle repair centers offer a comprehensive vehicle safety inspection in states that do not have current inspection programs. This article lists and briefly discusses various aspects of the vehicle which are critical to it's performance and safe operation. These aspects include the following: attitude; drive/suspension elements; brakes; lights; horn; glass; windshield wipers; exhaust; and safety belts. KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196794 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379758 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING YOUR COOLING SYSTEM. PART 1 PY - 1983/04 VL - 159 IS - 4 SP - p. 39-42 AB - This article gives the home mechanic tips on how to examine the cooling system. It starts with the hoses, which fail faster than any other cooling system component. It then goes on to radiator pressure caps, thermostats, and fan belts as well as fan blades and heat-sensitive fan actuating switches. Other cooling system components are considered in Part 2 which appears in the June 1983 issue of Popular Mechanics. KW - Belts KW - Cooling systems KW - Fans KW - Hoses KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Radiators KW - Thermostats KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380023 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - HGV SIDE-UNDERRUN GUARDS: A DESIGN OPPORTUNITY PY - 1983/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 37-38 AB - This article presents highlights from a seminar where legislators and those who implement the legislation dealing with side guards for heavy vehicles exchanged views. The main vehicles concerned are semitrailers. Typical minimum requirements are presented along with test results on flat-sheet guards and rail-type structures. Comments are also included on designing beyond the legal minimum and problems seen by the builders. KW - Design KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laws KW - Regulations KW - Side KW - Test results KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196535 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380027 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - LASER TOOLS FOR DIESEL ENGINE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 44-46 AB - This article explains how a laser can be used in a simple optical geometry to measure normal surface and crankshaft torsional vibration velocities. Vibration characteristics of engines make them substantial "velocity sources" over the frequency range of interest and consequently many of the sophistications included in commercially available system packages are unnecessary and can be avoided. The two vibrometer systems suggested are simple to construct, robust, inexpensive and do not require optical expertise for successful operation. Normal surface velocities (as measured by an accelerometer) are measured by an on-axis system which is fully portable and capable of hand held use whilst the torsional velocity system can be tripod mounted. Both systems have been developed in the Laser Laboratory at ISVR and successfully used in the engine test cells of the Automotive Engineering Group. KW - Engines KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Portable equipment KW - Vibration tests KW - Vibrational testing KW - Vibrometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196537 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380378 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Gunnell, J A AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - HIGHLIGHTS OF AUTOMOTIVE "SAFETY" PY - 1983/04 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - The first safety devices to appear on motor cars were designed chiefly to help avoid accidents. They were introduced in what is known as the "Builder Period"--that is, the years in which the very first cars were made. More safety innovations came during the "Production Period," which lasted from 1908 to 1914. During World War I, automotive technology stopped, and it was not until the "Owner Period" that more safety advances were made. This period lasted from 1920 to about 1930, and was followed by the "Extra Equipment Era," in which safety got mainly lip-service. It was not until 1948 that the first true safety car appeared, and marked the beginning of the "Human Engineering Period" which we are still in today. KW - Automobiles KW - History KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196782 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379543 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - VanHoven, H A AU - Fraysier, H D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CASE REPORT: THE MATCHING OF AUTOMOTIVE PAINT CHIPS BY SURFACE STRIATION ALIGNMENT PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 463-467 AB - The technique of physical comparison for paint chips by the characteristics of their physical alignment is common practice. Sometimes, however, the examiner may find only a small unremarkable area of physical alignment between paint chips. It is important in such cases to use some additional method or methods that will affect a more scientific proof of identity. This paper describes two interesting cases in which automotive paint chips are matched by the alignment of their surface scratches (striations). KW - Alignment KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Chippings KW - Chips KW - Paint KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196184 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379565 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTES PY - 1983/04 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - p. 6-9 AB - This article gives advice to the motorcycle rider on handling road and traffic hazards, and notes that because the motorcycling environment is in a constant state of flux, lane positioning has to be fluid and be adjusted for every change; there is no one position that is best. A motorcycle driver should consider each lane as being divided into three equal sections: left, center and right thirds. The normal riding positions should be either on the right side of the left third or the left side of the right third. These positions afford the best overall view of traffic and allow the traffic to see you. Certain modifications of these positions for different road and traffic situations are discussed. The special cases of 2-lane roads with traffic in both directions, 4-lane roads, divided highways and freeways are discussed. Mountain roads which present special situations are also discussed. KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Hazards KW - Motorcyclists KW - Mountains KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379531 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ENGINEERING ECONOMY: A WORKBOOK PY - 1983/04 SP - 64 p. AB - This workbook sets forth the basic objectives and principles of engineering economy, and presents methods and procedures to follow in solving for the economy of proposed improvements to highways. Analyzing the economic consequences of proposed highway facilities brings into study a variety of complex factors each of which is deserving of consideration in the two basic decisions: (1) whether to build a new facility or to let the status quo prevail, and (2) a decision for each design element (e.g., location, geometrics and materials) of the facility. The single main objective of the economic analysis is to furnish the decision maker with aids, tools and information which are pertinent to his deliberations leading up to a decision of whether to build, and if to build, to what design and specifications. The workbook presents in two main groups the basic factors involved in the economic analysis--the market factors and the non-market factors. The market factors are the road user factors which can be priced on the market and thus the analysis for engineering economy can be made on the basis of dollar values. The non-market factors include road user factors which cannot be market priced and the general economic, social and community consequences that may or may not be priceable. KW - Decision making KW - Economic analysis KW - Highway engineering KW - Highways KW - Improvements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192491 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379554 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - LIVING WITH B.A. (BAD ATTITUDE) DRIVERS PY - 1983/04 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - 7 p. AB - This article gives advice to bicycle riders on respecting the surrounding traffic and conforming to the traffic rules for their own protection and for the convenience of automobile drivers. Statistics on bicyclists deaths from traffic accidents are quoted. The importance of riding on the correct side of the road, and the need for special care near driveways and parking lot entrances are emphasized. The need for the right signals is also emphasized. The drivers of automobiles are also advised to cultivate better attitudes and to watch for bicycle riders at all times. KW - Attitudes KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196193 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379555 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - REMOVING HELMETS FROM ACCIDENT VICTIMS PY - 1983/04 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - p. 10-11 AB - Photographs are presented to illustrate a method for helmet removal for use by pre-hospital-care technicians and examining physicians. Notes are provided on each step of the removal process. KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Helmets KW - Removal KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196194 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379542 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Kubic, T A AU - Sheehan, F X AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INDIVIDUALIZATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE OILS II. APPLICATION OF VARIABLE SEPARATION SYNCHRONOUS EXCITATION FLUORESCENCE TO THE ANALYSIS OF USED AUTOMOBILE ENGINE OILS PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 345-350 AB - Forty-five used automobile engine oils were analyzed with conventional fluorescence techniques as well as synchronous excitation and variable separation synchronous excitation fluorometry. Only two samples were considered to be indistinguishable in this group of samples. The high sensitivity, nondestructiveness, and rapidity of these procedures, coupled with their high discriminating power, make fluorometry a method that can be recommended in forensic oil individualization. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Engine oils KW - Excitation KW - Fluorescence KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196183 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379556 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Panarisi, M T AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - GETTING STARTED: THE POWER OF LIFE PY - 1983/04 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - p. 24-26 AB - A car's electrical system serves two primary purposes: it supplies the engine with a means of starting, and it provides electrical power for the various appliances. It is also the most delicate and most often neglected system. Despite its sensitivity, it can provide years of trouble free operation if it is well taken care of. This article gives guidelines to protect it from failure. KW - Automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric power KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196195 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379581 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Szigethy, N M AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - OIL GLUT SWAMPS AUTOMAKER'S PLANS PY - 1983/04 VL - 163 IS - 4 SP - p. 6-11 AB - Cheaper gasoline is raising havoc with all the downsized, fuel efficient plans from Detroit and some of the imports. Big cars are in demand again and the automakers would like to keep up with the public's preferences, but the U.S. Government is making this task difficult with its demand for higher fuel efficiency each year. This article reviews how some auto companies are facing the challenge. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Energy efficiency KW - Energy resources KW - Equipment KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379579 AU - Department of Law Enforcement TI - ALLOCATING POLICE OFFICERS ON A STATEWIDE BASIS: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE ILLINOIS STATE POLICE PY - 1983/04 SP - 30 p. AB - Rational allocation of police officers always has presented a difficult problem. The number available to serve the population is small. The size is further reduced for two reasons. First, a portion of the officers serve the administrative needs of the organization. In all but emergencies, they do not serve the population directly. Secondly, the agency generally provides 24-hour, seven-day-per-week coverage. It takes between four and five officers to fill the three, 8-hour patrols. Even what may be a favorable ratio of police to public rapidly diminishes. In an urban setting, the relatively small geographic area served allows overlapping coverage by the police officers on duty. Thus, more than one officer is available almost immediately to serve the public. With an organization such as the Illinois State Police, the wide geographic area served and lack of immediate assistance makes the placement of each officer critical. Such officer must be visible in patrol but also able to respond rapidly to calls for service. The model described in this paper attempts to provide a method of assigning police personnel to maximize their service while minimizing delays and lack of visible presence. It is an outgrowth of work performed both on a state-wide basis and in the urbanized areas. KW - Allocation models KW - Cost allocation KW - Deployment KW - Illinois KW - Mathematical models KW - Police KW - State government KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379582 AU - Bramlett, N K AU - Cooper, T W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY FINANCE--THE EVOLUTION OF THE HIGHWAY-USER CHARGE PRINCIPLE. STATE HIGHWAY FINANCE TRENDS PY - 1983/04 SP - 96 p. AB - This publication contains two reports on highway finance. The first report, "The Evolution of the Highway-User Charge Principle," examines the financing concept that, for the most part, pays for building our highways, their maintenance and other related highway costs. It examines the history of road and highway financing in the U.S. and the development of the "user-pays" concept. The user-nonuser debate is described, including who benefits from highways. It explores various definitions of what a user tax is and is not, according to various authorities. What might be called grey areas are discussed: elements of vehicle-related government income which may or may not be highway-user in nature. Finally, how and how much highway beneficiaries pay for the highways are discussed. The second report, "State Highway Finance Trends," examines the means of fiscal revival in State highway programs. It identifies and analyzes representative fiscal mechanisms of the several States which are responsible for the fiscal recovery. It also discusses implications such as the broadening of the scope of State transportation programs, including multimodal financing, highway-user subsidization of public transportation, and the nonuser revenue support of highway and transportation programs. KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Highway user costs KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - History KW - Public transit KW - Transportation KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - User benefits KW - User side subsidies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379569 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Owens, S M AU - McBay, A J AU - Cook, C E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE USE OF MARIHUANA, ETHANOL, AND OTHER DRUGS AMONG DRIVERS KILLED IN SINGLE-VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 372-379 AB - Marihuana, ethanol, and other drugs are considered by many to be detrimental to the safe operation of motor vehicles. However, direct epidemiological evidence for this belief exists only for ethanol. The goal of this investigation was to determine the incidence of the psychoactive ingredient of marihuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), along with ethanol and other drugs in blood specimens from a carefully defined population of dead drivers. Although THC and other drugs were present in a small number of the blood specimens, the large number of specimens that had high blood ethanol concentrations indicated that alcohol is still the major drug affecting highway safety. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drugs KW - Marijuana KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379583 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1982 FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/04 SP - 41 p. AB - This 1982 report on the Federally Coordinated Program (FCP) of Highway Research and Development is the ninth in a series of annual reports on the joint activities and achievements of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the States in Highway research and development (R&D). This report presents a general picture of accomplishments in the FCP during the past year, the programs that coordinate the varied research activities in highway transportation, and the organization and facilities of the FHWA Offices of Research, Development, and Technology. KW - Coordination KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192556 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379559 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Norman, M R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - PART TWO: THE SURFACE TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1982 PY - 1983/04 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 12-15 AB - This article is a continuation of the discussion of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982. It gives details on the highway program authorizations, the highway safety authorizations, and mass transit authorizations. KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Legislation KW - Public transit KW - Road construction KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196198 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379561 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Engle, D AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - THE SECURIFLEX WINDSHIELD PY - 1983/04 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-15 AB - The Securiflex windshield, made in France and widely used in Europe is four-ply and offers a tremendous safety advantage. The plastic inboard lite greatly reduces passenger injuries from head impact, especially facial lacerations and eye injuries. However, it has failed to pass NHTSA's windshield abrasion standard and its introduction into the U.S. market is still a few years off. KW - Abrasion tests KW - France KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Plastics KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Technology KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379546 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Cary, P L AU - Johnson, C A AU - Foltz, R L AU - Pape, B E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHENOBARBITAL PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 502-504 AB - A driving-under-the-influence (DUI) case with an unusually high phenobarbital concentration is presented. Significant toxicologic findings include a blood phenobarbital level of 132 micrograms/mL. Toxicology data relevant to interpretation are discussed. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196187 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379564 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - TESTING THE NEW C-3 TESTERS PY - 1983/04 VL - 159 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - This article describes how the hand-held C-3 testers can help the knowledgeable technician. A C-3 tester will not eliminate all manual testing. At least partial use of service manual diagnostic "trees" that are keyed to specific trouble codes will continue to be necessary. However, it will eliminate some of the underhood and underdash testing. Among the precise tests possible with the tester are those of the oxygen sensor, manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, air management system, coolant temperature system sensor, knock sensor spark retard, vehicle speed sensor and car mixture control solenoid input. Tests that may be made from the driver's seat with one of these testers are discussed. They include the following: trouble code readout; closed/open loop test; oxygen sensor test; cross count; air pump management system test; exhaust gas recirculation test; coolant temperature sensor test; vehicle speed sensor test; manifold absolute pressure sensor test; barometric sensor; mixture control solenoid dwell; torque converter clutch solenoid check; throttle position sensor test; air conditioning switch test; idle air control test; park/neutral switch test. Additional tests are described and tester design is discussed. KW - C-3 testers KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379588 AU - Campbell, K L AU - O'Day, J AU - Wolf, B AU - Ricci, L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRACTOR-TRAILER COMBINATIONS: NATIONAL ESTIMATES OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND USE, BASED ON THE 1977 TRUCK INVENTORY AND USE SURVEY PY - 1983/04 SP - 53 p. AB - This report presents descriptive statistics on the national population of tractor-trailer combinations. Included are estimates of the distribution of vehicles in the national population and their average annual mileage. These estimates are repeated for various subgroups defined by selected descriptive characteristics such as cab style, area of operation and operator classification. The objective of this report is to provide information on the type and use of tractor-trailer combinations in the United States. The data source for the tabulations presented is the 1977 Truck Inventory and Use (TIU) Survey. This survey was conducted by the Bureau of the Census as part of the Census of Transportation. Trucks were randomly selected for this survey from each state's motor vehicle registration files as of July 1, 1977. Unlicensed and government-owned vehicles, as well as ambulances, motor homes, buses, farm tractors, and open utility vehicles were excluded from the sample. In addition, vehicles registered in Hawaii and Alaska were excluded from all tabulations in this report. Only vehicles identified as road tractors were used in the tabulations. This preliminary analysis is part of an ongoing heavy truck accident causation research program. The basic approach of the program is to identify the various types of heavy trucks and their differing uses. KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Inventory KW - Mileage KW - Physical distribution KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379417 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PLANNING FOR SAFETY PRIORITIES. 1983 SAFETY PRIORITIES PLAN PY - 1983/04 SP - 173 p. AB - The purpose of this research has been, for the first time, to determine, in a systematic, agency-wide review, where attention and resources should be focused, and how such determinations should be made in the future. The agency's data collection and analysis activities are the foundations on which these priorities rest. In developing the Safety Priorities Plan, the agency first determined from its statistical data bases the major safety problems involved. For each safety problem that was so identified, potential solutions were explored in three areas: vehicle crash worthiness, vehicle crash avoidance, and traffic safety, including human behavior. Finally, the agency examined the most efficient and effective ways to use these three avenues of approach, taking into account cost, safety benefits, and magnitude of the safety problem. The agency's decisions have produced a balanced program designed to yield major improvements in highway safety. This program is presented in this report. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Behavior KW - Crashworthiness KW - Drivers KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379418 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE 1982 TRAFFIC FATALITIES EARLY ASSESSMENT PY - 1983/04 SP - 43 p. AB - This report presents preliminary 1982 national traffic fatality estimates. All statistics were obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data, which contains information on each fatal accident in the United States. FARS is sponsored and managed by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis, NHTSA. All 1982 fatal accidents which were on file as of February 1, 1983, have been used in the analysis. The number of cases present in FARS at that time was about 90 percent of the expected total for 1982. For the purpose of this report, all 1982 data have been extrapolated to the expected total, on a month to month basis, using the ratio of fatalities on file to the expected total fatalities for that month as the extrapolation factor. Based on our experience with late reporting in previous years we estimate results to be accurate within one percent of the final 1982 figures. The purpose of this report is to present fatality trend data for both long and short term, to produce preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities for 1982, and to identify and discuss broad changes from previous years. KW - Estimates KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378144 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Wasielewski, P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RISKY DRIVING RELATED TO DRIVER AND VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1983/04 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 121-136 AB - This investigation was performed to determine relationships between driver and vehicle characteristics and risk taking in everyday driving, as measured by close following in freeway traffic. A total of 12,000 observations were made of headways (time intervals between successive vehicles) in high flow freely moving freeway traffic at two sites, one in Michigan, the other in Toronto, Canada. The headways were measured using a photographic technique which allowed vehicle and occupant characteristics to be recorded, including type of vehicle and sex and seat belt use. For the Michigan observations, the vehicle license number was recorded, from which additional information on the vehicle and owner (usually the driver) was obtained from state files, including the vehicle mass and model year and the owner's age, sex and history of recorded accidents and traffic violations. Shorter headways, corresponding to higher risk, were found for drivers with prior accidents or violations, young drivers, male drivers, drivers with no passengers, and drivers who did not wear a seat belt. Vehicles associated with shorter headways included newer cars and cars of intermediate mass (1600-1900kg). KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Hazards KW - Headways KW - Human characteristics KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic surveys KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378146 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - WHITELEGG, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ROAD SAFETY: DEFEAT, COMPLICITY AND THE BANKRUPTCY OF SCIENCE PY - 1983/04 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 153-160 AB - Road traffic accidents (RTA's) continue to be a serious problem. The paper argues that much research and effort to minimise this problem is locked into a fundamental misconception in so far as it assumes that blame, responsibility or engineering inadequacies can explain RTA's. The whole system of motorised transport, mobility patterns, land uses, governmental intervention and large company support has deprived society of realistic alternatives to the motor car and bequeathed a deficient technology with several societal disbenefits. Long term solutions to the problem of RTA's involve basic change to this systems design. Anything less will continue to reinforce the present trajectory. KW - Highway safety KW - System design KW - Theory KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378150 JO - Transportation Research Part B: Methodological PB - Elsevier AU - Kershner, D L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEMS PY - 1983/04 VL - 17B IS - 2 SP - p. 89-106 AB - A computer model has been developed for the purpose of assessing the performance characteristics of Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) systems. The model is structured to provide an effective, low-cost tool for establishing the supply side characteristics of AGT systems for a variety of network configurations and demand models. Features of the model include the automatic generation of service route and assignment of route operating frequencies and the capability to display results as well as verify user supplied network data through the use of computer generated graphics. Model outputs consist of system operational statistics, passenger service measures, system capital and operating costs, and energy utilization estimates. Applications of the model have included examination of AGT system design requirements and cost/performance comparisons of AGT and conventional transit modes. The model has proved to be particularly useful for conducting parametric studies necessary to gain an understanding of system performance-operating policy interactions. A detailed description of the model is presented in the paper along with examples of model outputs and a discussion of computer resources required in using the model. KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Computer graphics KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378151 JO - Transportation Research Part B: Methodological PB - Elsevier AU - Papageorgiou, M AU - Posch, B AU - Schmidt, G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - COMPARISON OF MACROSCOPIC MODELS FOR CONTROL OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC PY - 1983/04 VL - 17B IS - 2 SP - p. 107-116 AB - This paper presents a unifying review of four independently developed deterministic macroscopic models of multi-lane freeway traffic. It is shown that all models can be deduced from a common set of three basic principles of traffic flow: the conservation equation, the volume-density characteristic and the dynamics of the mean speed. The relationships among the various models with respect to their structural characteristics and accuracy as well as their usefulness for the theoretical development of control strategies are outlined. KW - Freeways KW - Macroscale KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195372 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378158 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - TURBO TRUCK PY - 1983/04 VL - 159 IS - 4 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper considers turbocharging an obvious solution to the diesel horsepower crisis. Turbocharging of a diesel does not involve nearly as many complications as the turbocharging of a gasoline engine. This paper explains how a diesel can benefit from the addition of a turbocharger, and documents the performance testing of a small pickup truck fitted with an aftermarket turbo kit to the truck's diesel powerplant. The trade offs and problems involved in applying turbo technology to a small truck diesel or any high speed diesel are discussed. The results of all tests were very encouraging. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Diesel engines KW - Performance KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377425 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Lindsley, E F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - SMOKEY'S AMAZING 150-HP, 2-CYLINDER ENGINE PY - 1983/04 VL - 222 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article describes Smokey's "Phase I adiabatic engine", a two-cylinder engine that's smoother than most fours, with torque and horsepower similar to those of a V6. Smokey has found a way to recapture much of the 75% of potential heat which most engines throw away. The theoretical possibility has long been known, but there were problems which Smokey has apparently solved. Among the secrets which have been revealed about this new engine are its unique three-stage heat recovery system and a small turbocharger which Smokey calls a homogenizer. Other details, including why Smokey's engine doesn't destroy itself via abnormal combustion called detonation, remain to be revealed only after the applied for patent has been issued. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Automobile engines KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195061 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378154 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Andersen, D A AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL OF A SMALL URBAN VEHICLE PY - 1983/04 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 41-43 AB - Reducing the amount of petroleum consumed by transportation is addressed in this paper in terms of (1) the small urban vehicle's relative fuel economy when compared to other transportation modes, and (2) the substitution of non-petroleum derived electricity as a transportation power source. It is concluded that the SUV is relatively fuel efficient when occupied by only the driver, and an electric SUV could be recharged from non-petroleum sources, further reducing the transportation sector's dependence on petroleum. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Small urban vehicles KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195375 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378142 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Smith, R G AU - Lovegrove, A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DANGER COMPENSATION EFFECTS OF STOP SIGNS AT INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/04 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 95-104 AB - The phenomenon of danger compensation is said to occur where environmental safety improvements installed at a site lead to a decrease in road safety owing to the tendency of drivers to adjust their behaviour elsewhere in the traffic system so as to compensate for the safety measures used. This hypothesis of danger compensation was tested by installing a safety improvement, viz, a STOP sign, at a previously uncontrolled intersection in order to compel drivers to approach it more slowly than they otherwise would have done. Whether this enforced safety led to an increase in risk elsewhere in the traffic system was tested by measuring drivers' approach speeds at the next (test) intersection after the intersection where the STOP sign had been installed. The roadway on which these two intersections were located was in a quiet residential area and both intersections comprised a cross-road with a restricted right sight distance and right-of-way priority. A similar intersection on a parallel road with a separate population of commuters served as a control. Data were collected unobtrusively during morning peak periods. Upon comparing drivers' speeds before the installation of the STOP sign (n=58) with the speeds immediately after the STOP sign had been installed (n=53), it was found that the percentage of infrequent commuters exceeding the speed (48km/h) at which they could just have stopped their vehicles at the test intersection increased relative to the control from 12 to 25%. This increase was again observed at the four-month follow-up (n=39). However, the regular commuters showed no such increase at the post-test, and approached the test intersection more cautiously during the follow-up than in the pre-test. An analysis of variance of the infrequent and regular commuters' mean approach speeds during the post-test and follow-up, adjusted for the two groups' pre-test difference, showed that their mean speeds were significantly different, F(1.125) equals 7.9, p less than 0.01. Accordingly, it was concluded that the behaviour of some infrequent commuters was consistent with the danger compensation hypothesis, but that an alternative explanation was needed to account for the response of the regular commuters. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Approach KW - Approach speed KW - Behavior KW - Danger compensation KW - Drivers KW - Employee compensation KW - Hazards KW - Intersections KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed KW - Stop signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195363 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377427 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - McComb, G AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - PROTECT YOUR CAR, TRUCK, OR VAN-INSTALL A POCKET PAGING AUTO ALARM PY - 1983/04 VL - 222 IS - 4 SP - p. 119-121 AB - The newest type of car alarms send a silent radio signal to a pocket beeper carried by the driver. The driver can then call police and, if all goes well, the unsuspecting car thief is literally caught in the act. This article provides some facts about how these devices work, how they differ (models range in price from $99 to $259), and how they are installed for best protection. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Installation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195063 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378152 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Meyer, M B AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - INSTITUTE RESPONDS TO THROUGH-ON-RED LEGISLATION PY - 1983/04 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 16-19 AB - A high level Task Force met at ITE Headquarters on January 14, 1983 to consider and discuss the new Indiana "through on red" law and its potential ramifications. Immediately following endorsement of the Task Force report a request was sent to the governor of Indiana recommending repeal of this law which allows motorists approaching a T intersection in the top of the T to proceed straight ahead after stop even though they are still facing a red traffic signal indication. This article reports the results of the Task Force study. The TOR impacts in the following areas were examined: (1) energy and pollution; (2) safety; (3) human factors; (4) impact on other states; (5) Federal funding ramifications; (6) uniformity of laws and traffic control devices; (7) logical extension of right turn on red; (8) ITE policies; (9) legal implications and liability; (10) public acceptance; (11) delay; (12) law enforcement; (13) pedestrians and bicycles; (14) transit operations; (15) signal operations and signal systems; and (16) capacity. Conclusions and recommendations made by the Task Force are reported, along the position statement issued by the ITE Technical Council. KW - Highway capacity KW - Impact studies KW - Liability KW - Recommendations KW - Standardization KW - T intersections KW - Through on red KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195373 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378153 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Woods, D L AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - SMALL CAR IMPACTS ON HIGHWAY DESIGN PY - 1983/04 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-24 AB - The article notes that small cars are now a permanent-feature, and that there will be more fatal accidents if effort is not made to redesign the safety system. Vehicle dimensions and their influence on traffic lanes are discussed. Other elements of the cross section have also become more critical as a result of the smaller and lighter vehicles. Differentials in pavement-levels, pavement cracks and deterioration, superelevation transitions, horizontal curvature, are all important considerations. The dimensions of parking spaces and the European experience in this area are discussed. A pressing concern is the safety hardware along the roadside. Special problems associated with small cars are discussed, and include bumper height, clearances, end treatments, median barriers, crash cushions, sign supports, and delicate hardware. Roadside design aspects are also noted and include ditches, and side slopes. KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Clearances KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash cushions KW - Cross sections KW - Curvature KW - Ditches KW - End treatments KW - Guardrails KW - Hardware KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Median barriers KW - Parking KW - Pavement cracking KW - Roadside KW - Side slopes KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Slopes KW - Small car KW - Superelevation KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377413 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - HOW CU TESTS AND RATES CARS PY - 1983/04 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - p. 178-179 AB - This article describes how cars are selected for testing, the various steps in the testing procedure, and how the cars are rated. Practical, family cars are selected and each car is checked against a 50-item checklist. They are allowed an extended break-in period and then adjusted to specifications. Tests are conducted at several locations simulating city-traffic conditions, many other traffic conditions, and some at a sports track. To arrive at an overall rating a car is scored on each of 76 different factors such as acceleration, stopping distance, etc. Each factor is assigned a weight. An unusually high or low score will be accompanied by an amplifying statement in the report. Factors that are measured are as follows: driveability; drivetrain; acceleration; brakes; accident avoidance; normal handling; safety features; displays and controls; seating arrangements fuel economy; ride; interior noise; climate control; cargo; parking ease; servicing; and reliability. Each of these factors are briefly discussed. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accident avoidance KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Control KW - Displays KW - Driveability KW - Driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Handling characteristics KW - Information display systems KW - Interior noise KW - Power trains KW - Ratings KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Traffic simulation KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195049 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377428 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - LEWIS, F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - GAS-CHARGED SHOCKS PY - 1983/04 VL - 222 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article discusses the development and performance of low-pressure gas shocks, a new type of shock absorber that uses nitrogen gas as well as hydraulic oil to control and damp the motions of a car's suspension. These low-pressure gas shocks are a combination of conventional double-tube hydraulic shocks used on American cars and more exotic, expensive high-pressure gas single-tube shocks used on European performance cars. The improvements claimed for these new shock absorbers include better handling, reduced body roll, quieter ride, more consistent control on different road surfaces, less fading and loss of control during extended operation, and prices competitive with existing heavy-duty shock absorbers and replacement struts. An insert included with this article addresses the topic "How shocks work, and why double-tube gas shocks work better." KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driving KW - Gases KW - Handling characteristics KW - Low-pressure gas shocks KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Performance KW - Pressure KW - Prices KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Shock absorbers KW - Struts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195064 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378145 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - ATKINSON, J E AU - Hurst, P M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - COLLISIONS BETWEEN CYCLISTS AND MOTORISTS IN NEW ZEALAND PY - 1983/04 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 137-151 AB - Accidents involving cyclists and motorists were examined and classified according to a set of accident types developed by Cross and Fisher in the U.S. The relative frequencies of the various types were noted, as were variations between New Zealand and the U.S. Possible causes of the variations were considered. Potential countermeasures to increase cyclist safety were considered in view of the accident dynamics. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378147 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, A F AU - Wells, J K AU - LUND, A K AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - VOLUNTARY SEAT BELT USE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS PY - 1983/04 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 161-165 AB - Seat belt use of high school drivers was observed at six high schools in Maryland and, for comparison, at locations near each school. Use rates for high school drivers ranged from one percent to 21%, varying with socioeconomic status of the areas in which the schools were located. For non-high school drivers the range was 8-31%. For the six schools, the ranking of use rates from lowest to highest was the same for high school and non-high school drivers. However, at each school, belt use rates for high school drivers were lower than for non-high school drivers. At five of the schools, use rates for non-high school drivers were more than double the rates for high school drivers; they were more than five times as high at three schools. Prior research indicates that increasing the use of belts that must be manually fastened is difficult to achieve. The most reliable way substantial increases can be made in the extent to which teenagers and others are restrained in crashes is by providing restraints that work automatically, such as air bags. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Students KW - Teenage drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195368 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378141 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - WILDE, GJS AU - Stinson, J F AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE MONITORING OF VIGILANCE IN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS PY - 1983/04 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 87-93 AB - About three out of four train collisions and derailments (other than at level crossings) have been found to be due to deficiencies in operator performance. Although the evidence regarding the precise nature of these deficiencies is unclear, monotony and frequently low task demands together with adverse organismic and workplace conditions suggest that lack of vigilance may be a major underlying factor. Existing principles of countermeasure equipment aiming at monitoring wakefulness are reviewed, analyzed and evaluated. A new design concept is introduced. The proposed device does not only attempt to assure that the locomotive crew is awake but actually pays attention to important cues in the task of controlling a train. The possible application in workstations other than locomotive cabs is pointed out. KW - Alertness KW - Countermeasures KW - Derailments KW - Locomotive engineers KW - Monitoring KW - Monotony KW - Task analysis KW - Train collisions KW - Vigilance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378143 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Brach, R M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ANALYSIS OF PLANAR VEHICLE COLLISIONS USING EQUATIONS OF IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM PY - 1983/04 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 105-120 AB - Various methods are used to calculate unknown velocities and velocity changes for the collision of automobiles. Most methods use some form of the equations of impulse and momentum from mechanics. In this paper the planar impact between two vehicles is modeled through the use of six algebraic equations. These equations relate the three velocity components of each vehicle at the beginning of contact to the three velocity components of each vehicle at separation using two coefficients of restitution and an equivalent coefficient of sliding friction. The first part of the paper contains a discussion of some of the fundamental assumptions connected with the use of impulse and momentum concepts for collision analysis. A summary of the derivation of the six model equations is presented. In a second part of the paper, the equations are solved for the conditions corresponding to two experimental collisions. Values of the three coefficients are systematically varied to assess their effect on the vehicle velocity changes. A listing of a computer program is furnished, written in the BASIC language. The program can be used to solve the model equations for the final velocities given the initial velocities and coefficients. The vehicle properties and collision geometry must also be known. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Equations KW - Impulses KW - Impulses (Mechanics) KW - Mathematical models KW - Momentum KW - Research KW - Velocity KW - Velocity changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195364 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377426 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Marshall, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - FIRST TEST REPORT ON THE REVOLUTIONARY PLASTIC TIRE PY - 1983/04 VL - 222 IS - 4 SP - p. 100-102 AB - The liquid-injection-molded LIM polyurethane tire which may go into production in two years is described. The LIM tire which was tested on a BMW 315 looks and feels like a conventional rubber-based tire. Tests have shown that LIM compares favourably with present-day radial tires even for wet traction. Excellent results have been obtained by a major European tire manufacturer testing LIM tires at it's computerized proving grounds. Elaborate tests have also been carried out in Venezuela. Cars with LIM tires use less gasoline, LIM tread abrasion is lower, they are lighter, heat buildup is lower, and handling and general road behavior is equal to others. The polyurethane tire manufacturing process is briefly described. Although LIM tire costs will be high, it is expected that the tire will sell because of its superior performance. However, substantial overall savings are expected such as the tire manufacturing low start-up costs. The polyurethane process could descale tire making. It could be set up in any light-industry and be installed in automobile-assembly plants. The author believes that the tire-making industry will eventually move into liquid-injection-molding for passenger cars, light-truck, agricultural, and earth-mover tires. KW - Costs KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195062 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376711 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - CRASH TESTS BEGIN TO PAY OFF PY - 1983/04 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - p. 162-165 AB - Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA'S) latest crash-test results which involve 1982 cars indicate that some car manufacturers are responding to these tests by making their cars substantially safer. Four years of such testing have identified the factors critical to occupant protection and automakers have found that making the necessary improvements is neither time-consuming nor expensive. Information from crash tests has been used to make changes in safety belt systems and steering columns. The 1982 crash test results also indicate that Japanese automakers are becoming more safety conscious. The limitations of barrier crash tests are discussed. The test program has been budgeted to crash test only a single sample of each car model. To answer questions on the repeatability of results, NHTSA arranged for tests that indicate that repeatability of results is good. The test results can be compared only within size groups and not between size groups. The article comments also on judging crash protection, on structural integrity, test limitations, and on the future of the crash test program. Judgements on crash protection (based on NHTSA data) for various makes are tabulated. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Improvements KW - Industries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Repeatability KW - Steering columns KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194749 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376710 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Csere, C AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - CARS BY COMPUTER PY - 1983/04 VL - 28 IS - 10 SP - 5 p. AB - This article describes how electronic technology is replacing the drafting table, the prototype shop, and the testing laboratory. Computer-aided design (CAD) and Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) first appeared in the aerospace industry with the coming of large-scale computers and numerically controlled (NC) machine tools. The domestic auto industry first applied CAD to body-panel engineering which it helped streamline and increased its manufacturing precision. The ways in which this is accomplished, and the computer generation of NC machining instructions are briefly described. This first application of CAD/CAM has led to the development of others. The graphic techniques invented to display numerically defined body panels on a computer console have evolved into computer drafting systems applicable to all parts. The potential applications of CAD are virtually unlimited. One of the most powerful design tools that can be applied to numerically defined parts is finite element analysis (FEA) which necessitates complex computer programs, the biggest and fastest computers, and highly skilled operators. However, FEA could save thousands of man hours. At the moment, the full potential of FEA is not being explored. The computer modeling of automotive systems is another computer application that has spread throughout the industry. With so many diverse applications of computers, it would be an advantage if they are integrated to speak a common language and communicate with central memory banks. KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Computer programming languages KW - Finite element method KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194748 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376682 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Saint Martin, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EUROPEAN VIEW OF THE PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT SITUATION PY - 1983/04 SP - p. 7-9 AB - In 1980 the European Experimental Vehicle Committee set up a working group to study "Pedestrian Injury Accidents". The report made by this group which is summarized in this paper gives the importance of pedestrian accidents especially for children and for elderly people, analyzes the influence of the vehicle on injuries and on kinematics, from which are proposed improvements of cars for injury reduction, proposes criteria for evaluation of pedestrian safety, based on human tolerance, and discusses the several methods for simulation of pedestrian accidents. This report concludes with priorities for action and several recommendation for future research. KW - Aged KW - Children KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Strategic planning KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378157 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - KEEP OUT OF SKID ROW PY - 1983/03/26 VL - 163 IS - 4194 SP - p. 32-34 AB - This article describes the development of the antilock braking system by Honda, explains the antilock principles, and describes the testing of Honda's system to determine the effectiveness. The way in which the Honda system controls the rear brakes is similar to the Mercedes in that the wheel with the least amount of grip (the one which decelerates most rapidly under braking)is not allowed to lock. This method of action is discussed by Honda as "select low" logic. The control process for the front-pair of wheels uses "select-high" logic. This means that the brake pressure for the front wheels is modulated so that the wheel with higher grip is prevented from locking up. The details of this system, in which an electronic control unit processes signals from the sensors fitted to each wheel and activate solenoids in the modulator unit which effectively distributes and controls the hydraulic pressure in three different circuits, are described. Diagrams are used to illustrate the principles of the anti-locking system. The results of tests of the Honda system are presented. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Electronic control KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377429 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Olson, R AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - EXTENDING THE LIMITS ON HYDRAULIC HOSE PY - 1983/03/24 VL - 55 IS - 6 SP - p. 77-81 AB - Modern hydraulic hose is available in a wide variety of materials to handle almost any environment and fluid. It can be constructed to withstand pressures as high as 12,500 psi and temperatures from -65 to 300 degrees F. Unfortunately, no single hose can supply all these characteristics. Thus, selection requires a careful consideration of material, reinforcement type, pressure rating, and compatibility. This article discusses the important factors to consider when selecting a hydraulic hose and how to go about the selection process. KW - Guidelines KW - Hoses KW - Pressure KW - Selecting KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195065 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377430 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - THE FIRST WAVE OF HOME ROBOTS PY - 1983/03/24 VL - 55 IS - 6 SP - p. 85-90 AB - This article, in discussing first generation home robots, points out that although these first robots cannot do meaningful household tasks they most likely will be doing those tasks in the near future. The underlying technology is expected to be brought to light by the tinkerers and hobbyists who will be experimenting with these initial models. Four companies are already marketing mobile robots ranging in price from about $1000 to $8000. The robots mentioned in this article are: B.O.B. and Topo by Androbot, Inc.; RB5X by the RB Robot Corp.; Genus from Robotics International Corp.; and Hero from Heath Company. KW - Costs KW - Hardware KW - Markets KW - Robots KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379721 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - STATUS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S SAFETY BELT PROGRAM PY - 1983/03/23 SP - 87 p. AB - In developing a program to encourage the use of safety belts, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation, relied on the results of past foreign and domestic safety belt use campaigns and other research. These past campaigns were unlike the Safety Administration's multifaceted program and offer limited insight into whether the Safety Administration's program will be successful. However, other research suggests that the program, which is designed to be long term, can increase safety belt use. The program consists of disseminating public information, conducting educational programs, awarding financial and other incentives for safety belt use, and encouraging public and private safety belt use policies. At the time of GAO's review the program was not fully operational and the Safety Administration needed to give further attention to certain issues relating to its implementation. KW - Incentives KW - Information dissemination KW - Manual safety belts KW - Private enterprise KW - Public policy KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192700 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386524 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - US Center for Disease Control TI - BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTOR PREVALENCE SURVEYS--UNITED STATES, FIRST QUARTER 1982 PY - 1983/03/18 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - p. 141-143 AB - During the first quarter of 1982, five states (Alabama, Florida, Nebraska, Virginia, and West Virginia) conducted behavioral risk factor surveys. This article presents the data collected and a preliminary analysis of the data. The behavioral risk factors studied were: (1) drinking and driving; (2) acute heavy drinking; (3) chronic heavy drinking; (4) sedentary lifestyle; (5) obesity; (6) cigarette smoking; (7) uncontrolled hypertension; and (8) lack of seat belt use. KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Obesity KW - Risk assessment KW - Smoking KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203903 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372869 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - INFLUENCE OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT ON HIGHWAY CRASHES PY - 1983/03/08 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - Heavy trucks are disproportionately involved in fatal crashes and are a major concern for passenger car operators on the highways because of their intimidating bulk, particularly as cars become smaller. These concerns will become further magnified in coming months as even larger and heavier trucks are permitted under new federal and state laws. So that Status Report readers may have a better understanding of heavy truck problems, this issue is devoted primarily to publication of "Influence of Truck Size and Weight on Highway Crashes." KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laws KW - Risk assessment KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Small car KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1804.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390454 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - MODEL STATE MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT AND INSURANCE FRAUD LEGISLATION PY - 1983/03/02 SP - v.p. AB - The Joint Industry Task Force an Auto Theft and Fraud developed eleven bills to address motor vehicle theft and fraud. This publication contains the text of these eleven bills. A brief introduction provides an explanation of each of the eleven problems which the bills address along with an explanation of the way in which each bill intends to deal with the problem it proposes to solve. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Fraud KW - Laws KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420363 AU - Monk, M W AU - Guenther, D A AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Update of crash ii computer model damage tables. volume 2 PY - 1983/03 IS - DOT HS 806 447 SP - 325P AB - For the record of volume 1, see control no 8408ar282e. KW - Accident reconstruction KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash test KW - Damage KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Usa KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420362 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - MacAdam, C C AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Parametric analysis of heavy duty truck dynamic stability. volume 2 - appendices PY - 1983/03 IS - DOT HS 806 412 SP - 114P AB - For the record of volume 1, see control no 8408ar056e. KW - Light commercial vehicle KW - Light vehicles KW - Overturning KW - Overturning KW - Stability KW - Suspension system components KW - Tires KW - Trailer KW - Trailers KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Tyre KW - Vehicle suspension KW - Yaw KW - Yawing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420246 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - MacAdam, C C AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Parametric analysis of heavy duty truck dynamic stability. volume 1 - technical report PY - 1983/03 IS - DOT HS 806 411 SP - 170P AB - For the record of volume 2, see control no 8410ar421e. KW - Light commercial vehicle KW - Light vehicles KW - Overturning KW - Overturning KW - Stability KW - Suspension system components KW - Tires KW - Trailer KW - Trailers KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Tyre KW - Vehicle suspension KW - Yaw KW - Yawing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391826 JO - Public Health PB - Elsevier AU - Grout, P AU - Cliff, K S AU - Harman, M L AU - Machin, D AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - CIGARETTE SMOKING, ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND SEAT BELT USAGE PY - 1983/03 VL - 97 IS - 2 SP - p. 95-101 AB - The association between cigarette smoking and certain diseases found in the population of England and Wales has been documented, but the possible association between smoking and road traffic accidents has not previously received much serious attention. In a recent case control study during the period February-September 1980 an association was found between the smoking habits of drivers of vehicles involved in injury-producing road traffic accidents and the hours of darkness, indicating an increased risk of an injury accident during the hours of darkness for drivers who smoke compared to drivers who did not smoke but were also involved in an injury accident. The study also showed a statistically significant association between people who smoked cigarettes and their use of seat belts, with smokers less likely to wear seat belts than non-smokers. KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Night KW - Risk assessment KW - Smoking KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399237 AU - Blodgett, R AU - BONDY, N AU - Hedlund, J AU - Najjar, D AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - Springer, G AU - Van Dyke, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL CENTER FOR STATISTICS AND ANALYSIS COLLECTED TECHNICAL STUDIES, VOLUME III. ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS RESULTS AND METHODOLOGY. EIGHT PAPERS PY - 1983/03 SP - 328 p. AB - The eight papers in this volume develop methodology for analyzing traffic accident data and study specific questions concerning traffic accident injuries. The papers were written by members of the Mathematical Analysis Division, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, between October 1981 and June 1982. The topics addressed include the role of children in traffic accidents, underride accidents, whiplash injuries, the effects of decreasing car size on traffic injuries, injury consequences, and the treatment of missing data. The principal accident data sources are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS), and the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). A brief description of each paper is given in the Foreword. KW - Children KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Underride override crashes KW - Vehicle size KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396135 AU - Love, M L AU - Tonda, R D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE BRAKE TEST PROCEDURE VALIDATION. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1983/03 SP - 13 p. AB - A procedure for measuring motorcycle braking performance by the tow-method was validated. Three motorcycles were subjected to this procedure, which was developed for NHTSA by the Highway Safety Research Institute of the University of Michigan. A water delivery system was added to the test hardware and a Wetted Performance section was integrated into the existing test program. The testing showed that the procedure addresses the problems of test rider safety and proportioning of braking effort satisfactorily. Good correlation was shown between the water delivery system and the TTI rainfall simulator. KW - Braking performance KW - Moisture content KW - Motorcycles KW - Test procedures KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396134 AU - Love, M L AU - Tonda, R D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE BRAKE TEST PROCEDURE VALIDATION. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/03 SP - 147 p. AB - A procedure for measuring motorcycle braking performance by the tow-method was validated. Three motorcycles were subjected to this procedure, which was developed for NHTSA by the Highway Safety Research Institute of the University of Michigan. A water delivery system was added to the test hardware and a Wetted Performance section was integrated into the existing test program. The testing showed that the procedure addresses the problems of test rider safety and proportioning of braking effort satisfactorily. Good correlation was shown between the water delivery system and the TTI rainfall simulator. KW - Braking performance KW - Moisture content KW - Motorcycles KW - Test procedures KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394296 AU - Olson, P L AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED LOW-BEAM PHOTOMETRICS PY - 1983/03 SP - 194 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to determine what changes might be made to the automotive low-beam lighting specifications to improve driver nighttime performance. The project was carried out in two phases. In Phase 1 the literature was reviewed and four studies of rear view mirror glare problems were conducted. Recommendations were made for modifications to the low-beam system. In Phase 2 several laboratory and field studies were carried out. These were concerned with discomfort glare, foreground illumination, and beam color. An analysis of system performance of headlamp beams was conducted, using data from another study. Headlamps embodying the photometrics recommended in Phase 1 were fabricated and tested in a target identification study. The experimental lamps generally outperformed the control systems. Computer modeling techniques were used to expand the analysis to include hills and curves. The various lighting systems that had been field tested were also analyzed using the Ford CHESS model to evaluate system performance. Systems that did well on the earlier tests did no better than the control systems based on this procedure. Based on the results of the experimental work reported here, recommendations were made for changes to the low-beam specifications in FMVSS 108. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Field tests KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance evaluations KW - Photometry KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212363 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394728 JO - Wisconsin Medical Journal PB - State Medical Society of Wisconsin AU - Dunham, N C AU - Detmer, D E AU - State Medical Society of Wisconsin TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE PY - 1983/03 VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - p. 11-13 AB - The 1981 Wisconsin vehicular accident rates per 1,000 licensed drivers were examined by age group and level of reported alcohol involvement. Drivers age 18 to 20 are more than twice as likely as 16- to 17-year-olds to be in an accident in which alcohol was involved (30.0 vs 14.2/1000 drivers) and 50% more likely than drivers age 21 to 24 (19.7/1000 drivers). The peak age of incidence for alcohol-related accidents in Wisconsin is 18. These rates decrease only slightly for 19- and 20-year-olds. Applying the experience of other states, it is estimated that had the legal age for drinking been 19 in 1981, approximately 520 fewer drivers would have been involved in traffic accidents in Wisconsin in 1981. Had the legal age been 21, over 1450 fewer drivers would have been involved. Thus, if the minimum drinking age in Wisconsin were raised to 21 rather than 19, it is expected that the impact on reduction of traffic accidents would be approximately three times greater. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Tie plates KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393071 AU - Olson, P L AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED LOW-BEAM PHOTOMETRICS PY - 1983/03 SP - 107 p. AB - It is recognized that low-beam headlamps do not provide adequate illumination for safe operation at higher speeds. This report summarizes Task 1 activities on a contract the ultimate aim of which is to provide specifications for an improved low-beam headlighting system. A comprehensive review of the literature was carried out. Additional studies were conducted to provide information lacking in the available literature. Based on these data and the use of a computerized seeing-distance model, modifications to the present low-beam headlighting system were suggested, which should improve visibility distances under most driving conditions. A number of additional analyses have been carried out to determine whether the proposed beam modifications would cause problems under certain common driving conditions. For example, consideration was given to the effects of beam misaim, changes in mounting height, and adverse weather. None of the conditions examined appears to pose an overwhelming problem for the new beam system. The report concludes with a consideration of ways in which the new beam might be realized in hardware. There are a variety of ways in which this might be accomplished, all of which have advantages and disadvantages. KW - Aim KW - Headlamps KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Mounting KW - Night visibility KW - Performance based specifications KW - Photometry KW - Specifications KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392231 JO - Irish Medical Journal PB - Irish Medical Association AU - BLAKE, J AU - Kelly, G AU - Fahey, C AU - Khan, M A AU - Irish Medical Association TI - EYE INJURIES IN ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/03 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - In the years 1963 to 1981, 276 patients were admitted to the Eye and Ear Hospital and St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, with eyes perforated in road traffic accidents. An almost equal number of patients was admitted with non-perforating injuries of the eyes and trauma to the ocular adnexa, making a total of over 500 cases. The accompanying histogram shows the distribution of perforating eye injuries over these 19 years. It can be seen that the incidence of the injuries increased dramatically in the early 1970s, was checked owing to the energy crisis of the mid-1970s, but continues at an unacceptably high rate into the 1980s. KW - Crash victims KW - Drivers KW - Eye KW - Front seat occupants KW - Injuries KW - Perforating KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210862 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391833 JO - Irish Medical Journal PB - Irish Medical Association AU - O'Malley, M K AU - Duignan, J P AU - Lavelle, JSR AU - Irish Medical Association TI - FRACTURED STERNUM ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF SEAT BELTS PY - 1983/03 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - p. 131-132 AB - Two cases of sternal fractures in patients using seat belts are described. Their relevance as seat belt injuries is discussed. KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391713 AU - Coltman, J W AU - Simula Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DESIGN AND TEST CRITERIA FOR INCREASED ENERGY-ABSORBING SEAT EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1983/03 SP - 229 p. AB - This report documents a research effort to increase the effectiveness of energy-absorbing seats, through improved design and qualification test criteria. Contained herein are descriptions of a parametric test program and analysis of seat and occupant response sensitivity to design and test variables. Recommendations for improving military specifications and criteria, such as contained in MIL-S-58095(AV), MIL-STD-1290(AV) and USARTL TR-79-22A, to aid in procurement of optimum systems are also provided. KW - Aircraft KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Effectiveness KW - Energy absorption KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Seats UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am83-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387829 AU - Lane, J M AU - MILNE, P W AU - Wood, H T AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - EVALUATION OF THE 1981/82 REAR SEAT BELT CAMPAIGN PY - 1983/03 SP - 30 p. AB - A major publicity campaign aimed at increasing seat belt usage by rear seat passengers was undertaken in Victoria between October 1981 and February 1982. The "Buckle Up in the Back" campaign emphasised the dangers of riding unrestrained in the rear seat and reminded people that the use of seat belts (where fitted) in the rear seat is required by law. An additional campaign aimed specifically at promoting restraint use in the 0-7 age group commenced early in December and was maintained until Mid-February 1982. Restraint surveys were undertaken before, during and after the campaigns. The main findings were: a significant increase in rear seat belt usage from 39.5% to 67.8%; additional improvement in the 0-7 age group; and a significant reduction in rear seat casualties in the 17 and over age group. KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201280 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387419 JO - National Research Council Aeronautical Report PB - National Research Council of Canada AU - BROWN, R G AU - Charlesworth, A M AU - Pinkney, HFL AU - National Research Council of Canada TI - EFFECT OF BULB REPLACEMENT OF THE PHOTOMETRIC AIM OF ECE H4 TUNGSTEN HALOGEN HEADLAMPS PY - 1983/03 SP - 24 p. AB - A study has been made of the effect of bulb replacement on the photometric aim of European (ECE) automobile headlamps and compared with similar work on North American (SAE) systems by the Highway Safety Research Institute of the University of Michigan. Measurements have been made at NAE of the orientation of the low beam pattern of a sample of 36 ECE H4 tungsten halogen bulbs representing 6 bulb groups. Mean values of photometric aim and corresponding values of standard deviation have been deduced and tests to assess the statistical significance of observed deviations have been applied. The result showed significantly smaller deviations in vertical aim and larger deviations in horizontal aim for ECE bulbs compared to SAE sealed beam units. Some significant differences were observed between ECE bulb groups but deviations for the overall sample were close to allowable limits specified in ECE and SAE documents and less than changes in vehicle attitude resulting from other factors. The results are discussed in terms of aiming procedures recommended following bulb replacement. KW - Aim KW - Headlamps KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Measurement KW - Orientation KW - Photometry KW - Replaceable bulbs KW - Sealed beam headlights KW - Tungsten-halogen lamps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386900 AU - Lawson, J J AU - Statistics Canada TI - PRESENTATION ON FUEL CONSUMPTION SURVEY RESULTS, MARCH 1983 PY - 1983/03 SP - 23 p. AB - The Fuel Consumption Survey is undertaken by Statistics Canada under contract to Transport Canada. The survey began in mid-1979, obtaining information on private use passenger cars; and at the beginning of 1980 a subsidiary survey of light trucks and vans was initiated. This report presents some results from the survey available at March 1983. At this time, summary reports on six quarters of the Passenger Car Fuel Consumption model year of the survey is in press. This memorandum records a presentation made in Transport Canada in March of 1983, attempting to interpret the findings of the survey to date, emphasising those of greatest interest to the Department in its functions of transport and energy planning, as well as in monitoring the effects of the program of voluntary vehicle fuel consumption standards. Analysis and interpretation of the survey results are in their early stages. The information from the Passenger Car Survey for 1981 and 1982 should soon be available, as should information from the Light Truck Survey. Much more confident assessments of the importance of the various determinants of fuel consumption, and of their trends, should then be possible. Accordingly, little effort has been made to polish this document: it simply presents copies of the slides used in the presentation, with numerical values placed on all the graphical representations, and with the notes to each slide typed beneath. KW - Automobiles KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Statistics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386880 AU - Kelly, P D AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LOUVRE TYPE GLARE SCREEN PY - 1983/03 SP - v.p. AB - This paper reports on the cost, installation, effectiveness, and maintenance of louvre type glare screens. In the fall of 1978, 1046 units were installed on two safety improvement projects, some on concrete median barriers and some on corrugated beam type barriers, in Onondaga County, New York. The screen consists of individual plastic louvres, or baffles, approximately 36 in. high, mounted vertically on guiderail or median barrier. When placed on 2-ft. centers, they form a continuous barrier. Cost was about ten dollars per ft. There were only minor installation problems which were adequately dealt with. The glare screens performed as expected and maintenance costs to date are $3,500. KW - Anti glare screens KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201571 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386826 JO - Commercial Carrier Journal PB - Randall Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - THEFT AND HIGHWAY SAFETY: THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY IN TURMOIL PY - 1983/03 VL - 140 IS - 3 SP - p. 58-62 AB - Competitive rates among insurance companies that specialize in underwriting trucking is providing motor carriers with financial gains in small term savings, while providing the insurance industry with record income from high yield interest investments. At the same time, highway safety appears to be suffering as the number of accidents involving tractor-trailers increase and casualty losses associated with those accidents escalate. The victim of these factors is the average motorist. The investment industry's commitment to safety has been replaced by an obsession for investment dollars. Some insurance companies, however, claim to continue to scrutinize a motor carrier's safety and security program to insure its compliance with all regulations. New motor carriers coming into the market have limited capital and shop for the lowest insurance rates. Insurance companies compete for this business. Recommendations for improved safety that cost money are met with threats to take the business elsewhere. Motor carriers cut corners on safety and security because they can save a few dollars. The traditional support services that old line companies offer to motor carriers are not available from newcomers with little or no experience in underwriting truck insurance. One recent development has been the recent decrease in the number of hijackings. The maintenance of a freight accountability program is important in safeguarding cargo. A security program at one transfer company is outlined. KW - Highway safety KW - Hijacking KW - Insurance industry KW - Losses KW - Motor carriers KW - Security KW - Theft KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386041 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - VEHICLE INSPECTION HANDBOOK: PASSENGER CARS 1983 PY - 1983/03 SP - 40 p. AB - This revision is an effort of the Vehicle Inspection Subcommittee of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S., in cooperation with the Committee on Engineering and Vehicle Inspection of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. It continues to provide succinct descriptions of inspection procedures and objective statements of the grounds for rejecting passenger cars and station wagons. It is responsive to motor vehicle inspection requirements and to changes in vehicle design significant to motor vehicle inspection programs. This edition interprets the American National Standards Institute "American National Standard Inspection Procedures for Motor Vehicles, Trailers, and Semitrailers Operated on Public Highways"--ANSI Standard D7.1. Also reflected are the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration "Vehicle In Use Inspection Standards" (Title 49 CFR Part 570), and amendments enacted, Docket No. 73-9. This Handbook is not intended as a set of hard and fast rules, but as a guide for both the individual inspector and for the person responsible for planning and implementing a meaningful inspection program based on sound engineering principles. KW - Automobiles KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386040 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - TRUCK/BUS/SCHOOL BUS 1983. VEHICLE INSPECTION HANDBOOK PY - 1983/03 SP - 41 p. AB - This revision is an effort of the Vehicle Inspection Subcommittee of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S., in cooperation with the Committee on Engineering and Vehicle Inspection of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators with assistance from the Rubber Manufacturers Association. It continues to provide concise descriptions of inspection procedures and objective statements of the grounds for rejecting trucks, buses, and school buses. It is responsive to motor vehicle inspection requirements and to changes in vehicle design significant to motor vehicle inspection programs. This edition interprets the American National Standards Institute "American National Standard Inspection Procedures for Motor Vehicles, Trailers, and Semitrailers Operated on Public Highways"--ANSI Standard D7.1. Also reflected are the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration "Vehicle In Use Inspection Standards" (Title 49 CFR Part 570), and amendments enacted, Docket No. 73-9. This Handbook is not intended as a set of hard and fast rules, but as a guide for both the individual inspector and for the person responsible for planning and implementing a meaningful inspection program based on sound engineering principles. KW - Buses KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - School buses KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386014 AU - Monk, M W AU - Guenther, D A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPDATE OF CRASH II COMPUTER MODEL DAMAGE TABLES. VOLUME I PY - 1983/03 SP - 182 p. AB - A study was conducted to investigate simple updates and improvements for the CRASH II computer model. The main emphasis was to use a number of recent Agency crash tests and also data provided by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association to derive improved stiffness coefficients for the model. Using the newly derived coefficients, improved reconstruction capability was demonstrated for the frontal and rear collision modes. The rear mode results were noted to be a marked improvement. It was found that nearly all of the side collision mode data that is available involves structurally modified vehicles and is not useful for deriving stiffness coefficients for baseline vehicles. In addition to passenger car data, stiffness coefficients were also derived for vans, pickups and 4x4's. Reconstruction results obtained from the new coefficients are presented and discussed. Other model improvements that were investigated include a new analytical approach for reconstructing highly oblique collisions and the assumption of other than linear stiffness properties for vehicles. The results of these attempted model improvements are discussed. KW - Coefficients KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386015 AU - Monk, M W AU - Guenther, D A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPDATE OF CRASH II COMPUTER MODEL DAMAGE TABLES. VOLUME II PY - 1983/03 SP - 328 p. AB - A study was conducted to investigate simple updates and improvements for the CRASH II computer model. The main emphasis was to use a number of recent Agency crash tests and also data provided by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association to derive improved stiffness coefficients for the model. Using the newly derived coefficients, improved reconstruction capability was demonstrated for the frontal and rear collision modes. The rear mode results were noted to be a marked improvement. It was found that nearly all of the side collision mode data that is available involves structurally modified vehicles and is not useful for deriving stiffness coefficients for baseline vehicles. In addition to passenger car data, stiffness coefficients were also derived for vans, pickups and 4x4's. Reconstruction results obtained from the new coefficients are presented and discussed. Other model improvements that were investigated include a new analytical approach for reconstructing highly oblique collisions and the assumption of other than linear stiffness properties for vehicles. The results of these attempted model improvements are discussed. KW - Coefficients KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199838 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385601 JO - Archives of Ophthalmology PB - American Medical Association AU - Johnson, C A AU - Keltner, J L AU - American Medical Association TI - INCIDENCE OF VISUAL FIELD LOSS IN 20,000 EYES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DRIVING PERFORMANCE PY - 1983/03 VL - 101 IS - 3 SP - p. 371-375 AB - Automated visual field screening of 10,000 volunteers (20,000 eyes) showed the incidence of visual field loss was 3.0% to 3.5% for persons aged 10 to 60 years but was approximately 13.0% for those older than 65 years. Approximately half of the persons with abnormal visual fields were previously unaware of any problem with peripheral vision. Follow-up results suggested that the most common causes of visual field loss were glaucoma, retinal disorders, and cataracts. Drivers with binocular visual field loss had accident and conviction rates twice as high as those with normal visual fields. Drivers with monocular visual field loss had accident and conviction rates equivalent to those of a control group. Our results have important implications for mass visual field screening to detect eye diseases and for vision-related factors in traffic safety. KW - Age KW - Binocular vision KW - Convictions KW - Crash rates KW - Depth perception KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eye KW - Glaucoma KW - Monocular drivers KW - Peripheral vision KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Screenings KW - Traffic conviction KW - Vision KW - Visual perception KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384512 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - MacAdam, C C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF HEAVY DUTY TRUCK DYNAMIC STABILITY. VOLUME I--TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/03 SP - 170 p. AB - The study sought to define the important parametric sensitivities which affect the directional performance limits of commercial vehicles. Rollover, unstable yaw response of the lead unit (spinout), and lightly damped yaw response of trailing units (rearward amplification) are identified as the three major response modes limiting directional performance. It is noted that both yaw response modes may precipitate rollover. The significant parametric sensitivities of commercial vehicles to each performance mode are identified by analytical means. Computer simulations of example vehicles, chosen for their peculiar susceptibility to one or more of the limiting performance modes, are used to demonstrate the parametric sensitivities. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Directional response KW - Directivity pattern KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384513 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - MacAdam, C C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF HEAVY DUTY TRUCK DYNAMIC STABILITY. VOLUME II--APPENDICES PY - 1983/03 SP - 117 p. AB - The study sought to define the important parametric sensitivities which affect the directional performance limits of commercial vehicles. Rollover, unstable yaw response of the lead unit (spinout), and lightly damped yaw response of trailing units (rearward amplification) are identified as the three major response modes limiting directional performance. It is noted that both yaw response modes may precipitate rollover. The significant parametric sensitivities of commercial vehicles to each performance mode are identified by analytical means. Computer simulations of example vehicles, chosen for their peculiar susceptibility to one or more of the limiting performance modes, are used to demonstrate the parametric sensitivities. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Directional response KW - Directivity pattern KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382389 AU - Rubin, D AU - Hoar, R AU - Klinger, D AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES, 1981--THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM PY - 1983/03 SP - 114 p. AB - This is a report of national estimates on traffic accidents produced from the 1981 data of the National Accident Sampling System. For topics of particular current interest (restraint use, alcohol involvement, and injuries) the 1979, 1980, and 1981 data are combined for greater accuracy. In addition to these three topics, the report describes the national occurrence of accidents by type of vehicle, non-occupant, roadway, and time. Estimates from NASS are that there were 6.4 million accidents reported by the police in 1981. These involved 16 million people, of whom approximately 400,000 were hospitalized and 49,268 were killed. This report contains details on these crashes. Also included are statistical discussions of the NASS sampling design, data elements, estimation procedures, and sampling errors. KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Underground garages KW - Underground parking garages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381369 AU - National Technical Information Service TI - DRINKING DRIVERS 1979-FEBRUARY 1983 (CITATIONS FROM THE NTIS DATA BASE) PY - 1983/03 SP - 107 p. AB - The selected abstracts cover the effects of alcohol on motor vehicle operators, including studies on visual perception, performance tests, alcohol ingestion, safety and criminal justice. (The updated bibliography contains 230 citations, 37 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) KW - Abstracts KW - Bibliographies KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381822 AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - Shapiro, S AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF TRUCK SPLASH AND SPRAY SUPPRESSION DEVICES PY - 1983/03 SP - 137 p. AB - This report summarizes a study to evaluate heavy duty truck splash and spray suppression devices. The study was divided into two distinct areas: laboratory testing of the performance of spray suppression devices, and field testing of their durability and life cycle costs. The performance testing was accomplished in a spray tunnel designed and built for this purpose. The field testing was carried out over a nominal one year period utilizing two truck fleets in the Midwest and East. The study showed that some current spray suppression systems are not only effective, but economically feasible as well. The study also identified areas where more product development is required to produce a viable product that will stand up in a fleet environment. KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Performance tests KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381827 AU - National Technical Information Service TI - DRIVER BEHAVIOR UNDER ABNORMAL CONDITIONS: PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT, DRUGS AND GASES 1964-JANUARY 1983 (CITATIONS FROM THE NTIS DATA BASE) PY - 1983/03 SP - 65 p. AB - Reports on the performance of motor vehicle operators under unusual conditions are cited. Conditions of stress and fatigue, drug use, physiological effects of exposure to noxious fumes, and physical impairments such as deafness, glaucoma, and heart diseases and their effects on driver performance are included. However, studies on alcohol effects are excluded. (This updated bibliography contains 78 citations, 5 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) KW - Behavior KW - Deafness KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Eye KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Glaucoma KW - Heart KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381835 AU - Wu, C-S AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - DETECTOR CONFIGURATION AND LOCATION AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/03 SP - 228 p. AB - The number and location of detectors on intersection approaches with actuated signal controllers and high traffic approach speeds has been studied by a variety of researchers. The relationship of detector activity to amber signal intervals and the presence of dilemma zones has likewise been investigated. Several procedures for locating multiple detectors on such problematic intersection approaches have been proposed as solutions to traffic control problems. Four multiple detector placement methods are compared, through computer simulation, with each other in a relative evaluation of their effects upon vehicular delay. Single point detection schemes are compared with multiple point detection through before and after field tests at ten typical field sites. Measures of effectiveness studied through the field tests include vehicular delay as well as accident experience. Vehicular delay statistics produced through computer simulation are compared with those obtained through field observation. Graphical as well as statistical analyses were utilized to present research results. KW - Intersections KW - Location KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380991 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Avery, D H AU - Overall, J E AU - Calil, H M AU - Hollister, L E AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - PLASMA CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE DURING ALCOHOL INTOXICATION PY - 1983/03 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - p. 205-214 AB - Total and ionized calcium decreased with increasing blood alcohol concentration in both alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Alcohol consumption caused no significant differences between alcoholics and nonalcoholics in plasma protein and ionized calcium but caused higher plasma phosphate levels in alcoholics. KW - Alcoholism KW - Biochemistry KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Calcium KW - Metabolism KW - Phosphates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380998 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Klingberg, C L AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DEFERRED PROSECUTION FOR DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED PY - 1983/03 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - p. 299-306 AB - Offenders of driving while intoxicated (DWI) who received deferred prosecution and concomitant alcoholism treatment had significantly more postdeferral alcohol-related traffic violations than did a control group of DWI offenders who received normal judicial sanctions. KW - Alcoholism KW - Deferred prosecution KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Personnel performance KW - Prosecution KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380995 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Eriksson, T AU - Magnusson, T AU - CARLSSON, A AU - Hagman, M AU - Jagenburg, R AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DECREASE IN PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN MAN AFTER AN ACUTE DOSE OF ETHANOL PY - 1983/03 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - p. 215-221 AB - An acute dose of ethanol to man caused, within two hours, a marked decrease in most plasma amino acids. KW - Alcoholism KW - Amino acids KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Brain KW - Ethanol KW - Human subject testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380997 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - HONKANEN, R AU - Ertama, L AU - Kuosmanen, P AU - LINNOILA, M AU - Alha, A AU - Visuri, T AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL IN ACCIDENTAL FALLS PY - 1983/03 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - p. 231-245 AB - Fifty-three percent of patients injured in accidental falls in the evening in Helsinki and 15% of time-,site- and sex-matched control pedestrians were alcohol-involved. Relative risk of injury, if 1.0 at zero BAC, was 3 at BACS 60-100mg/100ml, 10 at 101-150mg/100ml and about 60 at BACS above that. KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Falls KW - Injuries KW - Nontraffic accidents KW - Risk analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380999 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - McCarty, D AU - Morrison, S AU - Mills, K C AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ATTITUDES, BELIEFS AND ALCOHOL USE PY - 1983/03 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - p. 328-341 AB - The relationships between attitudes toward alcohol and actual drinking behavior were examined. Attitudes toward specific drinking behaviors correlated better with those behaviors than did more global attitudes. Heavy drinkers believed that drinking heavily resulted in positive experiences. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - College students UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380574 AU - Rodack, M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES IN CONJUNCTION WITH FMVSS 301 COMPLIANCE TESTING (1982 MODEL YEAR) PY - 1983/03 SP - 125 p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. Collisions reported herein were performed under Contract DOT-HS-9-02274, entitled "FMVSS 301 Standards Enforcement Testing," and establish data on frontal fixed barrier and rear-end moving barrier impacts. The information collected includes documentation of residual crush and acceleration data for each vehicle in each test. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Highways KW - Impact tests KW - Safety and security KW - Testing KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381001 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Goodstadt, M S AU - Sheppard, M A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - THREE APPROACHES TO ALCOHOL EDUCATION PY - 1983/03 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - p. 362-380 AB - An experimental examination of three approaches to alcohol education compared a cognitive program, a decision-making program and a values-clarification program. The cognitive program was most positively received and was superior in raising levels of knowledge: the values-clarification program was least effective, especially as measured by the program's impact on current and expected alcohol use. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental design KW - Safety programs KW - Students KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201607 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380996 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - O'Neill, B AU - Williams, A F AU - Dubowski, K M AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - VARIABILITY IN BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS PY - 1983/03 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - p. 222-230 AB - In a carefully controlled drinking situation there was great individual variation in peak blood alcohol concentrations (BACS) for given doses of alcohol. Alcohol nomograms and tables based on average results from such studies could be misleading since they could frequently result in serious underestimates or overestimates of peak BACS. KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Nomographs KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380575 AU - Hand, D H AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories TI - STAGED COLLISION AND DAMAGE DATA REPORT FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION OF FOURTEEN (14) TEST VEHICLES (1980-1982 MODEL YEAR)--VOLUME 1 PY - 1983/03 SP - 300 p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable to the present time. Collisions reported herein were performed under Contract No. DOT-HS-9-02273 entitled "New Vehicle Assessment and Standards Enforcement Indicant Testing/Vehicle Safety Compliance Testing of Windshield Mounting, Windshield Zone Intrusion, and Fuel System Integrity in Frontal/Rear Impact Collisions", and establish data on passenger vehicles, trucks, and multi-purpose vehicles for which very little such data is presently available. The information collected include documentation of residual crush, collision deformation classification (CDC), and delta-Vs for each vehicle in each test. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Fuel systems KW - Impact tests KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379764 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Max, E AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENT FLOW IN ENGINES USING A LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETER PY - 1983/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 221-225 AB - The Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) technique of measuring air flow behaviour inside the cylinder of an internal combustion engine is described. A laboratory set-up incorporating a single-cylinder diesel research engine with a double piston arrangement allowing optical access to the cylinder is outlined, and a description is given on the method of taking measurements. Examples of measurements made using the technique are given, and it is concluded that the knowledge derived from LDA-measurements is useful in the development of more efficient engines with low levels of emissions. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Laser doppler anemometers KW - Measurement KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulent flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380086 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES, 1982-1983: FUNDING PROGRAMS LEGISLATION PY - 1983/03 SP - 50 p. AB - This report summarizes the activities, programs and expenditures which States undertook in the last fiscal year and which they propose to undertake in the current one (FY 1983). It describes the tremendous amount of legislative change which has taken place throughout the nation and forecasts what can be expected as the decade continues. It also includes a smorgasbord of projects which States implemented in 1982 to reduce their drunk driving accidents. These projects encompass enforcement, education, technology, judicial training and citizen involvement, and are noteworthy either for their innovative nature, their statistical impact or for their comprehensiveness. Also included in this report (as the Appendix) are a series of charts and tables depicting the distribution of Federal funds over the years, current fiscal allocations for prevention activities, and the amount and nature of the legislative change which has been afoot. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal aid KW - Fund allocations KW - Laws KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - States KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193052 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379761 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - VEHICLE DESIGN WITH SAFETY IN MIND: THE VOLVO EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 229 p. AB - This Journal contains the proceedings of the International Association for Vehicle Design, an independent, non-profit society which exists to develop, promote and coordinate the science and practice of vehicle design and safety. It contains articles on the engineering design, research into and development of all types of self-propelled vehicles and their components. Topics covered by the journal also include: the interface between aesthetics and engineering, integration of vehicle and component design in the development of complete vehicle systems, social and environmental impacts of vehicle design, energy and safety. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Development KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Social factors KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196364 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379763 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Vikman, S AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - RELIABILITY AS PART OF THE ENGINEERING PROCESS PY - 1983/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 205-215 AB - Vehicle reliability is one of the major factors influencing car buyers in their choice of make. A brief review is presented of the reliability engineering programme operated by Volvo. From the engineering point of view reliability is a quality parameter which is made measurable, predictable and controllable. Reliability is also closely linked to maintainability, and thus reliability goals are often set as part of a trade-off between these two properties with the aim of achieving optimal availability. KW - Maintainability KW - Reliability KW - Vehicle design KW - Volvo Car Corporation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379765 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Alden, M AU - Edner, H AU - Hoegberg, T AU - Svanberg, S AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - APPLICATIONS OF LASER TECHNIQUES TO COMBUSTION DIAGNOSIS PY - 1983/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 226-229 AB - The recent development of interest in fundamental combustion research has been motivated by considerations of energy conservation and environmental protection. Deeper understanding of combustion is now needed, and this will involve non-intrusive measurement techniques. The three commonly used laser spectroscopy techniques: Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Raman Scattering, and Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS), are briefly presented and are illustrated with some typical figures. KW - Combustion KW - Fluorescence KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Measurement KW - Research KW - Spectroscopy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380071 AU - Baum, A S AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA SETS FOR NEW CAR ASSESSMENT TASK ORDER NO. 3 PY - 1983/03 SP - 54 p. AB - Supplemental data were collected on six New Car Assessment staged collisions. The additional data elements obtained were: residual vehicle deformation consistent with the CRASH2 input format and the center of gravity acceleration of involved vehicles. From the center of gravity accelerometers, the change in velocity was determined for the test vehicles. This information is reported, along with vehicle descriptions, time of separation, and a damage profile. Photographs of vehicle damage are also supplied. KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380396 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - INTERIM (TWO-YEAR) EVALUATION REPORT ON THE OAKLAND COUNTY ALCOHOL ENFORCEMENT/EDUCATION PROJECT PY - 1983/03 SP - 46 p. AB - The four-year Alcohol Enforcement/Education project was begun in the fall of 1979 to try to reduce alcohol-related accidents in Oakland County, Michigan, by a combination of selective police enforcement and public education. The major project activity is the deployment of a special Alcohol Enforcement Team consisting of Sheriff's deputies and state and local police in areas with high alcohol-related accidents on Wednesday through Saturday nights from 11 p.m. to 4 a.m. Its primary goal is to reduce the rate of alcohol-related accidents county-wide by at least 15 percent and by at least 30 percent in the ten selected target areas. Secondary goals include increasing drunk driving arrests by 30 percent in the Sheriff's Department and by 15 percent in the local police departments. UMTRI is responsible for evaluating the effectiveness of this project in meeting its goals. This interim report provides baseline and two-year operational data on alcohol-related accidents, drunk driving arrests, and public opinion in Oakland County. Basically, the project has been successful in increasing arrests and public awareness, but it has not succeeded in reducing drunk driving accidents much more than in other parts of Michigan which did not have such a special program. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Safety KW - Selectivity KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193233 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379751 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Tolonen, J AU - Kiviluoto, O AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS IN FINLAND PY - 1983/03 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 5 p. AB - A study was made of 2,645 victims of fatal traffic accidents from the files of the National Boards of Traffic Accident Investigation of the insurance companies in Finland. The study found that fatal traffic accidents are to a large extent a problem of the younger age groups (16 to 25 years), and cause extensive human and economic loss. Head, chest, and cervical injuries are the leading cause of death. The automotive industry should develop head and neck supporting seats as a standard feature. Safety helmets would also be useful in automobiles. Improved resuscitation education for mobile first-aid personnel would be of benefit. The general use of safety belts seems to be the easiest method of radically reducing the number of road traffic deaths. Safety belts should be used in vans and trucks as well as automobiles. They should also be used in rear seats. Childrens safety belts should be obligatory. Safety belts should be technically refined for comfort and there should be tax reductions for vehicles equipped with safety devices. More effective measures to reduce driving after consumption of alcohol should be implemented. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobile industry KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seats KW - Safety equipment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196354 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379740 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - AERODYNAMIC STYLING PY - 1983/03 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - Aerodynamic styling, which the automobile industry has previously reserved for small sporty cars, will be introduced by Ford Motor Company to the luxury market in the near future. Ford is testing its "aero" design by displaying for the first time a one of a kind model called Continental Concept 90. The Continental Concept 90 will give luxury car buyers a taste of the mid 1980's and beyond and will provide the car company the opportunity to research the reaction to such a complete departure from the company's traditional luxury car design themes. Aerodynamic design not only is the most contemporary look in automotive styling, it also is the most fuel efficient because it minimizes power reduction through air resistance. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Consumers KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel conservation KW - Market research KW - Model tests KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle models KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379762 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Gustafsson, R AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - VEHICLE DESIGN WITH SAFETY IN MIND: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE VOLVO EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 99-102 AB - This brief article serves as an introduction to this issue of the International Journal of Vehicle Design. Following comments on Volvo's status as of 1981, mention is made of the various topics covered by papers in this issue. Among these topics are safety design philosophy, ejection problems, simulation of crash dummy behavior, a dynamic test method for front structures, a method of five testing cars, vehicle dynamics, human factors, safety devices, vehicle reliability, and fuel efficiency. KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Volvo Car Corporation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379558 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Norman, M R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - PART ONE: 1982 SURFACE TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE ACT--A SUMMARY PY - 1983/03 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article briefly summarizes the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982. An overview and history of the Act is given along with a list of the major provisions. Input by the Institute of Transportation Engineers during the Congressional battle over the legislation is discussed, followed by a brief explanation of the dedication of user fees to highway programs and to mass transit programs. Three tables are included: (1) 1982 Act Authorizations; (2) New user fee structure effective dates; and (3) User fee structure. KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highway user taxation KW - Legislation KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196197 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379538 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Smith, D C AU - McCosh, D F AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - CHRYSLER'S '84 MINIVAN: FROM INCEPTION TO EXPECTATIONS PY - 1983/03 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 7 p. AB - Chrysler's '84 Minivan seats five or seven passengers, has advanced corrosion resistance, boasts passenger car fuel economy numbers (around 25 mpg), ride, handling, options and refinements. It also has front-wheel drive, which lowers the body for ease of entry and exit, and additionally provides better traction in bad weather. It will be produced using the latest high-technology equipment and methods to enhance quality. Finally it fits into an ordinary garage like a car and probably will be priced under $10,000. KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Front wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379522 AU - Illinois, Secretary of State TI - DUI. 70 DIED TODAY. THE COSTS OF DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE PY - 1983/03 SP - 6 p. AB - During 1982 Illinois passed a new driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs law that has resulted in more DUI arrests and convictions and contributed to a decline in traffic deaths. This pamphlet outlines the success of the new law, the potential cost of a DUI conviction, and ways one can help fight drunk driving. KW - Arrests KW - Convictions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Illinois KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379584 AU - O'Day, J AU - Filkins, L D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - REVIEW OF TELEPHONE SURVEY OF MICHIGAN RESIDENTS ON SEAT BELT USAGE AND ATTITUDES, FALL 1982 PY - 1983/03 SP - 38 p. AB - A telephone survey of Michigan residents was conducted during the fall of 1982 to determine self-reported belt usage and attitudes about seat belts. A sample of 800 licensed drivers resulted from the statewide survey, and separate samples of 200 drivers each were drawn for Midland and Grand Traverse Counties. In this report the original data have been adjusted to better match the actual driver population of Michigan, and number of analyses have been conducted. Major findings discussed in the report include: a strong correlation between increased belt usage and higher levels of education, a reported concern of residents about the possibility of entrapment (as a reason for not wearing belts), and a higher-than-50-percent support of Michigan drivers for a mandatory seat belt law. There is however, a contingent of about 35 percent of the population which is strongly against such a law. Belt usage in both Midland and Grand Traverse Counties was better than the state average. While Midland County had a somewhat higher wear-rate, the rate was not significantly greater than that of Grand Traverse, given the limited sample size. The report also addresses some implications of the findings relative to future efforts to promote belt usage in Michigan. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Entrapment KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192557 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379749 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Mason, J K AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ACCIDENTS AND TRAVEL PY - 1983/03 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-15 AB - This paper considers the hazards of getting to and from one's destination: the subject of accidents occurring as part of a holiday is too broad for present consideration. The symposium is mainly concerned with travel abroad but, since one has to reach the definitive means of travel, the epidemiology of road traffic accidents is first considered. An unusually optimistic view is taken of the current position as regards fatalities. Emphasis is placed on the importance of recent legislation in the prevention of injury. Overall, the chances of being killed on the roads are now not much greater than those of suffering an accidental death in the home. The effect of alcohol and common drugs on the holiday motorist are discussed and mention is made of the hazards of carbon monoxide poisoning. Death and injury due to travel by boat or train is so unusual as to eliminate them from useful discussion and most interest probably centres on the accidental hazards of air travel. KW - Air transportation KW - Alcohols KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crashes KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Highway transportation KW - Holes KW - Households KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379539 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Cahill, C AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - THE COUNTRY'S FIRST AUTO-RELATED TRAFFIC INCIDENTS PY - 1983/03 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This short article recalls May 30, 1896 when Evylyn Thomas, riding her bicycle in New York City, was hit by Henry Wells, driving his Duryea Motor Wagon. She was the first person injured in an auto accident. The stories of the first person to get a ticket for speeding and the first traffic fatalities are also told. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196180 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379747 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - ANDREASSON, R AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - HEALTH FOR ALL THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD BY THE YEAR 2000? PY - 1983/03 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-10 AB - World Health Day, April 7, 1983 has been devoted to the slogan "Health for All by the Year 2000--The countdown has begun!". The aim of this slogan is based on the so-called "Declaration of Alma-Ata", which was accepted by the International Conference on Primary Health Care, which was held in Alma-Ata, USSR, September 6-12, 1978. The article considers some of the prerequisites to changes that need to be made during the next 17 years until the year 2000 so that all can live under such conditions that they can enjoy at least an acceptable state of health. Conditions considered are: the negative development of world economy affects the health situation; lack of pure water and sanitary equipment mean poor health; poor nourishment and poor health go hand in hand; poisoning of water supplies, food and medications can become a threat to public health; living conditions and depressions; the prevention of road traffic accidents is a public health task; misuse of alcohol and other drugs has serious health consequences; life expectancy in developed and developing countries; and ill health as a result of political actions. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drug abuse KW - Drugs KW - Economics KW - Food KW - Living conditions KW - Medicine KW - Politics KW - Prerequisites KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Safety KW - Sewerage structures KW - Traffic crashes KW - United Nations KW - Water resources KW - Water supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196350 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379540 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Kenny, J A AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - HALOGEN HEADLIGHTS: SAFETY INSURANCE PY - 1983/03 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 2 p. AB - Halogen lights, thanks to new legislation, are now available in the U.S. They have many superior features over standard, sealed-beam units: a bright white light which allows a much clearer, crisper field of view, a longer life, a construction different from that of the standard sealed-beam, which means that if a crack or break occurs, the light remains lit and functional as long as the element remains intact, and a newly designed lens which throws the light low and out down the road. Halogen lights are sold under all the major brand names. A European light, the Cibie, is also making quite a sensation in the U.S. KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Halogens KW - Headlamps KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196181 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379437 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - MORE-MILES-PER-GALLON RVS PY - 1983/03 VL - 159 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - When low miles per gallon of fuel, high prices and interest rates, and the recession economy led to declining recreational vehicle (RV) sales, the industry had to reevaluate its vehicles and develop methods of improving performance without increasing costs. This article discusses the approaches, such as cutting windage and weight, that various manufacturers (Winnebago, Coachmen, Fleetwood, Holiday Rambler, Jayco, Starcraft, Yellowstone, etc.) have taken to improve economy performance, especially fuel economy. Vans, slide-in campers and travel trailers are also mentioned. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Costs KW - Fuel conservation KW - Industries KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Vans KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379050 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Dunne, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - WITH THE NEW TEMPO/TOPAZ, FORD AIMS AT 1983'S SIMPLEST SERVICING PY - 1983/03 VL - 222 IS - 3 SP - p. 96-98 AB - This article reports the results of a tour of the office-garage of Bob Bunnell at Ford's Service Research Center. Bunnell, a 10-year veteran of Ford's design and service branches, checks out new models before they go on the assembly line. He does this from the customers' standpoint and makes suggestions for changes. The Ford Tempo prototype was in his garage for inspection. This article reports on what was found in the engine bay, under the car, and inside the passenger compartment. KW - Automobiles KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prototypes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195937 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379432 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Hilton, J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - FREEDOM BY THE QUART PY - 1983/03 VL - 28 IS - 9 SP - 4 p. AB - Freedom Synthetic Oil Company produces synthetic products built up from chemical feedstocks instead of being distilled down from crude oil. The article is about Edna Swansinger, president (and principal owner) of Freedom Synthetic Oil Company, and how she began and built up the company as well as developing its products. Product development, testing and marketing of the synthetic motor oil is also discussed. KW - Chemical processes KW - Development KW - Engine oils KW - Feedstock KW - Freedom synthetic oil company KW - Marketing KW - Private enterprise KW - Raw materials KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379416 AU - Geller, E S AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY-BASED STRATEGIES FOR MOTIVATING SEAT-BELT USAGE PY - 1983/03 SP - 220 p. AB - A variety of incentive-based programs to motivate safety belt use were tested during the 18-month grant period in order to define optimal incentive strategies for particular corporate settings. Initial programs provoked important research questions which were targeted in subsequent program development and evaluation. For example, initial incentive programs at four industries in Southwest Virginia influenced substantial increases in safety belt wearing at each site with minimal costs; but these programs had dramatic differential impact on blue-collar vs. white-collar employees. Blue-collar workers were much less apt than white-collar workers to participate in a safety belt incentive program, and therefore research efforts were directed toward understanding these differences and developing a program to effect substantial increases in safety belt use among blue-collar employees. Innovative techniques were applied to study the impact of repeated interventions on the safety belt use of individuals, and to evaluate response generalization (i.e., the use of safety belts at times when rewards for belt wearing are not available) and response maintenance (i.e., the continual use of safety belts after a safety-belt incentive program is terminated). KW - Blue collar workers KW - Incentives KW - Industries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety programs KW - Utilization KW - Working class UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379415 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHO'S GOING TO CALL THE FIRST MEETING? ACTION GUIDE FOR LOCAL DRUNK DRIVING PROGRAMS PY - 1983/03 SP - v.p. AB - This guide is designed to assist local government executives in understanding the drunk driving problem in the community and in marshalling community resources to combat it. The guide gives an overview of successful program approaches and ways to improve resource utilization. It provides references to sources available from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to help plan, manage, and finance drunk driver programs. The executive summary summarizes the actions suggested in the guide, and includes a list of the roles and responsibilities of major groups concerned with drunk drivers. Statistics and the dimensions of the problem are given to help assess the extent of the problem. Actions that can be taken to marshall community resources to combat drunk drivers are suggested. Ways to identify system deficiencies and to correct them are noted. The financing of a drunk driver program from existing resources is described. Public education and news media efforts in deterring drunk driving is discussed. Private sector involvement and school program support are also discussed. NHTSA's 6-point program to combat drunk driving is summarized. Attachments with additional information on this problem and its combatting are included. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Driver education KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Financing KW - Local government KW - Private enterprise KW - Programs KW - Public relations KW - Schools KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379436 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING YOUR BRAKE SYSTEM PY - 1983/03 VL - 159 IS - 3 SP - p. 37-40 AB - Brake-system maintenance is probably the most critical part of vehicle care. While the car that won't go may frustrate you, the car that won't stop can kill you. To avoid the complications that can occur when pads or shoes wear beyond limits, check brake condition at regular intervals. Of course, brakes should always be inspected when their application results in noise or when the vehicle pulls to one side during braking. Some late-model GM and Ford products have brake-wear warning devices. But in most cases, the only way to determine pad or shoe condition is to remove the disc caliper or the drum and inspect the friction material. Thus, this article discusses disc brake basics, including caliper removal, inspection and diagnosis, reassembly, and drum brake basics, including inspection, disassembly, and reassembly. KW - Brake calipers KW - Brake components KW - Brake drums KW - Brake pads KW - Brake shoes KW - Brakes KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Disc brakes KW - Inspection KW - Removal KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377762 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - Gibbons, C T AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - THE SCHOOL BUS RIDE AS A SOCIAL EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/03 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-17 AB - The majority of school bus drivers across the country do their jobs well, and they effectively handle discipline problems that arise. However, driver-pupil confrontations do occur, and the safety and social quality of the bus ride depend on how the driver handles these situations. Any help or training for the driver in this area is beneficial. This article is a summary of remarks by the author at the NSTA Region 1 and 12th Annual Massachusetts Pupil Transportation Conference in Hyannis, Mass., on April 18, 1982. KW - Children KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Psychological aspects KW - School bus drivers KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377431 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - FIXING MOTORCRAFT VARIABLE VENTURI CARBURETORS PY - 1983/03 VL - 159 IS - 3 SP - 7 p. AB - While all motorcraft variable venturi carburetors look very much alike, there are subtle internal differences. Replacement parts and adjustment procedures should be used according to the part number stamped on the side of the carburetor. Mechanics are warned that special tools are needed and, most important of all, they will need to take the time and patience to get to know this new breed of carburetor. A series of captioned photos are presented which outline the most difficult parts of the procedure for rebuilding a Motorcraft variable venturi carburetor. KW - Guidelines KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Reconstruction KW - Repairing KW - Variable venturi carburetors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195067 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377433 JO - Motor AU - Hearst Books TI - FANTASTIC FINISH PY - 1983/03 VL - 159 IS - 3 SP - p. 53-55 AB - This article discusses recent developments in body repair technology that make it possible to repair surface conditions such as dirt particles, orange peel, runs, sags, scratches and swirl marks without repainting. The products that make this possible are ultra fine sanding paper and non-silicone final glaze. With these products and some practice, a wide variety of paint repairs can be made. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Finishes KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Painting KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195069 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377411 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Mason, J M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - EFFECTS OF OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT ON LOW VOLUME ROADWAYS: AN OVERLOOKED ENERGY RELATED COST PY - 1983/03 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 16-20 AB - The cost of resurfacing, restoring and rehabilitating low volume rural roads that are destroyed by vehicles serving productive oil fields were studied. The study procedure, which can be used to predict roadway damage costs under similar situations, is decreased in detail. Identification of oil field traffic through site specific observation provided the basis for the overall analysis. The study procedure included a description of traffic during the development of an oil well, an estimation of reduction in pavement life under these operating conditions, and an estimate of an increase in annual cost due to a reduced pavement serviceability. The data collection procedure, traffic data, data analysis, pavement analysis traffic analysis, and annual cost comparison are discussed. It is concluded that if rational analysis is coupled with convincing evidence, the engineer will be able to justify additional allocations to maintain the existing system. If these costs are considered "energy related costs", they will receive the attention they warrant. KW - Energy KW - Forecasting KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Oil fields KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195047 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377418 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Barratt, S AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - PROBLEM-SOLVING WITH SEALANTS PY - 1983/03 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This article points out that the methods and sealants used for installing glass into frames are behind the times, and that current glazing rebate designs and choice of compounds are creating unnecessary risks which could lead to premature breakdown of the glazing seal. Following further discussion of this problem, the article explains the variety of sealants available and current trends toward the use of maintenance free (or simply maintained) materials. There is further discussion on correct block usage and glazing methods including the compression gasket system and pre-shimmed tape. KW - Glass KW - Glazing KW - Methodology KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195054 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377432 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - TIMING TECHNIQUES PY - 1983/03 VL - 159 IS - 3 SP - 7 p. AB - Checking and adjusting ignition spark timing requires special preliminary steps that must be performed on cars equipped with on-board engine computers. On some cars, the procedure is specified on the tuneup decal, but this is often somewhat vague. This article offers a roundup on how to deal with the electronics so you get the ignition timing reading that corresponds to the manufacturer's specification. KW - Engine tuning KW - Guidelines KW - Ignition spark timing KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195068 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377761 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - Bernard, R AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - SPECIAL EDUCATION TRANSPORTATION: A MODEL PROGRAM PY - 1983/03 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-19 AB - This article describes the program developed by the St. Louis Special School District in St. Louis County, whose 275 buses daily transport approximately 6000 children to 134 separate buildings and four vocational and technical centers. These special children, whose needs range from the severely physically handicapped to the behavioral and emotionally disturbed, require procedures and methods unique in transportation programs. The overall program, which is supervised and coordinated by a behavior coordinator, includes trained bus aides who become directly involved with teachers, parents and drivers. KW - Children KW - Emotions KW - Missouri KW - Persons with disabilities KW - School buses KW - Special purpose UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377417 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Chang, L Y AU - Shackleton, J S AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - AN OVERVIEW OF ROLLING RESISTANCE PY - 1983/03 VL - 115 IS - 3 SP - p. 18-26 AB - This overview of tire rolling resistance highlights established relationships, reviews the progress made, and suggests where future reductions in rolling resistance will be likely to be achieved. The topic is subdivided into four main sections: (1) established relationships; (2) effect of construction changes; (3) component effects; and (4) compounding material effects. The area of highest potential for energy conservation (or less rolling resistance) appears to be through polymer manipulation, either by special mixing and blends using halobutyls or by "tailoring" the polymers to meet specific dynamic physical requirements through synthesis. KW - Blends KW - Mixing KW - Polymers KW - Rolling resistance KW - Syntheses KW - Synthesis (Chemistry) KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195053 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377419 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Wright, P H AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - SURVIVABILITY OF REFLECTORIZED PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - 1983/03 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 21-22 AB - This article reports the results of a study based on a random sample of sharp curves in Georgia that were treated by the installation of raised and recessed reflectorized pavement markers. The random sample of study sites is representative of sites in moderate to warm climates where there is relatively little exposure to snow and ice removal operations. Results show that: (1) Recessed pavement markers outlast raised pavement markers by a factor of two or more under similar conditions; and (2) Over 95 percent of the recessed pavement markers remained in place for over five years on roads with up to an ADT of 4,700. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Durability KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Recessed pavement markers KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195055 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377424 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAD FACTS ABOUT SMALL CARS PY - 1983/03 VL - 16 IS - 10 SP - p. 20-22 AB - This article reviews statements made by William Haddon, Jr., M.D., president of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, before a Congressional Committee. The statements refer to small cars and accidents. Two frequently asked questions are answered. These are: When all the big cars are finally gone to the junkyard, won't small cars be safer than they are now? Because small cars are more maneuverable, aren't they less likely to be involved in crashes in the first place and doesn't that offset the disadvantages to small-car occupants when they are in crashes? The answers by Dr. Haddon are both no. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Small car KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195060 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377420 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - WHO'LL STOP THE RAIN? PY - 1983/03 VL - 16 IS - 10 SP - 6 p. AB - This article discusses some of the hazardous conditions encountered on the highway during spring thaw, and offers some safe driving tips. Among the weather conditions dealt with are fog, rain, floods, and late snowstorms. In discussing driving in rain particular attention is paid to skidding, hydroplaning, and soggy brakes. One other spring hazard that is highlighted is the presence of potholes. KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Floods KW - Fog KW - Hazards KW - Hydroplaning KW - Pavements KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Rain KW - Skidding KW - Snow KW - Spring breakup KW - Storms KW - Thaw KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195056 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376598 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - INSTALLING REFLECTIVE MARKERS WITHOUT DAMAGING ROAD PAVEMENT PY - 1983/03 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 23-24 AB - This article discusses the problem of developing a system to prepare concrete and asphalt surfaces for the installation of either recessed or raised reflective markers without causing pavement damage and describes a major installation project in Georgia. Project specifications called for grinding concrete as well as asphalt pavement to an exact width, depth and length in order to install recess reflective markers that are 4 sq. inches and 3/4 inches deep. This requires making a tapered slot that is 4.25 inches wide, and, at its midpoint, 7/8 inches deep and 3/4 inches long. The details are briefly described of the equipment that was developed to accomplish the installation. This includes a 65 hp powered plunge saw, and a depth guide wheel to be positioned at the front of the saw machine. Other details of the installation are briefly summarized. KW - Building KW - Equipment KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194747 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376597 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Butler, J A AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ANOTHER VIEW ON VEHICLE CHANGE INTERVALS PY - 1983/03 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 44-48 AB - The change interval is the most important aspect of safe signal timing, and one of the most controversial. It is the purpose of this paper to provide a rational change interval method. The proposal outlined herein includes a yellow interval which conforms to driver behavior followed by all-red clearance interval. KW - Behavior KW - Change interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Drivers KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194746 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373664 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - YOUNG, J A AU - Pihl, R O AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND RESPONSE IN MEN SOCIAL DRINKERS. THE EFFECTS OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS CONCERNING RELATIVE RESPONSE CONTROL PY - 1983/03 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 334-351 AB - An experiment is reported that was designed to observe the degree of self-control that subjects would choose to exert over their intoxication in a permissive situation. It was predicted that subjects who perceived that they appeared to be relatively less intoxicated than their peers would display less of a change, following alcohol consumption, in behaviors believed to be normally altered. Of particular interest was the role that attributions of causality for sobriety or drunkenness would play in relation to subsequent control over intoxication. It was predicted that self-attributions would result in enhanced or continued control. The clearest demonstration that individuals can self-induce sobriety was expected to be obtained from subjects who were considered "drunk" but who received information which contradicted an external attribution for this behavior. Finally, self-control was expected to lead to an unwillingness to continue drinking only if that self-control were attributed to personal initiative. Results showed that subjects who were led to attribute responsibility for level of intoxication to themselves rather than to amount of alcohol consumption experienced a greater level of sobriety. Decisions on future alcohol-related behavior were also influenced by these factors and not simply by actual blood alcohol concentration. KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Emotions KW - Intoxication KW - Males KW - Self-control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372877 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF TWO BRAKING IMPROVEMENTS FOR PASSENGER CARS. DUAL MASTER CYLINDERS AND FRONT DISC BRAKES PY - 1983/03 SP - 105 p. AB - Dual master cylinders were installed in passenger cars in order to provide a dual braking system, which is a requirement of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 105. Front disc brakes were installed to improve a car's handling capability during braking and to enhance resistance to braking losses due to fade or water exposure: they meet the Standard 105 requirements on fade and water resistance more readily than drum brakes. The objective of this Agency staff evaluation is to determine how many fatalities, injuries and damages are prevented by dual master cylinders and front disc brakes and to measure the actual cost of the devices. The evaluation is based on statistical analyses of North Carolina, Texas and Fatal Accident Reporting System data, a review of Indiana in-depth accident analyses, and manufacturing and repair cost analyses for production brake assemblies. It was found that: Dual master cylinders annually prevent 40,000 accidents that would have resulted in 260 fatalities, 24,000 injuries and $132 million in property damage. They add $17 to the lifetime cost of owning and operating a car (in 1982 dollars). Front disc brakes annually prevent 10,000 accidents that would have resulted in 64 fatalities, 5,700 injuries and $32 million in property damage. They add $21 to the lifetime cost of a car. KW - Brakes KW - Costs KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Dual braking systems KW - Engine cylinders KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Master cylinders KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185594 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372132 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Nathanson, K AU - National Safety Council TI - NOW THAT THE NDR HAS BEEN SAVED, WHAT LIES AHEAD? PY - 1983/03 VL - 83 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - This article gives a brief overview of the history of the National Driver Register (NDR), followed by a more detailed analysis of the NDR since October 1, 1982 when Congress voted in favor of providing funds to streamline the register's communications system. Signed into law on October 25 by President Reagan when he signed the Howard-Barnes Drunk Driving Bill to which the NDR bill was attached, the new law provides for a 60-second pointer system response (indicating a problem with the driver in a particular state), and a five-minute answer from other states with the information. A hard copy is to be printed out simultaneously and sent by mail to the inquiring state. The law calls for a four-state pilot test to assure smooth running of the system once it begins its full operations. Among the improvements to NDR are the addition of drivers who have been convicted of drunk driving, hit and run, fatalities, driving while committing a felony, and reckless driving even if they have not been suspended; inquiries by employers of commercial drivers with the proviso that the employee give written permission and requests be made through the states; use of the register for driver improvement programs by the states; and an advisory committee composed of nine state motor vehicle administrators, three members of the public, and three from the private sector. Further discussion centers on limited disclosure, informing employers, and the link to drunk driving. KW - Communication systems KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver records KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency response time KW - History KW - Improvements KW - Laws KW - National Driver Register KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188713 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372129 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - LAWLESS, E W AU - National Safety Council TI - FOR THE FIRST TRIP HOME--HOW MANY INFANTS RIDE RESTRAINED? PY - 1983/03 VL - 83 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - This article reports the results of a study by the City of Philadelphia's Department of Public Health in which observers stationed at six large city hospitals watched parents leave with their newborn infants and noted how many used proper child restraints for the trip home. This study was done as part of the Buckle Up Baby Project, an ongoing effort to increase the number of young children in Philadelphia who ride properly restrained in child safety seats, and thereby reduce the number of deaths and injuries sustained by these children in car accidents. Of 102 observed departures, only eight of the babies went home in child safety seats. In response to this and other findings from the study, the City of Philadelphia began its own Loan-a-Seat program. Also general education efforts are being made in prenatal clinics, childbirth education classes, and pediatric clinics, as well as through a variety of community outreach facilities, such as churches and neighborhood organizations. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188710 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372131 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Ettinger, K AU - National Safety Council TI - ONE LOCAL COUNCIL'S RESPONSE TO THE DRUNK DRIVING CRISIS PY - 1983/03 VL - 83 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - When California enacted tough, new drunken-driving laws to take effect in 1982, the Central Counties Safety Council responded with an intensified alcoholism education and treatment program for first offenders in Santa Clara County. As a result the Safety Council was chosen from eight applicants to be the major program provider. The article discusses the new program, called Alcohol Guidelines 541, which the Safety Council came up with, and the quality of the staff of alcohol counselors employed. It also points out the ways by which the Safety Council members keep informed of research and treatment methods. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Personnel KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188712 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372126 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Tofany, V L AU - National Safety Council TI - DRUNK DRIVING: THE COUNCIL'S PLAN OF ACTION PY - 1983/03 VL - 83 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - This statement of the National Safety Council's plan of action to combat drunk driving outlines a six-point program to be implemented in the period ahead to curb the problem of drinking and driving in the United States. Briefly stated these six points are: Inventory and assessment of drunk driving countermeasures; Public support for State and local programs; Recognition of meritorious efforts; Individual action; Mobilizing the National Safety Council family; and Forums on drinking and driving. Following discussion of each of these points, several suggestions are made, including the suggestion that there be an instrumentality to hold periodic meetings after the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving ceases to exist. These meetings would allow the constituency created by the commission to monitor results of the various implementors and would assist in keeping up the momentum created by the commission's recommendations. KW - Community action programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Implementation KW - Monitoring KW - Programs KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - States KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380389 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Carpenter, K H AU - Dalton, K M AU - MacAvoy, H AU - State University of New York, Albany TI - REPORT ON THE FIRST YEAR OF ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE UNDER STOP-DWI: DECEMBER 1981-NOVEMBER 1982 PY - 1983/02/28 SP - v.p. AB - This report compares accidents for December 1981-November 1982 period with the previous five years and with 1980-1981 to determine if any important changes may have occurred as a result of the implementation of the Special Traffic Options for Driving while Intoxicated (STOP-DWI) program in November 1981. The impact evaluation study focused on whether alcohol-related accidents decrease more than might be expected from chance fluctuations over time, and whether if a sustained decrease is identified, it could be attributable to STOP-DWI efforts. The first section of the report examines the December 1981-November 1982 statewide accident record and makes a historical comparison. The second section of the analysis examines fatal accidents in New York State counties and identifies counties where accidents in 1981-1982 differed significantly from the historical yearly mean. For those counties with significant changes, accident variables associated with alcohol-related crashes are examined. The final section discusses alternative explanations for changes in accident patterns and compares New York State with the nation and nearby regions. The study showed that a year of accident experience with STOP-DWI shows statewide fatal accidents and fatal accidents per vehicle miles travelled declined consistently and substantially over 1980-1981. When compared with several measures of average accident experience for the past 5 years, the 1981/82 period represented a consistent and dramatic decrease. KW - Before and after studies KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399240 AU - Hand, D H AU - National Technical Systems AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND VEHICLE ACCELERATION IN A 30 MPH FRONTAL IMPACT TEST-1982 WINNEBAGO TREKKER-TRUCK-NHTSA 821301 PY - 1983/02/15 SP - 105 p. AB - The Office of Passenger Vehicle Research (OPVR) Occupant Packaging Branch (OPB) has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collision. The vehicle collision reported herein was performed under Contract No. DOT-HS-9-02273 entitled "Vehicle Safety Compliance Testing of Windshield Mounting, Windshield Zone Intrusion and Fuel System Integrity in a Frontal Collision", which established data on a truck type vehicle for which very little such data is presently available. The information collected includes occupant injury measurement (Ref. FMVSS 208) as well as seat belt loads, and vehicle acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceptance tests KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214660 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394733 JO - South African Medical Journal PB - Medical Association of South Africa AU - Ben-Arie, O AU - George, GCW AU - Hirschowitz, J AU - Medical Association of South Africa TI - COMPULSORY TREATMENT OF 50 ALCOHOLIC DRUNKEN DRIVERS. A FOLLOW-UP STUDY PY - 1983/02/12 VL - 63 IS - 7 SP - p. 241-243 AB - Fifty alcoholic drunken drivers receiving treatment as part of a suspended sentence were studied to assess the efficacy of compulsory treatment. Twenty-six showed improvement in drinking behaviour, 12 did not co-operate and were referred back to court, 7 were re-arrested on further charges of drunken driving and 4 were committed to long-term rehabilitation centres (1 patient died too early to allow for adequate follow-up). The results compare favourably with improvement in alcoholics treated voluntarily. When regarded as their own controls, patients who had previously been arrested for drunken driving but had not been referred for treatment showed considerable improvement in their behaviour, as did patients who had had previous unsuccessful voluntary treatment. This programme appears to be worth while, at least for the duration of the suspended sentence. It also encourages early identification of alcoholics and their referral for treatment. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Detoxification KW - Drug addiction KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Improvements KW - Mandatory sentencing KW - Prosecution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216736 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379755 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - Huntley, S AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - WHY SO MANY PEOPLE IGNORE TRAFFIC LAWS PY - 1983/02/07 SP - p. 54 AB - Concern is expressed for the increasing number of traffic accidents and the growing disregard for traffic laws. The possible causes of such an increase and countermeasures for the situation are briefly noted. Approval of right turn on red has made it easier for people to ignore red lights. The present economic depression and today's increased permissiveness has, it is suggested, led to increasing disregard for traffic laws. Also, tight budgets have resulted in the poor state of maintenance of the road system causing driver testiness and impatience. Budget-cutting in police forces has led to less traffic patrol officers and reduced apprehension of traffic law violators. Community groups have joined the appeal for help. In Southern California, residents are pushing for more speed bumps and stop lights, and asking for increased fines for violators. In New York citizens groups are demanding more police on traffic patrol. KW - Police patrol KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391803 AU - Dane County Regional Planning Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Department of Energy AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - ESTIMATING TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF RESIDENTIAL LAND TYPES PY - 1983/02 SP - 122 p. AB - A demonstration project to examine the relationships of residential land use development and transportation related energy consumption is reported. Simple factors were developed for transportation energy consumption per dwelling unit for differing residential land use densities and locations in Dane County, Wisconsin. The process used to develop these factors is described. The process used to report these energy consumption factors and impacts to the public, local officials and implementing agency officials is also described. The results of the study include trip frequency rates, average trip length, annual vehicle miles travelled, the gallons of fuel consumed and the costs of that fuel. These factors are produced for single family and multi-family dwelling units and is presented in 2 categories: community class (towns, villages, 4th class cities, and City of Madison), and geographic area (rural, satellite communities, central urban area). A before-and-after survey of key officials revealed that the study served to increase their overall level of awareness by 20%. KW - Before and after studies KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Households KW - Impact studies KW - Land use KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Population KW - Residential areas KW - Rural areas KW - Transportation KW - Trip frequency KW - Trip length KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452206 AU - FLECK, J T AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF APPROXIMATING SOLUTIONS FOR CVS PROGRAM AND OF DUMMY DESIGN INFORMATION PY - 1983/02 SP - 185 p. AB - This report contains results of analytical studies of various aspects of the Crash Victim Simulation (CVS) computer program developed by Calspan. The general objective of the research was to develop, evaluate and recommend means and procedures for evaluating accuracies and sensitivities of various measures of crash victim response to the choice of and to the numerical values of various parameters that are used in crash victim simulations with the CVS computer program. Topics addressed in the analyses include the effect of different levels of sophistication in modelling the shoulders of the Part 572 dummy, the adequacy of the assumption that the dummy segments may be regarded as rigid bodies and vibrational modes neglected, differences between soft and hard (impulsive) contacts, surface compliance in the region of belt or air bag contacts, the effect of air bag stretch, and the need to consider inertial effects for deformations associated with certain types of contacts. The mathematical formulation and sample application of two computer programs developed in this research project are described and listings of the programs are given in report appendices. The first of these, called the Response Measure Approximating Function Generator, is a multiparameter polynomial interpolating routine which can be useful for parametric studies by providing users with a means of interpolating response measures as a function of several parameters. The other computer program can be used to compute the properties of different chains of connected rigid bodies, each with different mass distributions, that will have identical dynamic responses so as to define dynamically equivalent systems. KW - Accuracy KW - Air bags KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Dummies KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396131 AU - Stein, A C AU - Allen, R W AU - Cook, M L AU - Karl, R L AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SIMULATOR STUDY OF THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND MARIHUANA ON DRIVING BEHAVIOR. PHASE I PY - 1983/02 SP - 86 p. AB - The study described in this report investigated the effects of alcohol and marihuana, alone and in combination, on driver performance and behavior in a fully interactive driving simulator. The simulator provided the driver a complex visual scene similar to a rural nighttime drive, and allowed the driver full control of steering and speed maneuvers. Performance and behavior data were collected during a 10-12 mile drive requiring about 15 minutes to complete. A variety of events were encountered during the drive, including curves, obstacles in the roadway, and winding roads. Accidents, tickets, and speed were recorded as traffic safety measures during the overall drive. Driver behavior, speed control, and steering performance were collected during each event to provide insight into the impairment mechanisms of alcohol and/or marihuana on the driver. A full placebo experimental design was employed which included all combinations of 3 marihuana (0, 100, and 200 microg Delta-9 THC/kg body weight) and 2 alcohol (0 and 0.10 percent BAC) levels. Based on a large number of driver performance and behavior variables, alcohol was found to have a pervasive and significant impairing effect. Simulator accidents increased reliably under alcohol, which was accounted for by increased steering and speed control variability. Marihuana effects were minimal, the primary one being speed reduction. This speed reduction, while statistically reliable, was minimal in terms of actual driving behavior and is probably of no practical significance. A significant drug interaction effect was observed in simulator accidents; however, the data do not allow us to identify the impairment mechanism leading to this result. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Personnel performance KW - Speed control KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391122 AU - Smith, D I AU - WA Alcohol and Drug Authority TI - EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF LIQUOR OUTLETS ON ALCOHOL-RELATED VARIABLES: A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1983/02 SP - 20 p. AB - This report reviews papers reporting on the relationship between the number and type of liquor outlets and a variety of indicies for the use and abuse of alcohol. To facilitate the discussion of similarities between papers and the drawing of conclusions in Part 3, the Literature Review is divided into seven sections. Possibly due to their lack of comprehensiveness, the studies with pre-1965 data on the number of liquor outlets formed a logical Section; while the next Section focuses on the introduction of on-premise drinking. The remaining five Sections are divided according to whether the papers focused on on-premise or off-premise outlets, with factor analytic studies and supermarkets as a special form of off-premise outlet being the topics of Sections 2d. and 2e. respectively. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391119 AU - Smith, D I AU - WA Alcohol and Drug Authority TI - EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE HOURS OF SALE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ON ALCOHOL-RELATED VARIABLES: A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1983/02 SP - 12 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to review the effect of changes in the hours of sale of alcoholic beverages on alcohol-related variables. The Literature Review is divided into three parts according to whether the papers focus on the introduction of Sunday alcohol sales, the extension of trading hours, or trading hours for alcoholic beverages in general. Prior to the introduction of Sunday alcohol sales in Perth, South Australia and New South Wales Committees of Inquiry compiled reports for presentation to State Parliaments. The relevant sections of these reports and the 1965 Victorian Royal Commission are also reviewed as they provide an interesting commentary on the reasons given for the legislative changes. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Australia KW - Availability KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387715 AU - McPherson, K AU - McKnight, A J AU - Weidman, J R AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPPLEMENTAL DRIVER SAFETY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FINAL REPORT: VOLUME I, DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH AND EVALUATION PY - 1983/02 SP - 127 p. AB - This report describes the preparation and evaluation of instructional modules designed to supplement driver education program experiences of young (16-18) drivers. The project was limited to examining five subjects critical to this audience: speed management, alcohol, restraint usage, hazard perception (pedestrian and cyclist hazards only), and energy-efficient driving. Research activities were conducted to determine what should be taught and how knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors should be communicated for maximum effectiveness. Ten instructional modules--3 in the area of alcohol, 4 on restraint usage, and 1 each in the other three content areas--were prepared. Modules were evaluated for their effectiveness. These tests indicated that the speeding module, the restraint modules, and an alcohol module focusing on the need to intervene when others are in drinking-driving situations were capable of improving behavior. The other two alcohol modules and the fuel-efficiency module demonstrated an ability to improve knowledge and attitudes, but failed to demonstrate a capacity to induce behavioral change. Behavioral improvement also was not observed in connection with the hazard perception module. In the final phase, the restraint modules were subjected for further evaluation, along with two other restraint programs developed outside this contract. Print materials developed within this project are presented in the second volume of this report. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Knowledge KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201143 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387757 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - BRODSKY, H AU - Hakkert, A S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT RATES AND RURAL TRAVEL DENSITIES PY - 1983/02 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 73-84 AB - Rural highway injury accident rates should theoretically increase with an increase in travel densities. Regression analyses of cross-sectional data on U.S. Primary and Secondary highways show a moderate positive association, but on the Interstate this association appears to be invariant. Fatal accident rates, on the other hand, are negatively associated with travel densities. Explanations for these results may be found in variables associated with travel densities, such as speed, speed variability, types of crash, and accessibility to emergency medical services. Changes in travel densities, between 1976 and 1979, on the major rural highway systems have been accommodated with no apparent effect on average accident rates. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Regression analysis KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204698 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387738 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - McKenna, F P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ACCIDENT PRONENESS: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS PY - 1983/02 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 65-71 AB - The concept of accident proneness has had a long and controversial history. An attempt is made both to demonstrate the nature of this controversy and to investigate the reasons for its occurrence. Two factors are identified. One is the conceptual confusion surrounding the meaning of the concept. This is accounted for by the fact that accident proneness is defined by exclusion. The second factor is the repetitive use of statistical techniques which have been shown to be equivocal. An alternative approach to individual differences in accident involvement is advocated. This approach cuts through the conceptual confusion and is less susceptible to the criticisms which have been levelled against the traditional statistical techniques. KW - Accident proneness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387749 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - BENDA, H V AU - Hoyos, C G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ESTIMATING HAZARDS IN TRAFFIC SITUATIONS PY - 1983/02 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-9 AB - Hazards are attributes of road traffic. Safe driving requires perception of hazards and their combination into an overall evaluation of hazardousness of traffic situations. This process has been called hazard cognition. Results of previous studies could not show how drivers come to those cognitions. Because of the number of factors which contribute to these cognitions hazardousness can be seen as a multidimensional attribute of traffic situations. Drivers must recognize the dimensions of this attribute. To find out if drivers can do this, two experiments were conducted. In both experiments methods of multidimensional scaling were applied to pictorial representations of traffic situations. In Experiment I subjects comparing 16 situations with respect to hazardousness estimated more or less the magnitude of hazardousness. Results from indirect similarity ratings of 38 situations in Experiment II demonstrated a strong influence of driving experience. Less experienced drivers (75,000 km on average) stick more closely to details of situations and judge types of hazardousness, whereas more experienced drivers (150,000 km on average) judge hazardousness in a more holistic manner, obviously integrating different aspects of traffic situations. However, a common characteristic of all situations estimated as to be hazardous was a fairly high load of information on the driver. This certainly does not mean an equivalence of information load and hazardousness but results of these studies demonstrated the loading character of hazard control. KW - Cognition KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Estimating KW - Experience KW - Hazards KW - Knowledge KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387751 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Merrild, U AU - Bak, S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN EXCESS OF PEDESTRIAN INJURIES IN ICY CONDITIONS: A HIGH-RISK FRACTURE GROUP--ELDERLY WOMEN PY - 1983/02 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 41-48 AB - An "icy condition epidemic" has been analyzed in an investigation of patients treated in the casualty department of Odense University Hospital; it was found that the victims were mainly comprised of pedestrians and that the pedestrians had 14 times more injuries than during a normal winter period. Details of the accidents and definition of the high-risk groups were made possible by the routine registration of various data and by means of interviews of the patients. The difference in the risk of various injuries between the icy condition and normal winter periods are given as odds ratios (OR). The frequency of fractures, in comparison to the remainder of the winter period was found to be almost doubled. Fractures comprised 67% of the injuries against a normal 38%. The most pronounced increase was in fractures of the wrist, shoulder and hip with an OR of 3.6 and 6 respectively. The high-risk group comprised women 50 and over, in contrast to the rest of the winter period where younger men prevailed. The investigation indicates that pedestrians have a need for prophylactic measures including (1) broadcast warnings of icy conditions both on the radio and T.V. on days of high risk, (2) more extensive clearing of the snow, and (3) spreading of sand, and possibly salt, on footpaths and bicycle paths. Specific measures should be launched to help the elderly during such periods, in order that outdoor activities may be cut to a minimum. KW - Aged KW - Countermeasures KW - Females KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - High risk KW - Ice KW - Injuries KW - Mass media KW - Pedestrians KW - Warning systems KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387716 AU - McPherson, K AU - Weidman, J R AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPPLEMENTAL DRIVER SAFETY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FINAL REPORT: VOLUME II: PILOT AND FIELD TEST MODULE MATERIALS PY - 1983/02 SP - v.p. AB - This volume contains materials developed for use among youthful (16-18 year-old) drivers by high schools or other service providers in a position to provide educational experiences to teenagers. The materials address four subjects critical to the intended audience: speed management, alcohol, restraint usage, and hazard perception (pedestrian and cyclist hazards only). All program materials presented were developed to supplement existing driver education programming offered by high schools. Section I contains instructor's guides, visuals and a student manual for three drinking-driving programs: an information-only module, a self-image module, and a peer intervention module. Section II contains instructor's guides and student manuals for five safety restraint modules: an information module, a peer testimonial module, an information and peer testimonial module, an information and convincer ride module, and a crash dynamics module. Section III contains an instructor guide and a student manual in support of a speed management module. Section IV contains an instructor's guide to a module on pedestrian/cyclist hazard perception. Knowledge and attitude measures and scoring keys are provided for use with the drinking/driving, safety restraint and speed management modules. The development and evaluation of all materials contained in this Volume are described in the first volume of this Report. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Knowledge KW - Manual safety belts KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201599 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387761 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Miller, T M AU - SCHUSTER, D H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - LONG-TERM PREDICTABILITY OF DRIVER BEHAVIOR PY - 1983/02 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-22 AB - Multiple regression was used to predict current accidents and violations for 2283 subjects from Iowa and California who had completed the Driver Attitude Survey (Schuster and Guilford, 1964) 10-18 years previously and had driver records recorded at that time. It was found that, on the whole, current violations could be successfully predicted with these data, while current accidents could not be. The results lead to the conclusion that violation behavior is more stable over time than had previously been acknowledged, previous research having looked at driver behavior in consecutive time periods only. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Long term KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Time duration KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387417 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - DRIVING WHILE IMPAIRED. DRIVERS, CHARGES AND OUTCOMES PY - 1983/02 SP - 49 p. AB - This report presents the results of an examination of police and court records of all legally impaired drivers charged in 1980 (N=1,531) in 12 RCMP detachments on Vancouver Island. The following items were examined: driver and vehicle characteristics; charges and outcomes; recidivism; and accident involvement. From the data it was concluded that the Criminal Justice System is generally effective in dealing with the impaired drivers that are apprehended, but that the level of apprehensions is distressingly low. To raise the low level of apprehension would require substantial increases in resources allocated to discouraging drinking drivers. Another approach would be to focus on the 17% of impaired drivers who have a BAC of 140 mg/100 ml or higher and who have a higher likelihood of being involved in accidents. This could be done by linking sanctions to BAC levels, and would not involve any changes in the Criminal Code. It is the final recommendation of this paper that further research be conducted on the contribution of BAC level to the probability of being in an accident. KW - Apprehension KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash rates KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fear KW - Human characteristics KW - Prosecution KW - Recidivism KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200956 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387756 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Karpf, R S AU - Williams, A F AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - TEENAGE DRIVERS AND MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS PY - 1983/02 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 55-63 AB - In 1978, passenger vehicle drivers 16 and 17 years old were in crashes that resulted in 4198 deaths. Motor vehicles account for nearly half the deaths of 16-19 year olds in the U.S. Teenage drivers contribute substantially to motor vehicle related deaths, both their own and others. Teenage drivers have greatly elevated rates of fatal crash involvement per capita and especially, per licensed driver. More deaths per licensed driver are associated with the passenger vehicle crashes of 18 year olds than for any other age. Deaths per licensed driver are next highest for 16, 17 and 19 year olds. Various possible ways to reduce the deaths that result from teenagers driving are discussed. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204697 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387750 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Reid, L D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A SURVEY OF RECENT DRIVER STEERING BEHAVIOR MODELS SUITED TO ACCIDENT STUDIES PY - 1983/02 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-40 AB - A literature survey for the years 1975-80 has been carried out in the area of driver models describing steering behavior. The purpose of this search was to locate models which could be applied to potential roadway accident scenarios. A range of candidate driver models was found and their main features briefly outlined. Where possible, model parameters and sample response time histories have been included. It was found that no well-developed and validated model for the detailed study of accidents yet exist. The paper concludes with a brief assessment of the merits of the various models presented. KW - Behavior KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical models KW - Risk assessment KW - Steering KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204691 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387752 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, A F AU - Karpf, R S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DEATHS OF TEENAGERS AS PASSENGERS IN MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1983/02 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-54 AB - Teenagers far exceed all other ages in fatalities per capita both as drivers and as passengers in motor vehicles. Most studies of vehicle crashes involving teenagers focus on teenage drivers, despite the fact that the numbers of teenage deaths as passengers and as drivers are about equal. In 1978, 63% of all fatally injured teenage passengers sustained their injuries in vehicles driven by teenage drivers; 72% of the passengers fatally injured in vehicles driven by teenage drivers were teenagers. Half of the teenage passenger deaths occurred in nighttime crashes. Possible ways to reduce the crash deaths of teenagers are discussed. These include restricting the driving of teenagers; prohibiting teenage drivers from transporting teenage passengers; greater implementation of crash packaging technologies; cleaning up highway and roadside hazards; and laws requiring seat belt use by teenagers. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobiles KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver restriction KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Night KW - Passengers KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204693 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386817 JO - Perceptual and Motor Skills PB - Ammons Scientific AU - Hicks, R A AU - Lindseth, K AU - Hawkins, J TI - DAYLIGHT SAVING-TIME CHANGES INCREASE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/02 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - p. 64-66 AB - The frequency of traffic accidents for the State of California for the week preceding and the week subsequent to the fall and spring DST changes were analyzed for the years 1976, 1977, and 1978. Regardless of season of the year, DST change was associated with a significant increase in traffic accidents during the post-change weeks. KW - Crash rates KW - Daylight saving time KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204070 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386814 JO - Michigan Economy PB - Wayne State University AU - Verway, D I AU - Wayne State University TI - THE AUTOMOTIVE ECONOMY PY - 1983/02 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-8 AB - This article, which comments on the economic state of the automotive industry, notes the industry's production prognosis, makes observations on truck production statistics, and presents a table of passenger car production in the U.S. and Canada. It also presents tables of various economic indicators such as the number of manufacturing workers, electricity usage, consumer price indices, etc. The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) is used to classify the business establishment according to their major activity. Employment and production figures for motor vehicles in Michigan and the U.S. for selected years are tabulated. Employment prospects in the automotive industry are discussed. The article concludes that Michigan's automotive industry will be more fully integrated into the global automotive industry, more technology oriented, and less labor intensive at all skill levels than it was in 1978. Displaced skilled workers, white- and blue-collar, will find employment with companies that expand or relocate here, or they will leave for jobs in other states. Displaced unskilled workers will find the transition more difficult. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economic factors KW - Employment KW - Productivity KW - Technology KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204067 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386830 JO - Paraplegia PB - Churchill Livingstone AU - Watson, N AU - Churchill Livingstone TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, SPINAL INJURIES AND SEAT BELTS PY - 1983/02 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - p. 63-64 AB - Studies in Australia and Great Britain have shown that wearing of a seat belt has greatly reduced risk of spinal injury. Experts agree that many spinal injuries are caused by being ejected from the vehicle or being thrown about within the car. A British study showed that 700 lives would be saved and 7,000 serious injuries avoided in the U.K. if everyone in a car wore a seat belt. The cost to the health service for the care of these victims is 18 million pounds sterling per year. In Australia, the compulsory wearing of seat belts reduced spinal injuries by 27 percent--a figure twice as large as the reduction in other serious injuries and deaths. These findings were confirmed by a 1980 Scottish study. The article urges drivers to encourage passengers to wear seat belts by doing so themselves. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Spinal column KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386766 JO - Demography PB - Population Association of America AU - Bollen, K A AU - Population Association of America TI - TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN MORTALITY: A COMPARISON OF U.S. SUICIDES AND MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES, 1972-1976 PY - 1983/02 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - p. 45-59 AB - Among the various types of mortality, motor vehicle fatalities (MVF) and suicides are two that are very responsive to social, economic, and psychological factors. The analysis of the temporal patterns of suicides and MVF points to important but neglected forces affecting them. This paper examines the daily patterns of MVF and suicides for the United States from 1972 to 1976. The effects of the day of the week, month, year, and holidays on these types of mortality are estimated. Total MVF and suicides, as well as daily differentials by sex, age, and race, are analyzed with regression techniques. The results show that temporal variations are stronger in MVF than in suicides but are present in both. MVF tend to peak on Saturday, in the summer months, in 1972 and 1973, and on holidays. Suicides are generally highest on Monday, in the spring months, in 1975 and 1976, and on nonholidays. Differentials in the temporal patterns are evident. For instance, whites generally have a sharper decline in suicides on holidays than do nonwhites. The holiday peak in MVF for the 60 and over population is Christmas, while it is New Year's for the younger age groups. Males exhibit a greater increase in suicides from March to May than do females. Finally, the results of a comparison of the daily patterns of MVF and suicides revealed a negative correlation. This contrasted with the strong positive relationship between MVF and suicides generally found in cross-sectional studies. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Economic factors KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Patterns KW - Psychological aspects KW - Regression analysis KW - Social factors KW - Suicide KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204036 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385616 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Shinar, D AU - Drory, A AU - Human Factors Society TI - SIGN REGISTRATION IN DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME DRIVING PY - 1983/02 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - p. 117-122 AB - Drivers were stopped 200 m after passing a warning sign and were tested for recall and recognition of the sign. It was predicted that at night, when the view of the road ahead is severely restricted, sign registration levels would be higher than during the day, when drivers can obtain most of their information directly from their view of the road ahead. The results supported this hypothesis; sign recall levels ranged from 3 to 6% during the day and from 14 to 18% at night. Other variables that were measured (sign content, roadway environments, and subjective levels of fatigue and boredom) had no significant effects on sign registration. KW - Days KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Night KW - Perception KW - Reaction time KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recognition KW - Registration KW - Sign registration KW - Signs KW - Vision KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203340 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385624 JO - American City & County PB - Penton Media AU - Clement, J P AU - Buttenheim Publishing Corporation TI - SLEEPING POLICEMEN WORK WITHOUT PAY PY - 1983/02 VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - p. 39-41 AB - This article describes a device, sometimes called a "sleeping policeman," "pavement undulation," or "speed hump". The speed hump is three or four inches in height, with a length of at least twelve feet at its base. The speed hump has been researched extensively by the United Kingdom's Transport and Road Research Laboratory. It has been installed on British roads with great success. Based upon Britain's success, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration sponsored the installation of speed humps on public roads in Boston, Massachusetts, and Brea, California. When these installations proved worthwhile, other U.S. cities, including Sacramento, California, and Washington, D.C. installed speed humps on their public roads. KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed control KW - Speed control devices KW - Speed control humps KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203347 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385586 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Wierwille, W W AU - Casali, J G AU - Repa, B S AU - Human Factors Society TI - DRIVER STEERING REACTION TIME TO ABRUPT-ONSET CROSSWINDS, AS MEASURED IN A MOVING-BASE DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1983/02 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - p. 103-116 AB - A moving-base driving simulator was used in three experiments involving driver reaction time (RT) to simulated crosswind disturbances. Analyses were conducted on driver steering reaction time (RT) to the disturbances. Experiment 1 revealed that RT was significantly shorter when physical-motion cues were present. A second variable, vehicle yaw rate rise time, showed no effect. In Experiment 2, design parameters influencing aerodynamic behavior of a vehicle were adjusted. RT increased as the vehicle center of pressure (point of crosswind application) moved rearward from the front axle. However, rearward movement of the center of pressure also produced less disturbance of the vehicle itself. Changes in understeer and steering sensitivity yielded no significant effect. In Experiment 3, both uninitiated drivers and drivers with time on task were examined. Neither the first exposure to a step gust nor driving time up to 150 min caused significant changes in RT when performance was compared with that of practiced, fresh drivers. Interexperiment comparisons using crosswind amplitude and shape as independent variables demonstrated that the amplitude and rise time of the crosswinds were critical determinants of steering RT. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Crosswinds KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Reaction time KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Training simulators KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382393 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UTILIZATION OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION FUNDS IN STATE PROGRAMS (23 U.S.C. 402) PY - 1983/02 SP - v.p. AB - The report summarizes the activities and expenditures which the States undertook in the past and propose to undertake in FY 1983 to improve safety belt and child safety seat usage. It addresses the State legislative activities--past, current, and future outlook--directed toward improved vehicle occupant protection through increased safety belt/child safety seat usage. The report includes a description of past efforts by the States and important observations and trends which have become evident during the past year. It also includes a brief description of selected current State projects that are deemed noteworthy in each of the safety belt program countermeasure areas. It provides a national overview of the State programs planned for FY 1983, describes selected State projects planned, and gives a breakdown of FY 1983 planned activity funding by program countermeasures. Charts and tables depict the distribution of Federal funds over the years in support of State activities to increase safety belt/child safety seat usage. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Federal government KW - Fund allocations KW - Occupant restraint KW - Programs KW - Protection KW - Restraint systems KW - State government KW - United States KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380670 AU - Janke, M K AU - Kazarian, G AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - THE ACCIDENT RECORD OF DRIVERS WITH BIOPTIC TELESCOPIC LENSES PY - 1983/02 SP - 19 p. AB - The methods are described and the results are discussed of a study of 229 low-vision drivers who use bioptic telescopic lenses (BTL). The study analyzed the accident records of these drivers one year prior to, and one year subsequent to January 1, 1981. The comparison group was a systematic random sample of the California driving population. Normalized accident rates were used in the analysis, and the method of normalizing rates is described. The study concluded that BTL drivers have a higher accident rate than California drivers in general. This higher rate cannot be accounted for in terms of greater exposure to risk. BTL drivers were also found to have lower than average mileage. After adjustment for this, BTL group's accident rate per mile is more than 1.5 times the population rate. Certain points that must be borne in mind when making policy decisions in this area are noted. California DMV licenses drivers with various medical conditions other than impaired vision, and the 2-year accident rates of these drivers were found to be 2.3 to 4.8 times the population rate. Groups of relatively high-risk drivers such as those with more than four moving violations or more than two injury accidents were found to have accident rates comparable to the medically impaired drivers. Three considerations argue against banning the licensure of BTL drivers, although greater post-licensing control and greater use of licensing restrictions may be appropriate. KW - Bioptic telescopic lenses KW - Crash rates KW - Decision making KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - High risk drivers KW - Lenses (Optics) KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193469 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379725 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Schwartz, H J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - A SUMMARY OF EHV PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 3-6 AB - The quest for a commercially successful electric vehicle invariably centers around three major factors which influence buyer decisions: performance, range, and cost. Using today's technology, two items within an electric vehicle have the greatest influence on these factors. The battery is the primary determinant of range and to a lesser extent of performance. The design of the propulsion system sets the performance level of the vehicle and has a smaller effect on range. While the battery has the greatest impact on the life cycle cost of a vehicle, the propulsion system is a much larger contributor to the purchase price. Propulsion subsystem weight, efficiency, and cost are related to the specified combination of components used. Under the United States Department of Energy's Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program, propulsion component and system advancements have been made which will result in weight savings of 35-50 percent, efficiency gains of 25 percentage points, and significantly lower cost when compared to the state of the art at the inception of the program. KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Savings KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379728 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Andrew, M G AU - Weinlein, C E AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - THE LEAD-ACID BATTERY--DEMONSTRATING THE SYSTEMS DESIGN APPROACH TO A PRACTICAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE POWER SOURCE PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-25 AB - Resurgent interest in electric vehicles has resulted in extensive research and development programs, including government support, to develop a lead-acid battery system which can deliver acceptable range and cycle life. In the last decade, significant gains in energy density, power density, and cycle life have been made. The Improved State of the Art (ISOA) Electric Vehicle (EV) battery developed by the Globe Battery Division of Johnson Controls, Inc., utilizes the leading edge technology responsible for these improvements. The patented electrolyte circulation system is the cornerstone of this design. Emphasis was placed on a systems design approach which included priority consideration for safety and ease of maintenance. Efforts toward achieving the ambitious "Advanced Battery" goals are progressing. Rival exotic energy storage systems require considerable additional development before they might become practical alternatives. The major advantages of the lead-acid system firmly position it as the most practical energy source for electric vehicles, both now and in the near future. KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy storage systems KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Maintenance KW - Safety KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380081 AU - Stein, A C AU - Allen, R W AU - Cook, M L AU - Karl, R L AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SIMULATOR STUDY OF THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND MARIHUANA ON DRIVING BEHAVIOR-PHASE II PY - 1983/02 SP - v.p. AB - The study described in this report investigated the effects of alcohol and marihuana, alone and in combination, on driver performance and behavior in a fully interactive driving simulator. The simulator provided the driver a complex visual scene similar to a rural nighttime drive, and allowed the driver full control of steering and speed maneuvers. Performance and behavior data were collected during a 10-12 mile drive requiring about 15 minutes to complete. A variety of events were encountered during the drive, including curves, obstacles in the roadway, and winding roads. Accidents, tickets, and speed were recorded as traffic safety measures during the overall drive. Driver behavior, speed control, and steering performance were collected during each event to provide insight into the impairment mechanisms of alcohol and/or marihuana on the driver. A full placebo experimental design was employed which included all combinations of 3 marihuana (0, 100, and 200 microg delta-9 THC/kg body weight) and 2 alcohol (0 and 0.10 percent BAC) levels. Based on a large number of driver performance and behavior variables, alcohol was found to have a pervasive and significant impairing effect. Simulator accidents increased reliably under alcohol, which was accounted for by increased steering and speed control variability. Marihuana effects were minimal, the primary one being speed reduction. This speed reduction, while statistically reliable, was minimal in terms of actual driving behavior and is probably of no practical significance. A significant drug interaction effect was observed in simulator accidents; however, the data do not allow us to identify the impairment mechanism leading to this result. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Driving tests KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Personnel performance KW - Speed control KW - Steering KW - Steering control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25657/DOT-HS-806-405_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379733 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Wolfson, R P AU - Gower, J H AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - THE ROLE OF COMPUTER MODELING AND SIMULATION IN ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 62-73 AB - Computer modeling and simulation is widely used in support of electric and hybrid vehicle research and development. Many modeling-assisted studies and assessments, involving candidate technology comparisons, have been performed to provide information for management planning and research decisions. Modeling has also been extensively used in engineering activities including preliminary and final design optimization. A wide range of programs has been developed including small ones for use on hand-held programmable calculators and large programs involving more than 11,000 lines. Many programs exist in the public domain, and two major programs are available on commercial time-sharing systems. KW - Calculators KW - Development KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Simulation KW - Time sharing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380080 AU - Mayas, JMB AU - Boyd, N K AU - Collins, M A AU - Harris, B I AU - Johnson (Lawrence) and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF DEMOGRAPHIC, SITUATIONAL, AND MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING RESTRAINT USAGE IN AUTOMOBILES PY - 1983/02 SP - 160 p. AB - Data were obtained from a nationwide telephone survey, extensive face-to-face interviews, and observations to assess the impact of demographic, situational, and motivational variables on seat belt use. The results revealed that almost one-third of the variance in seat belt usage could be explained by one demographic factor (education), one situational factor (the amount of driving done on divided highways), and four motivational factors (comfort ratings of the restraint system, convenience ratings of the restraint system, influence ratings of potential safety message sources, and the willingness to equate seat belt use with other good health practices). In addition, the results revealed that those individuals most likely to have increased their seat belt use across time fall within the 25-34 year old age group, have younger children present in their households, and tend to be more educated. Despite a significant correlation between self-reported and observed measures of seat belt use, the results indicated that self-reported usage figures are somewhat inflated. In over 90% of the observed cases, seat belts were not being worn. The data are useful in helping to design campaigns aimed at increasing restraint system use for both automobile drivers and passengers. KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Highways KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety and security KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education KW - Transportation safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193049 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379729 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Bellows, R J AU - Grimes, P AU - Einstein, Hebert H AU - Kantner, E AU - Malachesky, P AU - Newby, K AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - ZINC-BROMINE BATTERY DESIGN FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 26-32 AB - Design projections for zinc-bromine batteries are attractive for electric vehicle applications in terms of low manufacturing costs ($28/kWh) and good performance characteristics. Zinc-bromine battery projections (60-80 Wh/kg, 130-200 W/kg) compare favorably to both current lead acid batteries and proposed advanced battery candidates. The performance of recently developed battery components with 1200 square cm electrodes in a 120V, 10 kWh module is described. Similarly constructed smaller scale (600 square cm) components have shown lifetimes exceeding 400 cycles and the ability to follow both regenerative braking (J227aD) and random cycling regimes. Initial dynamometer evaluations of full scale 20 kWh batteries is expected in early 1984. KW - Costs KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Performance KW - Zinc KW - Zinc-bromine batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196332 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379730 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - McElroy, J F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - FUEL CELL POWER PLANTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 33-41 AB - The SPE (registered trademark) fuel cell has been under continuous development since the mid-fifties. For the most part the applications have been of a specialty type such as for space vehicle electrical power, remote or mobile ground power, and undersea systems. The common denominator of these specialty power plant applications is that each is obliged to pay a premium for electric power generation. As a result the SPE fuel cell has been economically competitive in the specialty powerplant market. Until recently the SPE fuel cell has not been considered economically viable in the industrial/commercial markets in competition with gas turbine generators or internal combustion engines. However, in the last few years the electrical current density capability of the SPE fuel cell has markedly increased which has the impact of reducing capital costs on the basis of the kW output rating. During 1981, a study was conducted for the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to determine the feasibility of using this SPE fuel cell technology for vehicular propulsion. The results show that with adequate development, a power plant is possible which will meet the performance, size, and weight objectives, and that the costs for such a system could be competitive with other potential advanced power systems. KW - Capital costs KW - Concept vehicles KW - Costs KW - Electric current KW - Electric power KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fuel cells KW - Output KW - Power plants /vehicle/ KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379737 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Yue, O-C AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - SPREAD SPECTRUM MOBILE RADIO, 1977-1982 PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 98-105 AB - In 1977, Cooper and Nettleton proposed a spread spectrum mobile radio system using frequency-hopping multiple access, Hadamard coding for error correction, and differential phase shift keyed (DPSK) modulation, and they claimed higher spectral efficiency than frequency-division (FD) FM systems. Subsequent analyses showed that the DPSK system has a spectral efficiency of 8.4 percent as compared to the efficiency of unity for a FD-FM system with 30-kHz channel spacings. Goodman et al. suggested an alternative modulation scheme in 1980, using multilevel frequency shift keying (MFSK), and a 30 percent efficiency was obtained. The research results in spread spectrum mobile radio are summarized, and the areas requiring further investigation before a commercial system can be implemented are identified. KW - Differential phase shift keyed modulation KW - Differentials (Gears) KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Mobile radio KW - Phase shift (Electricity) KW - Spread spectrum communications KW - Spread spectrum mobile radio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196340 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379726 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Trummel, M C AU - Burke, A F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF THE HYBRID TEST VEHICLE PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 7-14 AB - The development of the hybrid test vehicle (HTV) is described from its conception during Phase I of the DOE/JPL Near-Term Hybrid Vehicle Program through the design, fabrication, and delivery of the final HTV to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for evaluation and testing. Important design and test experiences gained in the development program leading to the final HTV are highlighted and described. The various mule vehicles leading to the final design are discussed. The HTV is described including computer projections of final performance. KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379732 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Hardy, K S AU - Langendoen, J M AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - ADVANCED VEHICLE SYSTEM CONCEPTS PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 51-61 AB - Various nonpetroleum vehicle system concepts for passenger vehicles in the 1990's are being considered as part of the Advanced Vehicle (AV) Assessment at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The vehicle system and subsystem performance requirements, the projected characteristics of mature subsystem candidates, and promising systems are presented. The system candidates include electric and hybrid vehicles powered by electricity with or without a nonpetroleum power source. The subsystem candidates include batteries (aqueousmobile, flow, high-temperature, and metal-air), fuel cells (phosphoric acid, advanced acids, and solid polymer electrolyte), nonpetroleum heat engines, advanced dc and ac propulsion components, power-peaking devices, and transmissions. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicles KW - Alternate fuels KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuel cells KW - Heat engines KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Petroleum KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196335 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379734 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Yanni, L A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLE TEST AND EVALUATION PROGRAM: SITE OPERATOR'S EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 74-80 AB - A total of 35 private companies and federal, state, and local agencies are currently participating in the Department of Energy's Electric Vehicle Test and Evaluation Program. These participants are operating, in aggregate, 712 electric vehicles in 22 states and the District of Columbia, and reporting monthly to the Department of Energy (DOE) on their operating and maintenance experience with the vehicles. When the program closes in 1985, an estimated 25,000 vehicle-months of data will have been collected. At this time, approximately 6000 vehicle-months of data have been collected since the program's first fully operational fleet was put into service in January 1980. The data show that battery reliability and maintenance constitute a significant problem in the vehicles now in operation. KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal government agencies KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Private enterprise KW - Reliability KW - State government KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196337 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379736 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - COLLINS, M M AU - MADER, G H AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - THE TIMING OF EV RECHARGING AND ITS EFFECT ON UTILITIES PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 90-97 AB - Electric vehicles (EV's) represent an important future load on the electric utility system which, if properly managed, could increase power plant utilization and reduce the average cost of generating electricity. A future EV population of 7.5 million is addressed, together with its characteristics, vehicle use, consequent recharging loads, and the impact of EV's on electric utilities in terms of the generation of electric power, fuel use, and costs. The impact on utilities will depend in part on when the vehicles are recharged. If the price of electricity is uniform throughout the day, recharging is likely to begin when vehicles are parked at home. Most of the recharging would then occur during late afternoon and early evening hours when other demands for electricity are high. In the year 2000, peak electricity demand would increase by 5700 MW, and oil-and gas-fired power plants would generate 39 percent of the recharge power. Marginal generating costs would average 7.6 cents/kWh in 1982 dollars. If electricity were priced by time of day, recharging could shift to late night hours when the other demands for electricity are low. The peak demand would increase by only 400 MW;27 percent of the power would come from oil and gas, and marginal generating costs would come from oil and gas, and marginal generating costs would average only 5.1 cents/kWh, some 25 percent less than the marginal cost of the system load without EV's. The fuels to recharge EV's were found to vary from one region of the country to the next. Utilities in the northeast would use the most oil and gas for recharging (more than 75 percent), while those in the central part of the country would use the least. KW - Costs KW - Electric utilities KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Recharge KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379738 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - McGeehan, J P AU - Bateman, A J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FEEDFORWARD SIGNAL REGENERATION AS A MEANS OF COMBATING MULTIPATH PROPAGATION EFFECTS IN PILOT-BASES SSB MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 106-120 AB - A technique is described, feedforward signal regeneration (FFSR), to combat the effects of multipath propagation on VHF and UHF pilot tone single sideband (SSB) mobile radio systems. Unlike feedforward automatic gain control (FFAGC), FFSR suppresses both the random amplitude and phase fluctuation in the received signal. Extensive laboratory and field tests have shown that the operation of SSB at UHF frequencies is a viable proposition for both speech and data communication. KW - Communication systems KW - Multipath propagation KW - Pilot-based single sideband mobile radio KW - Radio KW - Regeneration KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379727 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Weinstock, I B AU - Matricardi, V R AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - SUMMARY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE ENERGY SOURCE TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 15-20 AB - The many requirements that electric vehicles impose on energy sources are presented. The capabilities and potential problem areas of various electrochemical energy sources being considered for vehicle propulsion are reviewed, and their state of technology development is compared to expected vehicular performance requirements. KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy resources KW - Energy sources KW - Technology KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379573 AU - Flynn, D R AU - Yaniv, S L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE CRITERIA STUDY: RELATIONS AMONG FREQUENCY RATING PROCEDURES PY - 1983/02 SP - 57 p. AB - A series of calculations was performed to ascertain how well one frequency-weighted rating, such as weighted sound level, loudness level, or perceived noise level, may be predicted from another such rating. A total of 103 average sound level spectra, measured at several distances from different types of highways, were used in these calculations. It was found that knowing a single noise rating, such as the A-weighted sound level, enables one to predict other outdoor ratings in this set of 103 spectra with a standard deviation of the order of 1 to 2 dB. If, in addition, traffic speed and mix and the distance to the highway are taken into account, these standard deviations can be reduced to 0.5 to 1 dB, depending upon the particular noise rating of interest. Equations are given for predicting one rating from another; the associated standard deviations are presented as a measure of how well any given rating can be predicted from a single measured, or otherwise known, noise rating. It is concluded that it is not very critical which frequency-weighting procedure is used in conjunction with highway noise criteria since one descriptor can be predicted from another with a rather small statistical uncertainty. Thus, if human response criteria, or stimulus-response relationships, have been developed in terms of one frequency-weighting procedure, these may be translated into equivalent criteria expressed in terms of a metric that is easier to measure or predict. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Ratings KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192545 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379735 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Bish, J R AU - Tietmeyer, G P AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLE FIELD TEST EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 81-89 AB - Thirty-five experimental GMC electric vans accumulated over 300,000 miles in a field test application as telephone service and repair vehicles. Information was obtained on recharging lead-acid traction batteries which led to microprocessor control of the recharge. Energy consumption, ac kilowatt hours per mile, was greatly reduced and recharge efficiency increased by accurate control of the recharge. Battery energy density (range) and wear-out remain concerns which promote the need for a new energy source for commercial electric vehicles. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy consumption KW - Field tests KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Microprocessors KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Recharge KW - Vans KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196338 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379731 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - KURTZ, D W AU - Levin, R R AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - EHV SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY--A LOOK AT THE PRINCIPLES AND CURRENT STATUS PY - 1983/02 VL - T-32 IS - 1 SP - p. 42-50 AB - Systems analysis provides a crucial focal point which binds together the various component and subsystem technologies in electric and hybrid vehicle (EHV) development. Basic principles and practices involved in system engineering are examined in order to define this sometimes nebulous concept better. Recent electric vehicle (EV) system developments are reviewed with some emphasis on their fundamental limitations. Hybrid-electric vehicles (HV's) are introduced as an alternative which overcomes many of these limitations. A hybrid concept assessment methodology is presented which utilizes the state of the technology and yet satisfies Department of Energy (DOE) petroleum displacement goals. KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy conservation KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Methodology KW - Petroleum KW - Systems analysis KW - Systems engineering KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196334 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379553 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Hingson, R W AU - Scotch, N AU - Mangione, T AU - Meyers, A AU - Glantz, L AU - Heeren, T AU - Lin, N AU - Mucatel, M AU - Pierce, G AU - American Public Health Association TI - IMPACT OF LEGISLATION RAISING THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE IN MASSACHUSETTS FROM 18 TO 20 PY - 1983/02 VL - 73 IS - 2 SP - p. 163-170 AB - On April 16, 1979, Massachusetts raised its legal drinking age from 18 to 20 years. Massachusetts was compared with New York State, exclusive of New York City and Nassau County. New York State retained an 18-year-old drinking age. Random telephone surveys with approximately 1,000 16-19 year olds in each state were undertaken prior to the law's enactment and twice at yearly intervals after the law to assess the law's impact on teenage drinking, driving after drinking, and non-fatal accident involvement. Fatal crash data reported to the US Department of Transportation by each state from April 16, 1976-April 15, 1981 were also analyzed. After the law, although the modes of procuring alcohol changed, no significant changes were observed in Massachusetts relative to New York in the proportion of surveyed teenagers who reported that they drank or in the volume of their consumption. The proportion of teenagers who drove after drinking heavily (six or more drinks at one time) did not decline in Massachusetts relative to New York. However, the frequency that teenagers reported driving after any drinking declined significantly in Massachusetts. Frequency of teenage driving after marijuana use and non-fatal teenage accidents declined at comparable rates in both states. The numbers of teenage nighttime single vehicle fatal accidents declined more in Massachusetts than New York, in the 18-19 year age group. Overall fatal accident trends among 16-19 year olds in the two states were similar. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Marijuana KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196192 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379021 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Cernansky, N P AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - DIESEL EXHAUST ODOR AND IRRITANTS: A REVIEW PY - 1983/02 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - p. 97-104 AB - This paper deals with the measurement and characterization of light-duty vehicle odor and irritant emissions and with their environmental consequences. The engine control technologies being introduced to limit other exhaust pollutants are discussed here only as they relate to the problems of odor and irritation from light-duty diesels. However, control technologies specific to odor and irritants are discussed here in more detail. KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Irritants KW - Measurement KW - Odors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195909 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379022 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - DRIVER TRAINING REDUCES ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/02 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - Three different types of fleet driver training programs are presented. The Aetna driver improvement workshop uses Transactional Analysis techniques applied to a driver's attitude when behind the wheel. The million milers program offers four different types of service: (1) driver evaluation; (2) problem-case training, (3) fleet training, and (4) training for a fleet's own in-house trainer and evaluator. The Xerox Loss Prevention Program is based upon the simple premise that there is no single cause of traffic accidents and hence no single solution: It uses a multi-phase approach: training, awareness building, safe-driver recognition, and negative deterrence. KW - Behavior KW - Driver clinic KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195910 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379040 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - QUALITY THE GLITTERING PRIZE PY - 1983/02 VL - 163 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-16 AB - The article discusses the question of quality and how this may be achieved by U.S. auto manufacturers. Today's quality problems are related to consumerism, competition and the history of product-development. Economic forces have helped place greater emphasis on quality which has also been triggered by Japanese competition. Experts hold that regaining the competitive edge on quality will require a philosophical change in order to achieve consistently high quality levels. Quality can only result from total planning at the inception of a project and includes coordination among research, design, manufacturing, purchasing, and service. A major element in this is the engaging of the designers with the suppliers and understanding their needs and limitations. It is noted that competition and recognition can promote quality. It is also noted that the most important impact on the customer's perception of quality may be the quality of dealer service. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Consumers KW - Level of service KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Research KW - Service KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195927 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379425 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Frantzeskakis, J M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS ON TWO NON-CONTROLLED ACCESS NATIONAL HIGHWAYS IN GREECE PY - 1983/02 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-32 AB - Although steadily decreasing, road accident rates and especially fatality rates are still higher in Greece than those of the other countries of the European Economic Community. About one-third of all road accidents reported and 43% of fatal accidents occur on the 8,760 kilometers of the national road network. A large number of these accidents occur on the two main national highways leading from Athens to Salonica and Patras, especially on their sections near Athens, where traffic flows are the highest observed on the National Road Network. This article presents the main findings of two accident analysis studies carried out. One is for the period 1977-79 on the section of the National Road Athens-Salonica from kilometer 7 to kilometer 44 and the other is for the period 1972-1980 on the sections of the National Road Athens-Patras from kilometer 13 to kilometer 57. The examined sections are mostly 4-lane undivided roads. The main factors considered in this study were: accident rate comparisons; seasonal, daily and hourly variations; effect of street lighting: relation of accidents to traffic volumes and level of service; and, identification of hazardous locations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis of variance KW - Arterial highways KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Daily KW - Daily variations KW - Fatalities KW - Four lane highways KW - High risk locations KW - Level of service KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379428 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS: PART II: GM EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION SYSTEMS PY - 1983/02 VL - 159 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - Automotive emission controls have evolved in various directions. While one carmaker approaches an emissions problem from one angle, another manufacturer may take a different line on the problem. As a result, the last ten years has seen the development of an incredible number of emission devices. Because of this a series of articles is being published that will explain the function of the various emission control devices and the kind of problems they cause when they stop doing their job. This article deals with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems used on 1977-82 General Motors cars. This article specifically covers: (1) EGR valves, including single diaphragm, positive backpressure and negative backpressure; (2) EGR control, including a variety of devices that can be added to the vacuum line to help control operation of the valve; and (3) Diesel EGR, including the EGR valve, vacuum regulator valve (VRV), response vacuum reducer (RVR), vacuum modulator valve (VMV), torque converter clutch operated solenoid (TCC) and exhaust pressure regulator valve (EPR). KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Diesel engines KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Gasoline engines KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196110 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379442 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - BURTCH, T M AU - SANDERSON, R W AU - Irwin, P S AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - VEHICLE DOWNSIZING AND ROADWAY DESIGN IN CANADA PY - 1983/02 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-20 AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor vehicle design, that is, vehicle downsizing, and the design of roadway and roadside elements, as they relate to the Canadian environment. Accordingly, the first step was a review of current geometric and roadside design standards to identify the vehicle performance and size characteristics used in formulation of these standards. The second step was an assessment of how these vehicle characteristics could be expected to change over the period 1980-1990. The third step included a "sensitivity analysis" of roadway and roadside design elements, using representative vehicle characteristics for both 1980 and 1990. This type of analysis would identify to what extent design elements are influenced by changes in vehicle dimensions, or to what degree can existing design standards accommodate change with no significant change in system safety. KW - Analysis KW - Change KW - Design standards KW - Downsizing KW - Forecasting KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Roadside KW - Sensitivity KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196124 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379025 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - MAHALEL, D AU - Hakkert, A S AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - FURTHER ASPECTS OF TRAFFIC ARRIVAL PATTERNS ON A MULTILANE HIGHWAY PY - 1983/02 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 71-86 AB - The model presented in this study describes the arrival pattern of vehicles on a multilane unidirectional highway. It is based on the assumption that in discrete time intervals, the vehicle arrival patterns can be described as Markov chain process. The Markov properties conveniently enable the expression of interdependence of vehicle arrivals within and among lanes. From the empirical data collected, it was found that in the fast lane, the arrival process is overdispersed and the tendency for bunching is greater than under Poisson distribution conditions. The arrival process in the slow lane is underdispersed and the vehicles tend to distribute themselves deterministically along the lane. The cross-correlation function between the arrival processes in two adjacent lanes indicates a clear dependence between the two processes. This dependence might limit the number of potential overtakings, increases the friction between lanes and increases the probability for a side collision. KW - Analysis KW - Markov processes KW - Mathematical models KW - Multilane highways KW - Passing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195913 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379044 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SURVEY REVEALS INDUSTRY STILL STRONG, BUT IN TRANSITION PY - 1983/02 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This article reports the results of a survey by School Bus Fleet magazine. Surveys were sent to 1000 readers; 383 fleets responded. Eighty-two percent of the respondants represented school district operated fleets and 18 percent represented contract haulers. Results indicate longer turnover, more mileage, and the beginnings of a shift to diesel powerplants. KW - Data collection KW - Diesel engines KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Motor vehicles KW - School buses KW - Service life KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle age KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195931 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379030 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - HEWITT, R H AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - MEASURING CRITICAL GAP PY - 1983/02 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 87-109 AB - A method is derived which estimates the probability distribution of the critical gaps of those drivers entering a main road at a priority junction who have rejected the initial lag offered to them, using observations of the sizes of the gaps refused and that eventually accepted by the driver. An extension of the method estimates the probability distribution of the critical times of all drivers, on the assumption that each driver's critical lag and critical gap are equal, from observations of the sizes of the initial lags accepted and rejected by the driver, and the sizes of subsequent gaps considered if the initial lag is rejected. Both methods have been tested using data obtained by computer simulation. Estimates of the mean and standard deviation obtained using each method are substantially unbiased and have a fairly small standard error. Estimates of the critical gap and critical time distributions obtained using the methods are subject to considerable errors in individual cells of the distribution, however, unless the data set used is very large. An approximate method is also suggested whereby the original probability distribution of the critical gap of all drivers, including those who accept the initial lag, can be estimated from the same data by assuming a simple form for any difference between the distributions of critical lags and critical gaps. KW - Critical gap KW - Critical lag KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Gap acceptance KW - Intersections KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195917 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379043 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SO NEAR ...BUT SO FAR PY - 1983/02 VL - 16 IS - 9 SP - p. 10-11 AB - The most common excuses for not wearing a seat belt include the fact that it was only a short trip. This article states that this is a poor excuse because most accidents happen on short trips. It goes on to prove the point by listing statements obtained from a survey of people who made short trips, had an accident and were saved by wearing their seat belts. KW - Awareness KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195930 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379045 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SPECIAL EDUCATION SCREENING TEST PY - 1983/02 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 44-45 AB - This article reports that Dr. Ray Turner, a private consultant and an industry expert on transporting handicapped students, has developed a screening process known as the Special Education Driver Screening Test that will enable transportation managers to find qualified and capable drivers for this special area of pupil transportation. A brief discussion is included on test purpose, test administration, and evaluating results. An insert shows a sample of the test questions. KW - Bus drivers KW - Personnel management KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195932 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379016 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Mercaldo, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE TROUBLE-SHOOTING QUIZ PY - 1983/02 VL - 222 IS - 2 SP - 5 p. AB - This quiz consists of four questions and answers: (1) Your car pulls to one side; (2) Your engine is overheating; (3) Your engine has the shakes (idles roughly); and (4) Your engine stalls. KW - Automobiles KW - Engine idling KW - Idling KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Overheating KW - Repairing KW - Stall KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195905 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379024 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Mullins, P J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - DRIVING FOR INCREASED COMPETITIVENESS PY - 1983/02 VL - 163 IS - 2 SP - p. S3-S5 AB - The prolonged world recession and sharply increased competition from abroad have brought home the brutal truth that the British motor industry must improve its competitiveness, or be overwhelmed. The article gives examples of the prodigious efforts that have been made by the motor industry. These include concentrating car making at large-scale factories, increasing production line efficiency, improving labor relations, intensive use of CAD/CAM techniques, and increasing utilization of robots. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Production methods KW - Productivity KW - Robotics KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195912 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379026 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - ROOD, J AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE LEAGUE OF FRIGHTENED DRIVERS PY - 1983/02 VL - 16 IS - 9 SP - 6 p. AB - In this parody of a Nero Wolfe story, Nero Wolftrap and his associate, Archie Woodwind are to find out how to avoid dying or being injured in automobile accidents. Archie Woodwind interviews the members of the League of Accident Avoidance and finds out that for a variety of reasons, most of them foolish, they don't wear their seat belts. Nero Wolftrap's solution: wear your safety belts and it will save your health and perhaps your life. KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195914 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379033 JO - Transportation Research Part B: Methodological PB - Elsevier AU - BAKER, RGV AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ON THE KINEMATICS AND QUANTUM DYNAMICS OF TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1983/02 VL - 17B IS - 1 SP - p. 55-66 AB - The hydrodynamic model of traffic flow is presented and interpreted. Traffic dimensions are defined for the dynamic entities of flow and the behaviour of congestive and dispersive flow is discussed dependent on the value of the local traffic transfer number, R. The wave equation is one example of dispersive flow, where quantum numbers define the condition of free flow at the endpoints of the link. The Schrodinger equation is defined and applied to the study of the cyclic work journey and the problem of traffic lights as an harmonic oscillator. KW - Dynamics KW - Kinematics KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic transfer number UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195920 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379443 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - HOPPER, R H AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - WHY DRIVING RULES DIFFER PY - 1983/02 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 21-24 AB - Information is provided on driving rule preferences of various countries, that is, driving on the left side or on the right side. This preference emerges from the source of influence. This source of influence may be a result of national heritage or as a result of various customs or traditions. Research into the question reveals the basic reasons. To begin with, about 90% of the human race is right handed and always has been. Until about 200 years ago, this right handedness favored keeping to the left. But later development in certain countries of large horse drawn freight wagons with drivers seated on the left rear horse of the team resulted in rules to keep to the right to pass oncoming traffic. Finally, once a nation had developed a custom of driving on one side of the road, it became increasingly difficult and costly to switch to the other side. Still, changes have been made, many of them connected with military activities and transfers of sovereignty. KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Foreign KW - History KW - Left-hand driving KW - Right hand drive KW - Rule of the road KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379429 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - DUST BOOT PY - 1983/02 VL - 159 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - It would seem that installing caliper dust boots is a straightforward operation. However, the real world situation is that a lot of dust boots are not properly installed, and many calipers go back into service with boots that are unseated. The dust boot may not seem like a critical item, but unless it is correctly seated all around and in good condition (no cuts), dirt and moisture can get into the piston bore. This article deals with dust boot replacement with the three basic types of dust boots, the integral ring type, the external ring type and the groove lip boot. KW - Brake calipers KW - Brake components KW - Building KW - Dust boots KW - Equipment replacement KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Replacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196111 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379038 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Baker, A AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - REVOLUTIONS IN VEHICLE IMPROVEMENT PY - 1983/02 VL - 163 IS - 2 SP - p. S10-S12 AB - Recent research and developments in transmission and brake systems are reviewed. The advantages of the recently developed Maxwell transmission are described. It is compact, light, and cheap because the straight forward mechanical design allows use of orthodox production machinery. It has better fuel economy and a better ratio spread. Work at Lucas Research has focused on transmission management as applied to continuously variable transmission drives. The Lucas group has also announced a new suspension development known as Modulated Ride Suspension, which is a self-levelling system with hydraulic actuation and electronics control based on a microprocessor. Two other suspension developments involving Moulton Hydrogas units are also described. New designs in braking include those from Lucas Girling, Automotive Products' Lockheed Brake Division and from Dunlop. KW - Brakes KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Suspension systems KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195925 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379039 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Hartley, J R AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - ROBOTS SPARK TK'S OUTPUT PY - 1983/02 VL - 163 IS - 2 SP - p. 12-13 AB - This article describes the quick die change process, robots for assembly, and the famous Japanese just-in-time system which have combined to boost productivity in Toyo Kogyo's new Hofu assembly plant. At Hofu, the dies and bolsters slide out from the side of the press on rails. The die set required next is kept waiting on rails on the other side of the press. In the welding shop, 88% of the welding is automated by 130 robots and 12% by multiwelder. In the paint shop 20 Tokico units are in use. Innovations in the assembly shop that improve working conditions are also noted. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Productivity KW - Quick die change KW - Robots KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195926 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379027 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MOTORCYCLE MAINTENANCE PY - 1983/02 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - p. 22-28 AB - This article explains how to prepare your motorcycle for that first spring ride: complete tuneup, check the tires, spokes, rims, brakes, handlebar, cables, levers, mirrors, shock absorbers, steering stem, frame, fenders, wiring, every nut and bolt, shifter, clutch, transmission, chain and engine. Also, before that first spring ride, you'll want to check the operator's equipment including: helmet, eye protection, footwear, gloves and clothing. The article indicates which back issues of "Driver" explained in detail how to do all of this. KW - Engine tuning KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Motorcycles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety practices KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379414 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXISTING DWI ENFORCEMENT-ORIENTED PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS THEMES AND MATERIALS PY - 1983/02 SP - 29 p. AB - This report provides some of the preliminary findings of a study on combined enforcement/public communications strategies for the general deterrence of DWI that might be of use for State/local highway safety planners, public communications specialists, and others interested in the perceived risk/fear of arrest approach to reducing DWI. The general deterrence approach has perhaps the best potential for reducing the deaths and injuries resulting from drunk driving because it attempts to affect a large target population-the potential drinking driver. An essential element of achieving a general deterrent effect is to raise the driving public's perception of the risk of arrest and subsequent sanctioning. If this perceived risk is raised to a high enough level, presumably potential drinking drivers will alter their drinking and driving behavior in order to avoid the consequences of being arrested and sanctioned for DWI. This report contains a brief description of these sixteen communication themes and a selected listing, for each theme, of existing public communications materials and program reports (in Section II). A resource guide indicating where these materials can be obtained is included in Section III. This report provides some basic ideas and examples of materials that should be useful to State/local highway safety planners, public information and education specialists, and others interested in reducing drunk driving by conducting combined increased enforcement/public communications programs to heighten the driving public's concern about the risk of being caught and punished. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Arrests KW - Communication media KW - Deterrents KW - Driver information systems KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fear KW - Hazards KW - Law enforcement KW - Mass media KW - Public opinion KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25663/DOT-HS-806-359.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378155 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - DESIGNING FOR FINITE LIFE--WITH REDUCED COST AND WEIGHT PY - 1983/02 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-18 AB - It has been shown by teams of automotive engineers, computer scientists and materials technologists that in many areas where spec-built components are produced, considerably refined product can be offered. A strong systems approach is an important element in understanding the interaction of component behavior pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts and bearings. GTC now has the ability to bring refined computer aided engineering to bear in achieving an optimized structural design with considerable cost and weight benefits. The transformation of the farm tractor-cab, computer aided design, and computer aided manufacture are discussed. Noise and vibration effects are also discussed. A rig-test-laboratory with electro-hydraulically actuated static load and fatigue test machines which gather data to confirm design models and prove out developed systems is discussed. GTC aims to use test data analysis in continually updating and refining the design process. This article also discusses materials data, computer services and design, and service load analysis. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Costs KW - Systems engineering KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377414 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Bottoms, D J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE INTERACTION OF DRIVING SPEED, STEERING DIFFICULTY AND LATERAL TOLERANCE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO AGRICULTURE PY - 1983/02 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 123-139 AB - The paper describes an experiment designed to test an index of tracking difficulty for agricultural driving tasks as an analogy to Fitts Index of Movement Difficulty. The proposed index is defined as a function of the ratio of vehicle width to tolerance available. The results suggest that while the original proposal had some merit a better index may be one in which the dominant term is the reciprocal of the maximum heading angle error. KW - Agriculture KW - Lateral loads KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Vehicle width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195050 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378148 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Coombe, R D AU - Annesley, T J AU - GOODWIN, R P AU - Printerhall Limited TI - THE APPLICATION OF CONTRAM IN BAHRAIN PY - 1983/02 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 9 p. AB - The Ministry of Works, Power and Water in the State of Bahrain in the Arabian Gulf commissioned Halcrow Fox and Associates in mid-1981 to carry out the Bahrain Traffic Model Project. This paper briefly outlines the principal aspects of the Project. The main purpose of the paper, however, is to describe the application of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory's CONTRAM program in two of the urban areas in Bahrain, Central Manama and Muharraq. KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Traffic KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378348 AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - USER-SIDE SUBSIDIES FOR TAXIS AND BUSES IN MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA PY - 1983/02 SP - 234 p. AB - The Montgomery User-Side Subsidy Demonstration began operation in August 1977. This was one of four demonstrations of the user-side subsidy concept conducted under the UMTA Service and Management Demonstration Program, and involved the provision of reduced fare shared-ride taxi and fixed-route bus service to the elderly and handicapped with the primary objective of increasing their mobility. Eligible individuals who registered with the subsidy program were able to obtain a 50 percent discount on taxi rides through the use of vouchers, and could use tickets to ride buses for free during off-peak hours and for half fare during the peak hours. After vouchers and tickets were used by registrants to pay for rides, service providers redeemed them with the city for full value. This report summarizes the findings of an independent evaluation of the Montgomery project that was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation. User-side subsidies were found to be generally feasible, although a number of specific design and implementation problems were identified, and are described in this report. Project subsidies were utilized principally by the most mobility-disadvantaged segments of the eligible population. These individuals, who typically had low incomes and/or few travel alternatives, used the project to increase slightly their frequency of total tripmaking, and to make some trips that otherwise would have been made by less preferred means. Overall, the Montgomery project provides evidence that user-side subsidies can be a viable and practical technique for facilitating the mobility of the elderly and handicapped. KW - Aged KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Fixed routes KW - Mobility KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ridesharing KW - Taxi services KW - User side subsidies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191620 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378149 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - GALIN, D AU - Printerhall Limited TI - APPLICATIONS OF THE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION APPROACH TO THE QUALITY OF SERVICE--EMPIRICAL FINDINGS PY - 1983/02 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - p. 77-81 AB - This article reports the results of a road study carried out to test the applicability of a new approach for determining the Quality of Service (QOS) of rural roads. The proposed QOS measure was found to be applicable. It was found that the drivers' evaluations of the quality of the road elements are not always similar to those of engineers. In addition it was revealed that drivers assign different levels of importance to the various elements of the road in their QOS evaluation. Another finding was the significant differences of perception of various sub-populations of drivers, such as truck drivers or holiday drivers. In conclusion it is stated that citizen participation and the incorporation of behavioural aspects in QOS evaluation and the determination of road geometry standards are both highly beneficial and inevitable. KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Perception KW - Public participation KW - Quality of service KW - Rural highways KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378156 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - FOCUS ON BEARINGS FOR VEHICLES. ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS FOR VEHICLE HUBS PY - 1983/02 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 20-28 AB - Various aspects of rolling element bearings for vehicle hubs are discussed. A discussion of the RHP approach to hub and king-pin bearing specification cover types, features and applications, and king-pin thrust bearings. The importance of close consultations at an early stage for the production of effective suspension packages is emphasized. The discussion of bearing setting techniques for hubs and axle pinions, describes a statistical technique for the verifying of an established hub bearing setting method. An axle pinion bearing technique is also described. Taper-rollers for crankshaft mains and hub unit for anti-lock braked car are covered in a discussion of rolling element bearings. An engine bearing design update for plain bearings is given. Test systems for plain bearings are described. Characteristics of porous metal bearings are summarized. KW - Axle pinions KW - King-pin bearings KW - Metals KW - Porous materials KW - Porous metals KW - Rolling element bearings KW - Specifications KW - Taper rollers KW - Vehicle hubs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195377 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376609 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Jacobsen, E G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GENERAL MOTORS 390 ALUMINUM ALLOY 60 DEGREE V6 ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 29-34 AB - General Motors' 390 alloy 60 DEG V6 engine is an aluminum version of the cast iron engine used in GM's X car, as well as other models. The paper details the development of this experimental aluminum engine. It explores the concept of the engine, as well as the equipment and processes used to produce it. The paper also touches on the requirements for satisfactory operation of an aluminum 390 alloy engine, and compares its performance to a comparable cast iron engine. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Development KW - Performance KW - Production methods KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197263 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376610 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hofmann, H-H AU - Schellmann, K AU - Wacker, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALUMINUM 390 ALLOY ENGINE BLOCKS: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 35-41 AB - This paper begins with a discussion of the various types of aluminum engine blocks. It compares costs, designs, and various production aspects of the different types. It also details experience at Karl Schmidt with 390 alloy blocks. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Production methods KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197264 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376674 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wochnowski, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WEAR-INHIBITION BY ADSORPTION OF POLYMERIC SOLUTION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 19-22 AB - Polymers used as viscosity index improvers contribute to the wear-inhibition of multigrade engine oils. Investigations with the model oil of poly (n-butylmethacrylate) in different solvents as basic oil show that friction and wear are depending on state of solvation of the macromolecules, the adsorption of the polymer from solution on solid surface and the heat of wetting of the solvents on iron (Fe). The results are interesting for praxis. KW - Adsorption KW - Engine oils KW - Friction KW - Multigrade oils KW - Polymers KW - Tribology KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity index KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197281 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376675 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fantino, B AU - Godet, M AU - Frene, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF AN ELASTIC CONNECTING-ROD BEARING--THEORETICAL STUDY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 23-32 AB - The dynamic behavior of an elastic connecting-rod bearing is studied using an iterative method. Short bearing approximation for Reynolds' equation and plane elasticity relations for the bearing housing are used for this study. The locus of the shaft center in the bearing is calculated for the dynamic loading conditions of a connecting-rod bearing. Instantaneous elastic deformations and pressure distributions are given for different values of the load (or time). Variations of minimum film thickness, torque and flow rate versus shaft rotation are compared with those obtained for a rigid bearing housing and under the same dynamic conditions. KW - Bearings KW - Behavior KW - Connecting-rod bearings KW - Dynamic tests KW - Elastic deformation KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Rotation KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Thickness KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376689 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pereira, M AU - Ashton, S J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF PEDESTRIAN HEAD INJURY TOLERANCE DATA PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 77-85 AB - This paper presents the results of an experimental program in which the head induced damage from real world pedestrian accidents was reproduced with an impactor. An accident investigation study aimed at obtaining the necessary information for reconstructing pedestrian accidents is discussed. Results of preliminary impact tests in which the mass and velocity of the impactor were varied are presented. Impactor output from reconstructions of the head-induced damage from 24 pedestrian accidents is related to the head injury sustained by the pedestrian in the accident. The paper concludes that it is feasible to use a head form impactor for the development of pedestrian head injury tolerance data. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197295 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376690 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Greetham, T A AU - Guenther, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYSIS OF HEAD INJURIES IN REAL WORLD PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 87-92 AB - Pedestrian injuries are examined using the PICS data file for effects of pedestrian age, vehicle speed, and source of the injury. It is shown that the more severe injuries are caused by contact with the vehicle, and that a stiff structure becomes increasingly more dangerous, not only as speed increases, but as the pedestrian's age increases. KW - Age KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376693 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wijk, J van AU - Wismans, J AU - Maltha, J AU - Wittebrood, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MADYMO PEDESTRIAN SIMULATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 109-117 AB - In this paper four pedestrian models will be presented: three 2-dimensional models with 2, 5 and 7-segments respectively and one 3-dimensional model with 15 segments. All these models were formulated with the general Crash Victim Simulation package MADYMO. Model results will be compared with the experimental results of a Part 572 dummy impacted lateral at two velocities (30 and 40 km/h). The reliability of the models with respect to their complexity will be discussed. Special attention will be given to the mathematical representation of the contact between the pedestrian and sharp vehicle edges and the visualization of the complex 3-dimensional pedestrian motions with a recently developed 3D-Graphics Package. KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reliability KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376671 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STUDIES OF ENGINE BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION SP-539 PY - 1983/02 SP - 80 p. AB - This special publication contains: (1) An Experimental Study of Cavitation in Hydrodynamically Lubricated Journal Bearings-Part I: Oil Film Behaviour, M.O.A. Mokhtar and M.E. Ameen; (2) An Experimental Study of Cavitation in Hydrodynamically Lubricated Journal Bearings-Part II: Bearing Behaviour, M.O.A. Mokhtar and M.E. Ameen; (3) Wear-Inhibition by Adsorption of Polymeric Solution, Horst Wochnowski; (4) Dynamic Behaviour of an Elastic Connecting-Rod Bearing - Theoretical Study, B. Fantino, M. Godet, and J. Frene; (5) Aluminum Alloy Bearings Containing Hard Particles Fitted for Use with Nodular Cast Iron Shaft, T. Fukuoka, H. Kato, S. Kamiya, and N. Soda; (6) Kinematics and Lubrication Conditions at Cam Contact in a Centrally Pivoted Cam-Finger Follower, C.E. Lim, H.P. Evans, and R.W. Snidle; (7) Running In of Ground Surfaces Under Elastohydrodynamic Conditions, I.F. Bishop and R.W. Snidle; and (8) Contact-Point Method for Measuring Sliding Face Temperature and Its Applications, Y. Iida, K. Tanaka, and S. Fuse. KW - Bearings KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Engines KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Lubrication KW - Oil film method KW - Performance tests KW - Thickness KW - Tribology KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376606 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Renninger, G AU - Abendroth, D AU - Bolien, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CASTING ENGINE BLOCKS IN GK AL SI 17 CU 4 MG PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 9-15 AB - Mahle produces cast aluminum 390 alloy engine blocks for both Porsche AG and Daimler-Benz AG. Mahle has been involved virtually from the beginning of both companies' 390 alloy engine programs. This paper details Mahle's work in the development of the Porsche 928 V8 engine block, as well as the Mercedes 3.8 V8 block. It also details the production techniques used in the production of these blocks, and the cautions that must be exercised. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Casting KW - Production methods KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197260 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376614 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Standish, J V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION MECHANISMS OF PAINTED STEEL PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-9 AB - Electron microscopy and microprobe analysis were used to study the spread of corrosion beneath an acrylic paint film on steel. Corrosion initiates beneath the paint film in crevices formed by scribing. Corrosion spreads as the build up of corrosion products beneath the paint film drives a crack along the paint/substrate interface. The buildup of corrosion products cause defects to form in the paint film. Phosphating reduces the corrosion rate by increasing the polymer/substrate adhesion and slowing down crack growth at the interface. The improved adhesion can be explained in terms of acid-base interactions between the polymer and substrate. Sulfur was identified in the corrosion products of the one sample which was studied. The sulfur is presumed to be from atmospheric pollutants. KW - Atmospheric corrosion tests KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion tests KW - Corrosive environments KW - Electron microscopy KW - Paint KW - Phosphate coatings KW - Phosphates KW - Protective coatings KW - Steel KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197267 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376621 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Katayma, K AU - Kittaka, T AU - Uchida, Y AU - Mitani, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ONE-SIDE ALUMINIZED STEEL SHEET DEVELOPMENT AND PROPERTIES OF A NEW ANTI-CORROSION MATERIAL PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 83-105 AB - Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. has developed a new process for the production of a "one-side aluminized steel sheet". The process utilizes a double layer one-side "stop-off" coating to prevent the molten Al from adhering to the steel surface. The "Stop-off" coating is removed by simple mechanical brushing after hot dipping. The characteristics of this product by above mentioned process are: 1) The steel side was as clean as a conventional cold rolled surface and showed no trace of the "stop-off" layer. Thereby, phosphating and ED painting were performed. 2) In the salt spray test data was obtained from zinc and Al coated steel surfaces; the coatings on both surfaces being of equal thickness. The length of time it took to corrode 30% of the samples' surface was determined and it was found that the Al surface lasted three times longer than the zinc surface. 3) By selecting the lapping type weld condition, after 5,000 spot welds the one-side Aluminized steel sheet did not show a drop in shear strength. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automotive engineering KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion tests KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197274 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376625 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Adachi, T AU - Kanamaru, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE TRIM APPLICATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 145-164 AB - New ferritic stainless steels have been developed for use by the automobile industry. These steels demonstrate high resistance to pitting and a longer product lifetime can be expected, especially in "chloride type" environments. This report deals with the effects of alloying elements on steels containing 16-19% Cr, with special attention devoted to pitting resistance. It was observed that a small amount of Cu and Ni increased pitting resistance. A decrease in the S content of the steel led to an increase in the pitting resistance. The remarkable improvement in the rust staining resistance for this low S steel was confirmed by the CASS test. Based on results, 19%Cr-0.5%Cu-Ni-(Nb)-low S ferritic stainless steels were selected. These steels "NSS442M2" and "NSS442M3" have excellent rust staining resistance in the accelerated tests. The atmospheric exposure test proved that the rust staining resistance of NSS442M2 and NSS442M3 was comparable to or greater than that of Type 304. Type 430 stainless steel had been used as an automotive trim material. However, in order to meet the demand for higher corrosion resistance, Mo bearing Type 434 stainless steel is currently being used. Mo is costly as an alloying element. Due to problems in obtaining a stable primary supply, pricing structures of Type 434 have been difficult to establish. In order to overcome these situations, new ferritic stainless steels, which have a higher rust staining corrosion resistance than Type 434 were developed. These steels contain Ni and Cu instead of Mo. The Cr content is higher than that of Type 434. The S content is maintained at a very low level. This report deals with basic corrosion research for experimental heats and characteristics of the newly developed NSS442M2 and NSS442M3. NSS442M2 is equal to or better than Type 434, and NSS442M3 is equal to or better than that of Type 304. KW - Automobiles KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistant steel KW - Corrosion tests KW - Corrosive environments KW - Ferritic steels KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Pitting KW - Stainless steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376678 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bishop, I F AU - Snidle, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RUNNING IN OF GROUND SURFACES UNDER ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC CONDITIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 53-64 AB - The paper describes the results of an experimental project on the running-in of circumferentially-ground steel discs operating under conditions of elastohydrodynamic lubrication. The experiments were performed on a two-disc machine in which the discs are loaded together in nominal line-contact. A special feature of the machine is the facility for obtaining surface profiles from the discs without the need for disturbing them during the course of an experiment in which they are run-in by incremental loading. Using this facility it was possible to measure the disc surfaces at frequent intervals during a running-in test. Relocation profilometry was used to follow the development of individual surface profiles during running-in. The effect of running-in on various surface parameters was investigated using two different lubricants. The first lubricant was a medium viscosity mineral base-oil and the second lubricant was the same oil with a proprietary concentrate of extreme pressure additive of the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDTP) type. KW - Elastohydrodynamics KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Lubrication KW - Roughness KW - Running-in /tribology/ KW - Surface phenomena KW - Thickness KW - Tribology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197285 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376686 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FEASIBILITY OF ROADWAY COUNTERMEASURES FOR PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 39-49 AB - A study was conducted of the feasibility of roadway improvements as treatments for vehicle pedestrian accidents. Based on a review and analysis of available information, the most promising treatments include one-way street networks, physical barriers, and nighttime lighting. The use of sign and signal improvements and parking restrictions were also considered feasible in many instances. The use of a comprehensive program of public education, and police enforcement must complement roadway improvements to help insure more widespread benefits to pedestrian safety. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Countermeasures KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Lighting KW - One way traffic KW - Parking regulations KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Roadside improvement KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376697 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lin, H-Y AU - WIECHEL, J F AU - Guenther, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EMPIRICAL INJURY PREDICTION OF THE PEDESTRIAN THORAX PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 179-189 AB - The development of injury predictive models for pedestrian thoracic impact based on experimental data obtained in a previous study is presented. The data consists of ten cadaveric test subjects including eight side and two frontal impacts. A ten accelerometer array was mounted on the thorax to define thoracic kinematics. Three types of parameters, Q, B, and PSD, are developed to summarize each acceleration signal. A statistical regression is performed to generate empirical models for predicting the injury level (number of rib fractures) from these parameters. Coefficients of determination for these models range from 0.8 to 0.99 with the new PSD parameter showing exciting promise. Success of these parameters in predicting thoracic injury implies a relationship with frequency, particularly in the neighborhood of 60 Hz. KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197303 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376605 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nauman, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CYLINDER HEAD GASKET REQUIREMENTS FOR OPENED AND CLOSED DECK 390-ENGINES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-7 AB - The REINZ company relies on a twenty year experience in the development and high volume production of cylinder head gaskets for aluminum engines. Basic requirements which these gaskets are to comply with are discussed. Above all, thermal expansions of components resulting from the decisively different thermal coefficients of steel and aluminum are of special importance in terms of technology and design. It is described which structural aids will serve to obtain the distribution of sealing pressure which service calls for. Reasons are discussed which have led to the structural design of cylinder head gaskets for those engines which are built today on the base of Reynolds 390-Alloy. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Design KW - Gaskets KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197259 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376607 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hensler, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE NEW PORSCHE 944 4-CYLINDER-ALUMINUM ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 17-23 AB - The basic Porsche 944 engine was derived from the 928 V8 engine, which is demonstrated by cylinder distance, same crankcase design and same valve train. The engine block is cast in an open deck process with aluminum -- silicon alloy 390. Ten years experience with this alloy on 911 air-cooled and lately on 928 water-cooled engines has proven the use for aluminum engine blocks without liners. With the use of 2 counter-rotating silent shafts, to compensate rotating masses of the 2nd order, the character of a 6 cylinder engine with respect to noise and vibration is achieved. A digital engine electronic system in conjunction with a high compression ratio and a thermodynamically optimized combustion chamber achieve a very high power output with low emission and good economy. The systematic use of aluminum and plastics result in a low engine weight which even with 25% more displacement and 30% more power result in basically the same weight as the present 4 cylinder engine. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Design KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197261 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376612 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ward, H M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINEERING CONTROL FOR HIGH VOLUME 390 DIE CASTING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 57-61 AB - To functionally replace cast iron with aluminum and avoid the cost and design penalties associated with wear plates and steel inserts, an aluminum alloy with physical and wear properties superior to those available in 380 was required. 390 was first used, in high volume, during the early 1970's by General Motors for the Vega engine block. When the Vega was superseded, extensive use of 390 stopped, but its unique ability to be used in applications subject to wear was not forgotten. This paper addresses the major engineering and metallurgical principles which must be considered and how they influence the various aspects of casting design and production. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Casting KW - Design KW - Production methods KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197266 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376615 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Belleau, C AU - Kelley, D K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF GALVANIZED STEEL DEFECTS ON PAINTED APPEARANCE OF EXPOSED PANELS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-22 AB - Base steel and coating defects in galvanized steel sheet, can produce new types of appearance defects in painted automotive stampings. A large proportion of them are "print through" caused by steel or coating defects during temper rolling or subsequent forming. Quality requirements are more stringent than that currently used for zinc coated products. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion tests KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Galvanized metals KW - Paint KW - Panels KW - Protective coatings KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197268 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376685 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wollert, W AU - Bloedorn, J AU - Appel, H AU - Kuehnel, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REALIZATION OF PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION MEASURES ON CARS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 27-37 AB - For the first time a working group of German universities developed an efficient, environmentally compatible and safe passenger car. The design of the UNI-CAR was specifically adjusted to the safety of persons outside the vehicle. Thus, for protecting pedestrians and drivers of two-wheeled vehicles, several of the bodywork components were primarily developed on the basis of polyurethane integral skin foam to cushion the impact of a person upon the car from outside. For instance, the car was given a reversibly deformable front end and a cushioned bonnet as well as cushioned window frames and roof edges, without impairing the design or aerodynamics of the vehicle. The report explains the aspects of materials selection and vehicle design, the problems and experiences associated with the manufacture and application of these plastics components, as well as test results. KW - Cushioning KW - Cushioning materials KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Plastics KW - Polyurethane foams KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197291 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376687 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brun-Cassan, F AU - VALLEE, H AU - Tarriere, C AU - Fayon, A AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - Hureau, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECONSTRUCTION OF ACTUAL CAR-PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS WITH DUMMY AND CADAVERS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 51-66 AB - Car-pedestrian accidents were selected with reference to criteria like relevance in terms of injury severities, representativity and reproducibility, aiming for as accurate as possible reconstructions by dummy and cadaver tests. Parameters necessary for performance of these reconstructions were evaluated from the data of accident investigation teams. Preliminary tests were performed by research departments of automobile manufacturers to check the estimated conditions of these accidents before performing their reconstructions. A particular aim was to obtain insights into the mechanisms leading to injuries in pedestrian accidents; more generally, reconstructing actual accidents is a privileged approach to determine human tolerance limits and the corresponding protection criteria on dummies; the injuries resulting from the actual accidents are consequently compared with the data measured on dummies and cadavers in the reconstruction experiments. Conclusions are also related to the methodology of such reconstructions. KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376694 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NIEDERER, P F AU - Schlumpf, M AU - Mesqui, F AU - Hartmann, P-A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE RELIABILITY OF ANTHROPOMETRIC TEST DEVICES, CADAVERS, AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS AS PEDESTRIAN SURROGATES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 119-128 AB - The performance of pedestrian surrogates including a mathematical model is assessed on the basis of a comparison between a sample of real accidents and the results of simulated collisions. For this purpose a representative standard test program was derived from the characteristics of real accidents. A substantial increase in average injury severity is observed in reality between impact speeds of 25 and 35 km/h. This finding is reflected in the simulated collisions insofar as the measured or calculated loadings of the surrogate in general exceed the known tolerance limits only if the impact speed is in excess of 30 km/h. The lack of surrogate motion prior to impact is shown to cause the largest differences in comparison to real accident circumstances and their outcome. Moreover, the details of the measured accelerations during contact exhibit a large variability and their significance with regard to injury mechanisms remains to be established. KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reliability KW - Severity KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197300 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376696 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Backaitis, S AU - Daniel, S AU - Cesari, D AU - Cavallero, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF PEDESTRIAN KINEMATICS AND INJURIES IN STAGED IMPACT TESTS WITH CADAVERS AND MATHEMATICAL 2D SIMULATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 139-177 AB - The paper presents a comparison of kinematic responses between the MVMA-2D and the MAC-DAN pedestrian models and pedestrian cadaver kinematics observed in staged car/pedestrian impact tests. The paper also discusses the injuries experienced in the cadaver tests. Seven cadaver specimens in the standing posture were impacted at 25 mph by two different cars: one having a steel bumper and the other having a plastic bumper. The MVMA-2D and MAC-DAN mathematical pedestrian models were employed to simulate pedestrian impacts at 25 mph by a vehicle with a stylized geometry that is similar to the vehicles used in cadaver tests. Comparison of the simulations and the cadaver tests show that both models require further refinement to be able to more accurately simulate the kinematics of the lower legs during impacts with the vehicle bumper. Whereas for the head and thorax segments the MAC-DAN model simulates more accurately the timing and the location of impacts, the MVMA-2D model was found to need further modifications in the stiffness characterization of the upper thorax. Results of the tests and cadaver injuries are presented. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bumpers KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Leg KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Plastics KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376680 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PEDESTRIAN IMPACT INJURY & ASSESSMENT P-121 PY - 1983/02 SP - 284 p. AB - This publication contains the technical papers presented at a two-day Symposium on the state-of-the-art understanding of pedestrian impact injury and assessment. The goal of the Symposium was to bring into clearer focus the interactions among relevant factors involved in pedestrian injury production and to highlight the various technologies and alternatives available to the concerned technical community in its effort to arrive at meaningful countermeasures. There were several sessions dealing with the following main areas: pedestrian impact problems, the mechanisms of injury and the current accident injury statistics; mathematical and experimental studies of pedestrian impacts; and the influence of vehicle design on the consequences of pedestrian impact. KW - Assessments KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistics KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376617 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Smith, G M AU - Gronceski, G A AU - Aichbhaumik, D AU - Brinsky, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH STRENGTH GALVANIZED STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 33-50 AB - Results of a continuing program to develop a family of Cb-microalloyed high strength galvanized steels are described here. Laboratory and production data indicate that "in-line" annealed fully recrystallized sheet products having yield strengths ranging from 40 ksi (276 MPa) to 60 ksi (414 MPa) can be produced on selected galvanizing lines. Statistical analyses of production data for these steels indicate that the variation in mechanical properties from coil to coil is quite small. Sheet products having yield strengths ranging from 70 ksi (483 MPa) to 140 ksi (965 MPa) with limited ductility are over produced by recovery annealing. Pre-annealing followed by galvanizing is currently being used for such products. However, laboratory work shows that "inline" recovery annealing should be successful for these products. Limited production of "in-line" recovery annealed 120 ksi (828 MPa) min. yield strength product supports these studies. Hot rolled high strength galvanized steels are also being produced. These steels range in yield strength from 40 ksi (276 MPa) to over 80 ksi (552 MPa). Limited laboratory and production data indicate that galvanizing can cause either aging or simultaneous aging and softening depending on the annealing temperature. However, the effect upon tensile properties is minimal. The future for high strength galvanized steels looks bright because of the continuing emphasis on weight reduction and corrosion protection by the major automobile producers. Continuing development and production efforts are expanding the variety of the various H. S. galvanized steel products aimed at meeting automotive demands. KW - Annealing KW - Automotive engineering KW - Corrosion protection KW - Galvanized metals KW - High strength steel KW - Steel KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197270 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376619 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Herrschaft, D C AU - Radtke, S F AU - Coutsouradis, D AU - Pelerin, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GALFAN--A NEW ZINC-ALLOY COATED STEEL FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY USE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 67-74 AB - A new corrosion-resistant coating system, known as Galfan, has been developed for steel sheet and wire. This alloy consists of eutectic zinc-5% aluminum plus a small addition of mischmetal (less than 0.1%). It has demonstrated corrosion resistance more than twice that of conventional galvanized steel sheet or wire under similar conditions and similar coating thicknesses. The coating also has extremely good ductility under cold forming conditions and behaves comparably to conventional galvanized steel sheet with respect to spot weldability and paintability. The bath operating temperature is slightly lower than required for conventional continuous galvanizing baths, providing maximum economy in energy utilization and compatibility in coating high carbon steel spring wire. Conventional continuous galvanizing lines of the Sendzimir, Selas or Heurtey type can be converted to Galfan coating with a nominal capital investment, provided a cast iron or ceramic crucible is available. Recent research shows that Galfan may be adaptable to a Cook-Norteman continuous galvanizing line and to batch galvanizing. The development of this product fills a commercial need for a superior product with minimal changes in established conventional galvanizing processing methods. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Galvanized metals KW - Steel KW - Zinc alloys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376681 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McLean, A J AU - WOODWARD, A J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA OVER TWO DECADES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-6 AB - The paper reviews changes in the pattern of pedestrian accidents and pedestrian injuries in South Australia during the two decades from 1960. The data are drawn from two in-depth accident studies, each based on a representative sample of road accidents to which an ambulance was called, conducted in 1963-64 and 1976-77, and the road accident records of the South Australian Police Force. The paper examines the changes which have occurred in the frequency and nature of pedestrian accidents in conjunction with the more widespread use of controlled pedestrian road crossings, and also the marked liberalization of State licensing laws regarding hotel opening hours. Changes in the causes and distribution of injuries to pedestrians are also noted. KW - Crash rates KW - Crosswalks KW - Data KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376683 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dedoyan, A J AU - Petit, P AU - Perfus, J P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF INJURIES SUSTAINED BY PEDESTRIANS IN URBAN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-15 AB - This study, carried out within two years, deals with 441 pedestrians, casualties in traffic accidents, in which the Lyon SAMU intervened, in a geographic area corresponding to the Lyonese region. This study concerns the lesions according to body sectors, their severity and shows the severity of cephalic lesions. KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197289 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376698 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Farisse, J AU - BONNOIT, J AU - Seriat-Gautier, B AU - Daou, N AU - Lang, O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATION OF PEDESTRIAN LOWER LIMBS INJURY SEVERITY: PROPOSALS FOR A DETAILED SCALE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 191-203 AB - During the last three years, our Group which is entitled FOC (bringing together the Faculte de Medecine in Marseille, the Organisme National de Securite Routiere, and the Citroen-PSA Group) has been investigating experimental lesions produced by impacts of vehicles against pedestrians. The Authors of this study are all researchers in this field, and face the problem of evaluating quantitatively the severity of the different lesions that are observed, whether these be isolated or associated with others. Application of the AIS scaling method is a procedure which has the merit of existing, of being understood and of being adopted throughout the world. From our own direct experience it has however seemed to us necessary to draw attention to the imperfections of this method, doing so on the basis of fifty homogeneous impacts that have been studied. From the moment when the morphological analysis of cadaver investigations is performed, obvious distortions are observed. These distortions will be confirmed later on, by examination of the clinical files. Since our purpose in analysing the lesions produced by different types of vehicles was to be able to make proposals to vehicle manufacturers concerning the shapes and structures of bodywork that would be less injurious, it has seemed essential to us that the AIS scaling method should be complemented by a certain number of additional parameters. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Evaluation KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Leg KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376700 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cavallero, C AU - Cesari, D AU - Ramet, M AU - Billault, P AU - Farisse, J AU - Seriat-Gautier, B AU - BONNOIT, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVEMENT OF PEDESTRIAN SAFETY: INFLUENCE OF SHAPE OF PASSENGER CAR-FRONT STRUCTURES UPON PEDESTRIAN KINEMATICS AND INJURIES: EVALUATION BASED ON 50 CADAVER TESTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 225-237 AB - Faced with the importance of road accidents involving pedestrians struck by passenger cars (18% of those killed in road accidents in France), an experimental program of vehicle/pedestrian impact analysis has been since 1979 developed. The program is an example of teamwork between doctors and engineers. The theme of this paper is to compare the influence of different vehicles used upon the consequences of impact, at a speed of 32 km/h and on the basis of tests with cadavers. The results of this research show that there is a great similarity between the vehicles used. In spite of the differences of mass, of profile, of bonnet length, and of the position and the shape of the front bumper, the variations in terms of injury consequences, as well as the impact kinematics, are difficult to weigh up. The improvement of pedestrian safety implies either changes affecting small areas and necessarily having limited effects, or alternations to the parts of the vehicles that are struck by pedestrians, such alterations involving characteristics that are specific to this type of protection. KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376613 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE STUDY AND PREVENTION OF CORROSION SP-538 PY - 1983/02 SP - 172 p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Atmospheric Corrosion Mechanisms of Painted Steel, J.V. Standish; Effects of Galvanized Steel Defects on Painted Appearance of Exposed Panels, C. Belleau and D.K. Kelley; Perforation Corrosion at Lapped and Cold Formed Portions in Cold Rolled and Galvanized Sheet Steels, S. Kobayashi, T. Irie, and H. Takahashi; The Development of High Strength Galvanized Steels for Automotive Applications, G.M. Smith, D. Aichbhaumik, G.A. Gronceski, and J.J. Brinsky; Galvanized Coating Effects in Outer Body Panels, C. Belleau and D.K. Kelley; Galfan-A New Zinc-Alloy Coated Steel for Automotive Body Use, D.C. Herrschaft, S.F. Radtke, D. Coutsouradis, and J. Pelerin; Newly Developed Zn-Fe/Zn-Ni Double-Layer Electroplated Steel Sheet, I. Kokubo, S. Nomura, H. Sakai, M. Sakaguchi, and M. Iwai; "One-Side Aluminized Steel Sheet"-Development and Properties of a New Anti-Corrosion Material, K. Katayma, T. Kittaka, Y. Uchida, and Y. Mitani; Multilayer ElectroGalvanized (Zn-Cr-CrOx) Steel Sheet for Optimum Corrosion Protection of Car Bodies, A. Catanzano, G. Arrigoni, M. Palladino, and M. Sarracino; The Effect of Emission Control Systems and Fuel Composition on the Composition of Exhaust Gas Condensate, J.E. Hunter; Corrosiveness of Exhaust Gas Condensates, R.L. Chance and R.G. Ceselli; and New Ferritic Stainless Steels for Automotive Trim Application, T. Adachi and T. Kanamaru. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion tests KW - Corrosive environments KW - Paint KW - Protective coatings KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376600 AU - Compton-Bowman, M J AU - Barhydt, W H AU - Compton, C P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - ADAAS (AUTOMATED DATA ACCESS AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM). A CROSS-REFERENCE GUIDE TO MULTI-DISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION CASES IN SUMMARY VOLUMES PY - 1983/02 SP - 160 p. AB - Summaries of Multi-disciplinary Accident Investigations (MDAI) sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration were assigned DOT HS numbers and published in summary volumes. No previous document has provided a cross-reference to these case summaries by volume number. This reference guide will prove invaluable to those who desire the summary text of MDAI case investigations. With the increased interest in reviewing MDAI case documentation, users of these data are able to quickly determine if full case review is necessary. An attempt has been made to provide a complete cross-index of MDAI cases but omissions do occur from the summary volume sequence numbers. UMTRI has included here only those case numbers which have been added to the case documentation housed at the University of Michigan and for which DOT HS numbers have been assigned. KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - Disciplines KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Multi-disciplinary accident investigations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376602 AU - Robbins, D H AU - Melvin, J W AU - Huelke, D F AU - Sherman, H W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - BIOMECHANICAL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY PY - 1983/02 SP - 98 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to combine state-of-the-art detailed accident investigation procedures, computerized vehicle crash and occupant modeling, and biomechanical analysis of human injury causation into a method for obtaining greatly enhanced biomechanical data from vehicle crashes. Four accident cases, out of eighteen investigated, were selected for detailed reconstruction. Three were frontal impacts while the fourth was lateral. The CRASH II and MVMA2D analytical models were used in the reconstruction process. Biomechanical analysis of the predicted results led to the conclusion that such procedures, when used carefully, could estimate the level of force applied to vehicle occupants during accidents. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376622 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Catanzano, A AU - Arrigoni, G AU - Palladino, M AU - Sarracino, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MULTILAYER ELECTROGALVANIZED (ZN-CR-CROX) STEEL SHEET FOR OPTIMUM CORROSION PROTECTION OF CAR BODIES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 107-124 AB - Complex requirements a precoated steel must satisfy during pressing, welding, painting and providing optimum corrosion resistance in use, are reviewed. A monofunctional coating (zinc or zinc alloy) cannot satisfy all these parameters. A Multilayer ElectroGalvanized (MEG) product, Zincrox, was found to be the most suitable to car body applications; the continuously superimposed electrolytic layers are: Zn-Cr-CrOx. The coating is still 99% Zn, but the thin layers of Cr-CrOx have solved critical problems: formability, weldability, welding fumes, electrode wear, paint adhesion, hydrogen cratering, galvanic contacts and resistance to the most severe corrosion tests with a reduced zinc thickness. Advantages in costs, scrap downpricing, main applications and developments are reported too. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Electrogalvanizing KW - Galvanizing KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Multilayer steel sheets KW - Zinc alloys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376624 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chance, R L AU - Ceselli, R G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CORROSIVENESS OF EXHAUST GAS CONDENSATES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 133-144 AB - Eight exhaust gas condensates were evaluated for their corrosiveness towards plain carbon steel, Type 1 aluminized steel, Galvalume, and Type 409 stainless steel. Test methods included the use of anodic polarization measurements and a cyclic immersion procedure. The corrosivity of an exhaust condensate is affected by its chemistry, which in turn may be affected by variations in fuel, engine operating conditions, type of engine, and the emission control system. Condensate pH of those tested ranged from 2.3 to 9.0. Results of the corrosion tests showed that acidic condensates were generally the most corrosive, but that substantial pitting corrosion could occur with alkaline condensates. KW - Air quality management KW - Condensate KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistant steel KW - Corrosion tests KW - Corrosive environments KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376677 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lim, C E AU - Evans, H P AU - Snidle, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - KINEMATICS AND LUBRICATION CONDITIONS AT CAM CONTACT IN A CENTRALLY PIVOTED CAM-FINGER FOLLOWER PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 45-52 AB - The paper describes the kinematic analysis of the cam/follower contact in a valve gear design in which valve is operated by a centrally pivoted follower. A novel feature of the analysis is that velocities are determined from the valve lift curve rather than the cam profile. The entraining velocity at the cam/follower contact has been obtained and the variation of elastohydrodynamic film thickness over the operating cycle has been calculated. KW - Camshafts KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Finger-follower systems KW - Kinematics KW - Lubrication KW - Pivots KW - Rolling KW - Sliding KW - Thickness KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197284 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376679 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Iida, Y AU - Tanaka, K AU - Fuse, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTACT-POINT METHOD FOR MEASURING SLIDING FACE TEMPERATURE AND ITS APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 65-72 AB - Recent years have seen much effort being expended to increase engine output while reducing engine volume, to achieve better fuel economy. In increasing engine output, the lubricating conditions of engine sliding areas come to be strict. It becomes important, therefore, to define the critical values of lubrication for ensuring engine reliability. In these aspects, a new method to measure piston temperature of the reciprocating engine was developed. This method employs a torsion coil spring as contact which sends out signals of piston temperatures. This contact has superior response and durability and being compact, makes it possible to take multi-channel measurements. In addition, it is demonstrated that this method for measuring sliding surface temperature permits evaluation of durability with con rod big end bearing and piston lateral face in a short time. KW - Automobiles KW - Contact area KW - Engines KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Lubrication KW - Piston engines KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Seizing KW - Sliding friction KW - Taking (Property) KW - Temperature measurement KW - Thickness KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197286 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376703 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ashton, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT REFERENCE WITH EMPHASIS ON VEHICLE DESIGN AND PEDESTRIAN INJURIES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 265-275 AB - This bibliography contains 234 references to publications dealing with the Symposium topic of pedestrian impact injury and assessment. Emphasis is given to items related to vehicle design changes which may reduce the seriousness of the pedestrian impact exposure. KW - Assessments KW - Bibliographies KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376307 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Abrahamson, D AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - SEARCH AND DESTROY PY - 1983/02 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - p. 49-51 AB - This article reviews the case known as U.S. versus Ross in which the Supreme Court reversed a decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuits and ruled that, in the interest of "prompt and efficient" police work, warrantless searches may be conducted not only of an entire vehicle, (including its glove compartment and trunk) but also of any passage or container, locked or otherwise, found therein. The implications of Ross and other related decisions, are explained. KW - Constitutional law KW - Legal action KW - Legal factors KW - Police powers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376604 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALUMINUM FOR ENGINE APPLICATIONS SP-534 PY - 1983/02 SP - 68 p. AB - Aluminum 390 alloy, a high silicon alloy that is lightweight and has good wear resistance, is finding increased use in the automotive and related industries. It is most often used in engine blocks. The papers in this publication illustrate its use in automobile engines already in production, in experimental automobile engines, in airplane engine application, and in transmission components. Aluminum 390 alloy and its attendant 390 engine technology permit production of an aluminum engine with no sleeves in the cylinders, resulting in a lighter weight, lower cost engine block. The technology consists of three segments: the hyper-eutectic 390 alloy, a patented bore finishing process, and specially plated pistons. Further information on 390 alloy and 390 engine technology is available from Reynolds Metals Company. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Durability KW - Lightweight materials KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Technology KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190502 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376618 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Belleau, C AU - Kelley, D K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GALVANIZED COATING EFFECTS IN OUTER BODY PANELS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 51-65 AB - The fabrication characteristics of galvanized steels require increased attention to parameters governing forming, welding and painting. The structure and morphology of common types of zinc coated steels are described and related to the behavior of the materials during processing. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Corrosion protection KW - Galvanized metals KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Panels KW - Protective coatings KW - Steel KW - Zinc alloys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376620 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kokubo, I AU - Nomura, S AU - SAKAI, H AU - Sakaguchi, M AU - IWAI, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEWLY DEVELOPED ZN-FE/ZN-NI DOUBLE-LAYER ELECTROPLATED STEEL SHEET PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 75-82 AB - A new double-layer electroplated steel sheet has been developed. The steel sheet is composed of an upper Zn-Fe (80-90%) alloy layer which has good paint adhesion and a lower Zn-Ni (10-15%) alloy layer which has good corrosion resistance. Paintability, corrosion resistance and workability of the steel sheet were investigated. This coated steel sheet was revealed to be suitable for the automobile use. KW - Automobiles KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Electroplating KW - Paint KW - Steel KW - Workability KW - Zinc alloys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376684 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Blodgett, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURIES AND THE DOWNSIZING OF CARS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 17-25 AB - The Pedestrian Injury Causation Study (PICS) is used to investigate the relations between car weight and pedestrian injuries in frontal accidents. As car curb weight decreased, large changes in overall severity are not observed, although the proportion of head injuries increases. Since contacts of the windshield area are more common in smaller cars, they are studied in detail. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Small car KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376699 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ashton, S J AU - Cesari, D AU - Wijk, J van AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION AND MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF REAL WORLD PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 205-223 AB - Several similar real world pedestrian accidents are described and a number of different methods of reconstructing these accidents are reported. The results of full scale experimental reconstructions of two of the accidents using both dummies and cadavers as the pedestrian surrogate are presented. The effects on the pedestrian's head contact with the vehicle of variations in the initial impact conditions are examined by computer simulation using the MADYMO two dimensional mathematical model. The reproduction of the vehicle damage resulting from pedestrian head contact in four of the accidents using an impactor is then described. The relative merits of different methods of reproducing accidents are considered and a methodology for the reproduction of real world accidents outlined. KW - Cadavers KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Dummies KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197305 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376701 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kaeser, R AU - Devaud, J-M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN ASPECTS OF ENERGY ABSORPTION IN CAR PEDESTRIAN IMPACTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 239-253 AB - The car-pedestrian impact is formulated as a design task for the engineer designing a car front. Pedestrian load tolerances are defined in an appropriate form for design. A two dimensional mathematical model with assumed deformable car surface is used to determine the movement of the pedestrian during the collision, the locations and velocities of impact. The dynamic load bearing capacity of materials and car body components is determined using an impact pendulum. With the described design procedure an experimental front was defined, built and tested in full scale crash tests. Results are presented. Emphasis is laid on simplicity of design methods as well in analysis as in experimental testing. KW - Crash injury research KW - Energy absorption KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376588 AU - Anderson, T E AU - Compton, R P AU - Snyder, M B AU - Engle, R E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL ENFORCEMENT, ADJUDICATION AND PUBLIC INFORMATION STRATEGIES FOR THE GENERAL DETERRENCE OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED PY - 1983/02 SP - 59 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is intending to field test the effectiveness of selected general deterrence programs directed at drunk driving that combine enforcement, adjudication and public information procedures. As part of this effort NHTSA conducted a review of possible enforcement, adjudication and sanctioning procedures that might be used in such a program. This paper is the result of some of this preliminary work. It contains a list of techniques that were selected as promising from a general deterrence point of view and that should be evaluated in the field. The report includes a brief description of each procedure and the type of associated public information that can be used. KW - Adjudication KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25669/DOT-HS-806-360.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190485 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376608 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dahm, W AU - Putter, R G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHT ALLOY ENGINES--EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 25-28 AB - Daimler-Benz has more than 20 years of experience with aluminum engines. This paper details experience with aluminum, particularly 390 alloy. It also compares the Mercedes V8 390 alloy engines with comparable grey iron V8 engines. Weight and energy savings are particularly noted. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile engines KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197262 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376611 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MacCoon, R P AU - Ernst, R P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE THUNDER ALUMINUM 390 ALLOY AIRCRAFT ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 43-55 AB - Thunder Engines Corporation is developing a new family of fuel efficient, compact, lightweight, liquid coooled, turbocharged, all-aluminum power plants which will have widespread application in general aviation. Called "Thunder Engines", these power plants are the first new high-performance liquid-cooled reciprocating aircraft engines to be introduced for more than 20 years. Thunder Engines are designed to provide significant cost and operating advantages for powering a wide range of agricultural, commuter, utility and business aircraft. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Engines KW - Lightweight materials KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197265 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376672 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mokhtar, MOA AU - Ameen, M E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CAVITATION IN HYDRODYNAMICALLY LUBRICATED JOURNAL BEARINGS--PART I: OIL FILM BEHAVIOUR PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-11 AB - The experimental work herein presented gives a full account of cavitation in hydrodynamically lubricated journal bearings. Using a transparent bearing bush, the lubricant film extent as being influenced by operating conditions and oil inlet design could be accurately observed recorded and fairly defined. The study showed that cavitation is inevitable in bearings operation; low values of load parameter and/or high speeds help in its existence. Both the inlet oil feeding designs (single oil inlet hole, axial groove or circumferential groove) and the position of oil inlet relative to the load vector have shown to affect the extent and starting location of oil film. Careful attention should thus be given to the right positioning of oil inlet ports to attain an optimum situation in which minimum cavitated areas are present. KW - Bearings KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Experiments KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Journal bearings KW - Lubrication KW - Oil film method KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197279 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376673 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mokhtar, MOA AU - Ameen, M E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CAVITATION IN HYDRODYNAMICALLY LUBRICATED JOURNAL BEARINGS--PART II: BEARING BEHAVIOUR PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 13-18 AB - The present experimental work investigates journal bearing performance and its correlation to the oil film extent. The performance characteristics; namely: journal eccentricity and attitude angle together with the frictional traction have been measured under different oil feeding designs to include single oil inlet hole and axial groove. With the oil being introduced from different positions relative to the load vector, the bearing behaviour could also be recorded and analysed. Bearing behaviour has shown to be governed by the oil film behaviour and an optimum position of the oil inlet port should be assigned within the divergent bearing clearance to attain the best performance. In comparison with boundary conditions used in theories, the observed and recorded oil film boundaries are in favour of recent theoretical approach. KW - Bearings KW - Behavior KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Experiments KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Journal bearings KW - Lubrication KW - Oil film method KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197280 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376691 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - GLAESER, K-P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STEP TO STEP APPROACH TO A STANDARDIZED FULL SCALE PEDESTRIAN TEST METHODOLOGY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 93-101 AB - This report describes the steps to a standardized full scale test methodology, which is needed for the next step, namely the development of a simple and reproducible method to prove the performance of vehicle structures in pedestrian accidents, e.g. by body segment, impactor tests. A first project consisted in a literature study which gave the main input data for the test method, as e.g. car shapes, standing positions of the pedestrian and impact speeds. Further on 7 cadaver tests were carried out and 24 dummy tests were carried out with a Hybrid II adult dummy and a 6 year old child dummy. These tests were the data base for dummy improvements to get a better correspondence in dummy kinematics and loads. In a second project the adult pedestrian dummy was equipped in one case with a HSRI side impact thorax and in the other case with an APR (82) side impact thorax. 16 tests were performed with these dummies which had also modified knee joints allowing a lateral bending of the knees of 30 deg. The modified knees led to a more realistic bending of the legs around the car shape and to a longer wrap around distance of the dummies. Dummy specific kinematics are described and loads are compared. KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Kinematics KW - Knee KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376692 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lestrelin, D AU - Brun-Cassan, F AU - Fayon, A AU - Tarriere, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATHEMATICAL EVALUATION OF THE HEAD IMPACT RISK ON A GIVEN PART OF A VEHICLE, AS REGARDS PEDESTRIANS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 103-108 AB - This paper is related to the pedestrians struck by a vehicle. From the results of multiple runs performed with a previously validated mathematical model, an equation is defined which describes the trajectories of their heads. When the distribution in heights of the pedestrians and the distribution in speeds of the colliding vehicles are taken into account, this equation enables the prediction of the head impact probability for the sundry areas of the front end of the vehicle, according to its profile. KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Head KW - Height KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376601 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - ONE-WAY FREQUENCIES: TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1980 (VERSION FEBRUARY 18, 1983) PY - 1983/02 SP - 109 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1980. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. This report is a product of an ongoing truck accident causation program. The basic approach of the program is to identify the various types of medium and heavy trucks, and then to look at frequency of accident involvement and exposure for each type of vehicle. KW - Commodities KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Freight transportation KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190499 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376616 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kobayashi, S AU - IRIE, T AU - TAKAHASHI, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORATION CORROSION AT LAPPED AND COLD FORMED PORTIONS IN COLD ROLLED AND GALVANIZED SHEET STEELS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 23-31 AB - In order to prevent corrosive parts such as hood, trunklid, door and side sill in an automotive body from corrosion, a new perforation corrosion test to simulate the corrosion at lapped and cold formed portions was conducted on cold rolled, galvanized, and zinc rich primer coated steels. Anti-perforation of galvanized steels with zinc of 95 or 128 g/sq m and galvannealed steel with zinc-iron of 59 g/sq m is remarkably improved compared to cold rolled DDQ mild steel so that they decreased the reduction in thickness to about 1/2 or 1/3. Especially galvannealed steel showed the highest protectivity. On the other hand, effect of steel itself on perforation is also observed among three uncoated steels. The EDDQ high strength steel has excellent resistance. The reason can be attributed to low manganese content and lack of surface segregation of manganese due to short time continuous annealing. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Cold treatment KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion tests KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Galvanized metals KW - Panels KW - Perforating KW - Protective coatings KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376623 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hunter, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS AND FUEL COMPOSITION ON THE COMPOSITION OF EXHAUST GAS CONDENSATE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 125-131 AB - Condensate composition was determined for 1981-82 General Motors vehicles with a) diesel engines and no converters, b) gasoline engines with oxidizing converters, c) gasoline engines with computer command control and dual bed bead or dual bed monolith converters, and d) gasoline engines with computer command control and single bed bead converters having three-way catalysts. The pH was found to range between 2.3 and 9.2 for the systems studied. Anions present in low pH condensates were sulfate, nitrate and chloride. Near neutral condensates and basic condensates also contained ammonia plus bicarbonate and carbonate anion, and had generally higher sulfate content than the acid condensates. Results are shown to be related primarily to differences resulting from the catalytic reduction of NOx and fuel sulfur content. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Catalytic converters KW - Condensate KW - Diesel engines KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gasoline engines KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197276 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376676 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fukuoka, T AU - KATO, H AU - Kamiya, S AU - Soda, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALUMINUM ALLOY BEARINGS CONTAINING HARD PARTICLES FITTED FOR USE WITH NODULAR CAST IRON SHAFT PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 33-44 AB - High tin and aluminum alloy bearings can seize easily when used with nodular cast iron shafts. The authors have investigated the process of seizure between such nodular cast iron shafts and high tin and aluminum alloy bearings, and found that the seizures are normally caused by a combination of burrs around the graphite at the surface of the nodular cast iron shafts and abrasive aluminum debris adhering to the shaft. In an attempt to remove the burrs and abrasive aluminum debris, the authors dispersed hard particles in the alloy bearings. The new alloy used has a chemical composition of Al Si 3, Sn 10 and Pb 1.5 and, as a result bearings formed from it do not require a lead-based overlay. This arrangement provides much higher seizure resistance than overlayed copper and lead alloy bearings when used with nodular cast iron shafts. The bearings made with this alloy can be used in all engines with nodular cast iron shafts without any problems whatsoever. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Bearings KW - Cast iron KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Hard particles KW - Load factor KW - Seizing KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Taking (Property) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197283 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376688 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pritz, H B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PEDESTRIAN HEAD IMPACTS ON HOODS AND FENDERS OF PRODUCTION VEHICLES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 67-76 AB - Laboratory experiments were conducted to establish baseline data on pedestrian head impacts onto the hood and fenders of production vehicles. Various vehicles from subcompact to fullsize were tested using a headform impactor. Pedestrian accident investigation files were used to identify a principal adult head impact area on the hood. Results indicate that the hood, itself, is a good energy absorbing structure but that bottoming frequently occurs on stiff engine and body components. It is hypothesized that significant benefits could be realized in reducing adult pedestrian head injury severity by increasing the clearance between the hood and engine to 2-3 inches in a band approximately 12 inches wide across the width of the vehicle. KW - Crash injury research KW - Fenders KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376695 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brun-Cassan, F AU - Tarriere, C AU - Fayon, A AU - MAURON, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF BEHAVIOURS FOR PART 572 AND APROD DUMMIES TESTED AS PEDESTRIANS IMPACTED BY A CAR, UNDER IDENTICAL TEST CONDITIONING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 129-137 AB - Experimental simulations of car pedestrian collisions were conducted with production cars impacting a pedestrian dummy derived from PART 572; the tests were performed under well standardized conditions to try to limit experimental dispersions. The results corresponding to one series of tests are presented. The comparison of kinematical behaviour of this dummy and human subjects impacted by another way under identical realistic test conditions displayed differences in kinematics and response at impact between these two kinds of surrogates. These differences can be explained largely by the greater stiffness of the PART 572 dummy, as compared to human subjects. For this reason, it was determined to duplicate the tests performed with the PART 572 dummy with a new series of tests with one APROD dummy, modified in a pedestrian version. This dummy is more flexible, especially at the thorax and shoulder levels than the PART 572 one and it may be supposed that these improvements for side impact would give also a better response, in pedestrian accidents situation. So, ten tests are conducted with the APROD dummy in as identical as possible test conditions. The kinematics between this dummy and the PART 572 one at impact against the vehicle are compared and the measurements values related to protection criteria are analyzed with reference to the results obtained previously with the PART 572 dummy. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Kinematics KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376702 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ashton, S J AU - Mackay, G M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BENEFITS FROM CHANGES IN VEHICLE EXTERIOR DESIGN-FIELD ACCIDENT AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK IN EUROPE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 255-263 AB - A brief review of pedestrian injury research in Europe is made. The circumstances of pedestrian accidents are described and particular attention is given to the location of the pedestrian's initial contact with the vehicle exterior and to the speed of the vehicle at impact. The dynamics of pedestrian impact are described. Some data on the pattern of pedestrian injury is presented and the general cause of pedestrian injury considered. The influence of bumper height, bonnet height, bumper lead and front structure compliance on pelvic and leg injuries is considered. The influence of vehicle design on vehicle contact head injuries is examined. Consideration is given to the likely benefits to pedestrians that could accrue from changes in vehicle exterior design. KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pelvis KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197308 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373942 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING STARTING SYSTEM PROBLEMS PY - 1983/02 VL - 159 IS - 2 SP - p. 39-42 AB - The cranking circuit consists of these major components: the battery, battery cables and terminals, switch, neutral safety switch or clutch switch, solenoid switch or starter relay, cranking motor, the pinion and its drive, and the flywheel. This article explains how to check each of these components when you turn the key in your car and nothing happens. KW - Automobiles KW - Cranking KW - Engine starters KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Starters /vehicles/ KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373937 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - TOMERLIN, J AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - AND ONE MORE FOR THE ROAD PY - 1983/02 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - p. 108-115 AB - Following a review of the drinking driver problem as it exists in the U.S. today, this article states that "The revolution in drunk driving legislation, enforcement and accident prevention that has been outlined will not take place easily or soon. Lawmakers lean to the opinions of the uninformed on highway safety issues; and enforcement agencies, bureaucrats and other members of the traffic safety establishment prefer to do what they've done before, however, unsuccessfully. So long as these groups have their way, it's up to the individual motorist to protect himself and his passengers from DWI accidents." The article then provides some basic information for the concerned motorist, such as the BAC Education Chart to help one learn his own limits of consumption, information on the time of day to avoid driving since more DWI accidents occur at specific times, and basic driver alertness tips. A final suggestion offered is that seatbelts be worn by drivers and passengers. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver education KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194334 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373940 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Frank, L AU - Hearst Magazines TI - COMING SOON: THE $4,000 THROWAWAY CAR PY - 1983/02 VL - 159 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - Automakers are attempting to reduce the 36 man-hours it now takes to build a car and thereby reduce the cost of producing, and, ultimately, the cost of buying a car. This process of reducing assembly time, simplifying the car components, and streamlining the entire process is called time frame construction (TFC). The process will allow the building of smaller assembly plants, using fewer components and easing the cost and time of transporting subassemblies and thus reducing manual labor. This goal to build a 10-hour car has to be accomplished without sacrifice in the qualities customers expect in cars. Some of the proposed details of the 10-hour car are summarized: the wheel-tire-hub-brake rotor will be one piece; suspension units will be similar to those on Fiats; and turbocharger will use ceramic turbine and compressor shells encased inside a stamp steel. General Motors is working with a Japanese maker to develop a 10-hour automobile. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Suspension systems KW - Time frame construction KW - Turbochargers KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194337 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372780 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - KOBERSTEIN, E AU - Pletka, H-D AU - Voelker, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CATALYTICALLY ACTIVATED DIESEL EXHAUST FILTERS--ENGINE TEST METHODS AND RESULTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 37-43 AB - An engine test unit for the evaluation of diesel exhaust filters with analytical equipment to measure particulates, oxygen, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogenoxides concentrations, temperature and pressure trends is described as well as the test procedures presently applied. Engine test results with different types of diesel particulate filters -- non activated and catalytically activated -- up to 400 hrs. operation time are presented. With base metal catalysts, reductions in "soot"-ignition temperatures of about 100 deg C could be attained under optimal conditions. A correlation between oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas and the "soot"-ignition temperature is demonstrated. Combined catalytic systems (precious metal and base metal catalysts) permitted hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide conversions up to 90% -- including a decrease in odour intensity -- in addition to particulate reduction. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalysts KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Fly ash KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Odors KW - Oxygen content KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Soot KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189675 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372781 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - WATABE, Y AU - Irako, K AU - Miyajima, T AU - YOSHIMOTO, T AU - Murakami, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - "TRAPLESS" TRAP--A CATALYTIC COMBUSTION SYSTEM OF DIESEL PARTICULATES USING CERAMIC FOAM PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 45-59 AB - "Trapless" Trap, which makes possible the effective collecting of particulates in diesel exhaust gas and their simultaneous combustion has been developed by use of a ceramic foam in combination with catalysts containing copper salt. From a TEM photograph, it was observed that the particulate was rapidly oxidized by mobile copper ion, showing worm-eaten like spots. Screening of various base metal salts by TGA presented CuCl2-KCl-NH4VO3 and CuCl2-KCl-(NH4)6Mo7O24 as very active catalysts for diesel particulate oxidation. They had thermal stability up to 900 deg C when they were supported on titania. The results obtained by measuring the back pressure using 1.8L diesel engine suggest the above trap to be a self-cleaning trapless trap. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Ceramic materials KW - Copper alloys KW - Copper compounds KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189676 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372799 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Hellmann, E V AU - Lijoi, A L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ZINC-CHLORIDE BATTERY IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 49-55 AB - The zinc-chloride battery system is being developed for electric vehicle and load-leveling applications. The mobile configuration is the result of placing design emphasis on those areas that significantly impact electric vehicle (EV) performance and life cycle costs. Energy density, power density, packaging, and battery operating voltage primarily effect vehicle performance, which in turn effects market penetration. The zinc-chloride battery, in the mobile configuration, is described and the resultant EV performance briefly reviewed. Assuming that these vehicle characteristics meet market needs, this paper examines the life cycle cost of operating an internal combustion engine (ICE) powered van, breakeven capital cost for a comparable battery powered van, and the sensitivity of the cost elements. KW - Design KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Marketing KW - Performance KW - Zinc chloride batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189693 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372800 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Malachesky, P A AU - Bellows, R J AU - Einstein, H E AU - Grimes, P G AU - Newby, K R AU - Young, A R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN OF BIPOLAR, FLOWING ELECTROLYTE ZINC-BROMINE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY SYSTEM PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 57-61 AB - The integration of bipolar, flowing electrolyte zinc-bromine technology into a viable electric vehicle battery system requires careful analysis of the requirements placed on the battery system by the EV power train. An analysis of the influence of these factors on zinc-bromine EV battery system design has been carried out for two types of EV propulsion systems. The first of these is a nominal 100V dc system, while the second is a high voltage (200V dc) system as might be used with an advanced design ac propulsion system. Based on these studies, low profile, 12 sq dm bipolar cell components have been developed which are readily incorporated into a variety of motive power and stationary energy storage system designs. KW - Design KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Zinc KW - Zinc-bromine batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189694 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372816 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Wallace, F J AU - KAO, T K AU - Alexander, W D AU - Cole, A AU - Tarabad, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL BARRIER PISTONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMPOUND DIESEL ENGINE CYCLES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-10 AB - The paper describes the basic design concept of a heat barrier piston comprising a Nimonic crown separated from the aluminium piston body by an air gap. Heat flow, temperature and stress levels have been evaluated using a series of specially developed finite element programs. Preliminary experimental results obtained with the insulating piston on a Petter PH1 W engine indicate a very substantial rise in exhaust temperature, coupled with considerable reduction in volumetric efficiency under naturally aspirated conditions. In a final theoretical section, the effects of insulated pistons and of insulated cylinder walls in general are discussed both with respect to their effect on thermodynamic cycle parameters and to the possibility of substantial improvements in thermal efficiency using the compounding principle. Final guidelines are laid down for the most effective use of thermal insulation in compounded diesel engines. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Insulating materials KW - Performance KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189708 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372819 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Edwards, J V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CERAMICS AND THE SWING BEAM 2 STROKE DIESEL FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 47-54 AB - Scaling down the conventional four stroke diesel engine, to arrive at the small efficient engine needed for the economic automotive market, presents limitations, which are fundamentally better overcome by the two stroke diesel. In the truck sizes the two stroke has had many successes. General Motors in the U.S.A. and the three litre Tilling Steven opposed piston engine in the U.K. are examples. To meet the ever increasing demands on emissions and noise, however, the two stroke diesel has inherent limitations which have held back its use for the automotive application. The initial objectives of the Armstrong Whitworth Swing Beam Engine were directed towards overcoming these limitations. This engine layout was designed to create a low noise structure, arising from a balanced linkage system, other advantages of easy start and the potential use of low grade fuel derive from its variable compression ratio and slow piston motion near inner dead centre. Test results so far show that it has the potential for more advanced development. The developments in the application of ceramics to diesel engines could be a major advance for the small high output diesel engine. They are also seen as a possible major breakthrough for the opposed piston engine in two aspects: firstly because only the piston and liner will need making in ceramics--the absence of the cylinder head eliminates the difficult valve plate and port passage of the four stroke; and secondly the potential to run without piston lubrication eliminates the problem of loss of oil in the ported liner. Low piston side thrust forces of the Swing Beam engine will benefit the unlubricated ceramic liner and also lends itself to introducing the short crosshead piston and rod-seals which exclude crankcase oil from the cylinder. Ceramics will also extend the power range of this engine. Increased exhaust temperature compensate for the lower efficiency of the small turbocharger and so reduce blower power and raise thermal efficiency. Developments are going on with quiet scavenge blowers and blowers utilising the flywheel which is seen as another important breakthrough for the two stroke diesel. Servo-operated fuel systems also have been run which would give injection characteristics well suited to the (DI) O.P. engine. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Blowers KW - Ceramic materials KW - Design KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Fans KW - Flywheels KW - Noise control KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Servomechanisms KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189711 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372834 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Schmid, K R AU - Johnson, R T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE STUDY OF LEAN SUPERCHARGED OPERATION FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 139-152 AB - A comprehensive test program was conducted using a single cylinder CFR engine to evaluate lean supercharged operation (LSO) of the spark ignition engine for improved efficiency. The intake manifold pressure and temperature and the exhaust pressure were controlled to simulate the addition of a turbocharger to the engine. Results of the experimental work indicated that LSO has the potential of improved engine efficiency and NOx emissions comparable to, or lower than, the naturally aspirated engine. For equal power output from the engine, efficiency increases of 14% were accompanied by reductions in Brake Specific NOx (BSNOx) emissions of approximately 76%. For a case of equal BSNOx emissions, an efficiency improvement of 6.4 points (over 40%) was observed. For operation at realistic lean supercharged conditions, the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were not significantly different than those for the naturally aspirated engine. Exhaust energy estimates for the lean supercharged conditions tested indicated that sufficient exhaust energy is available to power a typical automotive type turbocharger. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Improvements KW - Lean fuel engine KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Superchargers KW - Testing KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189725 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372835 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Johnson, R T AU - Schmid, K R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVED SPARK IGNITION ENGINE EFFICIENCY THROUGH LEAN TURBOCHARGED OPERATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 153-163 AB - A production turbocharged V-6 engine of 3.8 liter (231 cu. in.) displacement volume was used in this study of lean turbocharged operation. The engine was modified for lean operation (A/F = 19-20:1) and manual control of the fuel flow, compressor discharge pressure, and EGR rates. Test conditions included loads and speeds to simulate road-load and 4% grade operating conditions, as well as constant intake manifold pressure tests. The results from the test program indicated that lean turbocharged operation has a potential for increased efficiency and reduced NOx emissions if operated at brake mean effective pressures of 500 kPa and above. For these operating conditions, HC and CO emissions are comparable to those of the naturally aspirated engine. NOx emissions were reduced by up to 50% over those for the naturally aspirated engine with EGR. Efficiency increases of up to 3 points (10%) were observed. Satisfactory detonation control for engines operating at these conditions will require comprehensive control of equivalence ratio, spark timing, and compressor discharge pressure. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Improvements KW - Lean fuel engine KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Testing KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189726 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372853 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Frick, W N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATIC FINAL TEST OF ELECTRONIC CLOCKS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 135-142 AB - An automatic test system which eliminates the need for human judgement from the in-process production testing of Electronic Clocks is described. The system, designed on a building block concept, is composed mostly of commercially available equipment with a minimum amount of custom hardware. Solid state electronic cameras and an inhouse developed computer vision system eliminate the need for an operator to view the displays of the clocks while they are under test. KW - Automobiles KW - Clocks KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Microprocessors KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189743 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372854 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Gobburu, V T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COST EFFECTIVE MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMOBILE INSTRUMENT CLUSTER PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 143-148 AB - Dedicated microprocessor systems find increasing applications in automobile instrumentation. Fuel injection systems, digital radio tuners and similar applications employing the microcontroller have become common place. This paper describes a cost effective microcontroller implementation of an automobile instrument cluster by the COPS (TRADEMARK) group of National Semiconductor, Santa Clara. The instrument cluster provides a vacuum fluorescent display of the vehicle speed, engine RPM, odometers, battery voltage, engine oil pressure and the fuel level. A modular design involving a single microcontroller in conjunction with peripherals to aid in data acquisition from the transducers allows the quantities to be computed with high accuracies and displayed on a real time basis. The single microcontroller environment places severe restrictions on the availability of RAM and ROM. Coupled with the requirement of real time operation the application poses a non trivial challenge. A non volatile RAM accumulates the mileage covered. Hamming code techniques ensure the integrity of the data contained in the non volatile memory. Inclusion of diagnostics allows a rapid and thorough check against improper operation of the microcontroller, peripherals and the nonvolatile memory. This paper describes the implementation with a COP 444L containing 128 nybbles of RAM and 2K bytes of ROM. A display updation rate of 16 Hz can be comfortably realized. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instrument panels KW - Instrumentation KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189744 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372937 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Golovoy, A AU - Braslaw, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ON-BOARD STORAGE AND HOME REFUELING OPTIONS FOR NATURAL GAS VEHICLES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-8 AB - In this paper options for on-board storage and home refueling of natural gas vehicles are presented and discussed. The on-board natural gas storage options considered are: storage at 2.2 MPa (300 psig) in activated carbon-filled cylinders, and 7.0 MPa (1000 psig) and 16.7 MPa (2400 psig) in hollow cylinders. Information is presented on small home refueling compressors designed to compress the natural gas to the above mentioned storage pressures. Also shown are data on the density and energy density of natural gas at pressures up to 21 MPa (3000 psig). It is found that to achieve a range of 160 km (100 miles), a 12.7 km/L (30 mpg) vehicle requires 232, 170 and 62 liters (8.2, 6.0 and 2.2 cu ft), respectively, of natural gas storage volume at the three pressures considered. A preliminary comparison of the three storage options suggests that storage above 7.0 MPa is preferred. KW - Compressors KW - Cylinders KW - Density KW - Fuel storage KW - Natural gas KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Refueling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189758 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372940 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Smith, E J AU - Jordan, D R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE OF SURFACTANTS IN PREVENTING PHASE SEPARATION OF ALCOHOL PETROLEUM FUEL MIXTURES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 37-42 AB - A surfactant has been found that is effective in preventing phase separation of alcohol-petroleum fuel mixtures. It is described herein, along with the test procedures used to determine its effectiveness. These methods included exposing samples to the atmosphere until phase separation occurred; adding water to prepared samples maintained at a fixed temperature to induce phase separation; and cooling samples to achieve phase separation. Differences between "cloud point" and "phase separation point" are noted. Differences in performance between gasoline-alcohol mixtures and diesel fuel-alcohol mixtures are also examined and reported. KW - Alcohols KW - Diesel fuels KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Petroleum KW - Phase separation KW - Surface active agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189761 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372955 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Granzow, W G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PORTABLE SPRINGBACK TESTER FOR IN-PLANT DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGTH OF SHEET STEELS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 69-75 AB - A hand tool that uses springback to measure the strength of sheet steels to within plus or minus 10 ksi is described. The device should be useful in stamping and fabricating plants that do not have tensile test equipment, to prevent mild steels from being mistakenly formed into critical high strength parts. KW - Measuring instruments KW - Sheet metal KW - Springback tester KW - Steel KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189775 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372956 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Smith, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HOT ROLLED SHEET PRODUCT CONSISTENCY-COILBOX PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 77-81 AB - The demand for higher strength, lighter gauge materials by automotive designers, requires superior quality high strength steels from the manufacturer. The modern hot strip mill for supplying these sheet and strip products has developed into a high capacity sophisticated metallurgical tool. Subtle changes in chemistry, temperature control or the rolling process can produce a variety of strengths, toughness or formability characteristics in the final product. The Coilbox is an innovation in hot strip mill equipment that was developed at Stelco for the purpose of overcoming a fundamental hot rolling problem of heat loss from the product during the rolling process. This paper explains the difference between conventional and Coilbox methods of rolling. The benefits of improved surface, gauge control, shape control and metallurgical uniformity are also discussed which can result in a lower cost product for the original equipment manufacturer and component producer. KW - Coil boxes KW - Heat loss KW - High strength steel KW - Hot rolling KW - Sheet metal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372836 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN UPDATE ON AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS P-123 PY - 1983/02 SP - 276 p. AB - In the area of driver information systems, the sessions on electronic displays continue to be among the most international in scope. This international aspect of the Conference is visible in both this year's presentations and those of years past. This session continues to place increasing emphasis on Automotive Electronic Instrumentation and Information Systems. This effect is evident as new applications are presented to solve existing problems and create new usages in the development of new devices. It appears that our ability to apply these technologies is only limited by the collective talents of our engineering, planning and designing organizations. The diversity of the technologies and their application attest to the ingenuity of the automotive community. It is this ability which makes it possible to have several viable display technologies in usage without dominance by any singular approach. The contents of this publication, and reference material listed, should provide a sufficient background for those interested in further research in this field. KW - Automobiles KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372802 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONIC ENGINE/DRIVETRAIN CONTROL SP-540 PY - 1983/02 SP - 132 p. AB - This document contains: (1) A Fuel Injection System for Light Economy Cars, R.J. Gayler; (2) EFI for the 80's--A Base Model Fuel Control System, F.A. Russo and M.A. Pauwels; (3) Toyota's New Microprocessor Based Engine and Transmission Control System, H. Ono, et al.; (4) Microcomputer-Controlled Engine Management for the Audi Quattro, E. Pagel and K. Koehler; (5) A New Metric for Torque Nonuniformity, W.B. Ribbens; (6) A Linearized Model of Engine Torque and Carbon Monoxide Emissions, M. Chang and J.A. Sell; (7) Engine Stability Sensor, W. Mortara and C. Canta; (8) Optimization of Engine Controls Using Geometric Programming, M.M.A. Dehghani and H. Sehitoglu; (9) Strategy for a Fail-Safe Electronic Diesel Control System for Passenger Cars, G. Stumpp and H. Kull; (10) The Performance Advantage of Electronic Control Diesel Engine for Passenger Cars, R. Kihara, et al.; (11) GA-1--Glider Automatic, P. Hofbauer, et al.; and (12) Microprocessor Clutch Control, G.L. Falzoni, et al. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Clutches KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Power trains KW - Torque KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185578 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372769 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Barnett, J D AU - West, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW LOAD SENSOR FOR TRUCK SELF WEIGHING SYSTEMS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 33-39 AB - The need to measure axle loads, payload and gross load of commercial vehicles is shown to have led to the development of the technique of indirect measurement of load by siting strain sensors on the load bearing components of trucks. The specification for a suitable sensor is offered and some of the different types of sensor that have attempted to meet it are examined. An evolutionary design route is traced for a new type of sensor which is low cost, easy to apply and comes close to the specification. The sensor is described together with its protective housing and tooling system which is an important part of the assembly. Finally the likely direction that future market needs will take the development of the sensor and its built in electronics is reviewed. KW - Axle loads KW - Electronics KW - Regulation KW - Roadside KW - Sensors KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weigh stations KW - Weight KW - Weight measurement KW - Weight stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189665 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372777 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Higuchi, N AU - Mochida, S AU - Kojima, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OPTIMIZED REGENERATION CONDITIONS OF CERAMIC HONEYCOMB DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-10 AB - Ceramic honeycomb filters performing diesel particulate trapping require regeneration by burning the subsequently accumulated particulate. During this regeneration, thermal failure occurs in some conditions. For developing a highly reliable system with this method, it is necessary to clarify the effects of various factors on the failure to optimize the regeneration conditions. This paper gives the results of an experiment, employing a burner method, of the effect on the damage of regeneration conditions of gas temperature, oxygen concentration, gas flow rate and amount of accumulated particulate, and discusses the regeneration conditions under which the filter is safely operated. KW - Air quality management KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372784 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Oeser, P AU - Thoms, U AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PARTICULATE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR DIESEL ENGINES USING CATALYTICALLY COATED AND UNCOATED TRAPS WITH CONSIDERATION OF REGENERATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 97-110 AB - Basic investigations of the particulate control system projects for VW and Audi diesel engines are summarized. A screening test procedure to evaluate the particulate concepts is developed and the significant assessment criteria are defined. The storage and regeneration characteristics as well as balance temperatures, introduced with this paper, are applied to various uncoated and catalytically coated filters. This paper discusses also the parameter studies for uncoated filters. A survey of regeneration techniques and individual regeneration methods is given with energy consideration and fuel consumption effects. After establishing the current stage, the priorities for further technical development work are set and the problem areas throughout the particulate control field are demonstrated. Cost-benefit in applicability for production use is considered. KW - Air quality management KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Catalysts KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Fuel consumption KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic planning KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372796 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - DELUCA, W H AU - Tummillo, A F AU - Biwer, R L AU - Yao, N P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPACT OF MISMATCHED CELL CHARACTERISTICS ON LEAD-ACID BATTERY CHARGING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 29-36 AB - Over the operational life of a battery, the voltage characteristics of its individual cells become mismatched due to differences in self-discharge rates, individual charge efficiency, active material retention, etc. As these cell differences increase, excessive overcharging, operating temperatures, and/or electrolyte consumption result. In a series of tests performed on 6-volt, lead-acid modules, the degree of cell mismatch and the response of the modules to various charge methods were examined. The results show that after about 150 deep-discharge cycles, each module contained at least one cell whose full-charge voltage level was reduced. Prior to any decline in module capacity, cell voltage differences of more than 0.4 V were measured during charge. It was also observed that the application of a fixed battery voltage for charge control eventually caused excessive overcharging, elevated temperatures, and/or an extreme overvoltage condition on individual cells. This paper describes the test procedures employed, presents the test data, discusses the results obtained and solutions being investigated. KW - Charging KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Overcharging /batteries/ KW - Testing KW - Voltage regulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372804 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Russo, F A AU - Pauwels, M A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFI FOR THE 80'S--A BASE MODEL FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-17 AB - When Renault and American Motors Corporation joined forces to introduce the 1983 Alliance, they decided to add one uniquely American feature, a highly responsive, low cost electronic fuel injection system. Bendix was selected to develop the fuel controls for the 1.4-liter engine utilizing an innovative single point system concept. The high precision fuel injection system makes the Alliance one of the most fuel efficient cars manufactured in America. With the Bendix system, the small engine produces solid performance and meets EPA emission standards with a relatively small catalytic converter. The Bendix system consists of a multiprocessor electronic control unit, a throttle body assembly including a single point injector, pressure regulator and an idle speed actuator, a low pressure fuel pump, a manifold pressure sensor, and two temperature sensors. Adapative control, automatic idle speed regulation, and on-board diagnostics are some of the features that distinguish the system as an advanced engine control system. Modern digital electronic technology makes possible a base system that is easily adapted to a variety of vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Fuel injection KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189697 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372811 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Stumpp, G AU - Kull, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRATEGY FOR A FAIL-SAFE ELECTRONIC DIESEL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 77-85 AB - Mechanical control systems for diesel engines are reliable and exhibit a low failure rate. However, rising demands for improved functional characteristics and closer tolerances require electronic diesel control. The electronic diesel control (EDC) offers functional advantages over mechanical controls. In order to obtain a fail-safe system it is necessary to detect defects in sensors, in the digital processor, in actuators and in the overall system. The failure of exhaust gas recirculation is uncritical, the failure of start of injection control needs countermeasures to avoid a damage of the engine. Without countermeasures fuel delivery control failure may lead to safety risks. All required countermeasures will be explained in detail. KW - Automobiles KW - Delivery service KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fail safe KW - Fail safe systems KW - Fuel injection KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372824 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Timoney, S G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TURBOCHARGERS WITH HYDRAULIC ASSIST PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-10 AB - This paper provides design and test data on a crankshaft driven hydraulic system for adding auxiliary energy to the compressor power input of an exhaust gas turbocharger during truck engine acceleration under load, or during heavy "lug-down" operation. The system is applicable to 2 or 4 stroke engines. With a 2 stroke engine the system allows the turbocharger to replace the conventional crankshaft driven scavenge blower even at start-up. Critical exhaust smoke is significantly reduced both in intensity and in duration, and the engine rev/min at which peak torque occurs can be lowered by 10 to 15% of the speed range. The hydraulic system comprises a high pressure gear type pump which is driven from the engine crankshaft, through a suitable clutch, and transfers energy to the turbocharger shaft by way of a simple nozzle jetting engine sump oil, at high velocity, on to the buckets of a miniature Pelton wheel turbine, about 35 to 50 mm in diameter. KW - Air quality management KW - Design KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Smoke KW - Smoke abatement KW - Testing KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189715 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372831 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Gyarmathy, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HOW DOES THE COMPREX (REGISTERED TRADEMARK) PRESSURE-WAVE SUPERCHARGER WORK? PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 91-105 AB - The paper describes the aerodynamic principle of the Comprex (Registered trademark) pressure-wave supercharger (PWS) and explains how gas-dynamic phenomena can be utilized to create a mechanically simple and robust boosting device for vehicles which permits the combination of excellent driveability, low fuel consumption and low emission without reliance on complicated control systems. The main features of the PWS are described and a few examples of recent applications to automobile diesel engines are shown. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Driveability KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Superchargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189722 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372839 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Jones, D AU - LeVien, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WHICH LCD TECHNOLOGY--DICHROIC OR T/N? PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 13-20 AB - The recent refinements of dye synthesis in the dichroic technology have permitted this form of liquid crystal to be utilized in demanding environments where quality and reliability are paramount. Likewise, the twisted nematic form of liquid crystal continues to be widely used in timepieces, calculators and a wide variety of consumer related products. The basic question this paper proposes to answer, however, is which of these types of liquid crystal affords the most promising future for automotive applications where requirements for versatility and improved quality standards are essential. The dichroic technology possesses unique qualities and characteristics absent in the twisted nematic liquid crystal. This paper while concentrating on the dichroic technology, will nevertheless discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technology, touch upon areas of cost, sunlight readability and color capability, incorporation of driver electronics and lighting in a self-contained module ready for immediate application into new instrument designs, and the current Research and Development and its implication for future applications. Finally, a conclusion will be made as to which liquid crystal technology better meets the present application requirements in the automotive as well as other industries. KW - Automobiles KW - Contrast KW - Dichroic technology KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Legibility KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Polarized light KW - Twisted nematic technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189729 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372850 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Pourcho, R D AU - Michaels, P A AU - Hock, D A AU - Rea, I B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FIRST GENERATION OF FORD VOICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS--THE VOICE ALERT PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 113-121 AB - The 1983 Voice Alert is Ford Motor Company's first generation "Voice" warning system. The unique sourcing/design philosophy implemented has developed a reliable and cost effective module, which has a broad application base, without impacting vehicle system complexity. KW - Audible warning devices KW - Automobiles KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Speech KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189740 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372857 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Yumoto, N AU - Ikeda, H AU - SUGIMOTO, T AU - Hayashi, K AU - Sakamoto, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OPTICAL DATA LINK FOR MULTIPLEX WIRING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 163-171 AB - Optical data links have been developed for use in multiplex wiring harnesses. The links consist of optical fiber cords, optical connectors, and optical transceiver modules. They can be operated under severe environmental conditions in motor vehicles and, because they have wide dynamic range, sensitivity adjustment is not required. A heat-resistant optical fiber cord made of plastic has been developed to enable use at temperatures up to 80 deg C. Mass-producible, low cost optical connectors have also been developed. In optical transceiver modules, custom designed hybrid ICs are adopted for size reduction. These optical data links are already in use in the Toyota Century. KW - Automobiles KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Electronics KW - Fiber optics KW - Multiplexing KW - Optical systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189747 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372864 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Lemke, D E AU - Langdon, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GAGESITE--COMPUTERIZED VISION FOR AUTOMOTIVE INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 243-248 AB - A computer video imaging program called "Gagesite" has been developed which can automate the calibration process of automotive instruments in a fast and flexible manner. This paper looks inside "Gagesite" and how it is linked with machine controls and a statistical process control program to increase productivity and quality. KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Computer programs KW - Imagery KW - Instrumentation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Productivity KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189754 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372944 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - O'Neal, G B AU - Dietzmann, H E AU - Ryan, T W AU - Waytulonis, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTROL OF DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES--STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT ENGINE TESTS WITH A FIVE PERCENT WATER-IN-FUEL MICROEMULSION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 77-83 AB - This paper is the fourth in a series describing work sponsored by the Bureau of Mines to reduce diesel particulate and gaseous emissions through fuel modification. A stabilized water microemulsion fuel developed in previous work was tested in a Caterpillar 3304 NA four-cylinder engine with compression ratio and injection timing and rate optimized for this fuel to demonstrate the emissions reductions achieved. It was tested in both standard and optimum configurations with both baseline DF-2 and optimized microemulsion fuels. Gaseous and particulate data are presented from steady-state tests using a computer-operated minidilution tunnel and from transient tests using a total exhaust dilution tunnel. The optimized engine-fuel combination was effective in reducing particulates and oxides of nitrogen in steady-state tests. However, the standard engine-fuel combination provided the lowest particulate and NOX emissions in transient tests. KW - Coal mines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Microemulsions KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Underground KW - Underground structures KW - Water-in-fuel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189765 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372952 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Miller, G A AU - Reemsnyder, H S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRAIN-CYCLE FATIGUE OF SHEET AND PLATE STEELS II: SOME PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN APPLYING STRAIN-CYCLE FATIGUE CONCEPTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 33-41 AB - Variability in published strain-cycle fatigue data was essentially independent of grade and strain amplitude for life less than 2 x 10 to the power of 6 reversals. Correlations between tensile properties and strain-cycle fatigue parameters were either not statistically significant or so highly variable as to be of doubtful practical importance. However, for a life of 2 x 10 to the power of 6 reversals, total strain amplitude delta epsilon/2 bore a significant relation to tensile strength sigma sub u. Present findings emphasize the need for caution in estimating life when data are unavailable since such estimates encompassed a range in life 10 to 100 times greater than was actually observed. KW - Cyclic strength KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Plate steels KW - Service life KW - Sheet metal KW - Steel plates KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain-cycle fatigue KW - Tensile properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372959 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Hughes, I F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRODUCTION OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS BY CONTINUOUS ANNEALING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 103-107 AB - Inland's No. 3 Continuous Annealing Line will start up in the fall of 1983 and produce high strength steels with tensile strength from 50 ksi to 220 ksi. This paper presents an overview only of the scope and philosophy behind these three classes of products, namely HI-FORM, formable high strength steels with tensile strengths up to 100 ksi; DI-FORM, extra formable high strength steels with tensile strengths up to 140 ksi and MartINsite, ultra high strength steels with tensile strengths from 160 to 220 ksi. A one side zinc rich paint coated HI-FORM and DI-FORM product is also described. KW - Annealing KW - High strength steel KW - Tensile strength KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372771 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Haub, M AU - Jakobs, R-H AU - Kuehnel, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ADVANCED ELECTROTHERMAL SENSOR FOR AUTOMOTIVE LEVEL MEASUREMENT PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 45-53 AB - This paper describes a fuel level sensor, which basically consists of thin-film resistors encapsulated in Kapton foils. The thin-film elements are heated by constant current pulses and the immersed part is cooled by the liquid to be measured. This results in a change in resistance which can be detected by various types of evaluation circuitry discussed in the paper. This electrothermal principle has a number of advantages compared to conventional methods: (1) long life due to absence of mechanical moving parts or contacts; (2) high media compatibility including ethanol or methanol containing fuels; (3) high resolution in the "empty region"; and (4) easy shaping of output characteristics with unusual tank shapes. A status report on development progress is given including test results with first prototypes and a discussion of the achieved errorband. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel level KW - Fuel tanks KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Level indicators KW - Measuring instruments KW - Sensors KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189667 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372773 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Kaiser, W J AU - Logothetis, E M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXHAUST GAS OXYGEN SENSORS BASED ON TI02 FILMS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 61-68 AB - This paper discusses the properties of EGO sensors based on thick Ti02 films. These devices are fabricated by depositing a Ti02 film on an insulating or conducting substrate. In addition to being inherently inexpensive, planar techniques provide flexibility in the fabrication of multicomponent structures incorporating temperature compensation and heating elements. Furthermore, Ti02 film sensors are found to possess faster transient response than available Zr02 and ceramic Ti02 sensors. Results of engine studies of the properties of these new Ti02 sensors will be presented and discussed. KW - Exhaust gas oxygen sensors KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Oxygen KW - Sensors KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189669 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372789 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Miller, P R AU - Scholl, J AU - Bagley, S AU - Leddy, D AU - JOHNSON, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF A POROUS CERAMIC PARTICULATE TRAP ON THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 159-187 AB - Physical, chemical, and biological characterization data for the particulate emissions from a caterpillar 3208 diesel engine with and without Corning porous ceramic particulate traps are presented. Measurements made at EPA modes 3,4,5,9,10 and 11 include total hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen and total particulate matter emissions including the solid fraction (SOL), soluble organic fraction (SOF) and sulfate fraction (SO4). Chemical character was defined by fractionation of the SOF while biological character was defined by analysis of Ames Salmonella/microsome bioassay data. The trap produced a wide range of total particulate reduction efficiencies (0-97%) depending on the character of the particulate. The chemical character of the SOF was significantly changed through the trap as was the biological character. The mutagenic specific activity of the SOF was generally increased through the trap but this was offset by a decrease in SOF mass emissions. Some extremely biologically active subfractions were found at mode 4 with the Corning trap. NO2 emissions and HC emissions were generally decreased through the trap. A computer performance model based on membrane filter theory was used to explain the solid particulate filtering efficiency data. The model showed how key variables influence particulate trapping efficiency. KW - Air quality management KW - Biologic activity KW - Biological activity KW - Ceramic materials KW - Chemical properties KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mathematical models KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Physical properties KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372792 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - KURTZ, D W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SYSTEMS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLE BATTERIES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-14 AB - A successful subsystem development must be properly guided by an interactive systems activity. Development targets must be derived from the overall Program goals and recognize the interactive nature of all the vehicle-related considerations. Data requirements must be generated in order to support system-level evaluations at each phase of development. A logic-path process and a systems methodology for creating goal sets are discussed. KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic planning KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189686 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372808 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Chang, M-F AU - Sell, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A LINEARIZED MODEL OF ENGINE TORQUE AND CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 41-52 AB - Recently, an infrared diode laser spectrometer was developed which measures carbon monoxide (CO) exhaust emissions with a 25 ms response time. This rapid CO analyzer and a torque transducer were used to study the dynamic effects of air-fuel ratio perturbations about stoichiometry on CO emissions and engine torque. Linearized perturbation models expressed by transfer functions were obtained using frequency response techniques. The air-fuel ratio was perturbed around stoichiometry by varying either throttle position or fuel rate (via a modified Throttle Body Injection system) while holding the other parameter constant. Three speed-load points were studied in an engine dynamometer test cell to examine the effects of engine speed and load conditions on the structure and coefficients of the transfer functions. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Linear method KW - Mathematical models KW - Torque KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189701 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372810 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Dehghani, MMA AU - Sehitoglu, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE CONTROLS USING GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 69-76 AB - This paper deals with the development of a procedure to optimize engine fuel economy as a function of air-fuel ratio, spark advance, exhaust gas recirculation and air flow rate. The geometric programming method is used to determine optimum engine control settings when the solution is restricted by exhaust emissions or driveability constraints. This method is especially effective in fuel economy problems, where the constraints are highly non-linear. Some example problems are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the procedure. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Driveability KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Geometric mean KW - Optimization KW - Programming techniques KW - Spark advance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189703 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372825 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Arvin, J R AU - Osborn, N L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN FEATURES AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES OF THE AERODYNE DALLAS VATN TURBOCHARGER PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-17 AB - An advanced turbocharger has been developed through the prototype stage which has demonstrated performance in actual engine installations. The design addresses many of the problem areas associated with contemporary turbochargers. The design features include variable area turbine nozzles, self-contained lubrication, and a rotor shaft supported by ball bearings. Several operational experiences are discussed which illustrate improved transient response and improved diesel engine specific fuel consumption. The operational experience includes diesel and spark ignition. Vertical shaft installations are also included. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Testing KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189716 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372827 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - DiBella, F A AU - DiNanno, L R AU - Koplow, M D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LABORATORY AND ON-HIGHWAY TESTING OF DIESEL ORGANIC RANKINE COMPOUND LONG-HAUL VEHICLE ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 29-38 AB - An Organic Rankine-Cycle System (ORCS) designed for use with a 288-Bhp, Class 8, Long-Haul Vehicle Diesel Engine has undergone both laboratory endurance-performance testing and actual on-highway fuel economy comparison testing. Two, 1000-hour endurance tests have been conducted to demonstrate the functional integrity of the basic ORCS design and reveal any "infant mortality" problems with individual components. On-highway vehicle fuel economy tests demonstrated a statistical average of 12.5-percent improvement in fuel consumption. Such tests have been conducted in a project sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy as part of their long-term national goals of improving the fuel consumption in energy-intensive industries, such as, but not restricted to, the U.S. Trucking Industry. Approximately 100,000 barrels of oil per day are expected to be saved with the full implementation of a Diesel Organic Rankine-Cycle Compound Engine in the U.S. Trucking Industry. A brief description of the basic ORCS components including the advanced microprocessor-based control system is included. The results of the laboratory endurance-performance and the on-highway vehicle tests will be given. A short discussion of the future work required in advancing the development of a commercial ORCS for long-haul vehicles is also given. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Rankine cycle KW - Rankine engines KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189718 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372843 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Streelman, G A AU - Below, C M AU - Shagena, H P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN LCD DRIVER INFORMATION CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 47-52 AB - An automotive diagnostic package has been developed which utilizes a systems approach to convey information such as lamp failures, improper fluid levels, and various other warnings as well as service reminders. It incorporates a microprocessor controlled liquid crystal display consisting of printed messages and an outline of a vehicle; thus a message will be supplemented with an indication of the problem location on the vehicle. The unit is designed for English or Metric use, allowing the miles or kilometers remaining to recommended services to be displayed upon command. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instrument panels KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189733 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372845 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - MORIMOTO, K AU - Dorris, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FRONT LUMINOUS VACUUM FLUORESCENT DISPLAY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 67-72 AB - Front Luminous Vacuum Fluorescent Display is a variation of the vacuum fluorescent display technology which offers improvements in the areas of visibility, viewing angle, operating temperature range, and life. This technology has been discussed since the invention of the conventional vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) because of its structural similarity to the CRT. Today, Front Luminous Vacuum Fluorescent Display (FLVFD) technology is becoming a production reality. Since July, 1980, the following areas have been studied and evaluated to bring FLVFD to the state of commercialization: (1) Design study and trial production; (2) Development of the transmissive anode and wiring pattern forming technology; (3) Development of the phosphor coating technique; (4) Study of the visual recognition characteristics; and (5) Reliability evaluation. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Reliability KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189735 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372860 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - WRIGHT, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DISPLAY CONCEPTS FOR AGRICULTURAL VEHICLES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 191-198 AB - Agricultural vehicles have particular needs with respect to the design of their display systems that distinguish them from the requirements of automobiles. In addition to making the vehicle more driveable, and thus directly contributing to the farmer's productivity, the display system plays an important role in reducing the farmer's costs in the event of a vehicle failure. This paper describes some of the special concepts that must be addressed in the design of display systems for modern agricultural vehicles, and gives an indication of the current state-of-the-art. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Design KW - Displays KW - Electronics KW - Information display systems KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189750 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372862 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Neidhard, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR OPTO-ELECTRONIC CLUSTERS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 219-228 AB - Opto-electronic displays provide new possibilities for designing clusters. This not only affects single display parameters, but may well lead to a new layout of the front console. Main components are a standard driver display and a centrally positioned informator. Whereas the driver display is only dedicated to actual driving data and does not contain any keyboard functions, the informator includes function selectors which can be activated by all passengers for getting multiple information regarding the complete automotive requirements. The optical performance of any future cluster is aiming at a TV-type display. Development stages are described, indicating how these requirements can be achieved. KW - Automobiles KW - Clusters KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronics KW - Implementation KW - Information display systems KW - Optical systems KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189752 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372946 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Johnson, R T AU - Stoffer, J O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE OF STABILIZED DIESEL FUELS CONTAINING ALCOHOLS AND WATER IN SINGLE AND MULTICYLINDER DIRECT INJECTION ENGINES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 91-104 AB - Single cylinder and multicylinder direct injection engines from the same engine family were used to evaluate the performance of stabilized diesel fuels containing methanol, ethanol, water, and chemical stabilizer. Engine speed and load conditions were selected to provide sufficient smoke and particulate emissions for accurate measurement. All fuels were operated at equal energy input rates for the engine being tested. The stabilized fuels containing alcohols had relatively minor effects on the HC, CO, and NOX emissions and engine brake efficiency for either the single or multicylinder engine. The water microemulsion fuel demonstrated a tendancy for increased HC and CO emissions, and minor changes in the NOX and brake efficiency for both engines. Both engines demonstrated reduced smoke and particulate emissions for the stabilized alcohol and water microemulsion fuels. These reductions ranged from only a few percent to over 50% and were accompanied by significant increases in the Soluble Organic Fraction of the particulate. KW - Alcohols KW - Braking performance KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel fuels KW - Direct injection engines KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Methanol KW - Microemulsions KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Smoke KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189767 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372949 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Pietrowski, R AU - Gasse, W F AU - Kenny, W D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF RENITROGENIZED AND DUAL PHASE STEELS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-11 AB - One of the more effective ways of improving automobile fuel efficiency is by reducing vehicle weight. This can be accomplished through the use of higher strength, lighter gauge steels. This study concentrates on two such steels (renitrogenized and dual phase) that potentially could be used in some fatigue applications. Three dual phase steels with different monotonic strengths were tested, as was some dual phase which was exposed to undervehicle corrosion. Two renitrogenized steels were also tested, as well as a mild steel of similar carbon content. These were tested in the hot rolled condition, and also after forming and aging. Some samples were also cycled intermittently to simulate stop-and-go driving. The data was compared to previously determined HSLA data. KW - Corrosion KW - Dual phase steel KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fuel consumption KW - High strength steel KW - Lightweight materials KW - Renitrogenized steels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189769 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372964 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Levy, B S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCES IN DESIGNING ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH STEEL BUMPER REINFORCEMENT BEAMS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 173-184 AB - The use of M-190 MartINsite for bumper reinforcement beams was first described in a 1979 SAE paper. Since that time, considerable progress has been made in proving its worth for such applications. The purpose of this paper is to document the additional information that has been obtained in the intervening years. KW - Beams KW - Bumpers KW - Design KW - High strength steel KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372948 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH STRENGTH STEEL FOR AUTOMOTIVE USE P-124 PY - 1983/02 SP - 192 p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Fatigue Properties of Renitrogenized and Dual Phase Steels, R. Pietrowski, W.F. Gasse, and W. D. Kenny; Notch Fatigue Strengths of Several High-Strength Low-Alloy Sheet Steels, S. P. Bhat; Strain-Cycle Fatigue of Sheet and Plate Steels I: Test Method Development and Data Presentation, G. A. Miller and H. S. Reemsnyder; Strain-Cycle Fatigue of Sheet and Plate Steels II: Some Practical Considerations in Applying Strain-Cycle Fatigue Concepts, G. A. Miller and H. S. Reemsnyder; Strain-Cycle Fatigue of Sheet and Plate Steels III: Tests of Notched Specimens, G. A. Miller and H. S. Reemsnyder; The Edge Formability of High-Strength Cold-Rolled Steel, R. D. Adamczyk, D. W. Dickinson, and R. P. Krupitzer; A Portable Springback Tester for In-Plant Determination of the Strength of Sheet Steels, W. G. Granzow; Hot Rolled Sheet Product Consistency-Coilbox, W. Smith; Development of High Strength Steel Sheets for Wheel Rim Use, M. Shinozaki, Y. Matsumoto, T. Kato, M. Nishida, and N Sudo; High Strength Automotive Tubing, B. Armitage and J. F. Young; Production of High Strength Steels by Continuous Annealing, I. F. Hughes; Development of High-Strength Cold-Rolled Steel Sheets for Automotive Use by Continuous Annealing, K. Osawa, T. Shimomura, M. Kinoshita, K. Matsudo, and K. Iwase; Wire Skeletonizing: Principles and Potential for Automotive, G. D. Millar and J. Collier; Select Strength Steel Dumper System, W. J. Evans and C. Haddad; Design Analysis and Behavior of a Variety of As-Formed Mild and High Strength Steel Sheet Materials in Large Deflection Bending, M. T. Vecchio; Advances in Designing Ultra High Strength Bumper Reinforcement Beams, B. S. Levy. KW - Annealing KW - Automotive engineering KW - Cold forming KW - Cold-rolled steel KW - Cyclic strength KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - High strength steel KW - Low alloy steel KW - Mechanical properties KW - Plate steels KW - Rims KW - Sheet metal KW - Steel plates KW - Steel sheets KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain-cycle fatigue KW - Vehicle components KW - Wheel rims KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185623 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372775 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Guess, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF PIEZOELECTRIC BENDERS USED AS KNOCK SENSORS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 79-85 AB - Resonant piezoelectric benders are analyzed by use of a lumped-parameter equivalent circuit, each mode being described by a frequency of resonance, an equivalent mass, a mechanical resistance and electromechanical coupling. The bandwidth of the sensor can be controlled by controlling the coupling through the dimensions of the bender. Examples of the temperature dependence of the sensitivity, bandwidth, and frequency of peak sensitivity illustrate the effects of different piezoceramic materials, load resistances and electromechanical couplings. KW - Benders KW - Bending KW - Engine knock KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Sensors KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189671 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372778 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - GULATI, S T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL STRESSES IN CERAMIC WALL FLOW DIESEL FILTERS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-22 AB - Thermal stresses constitute a major portion of the total stress which the ceramic wall flow filter experiences in service. The primary source of these stresses is the temperature gradients, both in radial and axial directions, which attain their maximum values during regeneration. The level of particulate loading, the flow rate, the filter size and the mounting design govern the severity of temperature gradients which, together with physical properties and aspect ratio of the filter, dictate the magnitude and distribution of thermal stresses. The filter, the mounting, and the regeneration conditions should be so designed as to minimize these stresses to insure reliable and fracture-free performance of the filter throughout the lifetime of the vehicle. In this paper we present a thermal stress model, based on finite element method, which computes stresses in the axisymmetric filter subjected to linear or step temperature gradients in radial and axial directions. The model is useful for assessing the effects of aspect ratio and expansion anisotropy, both of which play a key role in filter design, and is illustrated by way of examples taken from simulated regeneration conditions. The importance of thermal fatigue in this application is also discussed. KW - Air quality management KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Thermal stresses KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189673 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372785 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - WALSH, M P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE BENEFITS AND COSTS OF LIGHT DUTY DIESEL PARTICULATE CONTROL PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 111-129 AB - This study builds upon the National Academy of Sciences study in the rapidly changing area of diesel particulate cost-benefit analysis and updates it where appropriate based on new data or analysis. It does not generate new information but merely reviews and analyzes existing data. The body of the paper a) explains the basis for estimating the various costs, b) describes a computer model to relate the costs to the benefits, and c) presents the results of the analysis. KW - Air quality management KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mathematical models KW - Particulates KW - Public health UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372787 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Sachdev, R AU - Wong, V W S AU - SHAHED, S M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF ASH ACCUMULATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE TRAPS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 141-152 AB - This paper describes the study and the results obtained to determine the performance deterioration of diesel particulate traps due to ash accumulation. Based on the ash emission rate in an engine exhaust and the full-size trap volume, a flow and distance simulation technique was developed to translate the results from bench tests of small scaled down traps to engine conditions. Fuel doped with metallo-organic additives was used to accelerate the ash loading of the scaled traps. The study was conducted on both a cellular ceramic trap and a wire-mesh trap. Results indicate that for a 60 liter, ceramic trap mounted on the exhaust of a heavy duty engine, the pressure drop will double in approximately 90,000 km. It is also seen that for the same size wire-mesh trap, the pressure drop will increase by 70% of the clean trap pressure drop in about 200,000 km. The paper also describes the work done to determine the effect of particulate trap pore size on ash accumulation in cellular ceramic traps. Traps of various pore sizes were subjected to accelerated loading of ash and then subjected to repeated regenerations. Results show that ash trapping seems to be irreversible. KW - Air quality management KW - Ashes KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Particulates KW - Performance tests KW - Pore size distribution KW - Pressure KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189682 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372812 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Kihara, R AU - Mikami, Y AU - Nakao, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PERFORMANCE ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC CONTROL DIESEL ENGINE FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 87-99 AB - The diesel engine with an electronic control system which has been used in production passenger cars in Isuzu shows great advantages such as fuel economy, idle noise, cold startability and output performance by the help of the new commet V combustion chamber design. The new combustion chamber which differs in shape and throat area from the conventional commet V has been developed to be well matched to the electronic control system. The passenger car equipped with the electronic control diesel engine mentioned above provides the following four additional advantages: (1) Good acceleration response; (2) Idle speed control which is affected by engine coolant temperature, on-off of the air conditioning compressor and battery voltage; (3) Cruise control; and (4) Self-diagnostic system. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine idling KW - Fuel consumption KW - Idling KW - Performance evaluations KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189705 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372814 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Falzoni, G L AU - Pellegrino, E AU - Troisi, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICROPROCESSOR CLUTCH CONTROL PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 115-125 AB - The automatic control of a normal production mechanical clutch has the objective of increasing driver comfort in urban traffic. Such a device will require a well suited control strategy and a very careful experimental analysis to ensure correct and reliable operation during the start of the vehicle and gears shifting operation. To approach this problem, Fiat Research Center has developed on Fiat Panda 30 a microcomputer based control system that drives an appropriate clutch pneumatic actuator. This paper illustrates, in some details, the pneumatic-mechanical actuation system, the sensors used, the control strategy and the electronic controller structure. KW - Actuators KW - Automobiles KW - Clutches KW - Electronic control KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189707 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372820 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Tovell, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE REDUCTION OF HEAT LOSSES TO THE DIESEL ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 55-64 AB - The benefits of applying thermal insulation to the exhaust ports and combustion chamber components are predicted using a computer simulation of a highly rated turbocharged DI diesel truck engine. Comparisons are made between a standard engine and engines with the exhaust port, cylinder head, piston and cylinder liner insulated individually or in combination. The necessity of re-optimizing engine conditions when heat losses through the combustion chamber walls are significantly changed is also examined. The importance is recognized of developing techniques of reducing heat losses to the engine cooling system which can be applied at low cost and with minimal changes to existing engine designs. Potential methods of achieving these objectives are reviewed and their effectiveness assessed. This paper also describes the successful testing of a ceramic liner located in the exhaust duct of a diesel engine during more than 1000 hours of engine operation. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Ceramic materials KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cooling systems KW - Diesel engines KW - Effectiveness KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heat loss KW - Insulating materials KW - Liners KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Simulation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189712 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372822 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Radovanovic, R S AU - Kamo, R AU - Dufrane, K F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRIBOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR AN INSULATED DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 73-80 AB - A Minimum Cooled Engine (MCE) has been successfully run for 250 hours at rated condition of 298 kW and 1900 rpm. This engine was all metallic without any coolant in the block and lower part of the heads. Ring/liner/lubricant system and thermal loading on the liner at top ring reversal (TRR) as well as on the piston are presented and discussed. Ring/liner wear is given as well as oil consumption and blow-by data during the endurance run. Another engine build with a different top ring coating and several lubricants suggested that a 1500 hours endurance run of MCE is achievable. Rig test data for screening ring materials and synthetic lubricants necessary for a successful operation of a so-called Adiabatic Engine with the ring/ceramic liner (SiN) interface temperature up to 650 deg C are presented and discussed. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - High temperature KW - Liners KW - Oil consumption KW - Performance KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Rings KW - Testing KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189714 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372847 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Miesterfeld, FOR AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH EFFICIENCY LOW COST VACUUM FLUORESCENT DISPLAY POWER SUPPLY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 79-90 AB - The use of a switching power supply to provide the anode, grid and filament power for a vacuum fluorescent display has been the recent subject of numerous papers, periodicals and manufacturers' application notes. This paper, however, develops a math modeling technique that can be used to evaluate many different types of supplies. The results show that none of the power supplies available truly regulate both filament and display power. A control method that could be used to regulate both is evaluated. A simple pulse width modulation control design driving a miniature autotransformer, which results from use of the math modeling technique, will also be evaluated. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) properties missing from most of the evaluations for the other switching regulator power supplies shall be given along with a discussion on designing for low EMI properties. KW - Automobiles KW - Electric power supply KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Mathematical models KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189737 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372849 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Spiekermann, C E AU - Radcliffe, C J AU - Goodman, E D AU - Gwozdek, T M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATING ACOUSTIC WARNING SIGNALS IN AUTOMOBILE INTERIORS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 105-111 AB - The use of acoustic warning signals to provide information about vehicle conditions to the driver and passengers is now possible through application of advanced electronics in recent automobile designs. These acoustic warning signals may be tones or synthesized voice. The signals can only be effective if they are audible and distinguishable by the vehicle occupants without being at an irritating level. This paper presents a method for measuring acoustic intensity in an automobile interior using the cross-spectral technique which may assist in determining audibility of signals. Effective methods for displaying these quantitative vector measurements using computer graphics are presented along with the results of testing. Finally, an important future need of correlating acoustic intensity measurements with published human perception levels is discussed. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Audible warning devices KW - Automobiles KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Speech KW - Voice communication KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189739 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372856 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Nuske, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GM COMMODORE AND J CAR TRIP COMPUTERS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 157-161 AB - The Australian instrument designer is faced with unique requirements due to small production runs, operating environment and country topography. These requirements are reflected in the design of GM Australia's Commodore and J Car Trip Computers. This paper reviews the design concepts, operating principles and construction techniques for these instruments. KW - Automobiles KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Hardware KW - Instrumentation KW - Software KW - Trip computers KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189746 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372858 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Knapp, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CMOS GATE ARRAYS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 173-180 AB - A new CMOS gate array has been developed which features medium speed, wide operating voltages and a mature, very reliable CMOS process. A wide variety of CAD tools are available including full simulation and automatic route packages, significantly reducing development times associated with semi-custom gate arrays. Some review of CMOS principles will be presented as well as how these principles relate to automotive applications, e.g. wide operating voltage. Finally, specific overview gate array automotive applications will be discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - CMOS devices KW - Electronics KW - Gate arrays KW - Implementation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189748 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372951 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Miller, G A AU - Reemsnyder, H S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRAIN-CYCLE FATIGUE OF SHEET AND PLATE STEELS I: TEST METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND DATA PRESENTATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 23-31 AB - A method was developed for performing strain-controlled fatigue tests on steel specimens with thickness less than 0.1 inch. Data generated using this method were found to be consistent with published results for steels of similar strength and thickness. Geometric variables, i.e., gage section width and area, gage length, etc., have little effect on valid fatigue results (excluding buckling, excessive bending, and out-of-gage length failures). However, increased gage length or specimen width increase the likelihood of invalid results. KW - Cyclic strength KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Plate steels KW - Sheet metal KW - Steel plates KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain-cycle fatigue UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189771 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372953 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Miller, G A AU - Reemsnyder, H S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRAIN-CYCLE FATIGUE OF SHEET AND PLATE STEELS III: TESTS OF NOTCHED SPECIMENS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 43-53 AB - The effect of steel grade on reversals to crack initiation in notched specimens 2N sub i essentially reflected differences in tensile strength. The higher strength grades (B80RK,RQC100) required a greater value of the notch parameter K sub f delta S for a given 2N Sub i than the lower strength grades (1020,A36,B40P0). Stress ratio R had a significant effect on 2N Sub i with 2N sub i increasing as R decreased from 0 to -1. The various predictive models studied (local strain, nominal stress, empirical) gave similar results in terms of the variability in estimates of 2N Sub i and the relation between the predicted and observed values. KW - Cyclic strength KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Grades KW - Mathematical models KW - Metals KW - Models KW - Notch strength KW - Plate steels KW - Sheet metal KW - Slopes KW - Steel plates KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain-cycle fatigue KW - Strength of materials KW - Stress ratio KW - Tensile strength KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372960 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Osawa, K AU - Shimomura, T AU - Kinoshita, M AU - Matsudo, K AU - Iwase, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-STRENGTH COLD-ROLLED STEEL SHEETS FOR AUTOMOTIVE USE BY CONTINUOUS ANNEALING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 109-121 AB - High-strength cold-rolled steel sheets having tensile strength of from 350 to 1,500 MPa with a wide variety of features have been developed by using the continuous annealing process consisting of water-quenching system. Newly developed high-strength steels include dual-phase steels with high bake-hardenability, dual-phase steels with low yield ratio and excellent ductility, dual-phase steels with high deep drawability, ultra high-strength steels and extra deep drawing high-strength steels. This paper describes the metallurgical characteristics of the products of the continuous annealing process consisting of water-quenching system, processing conditions and mechanical properties of these high-strength steels, and their application to automobiles. KW - Annealing KW - Automotive engineering KW - Cold forming KW - Cold-rolled steel KW - Dual phase steel KW - High strength steel KW - Mechanical properties KW - Metallurgy KW - Quenching /cooling/ KW - Sheet metal KW - Steel sheets KW - Temperature control KW - Tensile strength KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189780 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372962 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Evans, W J AU - Haddad, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SELECT STRENGTH STEEL BUMPER SYSTEM PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 129-139 AB - The SS Bumper is a new concept in automobile systems that achieves a very significant weight reduction in steel bumper construction and is capable of meeting the 5 mph FMVSS U.S. Government impact standard. It offers a low cost method of achieving a double digit weight reduction with no cost premium for aluminum or plastic materials. This paper concentrates on describing the configuration of the SS Bumper and a simple, easy to apply procedure for a car application which includes discrete equations for bending strengths, torsional strength and the new dent strength relationships which have been recently developed. One version of the SS Bumper applied to the 1983 Thunderbird is also described. KW - Bumpers KW - Impact strength KW - Lightweight materials KW - Low costs KW - Shock resistance KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372823 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POWER BOOSTING P-122 PY - 1983/02 SP - 172 p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Turbochargers with Hydraulic Assist, S.G. Timoney; Design Features and Operating Experiences of the Aerodyne Dallis VATN Turbocharger, J.R. Arvin and N.L. Osborn; Turbocharging for Fuel Efficiency, H.C. Watson, E.E. Milkins, K. Roberts, and W. Bryce; Laboratory and On-Highway Testing of Diesel Organic Rankine Compound Long-Haul Vehicle Engine, F.A. DiBella, L.R. DiNanno, and M.D. Koplow; Characteristics of Fuel Economy and Output in Methanol Fueled Turbocharged S.I. Engine, Y. Takagi, Y. Nakajima, S. Muranaka, and K. Ohkawa; A Review of Engine Advanced Cycle and Rankine Bottoming Cycle and Their Loss Evaluations, S.K. Chen and R. Lin; A Fast Response Turbocharging System, A. Nekut, R. Callaway, and C. Kuenhl; How Does the Comprex (registered trademark) Pressure-Wave Supercharger Work?, G. Gyarmathy; Comparison of the 3-Cylinder DI-Diesel with Turbocharger or Comprex-Supercharger, E. Gaschler, W. Eib, and W. Rhode; Some Fundamental Considerations Concerning the Pressure Charging of Small Diesel Engines, F.S. Bhinder; A Single Cylinder Engine Study of Lean Supercharged Operation for Spark Ignition Engines, K.R. Schmid and R.T. Johnson; Improved Spark Ignition Engine Efficiency through Lean Turbocharged Operation, R.T. Johnson, and K.R. Schmid. KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Methanol KW - Rankine cycle KW - Rankine engines KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Superchargers KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185580 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372779 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Buchman, M F AU - Enga, B E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CATALYTIC DIESEL PARTICULATE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 23-36 AB - Catalytic trap oxidizers developed for use in control of particulate emissions from diesel engines have been advanced to the vehicle installation stage. This paper discusses the development of complete vehicle systems. Methods and techniques of assisted regeneration are presented along with control system concepts. Installation of the trap unit as part of an integrated vehicle exhaust system is described, along with designs and results from various prototype builds. KW - Air quality management KW - Building KW - Catalysts KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189674 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372782 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Wade, W R AU - White, J E AU - Florek, J J AU - Cikanek, H A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL AND CATALYTIC REGENERATION OF DIESEL PARTICULATE TRAPS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 61-85 AB - Thermal and catalytic techniques for regenerating particulate traps were assessed. The thermal technique used a burner which heated engine exhaust to the ignition temperature of the particulates to achieve over 90% regeneration effectiveness. HC, CO and particulate emissions resulting from combustion of particulates and burner exhaust were 25 to 50% of the allowable vehicle emissions for one CVS cycle. The fuel consumed by the burner was 9% of the fuel consumed by a vehicle over one CVS cycle. Problems with burner nozzle clogging, ignition reliability, trap durability and control system requirements were identified. In the catalytic technique, diesel fuel containing .5 gm/gal lead and .25 gm/gal copper lowered the ignition temperature of the particulates by 425 deg F so that periodic regeneration occurred. The trap collected nearly all of the lead and copper resulting in limited trap life, and deposits on the engine fuel nozzles tended to increase HC emissions. KW - Air quality management KW - Burners KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalysts KW - Copper KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189677 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372783 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Urban, C M AU - Landman, L C AU - Wagner, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL CAR PARTICULATE CONTROL METHODS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 87-96 AB - Methods for particulate (and associated organics) emissions control were evaluated in several diesel cars. Of the methods investigated, only "particulate traps" provided large reductions in particulate emissions. Traps evaluated included metal mesh and ceramic monolithic configurations, catalyzed and uncatalyzed. One of the cars, with a ceramic trap installed, completed fifty thousand miles of distance accumulation. No significant deterioration of emissions occurred over those fifty thousand miles. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Particulates KW - Performance tests KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372797 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - McKinney, B L AU - Wierschem, G L AU - Mrotek, E N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF LEAD-ACID BATTERIES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 37-43 AB - A Globe Battery Division EV-3000 electric vehicle battery with its in-cell electrolyte circulation pumps was instrumented with temperature sensors and subjected to singular and repetitive deep discharge cycles while being cooled by natural and forced air convection. Temperature excursions within the battery became severe with repetitive cycling and natural convection cooling. The EV-3000's in-cell electrolyte pumps were shown to be a definite aid to battery thermo-regulation by i) allowing the charging process to be more energy efficient and thus generating less total heat, ii) reducing peak cell temperature, iii) producing a more uniform temperature distribution within the cells, and iv) transporting the elevated temperature, dense electrolyte produced during charge from the cell stack area to a more active heat transfer surface. Experiments have shown that forced air convection on the external surfaces of the battery can provide effective cooling when the battery is operated under moderate duty cycles and ambient temperatures. It is anticipated, however, that high energy density batteries may require more elaborate thermal management when subjected to elevated duty cycles or extreme external temperatures. KW - Charging KW - Cooling KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electrolytes KW - Heat transfer KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Temperature KW - Temperature control KW - Temperature distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189691 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372798 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Eisenberg, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW STABILIZED NICKEL-ZINC BATTERY SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 45-48 AB - A substantially modified chemistry for the nickel oxide-zinc battery system has been discovered and developed to stabilize the zinc anode and substantially reduce the well-known problems of dendrite shorting, shape change and plate densification. As is well known, these phenomenon have been basically responsible for the poor cycle life (typical 100 - 200) normally experienced in this battery system. The introduction of the new chemistry has resulted in stabilization of the performance of the zinc anode without adversely affecting the nickel electrode. The result has been a major enhancement of the cycle life capability. In tests conducted on 15, 60 and 225 AH capacity, nickel-zinc cells, control groups were used for the sake of comparison. Most tests were conducted using a 3-hour rate of discharge and an 80% depth with a 9-hour recharge rate. Cycle life enhancement obtained range by a factor of 2 to 4 times with capacity retentions over 60% compared to the true original capacity. A cycle life of at least 500 is shown to be necessary for economic use of the nickel-zinc battery in electric vehicle applications. The new chemistry stabilized battery system provides the opportunity to achieve and exceed this goal on a practical level in full size 15 - 40 KWH batteries. KW - Durability KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Performance KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189692 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372817 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Timoney, S G AU - Flynn, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A LOW FRICTION, UNLUBRICATED SIC DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-19 AB - Structural ceramic components have been successfully operated in a diesel engine. The pistons, liner, and housing for an opposed piston, two-cycle (valveless) engine were fabricated from sintered alpha SiC. The ceramic engine was tested without any lubrication or cooling in the cylinder. Data was collected for both the motoring and firing tests for discussion. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Performance KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Silicon carbide KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189709 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372818 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Bryzik, W AU - Kamo, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TACOM/CUMMINS ADIABATIC ENGINE PROGRAM PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 21-45 AB - This paper discusses the goals, progress, and future plans of the TACOM/Cummins Adiabatic Engine Program. The Adiabatic Engine concept insulates the diesel combustion chamber with high temperature materials to allow hot operation near an adiabatic operation condition. Additional power and improved efficiency derived from this concept occur because thermal energy, normally lost to the cooling and exhaust systems, is converted to useful power through the use of turbomachinery and high-temperature materials. Engine testing has repeatedly demonstrated the Adiabatic Engine to be the most fuel efficient engine in the world with multi-cylinder engine performance levels of 0.285 LB/BHP-HR (48% thermal efficiency) at 450 HP representative. Installation of an early version of the Adiabatic Engine within a military 5 ton truck has been completed, with initial vehicle evaluation successfully accomplished. Design and procurement of long lead time items for the next generation of Adiabatic Engine in the 600-750 HP power range is continuing. Work on the minimum-friction Adiabatic Engine version continues. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Combustion chambers KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Fuel consumption KW - Insulating materials KW - Performance KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189710 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372837 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Rachner, H AU - Morrissy, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW RESULTS IN COLLOID DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-8 AB - Recent improvements in the synthesis procedure for colloidal suspensions have led to reproducible suspensions and a reduced production time. In the past year, the previous disadvantages of high drive voltage, slow response at low temperatures and restricted operating lifetime have been substantially reduced. Present displays operate at 18 volts (CMOS compatible) with response times substantially less than 500 ms at -30 deg C and also have improved lifetimes under both storage and operating conditions. New test methods have been developed to assist the understanding of the degradation process under operating conditions. The latest technical data for colloidal displays are presented. KW - Automobiles KW - Colloids KW - Contrast KW - Displays KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Legibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189727 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372838 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Baeger, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LC DISPLAYS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 9-12 AB - In view of the wide range of opto-electronic displays for automotive application /1/, the car manufacturer is faced with the problem that the technology employed might be outdated within one to two years following their introduction in the vehicle. In this particular field of liquid crystal displays the user is confused by the great variety of display effects. Therefore, this paper presents a comparative analysis of the present promising types of liquid crystal displays in order to help the user make his choice. For more than four years, VDO has made great investments in the development of LCDs. This year, the VDO plant for clusters in Babenhausen has been expanded by another production plant for large-area liquid crystal displays (standard or hybrid displays) /2/ for automotive dashboard instrumentation. The production systems especially developed for this purpose allow for both the production of TN cells as well as of dichroic displays, without involving great difficulties. Therefore, we assume that a comparative analysis of the individual technologies will not require particular pre-conditions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Comparative analysis KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instrument panels KW - Liquid crystal displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189728 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372851 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Murashige, J K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MICROPROCESSOR BASED CRT CONTROLLER FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 123-127 AB - The architecture and capabilities of a new generation of video terminal chip are discussed. The basic principles of video picture generation are explained in relation to chip capabilities. Soon to be available hardware and software development support is described. A possible application in an automotive dashboard is discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Chippings KW - Chips KW - Computer programs KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Hardware KW - Instrument panels KW - Microprocessors KW - Software KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189741 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372852 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - SPOTO, T A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MICROPROCESSOR APPROACH TO A CLOCK DESIGN PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 129-133 AB - Throughout the evolution of the electronic digital clock several approaches have been used in specifying, designing, and developing the integrated circuits. This paper reviews a recent approach which utilizes a low-end microprocessor for timekeeping and highlights some interesting events in the development of the component. KW - Automobiles KW - Clocks KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Integrated circuits KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189742 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372938 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Hendren, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROPANE POWER FOR LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES: AN OVERVIEW PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 9-23 AB - The result of the relatively little attention given to propane as an alternative fuel in the past decade has produced limited development work on the conversion equipment. This contrasts the advancements that have occurred in automotive engine control technology. Discussion will focus on the impact of installing dated propane carburetion on state-of-the-art gasoline technology vehicles by investigating: 1. a "paper" survey of propane carburetion equipment; 2. three programs testing propane vehicles for: emissions, fuel consumption and performance; and, 3. cost analysis of the two fuels. To improve vehicle operating efficiency, it was found that better matching of the carburetion to the air-flow requirements of the engine was required. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Alternate fuels KW - Analysis KW - Carburetion KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Light vehicles KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189759 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372939 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Preuss, A-W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF OXYGENATES FROM THEIR PRODUCTION TO THEIR ENGINE USE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 25-35 AB - The paper focuses on the energetic evaluation of various oxygenates in comparison with crude oil derived gasoline. Data on the production efficiencies of alcohols and ethers are presented. The volumetric consumption of gasoline and the alternate oxygenate containing blends was measured during a standard driving cycle in a dynamometer test. The influence of the air/fuel ratio on the fuel economy was determined. It was found that the volumetric consumption of blends containing oxygenates was generally less than expected by their lower heating values. The overall result shows equal consumption rates of gasoline and alternate blends. This energy gain may be used to pay completely for the higher energy requirement in the production of these components. Hence, no overall energy penalty results. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Alcohols KW - Crude oil KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Gasoline KW - Oxygenates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189760 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372957 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Shinozaki, M AU - MATSUMOTO, Y AU - Kato, T AU - Nishida, M AU - Sudo, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH STRENGTH STEEL SHEETS FOR WHEEL RIM USE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 83-91 AB - Three types of hot-rolled high strength steel sheets having tensile strengths of 600 to 800MPa for wheel rim use were developed. For a fundamental study the effects of chemical compositions on the formability in stretch-flanging and bending on the flash butt welded joints were investigated. In precipitation-hardened steels, the main controlling factors are identified as a newly proposed carbon equivalent value, Mn/Si ratio and S content in steel. P-bearing steels and intercritically heat-treated dual-phase steel hoops are able to be used for rim production. Examples of commercial production of rims are presented. KW - Butt welds KW - Chemical composition KW - Dual phase steel KW - High strength steel KW - Rims KW - Sheet metal KW - Tensile strength KW - Wheel rims KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189777 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372958 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Armitage, B AU - Young, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH STRENGTH AUTOMOTIVE TUBING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 93-101 AB - High strength tubing is being proposed for replacing solid bar in the design of automotive parts such as anti-roll bars (stabilizers) and MacPherson suspension piston struts. This paper describes how a combination of tubemaking processes can be used to meet the different combinations of tube diameters, and wall thicknesses required by automotive parts manufacturers in three high strength steel grades. The results of a laboratory heat treatment program are also given to illustrate the range of mechanical properties that can be achieved in high strength tubing. KW - Automotive engineering KW - High strength steel KW - Mechanical properties KW - Tubing KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372776 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS CONTROL SP-537 PY - 1983/02 SP - 196 p. AB - The first group of papers summarizes the state of the art in trap oxidizer development by those vendor firms most advanced in this technology. Discussed are ceramic wall flow filters, with and without catalysts, catalyzed metal meshes and ceramic foam. One can draw the conclusion that filtration of particulate matter in diesel exhaust can indeed be accomplished effectively. However, regeneration of the trapped particulate in place by thermal oxidation presents the major challenge. The thrust of the authors' work in this area relates to providing the structural integrity of these filter systems during the regenerative process. The second part of this publication presents the auto makers' experience with adapting trap oxidizers to vehicles. Both laboratory and over-the-road vehicle tests are described. As with most development efforts, the results are a combination of successes and failures. It will be apparent to the reader that the potential to accomplish the task of particulate filtration is in hand and exists, but the job of engineering these devices and having them perform reliably for the lifetime of the vehicle remains. The third segment of this publication includes a mix of related subjects. One important contribution is a cost/benefit analysis of the job of preventing particulate matter from getting into the environment. A successful field trial of the ceramic filter in an underground mine lends encouragement to a very important off-road application. Included also are a theoretical treatment of a regenerative process, the effect of residual matter on the long term durability of a trap, and an innovative method of particulate measurement. Again, the critical subject of trap regeneration is key throughout. KW - Air quality management KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Catalysts KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - State of the art studies KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185576 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372767 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Austin, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SENSOR AND ACTUATOR REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAVY DUTY DIESELS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-23 AB - The current trend from hydromechanical to computer based engine controls is creating the need for high production volume, low cost, electronic sensors and actuators. These components must match the reliability and durability of the engine to which they are mounted. This paper outlines the heavy duty diesel engine environment and uses the development of a throttle position sensor as an example of the unique specifications required for some components. KW - Actuators KW - Components KW - Costs KW - Diesel trucks KW - Durability KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372774 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Smith, S K AU - Rozsi, D J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SENSORS IN ACTION FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 69-78 AB - This paper describes the use of sensors in a Quality Assurance System which encompasses the major departments within a Production Facility. Machining, Assembly, Test, and Storage are included. The purpose of the sensors is to create signals which can be converted into useful information for use by the appropriate manager, such as Quality Control, Floor Supervision, and Production Control. The information provides data regarding problems at regular intervals enabling management to maintain control of the system. KW - Machine tools KW - Monitoring KW - Production control KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Sensors KW - Supervision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189670 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372786 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Howitt, J S AU - Elliott, W T AU - Mogan, J P AU - Dainty, E D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF A CERAMIC WALL FLOW FILTER TO UNDERGROUND DIESEL EMISSIONS REDUCTION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 131-139 AB - A large frontal area wall flow filter has been developed for application to heavy duty vehicles such as are utilized in underground workings. Laboratory and in-mine operation has defined critical operating parameters including: 1) soot removal efficiency, 2) initial back pressure and rate of pressure rise with operating time, 3) physical durability of filter units subjected to rigorous mining machine inertial forces and vibration, and 4) regeneration of filter units by in situ combustion of accumulated material. An analysis of the economic aspects of filter use in underground environments is presented. KW - Air quality management KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Economics KW - Excavating equipment KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Fly ash KW - Particulates KW - Pressure KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Soot KW - Trap oxidizers KW - Underground KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372794 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Rasmussen, J R AU - Viswanathan, L AU - MILLER, G R AU - Virkar, A V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRANSFORMATION TOUGHENING OF BETA"--ALUMINA PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 19-23 AB - The fracture toughness and fracture strength of beta"-alumina are critical material properties for insuring reliable assembly, performance and lifetime of sodium-sulfur batteries in electric vehicle applications. The fracture toughness of the electrolyte is of major importance because it has been shown that the critical sodium ion current density for electrolyte degradation is proportional to the fracture toughness of the electrolyte to the fourth power. High fracture strength of the electrolyte is required for making and maintaining reliable seals to the insulating header. Greater fracture strength and toughness of beta"-alumina can be attained through transformation toughening while maintaining tolerable ionic resistivities. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electrolytes KW - Fracture properties KW - Performance KW - Sodium sulfur batteries KW - Transformation toughening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189688 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372801 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - FITZPATRICK, N P AU - SMITH, F N AU - Jeffrey, P W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ALUMINUM-AIR BATTERY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 63-67 AB - The background and potential applications of aluminum-air batteries are described and work around the world is reviewed. Alcan's approach to the anode/electrolyte systems is outlined. KW - Aluminum air batteries KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189695 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372806 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Pagel, E-O AU - Koehler, K-H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICROCOMPUTER-CONTROLLED ENGINE MANAGEMENT FOR THE AUDI QUATTRO PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 27-33 AB - In developing the turbocharged engine for the Audi Quattro, it became apparent at an early stage that this type of engine cannot be set up for maximum efficiency with conventional ignition systems. This is a result of the inflexibility of the mechanical spark control devices: the parameters that can be registered to control ignition timing are rpm and load condition (manifold pressure) only. By employing a microprocessor-controlled ignition system, it is possible to feed the engine with an optimum ignition timing signal for all load conditions. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronic ignition KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Ignition systems KW - Microprocessors KW - Timing KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189699 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372813 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Hofbauer, P AU - Oberpichler, G A AU - Sendzik, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GA 1-GLIDER AUTOMATIC PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 101-113 AB - Fuel consumption and emissions are reduced through the use of an engine/transmission management system, which prevents unnecessary engine operation. The system is described on a subcompact car with Diesel engine and economy manual transmission. During vehicle deceleration and idle modes (accelerator pedal not depressed) power transmission from the engine is interrupted and the engine is shut off. The engine is operating and power transmission to the wheels is provided only when driving force is required that means when the transmission is in gear and the accelerator pedal is depressed. The interruption and the engagement of power transmission is accomplished by an automatic clutch actuator. Monitoring and control of all system functions is accomplished by a microprocessor. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Deceleration KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine idling KW - Fuel consumption KW - Idling KW - Microprocessors KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189706 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372821 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Marmach, M AU - Servent, D AU - Hannink, RHJ AU - Murray, M J AU - Swain, M V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOUGHENED PSZ CERAMICS--THEIR ROLE AS ADVANCED ENGINE COMPONENTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 65-71 AB - Toughened partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) ceramics possess a number of advantageous properties for advanced engine components, in particular for adiabatic engine systems. Magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), is one of the toughest ceramics yet developed also possessing excellent insulating, high strength, good thermal shock and wear resistance properties. In addition PSZ has a thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus similar to iron and steel. Over the last three years, it has been shown as a result of the combination of these thermal and mechanical properties, that Mg-PSZ is suitable for applications as varied as cylinder liners, valve guides, valve seats, piston caps, hot plates and tappet (cam follower) inserts. In non-automotive applications this material can be used in extrusion dies, plastic moulding dies, powder metallurgical dies, dry conveyor bearings and prothesis implants. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - High strength materials KW - Liners KW - Mechanical properties KW - Thermal properties KW - Zirconium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189713 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372829 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Chen, S K AU - Lin, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REVIEW OF ENGINE ADVANCED CYCLE AND RANKINE BOTTOMING CYCLE AND THEIR LOSS EVALUATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 51-82 AB - Turbo aftercooled vehicle engine is widely accepted today. Two-stage turbo intercooled and aftercooled engines up to 300-350 bmep are in initial application stages for some medium speed stationary and marine diesels. Turbo compound engine has been tested and developed; the adiabatic engine concept has recently been advanced. For these advanced diesels, exhaust heat is a major source of engine performance improvement. Rankine bottom cycle has been applied the last few years to stationary engines for further exhaust heat recovery. Due to initial cost, complexity, and reliability of additional heat recovery equipment needed, few prototypes have been installed. Engine cycle exhaust is used as bottom cycle source heat. A simplified H-S diagram gives a birds-eye view of how a basic diesel cycle and Rankine bottom cycle are coupled. The advancement of the adiabatic concept renders interesting potential for additional exhaust heat recovery. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heat loss KW - Heat recovery KW - Rankine cycle KW - Rankine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189720 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372833 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Bhinder, F S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE PRESSURE CHARGING OF SMALL DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 131-138 AB - Some of the drawbacks of the diesel engine, such as low power/weight ratio, high noise level and high unit cost, may be overcome by pressure charging. The paper examines the pros and cons of the three available methods for pressure charging with particular reference to the problems of the small diesel for the passenger car market. KW - Diesel engines KW - Driveability KW - Fuel consumption KW - Superchargers KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189724 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372841 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Kadoo, F AU - Akeyoshi, K AU - Terada, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW LCD INSTRUMENT PANEL FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 27-34 AB - Under existing circumstances, the practical constructions of liquid crystal display (LCD) devices for automotive application are very few and very complicated. At the moment there are few research papers that undertake this topic. This paper presents a new practical construction of LCD, that is not only easy to assemble but also has good legibility. A sample LCD instrument panel, which has the new construction, is shown in this report. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fabrication KW - Instrument panels KW - Legibility KW - Liquid crystal displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189731 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372848 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Sanctorum, J J AU - Medvec, M E AU - Seeger, M R AU - Staszel, M A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMMCAR--AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO IN-VEHICLE TELEPHONES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 91-104 AB - The development and implementation of a vehicle integrated 800 Mhz cellular telephone system is described. Particular emphasis is placed on the interconnection of existing vehicle systems through the use of digital data links. It is shown that systems integration can provide increased feature content in a vehicle without the corresponding space requirements. It is also shown that ergonomic advantages may be realized with integrated systems over discrete systems. KW - Automobiles KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Integrated systems KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Radio KW - Systems integration KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189738 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372855 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Miesterfeld, FOR AU - Johnstone, G S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPLEMENTING CMOS INTO AN AUTOMOTIVE TRIP COMPUTER PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 149-155 AB - The normal procedure for automotive electronic product development is a slowly evolving process, that is paced by the development of components that are used in the product. Seldom does the normal evolution of components have the potential to cause a breakthrough in products as the application of High Performance CMOS technology (HCMOS) to microcomputers. This paper shows how such a microcomputer has affected the design of a 12 function trip computer. Although the features of this trip computer are not new, progress is made in many areas. A method of accomplishing a day-date clock that does not need an external clock chip will be presented. The implementation of a new A/D converter chip is discussed. A hardware dimming technique for vacuum fluorescent displays will be presented and the application of a new high-efficiency display power supply is examined. KW - Automobiles KW - Chippings KW - Chips KW - Clocks KW - CMOS devices KW - Driver information systems KW - Electric power supply KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Microcomputers KW - Software KW - Trip computers KW - Trip length KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189745 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372859 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Wilson, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTATION ON AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 181-189 AB - The use of instrumentation on agricultural equipment slowly evolved from human observation of the operation of the equipment to a level of instrumentation which parallels that found on automobiles, and shared that automotive plateau for approximately 40 years. It has now embarked on a path which differs from that of the automobile. These differences are now openly competitive within the agricultural industry in both the choice of display technology and in function selection. This paper reviews both the early and modern agricultural instrumentation along with some of the unique functions now being monitored. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Displays KW - Electronics KW - Information display systems KW - Instrumentation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189749 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372866 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Shimizu, H D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ITRON VFD WITH REVERSE VIEW CONFIGURATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 257-259 AB - One of the disadvantages of the conventional Vacuum Fluorescent Display (VFD) is its relatively narrow viewing angle due to the construction in which phosphor display images are secluded in depth from the front face glass. However, to avoid display distortion and to make wider viewing angle, Ise Electronics Corporation has developed itron VFD with "Reverse View" configuration in consequence of new technology establishment. This paper describes construction, operating principle, characteristics and application of "Reverse View VFD". KW - Applications KW - Automobiles KW - Characteristics KW - Configuration KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Operations KW - Reverse view KW - Shape KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189756 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372942 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Callahan, T J AU - Ryan, T W AU - O'Neal, G B AU - Waytulonis, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTROL OF DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES--SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE OPTIMIZATION FOR WATER-IN-FUEL MICROEMULSIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 55-66 AB - The increased use of diesel-powered equipment in underground mines has prompted interest in reducing their exhaust pollutants. Control of particulate emissions without substantial penalties in other emissions or fuel consumption is necessary. This paper describes test results on a prechamber, naturally-aspirated, four-cycle diesel engine in which two different concentrations of water-in-fuel emulsions were run. The independent variables comprising the test matrix were fuel, speed, load, injection timing, injection rate, and compression ratio. The dependent variables of the experiment included particulate and gaseous emissions and engine thermal efficiency. Regression analysis was performed on the data to determine how particulate emissions were affected by fuel and engine parameters. Results of this analysis indicated that substantial reductions in particulate emissions could be obtained by utilizing water-in-fuel emulsions. KW - Coal mines KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine cylinders KW - Exhaust gases KW - Injection KW - Microemulsions KW - Optimization KW - Particulates KW - Single cylinder engines KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Underground KW - Underground structures KW - Water-in-fuel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189763 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372954 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Adamczyk, R D AU - Dickinson, D W AU - Krupitzer, R P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EDGE FORMABILITY OF HIGH-STRENGTH COLD-ROLLED STEEL PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 55-67 AB - Little information is available about the influence of inclusions and edge condition on the edge formability of cold-rolled steels. For this reason, a series of high-strength cold-rolled steels was evaluated through the hole expansion test. The steels examined were a rephosphorized steel, microalloyed 50 and 60 ksi steels, and recovery annealed 60 and 70 ksi steels. KW - Cold forming KW - Cold-rolled steel KW - Edge formability KW - High strength steel KW - Hole expansion test KW - Microalloyed steels KW - Rephosphorized steels KW - Steel sheets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189774 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372961 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Millar, G D AU - Collier, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WIRE SKELETONIZING: PRINCIPLES AND POTENTIAL FOR AUTOMOTIVE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 123-128 AB - Steel wire skeletons may be used in place of solid-mass forms such as stampings, castings and moldings. Skeletonizing with steel wire offers weight and cost savings and many functional improvements for parts and components. This paper provides design procedure and aids, examples and a list of automotive parts that could potentially benefit from steel wire skeletonization. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Steel wire KW - Vehicle components KW - Wire KW - Wire reinforced UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372770 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Montaron, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMOTIVE THICK FILM TEMPERATURE SENSORS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 41-44 AB - A fast response, thick film nickel temperature sensing element has been developed for use with automotive electronic systems. The same basic sensing element can be custom designed and packaged for sensing engine inlet air temperature, engine coolant temperature, engine oil temperature, and others. Different physical designs can be adapted to a given application taking into account such factors as accuracy, response time, mechanical shock, chemical effects, and durability. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronics KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Nickel KW - Sensors KW - Temperature sensors KW - Thick films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189666 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372772 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Bessho, M AU - Tsuru, Y AU - Horiike, H AU - Jinmon, M AU - Yamagami, K AU - Wataya, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH RELIABILITY ABSOLUTE SEMICONDUCTOR PRESSURE SENSOR PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 55-59 AB - This paper describes an absolute semiconductor pressure sensor suitable for the engine control systems in automobiles. Using the passive (electrically nonconnected) side of a sensor chip as the pressure interface, it has good pressure media compatibility. But it requires a pedestal with a pressure inlet hole and a larger contact area for good sealed, vacuum reference, since the larger contact area causes a larger temperature shift of the offset voltage due to thermal stress. We have analyzed the thermal stress by the finite element method and have designed a lower, tubular pedestal with a groove which has isolated the sensor chip from the thermal stress more effectively. As a result, the sensor chip has been assembled in a standard TO-5 package and a temperature shift of the offset voltage within plus or minus 1% error of FS (Full Scale) without temperature compensation in the temperature range of minus 30 deg C to 100 deg C has been realized. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fuel injection KW - Ignition systems KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Semiconductors KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189668 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372788 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Gerke, D H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT OF DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS WITH A LIGHT EXTINCTION OPACITY METER PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 153-158 AB - A system has been developed that provides real-time measurement of heavy-duty diesel engine particulates emitted during the EPA transient emission test cycle. This is accomplished by measuring the opacity of the exhaust/air mixture in an EPA type dilution tunnel with a light extinction opacity meter. Simultaneously, the temperature in the dilution tunnel is measured, and the ratio of the dilution tunnel temperature to a standard temperature is used to correct the opacity signal to standard conditions. The outstanding features of the system are that it produces a continuous record of when particulates were generated during the 20-minute transient cycle and that particulate cycle results are available immediately upon completion of the transient cycle without the requirement of conditioning and weighing filters. Results to date indicate correlation of the opacity-particulate monitor measured particulates to gravimetrically determined particulates to be within 10% for specific engines. KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Measurement KW - Opacity KW - Particulates KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189683 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372791 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Giese, R F AU - Walsh, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A LEAST-COST METHOD FOR PRIORITIZING BATTERY RESEARCH PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-10 AB - A methodology has been developed for identifying the combination of battery characteristics which lead to least-cost electric vehicles. Battery interrelationships include specific power vs. specific energy, peak power vs. specific energy and DOD, cycle life vs. DOD, cost vs. specific energy and peak power, and volumetric and battery size effects. The method is illustrated for the "second car" mission assuming lead/acid batteries. Reductions in life-cycle costs associated with future battery research breakthroughs are estimated using a sensitivity technique. A research prioritization system is described. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Least overall cost KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372807 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Ribbens, W B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW METRIC FOR TORQUE NONUNIFORMITY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 35-40 AB - This paper presents a new metric for the nonuniformity of the torque random process of a reciprocating internal combustion engine. The proposed metric is derived from the torque 2N extrema which occur within each engine cycle for an N-cylinder engine. A 2N-dimensional vector is obtained for each cycle, which represents torque nonuniformity. The proposed metric is either the 1 sub 1 or 1 sub 2 norm for this vector. It is shown in this paper that this metric satisfies several properties which are desirable for quantitatively representing torque nonuniformity. Moreover, this metric is computed once each engine cycle and is, therefore, a quasi-real time measure of torque nonuniformity. This metric has several potential applications in electronic engine control systems. KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Nonuniformity KW - Standardization KW - Torque KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189700 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372809 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Mortara, W AU - Canta, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE STABILITY SENSOR PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 53-68 AB - It has been proved from many studies and applications that, to improve fuel economy, is necessary to operate near lean limit without exceeding it, to avoid unstable engine running and resulting car surging. On this purpose, besides a precise and flexible control system, an engine stability sensor, to adopt closed loop control strategies, is needed. A research has been carried out on different measurement methodologies with the aim of developing a reliable and low cost stability sensor to be used on production cars. For this reason sensors yet applied in automotive field, like accelerometer and pick-up or oriented to this application, like ring pressure sensors, have been used. As basis of comparison the cyclic dispersion, measured with a pressure sensor inside the combustion chamber, has been considered. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Sensors KW - Spark advance KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189702 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372826 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - WATSON, H C AU - MILKINS, E E AU - Roberts, K AU - Bryce, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TURBOCHARGING FOR FUEL EFFICIENCY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 19-28 AB - The arguments are given for the application of a 1.3 litre turbocharged spark ignition engine, as a substitute for a 2 litre normally aspirated engine as the power plant for a compact-sized car in the late 80's. Three stages of the project leading to an optimised engine-turbocharger package are outlined. Achievement of Stage 1, leading to evaluation of a non-optimised configuration, will be reported. Description includes the use of a separately driven supercharger to define operating limits in the experimental variable matrix comprising compression ratio, boost pressure, EGR rate and spark retard at the knock limit. Computer programs for the optimising stages of the project are outlined. The current status of the project is reported, where, even at this early stage, fuel consumption reductions of 11-22% have been achieved under simulated urban driving conditions. KW - Computer programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Optimization KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189717 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372828 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Takagi, Y AU - NAKAJIMA, Y AU - Muranaka, S AU - Ohkawa, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL ECONOMY AND OUTPUT IN METHANOL FUELED TURBOCHARGED S.I. ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 39-50 AB - One outstanding feature of methanol as an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines is its very high antiknock characteristics. In this study, potential improvements in output power and thermal efficiency that methanol offers for a supercharged compression ratio S.I. engine as an automotive prime mover were investigated. They were compared with those of a naturally aspirated gasoline engine. As a result the effect of operating parameters such as supercharged boost pressure, charge temperature and exhaust back pressure on thermal efficiency and output power was clarified quantitatively. Next it was confirmed that a methanol fueled turbocharged 1.3 liter S.I. engine with high compression ratio of 11:1 achieved almost the same output performance as that of a gasoline fueled naturally aspirated 2.0 liter engine. This engine also realized a lean burn system with high compression ratio and low NOx characteristics of methanol and achieved extremely good roll economy. The improvement in thermal efficiency was as much as 30 percent compared with a naturally aspirated gasoline engine having the same engine size. KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Methanol KW - Performance KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Superchargers KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189719 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372844 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Kishino, T AU - Mizohata, T AU - Pykosz, T L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MULTI-FUNCTION LARGE SCALE GLASS VACUUM FLUORESCENT DISPLAYS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 53-66 AB - Vacuum Fluorescent Displays have been manufactured for automotive applications for over six years. During this period, various technological advances, such as increased brightness, multicolors, and decreased power consumption have lead to the rapid expansion of the Vacuum Fluorescent Display (VFD) market. The following paper will discuss high brightness displays for automotive applications, focusing on large scale displays. These large scale displays are now becoming practical for mass production. We will discuss various design problems that are encountered and how to solve them plus what performance criteria is targeted for future improvement. KW - Automobiles KW - Brightness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Large scale KW - Performance KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189734 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372846 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Yoshida, Y AU - Kadota, Y AU - Miyazaki, T AU - Chin, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN FIP (TRADEMARK) (FLUORESCENT INDICATOR PANEL) PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 73-77 AB - A surface light emitting fluorescent indicator panel FIP (TRADEMARK) has been developed to reduce the distance from the lighted surface to the front panel surface. This offers a better viewing angle and easier read display. An extension of the previously developed multi-color FIP's has been made to allow variable colors dependent on the level of input driving voltages. The theory and experimental data on these recent developments are discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Experimental data KW - Instrument panels KW - Theoretical studies KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189736 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372861 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - White, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATIC DATALOGGING TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 199-217 AB - New instrumentation designs require extensive proveout in the vehicle environment. The sheer magnitude of information required to evaluate today's microprocessor-based systems precludes manual data collection and analysis. A method of automating the data collection process through direct communication with the instrumentation module is discussed. A design for an automatic data collector, or datalogger, is presented. KW - Automation KW - Automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data logging KW - Dataloggers KW - Displays KW - Electronics KW - Evaluation KW - Information display systems KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189751 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372863 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - TAYLOR, D AU - Thoman, G AU - Maschino, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRACTICAL ELECTRIC SPEEDOMETER SYSTEM FOR PASSENGER CAR APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 229-242 AB - A digital implementation of an automotive electronic speedometer was developed to maintain the present analog pointer display while offering the advantages of increased accuracy and stability, reduced size and weight, enhanced acoustical performance, and improved styling and design flexibility. System cost is minimized by using custom integrated circuits with conventional electromechanical device technology. The speedometer is mechanized using an air core gage movement driven by digital electronics. The odometer is a conventional wheel display modified for stepper motor drive. Vehicle speed sensing is performed by a transmission mounted PM generator. This paper addresses design considerations and features of this system. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design features KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Electrical equipment KW - Oedometers KW - Speedometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189753 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372945 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Elsbett, L AU - Elsbett, G AU - Elsbett, K AU - BEHRENS, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALTERNATIVE FUELS ON A SMALL HIGH SPEED TURBOCHARGED D.I. DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 85-89 AB - The aim of this paper is to indicate what modifications are recommended in order to make a small light-duty d.i. diesel engine suitable for alternative fuels such as vegetable oil or gasoline diesel mixtures. The paper further gives performance charts and test results which indicate that good suitability can be obtained for alternative fuels. The authors believe that the light-duty d.i. diesel will rapidly become the most common car and tractor engine and that the multifuel suitability is an advantage in some markets as of today and will increasingly be so. The introduction of an inexpensive and reliable engine being able to run on a wide range of alternative fuels can be of major environmental, economical and political consequence. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Gasoline KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189766 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372947 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Johnson, R T AU - Stoffer, J O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE EVALUATIONS OF STABILIZED DIESEL FUELS CONTAINING ALCOHOLS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 105-121 AB - Stabilized fuels containing methanol or ethanol, contamination water, and chemical stabilizer were evaluated in an ASTM cetane rating engine and commercial Direct (DI) and Indirect (IDI) injection engines. Engine speed and load conditions were selected to provide adequate smoke and particulate emissions for accurate measurements. All fuels were tested at equal energy input rates for the given engine. The cetane engine results were quite variable compared to those from the other engines. For operation with the stabilized fuels: All three engines demonstrated only minor changes in HC, CO, and NOX emissions and engine efficiency. The cetane engine demonstrated very little change in the smoke and particulate emissions; the DI engine showed substantial reduction in smoke and particulates; and the IDI engine showed a consistent but smaller reduction in smoke and particulates. The Soluble Organic Fraction of the particulate emissions increased significantly for the stabilized fuels operating in the DI engine. This increase was not as pronounced for the IDI engine. Fuel related operational problems are also described. KW - Alcohols KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine cylinders KW - Engines KW - Ethanol KW - Evaluation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Injection engines KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Single cylinder engines KW - Smoke KW - Stabilized fuels KW - Stabilized materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372950 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Bhat, S P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NOTCH FATIGUE STRENGTHS OF SEVERAL HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY SHEET STEELS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 13-22 AB - Most structural components contain geometric discontinuities or notches. Over the years, several approximate methods have been developed to relate the remote stress (S) to the local stress and the local strain under conditions of localized plastic yielding during fatigue. Recently, the author has developed a new method of computing the fatigue strength reduction factor (K sub f) in the presence of a notch. The method estimates the notch root stresses from strain controlled fatigue data for any given life. The present paper illustrates the application of this technique by presenting data for several HSLA steels. In particular, the data are presented for hot rolled, dual phase, and galvanized sheet steels. It is shown that the K sub f values are a function of life level and that this functional dependence is specific to the steel. Practical implications of these data in materials substitution programs are illustrated by calculating the potential thickness reductions when using HSLA steels for fatigue critical applications. KW - Dual phase steel KW - Fatigue strength KW - Galvanized metals KW - High strength steel KW - Hot rolling KW - Low alloy steel KW - Notch KW - Sheet metal KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372963 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Vecchio, M T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN ANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR OF A VARIETY OF AS-FORMED MILD AND HIGH STRENGTH STEEL SHEET MATERIALS IN LARGE DEFLECTION BENDING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 141-156 AB - To develop design and application guidelines for a range of mild, high strength and dual phase steels with as received yields ranging from 27.5 to 108.4 ksi, a bending study was conducted for a series of capped hat section rails simulating vehicle underbody rail components. The combined effects of forming, die bias, section geometry and as received material yield strength are evaluated by assessing their effect on bending performance. Two material thicknesses are utilized to evaluate material performance. A third intermediate material gage is used to determine the combined effects of theoretical stiffness and yield strength increase and gage reduction. The bending data is analyzed to determine actual test component stiffness, peak load capability, overall test component deflection, concentrated load effects and buckling effects for the various materials and section configurations fabricated. Probable NVH interactions and their effects are briefly discussed. An attempt is also made to identify HSS material and forming characteristics which contribute to buckling behavior. KW - Analysis KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bending KW - Buckling KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Dual phase steel KW - High strength steel KW - Loads KW - Mild steel KW - Performance KW - Sheet metal KW - Stiffness KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372765 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SENSORS AND ACTUATORS (1983) SP-536 PY - 1983/02 SP - 92 p. AB - This report contains ten papers: (1) Smart Sensors, W.G. Wolber; (2) Sensor and Actuator Requirements for Heavy Duty Diesels, J.W. Austin; (3) Nonintrusive Acoustic System for the Dynamic Timing of Diesel Engines, R.C. Davis et al.; (4) A New Load Sensor for Truck Self Weighing Systems, J.D. Barnett, R. West; (5) Automotive Thick Film Temperature Sensors, B. Montaron; (6) An Advanced Electrothermal Sensor for Automotive Level Measurement, M. Haub et al.; (7) High Reliability Absolute Semiconductor Pressure Sensor, M. Bessho et al.; (8) Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensors Based on TiO2 Films, W.J. Kaiser and E.M. Logothetis; (9) Sensors in Action for Quality Assurance, S.K. Smith and D.J. Rozsi; and (10) Analysis of Piezoelectric Benders Used As Knock Sensors, J.F. Guess. KW - Actuators KW - Automobiles KW - Benders KW - Bending KW - Diesel trucks KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronics KW - Engine knock KW - Exhaust gas oxygen sensors KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel systems KW - Oxygen KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Quality assurance KW - Sensors KW - Temperature sensors KW - Timing KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weighing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372936 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALTERNATE FUELS FOR SPARK IGNITION AND DIESEL ENGINES SP-542 PY - 1983/02 SP - 128 p. AB - This publication contians the following papers: On-Board Storage and Home Refueling Options for Natural Gas Vehicles, A. Golovoy and J. Braslaw; Propane Power for Light Duty Vehicles: An Overview, F. Hendren; Energy Efficiency of Oxygenates from Their Production to Their Engine Use, A. W. Preuss; The Use of Surfactants in Preventing Phase Separation of Alcohol Petroleum Fuel Mixtures,, E. J. Smith and D. R. Jordan; Investigations on a Passenger Car Swirl-Chamber Diesel Engine Using Different Alcohol Fuels, F. F. Pischinger, P. Burghardt, C. Havenith, and K. Weidmann; Control of Diesel Exhaust Emissions in Underground Coal Mines--Single-Cylinder Engine Optimization for Water-in-Fuel Microemulsions, T. J. Callahan, T. W. Ryan III, G. B. O'Neal, and R. W. Waytulonis; Performance of Carbon/Diesel Fuel Slurries in a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine, J. F. Wakenell; Control of Diesel Exhaust Emissions in Underground Coal Mines--Steady-State and Transient Engine Tests with a Five Percent Water-in-Fuel Microemulsion, G. B. O'Neal, H. E. Dietzmann, T. W. Ryan III, and R. W. Waytulonis; Alternative Fuels on a Small High Speed Turbocharged D.I. Diesel Engine, L. Elsbett, G. Elsbett, K. Elsbett, and M. Behrens; Performance of Stabilized Diesel Containing Alcohols and Water in Single and Multicylinder Direct Injection Engines, R. T. Johnson, and J. O. Stoffer; Single Cylinder Engine Evaluations of Stabilized Diesel Fuels Containing Alcohols, R. T. Johnson and J. O. Stoffer. KW - Alcohols KW - Alternate fuels KW - Coal mines KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Natural gas KW - Oxygenates KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Swirl chambers KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372790 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BATTERIES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES--RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TESTING AND EVALUATION SP-541 PY - 1983/02 SP - 76 p. AB - The subject matter of this collection of papers cover the broad field of batteries for electric vehicles. System analysis, costing, and testing parameters are addressed in addition to the developmental status of the various batteries currently being considered for mobile applications. Lead-acid batteries constitute a significant portion of this document. This system represents the state-of-the-art with a substantial data base; it is the standard to which all other systems are compared. Test and design information is also presented on the nickel/zinc and nickel/iron systems, which are candidates for near-term commercializations. The advanced systems discussed are: sodium/sulfur, lithium/iron sulfide, zinc/bromine, zinc/chlorine, and aluminum/air. These advanced batteries offer the potential of high specific energy and power and extended vehicle range. KW - Aluminum air batteries KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Iron compounds KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Lithium sulfur batteries KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Sodium sulfur batteries KW - Systems analysis KW - Testing KW - Zinc KW - Zinc chloride batteries KW - Zinc-bromine batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372815 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE SP-543 PY - 1983/02 SP - 88 p. AB - World-wide activity in the area of adiabatic diesel engine technology has greatly accelerated in recent years. This volume of papers represents an impressive cross section of the international research and development activities in this general subject area, with a broad range of key technological areas covered. As technology advances continue to materialize, it becomes increasingly obvious that an evolution toward "minimum-cooled" adiabatic concept engines is inevitable. Recent advances in key engineering areas such as high temperature materials, high temperature tribology, and advanced ceramic engine design have combined to provide a firm path to this evolution. The concept centers around insulating as much of the combustion chamber as possible, thereby reducing, or even eliminating, the heat rejection to the coolant. The resulting high energy exhaust gases are utilized in an external system such as turbocompounding. Potential advantages of such an engine are both numerous and significant. They include virtual elimination of the conventional cooling system, dramatic improvements in fuel economy, reduction in engine size and weight, improvement in reliability and maintainability, improved multifuel characteristics, smoother combustion, less noise, improved cold start and emission characteristics, and reduced manufacturing costs. While this volume includes an interesting and valuable collection of papers, it by no means represents a complete treatment of the technological activities in this general subject area. Much world-wide adiabatic engine work is not reported in the literature for various reasons including proprietary rationale; however, this volume presents a a reference of how far and fast the technological communtiy has come in the area of adiabatic engine technology. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185579 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372766 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Wolber, W G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SMART SENSORS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-10 AB - Microcomputer-organized engine controls for passenger cars are now an established fact. The sensors for these controls are still rather crude, and will be challenged during the 1980's by more advanced designs incorporating sophisticated electronics. The author describes the advantages for the control system, and for the sensor itself, which can be realized when a sensor is "smart" -- designed from its inception to incorporate a dedicated real-time microcomputer. The increasing availability and use of such smart sensors is predicted. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronics KW - Microcomputers KW - Sensors KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189662 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372768 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Davis, R C AU - Hagen, D L AU - Scherrer, H C AU - KITTELSON, D B AU - Lowell, E D AU - Tidball, A G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NONINTRUSIVE ACOUSTIC SYSTEM FOR THE DYNAMIC TIMING OF DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 25-32 AB - Vibration signals from diesel engines were analyzed for the purpose of isolating signals relating to injection or combustion which could be used to time the engines. Nonintrusive sensors, magnetically attached to the engine, were used to obtain these vibration signals. Components believed to be associated with combustion or fuel injection were electronically isolated from the remaining engine noise, and subsequently processed to produce specific timing signals. Digital data acquisition and averaging methods were used, coupled with computerized frequency analysis. The signals were experimentally correlated with the combustion process over a wide range of injection timing. The electronic processing system developed provides a real time digital measure of the timing. Data on the accuracy and correlation of experimental measurements will be presented. KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronics KW - Sensors KW - Timing KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189664 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372793 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - CHILENSKAS, A A AU - Shimotake, H AU - Barney, D L AU - Sasaki, T AU - KIMURA, Y AU - Goto, K AU - Toda, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A LI-AL/FES BATTERY FOR AN ELECTRIC VAN PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 15-18 AB - A study on battery-vehicle design interactions was performed jointly by Argonne National Laboratory and Toyota Motor Company. A Toyota Hi-Ace van converted to electric drive was used to model the performance of the vehicle. Power train requirements were calculated on the basis of achieving performance equivalent to that of gasoline-engine or diesel-powered vehicles. Vehicle energy requirements were obtained by integrating the power required to complete a SAE J227a/D cycle. A weight analysis for the conversion was completed as well as a preliminary design to locate the batteries within the vehicle without encroaching upon passenger space. The power/energy ratio of the battery was determined as a function of the vehicle range. Specifications for the vehicle and battery for several cases of interest (e.g., gasoline or diesel type acceleration) are given. KW - Design KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Iron compounds KW - Lithium sulfur batteries KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372795 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Hornstra, F AU - Swoboda, C AU - Corp, D AU - Fredrickson, D AU - Webster, C AU - Christianson, C C AU - Yao, N P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HOW SYNERGETIC IS A SIESTA FOR AN ELECTRIC SEDAN? PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 25-27 AB - Lead-acid batteries were tested at the National Battery Test Laboratory at Argonne National Laboratory to determine the effects on the range of an electric vehicle of rest periods introduced during the vehicle use. Rest periods ranging from zero through four hours were chosen to simulate no break, a coffee break, a lunch break, and a work break. Preliminary results suggest that no increase in range can be expected as a result of the rest periods regardless of their length; moreover, it appears that in some cases a slight loss in battery capacity, and therefore in range, may occur as the battery cools during the rest period. Similar testing of the nickel/iron battery system is now underway. KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189689 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372803 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Gayler, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM FOR LIGHT ECONOMY CARS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-9 AB - PIPER "PIJET" is a low cost microprocessor controlled fuelling system, that can be readily integrated into a total engine management package, for single or multi-cylinder engines to 150 BHP (112 KW). The system introduces fuel at the intake port of individual cylinders via air bled nozzles of unique design that assure good distribution by a process of "natural selection", from a single solenoid injector controlled, low pressure fuel supply. The nozzles may be represented as jets of a multi-jet carburettor and are designed to give a high degree of fuel atomisation at small throttle openings. Although the system is designed to run under microprocessor control, any failure of that control will result in a "fail-safe", emergency running mode. As with any downstream port fuelling system, full advantage may be taken of the power and economy advantages of ram-tuned induction, together with the extensive use of plastics for system components. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Fail safe KW - Fail safe systems KW - Fuel injection KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189696 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372805 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Ono, H AU - Nakano, J AU - Nakano, Y AU - TAKAHASHI, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOYOTA'S NEW MICROPROCESSOR BASED ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 19-26 AB - Toyota introduced a new engine control system using a new microprocessor during the Fall of 1982. The new control system is used effectively for more complex application to engine and automatic transmission control. It controls air-fuel ratios in combination with the transmission shift control to achieve good fuel economy, driveability, as well as emission reduction. This system includes a self diagnostic capability, in which the electronic control unit (ECU) diagnoses system abnormalities, stores them in the memory and turn on the CHECK ENGINE lamp. To assure the proper system operation against any failure of the processor, the electronic control unit has a back up circuit which executes the predetermined operation of fuel injection and spark timing. For this system, a new 12-bit microprocessor capable of high speed real time processing was developed. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air quality management KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Microprocessors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189698 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372830 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Nekut, A AU - Callaway, R AU - Kuenhl, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A FAST RESPONSE TURBOCHARGING SYSTEM PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 83-89 AB - A simple control system is described which improves the transient performance of turbocharged automotive gasoline engines by removing the compressor from the intake airflow when boost pressure is not required. Experimental results are presented showing a considerable reduction in the time required to attain steady state boost pressure after rapid throttle openings from part load. KW - Control systems KW - Improvements KW - Performance KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189721 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372832 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Gaschler, E AU - Eib, W AU - Rhode, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF THE 3-CYLINDER DI-DIESEL WITH TURBOCHARGER OR COMPREX-SUPERCHARGER PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 107-129 AB - The swirl chamber diesel engine of the Volkswagen Rabbit has set standards as far as fuel economy is concerned. The introduction of direct fuel injection in passenger car diesel engines constitutes another step in the same direction. For installation in the "Auto 2000" prototype developed by Volkswagen Research, an engine was made which shows a number of new technologies designed for compliance with future exhaust emission standards as well as further improvement in fuel economy. From the 1.6 liter Rabbit Diesel engine was formed with direct fuel injection, an electronically controlled fuel injection pump and a turbocharging system. A 3-cylinder engine is advantageous in that it requires less space and is lighter. Furthermore, a low-volume (1.2 liter) diesel engine will be able to run in the low-consumption areas in the engine map in both the US and the ECE-tests since it will be exposed to a relatively high load. Direct fuel injection, in turn, offers better thermal efficiency, so that a reduction in specific fuel consumption of about 15% might reasonably be expected. An electronic fuel injection pump facilitates optimum adjustment of a number of engine parameters, especially injection timing and full-load behavior. A supercharging system offers a higher power output as well as more torque and better fuel economy at an increased BMEP. This report presents data obtained on engine test beds and roads using a turbocharger (TC) and a Comprex pressure wave supercharger (CX). Further conclusions with respect to road performance are shown. The development potential of neither supercharging system has been fully exhausted during the work covered by this report. KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Performance KW - Superchargers KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Torque KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189723 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372840 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - HASHIMOTO, T AU - Akeyoshi, K AU - Minowa, T AU - Araki, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW CONSTRUCTION APPROACH TO LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 21-25 AB - Liquid Crystal Display is in the process of achieving the supreme position as an automotive instrument panel; it will replace all other existing automotive displays on dashboards. However, a number of problems on technical support remain to be solved. Focused the most among them is the strong demand of a highly reliable connection method. The new connection technique by soldering was presented in the previous paper. This paper describes the reliability and fabrication process of the new connection and its application to Driver IC on flexible P.C.B. and Chip on Glass instrument panels. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fabrication KW - Instrument panels KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Reliability KW - Solder UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189730 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372842 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Walkush, G A AU - Owen, L J AU - Ross, D A AU - Ackerman, G AU - Milne, K T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN LCD INSTRUMENT PANEL FOR AN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 35-45 AB - The selection of liquid crystal display technology for the microprocessor controlled instrument cluster in the new Chevrolet Corvette allowed the development of a novel and attractive multi-colored display with greatly enhanced driver information features. Polarizers, protective film and masking were specifically selected for the three LCD cells. Lighting and registration challenges were met while maintaining buildability, and electronics and software were developed to perform the many functions and features of the complex design in a reliable fashion. KW - Automobiles KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instrument panels KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Microprocessors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189732 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372865 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Aronow, M F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION MANUFACTURING--PRE-CONDITIONING EXPERIENCES PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 249-256 AB - Achieving acceptable field reliability with complex state-of-the-art automotive electronic instrumentation has led Ford Motor Company to pre-condition (burn-in) instrumentation modules during the manufacturing process. Since the 1980 model year, over 500,000 modules have been processed this way. This paper will summarize the pre-conditioning process and the lessons learned since 1980. KW - Automobiles KW - Clusters KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instrumentation KW - Manufacturing KW - Modules KW - Modules (Electricity) KW - Pre-conditioning KW - State of the art studies KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189755 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372867 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Fahrenschon, K AU - Wiemer, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LARGE AREA LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 261-265 AB - AEG-TELEFUNKEN have developed to the latest technology a liquid crystal display in a large format for an automotive instrument cluster. The instrument with a size of 300 mm x 150 mm x 15 mm consists of one single display with integrated driver ICs, soldered directly to the glass substrate, a lighting system for operation at night and separately mounted evaluation electronics. This paper describes design considerations, electrooptical measurements and technological details of this new product. KW - Automobiles KW - Clusters KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instrumentation KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189757 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372941 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Pischinger, F F AU - Burghardt, P AU - HAVENITH, C AU - Weidmann, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATIONS ON A PASSENGER CAR SWIRL-CHAMBER DIESEL ENGINE USING DIFFERENT ALCOHOL FUELS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 43-53 AB - Investigations on the suitability of various alcohol fuels as alternatives to conventional diesel fuel were carried out on a passenger car swirl-chamber diesel engine. The test results with a methanol and an ethanol diesel fuel blend show that without alternation of the engine adjustment a good performance behaviour is obtained. In addition to a reduced soot emission and a considerably lower particulate emission the thermal efficiency mainly in the upper load range is higher than with pure diesel operation. The increased HC and CO emissions occuring at low loads can be avoided and a further improvement in energy consumption can be realized by adapting the injection timing for alcohol blend operation. A complete substitution of the diesel fuel with a methanol-ignition improver mixture necessitates an adpated and alcohol-resistant fuel injection system. A soot free combustion and with the exception of the NOX emissions nearly the same low level of gaseous pollutants as with pure diesel operation are achieved. In the full load range the thermal efficiency of the alcohol engine is distinctly higher, whereas at part load the efficiency turns out to be lower. With regard to the engine efficiency and the HC and CO emissions at low loads a further optimization of the fuel injection system is necessary. KW - Alcohols KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel engines KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Swirl chambers KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189762 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372943 JO - Publication of: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing PB - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing AU - Wakenell, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE OF CARBON/DIESEL FUEL SLURRIES IN A MEDIUM-SPEED DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 67-75 AB - The effects of carbon black/diesel fuel slurries on fuel injection systems and performance of an EMD 567B two-cylinder locomotive research engine when operated on slurry fuel are presented in this paper. Without extensive modification to the diesel engine fuel transfer system, carbon black slurries cannot be run. Laboratory bench tests revealed clogged fuel filters, worn transfer pump components and frozen injector needle assemblies. Engine performance while running slurries resulted in reduced thermal efficiency and increased BSFC at rated power output. Upon engine disassembly, inspection revealed severe ring and liner wear. Severe wear resulted during only 40 hours of engine operation. KW - Carbon black KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Performance KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372139 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gustafson, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SELECTION OF POWDER METAL MATERIALS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 5-9 AB - As a materials based technology, Powder Metallurgy has wide and varied application, the most prominent of which is in the manufacture of mechanical components for the hard goods manufacturers. In spite of P/M's excellent reputation in the automotive, appliance, and related industries, the technology has yet to receive the wide acceptance it seeks. Studies commissioned to ascertain the reasons for the lack of full acceptance of P/M by design engineers have indicated that the absence of easily applied materials specifications is part of the problem. Measures being taken to ease this difficulty, as well as some suggestions for selecting P/M materials, are discussed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Design KW - Machinery KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Metal working KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Specifications KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189589 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372146 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ONODA, M AU - Kameda, R AU - Koiso, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF SINTER-BRAZING PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 61-65 AB - It is well-known that brazing of sintered parts is very difficult because of absorption of molten brazing alloy into the porous body. Our special brazing alloy has overcome this difficulty and made it possible to sinter and to joint two green compacts simultaneously in a sintering furnace. This sinter-brazing process enables us to make such complicated parts as conventional P/M technics can not achieve. In this paper, two examples of automobile application of these sinter-brazed parts are discussed. One is the rotor of compressor for car-airconditioner, and the other is the side-plate of oil-pump for power-steering. The rotor has a hollow groove inside to reduce its weight. The side-plate has a complicated oil-tunnel in it. The sinter-brazing is the most suitable manufacturing method to make such complicated configurations as cavities and passages. Due to the fixed dimensions of green compacts, the accuracy of the assembled parts is better than that of parts assembled after sintering. KW - Alloys KW - Automobiles KW - Braze welding KW - Brazing KW - Joining KW - Parts KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Sintering KW - Vehicle components KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189596 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372148 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kuhn, H A AU - Ferguson, B L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PSEUDO-ISOSTATIC POWDER METALLURGY DENSIFICATION PROCESS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 75-83 AB - An alternative to hot isostatic pressing for powder consolidation is presented. The process involves axial compression of a hard granular medium surrounding the powder preform to be consolidated. The grain is trapped within a die so that axial compression produces lateral pressure as well. Thus, conventional forging presses and techniques may be used rather than the more expensive and time-consuming techniques of hot isostatic pressing. Experimental measurements have been performed on consolidation of 4650 steel powder cylinders. The resulting data on axial strain, lateral strain, densification and pressure provide the information necessary for process and preform design for actual components. KW - Automobile industry KW - Densification KW - Forging KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372138 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tews, H A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MANAGING TECHNOLOGY: A PARTNERSHIP APPROACH PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 1-4 AB - If a business is to be profitable and experience growth in the 1980's and become competitive in the world economy, top management has to reorganize its priorities and systems of capitalizing on emerging technology. A practical approach for large or small businesses is the development of "partnership relations" beyond the company's internal resources. The efficient diffusion and commercialization of technology can be significantly improved through a partnership relation. A number of practical suggestions in structuring successful partnership technology relationships will be reviewed. KW - Assets KW - Business development KW - Competition KW - Economic development KW - Management KW - Partnerships KW - Private enterprise KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189588 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372145 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Asaka, K AU - Hayasaka, T AU - Ozawa, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHOD OF THE PREPARATION OF HIGH-DENSITY SINTERED ALLOYS BASED ON IRON AND COPPER PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 53-60 AB - It is the object of this report to provide a method of the preparation of a high-density sintered alloy composed mainly of iron and up to 50% by weight of copper, characterized in that it contains more than 0.03% of boron to suppress or limit the copper growth phenomenon during sintering. After carburizing, quenching and tempering, the sintered compacts composed of Fe-5Cu-0.15B-0.65Cr-0.1C show a tensile strength of 900 MPa at the density of 7.2g/cu cm. As these sintered compacts show high elongation, it is possible to make parts by cold-forging using these materials. After carburizing, quenching and tempering, the tensile strength of cold-forged compacts composed of the above mentioned material is more than 1200MPa. KW - Alloys KW - Automobiles KW - Boron KW - Copper KW - Forging KW - High density KW - High strength materials KW - Iron KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Sintering KW - Tensile strength KW - Testing KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189595 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372128 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Badran, B M AU - Ramadan, A M AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - EPOXIDIZED OLEIC ACID MODIFIED WITH NAPHTHYL AMINES AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE IN NR PY - 1983/02 VL - 115 IS - 2 SP - p. 21-24 AB - The new trend in rubber formulations is the use of polymeric ingredients (especially antioxidants and antirads) to avoid the drawbacks of simple compounds. Many trials have been made by the authors to prepare anti-oxidants and antirads by modification of oils with many aromatic amines and modification of oleic acid with p-phenylene diamine. The mentioned compounds were found to be as good as 4010 NA, Neozone, D and MB, and sometimes better. The present work is an extension of the above ones, where oleic acid was epoxidized by preparing peracetic acid in-situ using Dowex 50 W-8X as catalyst under well established conditions. The resulting epoxidized oleic acid was conducted to react with aplha and beta naphthyl amine (one mole amine/epoxy group). It has been stated that the reaction of expoxidized oleic acid and aromatic amines stopped at the formation of secondary amine because of steric hinderance. Nevertheless, carboxylic group may react with naphthyl amines to give the corresponding amides. KW - Additives KW - Physicochemical properties KW - Physicomechanical properties KW - Rubber KW - Vulcanization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188709 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372141 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Winquist, L A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN AND INTRODUCTION OF P/M PARTS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 23-30 AB - A new P/M part is created due to one of three reasons: 1) Cost savings over a manufacturing method for a current part, 2) Cost savings over an alternative method to manufacture a new part or, 3) it's the only practical way to manufacture the part. In today's quality conscious atmosphere at Ford the suppliers of P/M parts should be aware of their responsibilities in producing a P/M part to required standards. The producer must become involved in early feasibility issues, prove process capability and maintain capability on an ongoing basis. A case history of such an evaluation will be discussed from initiation through a second generation design. KW - Automobile industry KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Manufacturing KW - Parts KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189591 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372142 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tewari, H N AU - Sharan, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FORGEABILITY EVALUATION OF STEEL POWDER PREFORMS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 31-36 AB - Forging of steel powder preform has aroused considerable interest in recent years in automobile industries for manufacture of bearing races, connecting rods, pinion gears, etc. A component made this way can be heat treated to the strength level of wrought steel. It has much less fibering than a normal wrought material which results in better transverse properties leading to increased service life. The present paper reports the results of systematic investigation on the influence of chromium & molybdenum addition on the densification, forgeability and strength of low carbon steel powder preforms under varying compacting pressures. The work has also been carried out on a steel powder preform of composition En 351/353 produced from mixture of elemental powders. These steels find application in the manufacture of differential gears, gudgeon pin, pinion, etc for automotive industries. The percentage reduction in height till fracture during upset test on 150 ton hydraulic press was taken as criterion for evaluating forgeability. The die filling ability of the sintered compacts was also evaluated under varying compacting pressure. KW - Alloy steel KW - Automobile industry KW - Carbon steel KW - Chromium KW - Forging KW - Low carbon steels KW - Molybdenum KW - Parts KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Service life KW - Steel KW - Steel powder preforms KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372137 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POWDER METAL PARTS. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR ECONOMICS AND RELIABILITY PY - 1983/02 SP - 83 p. AB - The papers collected in this volume were presented at the 1983 SAE International Congress & Exposition in Cobo Hall in Detroit. The automotive industry in the USA is now undergoing a significant change to regain leadership through improved design, quality of the product and increased productivity. All these attributes are interconnected and must be joined together by a coordinated action. Design engineers must have an increased knowledge of new materials and processes available to create automotive components having maximum reliability in their performance and made by technology offering maximum productivity. Powder metallurgy, when properly applied, offers all these attributes. Although the pressure of business created by the current recession did not allow all speakers of the P/M sessions to make written presentations, available papers were printed as a volume to serve design engineers as an update on this rapidly developing technology of Powder Metallurgy. KW - Automobile industry KW - Materials KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Productivity KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185265 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372140 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McGee, S W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN OF P/M GEARS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 11-21 AB - Advantages of P/M gearing are economic and technical. The economic advantages derive from excellent material utilization, low labor intensity and high machine tool utilization. The technical advantages relate to shape capability for combined functions, part to part uniformity, controlled material elasticity, self-lubricating ability and inherent high surface finish. Attainment of the P/M gearing advantages can be attained by following a design procedure involving: economic justification of tooling; size, form and material classification; identification of tolerance class; identification of material class; and combining P/M design principles. KW - Classification KW - Design KW - Economic factors KW - Gears KW - Materials KW - Metal working KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Tooling KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189590 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372147 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Thumuki, C AU - Ueda, K AU - NAKAMURA, H AU - Kondo, K AU - Suganuma, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SINTERED INTEGRAL CAMSHAFT PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 67-73 AB - The camshaft for an automobile engine is generally made of chilled cast iron. Due to increasing demand for higher performance, lower maintenance and better fuel economy, it is difficult to make the cast iron camshaft lighter and/or more durable. In order to overcome these problems, development of an integral camshaft comprised of a sintered alloy cam piece for better wear resistance and steel tube for weight saving has been accomplished. In 1981 Toyota Motor Corporation successively started the mass-production of the sintered integral camshaft for the new 1.8 liter 1s engine. The significant advantages are as follows; (1) Weight saving; (2) Excellent wear resistance; (3) Improvement of lubrication system; and (4) Saving machining cost. KW - Alloys KW - Automobiles KW - Camshafts KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Lightweight materials KW - Lubrication KW - Parts KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Sintering KW - Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189597 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372123 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Esteves, R AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CHILDREN ON WHEELS: A SAFETY GUIDE PY - 1983/02 VL - 46 IS - 12 SP - 4 p. AB - The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has set safety regulations for a number of children's products. In this article, the CPSC describes safety problems that can arise when using a variety of wheeled equipment, and offers suggestions to avoid the hazards. KW - Bicycles KW - Children KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Mini-bikes KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety factors KW - Safety features KW - Safety practices KW - Skateboards KW - Skating KW - Tricycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372130 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Draxler, A AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - A NEW RUBBER: TRANS-POLYOCTENAMER PY - 1983/02 VL - 115 IS - 2 SP - p. 16-20 AB - Trans-polyoctenamer or trans-polyoctenylene rubber (TOR), is a metathesis polymer of cyclooctene with prevalently trans-isomeric double bonds. This novel polymer can be blended with many rubbers -- NR, BR, SBR, NBR, EPDM, etc -- in amounts of 5 to 40 weight % of the basic polymer. Mixing efforts are reduced and many processing benefits can be easily realized. This paper describes the technology and application of a polyoctenamer manufactured by a process by Chemische Werke Huels, West Germany. KW - Blending KW - Polymers KW - Rubber KW - Technology KW - Trans-polyoctenamer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372118 AU - Calhoun, R L AU - Thompson, W F AU - Metropolitan Police Department TI - PEDESTRIAN AND ALCOHOL-RELATED DEATHS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 1970-1982. A RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENT IN TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1983/02 SP - 9 p. AB - The District of Columbia's record of achievement for the years 1970-1982 is reviewed. The charts and graphs of statistics accompanying this report show vividly the historical significance of the enforcement of driving under the influence laws and the reduction of traffic deaths. Also the two awards which the District of Columbia received during 1982 testify to the achievement in traffic safety. One award came from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, United States Department of Transportation. This award cited the achievements of the Traffic Enforcement Branch, Special Operations Division, Metropolitan Police Department in traffic safety. The other award was by the American Automobile Association for an Outstanding Pedestrian Accident Record for U.S. Cities with a population greater than 500,000 persons. The Metropolitan Police Department and the District of Columbia Department of Transportation shared in receiving this award. KW - Awards KW - Drunk driving KW - Improvements KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372127 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Helfer, H AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - THE EPIDEMIC ON OUR ROADS PY - 1983/02 VL - 46 IS - 12 SP - 3 p. AB - Police check-points for identifying drunk drivers in the Maryland Suburbs of Washington, D.C. are noted and efforts to come to grips with the nationwide problem of drunk driving are described. A letter signed by more than 300 Congressmen has asked the President to take action. The governors of the 50 states are also being asked to form task forces to deal with the problem at the local level. The question of high school driver education programs is also discussed. Many consider that drivers at age 16 are too immature and that high school programs are harmful. The major public health problem for teenagers is injuries associated with motor vehicle use. KW - Driver education KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High schools KW - Injuries KW - Police KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188708 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372143 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - James, W B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES FOR POWDER FORGED MATERIALS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 37-44 AB - The fatigue performance of powder forged parts can be better than that of similar components which have been cast or drop-forged. To achieve such properties, close control must be exercised over the powders from which the parts are fabricated and also over the process used to consolidate them. This paper discusses some of the property requirements for powders intended for forging applications. Consideration is given to both the physical and chemical characteristics of the powders. Emphasis is placed on powder cleanliness and an automated image analysis technique for non-metallic inclusion assessment is described. Process control requirements during preform compaction and powder forging are also covered and a magnetic bridge sorting technique for assessing the microstructural integrity of the forgings is also outlined. KW - Chemical properties KW - Fatigue tests KW - Forging KW - Materials tests KW - Parts KW - Physical properties KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Process control KW - Quality assurance KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189593 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372144 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kaiser, J J AU - Sibley, A T AU - Marsden, J G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ON SULFUR IN FERROUS COMPACTS PY - 1983/02 SP - p. 45-51 AB - High hydrogen containing atmospheres, such as endothermic gas and dissociated ammonia, effectively remove much of the sulfur that is added to ferrous compacts for machinability. Sulfur loss was found to decrease with lower hydrogen concentrations in the atmosphere. The high hydrogen sulfide concentrations present with high hydrogen atmospheres will reduce the life expectancy of the metal components in the furnace. Low hydrogen concentrations in the atmosphere produce little hydrogen sulfide and expected belt and muffle life will significantly increase. Additions of water to the sintering atmosphere did not appear to have a significant effect on the sulfur content of the compacts. KW - Ferrous materials KW - Hydrogen sulfide KW - Iron compounds KW - Machinability KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Sintering KW - Sulfur KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372136 AU - Bajaria, H J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTEGRATION OF RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY AND QUALITY PARAMETERS IN DESIGN PY - 1983/02 SP - 20 p. AB - Synthesizing different customer and functional requirements into an acceptable design configuration within a given space constraint is a challenging task for design engineers. The principles for designing efficiency, noise levels, maneuverability, safety, durability, etc. into the product are well understood. However, designing for reliability, maintainability and quality turns out to be a long-drawn laborious process due to unavailability of simplified design procedures. This paper develops the understanding of reliability, maintainability and quality design principles and methods for products, with specific reference to vehicle designs. KW - Maintainability KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185264 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370212 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Hingson, R AU - Mangione, T AU - Meyers, A AU - Scotch, N AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - SEEKING HELP FOR DRINKING PROBLEMS. A STUDY IN THE BOSTON METROPOLITAN AREA PY - 1983/02 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - p. 273-288 AB - The behavior and motivation of Boston area residents who sought help for their drinking problems and those who did not are compared. Three areas were examined: (1) Factors which respondents indicated influenced their decision to seek or not to seek help, the length of time they took to decide, the nature of their decisions and the action they took after deciding; (2) Whether respondents' personal and demographic characteristics, reported drinking practices when they realized they had a problem, and beliefs about their drinking problem and about the treatment of such problems were associated with whether they sought help; and (3) The influence that medical care providers exerted on the respondents to seek help. KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Decision making KW - Motivation KW - Physicians KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187553 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379741 JO - AUTOCAR PB - HAYMARKET MAGAZINES LTD AU - IPC Transport Press, Limited TI - BELT LAW PY - 1983/01/29 VL - 158 IS - 4492 SP - p. 44-46 AB - On January 31, 1983, the wearing of front seat belts in Britain becomes compulsory. Up to one-third of all drivers appear to have some form of objection, mainly it would appear against the element of compulsion. This article goes on to discuss, who must wear seat belts, when they must be worn, penalties and enforcement. Also considered are safety of children and their seat belt usage, with booster seats and safety seats. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compliance KW - Penalties KW - Public opinion KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379020 AU - Center for Auto Safety TI - A CONSUMER'S GUIDE TO BETTER BUMPERS ON 1983 CARS: OR HOW TO SAVE HUNDREDS OF DOLLARS IN CRASH REPAIRS PY - 1983/01/17 SP - 12 p. AB - Since almost half the car models to be sold in 1983 will have 5-MPH bumpers, consumers will have the opportunity to choose between vehicles equipped with these better bumpers and the poorer 2 1/2-MPH type bumpers. But to make an informed choice, buyers need to know which cars come equipped with better bumpers. Both the auto companies and the government have failed miserably in providing this needed consumer information to make the marketplace work. Accordingly, the center is providing this detailed survey of almost all cars sold in the United States to promote consumer choice. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372876 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - PRO AND CON: SEND ALL DRUNK DRIVERS TO JAIL? PY - 1983/01/17 SP - p. 71-72 AB - Two interviews are presented. The first is with John A. Volpe, Chairman, Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, the second is with Reginald W. Bours, III, President, Montgomery County, Maryland, Criminal Defense Association. Mr. Volpe is calling for mandatory jail sentences starting with the first drunk driving offense, mandatory community service with first drunk driving offense, mandatory community service with educational features, the computerization of the National Driver Register, and raising the drinking age to 21 in all the states. Mr. Bours opposes mandatory jail sentencing, leaving the sentence to the judge's discretion, intensified efforts to apprehend drunk drivers, rehabilitation programs such as those offered in Montgomery County and the judge being empowered to prohibit problem drinkers from doing any driving at all for 24 hours after drinking. Mr. Bours also favors speedier trials and feels that each case should be dealt with separately rather than imposing mandatory sentences indiscriminately. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legal factors KW - Mandatory sentencing KW - Penalties KW - Prosecution KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189041 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376277 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - NOW YOU MUST CLUNK-CLICK EACH TRIP PY - 1983/01/08 VL - 163 IS - 4183 SP - p. 18-23 AB - This article reviews the facts on compulsory seatbelt wearing, and explains how the new law will affect British motorists, both young and old. It includes an insert on Australia ten years after the passage of their compulsory belt wearing law and another insert where the civil penalties of not belting up are illustrated. KW - Adults KW - Australia KW - Children KW - Compulsory seat belt law KW - Legal factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194513 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376414 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - U.S. AUTOS: THE QUALITY COMPETITION PY - 1983/01/06 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - p. 58-67 AB - All four major U.S. automakers are making major efforts to improve the quality of their products--through automation, improved coordination between design and production engineering, and initiation of intensive programs designed to better train and motivate workers. But all plants and all models have not yet profited from this latest offensive against the imports. The article reviews innovations and results at General Motors, Chrysler, Ford and American Motors. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Industrial engineering KW - Motivation KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Robotics KW - Training KW - Workers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391361 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FEATURES PY - 1983/01 SP - n.p. AB - This notebook provides information regarding the safety performance requirements of highway safety features and their function. The objectives of this notebook are to: (1) Describe how the various highway safety features work and why they are used; (2) Identify the factors that will adversely affect the intended performance of each; and (3) Illustrate, through examples of good and bad installations, what field personnel should look for to identify safety problems in field installations. The notebook should be beneficial to construction, maintenance, and operations engineers and technicians responsible for selecting, installing and/or maintaining highway safety features or devices. KW - Functional analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391310 AU - Lynn, C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - UPDATE: THE EFFECTS OF RAISING AND LOWERING THE MINIMUM LEGAL DRINKING AGE JANUARY 1983 PY - 1983/01 SP - 11 p. AB - This paper is designed to update the attached report, "The Impact of Lowering the Legal Drinking Age in Virginia". It gives the current drinking ages in the various states, describes several studies on the impact of raising the legal drinking age, and re-examines the most current Virginia accident data for young persons. KW - Impact studies KW - Legal drinking age KW - Traffic crashes KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390441 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER ACCIDENT TYPING FOR PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS. TRAINING MANUAL PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - The objective of this manual is to train you to accurately classify or "type" pedestrian/motor vehicle accidents. That is, each accident involving a pedestrian and a motor vehicle can be classified into one of 37 accident types. You will learn the procedure for assigning a numeric code to an accident, given the information contained in the police accident report. Given this code, a computer can determine the correct accident type. This manual is designed to let you read the material and work practice exercises by yourself at your own pace. However, your supervisor (i.e., the person responsible for overseeing the coding of the accident reports) will work with you. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer accident typing KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390437 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR BICYCLIST ACCIDENTS. TRAINING MANUAL PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - The objective of this manual is to train you to classify or "type" bicyclist/motor vehicle accidents. That is, each accident involving a bicyclist and a motor vehicle can be classified into one of 44 accident types. You will learn the procedure for assigning the proper type to an accident, given the information contained in the police accident report. This manual is designed to let you read the material and work practice exercises by yourself at your own pace. However, your supervisor (i.e., the person responsible for overseeing the coding of the accident reports) will work with you. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Cyclists KW - Manual accident typing KW - Manuals KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25660/DOT-HS-806-346.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390438 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER & MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR BICYCLIST ACCIDENTS. PRACTICE CASES BOOKLET PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This volume contains copies of police accident reports of bicyclist accidents. These reports are to be used in conjunction with the Computer Accident Typing (CAT) Training Manual or the Manual Accident Typing (MAT) Training Manual to provide practice in bicyclist accident classification. In order to assure realism, the reports contained herein are reproductions of actual reports taken from the files of several police jurisdictions. They have been retouched to enhance their legibility. Certain information has been obliterated to protect the privacy of those concerned in the accidents, but nothing essential for the typing of the accident has been removed. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer accident typing KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Cyclists KW - Handbooks KW - Information processing KW - Manual accident typing KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25679/DOT-HS-806-347.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390440 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR BICYCLIST ACCIDENTS. CODER'S HANDBOOK PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Coder's Handbook is part of a package of materials developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to enable states and communities to classify (i.e., "type") their bicyclist/motor vehicle accidents. By determining the frequency of occurrence of the various bicyclist accident types, safety planners can select the NHTSA accident countermeasures which are of greatest value to the communities. This classification approach is called Manual Accident Typing or MAT. The MAT approach involves reviewing the information contained in a police accident report and following a systematic step-by-step procedure to identify the correct accident type for the report. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Cyclists KW - Handbooks KW - Manual accident typing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390442 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS. TRAINING MANUAL PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - The objective of this manual is to train you to accurately classify or "type" pedestrian/motor vehicle accidents. That is, each accident involving a pedestrian and a motor vehicle can be classified into one of 37 accident types. You will learn the procedure for assigning the proper type to an accident, given the information contained in the police accident report. This manual is designed to let you read the material and work practice exercises by yourself at your own pace. However, your supervisor (i.e., the person responsible for overseeing the coding of the accident reports) will work with you. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Manual accident typing KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390436 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER ACCIDENT TYPING FOR BICYCLIST ACCIDENTS. TRAINING MANUAL PY - 1983/01 SP - 76 p. AB - The objective of this manual is to train you to classify or "type" bicyclist/motor vehicle accidents. That is, each accident involving a bicyclist and a motor vehicle can be classified into one of 44 accident types. You will learn the procedure for assigning a numeric code to an accident, given the information contained in the police accident report. Given this code, a computer can determine the correct accident type. This manual is designed to let you read the material and work practice exercises by yourself at your own pace. However, your supervisor (i.e., the person responsible for overseeing the coding of the accident reports) will work with you. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer accident typing KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Cyclists KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25674/DOT-HS-806-345.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390444 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS. CODER'S HANDBOOK PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Coder's Handbook is part of a package of materials developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to enable states and communities to classify (i.e., "type") their pedestrian/motor vehicle accidents. By determining the frequency of occurrence of the various pedestrian accident types, safety planners can select the NHTSA accident countermeasures which are of greatest value to the communities. The classification approach is called Manual Accident Typing or MAT. The MAT approach involves reviewing the information contained in a police accident report and following a systematic step-by-step procedure to identify the correct accident type for the report. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Handbooks KW - Manual accident typing KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391118 AU - Smith, D I AU - WA Alcohol and Drug Authority TI - EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE DRINKING AGE ON ALCOHOL-RELATED VARIABLES: A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1983/01 SP - 28 p. AB - Literature pertaining to the changing of the drinking age in Western Australia is reviewed in two parts according to whether the drinking age was lowered or raised. Within each part the literature is categorised according to the types of dependent variables (e.g., traffic accidents, alcohol consumption, school problems, treatment for alcoholism). Studies which include more than one type of dependent variable are referred to in each relevant section. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Australia KW - Legal drinking age KW - Schools KW - Traffic crashes KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390443 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER & MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS. PRACTICE CASES BOOKLET PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This volume contains copies of police accident reports of pedestrian accidents. These reports are to be used in conjunction with the Computer Accident Typing (CAT) Training Manual or the Manual Accident Typing (MAT) Training Manual to provide practice in pedestrian accident classification. In order to assure realism, the reports contained herein are reproductions of actual reports taken from the files of several police jurisdictions. They have been retouched to enhance their legibility. Certain information has been obliterated to protect the privacy of those concerned in the accidents, but nothing essential for the typing of the accident has been removed. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer accident typing KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Handbooks KW - Information processing KW - Manual accident typing KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390445 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER ACCIDENT TYPING FOR PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS. CODER'S HANDBOOK PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Coder's Handbook is part of a package of materials developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to enable states and communities to classify (i.e., "type") their pedestrian/motor vehicle accidents. By determining the frequency of occurrence of the various pedestrian accident types, safety planners can select the NHTSA accident countermeasures which are of greatest value to the communities. This classification approach, called Computer Accident Typing or CAT involves coding information from a police accident report. The coded information is input to a computer which determines the pedestrian accident type. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer accident typing KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Handbooks KW - Information processing KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390439 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER ACCIDENT TYPING FOR BICYCLIST ACCIDENTS. CODER'S HANDBOOK PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Coder's Handbook is part of a package of materials developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to enable states and communities to classify (i.e., "type") their bicyclist/motor vehicle accidents. By determining the frequency of occurrence of the various bicyclist accident types, safety planners can select the NHTSA accident countermeasures which are of greatest value to the communities. This classification approach, called Computer Accident Typing or CAT involves coding information from a police accident report. The coded information is input to a computer which determines the bicyclist accident type. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer accident typing KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Cyclists KW - Handbooks KW - Information processing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25715/DOT-HS-806-348.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389480 AU - Thackray, R M AU - Dueker, R L AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD PEDESTRIAN SUPERVISION/GUIDANCE PY - 1983/01 SP - 104 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the pedestrian accident risk associated with play activities performed in and near the street, as well as other situational characteristics, and to develop accident countermeasures emphasizing supervision and guidance. The primary focus of the study was on pre-school children, but early school age children were also studied. Behavioral observation of children at play on/near the street was conducted in five U.S. cities. Areas chosen for observation had moderate to high child pedestrian accident frequency. Interviews were conducted with a subsample of the children observed and their parents. Several risk measures were evaluated by comparing magnitude of risk values derived from the observation data for various play activities against the frequency of pedestrian accidents involving these play activities. Inadequate search street entries, child-vehicle conflicts, and time observed in-street were the risk measures selected. Results included the identification of high risk play activities and evaluation of risk as a function of type of area, selected demographic factors, time of day and day of week. Nine supervision/guidance countermeasures were identified and an implementation model was specified. A plan for evaluating the countermeasures and implementation model was developed. KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Hazards KW - Parents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Supervision UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25659/DOT-HS-806-519.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386822 JO - Commercial Carrier Journal PB - Randall Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - REFLECTIONS OF SAFETY PY - 1983/01 VL - 140 IS - 1 SP - p. 72-75 AB - This article considers whether traditional convex mirrors provide adequate protection for truck drivers against accidents caused by blindspots. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTSA says that many COE tractors have a blind spot in the right front quadrant big enough to miss a compact car, and even conventional model trucks can benefit from improved mirror systems. Although NHTSA's attempt to legislate changes was abortive, many fleetmen have installed supplemental mirrors on commercial vehicles. Fleet safety officers who find sideswipes costly are installing see-through wide angle lenses stuck to all right-side tractor windows. Other mirrors and alternative locations are discussed. A Texas study shows that blind-side accidents are 40% more common-than driver-side accidents. To reduce accidents, fleets should retrofit mirrors that eliminate blind spots. KW - Blindspots KW - Convex mirrors KW - Highway safety KW - Side crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204075 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386628 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Giemza, R A AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - THE CREDIBILITY FACTOR: NORTH CAROLINA'S APPROACH TO RADAR TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION PY - 1983/01 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 38-41 AB - This article reviews North Carolina's approach to radar training and certification from the authorization in 1979 of the Legislative Research Commission to study the use of police traffic radar and other electronic speed measuring instruments to the present incorporation of virtually every aspect of speed-measuring training, certification, procedures, equipment, and testing of equipment into administrative law. KW - Certification KW - Laws KW - Radar KW - Radar devices KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386010 AU - JOHNSON, D M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CLASSIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF ALCOHOL-INVOLVEMENT IN FATALITIES PY - 1983/01 SP - 58 p. AB - Surrogate measures for alcohol-involvement in fatalities are used because blood alcohol content (BAC) is not well reported in general. An alcohol-involved fatal accident was defined as one in which an active participant in the accident had a known BAC greater than or equal to 0.05. A possible solution to the problem of determining alcohol-involved fatalities is discussed. A methodology is presented for classifying unknown fatalities as alcohol-involved or non-alcohol-involved. Multivariate discriminant analysis was used to classify the unknown fatal accidents and fatalities. Box-Jenkins time series analysis was used to model total, national, alcohol-involved fatalities from 1976-81. Estimates of State and total U.S. alcohol-involved fatalities are provided for 1976-81. KW - Alcoholic involvement scale KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Classification KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199833 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386740 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Schultz, D O AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - HIGH-SPEED CHASES: VEHICLE PURSUIT VS. THE LAWSUIT PY - 1983/01 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-33 AB - This article is concerned with vehicle pursuits that result in personal injury or death. It explains the duties of three categories of law enforcement personnel that will become important in case of law suit: the officer initiating the vehicular chase and the additional follow-up officers, the supervisor who will confirm the pursuit activities by reading, approving and forwarding the officer's report, and the police administrator who will weigh the actions of the officer in relation to the department policy on vehicular pursuits. KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Legal action KW - Legal factors KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386742 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Booth, W L AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - EFFECTS OF POLICE VISIBILITY ON DRIVER BEHAVIOR PY - 1983/01 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 42-46 AB - Besides making arrests, traffic enforcement includes such activities as active, visible patrol, or proactive patrol without arrests, as well as serving warning citations, verbal warnings, and warrants or notices of violations. These enforcement activities are attempts to alter driver behavior so that drivers are more attentive in their driving and comply more with traffic law. There is a disagreement between law enforcement officials on the most efficient and effective way of increasing highway safety by altering driver behavior. This article presents a model for police accident prevention and reviews several studies. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204020 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386741 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Beckman, E AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - HIGH SPEED CHASES: IN PURSUIT OF A BALANCED POLICY PY - 1983/01 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 34-37 AB - High-speed police chases are a serious matter that have become a concern for citizens, police administrators, city managers, and legal advisers. It is an issue which deserves the same degree of attention as deadly force, yet if one turns to research to ascertain the causes, frequency and consequences of pursuit, one finds that little research has been done on the subject, and the existing research is of questionable quality. Such research is briefly reviewed in this article and recommendations are made for better information data collection which would be of great assistance in further policy formulations and modification. KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Police KW - Police powers KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204019 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386737 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Miller, L S AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - POLICE MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: AN ADMINISTRATIVE CONCERN PY - 1983/01 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-27 AB - Despite the occupational hazards of police work, motor vehicle accidents continue to rank first place in police injuries. This article reviews a survey of 416 Tennessee law enforcement officers including municipal police and county sheriff's officers. They responded to a mailed questionnaire which sollicited information regarding descriptive data about the individual officer, the number of on-duty police motor vehicle accidents the officer had been involved in as driver, and certain policies of his employing department. KW - Administration KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupational safety KW - Police KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204015 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386738 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Holt, H G AU - Smith, B E AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - VEHICLE FUEL: CUTTING COSTS WITH NATURAL GAS FUEL PY - 1983/01 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 28-29 AB - In an effort to save money, the city of Brewton, Alabama, switched its entire fleet of 20 cars and trucks, including police vehicles, from gasoline to compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel. The alternative fuel system is known as "BiPac". Each car is equipped with a natural gas conversion kit consisting of a gas/air mixer, pressure and regulator lines, control panel, and a refueling connection. Dual Fuel Systems Inc., the California-based manufacturers of the BiPac conversion kit provides all of the items necessary for proper installation. The results of this conversion to CNG have been impressive as shown by a reduction in fuel costs and vehicle maintenance. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Conversion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuel systems KW - Fuels KW - Performance evaluations KW - Police vehicles KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386772 JO - Michigan Bar Journal PB - State Bar of Michigan AU - Mueller, S A AU - State Bar of Michigan TI - ANALYSIS OF MICHIGAN'S 1982 DRUNK DRIVING-REFORM LEGISLATION PY - 1983/01 VL - 62 SP - p. 18-21 AB - On October 14, 1982, Governor Milliken signed into law Enrolled Senate Bills 702, 776, and 777 (Public Acts 309, 310, and 311 of the Public Acts of 1982, respectively,) amending the Michigan Vehicle Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. The acts make a number of changes in the state's laws relating to operating a vehicle while under the influence of and while visibly impaired by alcohol or a controlled substance. This memorandum highlights substantive changes effected by the new laws. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Michigan Vehicle Code, Act No. 300 of the Public Acts of 1949, being sections 257.1 to 257.923 of the Michigan Compiled Laws. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication KW - Legal action KW - Legislation KW - Michigan KW - State government KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386739 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Dam, E AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - VEHICLE FUEL: POLICE AND THE PROPANE VEHICLE PY - 1983/01 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 30-31 AB - This article describes the conversion of one police department patrol car to a propane fuel system in the city of Englewood, Ohio. It reviews the installation, costs, safety, performance and acceptance. It concludes that propane conversion has shown itself to be cost-effective and safe, thus providing benefits to both public and police. KW - Acceptance KW - Alternate fuels KW - Building KW - Conversion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuel systems KW - Fuels KW - Installation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Police vehicles KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385569 JO - Trial PB - Association of Trial Lawyers of America AU - Winek, C L AU - Association of Trial Lawyers of America TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS. FACTORS AFFECTING PREDICTIONS PY - 1983/01 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 10 p. AB - Given pertinent data, it is possible to predict a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) as well as to estimate, from a given BAC, the quantity of alcohol consumed. Caution must be used in these predictions. Factors that will affect the final estimation are discussed and include gastrointestinal contents and mobility, the composition and quantity of the alcoholic beverage, and the vascularity of the tissues and their water content. Elimination rates are also discussed. Other aspects covered in this article include the depressant action of alcohol on the central nervous system, and the contamination of antemortem and postmortem blood samples collected for alcohol analysis. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Samples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203295 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385573 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Caruso, B AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - DRIVER EDUCATION COOPERATIVE: A PROGRAM SAVER PY - 1983/01 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 19-20 AB - Driver education cooperatives have become a model for small rural counties looking for ways to maintain their driver education programs and still reduce costs. This article describes how the Wayne County (Ohio) Cooperative Driver Education Program and other Ohio cooperative programs work. Wayne County is a rural county consisting of 7 local school districts, 2 city districts, and one exempted village. Alternative driver education programs were investigated in an effort to reduce the rising cost of driver education, and the establishment of a driver education cooperative was recommended. Each participating school would provide for its own classroom teacher, and the county would provide a 2-phase laboratory program--Simulation and B-T-W. A minimum of four districts was considered to be necessary and all participating schools would share equally in the costs of the cooperative rather than on a per pupil basis billing. Details of the operation and costs of the program are summarized. KW - Cooperatives KW - Driver education KW - Low costs KW - Rural areas KW - Schools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203299 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385595 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - SMITH, M AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - REVIEW OF NHTSA EDUCATION RESEARCH PY - 1983/01 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 23-25 AB - This is a review of fifteen National Highway Traffic Safety Administration projects: (1) Analysis of the Driver Education Instructor; (2) Feasibility of Developing a K-12 Traffic Safety Education Program; (3) Young Driver Risk Taking Research; (4) Driver Improvement Programs for Traffic Violators/Accident Repeaters; (5) Elderly Driver Retraining; (6) Provisional Licensing Demonstration; (7) Field Test of Motorcycle Safety Education Course for Novice Riders; (8) Development of New Forms of Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (MOST); (9) Development of Safety Helmet Education Materials; (10) Motorcycle Rider Education Evaluation Project; (11) Pedestrian Accident Reduction Guide (PAR); (12) Identification and Feasibility Test of Specialized Rural Pedestrian Safety Training (PEDSAFE); (13) Identification and Development of Countermeasures for Bicyclists/Motor Vehicle Problem Types; (14) Development of Safety Relevance Instrument for Assessing Pedestrian and Bicyclist Programs; and (15) Establishing of Youth Traffic Safety Council. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Cyclists KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Instructors KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385571 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Williford, W R AU - Williams, T P AU - LILLIS, R P AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - DRUNK DRIVING--THE PROBLEM AND UNDER 21 YEAR OLD DRIVER PY - 1983/01 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - Eighteen year olds have the highest rate of over-involvement in alcohol-related crashes of any single year age group. This article makes general comments on the countermeasures approach to tackling the problem and goes on to discuss specific countermeasures. A countermeasure approach is an activity or program that is designed to reduce the incidence and resultant destruction which occurs from alcohol-related crashes. One popular approach described here is that of the general deterrence model. The pros and cons of this approach are noted. The Drinking Driver Program (DDP), a statewide rehabilitation effort in New York, is also discussed. In developing countermeasure programs, localities should first assess what the problem is, who is involved, when and where. Program components should then supply objectives specifying what type of impact with what target groups is expected. Costs should be considered. An important ingredient of any countermeasure approach is public awareness and involvement. KW - Adolescents KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Publicity KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385572 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Smith, D L AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE DEKALB DRIVER EDUCATION PROJECT--THE SAME MISTAKES: IMPROPER CRITERIA PY - 1983/01 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - The article points out that driver education is being maligned, not because it is ineffective but because the criteria being used to measure its effectiveness are wrong. Research programs which are dependent on driving records run into two basic problems: low frequency of accident occurrence, and the reliability of the driving records. Research studies have found that the driving record is inadequate as a research criterion. The development is described of the intermediate criterion which grew out of a selection of certain critical traffic situations and the driving behavior patterns required by changing traffic conditions. The method allows observation of actual driver behavior patterns under such conditions as to rate the suitability or unsuitability of the behavior exhibited. Behavior in selected traffic situations can be observed and used as a basis for measurement. This method measures both cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors, observes actual behavior patterns in relation to real-life traffic, and records interrelationships of driver behaviour to changing traffic conditions. Other advantages of this method are noted. KW - Behavior KW - Criteria KW - Driver education KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Research KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203298 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385113 JO - Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine PB - Aerospace Medical Association AU - Viano, D C AU - Lau, V-K AU - Aerospace Medical Association TI - ROLE OF IMPACT VELOCITY AND CHEST COMPRESSION IN THORACIC INJURY PY - 1983/01 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-21 AB - Impact velocity and chest compression are important factors in traumatic injury; however, there is no functional relationship to assess impact severity. A blunt thoracic impact of constant velocity (5-22 m/s) and prescribed contact displacement (3-46 mm) was delivered to 123 anesthetized rabbits. Myocardial and major vascular injury increased from contusion to rupture with cardiac tamponade and sudden death as either impact velocity or chest compression was independently increased. A theoretical relationship was found for impact severity: IS=VC/1-C, where V and C are impact velocity and normalized chest compression. Based on the frequency of critical/fatal injury, probit analysis gave IS=6.4 m/s as an estimate of the ED sub 50 response in the experimental model. KW - Animals KW - Compression KW - Experiments KW - Impact strength KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity KW - Shock resistance KW - Thorax KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203075 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385594 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Weiss, R S AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - PARENT TRAINING MODEL PROGRAMS FOR COMBATING THE CHILD PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT PICTURE PY - 1983/01 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 21-22 AB - This article discusses the problem of over-involvement of children in the traffic accident picture, why this is the case, what drivers can do about it, and parent involvement programs in the area of pedestrian safety for young children. KW - Children KW - Learning KW - Parents KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Preschool children KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381276 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Volpe, J A AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1983/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 5-9 AB - On April 14, 1982, the Honorable John A. Volpe was named Chairman of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving. Established by Executive Order No. 12358 on April 14, 1982, this Commission was to: (1) heighten public awareness of the seriousness of the drunk driving problem; (2) persuade states and communities to attack the drunk driving problem in a more organized and systematic manner, including plans to eliminate bottlenecks in the arrest, trial and sentencing process that impair the effectiveness of many drunk driving laws; (3) encourage state and local officials and organizations to accept and use the latest techniques and methods to solve the problem; and (4) generate public support for increased enforcement of state and local drunk driving laws. On December 13, 1982, Governor Volpe presented the Interim Report of the Commission to the President and it is this Report, together with reflections of the proceedings, which provides the basis for this article. KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Presidential commissions KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Publicity KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201771 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381277 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Reis, R E AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - THE FINDINGS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OFFENDER TREATMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1983/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-16 AB - The use of education and rehabilitation programs as court-imposed sanctions has increased steadily since the early 1970s. In some jurisdictions these programs are used in lieu of traditional punitive sanctions such as jail, fine, and license suspension. In response to the popularity of education and rehabilitation programs, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has made major efforts to objectively evaluate the traffic safety effectiveness of these sentencing alternatives. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Courts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Sanctions KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380744 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Jenkinson, S G AU - Light, R W AU - George, R B AU - Burford, J G AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - HYPOXEMIA AND PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH DELIRIUM TREMENS PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 57-67 AB - Patients experiencing delirium tremens were found to have arterial hypoxemia and restrictive pulmonary-function abnormalities which improved with time. Several causes which may act singly or together are suggested. KW - Alcoholism KW - Diseases and medical conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197010 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380748 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Keil, T J AU - Usui, W M AU - Busch, J A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - REPEAT ADMISSIONS FOR PERCEIVED PROBLEM DRINKING. A SOCIAL RESOURCES PERSPECTIVE PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 95-108 AB - Several propositions derived from a social resources perspective regarding differences in first and repeat admissions are examined using data taken from persons being treated for alcohol misuse and from persons not receiving treatment. Although objective behavior (drinking level) is very important as a predictor of first admissions, it is of less consequence in predicting repeat admissions. The data indicate a complex pattern of interaction effects among social resources and between them and drinking behavior in determining who comes to receive treatment and who is readmitted to treatment. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197014 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380944 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Mills, K C AU - Bisgrove, E Z AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND PERCEIVED RISK FROM ALCOHOL. LABORATORY, SELF-REPORT AND FIELD ASSESSMENTS PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 26-46 AB - Forty subjects who were pretested on their beliefs and attitudes toward drinking and driving were later tested in a laboratory on the extent of their subjective and objective cognitive impairment from placebo, low and high alcohol doses. A second study conducted at college drinking parties validated some of the laboratory findings. KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cognitive impairment KW - College students KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380692 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Kastrup, M AU - Dupont, A AU - Bille, M AU - Lund, H AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DRUNKEN DRIVERS IN DENMARK. A NATIONWIDE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS, ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 47-56 AB - A nationwide study in Denmark of traffic accidents involving psychiatric inpatients driving while intoxicated was performed and the data were compared with those of accidents of intoxicated drivers in general. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Mental illness KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380968 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - PUBLIC ATTITUDE MONITOR 1982. A PUBLIC ATTITUDES SURVEY ON DRUNK DRIVING AND OTHER AUTO-RELATED TOPICS PY - 1983/01 SP - 48 p. AB - AIRAC's Public Attitude Monitor 1982 (PAM 82) is the third in a series of surveys reporting on attitudes toward the property and casualty insurance industry. It is a national survey of 1,252 adults, carried out in cooperation with the American Council of Life Insurance and conducted by the survey research firm of Yankelovich, Skelly and White. Other data gathered in the survey are being reported in ACLI's MAP 82, Monitoring Attitudes of the Public. The property-casualty portion of the 1982 survey focused on topics related to automobiles, including penalties for drunk driving, factors that influence car purchases, perceptions about the cost of auto insurance, attitudes toward auto injury suits and lawyers, the reporting of auto accidents and perceptions about insurance taxes and competition among insurers. The report also compares perceived and actual costs of owning and operating a car and explores public attitudes toward shifting some of the costs generated by high-risk drivers to other segments of the motoring public. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobile ownership KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Penalties KW - Public opinion KW - Sanctions KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193729 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380750 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Spellman, W E AU - Jorgenson, M R AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - LIQUOR CONTROL AND CONSUMPTION PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 194-197 AB - Eighteen states have created a monopoly by a state agency to control the distribution and sale of distilled spirits at the retail or wholesale level, or both. Since the postprohibition relegalization of alcoholic beverages, no control or monopoly state has elected to end its monopoly on the spirits trade; and conversely, no open or license state has chosen to establish a spirits monopoly. This study found that the per-capita consumption of alcohol and incidence of alcoholism are generally lower in monopoly states than in open states. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Control KW - Monopoly KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380697 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Miller, W R AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - CONTROLLED DRINKING. A HISTORY AND A CRITICAL REVIEW PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 68-83 AB - The history of the controlled drinking controversy is traced, and relevant research is reviewed. It is concluded that moderation-oriented approaches hold at least as much promise as abstinence-oriented methods in treating less dependent problem drinkers. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Moderate drinkers KW - Problem drinkers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380701 JO - JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES AU - Williams, A F AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Harris, S S AU - Karpf, R S AU - University of Chicago Press TI - THE EFFECT OF RAISING THE LEGAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ON INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL CRASHES PY - 1983/01 VL - 12 SP - p. 169-179 AB - The research method, statistical analysis and results are reported of a study of nine states which raised their legal minimum drinking ages between September 1, 1976 and January 1, 1980. Each of the nine states was paired with a comparison state in which the legal minimum drinking age remained unchanged during the study period. Data on driver involvement in fatal crashes from January 1975 through September 1980 were obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System. Only drivers of motor vehicles--automobiles, light trucks, vans, on-off road vehicles--were included. The results of this study indicate that when states raise the drinking age, there is a corresponding decrease in fatal crashes among law-affected drivers. There is also some evidence that raising the drinking age also effects younger drivers, but the reduction in the involvement of such drivers in fatal crashes was not statistically significant. As of January 1981 14 states have raised the legal drinking ages in recent years. It is estimated that these law changes result, each year, in about 380 fewer young drivers involved in nighttime fatal crashes. The societal benefits achieved in states that have raised their drinking ages are substantial. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196977 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380698 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Mulford, H A AU - Fitzgerald, J L AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - CHANGES IN ALCOHOL SALES AND DRINKING PROBLEMS IN IOWA, 1961-1979 PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 138-161 AB - An analysis of alcohol sales, cirrhosis death rates and six survey indicators of problem drinking in Iowa, all measured in 1961 and again in 1979, revealed an 81% increase in per-capita sales of absolute alcohol (apparent consumption) but little change in problem drinking. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Death rate KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Problem drinkers KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380749 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Donovan, J E AU - Jessor, R AU - Jessor, L AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - PROBLEM DRINKING IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD. A FOLLOW-UP STUDY PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 109-137 AB - Men and women classified as problem drinkers while adolescents or college students (1972-1973) tended to be nonproblem drinkers as young adults (1979), although young men tend to be at greater risk than young women to maintain problem drinking. Those whose earlier personality, perceived-environment and behavior scores indicated greater theoretical proneness for problem behavior were significantly more likely as young adults to be involved in problem drinking. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Females KW - Males KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197015 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380672 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - TAYLOR, J R AU - Combs-Orme, T AU - TAYLOR, D A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOL AND MORTALITY. DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 17-25 AB - Two hundred fifty of 1289 alcoholics died within eight years of treatment of alcoholism or its complications. Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders were significantly greater among the group who died within one year of treatment. Other sex, age and racial differences were also significant. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Death rate KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Race UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196962 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380745 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Chamblee, R F AU - Evans, M C AU - Patten, D G AU - Pearce, J S AU - National Safety Council TI - INJURIES CAUSING DEATH: THEIR NATURE, EXTERNAL CAUSES, AND ASSOCIATED DISEASES PY - 1983/01 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-35 AB - This article provides national data on the types of injuries reported on death certificates, the external causes of these injuries, and diseases that are frequently reported with them. Injuries were a factor in 11% (213,366 deaths) of the deaths to residents of the United States in 1978. Of 11 broad categories of injuries, three (fractures, sprains, strains, and dislocations, intracranial injuries, and adverse effects) were mentioned on almost 50,000 deaths each. There was considerable variation in the distribution of injury types by age, sex, and race. The most notable example was fractures of the lower limb which were mentioned on 29% of the deaths involving an injury to 65 + year olds but no less than 5% of such deaths for all other age groups. For white females, the percentage with a fracture of the lower limb was 23% compared to 12% overall. In 25% of the deaths involving an injury, the immediate cause was a motor vehicle accident. In 51%, the immediate cause of the injury was a non-motor-vehicle accident. In 73% of the deaths involving non-motor-vehicle accidents, disease conditions as well as injuries were a factor; and 69% of the time, the disease condition was actually the underlying cause of the death with the injury being a contributing factor or complication. For example, over 14,000 deaths in 1978 involved a circulatory condition as the underlying cause of death which was complicated by an accidental fracture, sprain, or dislocation. Although diseases more often assumed the role of the underlying cause of death, they were also a nonunderlying cause in 24,000 non-motor-vehicle accident, deaths. Over 12,000 of such deaths involved circulatory diseases. KW - Death rate KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197011 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379430 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS: PART I: GM HOT AIR, CANISTER AND PCV SYSTEMS PY - 1983/01 VL - 159 IS - 1 SP - 6 p. AB - Automotive emission controls have evolved in various directions. While one carmaker approaches an emissions problem from one angle, another manufacturer may take a different line on the problem. As a result, the last ten years has seen the development of an incredible number of emission devices. Because of this a series of articles is being published that will explain the function of the various emission control devices and the kind of problems they cause when they stop doing their job. This first article deals with Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV), canister and hot air systems used on 1977-82 General Motors cars. This article specifically covers: (1) the Positive Crankcase Ventilation system, for gasoline engines (including the PCV valve, PCV air filter and hoses) and diesel engines; (2) the Evaporative Control System (ECS) for gasoline engines (including the one, two and three part types and variations); and, (3) the Preheated Intake Air System, or Thermac Air Cleaner (TAC) for gasoline engines. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Diesel engines KW - Equipment KW - Evaporative emission control KW - Evaporative emissions KW - Gasoline engines KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Positive crankcase ventilation KW - Positive crankcase ventilation systems KW - Preheated intake air UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379023 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Cruzic, K AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - DON'T BE A ROADWAY CRIME VICTIM PY - 1983/01 VL - 46 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - This article offers some tips to prevent becoming a victim of roadway crime: (1) Keep your car in top condition; (2) If you do have car trouble, get the car off the road and stay in it; (3) Park in attended lots or where there's plenty of light and traffic, or ask someone to go with you; (4) When you are driving home late, try to arrange in advance for a well-lighted return; (5) Keep safety on your mind; (6) Avoid the "Car Bumper"; (7) Avoid the Violent Driver; and (8) Try to prevent car theft by using anti-theft devices and locking your car. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobile drivers KW - Crimes KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Victims KW - Violent crimes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379413 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ECONOMIC COST TO SOCIETY OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This report examines the costs resulting from motor vehicle accidents. It considers only the economic cost aspects, and in a strict way, that is, only identifiable marketlike transaction costs are included (e.g. housewives' lost time is given a monetary value while pain and suffering are not). The report considers medical costs, productivity losses, property losses, and other costs. Three appendices are included; the first discusses government costs related to motor vehicle crashes, the second compares the report with an earlier NHTSA report on societal costs, and the third presents a sensitivity analysis of the results using different estimates of incidence and different discount rates. The total societal cost in 1980 resulting from motor vehicle accidents is estimated to have been $57.2 billion. Of this total, medical costs were responsible for $3.3 billion, property losses for $21.0 billion, lost productivity for $14.2 billion, and other costs for $18.6 billion. Because of their great number, property-damage-only accidents were the largest source of loss, totalling $21.1 billion. The second largest contributor was fatal accidents, totalling $13.7 billion, followed by AIS 1 accidents which contributed about $7.5 billion to societal cost. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Loss and damage KW - Losses KW - Medical costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Productivity KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379046 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Pillsbury, D AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - UNIBODY CARS: THE REPAIR COST AFTERSHOCK PY - 1983/01 VL - 44 SP - p. 22-27 AB - This article discusses the problem that has arisen from the fact that the technology of unibody vehicle manufacturers has outpaced that used by auto repair shops. The solution foreseen for this problem is education, according to the Inter-Industry Conference on Auto Collision Repair. The conference is offering a nine-part training program on repairing unibody cars using both conventional methods and new technology. Until, however, sufficient personnel have been trained, the question of whether these vehicles are being repaired in as safe a manner as possible will remain. It will affect both insurance rates and the safety of automobile drivers and their occupants. Brief mention is made of new repair problems which could emerge in the near future. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Education KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Technology KW - Training KW - Unibody construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195933 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379034 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - A PLAN TO INCREASE MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1983/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-30 AB - This White Paper was developed to initiate discussions in the State of New York focusing on a statewide approach to increase significantly the use of safety belts, currently available in virtually all automobiles, as the single most effective countermeasure against in-vehicle trauma. Since June 1982, a major step forward has been made, and is summarized after the White Paper. KW - Countermeasures KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379041 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Joksch, H C AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - COMMENTS ON THE PAPER ROLLOVERS AND SERIOUS DRIVER INJURY DIFFERENCES AMONG VARIOUS UTILITY VEHICLES, PICKUP TRUCKS, AND PASSENGER CAR GROUPS PY - 1983/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-43 AB - A critique of the epidemiological study entitled, "Rollover and Serious Driver Injury Differences Among Various Utility Vehicle, Pickup Truck and Passenger Car Groups," by Reinfurt, O'Neill et al. is presented and supported by data. The Reinfurt-O'Neill study used an admittedly inadequate exposure measure (registered vehicle years) and did not adequately control for non-vehicle factors influencing accidents and injuries. Using published information and accident data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, the critique shows that there are important differences between passenger cars and utility vehicles, and among utility vehicles in terms of drivers and driving conditions. Because Reinfurt and O'Neill do not control for such factors, their study does not permit comparisons among vehicle groups that would show vehicle specific differences influencing accident, rollover, or injury risk. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Risk analysis KW - Rollover crashes KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377755 JO - Journal of Fire Sciences PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Sutker, B J AU - Walter, S AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLAME RETARDED THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS PY - 1983/01 VL - 1 SP - p. 66-75 AB - Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers have been effectively flame retarded with organobromine compounds and antimony oxide synergists. A range of flame retardant performance can be achieved based on the Underwriters Laboratories Schedule 94, Standard for Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances; and ASTM D-2863, Standard Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candlelike Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index). UL 94 VO and V2 ratings and oxygen indices of 22 to 33 were obtained. Different responses were observed for each of the flame retardants evaluated. Differences were also observed between urethanes having polyether or polyester segment based backbones. Based on laboratory tests, the compounded elastomers had commercially acceptable physical properties. KW - Elastomers KW - Fire resistance KW - Fireproof materials KW - Flameproofing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377482 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE. A MANUAL FOR THE PARAMEDIC IN THE FIELD PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is a guide for paramedics to the appropriate procedures to be employed when rendering emergency care to or transporting the sick or injured. The manual was developed as a national standard for training personnel in advance life-support techniques and sets forth the standard skills required of the Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Paramedic. The curriculum is comprehensive and consists of three components: didactic, clinical (inhospital), and field internship. The course is available in modules to permit presentation appropriate to local needs and resources. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manuals KW - Paramedics KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377483 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE. A MANUAL FOR THE PARAMEDIC IN THE FIELD--WORKBOOK PY - 1983/01 SP - 46 p. AB - This workbook is designed to accompany the text "Emergency Medical Care--A Manual for Paramedics in the Field" and to serve as an aid to both learning and review during the course of study. Both the questions and vocabulary lists are taken from the text and no other source. They are intended to cause you to reread, study, and think as you progress. In using this workbook you should put down what you consider your own best responses. Subsequent discussions with the instructor will add to your responses and, in turn, your mastery of the learning objectives. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manuals KW - Paramedics KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191137 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377412 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Kamerud, D B AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT: COSTS, BENEFITS, AND IMPLIED TRADE-OFFS PY - 1983/01 VL - 17A IS - 1 SP - p. 51-64 AB - This paper examines the societal effects of the 55 mph speed limit. Fuel, accident, trucking productivity and travel time effects are estimated for each of several rural road systems, and are then converted to units of money, lives and time. A graphical method is developed which permits the reader to compare trade-offs of money, lives, and time to one another and to decide whether his own values of life and time favor a given trade-off. When applied to the speed limit effects estimated here, this method suggests that the limit is less favorable on the rural interstate system than on other affected systems. Indeed, critics using certain plausible values of life and time could argue that the 55 mph limit is actually unfavorable to the users of the rural interstates. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Productivity KW - Rural highways KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel time KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377481 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER AND MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS. ADMINISTRATOR'S GUIDE PY - 1983/01 SP - 101 p. AB - This guide provides guidelines and procedures for classifying and analyzing pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents. The approach described herein is part of a systematic effort by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to assist states and local communities in reducing the frequency and severity of these accidents. The accident classification approach is intended for use by state and local government agencies, as well as safety-concerned organizations in the private sector, to aid in problem analysis--the first step in an effective pedestrian safety program. This guide is intended for use by the person who is responsible for organizing and supervising the conduct of the accident classification and analysis task. KW - Classification KW - Guidelines KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376592 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL IN FATAL ACCIDENTS NATIONAL ESTIMATES--U.S.A. PY - 1983/01 SP - 75 p. AB - This technical report presents detailed statistics on the presence and level of alcohol in drivers and pedestrians involved in fatal motor vehicle accidents. Data are taken from the 1980 file of the Fatal Accident Reporting System. The FARS file contains information on the driver, vehicle, and environment associated with each of the more than 45,000 fatal accidents which occurred during 1980. In general, the results of the study consist of the number and percent of drivers and pedestrians which fall in each of the six established BAC level classes. These classes cover the entire spectrum of BAC values which range from zero to greater than .20. Estimates are provided by sex and age groups of drivers, and for each of the four distinct types of fatal accidents: Hit and Run, Pedestrian, Single Vehicle, and Multi Vehicle. Comparisons are shown between male and female drivers, and between young male drivers and others. The report utilizes the data from 29 selected States, and makes use of the police indication of alcohol presence in the driver before assigning BAC values to those drivers for whom test results were not known. The key findings include the large number of drivers and pedestrians found at the intoxicated level, the greater contribution of intoxicated pedestrians, the increase in the dimensions of the problem during nighttime hours, the insignificant differences found between young males and others, and the sizeable detrimental effect which high alcohol levels have on the survivability of the drivers involved. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Highways KW - Hit and run crashes KW - Intoxication KW - Night KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety and security KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376418 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - UPDATE: BEARING WEAR PY - 1983/01 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-30 AB - In an update on its position that improperly grounded electrical systems can lead to early failure of the front wheel bearings on some Omni/Horizon cars, Chrysler says that such bearing failure is accompanied by a high-pitch whining sound which is characteristic of electrostatic action taking place in the wheel bearing assemblies. This article gives instruction on what to do if electrostatic wear of front wheel bearings is suspected. This article also includes advice to brake technicians repairing 1981 Cadillacs and 1980-81 light-duty Ford trucks, as well as underbody dimensions for the 1982 Continental which were overlooked in the Ford 1982 Shop Manual. KW - Automobiles KW - Bearings KW - Brakes KW - Electrical systems KW - Electrostatics KW - Front wheel drive KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Wear KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194603 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376426 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Imajo, T AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SUICIDE BY MOTOR VEHICLE PY - 1983/01 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 83-89 AB - Five suicides by motor vehicle drivers are reported. Possible frequency of such incidents and methods for their investigation, as well as patterns and characteristics of suicidal behavior, are discussed. Published reports of suicide by motor vehicle are scarce. Proven cases should be reported by medical examiners and coroners to help establish the patterns of such deaths. KW - Biology KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pathology KW - Psychological aspects KW - Suicide KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194610 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376428 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Kubic, T A AU - Lasher, C M AU - Dwyer, J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INDIVIDUALIZATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE OILS 1: THE INTRODUCTION OF VARIABLE SEPARATION SYNCHRONOUS EXCITATION FLUORESCENCE TO ENGINE OIL ANALYSIS PY - 1983/01 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 186-199 AB - Automobile lubricants are frequently encountered at the scene of a crime and are submitted along with standards from the defendant's vehicle in order to establish common origin. The measurement of the total visible fluorescence by emission, synchronous excitation emission, and variable separation synchronous excitation (VSSE) spectra has been shown to individualize motor oils to a high degree. Spectra obtained from specimens at liquid nitrogen temperature increased the discrimination value of these techniques. The data obtained on 61 automobile lubricants is presented and conclusions discussed with particular emphasis on the recently developed VSSE technique. KW - Automobiles KW - Crimes KW - Engine oils KW - Legal factors KW - Lubricants KW - Luminescence KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194612 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376712 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Gandhi, K K AU - Zvonow, V A AU - Singh, H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DRIVING CYCLE FOR FUEL ECONOMY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PY - 1983/01 VL - 174 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-11 AB - A driving cycle corresponding to the driving conditions of a particular country is of decisive importance for fuel economy evaluation of vehicles and automobile engines. The driving pattern was studied in Delhi along four representative routes using a test car equipped with all the instruments required for recording modes of traffic and measuring fuel consumption. An analysis of the field trials results has shown that relative time spent under different modes (cruising, acceleration, etc.) does not practically depend upon a route and rush-or-non rush conditions. Fuel consumption is a function of the average speed and trip length. A four-mode driving cycle has been developed to simulate actual driving conditions with respect to fuel consumption. In comparison with driving cycles of developed countries, the driving cycle has significantly different average speed and relative time spent under acceleration and deceleration. The cycle may be used as a standardized method to evaluate fuel efficiency of vehicles and automobile engines and effect of various gadgets on its improvement. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air quality management KW - Average spot speed KW - Cruising flight KW - Cruising speed KW - Deceleration KW - Developing countries KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Fuel consumption KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Traffic density KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194750 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376280 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - HOW SAFE IS URETHANE? THE DEBATE RAGES ON PY - 1983/01 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-24 AB - This article cites personal objections to the use of urethane sealants in auto glass replacement. Among these objections are the following: (1) Trapped humidity between urethane and paint causes rust and paint breakdown; (2) More and more vehicles have leaking glass and complete product failure since urethane does not have any elasticity; (3) Toxic fumes are released when heat is applied as is required during auto glass replacement; and (4) Urethane does not make glass any stronger, as urethane's proponents suggest. It is concluded that butyl sealant will provide better safety characteristics if used properly. KW - Automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sealing compounds KW - Urethane KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194516 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376290 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Hodges, P D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - ECONOMY VALVE COULD HAVE BIG IMPACT PY - 1983/01 VL - 163 IS - 1 SP - p. 30-31 AB - The National Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is testing a valve, invented by Sherwood Webster and Richard Heise. The Webster-Heise valve sits below the carburetor in the intake manifold. It causes the air/fuel mixture to vaporize more completely at lower manifold temperatures, say the inventors. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Testing KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194525 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376419 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - FWD SERVICE: CHRYSLER'S COLT/CHAMP PY - 1983/01 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 7 p. AB - This article reviews the wheel alignment crossmember inspection, and problems with the strut bar and/or stabilizer bar. It includes an insert "Tightening Torque". KW - Alignment KW - Automobiles KW - Caster /of automobile wheels/ KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Curvature KW - Front wheel drive KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Stabilizers KW - Struts KW - Toe setting /automobiles/ KW - Torque KW - Wheel alignment KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194604 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376427 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Litman, R E AU - Diller, J AU - Nelson, F AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DEATHS RELATED TO PROPOXYPHENE OR CODEINE OR BOTH PY - 1983/01 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 128-138 AB - Ninety-nine deaths involving propoxyphene or codeine or both were investigated through interviews with surviving relatives and associates. The criterion for admission to this study was the presence of propoxyphene or codeine in the body fluids or tissues, determined analytically. The codeine-related group included more ethnic minority persons, more histories of primary drug addiction, more users of street drugs, and more accidental deaths. In the propoxyphene-related group there were fewer histories of drug addiction and more persons with mental illness and more suicides. Most victims had considerable past experience with one or both of the drugs and other drugs as well. Propoxphene was usually obtained by physician prescription. Codeine was often obtained illegally. KW - Analgesics KW - Crashes KW - Death rate KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities KW - Medication KW - Overdose KW - Suicide KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376435 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM. SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS PY - 1983/01 SP - 25 p. AB - This Seventh Annual Report to the Congress (1983) summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during Fiscal Year (FY) 1982 regarding the implementation of applicable sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report by January 15th of each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing: (1) Rulemaking activities during FY 1982; (2) Recommendations submitted to Congress concerning proposed amendments to the Act; and (3) A discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). Title V of the Act requires the Secretary of Transportation to administer a program for regulating the fuel economy of new passenger cars and light trucks in the United States' (U.S.) market. On June 22, 1976, the authority to administer the program was delegated by the Secretary to the Administrator of NHTSA. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's responsibilities in the fuel economy area include: (1) establishing average fuel economy standards for manufacturers of passenger automobiles and light trucks as necessary; (2) promulgating regulations concerning procedures, definitions, and reports necessary to support the fuel economy standards; (3) considering petitions for exemption from established fuel economy standards by low volume manufacturers (those producing less than 10,000 passenger cars annually worldwide) and establishing alternative standards for them; (4) preparing reports to Congress annually on the progress of the fuel economy program, (5) enforcing the fuel economy standards and regulations; and (6) responding to petitions concerning domestic production of foreign manufacturers and other matters. KW - Amendments KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Light trucks KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376591 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL IN FATAL ACCIDENTS NATIONAL ESTIMATES--U.S.A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983/01 SP - 75 p. AB - This technical report presents detailed statistics on the presence and level of alcohol in drivers and pedestrians involved in fatal motor vehicle accidents. Data are taken from the 1980 file of the Fatal Accident Reporting System. The FARS file contains information on the driver, vehicle, and environment associated with each of the more than 45,000 fatal accidents, which occurred during 1980. In general, the results of the study consist of the number and percent of drivers and pedestrians which fall in each of the six established BAC level classes. These classes cover the entire spectrum of BAC values which range from zero to greater than .20. Estimates are provided by sex and age groups of drivers, and for each of the four distinct types of fatal accidents: Hit and Run, Pedestrian, Single Vehicle, and Multi Vehicle. Comparisons are shown between male and female drivers, and between young male drivers and others. The report utilizes the data from 29 selected States, and makes use of the police indication of alcohol presence in the driver before assigning BAC values to those drivers for whom test results were not known. The key findings include the large number of drivers and pedestrians found at the intoxicated level, the greater contribution of intoxicated pedestrians, the increase in the dimensions of the problem during nighttime hours, the insignificant differences found between young males and others, and the sizeable detrimental effect which high alcohol levels have on the survivability of the drivers involved. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Highways KW - Hit and run crashes KW - Intoxication KW - Night KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety and security KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190488 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376279 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Krenslak, F AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - THE FACTS ABOUT URETHANE. BONDING THAT IS SIMPLE, EASY AND SAFE PY - 1983/01 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-26 AB - This article clarifies some points concerning the use of urethanes as sealants in auto glass replacement. The clarification deals with objections to the use of urethane sealants which were raised in a previous article. It is stated in conclusion that the strength, durability and reliability of urethane bonding is opening new possibilities for the sleeker flush mount designs of the 1980s; and that the superiority of urethane sealants for sealing automotive windshields has been thoroughly proven as evidenced by their adoption by over thirty vehicle manufacturers throughout the world. KW - Automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sealing compounds KW - Urethane KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194515 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376420 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Mytyk, A AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - ALIGNMENT: THE FIX IS IN ON FWD PY - 1983/01 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 42-45 AB - It is estimated that by 1985 all domestic production will be front wheel drive vehicles. This article reviews alignment specifications on the conventional vehicles of the 60's and 70's and compares them to those of the new Front Wheel Drive Models. Included in this article is a form "Under Car Analysis and Alignment Record" which should be used to perform a complete undercar inspection before doing the alignment. KW - Alignment KW - Caster /of automobile wheels/ KW - Curvature KW - Front wheel drive KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Toe setting /automobiles/ KW - Wheel alignment KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194605 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376309 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Morton, R AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - URETHANE MUCH SAFER THAN BUTYL PY - 1983/01 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This article clarifies some points concerning the use of urethanes as sealants in auto glass replacement. These rebuttal statements deal with objections to the use of urethane sealants which were raised in a previous article. KW - Automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sealing compounds KW - Urethane KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194534 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373919 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Clement, J P AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - SPEED HUMPS AND THE THOUSAND OAKS EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/01 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-39 AB - This article presents the results of a study conducted in Thousand Oaks, California with the purpose of documenting real-life experiences with speed humps on residential roads. Speed humps differ from speed bumps; where speed bumps are sudden and sharp 3 to 4 inch rises with a 1 to 3 foot base width, speed humps are gently rounded 3 to 4 inch high protuberances that are at least 12 feet wide at the base. Following a discussion of the test methods and results, tentative recommendations for the use of speed humps are presented, based on the following criteria: (1) If the length of a hump is less than the wheel base of a typical vehicle (10 feet), the hump should be no higher than 3 inches so that vehicles do not bottom out; (2) If the length of a hump is less than the wheel base of a bicycle (3.5 feet), the hump should be no higher than 2 inches so that the toes of a bicyclist do not strike the humps; and (3) The slope of a hump should be fairly gentle to minimize sudden shocks to motorists or bicyclists at low speeds. KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Height KW - Length KW - Recommendations KW - Residential areas KW - Slopes KW - Speed control KW - Speed control humps KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373660 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Nemeth, Z A AU - Rathi, A AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - FREEWAY WORK ZONE ACCIDENT CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1983/01 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - p. 145-159 AB - This article describes accident characteristics on freeway facilities where work zone traffic control procedures were of a high standard in terms of current state-of-the-art. Data is based on the results of a 3-year study of traffic control needs at freeway work zones. The study is summarized with emphasis on accident characteristics. The two most disruptive types of work zone traffic control were crossovers and lane closures. The study revealed the following: (1) The high involvement of trucks at night in accidents at crossovers is an indication that, for them at least, the driving task is more demanding here than at other work-site zones or on the Turnpike in general, resulting in more driver errors; and (2) The high injury rates corresponding to accidents in the bi-directional zones suggest that driver errors in the zone have more severe consequences than driver errors at other sections within work sites or on the Turnpike in general. KW - Crash severity KW - Crossovers KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Highway maintenance KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Night KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194188 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373922 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - FOCUS ON THE HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY DIVISION PY - 1983/01 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - After a brief historical sketch on pedestrian safety, this article explains the functions of the Pedestrian Safety Committee: Develop extensive listing of pedestrian safety activities and successful countermeasures which can serve as possible resources; Provide this list and encourage its distribution to key pedestrian safety planners at the local level and to other persons, public agencies, and private organizations having a need for information regarding specific pedestrian safety measures. A Pedestrian Program Survey form that will be used in the development of a "program document", is included. KW - Data collection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373923 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - DRUNK DRIVER IS FOCAL POINT OF NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS PY - 1983/01 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 6 p. AB - This article gives an overview of the 70th National Safety Congress and Exposition, held October 18-21, 1982, in Chicago, Illinois. It is pointed out that a single thread of concern seemed to unite the registrants and speakers--a concern that has grown to national proportions in recent times and drawn together people of many backgrounds and professions. That concern is with the menace of the drunk driver. Many prominent speakers at the congress are quoted in this article, including National Safety Council President Vincent L. Tofany, Chairman of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving John A. Volpe, Dr. Morris E. Chafetz, James S. Kemper, Jr., Leslie G. Foschio, Raymond A. Peck, and James Burnett. Many other speakers are quoted or referred to in this article and other subjects discussed are mentioned, including driver improvement, driver education, child restraints, restraint-use incentive programs, dangers of neglected highway maintenance, and prosecution of drunk drivers. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373914 JO - Mass Transit PB - Cygnus Publishing, Incorporated AU - Carter (C Carroll) TI - SWEDEN. BUS DRIVERS KEY TO FUEL EFFICIENCY PY - 1983/01 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This article gives a brief overview of Swedish efforts to improve the operating efficiency of bus companies with regard to fuel economy. Reference is made to an earlier report by Scania, the Swedish commercial vehicle builder, which revealed that driving speed, gear shifting and driving ability to utilize the vehicle's kinetic energy all have a major influence on fuel consumption. Other means of conserving fuel as discussed in this article include the Volvo flywheel concept, the use of alternative fuels, and the new hydrostatic transmission which makes possible regenerative braking. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Flywheels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Regenerative braking KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373570 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - STIRLING AUTO ENGINE--A LOT OF PROGRESS, BUT... PY - 1983/01 VL - 222 IS - 1 SP - p. 50-53 AB - After giving a brief historical overview of the Stirling engine, invented in 1816 by Robert Stirling, the author brings us to 1978 when the Department of Energy and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory jointly set up a program to develop, and by 1984, demonstrate in a car a practical Stirling automotive engine. It was to be a three-step program, using as a baseline the P-40 research engine already being developed by a Swedish contractor, United Sterling Inc. This was to be followed by a Mod I engine with greater power and less weight than the P-40. Finally, when the Mod I had yielded its secrets, a Mod II engine would be built and demonstrated in a car. The contract for the Mod I engine was awarded to Mechanical Technology Inc., and the author went for a visit to the laboratory and a test drive. The Mod I engine is running up to all expectations, but government cutbacks have placed the third phase of the NASA program in doubt. KW - Automobile engines KW - Development KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Government funding KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stirling engines KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189501 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373916 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Agent, K R AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - WARRANTS FOR LEFT-TURN LANES PY - 1983/01 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - p. 99-114 AB - This paper presents the results of a study which developed warrants or guides for installing separate left-turn lanes. In summary, those warrants are as follows: (1) Accident Experience--Install a separate left-turn lane if the critical number of left-turn-related accidents (as defined in the text) has occurred. For one approach in 1 year, four left-turn accidents at an unsignalized intersection and five at a signalized intersection are critical. (2) Volume--Install a separate left-turn lane when volumes meet the criteria given in the critical-volume warrant graphs as shown in this report. (3) Traffic conflicts--Consider adding a separate left-turn lane when a conflict study shows an hourly average of 30 or more total left-turn-related conflicts or 6 or more opposing-left-turn conflicts in a 3-hour study period during peak-volume conditions. Also, consider adding a lane if 45 or more total left-turn-related conflicts or 9 or more opposing-left-turn conflicts occur in any 1-hour period. KW - Crashes KW - Guidelines KW - Left turn lanes KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic volume KW - Traffic warrants KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373918 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Upchurch, J E AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - GUIDELINES FOR USE OF SIGN CONTROL AT INTERSECTIONS TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION PY - 1983/01 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 7 p. AB - This article summarizes the results of a study which compared the effects of three types of signs (yield, two-way stop and four-way stop signs) for traffic control at intersections. The study is an economic analysis of the following costs: fuel cost; other vehicle operating costs; the cost of delay to the motorist passengers; air pollution cost; accident cost; and sign material, installation, and maintenance costs. Yield control is shown to be the most economical, and two-way stop control is shown to be more economical than four-way stop control in most, but not all, cases. It is concluded that nationwide intersection operating costs can be reduced by as much as $15.1 billion per year if sign controls are more efficiently applied through use of the improved guidelines. KW - Accident costs KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic analysis KW - Four way stop signs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multiway stop signs KW - Operating costs KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signs KW - Two way stop signs KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) KW - Yield signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373587 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING CHRYSLER'S ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM. PART 2 PY - 1983/01 VL - 159 IS - 1 SP - p. 53-56 AB - This article explains the procedures for testing the Electronic Spark Advance (ESA) system installed in most Chrysler Corporation cars from 1976 to 1980. The procedures for testing V8 ESA for poor fuel economy, poor operating performance, and improper adjustment of the transducer are given along with troubleshooting tips for the Omni and Horizon ESA when the engine won't start. A Chrysler "Driveability Complaint Sheet" which mechanics at Chrysler dealerships are supposed to use when troubleshooting engine problems, is included. KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic spark advance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Sensors KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Transducers KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189512 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373943 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - WILL YOUR CAR BE STOLEN? PY - 1983/01 VL - 65 IS - 1 SP - p. 17-20 AB - Two research organizations, the All-Industry Research Advisory Council (AIRAC) and the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) have studied recent car theft trends, and have come up with valuable data explaining and summarizing many facets of this serious crime. Additionally, General Motors and several automotive insurance companies have compiled a "Summary of the Automotive Theft Survey. This article reviews the findings of these research projects and gives advice on anti-theft devices. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194340 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373921 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Rosenfield, H N AU - National Safety Council TI - WASHINGTON'S 3DS: DEREGULATION, DEFEDERALIZATION, DEFUNDING AND THE DEFENSE OF SAFETY PY - 1983/01 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - With budget, deficits and taxes much on the mind of both Reagan Administration officials, and members of congress, the federal focus has shifted to deregulation, defederalization and defunding. As a result of this three government "D's", the private sector and the voluntary safety movement have been compelled to add a fourth: Defense of safety. This article reviews defederalization and deregulation in several government agencies. KW - Deregulation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal government agencies KW - Federal programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Private enterprise KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373917 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Nowakowski, V AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - MORE EFFICIENT USE OF HIGHWAY DATA THROUGH COMPUTERIZED DATA FILE INTEGRATION PY - 1983/01 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-21 AB - Many States have automated their highway data files, but only a few have gone beyond this and achieved computerized data file integration. In an effort to share the knowledge and experience gained in the field of data file integration, reviews were made in five States that have developed such systems. For these reviews, the highway information system data base consisted of the accident, roadway inventory, and traffic volume files. This article provides a brief overview of each system reviewed. The five States reviewed were Alabama, Michigan, Montana, North Carolina, and Wyoming. KW - Crashes KW - Data management KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Inventory KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - States KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373588 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TOMORROW'S CAR PM DROVE IT! PY - 1983/01 VL - 159 IS - 1 SP - 6 p. AB - The car of the future will be a lot like the car of the present only more economical, and run on a variety of economically feasible fuels. It may evolve in a fleet of specialized vehicles for specific tasks. It will also have a higher concentration of advanced technologies, some borrowed from other fields and some developed specifically for the automobile. It will handle better and be safer. This article touches briefly on the Research Safety Vehicle, the Honda City, the Volkswagen Auto 2000, the General Motors coal-burning turbine car, Ford's compressed gas, alternate fuels and electronic controls. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Development KW - Forecasting KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety vehicles KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189513 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373571 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Dunne, J AU - Keebler, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - THE THINKING MAN'S GUIDE TO CAR MAINTENANCE. SERVICING GM'S A-CARS PY - 1983/01 VL - 222 IS - 1 SP - p. 92-94 AB - Most car owners assume that servicing the sophisticated General Motors A-cars is beyond their ability. This article explains how to service four major components of the A-car that do-it-yourselfers might think are too complicated to tackle: the throttle-body-injection unit, the electronic control module (on-board computer), the power rack-and-pinion gear, and the automatic transaxle. KW - A-cars KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Computers KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel injection KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Maintenance KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Mobile computing KW - On board computers KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Steering systems KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189502 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373933 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - Calvin, M AU - American University TI - NEW SOURCES FOR FUEL AND MATERIALS PY - 1983/01 VL - 219 IS - 4580 SP - p. 24-26 AB - A selection of new plant sources with high potential for production of chemicals and liquid fuels is reviewed. Some productivity data are given, and suggestions are made for modification of both the product character and the productivity of the plants. KW - Chemicals KW - Fuels KW - Liquid fuels KW - Materials KW - Production KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373938 JO - Motorland PB - California State Automobile Association AU - California State Automobile Association TI - BUCKLE UP! SAFETY BELTS SAVE LIVES PY - 1983/01 VL - 104 IS - 1 SP - 1 p. AB - Safety belts provide the best protection available against death and injury caused by automobile collisions. This article explains how safety belts protect you during impact, mentions the automatic seat belt systems now available, and underlines the necessity of buckling up. It also gives some practical tips to help develop the safety belt habit. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372875 AU - Englisher, L S AU - Wexler, A L AU - Multisystems, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - ACCESSIBLE BUS SERVICE IN THE WASHINGTON, DC, METROPOLITAN AREA PY - 1983/01 SP - 336 p. AB - The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) began operation of lift-equipped fixed-route service on several of its Metrobus routes in July 1979. Using 151 Flxible buses equipped with Vapor front-door lift devices, WMATA made 8% of its weekday (and a higher percentage of weekend) bus trips accessible to wheelchair and semiambulatory disabled. The UMTA Service and Management Demonstrations Program provided grants to WMATA and George Washington University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center to develop and conduct driver and consumer training activities and to perform surveys and data collection to enable an evaluation of the project. This evaluation report describes the implementation and operation of the lift-equipped service and investigates issues related to equipment design, service quality, travel behavior and operator productivity. Among the evaluation's key conclusions is that disabled individuals, like other potential passengers, are quite sensitive to service convenience and reliability, and that ridership will not develop if there are serious deficiencies in these characteristics. With only partially accessible Metrobus service scheduled and only 80% of scheduled service provided, lift ridership averaged only seven to eight boardings per day. The users, primarily young, male, affluent and mobile, were atypical of the disabled public. While these individuals indicated a preference for fixed-route service over door-to-door service, follow-up surveys showed few continuing riders. Despite favorable attitudes toward the fixed-route service concept, non-users cited barriers such as curbs as significant deterrents to their use of Metrobus. While ridership was too small to affect operator schedules, the maintenance and repair costs combined with low ridership made total per trip costs quite expensive, over $300 per trip. Although the lift equipment underwent modifications to overcome initial difficulties, lift damages and repairs remained a major problem. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Bus drivers KW - Equipment KW - Fixed routes KW - Implementation KW - Operations KW - Operator performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Quality of service KW - Travel behavior KW - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority KW - Wheelchair lifts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185591 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372879 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Levine, B AU - Blanke, R V AU - Valentour, J C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - POSTMORTEM STABILITY OF BENZODIAZEPINES IN BLOOD AND TISSUES PY - 1983/01 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 102-115 AB - The stability of benzodiazepines in blood and tissues was examined in this study. Specifically, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, and their desalkyl metabolites were studied over several months. Diazepam, flurazepam, and N-1-desalkylflurazepam were stable when stored in blood at room temperature while chlordiazepoxide, norchlordiazepoxide, and nordiazepam were found to be unstable under similar storage conditions. Data from tissues containing these chemicals corroborated the results from blood. KW - Autopsies KW - Biology KW - Fatalities KW - Forensic medicine KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pathology KW - Post mortem KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189043 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372133 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Landles, J R AU - Printerhall Limited TI - THE OVERALL EFFECT ON ACCIDENTS AT SITES WHERE ZEBRA CROSSINGS WERE INSTALLED PY - 1983/01 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-11 AB - This paper describes a study which was initiated to quantify the effects on accidents of the installation of Zebra crossings. It is known that the average annual rate of accidents at or within 50 metres of a Zebra in London is about 2.5 and this was used as a base for creating three distinct groups of sites, viz. those with less than 2 accidents per year, those with 2-3 accidents per year, and those with more than 3 accidents per year. This gave groups of low, average and high accident rates respectively. The second stage of the study investigated the same sites when they were categorised by P (V squared) and the "before" and "after" accidents were again analysed. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Zebra crossings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188714 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372135 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Choraffa, A AU - FERREIRA, LJA AU - Printerhall Limited TI - USING SATURN TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES IN LIVERPOOL PY - 1983/01 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-22 AB - This paper describes the application of the SATURN traffic simulation-assignment model in a study of traffic management options for the central area of Liverpool. After discussing in detail the process of model calibration and associated results, attention is turned to the assessment of traffic management options. A number of such options--which include bus priority schemes, conversion of one-way systems to two-way operation, introduction of banned turns, pedestrianisation schemes, bus routing reorganisation, and signal timing strategies--were tested using SATURN. The main results of each test are given in terms of the area-wide performance indicators output by the model. Finally these results are discussed, and some of the lessons learned from this modelling exercise are highlighted. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Area traffic signal control KW - Bus priority KW - Calibration KW - Highway traffic control KW - One way traffic KW - Option KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Routing KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188716 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372122 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - MOUNTAIN, L J AU - Westwell, P M AU - Printerhall Limited TI - THE ACCURACY OF ESTIMATION OF TURNING FLOWS FROM AUTOMATIC COUNTS PY - 1983/01 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - p. 3-7 AB - There has been considerable interest in recent years in the potential of using data obtained from automatic traffic counters to estimate turning flows at intersections and for the closely-related problem of estimating O-D matrices for networks. This paper concentrates on the former problem, although similar principles apply to both. A method is presented for the determination of turning flows from a knowledge of approach flows, together with estimates of turning proportions. Two alternative methods for obtaining initial estimates of turning proportions are considered in detail. The principal objective of the study is to assess and compare the accuracy of estimation based on each of the methods, although consideration is also given to the variation of accuracy with the magnitude of the flows to be estimated. KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Intersections KW - Traffic counts KW - Turning flow KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372117 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, THEFT COVERAGES. A COMPARISON OF THE THEFT LOSS EXPERIENCE OF GENERAL MOTORS PASSENGER CARS WITH AND WITHOUT FACTORY-INSTALLED THEFT DETERRENT SYSTEMS. 1980-1981 MODELS PY - 1983/01 SP - 11 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report compares the insurance theft loss experience of 1980 and 1981 model year General Motors cars equipped with factory-installed theft deterrent systems to comparable models without this option that were garaged in the same geographic areas. It was found that 1980 and 1981 model year Buicks, Oldsmobiles, and Cadillacs equipped with factory-installed theft deterrent systems had better theft loss results than the same models without the option garaged in the same geographic area. The theft claim frequency was 21 percent lower, the average loss payment per claim 11 percent lower, and the average loss payment per insured vehicle year 30 percent lower for the cars with the factory-installed theft deterrent system compared to the same models without the option. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Insurance KW - Payment KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371161 AU - Parsons, G G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 301-75, FUEL SYSTEM INTEGRITY: PASSENGER CARS PY - 1983/01 SP - 176 p. AB - To reduce the hazard caused by motor vehicle crash fires, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 301, Fuel System Integrity, was promulgated. Various vehicle modifications were made in response to the Standard, all intended to increase the crashworthiness of the fuel system. The objectives of this evaluation of Standard 301 are to estimate: (1) its effectiveness in reducing crash fires, injuries, and fatalities (2) the consumer cost of the Standard; (3) the cost-effectiveness of the Standard. The evaluation addresses the major version of the Standard (301-75) as it applies to passenger cars. The study is based on statistical analysis of crash fire data from five States, with primary emphasis given to data from the State of Michigan. Cost estimates are based on information obtained from the motor vehicle manufacturers. The study found that: (1) Standard 301 has significantly reduced post-crash fires in passenger car crashes; the greater reductions have occurred in the more severe crashes in terms of vehicle damage. (2) The reduction in crash fires has resulted annually in: 400 fewer fatalities, 520 fewer serious injuries, 110 fewer moderate injuries, and 6,500 fewer crash fires. (3) The Standard has increased the consumer cost of owning and operating a vehicle by $8.50. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184519 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00378370 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Patterson, P D AU - Westbrook, F W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPACT OF CONSUMER AND MANUFACTURER DECISIONS ON NEW CAR FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1983 SP - 15 p. AB - The 90 percent improvement in new car fuel economy between 1973 and 1982 has resulted from many types of new car purchase and new car manufacture decisions. Some of these decisions, such as purchasing a smaller car, buying a car with less performance, choosing a manual transmission, and selecting a diesel engine can be viewed as primarily new car consumer decisions. Over the decade where the price of gasoline tripled, consumer decisions accounted for about a third of the MPG increase. With the prospect of stable or declining gasoline prices for the near future, consumers may take back some of their past contributions to new car fuel economy. If new car buyers returned to their 1978 choices in auto characteristics the MPG would have been 9.3 percent lower than it actually was recorded in model year 1982. If consumers returned to the 1973 auto characteristics, a 17.4 percent reduction in MPG would have resulted in model year 1982. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Fibers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Polypropylene KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195550 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381887 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Storm, Richard S AU - MacBeth, J W AU - Flynn, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SILICON CARBIDE COMPONENTS FOR DIESEL ENGINE APPLICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 9 p. AB - Diesel engine technology has progressed through various design and materials improvements as previously have other engine concepts. Present diesel engines exhibit excellent fuel economy and reliability, having increased in popularity for automotive transportation and encouraged new developments in aircraft diesels. Further developments are now on the horizon for advances in higher temperature operation, low friction potential, and extended durability through the use of ceramics in key component hardware. In the present paper the authors, on the basis of past and present experience, discuss applications for silicon carbide components and the relevance of associated developments in joining technology and non-destructive evaluation. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Joining KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Silicon carbide KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202136 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495763 JO - Publication of: Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN FINLAND T2 - SUOMEN TIELIIKENNE-ONNETTOMUUDET 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 45 p. AB - This is the 29th in the series of annual statistical publications on traffic accidents in Finland. Accidents that involved minor injuries which have not led to disabilities lasting longer than 2 days have not been included as injuries in the statistics. KW - Finland KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490268 AU - International Organization for Standardization TI - ROAD VEHICLES - BRAKE ANTI-LOCK DEVICE CONTRACTOR PY - 1983 SP - 12 p. AB - This International Standard specifies the dimensional and electrical characteristics required for interchangeability of electrical connections between towing and towed vehicles, fitted with brake anti-lock devices. Performance requirements and test methods are also specified to ensure transmission reliability of signals and orders. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Standards KW - Towing devices KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452230 JO - International Journal of Impact Engineering PB - Elsevier AU - Johnson, W AU - Walton, A C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY DISSIPATION OF A NUMBER OF CAR BUMPERS UNDER QUASI-STATIC LATERAL LOADS PY - 1983 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - p. 301-308 AB - It is shown that most car bumpers have no substantial protective worth as kinetic-energy absorbers in serious collisions. Experiments were performed to determine the load-deflection characteristic and the energy which could be dissipated plastically by the bumpers of ten common passenger cars marketed about 10 years ago. Even to accomplish a substantial transverse deflection of about 10 cm (4 in.) it was found that no car needed to possess a speed in excess of about 2.8 m s to the minus one power (6 mph). KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Deflection KW - Dissipation KW - Energy absorption KW - Kinetic energy KW - Load deflection KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270619 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452229 JO - International Journal of Impact Engineering PB - Elsevier AU - Johnson, W AU - Walton, A C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PROTECTION OF CAR OCCUPANTS IN FRONTAL IMPACTS WITH HEAVY LORRIES: FRONTAL STRUCTURES PY - 1983 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - p. 111-123 AB - A review, mainly of head-on impacts between lorries and motor cars, is given. This type of collision results in a greater number of fatalities than is caused by cars colliding into the rear of a lorry. It is maintained that to protect car occupants more fully than at present, it is necessary to modify current lorry frontal structural design and some suggestions pertinent to this are given. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Rear end crashes KW - Restraint systems KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450361 AU - Depue, L AU - Southern Illinois University, Carbondale TI - PASSENGER VEHICLE CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS: FACTORS INFLUENCING THEIR USAGE AND NONUSAGE PY - 1983 SP - 148 p. AB - The four purposes of this study were: (1) to identify common reasons for usage of child restraints, (2) to identify common reasons for nonusage of child restraints, (3) to identify actions which would influence the nonuser to begin using a child restraint, and (4) to determine if selected demographic variables could predict usage or nonusage of child restraints. The literature search substantiated the lack of research identifying reasons for usage and nonusage of child restraints. In addition, no study was undertaken rendering factors which would influence the nonuser to begin using child restraints. Three areas were reviewed in the related literature search. They were occupant restraint effectiveness, occupant restraint usage, and factors associated with use of occupant restraints. A child car seat questionnaire was administered to 150 mothers or mother substitutes who had at least one child four years of age or under. The subjects were from DuQuoin, Illinois. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages and means, were used to compare reported information in the questionnaire. Two inferential tests, ANOVA and multiple regression, were used to identify the demographic variables with the highest probability for predicting usage and nonusage of child restraints. The following is a brief summary of the results: (1) The most important reason given for using child car seats was for the protection they provided the child in a collision, and the user group indicated minimal difficulty in the use of child car seats; (2) The most important reason reported for nonusage was the unwillingness of the child to sit in a car seat; (3) The enactment of a mandatory child car seat law was identified as the action which would have the greatest influence on the nonuser to start using a child car seat; (4) The most common behavior exhibited by the unrestrained child while riding in a moving vehicle was sitting in the front seat; (5) The mother's and mate's employment status was found to be significant predictor at the .05 level for every user group; and (6) The present use group's level of education for both the mother and mate was a significant predictor at the .05 level of significance. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Education KW - Employment KW - Laws KW - Questionnaires KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450363 AU - Governor's Highway Safety Office TI - MOTORCYCLE CRASH STUDY IOWA, 1980-1982 PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - This report is a continuation of a study of motorcycle crashes in the state of Iowa. The main objectives are to study trends and to determine the circumstances surrounding motorcycle crashes. Some highlights of the findings presented in this report are as follows: motorcycle registrations have increased and comprise 8.9 percent of the total motor vehicle registrations in the period 1980-1982, while motorcycle fatalities accounted for 13.1 percent of the total motor vehicle traffic fatalities during the same period; in the period 1980-1982, 59.3 percent of the drivers in fatal motorcycle crashes were under the age of 25; the collision of a motorcycle with another vehicle accounted for 59.2 percent of the motorcycle fatal crashes, while single motorcycle crashes were responsible for 40.8 percent; about 85.7 percent of all motorcycle crashes of this three year period occurred during the months of April through September; alcohol was found to be a major contributing factor in fatal motorcycle crashes (41.2 percent of the total); and fewer motorcycle fatalities occurred during the 10 months a helmet law was in effect than occurred in comparable time intervals before or after repeal. Many more statistics and conclusions are included in this report. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Registrations KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266108 ER - TY - SER AN - 00389422 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION INNOVATIONS: RIDESHARING TECHNIQUES AND PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPERATION SN - 0309035570 PY - 1983 IS - 914 SP - 71p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Statistical Controls in Ridesharing Demonstration Programs, D.T. Hartgen and J.M. Brunso; Impact of Flexitime Work Schedules on an Employer-Based Ridesharing Program, F.J. Wegmann and S.R. Stokey; Measuring the Effectiveness of Personalized Ridesharing Assistance, W.R. Hershey and A.J. Hekimian; Market for Vanpooling in the Baltimore Region, J.M. Bailey; Community-Based Ridesharing: An Overlooked Option, J.M. Brunso and D.T. Hartgen; Transit Agency Use of Private-Sector Strategies for Commuter Transportation, R.F. Teal, et al; Evolving Institutional Arrangements for Employer Involvement in Transportation: The Case of Employer Associations, E. Schreffler and M.D. Meyer; Paratransit at a Transit Agency: The Experience in Norfolk, Virginia, A.J. Becker and J.C. Echols; Urban Bus Transport in Buenos Aires: The Colectivos, J. Hibbs; Conducting Transportation System Management Studies of Taxicabs: Lessons from the Milwaukee Experience, B.F. O'Connell; and Comparison of User-Side Subsidy and Dial-A-Ride Services Operated in Los Angeles, D.B. Talcott. KW - Alternative work schedule KW - Bus transportation KW - Commuting KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Employers KW - Flexible hours KW - Hours of labor KW - Markets KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Paratransit services KW - Private enterprise KW - Ridesharing KW - Schedules and scheduling KW - Taxicabs KW - Transportation system management KW - User side subsidies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396605 AU - Waller, P F AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - YOUNG DRIVERS: RECKLESS OR UNPREPARED? PY - 1983 SP - 27 p. AB - Motor vehicle injuries and deaths constitute a major public health problem, in large part because they strike the young disproportionately. Young beginning drivers have more than their share of motor vehicle crashes and experience much higher death rates. How much of their problem is attributable to youth and how much to inexperience is not clear, but it is well known that in the acquisition of any complex skill many more errors will be made in the initial stages than in later ones. This basic principle of learning has been acknowledged in skills training in the air force, the space program, industry, and sports, and extensive research has been conducted to analyze carefully the kinds of behaviors involved and how they might be modified. However, no such analysis has ever been conducted for the driving task, where the potential payoff may be greater than in all the other areas combined. This paper describes a proposed program for driver education and training of young drivers which would identify those human performance parameters that may be relevant to driving, determine empirically novice-experienced driver differences, determine which of the relevant behavioral skills are amenable to training, identify procedures for modifying these skills by developing and compiling them into a comprehensive driver training program including classroom education and behind-the-wheel experience, and finally, would coordinate the entire program with a graduated driver licensing program. KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Experience KW - Knowledge KW - Modifications KW - Motor skills KW - Novices KW - Public health KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214141 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396607 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Singer-Bart, Susan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SAFER HIGHWAY APPURTENANCES AND UTILITY POLES SN - 0309036615 PY - 1983 IS - 942 SP - 53pp AB - This Record contains the following papers: Development of Retrofit Railings for Through Truss Bridges, M.E. Bronstad et al; Bridge Rail to Restrain and Redirect 80,000-lb. Trucks, T.J. Hirsch and A. Arnold; Crash Cushion for Narrow Objects, D.L. Sicking and H.E. Ross, Jr.; Portable Traffic Barrier for Work Zones, D.L. Sicking et al; Crash Tests of Portable Concrete Median Barrier for Maintenance Zones, J.S. Fortuniewicz et al; Box-Beam Guardrail Terminal Section, E.L. Marquis and R.T. Peterson; Development of Safer Utility Poles, J.J. Labra et al. U1 - 62nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19830117 EndDate:19830121 KW - Bridge railings KW - Concrete barriers KW - Construction sites KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Portable equipment KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Truss bridges KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399037 AU - National Safety Council TI - PROCEEDINGS: NINTH INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA JULY 18-21, 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 358 p. AB - The Ninth International Forum on Traffic Records Systems has as its objective the promotion of information interchange among those who operate or use traffic records systems in support of highway safety programs. The principal disciplines represented by those who attended were law enforcement, motor vehicle administration, traffic engineering, and public health. Among the new developments discussed at the 1983 Forum and presented in these Proceedings was the increasing use of microcomputers to make more effective use of the various kinds of data in traffic records systems. The need to link data files to increase their usefulness, and the obstacles to such linkage, were also discussed. One problem which was highlighted was the impact of budget-imposed reductions in police accident reporting on traffic engineering efforts to identify and correct hazardous highway segments or features. KW - Administration KW - Law enforcement KW - Microcomputers KW - Public health KW - Records management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214488 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396518 JO - Social Science & Medicine PB - Elsevier AU - BRODSKY, H AU - Hakkert, A S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - HIGHWAY FATAL ACCIDENTS AND ACCESSIBILITY OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PY - 1983 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - p. 731-740 AB - Medical estimates of potentially "salvageable" lives with better emergency medical services (EMS) in fatal highway crashes have generally been around 20%. In rural counties in Texas, however, our statistical results show that at least 38% of fatal accidents could have been nonfatal. This higher figure may reflect the extreme contrasts in EMS accessibility that exist in certain rural areas. Accident related variables that would have affected our results were controlled by log linear analysis. Better "quality" EMS in rural Texas would apparently, save lives, but to insure cost-effectiveness more needs to be learned about the impact of various components of EMS: notification time, ambulance response and hospital care. KW - Accessibility KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Medical services KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395840 AU - Beringer, C W AU - KWON, Y D AU - Palley, I AU - Allied Corporation TI - RECENT ADVANCES IN TIRE FAILURE ANALYSIS: ON SHOULDER SEPARATION IN BIAS TRUCK TIRES PY - 1983 SP - 49 p. AB - Regarding the failure of bias truck tires due to the shoulder separation, the factors contributing to the cause of this mode of failure are examined. First, the initiation and propagation of cracks are observed through the monitoring of tire temperature. After establishing the site of crack initiation and the locus of crack propagation, the effects of tire temperature and rubber strength on the failure process are examined. It is concluded that, in order to improve the tire's fatigue endurance against the failure by the shoulder separation, 1) the rubber with better strength should be selected, 2) anisotropy in the rubber properties should be minimized and 3) the temperature at the shoulder during rolling should be minimized by use of tire cords which generate less heat under cyclic stressing. KW - Anisotropy KW - Anisotropy (Physics) KW - Bias ply tires KW - Cracking KW - Failure analysis KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Rubber KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395841 AU - Prevorsek, D C AU - KWON, Y D AU - Allied Corporation TI - FEASIBILITY OF A LOW ROLLING RESISTANCE TIRE SUITABLE FOR SAFE HIGH SPEED DRIVING PY - 1983 SP - 29 p. AB - A relationship was observed between tire rolling resistance and tire safety record at high speed driving. The relationship originates in the effect of the wall mechanical loss on tire rolling resistance and on the tendency to form standing waves at high speed driving. The relationship is such that low rolling resistance and safe high speed driving appear to be mutually exclusive. A possible solution of the problem lies in the difference of deformation frequency between the normal speed driving (about 10 cps) and high speed standing waves (about 300 cps), which allows construction of rubber cord composites which exhibit a low loss at about 10 cps range and a high loss at about 300 cps range. A comparison of the mechanical properties of tire walls of present construction (using steel and PET cords) with several constructions designed for exploratory purposes shows that present tire design can be improved considerably to meet these criteria. A polymeric cord such as PET has a considerable advantage over the heavier and stiffer steel cord. At this stage, studies were limited to tire wall composites reinforced with PET cords. It is expected that similar frequency responses are achievable also with other polymeric cords. KW - Design KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Mechanical properties KW - Rolling resistance KW - Speed KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213516 ER - TY - SER AN - 00395005 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERACTION OF VEHICLES AND PAVEMENTS SN - 0309036674 PY - 1983 IS - 946 SP - 55p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Problems Encountered in Using Vehicle Ride as a Criterion of Pavement Roughness, B.E. Quinn; Evaluation of Panel Rating Methods for Assessing Pavement Ride Quality, J.B. Nick and M.S. Janoff; High-Speed Road Monitoring System, P.G. Jordan and J. Porter; Use of Response-Type Roughness Meters for Pavement Smoothness Acceptance in Georgia, W. Gulden et al; Penn State Automatic System for Collecting and Processing Road Meter Records, M.J. Fleming et al; Mechanistic Model for Predicting Seasonal Variations in Skid Resistance, K. Saito and J.J. Henry; Skid-Resistance Measurements with Blank and Ribbed Test Tires and Their Relationship to Pavement Texture, J.J. Henry and K. Saito; Tire Noise and Its Relation to Pavement Friction, R.G. Baran and J.J. Henry; Pavement Edges and Vehicle Stability: A Basis for Maintenance Guidelines, R.A. Zimmer and D.L. Ivey. KW - Edges KW - Friction KW - Interaction KW - Mathematical models KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Panel studies KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Ride quality KW - Road meters KW - Road raters KW - Roughness KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance KW - Smoothness KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tires UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1983/946/946.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395329 JO - Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law PB - Duke University Press AU - Warner, K E AU - Duke University TI - BAGS, BUCKLES, AND BELTS: THE DEBATE OVER MANDATORY PASSIVE RESTRAINTS IN AUTOMOBILES PY - 1983 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 44-75 AB - Seatbelt-wearing occupants of motor vehicles experience a death rate that is half that of nonbelted occupants, yet fewer than 10 percent of the population regularly wear their seatbelts. The potential of effective passenger-restraint systems to substantially reduce mortality and disability has led the federal government to consider requiring all new vehicles to come equipped with restraint systems that take effect without active participation from the passenger--airbags or automatic seatbelts. Since 1969, the government has issued several rulemakings to that effect, but each has been delayed or rescinded, the result of an ongoing debate about the policy's wisdom. Political and economic interests are a stake, as are matters of principle; and disputes over basic facts remain unresolved. Both advocates and opponents of a mandatory passive-restraint requirement agree that restraints can prevent deaths and disabilities, though there are differences of opinion as to the degree of protection afforded. Opponents of the requirement concentrate their substantive concerns on the propensity of the public to disconnect passive belts and the reluctance of prospective car buyers to pay the additional cost that airbags would entail. Cost-benefit analyses of a passive-restraint requirement find the requirement socially desirable; but they fail to take distributional issues into account, and several of their assumptions have been challenged by the automobile industry, the only major organized opposition to the requirement. This paper examines the central issues and evidence in the debate, including a consideration of alternative means of achieving effective, efficient passenger restraint. KW - Air bags KW - Automobile industry KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Federal government KW - Mandatory passive restraints KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passenger restraints KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Restraint systems KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395331 JO - Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law PB - Duke University Press AU - Hartunian, N S AU - Smart, C N AU - Willemain, T R AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Duke University TI - THE ECONOMICS OF SAFETY DEREGULATION: LIVES AND DOLLARS LOST DUE TO REPEAL OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAWS PY - 1983 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 76-98 AB - Between 1976 and 1980, 28 state legislatures in the United States repealed or weakened their motorcycle helmet-use laws. This paper estimates the number of excess deaths attributable to this deregulatory activity, and the associated economic costs to society. Because of data limitations, no attempt was made to estimate the excess nonfatal injuries and associated costs. We applied a variant of log-linear contingency-table analysis to the monthly counts of motorcycle fatalities in the 48 contiguous states over the period 1975 through 1980. This analysis produced estimates of the total number of deaths, in each of 36 age-sex groups, that could be attributed to changes in the helmet laws. We then estimated the direct and indirect economic costs associated with fatalities in each age-sex group. Our findings indicate that 516 excess deaths occurred in 1980 in the 28 states that weakened or repealed their helmet laws. This represented 24 percent of the total motorcycle fatalities occurring in those states. Women and younger cyclists of both sexes comprised a disproportionate share of excess deaths. The economic costs to society that are associated with the excess fatalities resulting from the repeals of helmet laws total at least $180 million. KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Repeal KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395001 JO - Social Biology PB - Society for the Study of Social Biology AU - Kunz, P R AU - Williams, C AU - Society for the Study of Social Biology TI - AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS AND BIRTHDAYS: AN ATTEMPTED EXTENSION OF THE "DEATH DIP" HYPOTHESIS PY - 1983 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - p. 106-108 AB - Although recent studies have found a relationship between one's birthday and such events as suicide, mortality, and accidents, this study of automobile accident reports in one of the Mountain states found no relationship between the drivers' birthdays and the accidents. The expected increase in automobile accidents following birthdays did not occur, even though other variables were carefully controlled. KW - Birthdays KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216890 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394712 JO - Adolescence PB - Libra Publishers, Incorporated AU - Shlechter, T M AU - Gump, P V AU - Libra Publishers, Incorporated TI - CAR AVAILABILITY AND THE DAILY LIFE OF THE TEENAGE MALE PY - 1983 VL - 18 IS - 69 SP - p. 101-113 AB - The relationship between driving a car and the adolescent male's daily life was examined. Drivers with unrestricted access to a car (N=11), drivers with limited car access (N=10), and non-drivers (N=7) completed behavioral diaries and were then interviewed regarding changes in their life associated with driving. Drivers (compared to non-drivers) manifested more discrete and varied environmental visits, more time with friends and in teenage settings, more freedom from parental control, and more socially responsible behaviors. Driving appeared to have a positive impact upon teenagers' behavior and experience. The relationship between driving (including its concomitants) and themes of adolescent development is discussed. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Availability KW - Behavioral tests KW - Coulomb failure criterion KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Psychological aspects KW - Psychological tests KW - Supply KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216719 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395346 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENTS: DESIGNS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES, COMPUTER SIMULATIONS AND GEOGRID REINFORCEMENTS SN - 0309036704 PY - 1983 IS - 949 SP - 65p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Pavement Design Criteria for Heavy-Load Vehicles, V.C. Barber and D.M. Ladd; Development of Rigid and Flexible Pavement Load Equivalency Factors for Various Widths of Single Tires, J.P. Hallin et al; Strain Energy Analysis of Pavement Designs for Heavy Trucks, H.F. Southgate et al; Pavement Analysis for Heavy Hauls in Washington State, R.L. Terrel and J.P. Mahoney; Equivalency Factor Development for Multiple Axle Configurations, H.J. Treybig; Mathematical Model for Predicting Pavement Performance, P. Ullidtz and B.K. Larsen; Geogrid Reinforcement of Asphalt Pavements and Verification of Elastic Theory, A.O. Abdel Halim et al. U1 - 62nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19830117 EndDate:19830121 KW - Axle loads KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Load factor KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395720 AU - World Health Organization TI - DRUGS, DRIVING, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1983 SP - 57 p. AB - As part of a continuing effort to develop information and stimulate greater research efforts on the impact of drugs on traffic safety, the World Health Organization and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, USA, convened a meeting of experts in April 1981, and this publication is one of the outcomes of that meeting. While its content deals mainly with methodological issues and techniques, it is hoped that it will have a broad impact in many countries and will help to bring about improved public health measures to reduce drug-related road accidents and fatalities in the future. Contents are as follows: introduction; epidemiology; effects of drugs on driving performance; the role of public health authorities; and international collaboration and future approaches to the problem. KW - Cooperation KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Epidemiology KW - Future policies KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Personnel performance KW - Policy KW - Public health KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213398 ER - TY - SER AN - 00395366 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION FORECASTING: ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS SN - 0309036658 PY - 1983 IS - 944 SP - 154p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Development of Survey Instruments Suitable for Determining Nonhome Activity Patterns, W. Brog et al; Sequential, History-Dependent Approach to Trip-Chaining Behavior, R. Kitamura; Identifying Time and History Dependencies of Activity Choice, R. Kitamura and M. Kermanshah; Equilibrium Traffic Assignment on an Aggregated Highway Network for Sketch Planning, R. W. Eash et al; Network Design Application of an Extraction Algorithm for Network Aggregation, A. E. Haghani and M. S. Daskin; Quick-Response Procedures to Forecast Rural Traffic, A. J. Neveu; Respondent Trip Frequency Bias in On-Board Survey, L. B. Doxsey; Bus, Taxi, and Walk Frequency Models that Account for Sample Selectivity and Simultaneous Equation Bias, J. Jacobson; Effect of Sample Size on Disaggregate Choice Model Estimation and Prediction, F. S. Koppelman and C. Chu; Mobility Enterprise: One Year Later, M. J. Doherty and F. T. Sparrow; Person-Category Trip-Generation Model, J. Supernak et al; Trip Generation by Cross-Classification: An Alternative Methodology, P. R. Stopher and K. G. McDonald; Some Contrary Indications for the Use of Household Structure in Trip-Generation Analysis, K. G. McDonald and P. R. Stopher; Maximum-Likelihood and Bayesian Methods for the Estimation of Origin-Destination Flows, I. Geva et al; Trip Table Synthesis for CBD Networks: Evaluation of the LINKOD Model, A. F. Han and E. C. Sullivan; Estimating Trip Tables from Traffic Counts: Comparative Evaluation of Available Techniques, Y. J. Gur; Trip Distribution Using Composite Impedance, W. G. Allen, Jr.; Development of a Travel-Demand Model Set for the New Orleans Region, G. W. Schultz; Estimation and Use of Dynamic Transaction Models of Automobile Ownership, I. Hocherman et al; Experiments with Optimal Sampling for Multinomial Logit Models, Y. Sheffi and Z. Tarem; Procedure for Predicting Queues and Delays on Expressways in Urban Core Areas, T. E. Lisco. KW - Activity KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile ownership KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Central business districts KW - Data collection KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Expressways KW - Logits KW - Mathematical models KW - Mobility KW - Multinomial logits KW - Origin and destination KW - Queuing KW - Rural areas KW - Sample size KW - Sampling KW - Statistical sampling KW - Surveys KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6970/tfaq.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395344 AU - Oregon State Motor Vehicles Division TI - OREGON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS. TRUCKS. 1983 PY - 1983 SP - n.p. AB - Motor vehicle traffic accidents involving trucks in Oregon are summarized and tabulated according to the type of accident, the location of the accident, the age of the casualty, and various other categories such as age of driver, type of vehicle, etc. Fatal accidents, non-fatal accidents, and accidents involving property damage are distinguished. The type of error involved in the traffic accidents and the percentage of drivers involved by age groups are also tabulated. KW - Age KW - Crash causes KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Location KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Oregon KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215928 ER - TY - SER AN - 00395311 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WETLANDS, FLOODPLAINS, EROSION, AND STORM WATER PUMPING SN - 0309036690 PY - 1983 IS - 948 SP - 70pp AB - This Transportation Research Record contains 10 papers: 1) Innovative technique for preliminary highway location (Juffer, HD, Coward, KL, Foote, LE); 2) Controlling acidic-toxic metal leachates from southern Appalachian construction slopes: Mitigating stream damage (Morgan, EL, Porak, WF, Arway, JA; 3) Highway impacts on wetlands: Assessment, mitigation, and enhancement measures (Thrasher, MH); 4) Evaluation of artificial wetlands in North Dakota: Recommendations for future design and construction (Rossiter, JA, Crawford, RD; 5) Impact of bridging on floodplains (Yousef, AY, Wanielista, MP, Harper, HH, Skene, ET; 6) Guide for assessing water-quality impacts of highway operations and maintenance (Horner, RR, Mar, BW); 7) Soil erosion study of exposed highway construction slopes and roadways (Anderson, BA, Simons, DB); 8) Roadside erosion causes and factors: Minnesota survey analysis (Sullivan, R, Foote, LE); 9) Scour at culvert outlets in multibed materials (Abt, SR, Ruff, JF, Mendoza, C); and 10) Hydraulic design of stormwater pumping stations: The effect of storage (Baumgardner, RH). KW - Bridging KW - Culvert outlets KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Flood plains KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Leaching KW - Location KW - Pumping engines KW - Scour KW - Soils KW - Structural design KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395312 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Eriksen, M P AU - Gielen, A C AU - Human Science Press TI - THE APPLICATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION PRINCIPLES TO AUTOMOBILE CHILD RESTRAINT PROGRAMS PY - 1983 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - p. 30-55 AB - Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death in the United States for children over the age of one, killing 1,500 children under 5 years of age and injuring approximately 70,000 in 1980. The most effective preventive strategy for this problem is the proper and consistent use of child auto restraints. However, this behavior is practiced by less than 10% of parents. Even with educational efforts, loaner programs, and legislated mandates, the majority of children ride unprotected. The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of health education principles to the problem of childhood motor vehicle-related morbidity and mortality. This paper illustrates the use of the PRECEDE model for planning, implementing, and evaluating a comprehensive child restraint education and loaner program in Maryland. The educational diagnosis was based on a review of the child restraint-related literature as well as on an analysis of Maryland accident and safety data. The design and development of educational programs and materials to increase the proper and consistent use of car safety seats is described. In addition, program evaluation activities are outlined which will provide documentation of changes in car seat usage rates and trends in childhood morbidity and mortality from motor vehicle accidents in Maryland. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Health KW - Maryland KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395341 JO - SAFE Journal PB - SAFE Association AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Safe Association TI - A SEAT BELT USE LAW: PUBLIC OPINION, FEASIBILITY AND BENEFITS PY - 1983 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - p. 16-19 AB - The acceptance by the public of a law requiring occupants of automobiles to use seat belts was evaluated by a poll in Illinois. Most respondents considered seat belts to be effective and 53.7% were in favor of a seat belt use law. Experiences with seat belt laws in other countries, evaluations of the effectiveness of seat belts, and the combination of enforcement, incentives and a law were considered to assess the expected benefits. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Incentives KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Low-capital transportation improvements KW - Mandatory safety belt utilization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Polling KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys KW - Transportation system management KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217036 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394031 JO - VOICE OF THE PEDESTRIAN AU - Stapleton, C J AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - ASSESSING THE DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL STREETS PY - 1983 SP - p. 41-52 AB - The dangers associated with pedestrians coming into contact with vehicles in a typical residential street are reduced by 10 percent when one or two parallel streets is closed to through traffic. A saving of 15% is achieved by introducing parking bays in the street. Savings of between 50 and 90 percent can be achieved by incorporating a reduction of speed of traffic with road closures or nature strip widenings. These statistics are typical of the results obtained when comparing the exposure to risk of pedestrians in various street design configurations. This form of evaluation can be used to determine standards for new residential streets, a standard for an existing area, measure the benefits of a particular management scheme or measure the cost benefit of a management proposal. This paper briefly describes the method by which the conditions on existing streets can be measured. A worked example is given in the paper. The method has been applied in a report to the Land Commission of New South Wales entitled "New Residential Streets". KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Design KW - Parking bays KW - Parking facilities KW - Pavement widening KW - Residential roads KW - Residential streets KW - Road closings KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393887 AU - King, A I AU - KHALIL, T B AU - General Motors Corporation TI - CRASH INJURY STUDIES PY - 1983 SP - 6 p. AB - Crash injury studies relied initially on experimental work utilizing volunteers in low risk exposures, human cadavers and anesthetized animals at injury levels. Finite element (FE) models were not attempted until the early 1970's. Subsequently Taylor and Sackman developed a research-oriented, general purpose FE program suitable for dynamic analysis of contact/impact problems. Large deformation elastic or viscoelastic material representation is allowed. In this paper FE models for four body regions are briefly discussed: head, thorax, spine and femur. Major achievements and suggestions for further research are outlined. KW - Crash injury research KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208531 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394030 JO - VOICE OF THE PEDESTRIAN AU - HAUBER, A R AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF DRIVING BEHAVIOUR AND THE TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT: RESEARCH ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN TRAFFIC PY - 1983 SP - p. 33-40 AB - This Dutch study attempted to determine whether it is possible to provide empirical support for the supposition that there is widespread aggression in road traffic. Concepts employed in the study are defined, the research methodology is described, and the conclusions drawn are presented. The actual behaviour of drivers was observed both in traffic and other situations and was followed by personal interviews. Drivers' behaviour was scored either as aggressive or not aggressive. Thus, verbal and actual behaviours were compared and variables related to aggression in the traffic situations were further investigated. The results were analyzed in terms of driver's sex, age, time and place of crossing, and the sex of the pedestrian walking across the crossing. It was found that drivers display aggressive behaviour in conflict situations on Dutch pedestrian crossings, and that it is particularly marked in the case of younger men and male pedestrians. Such behaviour is most frequent in the afternoon and during business and commercial driving. Cross cultural comparisons are made. It is suggested that respect for other road users is something that needs to be encouraged among Dutch drivers. KW - Age KW - Aggression KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Interviewing KW - Pedestrians KW - Physiological aspects KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216356 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394032 JO - VOICE OF THE PEDESTRIAN AU - KORSMIT, J AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - HOW TO OBTAIN A MORE ADJUSTED TRAFFICBEHAVIOUR? PY - 1983 SP - p. 70-82 AB - This article focuses on the Dutch design of streets and on the place of pedestrians within this design. Recent developments in transportation planning at the regional level, the urban level, and the subdivision level are briefly reviewed. Comments are made on traffic measures to solve some common problems. The "Woonerf" solution is briefly described and the results of studies of areas in which it has been applied are discussed. Traffic measures to reduce speed are noted. Illustrative diagrams and photographs are included. KW - Highway design KW - Pedestrians KW - Regional transportation KW - Speed control KW - Street design KW - Streets KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394225 AU - MANN, P AU - Woodmere Press TI - ARRIVE ALIVE. HOW TO KEEP DRUNK AND POT-HIGH DRIVERS OFF THE HIGHWAY PY - 1983 SP - 349 p. AB - This book presents many of the best plans, programs and new legislation being used in towns, cities and states throughout the U.S. and which could be adapted or adopted by individuals or groups in any community. The book deals with some of the factors impacting on highway injury and death such as seat belts, speed limits, etc, and focuses on the drunk driver and the pot-high driver as well as the driver high on marijuana and alcohol. The book is divided into 2 parts. The first explores the problem and the second deals with solutions. The second part of the book describes the enlisting of media aid in fighting the problem, countermeasures involving legal action, alcohol related actions, drug-related actions, the educational route, and funding for citizen action. KW - Community action programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Marijuana KW - Mass media KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393637 AU - Tolonen, J AU - Kiviluoto, O AU - Santavirta, S AU - HONKANEN, R AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - SPECIFIC FEATURES IN ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES PY - 1983 SP - 26 p. AB - The present investigation analyses 3,261 patients treated during the year 1979 for traffic injury and compares their injuries with those of 26,126 patients treated at the same time for injuries sustained in other types of accidents. The patients with traffic injuries were younger than the others (p less than 0.001), and 28.2 percent of them were in the age group 15-24 years. Victims of motorcycle accidents had the lowest average age, 22.1 years, and victims of tram accidents the highest, 45.6 years. Most road traffic injuries took place in summer and traffic accidents differed highly significantly (p less than 0.001) from other injuries as for their distribution during the seasons. In both traffic accidents and other accidents the injury frequency peaks occurred on Mondays. According to the records of the patients, 7.1 percent of the traffic accident victims were found to be under the influence of alcohol, this being the case of 14.3 percent of the other patients (p less than 0.001). The profile of the diagnosis was highly significantly different among the victims of traffic accidents compared with the others (p less than 0.001). In traffic injuries, tram accident victims represented the highest incidence of deaths with 5.8 percent. KW - Age KW - Crash victims KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Injuries KW - Seasons KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393634 AU - Tolonen, J AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - THE EFFECT OF SEAT BELTS IN SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1983 SP - 54 p. AB - The present investigation is based on the records of the Boards of Inquiry of the Insurance Companies Traffic Safety Committee in 1970-1979. These boards consist of a police officer, a motor vehicle inspector, a traffic safety engineer and a physician. The material included 3,137 fatalities and 3,325 injuries in motor vehicle accidents. There were 2,480 victims killed on front seats of cars, 512 victims killed on rear seats, 84 in vans and 61 in trucks. Of those fatally injured, 24.2 percent had worn seat belts, this number being 29.1 among the severely injured, 38.8 among the moderately injured, and 37.8 among those not sustaining injuries. These numbers reflect indirectly the positive effect of seat belts. Among those found not to have worn a seat belt, there were statistically 3.8 times more fatalities and 3.1 times more severe injuries. KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Severity KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208307 ER - TY - SER AN - 00393631 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION NOISE: PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS SN - 0309036534 PY - 1983 IS - 937 SP - 62p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Noise Control in Sacramento County, California, H. Sen and M. Hatano; Noise Impact Analysis for a Proposed Bus Operating Base, M.A. Simpson; Stop and Go Urban Intersection Noise, S. Slutsky et al; Statistical Comparison of STAMINA 2.0 and STAMINA 2.0/OPTIMA for a Typical Barrier, L.F. Cohn et al; Arizona's Experience with a Construction Noise-Abatement Incentive, G.B. Kay; Procedure to Evaluate Transit Noise Abatement and Cost-Effectiveness: The PEACE Program System, W.R. McShane et al; Effects of Parallel Highway Noise Barriers, J.J. Hajek; and IMAGE-3: Computer-Aided Design for Parallel Highway Noise Barriers, W. Bowlby and L.F. Cohn. KW - Bus garages KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Incentives KW - Intersections KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Parallel barriers KW - Public transit KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic noise KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211720 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393641 JO - Alcohol and Alcoholism PB - Oxford University Press AU - DAMKOT, D K AU - Kirk, R S AU - Huntley, M S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - INFLUENCES OF ALCOHOL, MONETARY INCENTIVE AND VISUAL INTERRUPTION UPON CONTROL USE DURING AUTOMOBILE DRIVING PY - 1983 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - p. 81-88 AB - Twenty male volunteers (ages 18-23) consumed five doses of alcohol (0, 29, 56, 83, 100 mg% BAC) on separate days and drove an instrumented car on a gymkhana course to investigate the influences of alcohol, monetary incentive to maintain a constant speed, and visual interruption by an opaque visor. Increasing alcohol doses raised the number of steering adjustments and accelerator movements. Alcohol interacted with the monetary incentive of constant speed by affecting both steering and accelerator use; alcohol also interacted with visual interruption to change accelerator use. The effects of visual interruption were similar to the effects of alcohol impairment, though the two variables acted independently and additively. The highest alcohol doses (83 and 100 mg% BAC) altered the responses to the financial incentive for constant speed in a manner that suggests the volunteers changed the priorities they allotted to driving subtasks. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Incentives KW - Personnel performance KW - Speed control KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211723 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393090 AU - Robins, R F AU - Biddulph, T W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGH SPEED TIMED SEQUENTIAL FUEL INJECTION AND IGNITION SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - p. 47-68 AB - The paper describes a high speed digital fuel injection and ignition system with a facility to obtain and read out instantaneous engine operating conditions. A brief history of events starting with the need to control air fuel ratio and ignition, and early work using analogue systems is given. The reasons for the abandonment of these analogue systems in favour of digital systems is explained. Based on the results obtained with analogue systems, a new more comprehensive operating strategy together with its algorithm is quoted. The significance of the various co-efficients and constants in the algorithm is explained. The realisation of the strategy by means of the digital system is discussed. The final system produced together with a brief exposition on the various possible operating modes, data input and so forth is shown, together with the development of unique sensors which enable the system to be applied to a standard engine. The system produces fuelling and ignition timing on a cylinder-by-cylinder, cycle-by-cycle strategy using up to seven 256 point memory maps. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Algorithms KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Fuel injection KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Ignition systems KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211323 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393097 AU - TAYLOR, D J AU - Tickle, CJF AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - CONTROL AND TEST DATA PROCESSING AS APPLIED TO A LARGE BRAKE TESTING PLANT PY - 1983 SP - p. 183-208 AB - The design, construction and mode of use of an inertia dynamometer used for development of rail vehicle friction brakes was the joint task of Lucas Girling Limited and Froude Consine Limited. The testing philosophy, form of specification and manner in which it was realised are described together with some examples of the test result format. Improvements in productivity afforded by the plant are discussed. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Dynamometers KW - Friction brakes KW - Friction braking KW - Information processing KW - Productivity KW - Railroad trains KW - Test facilities KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211330 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393108 AU - Crump, D H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - A FIVE-PARAMETER ENGINE MAPPING TEST FACILITY PY - 1983 SP - p. 407-428 AB - Part of the responsibilities of BL Technology is to investigate and develop advanced test facilities and techniques. A pair of engine test beds was installed at BL Technology's Gaydon Proving Ground during 1982/83 with the object of providing five-parameter mapping for car and light van petrol and diesel engines. The paper describes the control and instrumentation equipment with which the cells are equipped, and discusses the techniques used in acquiring and processing the data. The facilities depend fundamentally on computer-based control of the five parameters in conjunction with a Host system affording test sequence preparation and data processing and storage, together with communications interfacing. Particular advantages of these test beds are the speed with which a large quantity of data can be processed and presented in useful formats, and the accuracy of data. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Control systems KW - Data collection KW - Engine mapping KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211341 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393115 AU - Rapson, W J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN LEAK TESTING OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS PY - 1983 SP - p. 545-560 AB - This paper discusses significant new developments in the application of automatic leak testing equipment to automotive components. Among these new developments are: advanced microprocessor technology to achieve unique and new capabilities; statistical trend analysis for early detection of assembly, part, and future seal problems; and computer interface capabilities which allow practical communication to local or remote computers for monitoring, display, and control of leak testing operations. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Detectors KW - Information processing KW - Leakage KW - Microprocessors KW - Statistical analysis KW - Technological innovations KW - Testing equipment KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211348 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393206 AU - Collings, N AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - A MULTI-PURPOSE IGNITION SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH PY - 1983 SP - p. 671-682 AB - A stand-alone ignition system for spark ignition engines has been developed that is able to measure or control the spark timing of most 2 and 4 stroke engines. The measurement and control functions can be applied to one cylinder independently of the others. Eight uses for the system are described, including the measurement of conventional distributor characteristics, non-destructive knock investigation and MBT searching. A further application is shown to be a very simple method of determining fuel distribution between cylinders of a multi-cylinder engine. Experimental results are included as appropriate. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Development KW - Electronic ignition KW - Ignition spark timing KW - Ignition systems KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211405 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393217 AU - Khan, M S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - CAR BODY SURFACE DESIGN--NEW TECHNIQUES IN VISUALISATION PY - 1983 SP - p. 841-860 AB - Over the last decade or so, many automotive manufacturers have begun to describe the free hand sculptured shapes of the stylist's clay model by mathematical models stored on a computer. Initially these mathematical models sought merely to provide an adequate representation of the physical clay model rather than being a real design tool. However, in more recent years, the implementation of surface models on CAD/CAM systems has introduced a high degree of interactivity that provides for both rapid creation and manipulation. Given these capabilities, some CAD/CAM surface modelling systems do present the body designer with real design tools. If we apply the latest techniques of visualisation to these computer models, the potential exists to extend the involvement of CAD/CAM to the original aesthetic styling process. This paper considers some of the fundamental issues and advantages in the vehicle design process, if CAD/CAM techniques are used in the original design phase. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Industries KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Styling KW - Surfaces KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211416 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393224 AU - Rao, M K AU - Zebrowski, M P AU - Crabb, H C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - AUTOMOTIVE BODY JOINT ANALYSIS FOR IMPROVED VEHICLE RESPONSE PY - 1983 SP - p. 953-974 AB - A comprehensive analysis system for defining the flexible characteristics of body structural joints is described. A static test methodology for obtaining joint stiffness characteristics is presented. A joint databank, consisting of linear joint stiffness characteristics, is developed. A minicomputer based dynamic joint stiffness testing methodology for obtaining dynamic joint stiffness characteristics, which can be integrated into finite element body models, is explained. Finite element joint modeling procedures for obtaining joint stiffness characteristics, before hardware availability, are outlined. A joint modification technique integrating finite element analysis, laboratory testing and vehicle evaluation, which significantly improved vehicle NVH (noise, vibration, harshness) response, is described. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile bodies KW - Finite element method KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Noise KW - Noise-vibration-harshness KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393085 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ISATA 83. INTRODUCTORY LECTURES. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY SAVING IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES: PRODUCT AND PROCESS, COLOGNE, 19-23 SEPTEMBER 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 113 p. AB - This volume contains the introductory lectures to ISATA 83: Where Will Electronics Lead Us? by Dr. Ing. H.R. Engels, Ford-Werke AG, Chief Engineer-Research, Advanced Engineering and Reliability; and Automation at Ford, Today and Tomorrow by U. Eckstein, Ford-Werke AG, Manager-Manufacturing and Plant Engineering. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Electronics KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393230 AU - Tsubokawa, S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SPACE DIVERSITY FM RECEIVING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1983 SP - 18 p. AB - FM broadcasting was inaugurated in Japan in 1969 because it offers better tone quality than AM broadcasting, and, moreover, stereophonic FM broadcasting is easier to accomplish. In a moving automobile, however, FM reception is affected by intermittent noise and is very unstable as compared with the stable quality of AM reception. Surveys conducted among automobile users have revealed that nearly 100% of the respondents were dissatisfied with the noise on FM broadcasts. About 40% of the people polled indicated that they would like to listen to FM broadcasts, but because of the noise, they mainly listened to AM stations or to cassette tapes. In order to respond to customers' desires with regard to FM reception, the authors have investigated the cause of FM noise and studied various ways to improve reception. This report presents a space diversity receiving system that has been developed and commercialized for automobile applications. KW - Automobiles KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Frequency modulation KW - Noise (Communications) KW - Radio KW - Radio receivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208079 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393087 AU - Stojek, D AU - Stwiorok, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - VALVE TIMING WITH VARIABLE OVERLAP CONTROL PY - 1983 SP - p. 1-14 AB - The development program as applied to a medium power engine has indicated a potential of 5% improvement in vehicle ECE fuel economy with a marginal reduction in vehicle performance. It is predicted that when applied to a high performance engine with its inherent higher fuel consumption, a further improvement in fuel economy of 4% would be attained. The vehicle development program now in progress will confirm the engine test bed data and quantify the vehicle driveability and refinement aspects. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Control systems KW - Development KW - Fuel conservation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Valve timing KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211320 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393101 AU - Hasegawa, K AU - Hattori, K AU - Sakurai, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC SECONDARY AIR AND CARBURETTOR BLEED CONTROL THREE-WAY CATALYST SYSTEM PY - 1983 SP - p. 273-290 AB - The closed loop secondary air control three-way catalyst system (CSA system), which controls the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas, at stoichiometry, by adjusting the secondary air amount, to obtain the best conversion efficiency of the catalyst, was developed. This system has demonstrated a 50% higher limit cycle frequency, resulting in better conversion efficiency, especially during transient operation, and better driveability compared with closed loop intake air/fuel ratio control systems. However, to meet more stringent future emission regulations and requirements of lower fuel consumption, both exhaust air/fuel ratio control and intake air/fuel ratio drift must be improved. Response and controllability of the secondary air to the exhaust have been improved by introducing an electric air control valve (EACV). An electric carburetor bleed control system has been developed, which compensates the carburetor air/fuel ratio, through the electric bleed control valve (EBCV), by detecting its drift based on the secondary air control signal. By the combination of EACV and EBCV, the emissions and the driveability of the carburetor system have been improved to the same level as the EFI system, and the fuel consumption has become better than the EFI system. This paper describes the improved points for a better conversion efficiency and lower fuel consumption in the CSA system, development of new devices and last, the emission control capabilities of the new system. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electronic control KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Three-way catalyst UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211334 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393104 AU - Stamm, K AU - Zimdahl, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ELECTRONICS IN THE VOLKSWAGEN RESEARCH VEHICLE, AUTO 2000 PY - 1983 SP - p. 329-354 AB - For the research project VW-Auto 2000 we developed or modified a large number of electrical or electronic systems belonging to the areas of Driver information (FIZ), Body electronics (FEZ), and Engine control (MEZ). Depending on some functional criteria the coupling between systems was made differently strong; for time-uncritical couplings (e.g. FIZ-MEZ) we propose as a standard the bit serial interface. Our experiences are encouraging but not yet sufficient for a final judgment. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Development KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronics KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211337 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393202 AU - Jones, B AU - Jones, P N AU - White, S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ROBOT DRIVE UNIT FOR ROLLING ROAD VEHICLE TESTING PY - 1983 SP - p. 607-620 AB - The low cost robot drive uses a gear shift lever actuator based upon linear pneumatic actuators accommodating a wide range of four and five speed gear box configurations. Clutch and throttle actuators are included within the package which is designed for ease of installation within a range of vehicles. A dedicated microprocessor based programmable logic controller (PLC) is preprogrammed with a range of sub routines relating to all anticipated gear changes. All setting up procedures are handled locally within the PLC facility that is integrated with a host computer controlling the overall test facility. The system is designed to meet the requirements of the US Federal Eleven Lap cycle (USEPA) for mileage accumulation testing of vehicles. The development provides a good example of successful University/Industry co-operation. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Actuators KW - Microprocessors KW - Robots KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211401 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393203 AU - Miyawaki, S AU - Suzuki, K AU - Yanagihara, N AU - Noda, S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - LABORATORY AUTOMATION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS PY - 1983 SP - p. 621-636 AB - A new computer-aided system for experiments on automatic transmissions has been developed. It consists of one general-purpose computer and three minicomputers in a concentrated hierarchical system. Each minicomputer controls several test cells via optical fiber cables. Compared with the conventional system which uses analog instruments (oscillograph recorders, etc.), the new system has the following advantages: (1) Efficient minicomputer processing of shift characteristics; (2) Fully automatic data acquisition (including shift characteristics) in tests of durability; and (3) Interactive data processing using a graphic terminal at each test cell. This system has been successful in the execution of performance and durability tests, and has saved a great amount of manpower and testing time. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Experiments KW - Information processing KW - Minicomputers KW - Performance tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211402 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393220 AU - Kearney, R J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - HIGH FREQUENCY ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - p. 895-900 AB - As energy related costs continue to soar, hundreds of energy management systems (EMS) have entered the marketplace. Many of these EMS have been of limited effectiveness, costly in terms of installation and maintenance, while offering a long payback period. Recently, due to the technological advances in microcomputers and microelectronic circuitry, a new EMS has emerged that can produce a programmable, effective systems network and offer rapid payback periods. This paper addresses the emergence, operation and impact of the recent energy management systems that transmit high frequency signals through existing power lines to automatically control lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and other energy related processes that are prevalent in today's environment. An examination is given on installations of these systems and problems that may be encountered. This paper then concludes with the results that have been achieved with these systems. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Energy management systems KW - High frequency KW - Industrial plants KW - Microcomputers KW - Microelectronic materials KW - Microelectronics KW - Office buildings KW - Transmission lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211419 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393221 AU - PERSSON, T AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - IMPROVEMENT OF AUTOMATION AND ENERGY SAVING IN A SAAB-SCANIA FOUNDRY PY - 1983 SP - p. 901-916 AB - This paper describes a foundry in Sweden that produces cylinder blocks and cylinder heads for Scania diesel engines and also cylinder blocks for Saab petrol engines. Attention centers on recent investments in automation which have increased the capacity and productivity of the foundry, as well as improved the quality of castings. The working environment of the foundry has also been improved and PC systems have enabled improved production control, fault monitoring and production reporting. Another aspect of the foundry examined is savings realized through several heat recovery installations. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automation KW - Heat recovery KW - Industrial plants KW - Investments KW - Productivity KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393226 AU - Fukuda, M AU - HORI, Y AU - Kobayashi, Y AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO IMPROVING VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - A general purpose simulation program called total automotive performance (TAP) has been developed to analyze ways to improve vehicle fuel efficiency on the basis of parameter studies. The major features of TAP include: (1) The ability to predict the changes in fuel consumption resulting from improvements made in many components; (2) The establishment of an integrated engineering data base; and (3) Interactive operation with wide user convenience in model preparation and output display. This analytical tool has made it possible to evaluate the effects of design changes on fuel economy levels, to make significant decreases in total vehicle energy losses, and to optimize drivetrain parameters. This paper outlines the TAP vehicle fuel economy and performance simulation program and presents examples of the analytical results obtained. KW - Fuel conservation KW - Improvements KW - Optimization KW - Power trains KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393227 AU - Barnes, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - DEVELOPING QUIETER TRUCKS AND BUSES WITH THE AID OF THE LATEST NOISE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES PY - 1983 SP - 20 p. AB - Commercial vehicle manufacturers have long been aware of the need to produce quieter vehicles in terms of: (a) legislation, (b) improvement of driver's environment, and (c) acceptability to the public at large. Many have demonstrated that given an all new design, low noise vehicles can successfully be produced. Major problems arise, however, when attempting to quieten existing vehicles or those of a strictly traditional design. To tackle these major problems, acoustic engineers have had to investigate more closely how vehicle noise is generated and how trucks and buses are assessed for noise during the standard legislative test procedures. Leyland have used their new investments, in test facilities and computer based analysis equipment, to generate these deeper insights, into the causes of vehicle noise. This paper illustrates some of the latest test and development techniques which have been used to investigate vehicle noise, in a practical way, with due regard to prototype development time-scales and costs. KW - Buses KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393084 AU - Soliman, J I AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ISATA 83. FUEL ECONOMY IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY SAVING IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES: PRODUCT AND PROCESS, COLOGNE, 19-23 SEPTEMBER 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper gives an overview of the theme for ISATA 83--fuel economy in the automotive industry. It considers the achievements to date in the manufacturing process area, then looks at the finished product, which represents a far larger energy proportion and where great efforts are being made to design energy saving vehicles. The power train is seen as one of the major areas requiring further development, followed by the design of the vehicle itself, in particular the weight of the product and ways by which to reduce the drag coefficient. Also considered in this discussion are alternative power plants and fuels. Final attention centers on the vehicle's usage and the effect this can have on fuel consumption. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile travel KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manufacturing KW - Power trains KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393199 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ISATA 83. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 2 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY SAVING IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES: PRODUCT AND PROCESS, COLOGNE, 19-23 SEPTEMBER 1983 PY - 1983 SP - 636 p. AB - This volume contains 39 papers from ISATA 83. They are grouped according to the following four categories: (1) powertrain vehicle and component testing; (2) instrumentation and sensors; (3) computer aided engineering/energy savings (process); and (4) future product development. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Development KW - Fuel conservation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Instrumentation KW - Performance KW - Performance analysis KW - Power trains KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393231 AU - Frommholz, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL-SYSTEMS FOR CAR HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS PY - 1983 SP - 28 p. AB - Temperature control-systems improve the comfort of motor vehicles, since regardless of the driving speed and outside temperature, optimal compartment temperatures are maintained at all times. This paper describes a control-system for waterside and airside controlled heating systems as well as electronic evaporator temperature-controller for air conditioning installations. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Automatic control KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Heating KW - Motor vehicles KW - Temperature control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393233 AU - Kormanski, H AU - Mazurek, S AU - Rudzinska, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ANALYSIS OF REAL AND OPTIMAL VEHICLE DRIVING STRATEGY PY - 1983 SP - 22 p. AB - This paper presents new proposals for fuel performance characteristics for a fairly wide range of driving conditions. They are based on generating an actual or fuel-optimal driver control action appropriate to road conditions and vehicle capabilities. Focusing attention on driving strategy is a neglected but promising approach to seeking further fuel savings. Looking for fuel-optimal control would be especially effective for vehicles moving on repeatable routes, in conditions which, as in the case of urban buses, enable steady state cruising. This strategy could be found by computer techniques based on optimal control theory and applied to dual-mode systems where buses are controlled either by drivers or by automatic devices on lanes excluded from general traffic. KW - Buses KW - Control KW - Driving KW - Dual mode transportation systems KW - Fuel conservation KW - Optimization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208082 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393089 AU - Abromeit, G AU - Wilkinson, ACN AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - AN ELECTRONIC CONTROL CONCEPT FOR A CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION PY - 1983 SP - p. 31-46 AB - It is shown that an electronic control concept can exploit the calibration capability of a continuously variable transmission (CVT), in terms of start-up clutch function, line pressure control and ratio change strategy. Additional features, as the free-wheeling in coast, can be incorporated leading to comfort and efficiency improvements. The first step towards a full electronic control concept is the Electronic Ratio Control providing two selectable drive modes. It is demonstrated that with this control concept optimum economy as well as good driveability and comfort can be offered, avoiding any compromise penalties. With the Electronic Ratio Control the customer could receive a device, which provides already a major portion of the potential advantages recognizable due to the distinct engine responsiveness and engine speed restriction. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Comfort KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Driveability KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel conservation KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211322 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393091 AU - May, M G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - FAST RESPONSE SELF OPTIMIZING SPARK IGNITED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PY - 1983 SP - p. 69-98 AB - A double closed-loop control (DCL) controls simultaneously the charge composition for minimum brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and the co-related ignition timing over the speed load range considering all varying parameters like octane requirement increase (ORI), all interesting temperatures, such as exhaust valve, piston deck, engine oil and water etc., fuel variables such as CHO ratio, RON, MON, density and viscosity, ambient conditions such as humidity and altitude, general engine conditions such as spark plug erosion etc., utilizing basically only one extra sensor and control means. Still the same means serve as preknock detecting and control. The arrival of the flame front in the end gas area controls cycle by cycle the best ignition timing. The jitter amplitude in flame front arrivals at the same flame front sensor (FFS) controls the A/F and/or EGR ratio. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Electronic control KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Ignition timing KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211324 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393114 AU - Dossereck, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - TESTING OF HEADLAMP LEVELLING SYSTEMS IN PASSENGER CARS PY - 1983 SP - p. 527-544 AB - This report does not present details about the different designs of headlamp levelling systems; it is intended to inform about the testing facility for these systems which was established in 1981/82 as an integral part of the Electrical Laboratory for Lighting and Distribution Systems at the John-Andrews-Engineering-Center of Ford-Werke AG, Koln. The information is presented in three sections: Introduction and Background; The Testing Facility and Its Components; and Summary and Forecast. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Headlight leveling systems KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211347 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393116 AU - Thun, H J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - SIMULATING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE ENGINE BY AN ELECTRIC MOTOR SERVING AS TEST RIG DRIVE PY - 1983 SP - p. 561-576 AB - An electric motor, when used as test rig machine assembly, offers a number of advantages over the combustion engine, which are outlined briefly. The paper then describes in greater detail a method of simulating, with the correct dynamic performance, an internal combustion engine on a transmission and/or rear axle test rig. The inertia acting on the input of the test specimen must exactly correspond to the value of the associated internal combustion engine to ensure correct loading of the test specimen during gear shifting. The paper describes the criteria essential for optimizing the mechanical dimensioning of the electric drive assembly. Furthermore, the associated electric inertia simulation is described, with special emphasis on the stability criteria of simulation and an effective method of increasing the stability. Characteristic oscillograms of power shift gearbox and cross drive transmission test rigs with optimally matched electric drive assembly are discussed. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Motors KW - Simulation KW - Stability criteria KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211349 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393214 AU - Blom, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - ELECTRONIC VISION SYSTEM IN AUTOMATED PRODUCTION PY - 1983 SP - p. 775-808 AB - This paper gives a technical description of the Saab EVS 300 system, which was designed by Saab Automation out of existing hardware used in other industrial applications. Applications of this vision system include measurement, inspection and identification. Different examples of these applications are presented. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Electronic vision system KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Inspection KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211413 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00393216 AU - CARLSSON, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Ford Werke AG TI - MODERNIZED CAB MANUFACTURING AT SAAB SCANIA PY - 1983 SP - p. 831-840 AB - This report describes a typical example of mechanized and partly automated production within the area component assembly at the Saab-Scania cab facility at Oskarshamn. The example that has been chosen describes the assembly line for floor panel assemblies. In this section well-developed automation of the welding process is applied employing e.g. micro-computer controlled robots. Furthermore, fixtures and transport installations have been mechanized as well as partly automated. The result of this is 100% flexibility in the manufacturing sequence, more consistent quality (operator independence), shorter lead times in the workshop, shorter production time per unit and less tied capital in inventory. U1 - ISATA 83. Volume 2. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Electronics and Energy Saving in the Automotive Industries: Product and Process, Cologne, 19-23 September 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Flexibility KW - Lead time KW - Manufacturing KW - Productivity KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Robots KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211415 ER -