TY - JOUR AN - 00390428 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - A DIALOGUE WITH MORRIS ADAMS PY - 1984/03 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 5 p. AB - This article presents an interview with C. Morris Adams, vice president of corporate affairs for Thomas Built Buses. His comments deal with the safety belt controversy, mechanical and performance specifications, and life cycle costing. KW - Design standards KW - Interviewing KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Quality of work KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209873 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390430 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Berry, R H AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - WHY NOT SCHOOL BUSES? PY - 1984/03 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - p. 50-51 AB - This article discusses the advantages of impact and abrasion resistant plastic glazing over tempered and laminated glass for use on school buses. Since E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware, developed an abrasion resistant coating for acrylic sheet, it has been used on transit buses in test programs and, following changes in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 205, has been incorporated in the design of new transit buses. The question is now raised concerning the use of plastic glazing on school buses. It is concluded that increased pupil safety and comfort are more than enough to warrant its use, in spite of higher initial cost. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Acrylic resins KW - Comfort KW - Costs KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Glazing KW - Impact strength KW - Insulating materials KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Plastics KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - School buses KW - Shock resistance KW - Windows UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209875 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390721 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS. PART VI: CHRYSLER OSAC, HEAT CONTROL AND PCV PY - 1984/03 VL - 161 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This article begins the second part of Motor magazine's emission control series. In this first installment, an examination is made of Chrysler's Orifice Spark Advance Control (OSAC), Power Heat Control valves, and PCV systems. KW - Air quality management KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Crankcases KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heat control valves KW - Orifice spark advance control KW - Pcv systems KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210022 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390461 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - McManus, M J AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - CONTINUOUS ATMOSPHERIC CURE OF DUAL DUROMETER IN FLUIDISED BED PY - 1984/03 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 26-29 AB - The fluidized bed used to continuously vulcanize rubber extrudates, is described. The unit consists of a metal trough inside which a stainless steel mesh is mounted, dividing the unit into two sections. The section below the mesh is a reservoir for maintaining a constant head of air to give a uniform pressure. The area above the mesh is filled with spherical glass beads (ballotini) 0.1 to 0.2 mm in diameter to a depth of 15 to 20 cms. Heater bands are fitted to the sides of the bed to heat the beads. Centrifugal fans pass the air into the plenum chamber. The velocity of the air ensures that the particles are suspended in a fluidized state. The spherical glass beads are heated through conduction and the temperatures are thermostatically controlled. The ballotini removal system to remove the glass beads from the surface of the extrudate is described. The cooling system following the ballotini removal unit is also described. In the dual durometer embedded process which produces the door and deck lid weather strips, a ladder type stamped metal insert, or a wire carrier is passed through an extruder head and die at a given speed. The denser extruder coats the insert with approximately 0.75 mm of rubber on either side of the insert. Details of the vulcanizing operation are summarized. Successful operation of a continuously vulcanized process depends upon the compounds that are used. Dual durometer extrusions fall into 2 categories: nonreinforced dual extrusions; and metal reinforced extrusions. Parameters that must be considered when designing seals for the automotive industry are noted. KW - Dual durometer KW - Extrusion KW - Fluidics KW - Fluidized bed combustion KW - Fluidized beds KW - Fluidizing KW - Glass beads KW - Rubber KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Vulcanization KW - Weather strips KW - Weatherproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209879 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390875 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - Bitta, A S AU - Steigerwald, R C AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - STUDENT DISCIPLINE ON THE SCHOOL BUS PY - 1984/03 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - The authors describe workshops that they give for school bus drivers. These workshops provide insight into the behind-the-scenes workings of student discipline on the school bus. The workers utilize the tools of evaluation, discussion, games, and role playing. KW - Disciplines KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety programs KW - School bus drivers KW - School children KW - Students KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210154 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390719 JO - NTDRA Dealer News PB - National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association AU - Timoney, J AU - Bailey, R AU - Dobrowski, N E AU - Crummer, M R AU - National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association TI - AUTO AFTERMARKET: AN ENORMOUS POTENTIAL FOR TIRE DEALERS. A LOOK AT BRAKES, WHEELS, EXHAUST SYSTEMS, ENGINES PY - 1984/03 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - This article discusses four potential markets which tire dealers should consider if they are thinking about expanding their tire business: brake service, wheel alignment and balancing, exhaust system service, and engine tune-up service. The profit potential in each of these areas is discussed, along with what would be needed to get started, such as equipment, employee training and space allocation. KW - Alignment KW - Brakes KW - Emission control systems KW - Engine tuning KW - Exhaust gases KW - Level of service KW - Markets KW - Profits KW - Sales KW - Services KW - Tire dealers KW - Tires KW - Tune-ups KW - Wheel alignment KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210020 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390872 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - Gustafson, R E AU - Vanosdall, F E AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - MEASURING BUS DRIVER PERFORMANCE PY - 1984/03 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This article describes a new procedure, developed and validated by the Michigan State University, under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. This procedure, called the Driver Performance Measurement (DPM), provides a valid and highly reliable method of measuring dynamic behavior patterns in actual traffic. It involves observation and rating of driver behavior, by specially trained observers, in relation to changing traffic situations in carefully selected and described locations and traffic conditions. KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Road tests KW - Safety programs KW - School bus drivers KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390424 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Chadda, H S AU - Carter, Everett C AU - National Safety Council TI - SIGN VANDALISM: PRANKSTERS ARE PLAYING A DEADLY JOKE ON MOTORISTS PY - 1984/03 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - p. 6-9 AB - Vandalism of traffic signs on the nation's highways is on the increase. Recent Federal Highway Administration estimates of the total annual direct costs to the states, counties, and cities show an overall cost of fifty million dollars. Estimated indirect costs for injuries and tort liability claims are in the same range. Results of recent surveys to determine the extent and severity of the sign vandalism problem, as well as costs to taxpayers, are discussed and possible countermeasures and techniques to deter vandalism are given. The countermeasures include physical means of preventing vandalism, (vandal-resistant materials and hardware), legal means (anti-sign-vandalism laws), educational programs, and public information campaigns. KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signs KW - Vandalism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209869 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390718 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - D.U.I. ARRESTS UP HIGHWAY DEATHS DOWN PY - 1984/03 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - p. 106-111 AB - This article reviews the DUI (driving-under the influence) situation in California, noting the impact of efforts by concerned citizens and law enforcement officers who are bringing the death toll down. Also contributing to this effort is the state's tough DUI law. Under the 1982 California Supreme Court ruling permitting prosecutors to seek murder convictions in certain drunk driving cases, one person has already been convicted and sentenced to 15 years to life and another person is being charged with second-degree murder. There is currently a definite shift toward murder charges, especially in cases showing "implied malice" against society or one's fellow beings. This shift had its beginning in 1980 when Candy Lightner of Fair Oaks, California, went into action as the founder of Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD), which now boasts 351 chapters throughout the nation and is becoming increasingly potent. Judges are beginning to accept MADD as a court-monitoring reality. KW - Arrests KW - Convictions KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Prosecution KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390448 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PROFIT IN SAFETY BELTS: A HANDBOOK FOR EMPLOYERS PY - 1984/03 SP - 153 p. AB - Now more than ever, productivity and profit are critical issues facing employers. Motor vehicle crashes are the number one cause of lost work time and on-the-job fatalities. Each employee fatality is estimated to cost the employer $120,000 in direct payments for medical costs, property damage, health care payments and other fringe payments. Indirect costs are even greater. The purpose of the Safety Belt Handbook for Employers is to help them address these issues through a cost-effective and direct approach--establishing an employee safety belt program. The handbook offers a hands-on guide for conducting this program and provides for implementation at all levels. The handbook contains cost information, a program overview, policy and program development information, positive incentive concepts, accident, reporting and record keeping information, education sessions, public relations procedures and promotional ideas, including a well-coordinated graphics program. All materials are designed to be easily photocopied or reproduced with a company logo. The resources section lists readily available materials for rent or loan. Suggestions for updating a loss-management system are also included so employers can track collisions and their relationship to safety belt use before and after a specific campaign. Also, an evaluation guide is suggested for program analysis. The education sessions can be used as community outreach programs. KW - Employers KW - Handbooks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387257 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Department of Energy TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-FIRST AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTORS' COORDINATION MEETING PY - 1984/03 SP - 432 p. AB - These proceedings of the Twenty-first Automotive Technology Development Contractors' Coordination Meeting, Dearborn, Michigan, November 14-17, 1983 contain papers presented at sessions covering the following areas: Stirling systems and technology; heavy duty technology; ceramic technology; gas turbine technology; industry perspectives; and joint U.S./Canadian sessions on alternative fuels. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Ceramic materials KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Gas turbines KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stirling engines KW - Technology KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385604 AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Pettis, L C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1981 (VERSION MARCH 14, 1984). SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1984/03 SP - 116 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1981. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, 87.0% of the FARS medium and heavy trucks were found to be correctly classified. The 5,244 vehicles found to be medium and heavy trucks were divided into 1,443 straight trucks and 3,765 tractors. Of the latter, 3,606 were combination vehicles. KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highways KW - Medium trucks KW - Safety and security KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Transportation safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391152 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Dewhurst, P AU - Boothroyd, G AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY: ROBOTS PY - 1984/02/23 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - p. 72-76 AB - Robots can slash assembly costs, but as with any other assembly process, robot-based techniques must be taken into account at the design stage. The analysis procedure outlined in this article shows how the right design decisions can cut the cost of robotic assembly. An example is given to show how the analysis system works. The example considered is a small pneumatic piston. In conclusion, the article discusses software aids for use with common microcomputers that can ease the time pressure of design schedules. KW - Analysis KW - Assembly lines KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Robots KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394715 AU - Michigan State Highway Commission TI - STATE OF TRAFFIC SAFETY IN MICHIGAN 1983 PY - 1984/02/14 SP - 8 p. AB - This is a brief review of traffic safety in Michigan for the past decade (1973-1983). Since 1973, deaths were nearly cut in half, seat belt use has risen from 8 or 9 percent in 1973 to 17 percent in 1983, the child restraint law became effective on April 1st, 1982, alcohol countermeasure laws became effective on April 1st, 1983, the 55 mph speed limit law was enacted in 1974, and the motorcycle helmet law, enacted in 1970, has been retained. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws and legislation KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396290 AU - Lenox, J B AU - Anderson, O M AU - White, C D AU - Moore, G T AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT AND STRUCTURAL CERVICAL INJURIES IN HUMAN SURROGATES PY - 1984/02/08 SP - 94 p. AB - Currently available biomechanical engineering data are insufficient for determining the neck loads required to produce cervical injuries in automotive accidents. The purpose of this study was to initiate a series of experiments for identifying injury mechanisms and developing criteria suitable for representing the spectrum of significant functional and structural neck injuries that could be sustained by car crash occupants. The first four experiments of a pilot, static, neck loading test series were conducted on anesthetized and/or fresh cadaveric, adult, female baboons (Papio hamadryas). A state of muscle paralysis was maintained in the anesthetized test subjects to mimic the flaccid muscle tone present in fresh cadavers. Mid-sagittal, planar, tensile head loading was increased at a rate of 20.5 N every five minutes until definitive structural failure (atlas-occipital subluxation) occurred. Applied loading was aligned differently for each test to provide a spectrum of induced shear neck force versus tensile neck force components. Neurophysiological testing demonstrated that cervical spinal cord function was seriously impaired at 17 to 52 percent of the structural failure load. The potential implications of these findings are discussed, relative to the understanding of injury mechanisms. In addition, a strategy is presented for deriving functional neural tissue impairment thresholds, from fresh human cadaver data, that may apply in real accident victims. KW - Animals KW - Cadavers KW - Cervical cord KW - Crash injury research KW - Experiments KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory animals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neck KW - Spinal cord KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213889 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391367 JO - Medical Journal of Australia PB - Australasian Medical Publishing Company AU - Smith, D I AU - Australasian Medical Publishing Company TI - 0.05% OR 0.08%. LETTER TO THE EDITOR PY - 1984/02/04 SP - 3 p. AB - This "Letter to the Editor" reports on analysis of the effect of introducing the 0.05g/100 mL blood alcohol level (BAL) in New South Wales, Australia, as from December 15, 1980. It includes a table that shows that in 1981, significantly fewer male car drivers aged 17 to 20 were admitted to the hospital than in the preceding year. This finding highlights the value of differential blood alcohol levels, and supports a recommendation that probationary license holders should not be permitted to drive after ingestion of alcohol. KW - Alcohol use KW - Australia KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497514 AU - Hoxie, P AU - Skinner, D AU - Wang, G H AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES ON HIGHWAY FATALITIES: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/02 SP - 108 p. AB - This study identifies socio-eonomic variables which are strongly associated with highway fatalities. Further analysis of the relationship between these variables and fatalities reveals that two of the variables, retail sales and personal income, influence fatalities most strongly, meet tests of 'statistical causation,' and influence fatalites by causing changes in the amount of driving. In spite of the seemingly anomalous fact that fatalities decreased by 10% in 1982, while VMT or its proxies, personal income or retail sales, predict fatalitiy declines of 6 to 8.5 %5 in 1982. The study analyzes the model for VMT to better understand the complex relationship between VMT and fatalities. KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Income KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Retail trade KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452189 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 FORD GRANADA AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/02 SP - 171 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Ford Granada 2-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was January 13, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 31 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452188 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 DODGE OMNI AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/02 SP - 174 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Dodge Omni 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was January 9, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 32 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452190 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 FORD GRANADA AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/02 SP - 176 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Ford Granada 4-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses to two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was January 18, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 15 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452204 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 PLYMOUTH HORIZON AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/02 SP - 173 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Plymouth Horizon 4-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was January 4, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 39 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396152 AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Glauz, W D AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PILOT TESTS OF AUTOMATED SPEED ENFORCEMENT DEVICES AND PROCEDURES PY - 1984/02 SP - 167 p. AB - This report concerns the identification of technologies applicable to speed enforcement and an assessment of their potential utility in the United States. The study emphasizes technologies in common use in Europe and elsewhere, but relatively unknown in the United States. The most common non-United States technology utilizes Doppler radar aimed diagonally across the road, rather than down the road as is the case with American systems, giving it a number of technical advantages. This, and several other technologies identified, can be used with a camera to obtain photographic evidence or operate automatically without an officer in attendance. The findings reported on these automated speed enforcement (ASE) devices reflect information from literature; personal visits to foreign law enforcement agencies and manufacturers; engineering and preliminary law enforcement field tests of selected ASE devices in the United States; a quantitative rating system; and a cost-effectiveness evaluation of selected ASE devices and their deployment strategies. It is concluded that ASE devices are technically much superior to systems presently used in the United States and, although more expensive, offer potential cost-effectiveness advantages. However, there are some legal and public opinion concerns that must be dealt with, and selected ASE devices must be modified and then tested in an operational setting in which the systems are actually employed, first, to issue warnings and, eventually, citations for speeding. KW - Automation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Doppler navigation KW - Doppler system KW - Europe KW - Field tests KW - Legal factors KW - Public opinion KW - Radar KW - Speeding KW - Technology KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25687/DOT-HS-806-573.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395955 AU - Teale, G L AU - Clark (Nicholas) and Associates AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MITERS TYPE PROJECTS PY - 1984/02 SP - 97 p. AB - This report describes the results of an evaluation of minor traffic engineering projects carried out in South Australia and Western Australia during the period 1974 to 1980. The report finds that these minor traffic engineering improvements were highly cost effective in reducing accident numbers. It however, recommends that more attention in the choice of sites to the potential for accident reduction could increase further the cost effectiveness of these traffic engineering expenditure. The methodology used was described in an earlier Office of Road Safety Report No. Cr 8, ISBN 0 642 51082 2. KW - Building sites KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Improvements KW - Location KW - Safety KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213625 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395333 JO - Texas Medicine PB - Texas Medical Association AU - Texas Medical Association TI - MEDICINE AND THE LAW: PHYSICIANS AND DWI EXAMINATIONS PY - 1984/02 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - p. 53-54 AB - On June 16, 1983, the Texas Legislature approved Senate Bill 1 (1), which contained several amendments to state laws concerning driving while intoxicated. The provisions of SB 1 took effect January 1, 1984. Some of those changes affect physicians who may be asked to take and analyze blood or other specimens to aid in the determination of intoxication. The questions and answers below seek to clarify physicians' responsibilities. KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal responsibility KW - Physicians KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394317 AU - Kirkpatrick, M AU - Heasly, C C AU - Bathurst, J R AU - Carlow Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PHOTOMETRIC TESTS OF DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS PY - 1984/02 SP - 69 p. AB - Current and prior field test data suggest that use of daytime running lights on operating vehicles can reduce the frequency and severity of collisions. Currently available data do not support the establishment of optimal or required daytime running light output and light distribution parameters. Daytime running light configurations which have been used in field tests range in output from low beam headlights to vehicle parking lights. Considerations of cost and driver visual response suggest that an optimal daytime running light would fall between these extremes. Photometric measurements were taken using parking lamp units from vehicles currently being used in daytime running light field tests. The vehicles in question all use a special bulb having a 15 candela spherical intensity. Because of differences in lamp housings and lenses, the vehicles in question vary in terms of apparent output and angular distribution. Photometric measurements of the lamps in question were taken over a range of viewing angles. A weighting scheme was developed to combine the angular measurements into a figure of merit for each vehicle. These data can be used in the final analysis of field test results to evaluate the functional relationship between daytime running light output and accident rate. KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Crash rates KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Field tests KW - Measurement KW - Parking lights KW - Photometry KW - Running lights KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393824 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - NEWMAN, R J AU - Jones, I S AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 413 CONSECUTIVE CAR OCCUPANTS WITH CHEST INJURIES PY - 1984/02 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - p. 129-135 AB - A 3-year prospective study of road traffic accidents was performed in Oxfordshire by a combined team of surgeons and engineers. This liaison permitted the identification of injury sources and allowed the accurate comparison of injuries with collision severity. This was measured using the velocity change of the occupant's vehicle during the impact and was calculated using the CRASH 2 computer programme. It was shown that the pattern of chest injury varied with the direction of impact and the severity was related to the velocity changes. Seatbelt use resulted in a reduction in injury severity and also modified the pattern of injuries sustained. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes KW - Velocity KW - Velocity distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211747 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393825 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Woelfel, G F AU - Moore, E E AU - Cogbill, T H AU - Way, C W AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - SEVERE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH LAP-HARNESS SEATBELTS PY - 1984/02 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - p. 166-167 AB - We report an unusual constellation of severe thoracic and abdominal injuries in a passenger restrained by a lap-harness seat belt during a high-speed automobile accident. This combination of injuries, which appears to have not previously been described, emphasizes the causative relationship of this protective device. KW - Abdomen KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Frontal crashes KW - Harness KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger restraints KW - Restraint systems KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394223 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1984/02 SP - 546 p. AB - This hearing deals with the future of the automobile industry in light of recent tentative approval of the Federal Trade Commission of the proposed joint venture between General Motors and Toyota. The hearings will consider many new trends and developments and the best ways of dealing with them. All of this will be considered against a backdrop of the antitrust laws. Among those giving testimony are government officials, automobile industry organizations, and expert commentators. KW - Automobile engines KW - Energy KW - Future policies KW - Policy KW - Tourism KW - Trade KW - Transportation KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392273 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED CASUALTY TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA PY - 1984/02 SP - 116 p. AB - This report examines the characteristics of traffic accidents causing injury and/or death (casualty accidents) that were associated with drinking drivers, in order to gain insight into the traffic accident aspect of this multifaceted problem. Casualty accidents are examined in terms of their immediate causes, and problems in the reporting of immediate causes; province-wide geographical locations of casualty accidents caused by these contributing factors; the situational characteristics of alcohol-related casualty accidents, the additional associated factors such as speeding; and finally, how driver age and experience relates to these. The report is presented in 4 sections. The first section deals with the primary question of problems associated with measurement of the phenomena. The second section deals with the geographic locations and circumstances of traffic accidents. The third section focuses on some of the characteristics of the drivers in these accidents. Section 4 presents an overview of the drinking and driving problem and drinking drivers in British Columbia. It also presents conclusions and makes recommendations. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Crash reports KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Measurement KW - Recommendations KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392778 JO - AAA Pedestrian Safety Report PB - American Automobile Association AU - American Automobile Association TI - SPECIAL REPORT ON PEDESTRIAN DEATHS AND INJURIES FOR AGES 0 THROUGH 29 PY - 1984/02 IS - 7 SP - 12 p. AB - The findings are reported of a survey designed to determine (1) any change in involvement of child pedestrian accidents by specific age occurring in 1975 compared to 1981; and (2) 1981 accident involvement by age for ages 15 through 29. It was found that (1) the total pedestrian accidents involving young people (ages 0 through 14) decreased substantially in 1981 when compared with 1975; (2) young people continue to be overrepresented in pedestrian death and injury totals and children ages 5 through 9 represent the greatest risk; (3) when compared with their proportion in the U.S. population, young people (age 2 through 22) are overrepresented in pedestrian injury and death totals; (4) within the 0-14 age group, the special survey for 1981 showed a reduction in the percentage of pedestrian deaths and injuries among children under 8 years of age and an increase among those 8 years of age and older as compared to the 1975 figures; and (5) in both 1975 and 1981, the incidence of pedestrian deaths and injuries among children under age 15 was similar for the various city sizes. The survey results are tabulated and figures illustrate relationships and comparisons. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Children KW - Cities KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Surveys KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392993 AU - Symons, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DYNAMIC SEALING SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1984/02 SP - 60 p. AB - This treatise addresses the state-of-the-art in dynamic sealing systems for commercial vehicles. A brief review of different seal types is given and a 12 year literature search is included in the references. The scope of the paper, however, is limited to radial lip and mechanical face seals. The lack of understanding of the sealing mechanism is noted. Also discussed are the effects of various design factors; application factors which need specific attention; materials; testing methods; and the need for realistic standardized tests. Field tests are used as the final approval for seal applications, but qualification tests for the same type of application vary widely. Future work should be directed towards understanding the sealing mechanism. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392270 AU - Oregon State Motor Vehicles Division TI - VISION SCREENING OF DRIVER'S LICENSE RENEWAL APPLICANTS PY - 1984/02 SP - 29 p. AB - This study was designed to identify the percentage of persons renewing a driver's license when their vision does not meet the vision screening standard, the age at which drivers fail to meet the standard, and whether vision screening should be a requisite of the license renewal process. Details of the study methodology, the analysis of results, and the findings are presented. It was found that 20% of those renewing their driver's license do not meet the vision screening standard, or do not include necessary restrictions. The need for a "With Corrective Lense (WCL)" restriction increases with age. Drivers with a WCL restriction are less likely to need a visual re-exam than drivers whose license does not already include such a restriction. Drivers who must be referred to a vision specialist are older than the average driver, and a substantial number of them need periodic reevaluation as a condition of driving. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Vision KW - Vision screening KW - Vision tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391793 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Hartley, L AU - Coxon, L AU - Taylor & Francis TI - EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON A SENTENCE PICTURE VERIFICATION TASK PY - 1984/02 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - p. 195-203 AB - The Clark and Chase (1972) sentence verification task was given to selected volunteers following either a placebo or a dose of alcohol measured to take blood alcohol up to 0.05 mg/100 ml. Results showed the alcohol had severe effects on the verbal strategy when employed, but assisted the spatial strategy in verification. The results are contrasted with the effects of noise in the same task and the importance of the results for qualifying the effects of alcohol discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Sentence picture verification task UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210675 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391829 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Bohmann, J AU - Meyr, H AU - Peters, R AU - Spies, G AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - A SIGNAL PROCESSOR FOR A NONCONTACT SPEED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM PY - 1984/02 VL - T-33 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-22 AB - The concept and performance of a new digital signal processor for noncontact, high precision speed and distance measurement of rail-guided vehicles are presented. The measurement procedure is based on the estimation of the time-delay between two signals generated by two optimal sensors located a distance L apart. Due to surface irregularities these signals are random, but nearly identical except for a time delay corresponding to the velocity of the vehicle. The high precision and good dynamical properties of the measuring device are achieved by applying a combination of open and closed loop correlation techniques and sophisticated digital signal postprocessing algorithms. KW - Algorithms KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Non-contact KW - Railroad trains KW - Signal processing KW - Speed measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391718 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - UMTRI 84 WORK IN PROGRESS PY - 1984/02 SP - 78 p. AB - This publication contains a description of each of the multidisciplinary research programs being conducted at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) in 1984. The research programs are conducted within these six groups: the Biomechanics Division; the Engineering Research Division; the Human Factors Division; the Marine Systems Division; the Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation; and the Systems Analysis Division. Each group is described briefly, followed by a listing of its research programs. Each program description gives investigators, sponsors, objectives, significance, methods, and results. Also included are a description of each of the UMTRI research facilities, a list of professional staff and program participants, and the 1983 UMTRI Bibliography. KW - Automobile industry KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Data storage KW - Human factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Research KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Systems analysis KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391297 AU - Shelton, E M AU - National Institute for Petroleum & Energy Research TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, SUMMER 1983 PY - 1984/02 SP - 61 p. AB - The samples were collected from service stations throughout the country and were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, chemical companies, and research institutes. The analytical data for 1,583 samples of motor gasoline, were submitted to the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Oklahoma for study, necessary calculations, and compilation under a cooperative agreement between the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). They represent the products of 48 companies, large and small, which manufacture and supply gasoline. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts into which the country is divided. A map included in this report, shows marketing areas, districts and sampling locations. The report also includes charts indicating the trends of selected properties of motor fuels since 1959. Sixteen octane distribution percent charts for areas 1, 2, 3, and 4 for unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 90.0, unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 90.0 and above, and leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 93.0 grades of gasoline are presented in this report. The antiknock (octane) index (R+M)/2 averages of gasoline sold in this country were 87.5 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.4 for unleaded 90.0 and above, and 89.0 for leaded below 93.0 grades of gasoline. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Charts KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Laboratory tests KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Sampling KW - Test results KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391328 JO - Motor AU - Hearst Books TI - AUXILIARY LIGHTING PY - 1984/02 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 5 p. AB - The U.S. regulations for automobile lighting are being revised and today (1984) Federal laws allow the use of European-style quartz-halogen as original equipment on domestic vehicles. However, it is estimated that 90% of the cars are still on the road with very inadequate lighting. Display, demonstration and explanation are needed to sell good auto lighting. This article explains what is good lighting, and discusses design, performance, and pricing. It is expected that it will not be long before federal restrictions on retrofitting are removed for European-style H-4 quartz halogen (QH) lights. Their installation and alignment are discussed. On the low-beam, European QH lights are designed to project a wide, flat pattern, higher on the right and with most intensity 950 to 1400 feet straight ahead, but out in the oncoming traffic lane. Switched to high, they reach out to pick up signs and hazards 3250 to 4750 feet ahead, yet spread the light all the way back to the bumper. American sealed beams, in comparison, show hazards no more than 1250 feet ahead, yet leave the immediate foreground dark in high mode. Low or "dim" mode is effective to no more than 800 feet, lacks width, and is not as bright or white as QH light. Also, the dimmer sealed beams affect oncoming drivers more than QH lights, and the scatter effect of mass-produced lens-reflector-filament bulbs limits visibility for the driver and is more blinding for other road users. The top-line headlight conversions are made to meet ECE (International Standard) specifications which include beam pattern and light intensity. KW - Design KW - Halogens KW - Headlamps KW - High beamed headlamps KW - High beamed headlights KW - Highway safety KW - Lighting KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Performance KW - Quartz-halogen lights KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210435 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391329 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - BALANCE OF POWER PY - 1984/02 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - The cylinder power balance test is a way of measuring the ability of each cylinder to contribute an equal share of the total power output of an engine. On modern engine analyzers it is performed by depressing a series of switches that automatically short any one or a combination of cylinders while a tachometer indicates the drop in engine rpm. The speed drop variation among cylinders should not exceed 5% at idle. This test will point out a cylinder that is weak and not contributing its share to total engine output. The cylinder power balance test should be performed in conjunction with a scope test, when it becomes an ideal procedure for spotting cylinders that have compression problems. Ways of rectifying any imbalances are described. Leaking carburetor base gaskets that allow enough air to seep into the air-fuel mixture to cause a leaning out of some of the cylinders is discussed. Computerized engine analyzers and accurate exhaust gas emission testers can measure variations in total hydrocarbons (HC) as each cylinder is killed. This indicates the distribution and combustion efficiency. It is pointed out that before performing a power balance test on a car with an engine computer, one must put it into open-loop mode. KW - Automobile engines KW - Carburetors KW - Compression KW - Cylinder power balance test KW - Cylinders KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gaskets KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Speed KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210436 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391357 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - USED CAR INSPECTION SYSTEM PY - 1984/02 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - This article, written for mechanics, explains how to set up a systematic used car inspection program that will thoroughly check all the major systems--ball joints to brakes, engine to differential. Then it tells how to determine how long the procedure will take and how to set a price for the service, and what to do to advertize. KW - Advertising KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Inspection KW - Pricing KW - Repair shops KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210457 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391140 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - THE "DYNAMICS" OF CAR DESIGN AND GAS ECONOMY PY - 1984/02 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Spokespersons for major automobile manufacturers have singled out aerodynamics as the area of greatest potential for improving fuel economy. This article explains the different methods of measuring a car's aerodynamic characteristics and gives a progress report of what's being done both in the U.S. and Europe. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobile industry KW - Drag KW - Fuel conservation KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210308 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390893 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Smith, C A AU - Davis, F A AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - ABRASIVE WEAR OF PISTON RING AND CYLINDER BORE MATERIALS PY - 1984/02 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - p. 26-28 AB - Abrasion accounts for approximately 50 percent of all industrial wear, and in the internal combustion (IC) engine is probably the major reason for component deterioration. The main method of controlling the effects of the abrasive is to attempt to exclude them from reaching critical components by filtration. However, the efficiency of a typical engine filter is limited to particles greater than 25 microns squared. Therefore, debris of either a size less than this, or poor engine maintenance, will result in abrasive particles entering the system. (Over the last 20 years major progress has been achieved in extending the life of the IC engine by improvements in component manufacture, materials, fuels and lubricants as revealed in this Focus feature). From this examination, it was found that the presence of silica accelerated the initial running-in process of cast iron sliding against itself. However the wear mechanisms were unchanged. With wear plates of hardness greater than 500 Hv shearing of the wear pin is the predominent wear mechanism and hence wear rates are high. Three body abrasive wear predominates with the softer steels and cast iron wear plates. Hence the wear rates are lower. KW - Abrasion tests KW - Abrasions KW - Cylinders KW - Durability tests KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Piston rings KW - Silica KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390887 AU - Williams, A F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - NIGHTTIME DRIVING AND FATAL CRASH INVOLVEMENT OF TEENAGERS PY - 1984/02 SP - 14 p. AB - Data from the 1977 National Personal Transportation Survey and from the Fatal Accident Reporting System were used to compute mileage-based fatal crash involvement rates of drivers, by age, sex, and time of day. Teenagers drive less than older drivers but do more of their driving at night. They have much higher numbers of drivers in fatal crashes based on miles driven than do older drivers: their nighttime rates are particularly high. Sixteen year olds, especially males, have by far the highest fatal crash rates per mile, both nighttime and daytime. More widespread adoption of driving curfew laws would very likely produce substantial reductions in fatalities involving 16 year old drivers. KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Curfew KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Mileage death rate KW - Night KW - Teenage drivers KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390411 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - GASOLINE INJECTION: A PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1984/02 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - p. 42-45 AB - Robert Bosch of Stuttgart, pioneers in fuel injection, recently announced new developments which now makes gasoline injection a serious challenge to the carburettor--even in the popular family car. The single point injection system for one of Chrysler USA's 1984 models does resemble a carburettor and the company is, in fact, jointly developing electronic carburettors with Pierburg. The development history of gasoline injection provided by Development Director, Otto Gloeckler at Bosch serves to put into perspective the different systems offered to OEMs by the company; this follows a brief account of recent updates. KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel injection KW - Gasoline engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209859 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390414 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Rice, P AU - Printerhall Limited TI - PROGRESS IN CAR AND LIGHT VAN FUEL EFFICIENCY IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1973 TO 1982 PY - 1984/02 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - p. 68-74 AB - A table of values is presented which indicates a clear time series trend for the overall car and van fuel consumption in the period 1973-1982 in Great Britain. Changes in overall car efficiency from year to year reflect both a technical change effect from new model year cars and an effect due to the redistribution of travel between built-up, non-built-up and motorway roads. With the adoption of a fixed network it is possible to compare the overall car efficiency with that of new model year cars in a consistent manner over a period of years. This analysis indicates the broad pattern of the interaction between overall car efficiency, the new model year car efficiency, and the network effect. KW - Automobiles KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - United Kingdom KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209861 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390423 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Henke, C AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SHOULD PUPILS BE BELTED? PY - 1984/02 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-15 AB - This article addresses the issue of seat belts on school buses. In 1971 the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) published a study which concluded that "compartmentalization"--scientifically spacing the seats a certain distance apart, raising the height of the seat backs, and padding the seats to reduce the severity and incidence of injury in a collision--would be more cost effective than installing seat belts. The UCLA study also concluded, however, that the use of both the compartmental concept and seat belts would cut the fatality rate even more. Thus, since compartmentalization regulations are now in effect, there is a growing support for mandated seat belts. Some of the major points of discussion on this issue are presented in this article. They concern such things as who will bear the costs for seat belts, how will seat belt use be enforced on the school bus, and what to do about the seat belt failure rate. Other issues involved are discussed including other school bus safety devices to prevent pedestrian fatalities among school children and school bus driver training. KW - Costs KW - Driver training KW - Failure KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209868 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390418 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - PROPOSED RECOMMENDED PRACTICE. GUIDELINES FOR PROHIBITION OF TURNS ON RED PY - 1984/02 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 17-19 AB - Guidelines and recommendations concerning prohibition of right turn on red are listed. Technical Committee 4A-17 of the Institute of Transportation Engineers developed these qualitative guidelines to assist traffic engineers, law enforcement personnel, and other officials in properly determining where turns on red should be prohibited. Concerning requests for part-time prohibitions, the Committee finds these not desirable because motorists must be aware of the exact time of day in order for the controls to be effective. The traffic engineer is cautioned to carefully weigh the disadvantages of part-time prohibitions against the impact on traffic operations if the prohibition is made full-time. Other related matters discussed in this article include prohibition alternatives, enforcement, and motorist education. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Driver education KW - Guidelines KW - Legislation KW - Prohibitions KW - Recommendations KW - Right turn on red KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209864 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390422 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAMENESS PY - 1984/02 VL - 17 IS - 9 SP - p. 12-13 AB - This article briefly points out some facts about fatal motorcycle accidents, such as the fact that 91% of the time the person who lost his/her life was the driver, the motorcycle operator was at fault 9 out of 10 times, and 78% of the time the motorcycle operator had never had hands-on motorcycle skills training. Other factors mentioned are excessive speed, motorcycle size, driver age, driving under the influence of alcohol, the wearing of helmets, previous traffic violations, and the use of borrowed motorcycles. KW - Crash causes KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391142 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - FIGHTING BACK: ORGANIZATIONS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1984/02 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 17-19 AB - Citizens' organisations, run by both adults and teenagers, are leading the United States into the biggest crackdown on drunk driving that has ever been waged. They are lobbying for stricter laws, pushing for tougher enforcement and stirring up public concern over the drunk driving problem. This article focuses on some of these organizations and their programs: Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), Remove Intoxicated Drivers (RID), Stop Killing by Intoxicated Drivers (SKID), and Students Against Driving Drunk (SADD). KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal action KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Public participation KW - Safety programs KW - Students Against Drunk Driving KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390413 AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DETERRENT EFFECTS OF ROADBLOCKS ON DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1984/02 SP - 17 p. AB - The study was designed to determine the extent to which roadblocks (or "sobriety checkpoints") change public perceptions of the enforcement of drunk driving laws and behavior related to drinking and driving. Two areas with active roadblock programs were studied: Montgomery County in Maryland, and Kent and Sussex counties in Delaware. Montgomery was also compared to adjacent Fairfax County, Virginia, which has had a few unpublicized roadblocks, but has a much higher drunk driving arrest rate than Montgomery. The Delaware counties were compared to seven counties on the nearby Maryland Eastern Shore, where roadblocks have not been held. The data were collected via a telephone survey. Results indicated that roadblocks are highly visible. They were the most frequently mentioned activity when respondents in the four areas were asked if they knew about any nearby activities designed to deal with the problem of drunk driving. More than three-quarters of Montgomery County and Delaware respondents were aware of roadblocks in their county. In areas both with and without active roadblock programs, respondents tended to identify the area with roadblocks as the place where drunk drivers would be more likely to be arrested. The limited evidence from self-reported behaviorial measures does not indicate that the roadblocks have changed the drinking and driving behavior of the respondents. Further research is needed. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public opinion KW - Roadblocks KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390710 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - RESTRAINT USAGE AMONG CRASH-INVOLVED MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANTS PY - 1984/02 SP - 192 p. AB - Objectives of this study were to identify recent trends in restraint use in Michigan and assess the effectiveness of mandatory restraint laws in increasing the use of occupant restraint systems and decreasing traffic casualties. All reported crash-involved motor vehicle occupants in Michigan from January 1978 through December 1982 were examined. Box-Jenkins time-series analyses were used to measure trends in restraint use and injuries, and to measure the effects of Michigan's mandatory child restraint law, implemented in April 1982. Restraint use in Michigan was found to vary considerably by age, alcohol or drug use, seating position, number of vehicle occupants, injury severity, vehicle damage severity, vehicle size and type, time of day, day of week, highway class, and county. Use of restraints decreased from 1978 to 1980, but increased from 1980 to 1982. The mandatory child restraint law was associated with a 208% increase in restraint usage among 1-3-year-olds, a 50% reduction in injuries to infants under age 1, and a 17% reduction in injuries to toddlers age 1-3. Recommendations include a longer-term followup study of the child restraint law and, based on the demonstrated effectiveness of Michigan's child restraint law, an expansion of the law to cover motor vehicle occupants of all ages. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Drugs KW - Impact studies KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Loss and damage KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390447 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS: NATIONAL MEDEVAC HELICOPTER CONFERENCE PY - 1984/02 SP - 140 p. AB - The purpose of the National Medevac Helicopter Conference was the establishment of a national forum to discuss the benefits of using helicopters in medevac operations. This forum included hospital administrators, emergency medical services systems directors, trauma center personnel, emergency department physicians and nurses, helicopter operators, manufacturers, equipment suppliers, and medical flight personnel. It was an attempt to bring together medical personnel, those involved with the manufacturing and operation of helicopters, and personnel comprising medevac teams. Experts from across the country joined together to present not only the state-of-the-art in medevac operations but to look at the possibilities for the future. These proceedings are a record of the views and experiences of those involved in medevac helicopter operations. Topics included: government regulations and requirements for the siting, design, and construction of hospital heliports; the organization, cost, and operational utility of various helicopter operations; the various types and models of helicopters available, including the equipment requirements and capabilities of each; the latest advances in rotorcraft technology, medical technology, and related equipment; a discussion of the types of medical flight personnel utilized in medevac helicopter missions; and the financial considerations in providing medevac helicopter service. KW - Air ambulances KW - Conferences KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helicopters KW - Heliports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390945 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAWS ANNOTATED 1983. ANNUAL CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENT PY - 1984/02 SP - 153 p. AB - This Supplement makes information in "Traffic Laws Annotated" (1979) current as of January 1, 1983, by reflecting all relevant 1979, 1980, 1981, and 1982 State legislation. This Supplement also includes changes made in the "Uniform Vehicle Code" by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances when it met on August 15-17, 1979. This Supplement is designed for use in updating the information presented in the main volume of the TLA. It augments, but does not replace, the Statutory Annotations shown. It utilizes an identical numbering and caption system, but thereafter contains only a report on State laws adopted, amended or repealed in 1979, 1980, 1981, or 1982 that would in any way alter the original Annotation. KW - Amendments KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390899 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - FENTON, J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - DESIGN OF ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEMS PY - 1984/02 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - p. 24-25 AB - This article describes the British Perkins Engines' work on designing the future diesel engine: 700 specialists are working on this with the help of the Engineering Department's own computer, the company's main frame 370/168 IBM and access to a Honeywell MK3 Geisco System in the USA. Part of a study aimed at improved energy conservation through the production of more efficient engines, is that of optimizing lubrication by both considering improved-lubricants and obtaining a better understanding of the lubrication system. A program has been developed to model the entire oil circulation system of a high speed diesel engine and this program can predict flow in both steady-state and transient conditions. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Energy conservation KW - Flow measurement KW - Lubrication KW - Steady state KW - Technology KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390900 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - CATALYTIC EXHAUST-PURIFICATION FOR EUROPE? PY - 1984/02 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - p. 30-31 AB - The announcement last summer that West Germany is to ban the home sale of leaded petrol by 1986 is having Europe-wide repercussions. Germany is now showing interest in adopting US 1983 emission levels as European practice believing that, by removing lead as the cause of catalytic poisoning, cleaner exhaust can be achieved with known techniques. Interest is also being shown in reducing diesel particulate emissions--following the USA example. If Europe as a whole moves the German way a new round of fighting legislation seems likely. Systems for meeting stiffer emission control are already under development by Johnson Matthey Chemicals. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Catalysts KW - Catalytic converters KW - Emission rates KW - Europe KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Pollutants KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390419 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Briglia, P M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING SAFETY PROGRAM IN MICHIGAN PY - 1984/02 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 43-47 AB - An analysis of Michigan's rail-highway crossing accidents for 1971-1981 using regression analysis was performed with statewide accidents as the dependent variable and time the independent variable. The calculated regression line accounted for almost none of the variance. Statewide accidents 1971-1981 could not be characterized by a continuous, increasing or decreasing straight line. A similar analysis with rail-crossing accidents as the dependent variable and time as the independent variable yielded a negatively sloping line (i.e. decreasing trend with time). Together these analyses indicated rail-crossing accidents were declining during a period of fluctuating statewide accident experience. To explain this decline exposure data were investigated. The evidence from this investigation, as presented in this article, makes it difficult to attribute a major share of the credit for the reduction of rail-crossing accidents to the Michigan rail-highway crossing improvement program. KW - Crash exposure KW - Evaluation KW - Michigan KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209865 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390421 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - OBSERVING THE CLUES PY - 1984/02 VL - 17 IS - 9 SP - 9 p. AB - This article cites some examples of things a defensive driver should watch out for that might help him/her guess the other driver's move. These examples include actions of the car, such as signaling, lane position, car condition, etc., and observations of the driver, such as driver behavior, position of hands, conversation with others in the car, etc. Developing the ability to see what's going on around you, helps you to become a safer and more efficient driver. KW - Defensive drivers KW - Observation KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209866 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390462 JO - ITS Review (Institute of Transportation Studies) PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Robben, F AU - University of California, Irvine TI - COAL-FUELED DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1984/02 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-5 AB - An attempt is made to show, on the basis of current knowledge, that there is a strong economic incentive for a coal-fueled diesel engine industry, as well as good technical prospects for the development of reliable, efficient, and cost-effective coal-fueled diesel engines. The successful use of diesel fuel will require several major changes in engine design. The major changes involved will entail higher risk and a less evolutionary pattern of development, a situation in which government support will be beneficial in developing the necessary scientific understanding and technological base. The historical background to this work is briefly reviewed, and the coal-water slurry diesel engine conceptual uncooled powerhead designs are described. Coal-water slurry fuel promises to be inexpensive, safe to handle, and could make use of a large part of the existing fuel transportation and storage infrastructure. The superheated fuel injection system, and the turbulence and combustion rate are discussed. The potential use of coal-fueled engines for railroad and marine transportation applications appears to be economically feasible. This could lead to significant oil and cost reductions for these industries. If co-generation applications were also fully developed, there would be a substantial shift in the total U.S. energy requirements. KW - Coal fuels KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic factors KW - Energy KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Federal aid KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuels KW - Infrastructure KW - Railroad transportation KW - Turbulence KW - Vehicle design KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209880 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390452 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Vaughn, M P AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SEATBELTS SAVE LIVES PY - 1984/02 VL - 17 IS - 9 SP - p. 10 AB - Sergeant Michael P. Vaughn tells how he and his family escaped serious injury in a single vehicle accident in which their car was totalled. They were all wearing seat belts. The sergeant encourages readers to buckle up, emphasizing that it's much easier getting used to seat belts than getting used to living without a wife or child. KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390896 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Pollkoetter, G AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - CV ROAD-WHEEL PRODUCTION FROM FLAT SHEET PY - 1984/02 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - p. 50-52 AB - This article describes the production of commercial vehicle wheels starting from flat sheet using only spinning machines without introducing any further machines such as presses and rim rollers. A notable feature of the method is the ability to produce rim sections of optimum strength and minimum weight, not usually possible with conventional manufacturing techniques. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Hot rolling KW - Manufacturing KW - Metallurgy KW - Production methods KW - Rims KW - Wheel rims KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391144 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - WATCH OUT! YOU'VE GOT COMPANY ON THE ROAD PY - 1984/02 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 24-26 AB - Three suggestions are given to new drivers for dealing with the many types of vehicles and pedestrians that take up some part of the road: be alert; drive defensively; and locate a "protection space"--an area into which you can move forward, drop back, or veer right or left in a split second to avoid an accident. Several tips are also offered to help cope with common pedestrian problems. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Alertness KW - Defensive drivers KW - Drivers KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Safety KW - Traffic conflicts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210312 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391139 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - WHAT YOUR CAR REALLY COSTS YOU PY - 1984/02 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 3-8 AB - This article shows how to calculate operating costs and ownership costs. These figures can help you choose a vehicle that fits you financially. The article includes a table "Suburban-based operation, total costs: cents per mile" for different sizes of cars. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Estimating KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210307 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391141 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - MILES AND MORE MILES TO GO: DRIVING LONG DISTANCES PY - 1984/02 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 14-16 AB - This article explains how to plan the best route, figure a budget, pack the car, and make sure your car is mechanically prepared for an extended period of operation, and you, the driver, are ready for the trip, both physically and mentally. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Intercity travel KW - Long distance travel KW - Physical condition KW - Planning KW - Psychological aspects KW - Teenage drivers KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390408 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - HOW SAFE IS YOUR CAR? PY - 1984/02 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-23 AB - This article presents two tables of data and comments briefly on them. The first is 1980-1982 Passenger Cars With the Best Injury Loss Experience--Relative Injury Claim Frequencies. The second is 1980-1982 Passenger Cars With the Worst Injury Loss Experience--Relative Injury Claim Frequencies. Of the twelve cars listed in the first table, the Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, a large station wagon, had the lowest overall relative claim frequency, 44% below average, and the lowest frequency of claims for injury costs exceeding $250, which was 48% below average. Of the 17 cars listed in the second table, the 2-door Datsun 210 had the worst injury loss experience with overall claim frequency running 51% above the average. It also had the highest frequency of claims in every claim size category. KW - Accident costs KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Station wagons KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209856 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390410 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - LONG TERM CORROSION PREVENTION PY - 1984/02 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-39 AB - Substantial increase in the issue of long term warranties against body corrosion has taken place recently and the stakes are high for OEMs seeking effective rust proofing systems for application on the production line. The collaboration of Dinol and Volvo to this end is notable and demonstrates the value of joint effort by supplier and OEM. The current issue of "Which" shows that Volvo is superior to all makes other than BMW in the area of corrosion prevention. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Corrosion protection KW - Industries KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Rust prevention KW - Suppliers KW - Volvo Car Corporation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209858 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391143 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - TAKING YOUR CAR IN FOR REPAIRS. YOUR RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES PY - 1984/02 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 22-23 AB - This article explains consumers rights and responsibilities when they take a car to the repair shop. It shows how to avoid problems by communicating, listening, describing and asking questions and gives examples. Then it covers auto repair laws and explains how to take action when necessary. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Complaints KW - Consumers KW - Laws KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Responsibilities KW - Suits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391145 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - A LITTLE EFFORT CAN MEAN BIG SAVINGS WHEN YOU'RE... SHOPPING FOR AN AUTO LOAN PY - 1984/02 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 27-29 AB - Because of high car prices and interest rates, bargaining on the car lot is crucial, but finding the financing that can trim your outlay is just as critical. This article explains how to track down the best financing before you ever walk in a show room, how to make a good deal even better, and how to avoid traps. An insert "The cost of car loans" shows how you can save with lower interest rates and shorter repayment times. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Financing KW - Interest KW - Loans KW - Payment KW - Savings KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390406 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - FOCUS ON ENGINE LUBRICATION PY - 1984/02 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - Ken Garrett reviews recent literature on lube-oil systems and their effect on bearing and overall engine design. This is followed by a report by Alan Baker on Renold work with chain drives, including oil contamination effects. John Fenton then reports on lubrication system design at Perkins. This is followed by a discourse on abrasion wear from researchers at Brunel University. KW - Abrasions KW - Bearings KW - Chain drives KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Lubricating oils KW - Vehicle design KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389474 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PROFIT IN SAFETY BELTS: AN INTRODUCTION TO AN EMPLOYER'S PROGRAM PY - 1984/02 SP - 24 p. AB - The information in this booklet identifies important reasons for implementing a safety belt program, gives examples of successful on-going company programs, and provides guidelines for developing a safety belt program. The contents are presented under the following headings: Who needs it?; The case for safety belts; The hidden cost of crashes; The bottom line: lives, injuries, and money saved; Is it worth the effort?; Developing your plan of action; Management commitment; Required safety belt use; and Summary. KW - Employers KW - Guidelines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389478 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM AGAINST SUSPENDED/REVOKED DRIVERS PY - 1984/02 SP - 13 p. AB - This model program is based upon information obtained during a review of operational programs in Florida, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Virginia. The program is based on the principle that comprehensive programs are more effective than the sum of their respective parts. If all elements of the system are functioning properly, a reasonable percentage of suspended/revoked drivers who continue to drive will be detected and apprehended. A model enforcement program against suspended/revoked drivers requires a high level of coordination among the police, the courts, and the State driver licensing agency, supported by a controlled and audited Statewide Uniform Traffic Ticket system and real-time on-line communications among each of the three described functions. The model program developed under contract for NHTSA, or any enforcement program against these problem drivers, requires detection followed by prosecution and adjudication. There are three potential discovery points in the detection of these violators. First, is at the time the officer contacts the driver; second, is when the court complaint is filed; and third, is in the driver record agency when either an advance copy of the citation or a record of conviction is received. If the police officer does his job correctly he will check the driver's licensing status at the time he or she is stopped and discovery will be made at once. If the officer fails to do this, an on-line terminal in the clerk of court's office to the driver records agency enables a status or record check on each defendant and discovery may be made at the time the defendant appears in court. Finally, if not discovered before, the violation may be detected by the records bureau when conviction records on the original charge are received. From the foregoing it seems plain that the point to detect the violation is by the officer when contact is first made. The use of hand held or lapel microphones by traffic officers encourages license status checks, if the officer has received training in the importance of this effort. KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driving without a license KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389482 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE LAWS ON EARLY LICENSE REVOCATION FOR DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE PY - 1984/02 SP - 98 p. AB - The report contains the text of the Second Edition of the Model ROAD Law, comments and implementation guidelines for each section of the Law, summaries of the laws of 19 states, and charts which compare 30 different substantive provisions of those 19 laws and the Model ROAD Law. The report also contains a brief discussion of the interstate aspects of revocation on administrative determination. An Appendix to the report contains a paper by Prof. John Reese treating the constitutional dimensions of the problem. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Constitutional law KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389071 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Fales, E AU - Hearst Magazines TI - THE NEW LEMON LAWS--DO THEY WORK? PY - 1984/02 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - Lemon laws have been passed in 19 states and have been or are being considered in 18 other states. Lemon laws are affecting owner-service manager relationships whenever they're in effect. Although they vary, in general, they provide that any car under warranty that a dealer can't fix in four tries (three tries in some states) is a lemon. U.S. law says warranteed repairs must be made. The lemon laws now add that if repairs are not made, you're entitled to a new car or you can get your money back. But your problem must be genuine--must involve a major problem that affects your car's value or use. This article gives further insight into how the laws are working, how appeals juries work, and what the auto industry response has been. Inserts with this article answer "questions you might ask" and tell you "where to call if you have a dispute." KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Defects KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209136 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389072 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - GET YOUR TRAILER READY FOR SPRING PY - 1984/02 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - Without maintenance, a trailer can develop problems that could lead to expensive repairs or even cause an accident. This article provides information on inspecting trailers in storage for the winter and also trailers in winter service. The inspection tips cover tires and wheels, suspension systems, lights, and cosmetics (trailer body cleanness and dents). KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rust prevention KW - Suspension systems KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209137 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389075 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - PM'S TIRE TEST: BIGGER IS BETTER PY - 1984/02 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 7 p. AB - Popular Mechanics tested eight sets of Goodyear tires. Items tested included: coast-down (rolling resistance); quarter-mile acceleration; vehicle handling; braking; skid resistance (steady-state traction); and performance on a half-mile road course. Testing included dry and wet conditions. Significant differences in the performance of the eight tires were found. Results for each tire are reported individually. In conclusion, Goodyear's P205/70R14 Eagle GT was considered the finest passenger car tire of those tested. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Performance KW - Rolling resistance KW - Skid resistance KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209140 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389161 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TESTING AND REPAIRING ALTERNATORS PY - 1984/02 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - p. 39-42 AB - Advice is given on how to distinguish between a faulty voltage regulator (VR) and a faulty alternator. Instructions are given on replacing a faulty integral VR. The testing of Delcatron stators is also described. Guidelines are also given on testing alternators other than Delcatron. The Motorcraft alternator with external VR is also described and the tests are detailed. The Motorcraft ground test and the Motorcraft rotor continuity test are also detailed. KW - Alternators KW - Repairing KW - Replacing KW - Testing KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Voltage regulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387717 AU - ESSER, R AU - Neill, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPRAY SUPPRESSION DEVICES PY - 1984/02 SP - 248 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has measured spray suppression capabilities of various spray suppression systems for tractor-trailer trucks using over-the-road tests. Photographic techniques were used to quantify the size of the spray clouds. A statistical technique was used to determine whether the spray clouds generated by van type tractor-trailers equipped with spray suppressant devices are indeed less than the spray clouds generated by the same van type tractor-trailers not equipped with spray suppressant devices. KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Road tests KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387846 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Warren, P AU - Hearst Magazines TI - AUTOMOTIVE ODDBALLS PY - 1984/02 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - There were many novel approaches to automotive design following World War II. Some ideas were accepted, now represent the norm, and no longer seem unusual. Others were doomed by safety standards and changing technology. Some ideas were ahead of their time, and the materials available were inadequate. Then there were the bright ideas that had a fatal flaw no one thought of until it was too late and owners were swearing from coast to coast. This article looks at some of these automotive oddballs which, with two exceptions, all went into production. Among them are the Amphicar with a boat hull on a car chassis, the Citroen Sahara with a spare engine in the rear, the Ford Skyliner with a retractable hardtop, and various other models with odd features such as hydraulic windshield wipers, flexible driveshafts, pop-up turn signals, and golden windshields. KW - Automobiles KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387258 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCES IN BELT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS: DESIGN, PERFORMANCE AND USAGE PY - 1984/02 SP - 452 p. AB - This volume brings together the papers presented at the 1984 SAE Annual Congress on the subject of advances in belt restraint systems design, performance and usage. These technical papers deal with the following topics: international experience on field accident performance of belt restraint systems; issues of belt effectiveness and recent laboratory data on vehicle crashworthiness with belt-restrained dummies; belt usage with emphasis on the public health and public policy issues associated with programs to mandate and encourage belt use; information on the medical and legal aspects of safety belt use and non-use; international advances in the design and performance of belt restraint systems; and child restraints. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Dummies KW - Effectiveness KW - Legal factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Public health KW - Public policy KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387261 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADIABATIC ENGINES: WORLDWIDE REVIEW PY - 1984/02 SP - 120 p. AB - World-wide activity in the area of adiabatic diesel engine technology continues to accelerate. Taken from the Adiabatic Engine Session of the 1984 SAE International Congress and Exposition in Detroit, this volume of papers represents diverse cross sections of international research and development activities in this general subject area, with a broad range of key technological areas covered. Papers from Asia, Europe, and the United States combine to produce a true international flavor. In addition, this volume includes initial discussions of work being performed on adiabatic engine/passenger car applications. KW - Adiabatic engines KW - Ceramic materials KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387259 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE POWER BOOSTING PY - 1984/02 SP - 136 p. AB - This volume brings together the papers presented at the 1984 SAE Annual Congress on the subject of engine power boosting. These papers represent the efforts of qualified people to improve the turbocharger for further gain in power plant design, performance, emissions, and market penetration. KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Electric power plants KW - Exhaust gases KW - Markets KW - Performance KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387260 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL PARTICULATE TRAPS PY - 1984/02 SP - 176 p. AB - This volume brings together the papers presented in the 1984 SAE Annual Congress on the subject of control of particulate emissions from diesel engine exhaust. The work reported here focuses in some part in trap oxidizer development and its implication for vehicular applications. In the past year, there has been significant progress and change in many aspects of this problem. Some of the important factors are that: technology of regeneration has advanced, public awareness of the environmental problem has increased, government regulation remains firm and threatens to expand, and the market share of diesel vehicles has changed considerably. The trap oxidizer appears in various shapes and designs but it is basically a filter combined with some means of removal of the accumulated particulate matter by burning (regeneration). Not long ago it was strictly a laboratory device, but now has progressed to the point where successful 50,000 mile vehicle durability tests with it are more than a rare event. The real test of its success will be in vehicles in the hands of the driving public. The coming year will see the first production application of this device appearing in passenger cars designed to meet the .4 GM particulate standard in 1985 model year in California. A good deal of time in this conference is devoted to the task of particulate control of the various classes of heavy duty vehicles. The work reported here describes the progress made particularly in the area of urban buses and explains the uniqueness of the problem with this type of vehicle. The conclusions from it will have important implications on regulatory policy. Finally, the costs and benefits of particulate control are once again analyzed. They conclude the benefits are clearly in excess of the costs and that, depending upon overall sales levels, truck controls may be as important as those on passenger cars. KW - Benefits KW - Buses KW - Costs KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Regulations KW - Technology KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391776 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS--SECTION FOUR: VEHICLES WITH GVWR OF MORE THAN 10,000 LB (OTHER THAN SCHOOL BUSES) PY - 1984/01/31 SP - 39 p. AB - This Section of TP-105-83 presents the procedure to be followed in testing vehicles of GVWR more than 10,000 lb., other than school buses, for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 105-83. Data Sheets are provided for recording test results. Appendices contain (A) a procedure and example for determining master cylinder volume requirement and (B) a vehicle information sheet for recording basic vehicle data. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391773 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS--SECTION ONE: PASSENGER CARS PY - 1984/01/31 SP - 71 p. AB - This Section of TP-105-83 presents the procedure to be followed in evaluating Passenger Cars for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 105-83. Data Sheets are provided for recording test results. Appendices contain (A) a procedure and example for determining master cylinder volume requirement and (B) a vehicle information sheet for recording basic vehicle data. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391775 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS--SECTION THREE: VEHICLES WITH GVWR OF 8,000-10,000 LB (OTHER THAN SCHOOL BUSES) PY - 1984/01/31 SP - 65 p. AB - This Section of TP-105-83 presents the procedures to be followed in testing vehicles of GVWR 8,000 to 10,000 lb., other than school buses, for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 105-83. Data Sheets are provided for recording test results. Appendices contain (A) a procedure and example for determining master cylinder volume requirement and (B) a vehicle information sheet for recording basic vehicle data. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391777 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS--SECTION FIVE: SCHOOL BUSES WITH GVWR OF 10,000 LB OR LESS PY - 1984/01/31 SP - 70 p. AB - This Section of TP-105-83 presents the procedures to be followed in testing school buses of GVWR not greater than 10,000 lb. for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 105-83. Data Sheets are provided for recording test results. Appendices contain (A) a procedure and example for determining master cylinder volume requirement and (B) a vehicle information sheet for recording basic vehicle data. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - School buses KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391778 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS--SCHOOL BUSES WITH GVWR OF MORE THAN 10,000 LB PY - 1984/01/31 SP - 62 p. AB - This Section of TP-105-83 presents the procedures to be followed in testing school buses over 10,000 lb. GVWR for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 105-83. Data Sheets are provided for recording test results. Appendices contain (A) a procedure and example for determining master cylinder volume requirement and (B) a vehicle information sheet for recording basic vehicle data. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - School buses KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391779 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 105-83 PY - 1984/01/31 SP - n.p. AB - This test procedure is intended for use by test laboratories in determining vehicle conformance to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 105, Hydraulic Brake Systems. It provides a uniform test and data recording format. This publication covers the general provisions, passenger cars, vehicles of GVWR less than 8000 lb. (other than passenger cars and school buses), vehicles of GVWR not less than 8000 nor more than 10,000 lb. (other than school buses), vehicles of GVWR more than 10,000 lb. (other than school buses), school buses with GVWR of 10,000 lb. or less; and school buses of GVWR more than 10,000 lb. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Laboratory tests KW - School buses KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391774 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS--SECTION TWO: VEHICLES WITH GVWR OF LESS THAN 8000 LB (OTHER THAN PASSENGER CARS AND SCHOOL BUSES) PY - 1984/01/31 SP - 66 p. AB - This Section of TP-105-83 presents the procedure to be followed in testing vehicles, other than passenger cars and school buses, of GVWR less than 8,000 lb. for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 105-83. Data Sheets are provided for recording test results. Appendices contain (A) a procedure and example for determining master cylinder volume requirement and (B) a vehicle information sheet for recording basic vehicle data. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390886 AU - LUND, A K AU - Zador, P AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - MANDATORY BELT USE AND DRIVER RISK TAKING PY - 1984/01/27 SP - 45 p. AB - A study of driver behavior before and after a mandatory seat belt use law in Newfoundland found that the benefits of such legislation are not reduced by riskier driving, as has been suggested by some theorists. On average, belt use in Newfoundland increased from 16 percent of drivers before the law to 77 percent after the law. At the same time, the quality of driving changed very little when compared to control groups of Nova Scotia drivers, who were not subject to the law and whose belt use rates did not change. In only one situation did Newfoundland drivers differ from the control group in Nova Scotia: after the belt law, drivers in Newfoundland became relatively more cautious (slower) in their speeds on four-lane expressways. These data confirm the results of earlier, less controlled studies that also found no changes in driving behavior following non-voluntary changes in occupant protection. Since the "risk-compensation" hypothesis predicts such changes, it seems to have no merit in explaining changes in fatalities and injuries after occupant protection legislation. KW - Behavior KW - Canada KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk assessment KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389418 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - AUTO ENGINES: GOODBYE TO CONVENTIONAL DESIGN PY - 1984/01/12 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - p. 62-71 AB - This article takes "a peek at the future" of the automotive industry. Engineering trends indicate more muscle, more turbocharging, and more electronics from Detroit. Examples discussed include GM's Citation IV, the Buick Riviera convertible, and Oldsmobile's Cutlass Ciera ES. The rise in power and efficiency can be seen in the 1984 engines. Those discussed include the 3.8-L SFI Turbo from Buick, the 2.2-L 4-cylinder engine that powers the Chrysler Laser and Dodge Daytona, Ford's 2.4-L turbocharged diesel offered as an optional for the 1984 Mark VII and Continental, and Ford's 340-lb. naturally aspirated engine offered as an optional on the 1984 Escort/Lynx and Tempo/Topaz front wheel drive cars. The final portion of this article discusses new piston designs. Discussion centers on what is being developed by the AE Group of Companies headquartered in England, which has a contract with a major Detroit auto manufacturer for the development of low-weight, low-friction pistons. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Technological innovations KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460218 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY '84. A REPORT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966, AS AMENDED AND THE MOTOR VEHICLE INFORMATION AND COST SAVINGS ACT, AS AMENDED PY - 1984/01/01 SP - v.p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's mandate is stated and its activities in the various spheres are described. NHTSA's mandate is to reduce deaths, injuries, and economic losses resulting from motor vehicle accidents. Efforts towards these objectives are described. The section on saving lives describes occupant protection, child safety seats, automatic protection, frontal impact protection, side impact protection, pedestrian impact protection, engineering analysis, biomechanics, regulatory actions, crashworthiness rulemaking, and conferences and workshops. The section on avoiding accidents reviews visibility, lighting, controls and displays, motorcycle controls and displays, brakes, handling and stability, heavy truck safety research, and vehicle research and test center. Fuel economy enforcement is discussed as well as other areas of enforcement. A review of consumer activities covers bumpers, vehicle theft, auto safety hotline, uniform tire quality grading, tire registration, new car assessment, and public affairs/consumer outreach. Support for motor vehicle safety and administration are other areas covered. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Biophysics KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Consumers KW - Control KW - Crashworthiness KW - Driving KW - Enforcement KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel conservation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle tests KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173221 AU - Mengert, Peter AU - Roberts, Edwin AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - Analytical Methods in Multivariate Highway Safety Exposure Data Estimation PY - 1984/01//Final Report SP - 138 p AB - Three general analytical techniques which may be of use in" extending, enhancing, and combining highway accident exposure data are discussed. The techniques are log-linear modeling, iterative proportional fitting and the expectation maximization (EM) method. A general discussion identifies a number of frequently encountered exposure data deficiencies and indicates how one or more of the three analytical techniques may be of use in addressing each deficiency. The more mathematically-oriented sections provide a general introduction to each of the methods and discuss some of their properties of special interest in applications. A section illustrating applications to driving exposure data is included, together with computer program listings. KW - Crash data KW - Crash exposure KW - Data collection KW - Iterative proportional fitting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic models UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33362/33362.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491844 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEAT BELT EFFECTIVENESS ESTIMATES USING DATA ADJUSTED FOR DAMAGE TYPE PY - 1984/01 SP - 50 p. AB - The evaluation of the effectiveness of restraints in preventing fatality and reducing injury severity is confounded by differences in the crash conditions experienced by unrestrained, lap-belted, and lap-and-shoulder-belted car occupants. These differences introduce a bias into the comparisons of fatality and injury rates. To make the comparisons fairer, it is necessary to account for the differences in crash conditions by restraint use. In this paper two elements of the Collision Deformation Classification, area of damage and extent zone for the damage, are used to describe the crash conditions. The data are adjusted in three different ways to reflect the experiences of three different groups of victims. Because restraints are more effective in some types of crashes than in others, this leads to three different estimates of overall restraint effectiveness. These three estimates should be interpreted as addressing the following three questions about restraint effectiveness: (1) How useful are restraints for the people who now use them? (Adjust the data to reflect the crash conditions of restrained occupants.) (2) How useful would restraints be if everyone used them? (Adjust the data to reflect the overall crash conditions.) (3) How useful would restraints be for people who do not now use them? (Adjust the data to reflect the crash conditions of unrestrained occupants. KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452209 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 CHEVROLET CITATION AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/01 SP - 174 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Chevrolet Citation 4-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was December 19, 1983 and the ambient temperature was 10 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452359 AU - ARORA, H R AU - Transport Canada TI - SEAT BELT USE BY CANADIAN DRIVERS NOVEMBER, 1982 PY - 1984/01 SP - 67 p. AB - Since the early 1970's seat belt use has been a major objective of federal and provincial government's road safety policy addressed by public education programmes, by equipment performance standards under the Motor Vehicle Safety Act, and in some provinces, by the compulsory seat belt use legislation. To investigate the effects of these measures, the Department of Transport conducted roadside observation surveys of belt use nationally in 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1982. The estimated proportion of drivers taking advantage of shoulder belts when they are available increased from 38.1% in 1981 to 46.2% in 1982 for the nation as a whole. The increase is more noticeable among provinces with compulsory seat belt use legislation (Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan and British Columbia), in which estimated belt use increased from 46.8% to 55.4%. In Newfoundland where compulsory belt use was enforced from July 1982, the estimated proportion of drivers wearing their shoulder belts rose from 8.6% to 67.8% highest among all provinces. A very substantial increase was also seen in Quebec, from 40.7% to 67.5% in 1982, the second highest rate achieved in any province. KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Mandatory KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452231 JO - Annals of Emergency Medicine PB - American College of Emergency Physicians AU - Cales, R H AU - American College of Emergency Physicians TI - TRAUMA MORTALITY IN ORANGE COUNTY: THE EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF A REGIONAL TRAUMA SYSTEM PY - 1984/01 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - p. 15-24 AB - One hundred eighteen deaths from motor vehicle accidents were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the effect of implementation of a regional trauma system. Fifty-eight deaths occurring prior to implementation and 60 occurring after were reviewed by teams of four physicians. Following implementation the proportion of potentially salvageable deaths dropped from 34% (20/58) to 15% (9/60) (P less than .02). Seven of the nine potentially salvageable deaths occurred in 13 patients treated in non-trauma facilities (54%), while only two potentially salvageable deaths occurred in 47 patients treated in trauma facilities (4%) (P less than .0002). The median age of patients dying of trauma rose from 22 to 27 years (P less than .04); the median Injury Severity Score rose from 42.5 to 52.0 (P less than .03). The 1981 death rate for vehicular trauma dropped to 13.93 per 100,000 population compared to a projected rate of 15.72 (P less than .03); the 1982 rate dropped to 12.37 compared to a projected rate of 15.80 (P less than .02). Implementation of a regional trauma system has resulted in significant improvements in trauma care and a reduction in the death rate from vehicular trauma. KW - Age KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452222 AU - South Carolina Commission on Alcohol & Drug Abuse TI - RAISING THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE. VOLUME 1 PY - 1984/01 SP - 24 p. AB - A pressing question facing the South Carolina Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (SCCADA) is the issue of the legal drinking age. Should the age be raised to 21, to 20, or to 19 for all alcoholic beverages or should this state maintain the existing legal age of 18 for the purchase of beer and wine and 21 for the purchase of distilled spirits? In focusing on this issue, alcohol's relationships to highway safety, damage to property and to the health of South Carolina citizens must be addressed. This paper, then, will look at the question of the drinking age relative to the issue of highway safety and health promotion. It will provide South Carolina data, findings from other states which have either raised or lowered the drinking age, and a brief history of the drinking age issue in the United States. It also presents an array of arguments for and against raising the legal drinking age. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcohols KW - Beer KW - Highway safety KW - History KW - Legal drinking age KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Public health KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452212 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM: EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS PY - 1984/01 SP - 13 p. AB - This Eighth Annual Report to the Congress (1984) summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during Fiscal Year (FY) 1983 regarding the implementation of applicable sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report by January 16th of each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during FY 1983 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel conservation KW - Implementation KW - Motor vehicle information and cost savings act KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452191 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 34.4 MPH PY - 1984/01 SP - 174 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Volkswagen Rabbit 4-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 19 deg, at 34.4 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was January 27, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 29 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450935 AU - Payne, S AU - Brownlea, A AU - HALL, A AU - Griffith University, Australia AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - EVALUATION OF QUEENSLAND DEFENSIVE DRIVING COURSE PY - 1984/01 SP - 73 p. AB - A Defensive Driving Course (DDC) comprising four two-hour lectures has been administered by the Queensland Road Safety Council since 1969. An evaluation of DDC road accident records for the 12 month periods before and after course attendance indicates that the DDC is not effective for reducing for 17-19 year olds or for females aged over 20 years. Significant accident reductions were found for male drivers aged 20-39 years who drive as part of their work but a benefit-cost analysis for this group concludes that the benefits of the accident reductions do not exceed the cost of the program. Based on this analysis there is no economic justification for either the extension of such courses in Australia or for continuing the program in Queensland. KW - Age KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Curricula KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver age KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Male drivers KW - Males UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396287 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 CHEVROLET CITATION AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/01 SP - 179 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Chevrolet Citation 4-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was December 13, 1983 and the ambient temperature was 40 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396312 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Winkler, C B AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RETARDERS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES: PHASE III EXPERIMENTATION AND ANALYSIS; PERFORMANCE, BRAKE SAVINGS, AND VEHICLE STABILITY PY - 1984/01 SP - 147 p. AB - This report discusses the influences of retarder torque and power on downhill speed control, brake wear, and directional control on slippery surfaces. It presents (1) a "Retardation Prediction Procedure" for calculating the equilibrium speeds (control speeds) attainable by vehicle-retarder combinations when operating on various levels of downgrade, (2) a methodology for predicting the savings in brake wear occurring in service on specified vehicle routes, when a retarder is employed, and (3) a simplified method for estimating those operating conditions that can cause directional control problems, if retarder torque is applied while the vehicle is travelling on a slippery surface. In support of the analytical methods described herein, the report contains descriptions of (a) dynamometer testing performed to investigate brake wear and (b) vehicle tests performed to assess a driver's ability to maintain directional control during retardation on wet and icy surfaces. KW - Brakes KW - Directional control KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Ice KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Speed control KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Torque KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wear KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396317 AU - McGrath, M T AU - Segal, D J AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAL-3D USER CONVENIENCE PACKAGE UPGRADES AND CVS PROGRAM STUDIES OF OCCUPANT EQUILIBRIUM, FORCE DEFLECTION SENSITIVITY AND ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1984/01 SP - 118 p. AB - The CAL-3D Crach Victim Simulator (CVS) is a powerful tool for the mathematical simulation of automobile crashes. The CAL-3D CVS is a highly sophisticated model, however, the program is not user oriented in that the development of input data and the interpretation of program output can be quite time-consuming. In order to make the CAL-3D CVS easier to use, the User Convenience Package (UCP) was developed by MGA Research Corporation. This original version of the UCP provided the user with the capability to quickly assemble input data and to interpret run results by using interactive graphic programs to plot kinematic displays and variable time-histories. The UCP acts as an interface to the CVS and does not affect operation of the CVS. During the development and subsequent usage of the UCP, it became apparent that other capabilities and improvements should be added to the UCP. This report provides a summary of the enhanced capabilities of the UCP and also presents the results of three studies performed to demonstrate the efficiency of the CAL-3D CVS when used in conjunction with the UCP. KW - Computer graphics KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Input KW - Interactive graphics KW - Interpretation KW - Output KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396145 AU - McGrath, M T AU - Segal, D J AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USER'S MANUAL FOR THE CAL-3D USER CONVENIENCE PACKAGE-VOLUME II-PROGRAM LISTINGS PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - The NHTSA has, over the past number of years, funded development of the Calspan Three-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulation (CAL-3D CVS). This investment has resulted in the availability of a powerful analytical tool for studying the impact dynamics of vehicle occupants and pedestrians. The CAL-3D is very general and maintains a high degree of fidelity in modeling the vehicle and occupant system. It, therefore, requires an extensive amount of data to be supplied in order to successfully conduct a simulation run. The number of input data cards required for a typical run may easily exceed 300. Extreme care must be taken in preparing an input deck because of the mixed formats with which the data is read and the necessity at times, to include blank cards for proper sequencing. MGA Research Corporation has developed and upgraded a series of programs known as the User Convenience Package. These programs provide a smooth interaction between the CAL-3D CVS program and the user. The package includes preprocessing programs which substantially ease the burden of construction of a CVS input data deck. Several utility programs have been included to allow the user to set up and maintain libraries of input data elements which may be utilized in the construction of a CVS input data deck. Postprocessing programs are also available which allow interactive selection of output variables to be displayed and plotted after a run has been made. Two existing programs, the GOOD, and the VIEW programs, have also been incorporated into the User Convenience Package. The package allows submission of normally seated vehicle occupant runs with restraints provided by belts or airbags as well as pedestrian occupants positioned in the path of a moving vehicle. This volume provides instructions for use of the developed programs. KW - Computer programs KW - Impacts KW - Information processing KW - Input KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Output KW - Pedestrians KW - Simulation KW - Variables KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396289 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 CHEVROLET CITATION AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/01 SP - 171 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1982 Chevrolet Citation 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was December 22, 1983 and the ambient temperature was 18 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396514 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Peel, H W AU - Perrigo, B J AU - Mikhael, N Z AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DETECTION OF DRUGS IN SALIVA OF IMPAIRED DRIVERS PY - 1984/01 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - p. 185-189 AB - This study examined the feasibility of detecting drugs using saliva samples obtained from impaired drivers. Screening procedures on 1- to 2-mL samples were for cannabinoids, volatiles, benzodiazepines, and other acidic/neutral/basic drugs. Methodology consisted of enzyme multiple immunoassay technique (EMIT) and temperature programmed gas chromatography with confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty-six samples were obtained from drivers arrested for suspicion of impaired driving. Other than alcohol, the major drugs detected were cannabinoids and diazepam. Cocaine was found in one case. KW - Alcohols KW - Drugs KW - Gas chromatography KW - Immunoassay KW - Impaired drivers KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Saliva UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396283 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIRBAG DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PY - 1984/01 SP - 410 p. AB - Sled tests were performed using a driver-only air bag system in conjunction with various belting systems to determine injury criteria using 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile dummies. This report is a compilation and description of those tests. KW - Air bags KW - Demonstration projects KW - Dummies KW - Injury classification KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396153 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIRBAG DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. VOLUME II PY - 1984/01 SP - n.p. AB - Sled tests were performed using a driver-only air bag system in conjunction with various belting systems to determine injury criteria using 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile dummies. This report is a compilation and description of those tests. KW - Air bags KW - Crash injury research KW - Demonstration projects KW - Dummies KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215955 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395949 JO - JOGN Nursing PB - Lippincott (JB) Company AU - Goebel, B AU - Copps, T J AU - Sulayman, R F AU - Lippincott (JB) Company TI - INFANT CAR SEAT USAGE. EFFECTIVENESS OF A POSTPARTUM EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM PY - 1984/01 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - p. 33-36 AB - A study, based on the social learning theory model and designed to assess the effect of a postpartum educational program on mothers' use of infant car seats at the time of discharge was conducted. The control group consisted of data for 92 mothers obtained by recording their behavior at the time of discharge regarding their use of infant car seats and eight other related measures. The postpartum study group (90) was shown an educational slide/audio tape presentation followed by a question-and-answer period and demonstration of car seats. They were also given a shoppers' guide and a pamphlet of facts and pictures of car seats. Statistical significance was obtained on several measures. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Infants KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Parents KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Statistics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217386 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395336 JO - Rhode Island Medical Journal PB - Rhode Island Medical Association AU - Nakabayashi, K AU - Aronson, S C AU - Siegel, M AU - Sturner, W Q AU - Aronson, S M AU - Rhode Island Medical Association TI - TRAFFIC FATALITIES IN RHODE ISLAND: PART I--DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY PY - 1984/01 VL - 67 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-30 AB - This epidemiologic inquiry surveys all traffic mortalities, as determined by the Office of the Medical Examiner, within the state of Rhode Island for the years 1977 through 1982. To the extent that a very small number of these deaths involve non-residents passing through or temporarily residing within the state, the resultant mortality rates are not a totally accurate reflection of the Rhode Islanders who die as a result of traffic accidents. A total of 766 deaths are analyzed in terms of customary population attributes. When appropriate, the resultant distributions are compared with the population characteristics of Rhode Island and the United States. The present paper represents the first of a series analyzing these traffic fatalities. The intent of the first paper is to provide a demographic framework for subsequent efforts, and more extensive discussions will be found in later papers. KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rhode Island KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394314 AU - McGrath, M T AU - Segal, D J AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USER'S MANUAL FOR THE CAL-3D USER CONVENIENCE PACKAGE--VOLUME I-TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1984/01 SP - 177 p. AB - The NHTSA has, over the past number of years, funded development of the Calspan Three-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulation (CAL-3D CVS). This investment has resulted in the availability of a powerful analytical tool for studying the impact dynamics of vehicle occupants and pedestrians. The CAL-3D is very general and maintains a high degree of fidelity in modeling the vehicle and occupant system. It, therefore, requires an extensive amount of data to be supplied in order to successfully conduct a simulation run. The number of input data cards required for a typical run may easily exceed 300. Extreme care must be taken in preparing an input deck because of the mixed formats with which the data is read and the necessity at times, to include blank cards for proper sequencing. MGA Research Corporation has developed and upgraded a series of programs known as the User Convenience Package. These programs provide a smooth interaction between the CAL-3D CVS program and the user. The package includes preprocessing programs which substantially ease the burden of construction of a CVS input data deck. Several utility programs have been included to allow the user to set up and maintain libraries of input data elements which may be utilized in the construction of a CVS input data deck. Postprocessing programs are also available which allow interactive selection of output variables to be displayed and plotted after a run has been made. Two existing programs, the GOOD, and the VIEW programs, have also been incorporated into the User Convenience Package. The package allows submission of normally seated vehicle occupant runs with restraints provided by belts or airbags as well as pedestrian occupants positioned in the path of a moving vehicle. This volume provides instructions for use of the developed programs. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212380 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395338 JO - Canadian Journal of Public Health PB - Canadian Public Health Association AU - Rozovsky, L E AU - Rozovsky, F A AU - Canadian Public Health Association TI - WHY SEAT BELT LEGISLATION IS LEGAL PY - 1984/01 VL - 75 IS - 1 SP - p. 103-104 AB - Each year hundreds of Canadians are seriously injured or killed on the nation's highways. Many of these people would have suffered less serious harm or may have survived had they been wearing safety belts. Indeed, one medicolegal expert estimates that at least 35 to 40% of those who died would have lived had they been in seat restraints. Despite the startling statistics, some provinces are still without mandatory seat belt legislation. Cries of unwarranted intrusion upon the person of another or provincial interference have ruled the day. From a purely legal point of view, however, it is clear that there is no impediment to mandatory seat belt legislation. KW - Canada KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory safety belt utilization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217033 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394299 JO - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Anderson, T E TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION: BALLOON-TYPE BREATH ALCOHOL SELF TESTER FOR PERSONAL USE PY - 1984/01 SP - 7 p. AB - The accuracy of the only breath alcohol balloon-type self test device being marketed for personal use (Luckey Laboratories DM-2) was assessed in the laboratory. Data regarding this self-test device's ability to accurately classify an individual as having 0.10% (or higher) Breath Alcohol Concentration level are reported. This level was selected because it is the legal per se limit for operating a motor vehicle in many states. The results indicate that, at optimal environmental test temperatures (around 75 deg F), a large proportion of individuals with BACs at or above this level would be inaccurately classified as below 0.10%. Also, at more moderate test temperatures (around 60 deg F), the extent of inaccurate classifications and the degree of underestimation of the actual BAC level increases substantially. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25690/DOT-HS-806-538.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394321 AU - Baum, A S AU - Gawron, V J AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SIDE IMPACT PADDING ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE PY - 1984/01 SP - 94 p. AB - A three phase study was undertaken to design and evaluate an acceptable side door padding panel which did not degrade the driver's ability to control a vehicle. In Task 1, drivers' lateral clearance requirements were determined by filming test subjects performing a representative series of driving maneuvers. The films were digitized to create time histories of the left elbow, from which a padding design concept was derived. In Task 2, two prototype test panels were fabricated from the design concept developed in Task 1. An experimental program was conducted, whereby the performance of the test subjects on a double lane change maneuver with the test panels installed was compared to their performance with a standard side door panel. Finally, a brief consumer survey was accomplished, in an effort to obtain estimates of the likelihood that vehicles with similar side door panels would be accepted in the marketplace. It was concluded that: 1) the side door padding concept had the potential to be accepted by consumers, and 2) a small, but statistically reliable, decrement in driver performance was caused by the prototype padding configuration. However, it was suggested that this performance decrement might have a negligible effect on the probability of an accident, which would be more than counterbalanced by the increased driver protection afforded by the side door padding. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Consumers KW - Doors KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Marketing KW - Personnel performance KW - Prototype tests KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212386 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394037 JO - Law and Policy PB - Blackwell Publishers AU - Williams, A F AU - Karpf, R S AU - Blackwell Publishers TI - TEENAGE DRIVERS AND FATAL CRASH RESPONSIBILITY PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 101-114 AB - Data from national files on fatal crashes are analyzed to reveal that young drivers, especially sixteen and seventeen year olds, are more often responsible for fatal crashes than are older drivers. This is particularly the case for young males. Moreover, those killed in crashes for which teenagers are responsible are disproportionately people other than the teenaged drivers. A possible explanation for these facts lies in the "macho" culture of teenaged males. Potential countermeasures include those directed to limiting the driving exposure of teenagers as well as technological devices to moderate the injury-producing forces in crashes. KW - Adolescents KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Males KW - Safety equipment KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394036 JO - Law and Policy PB - Blackwell Publishers AU - Bruce, C J AU - Blackwell Publishers TI - THE DETERRENT EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE AND TORT LAW: A SURVEY OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 67-100 AB - One of the central issues in the debate concerning no-fault insurance is the question of whether tort damages can deter accidents. Although a large, scientific literature exists which could cast light on this question, the participants in the debate have made little reference to that literature. In an attempt to rectify this omission, the following paper surveys a large segment of the statistical results, and comments on the implications which those results have for the no-fault debate. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Deterrents KW - Laws KW - No fault insurance KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Tort liability KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394038 JO - Law and Policy PB - Blackwell Publishers AU - Preusser, D F AU - Williams, A F AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Blackwell Publishers TI - THE EFFECT OF CURFEW LAWS ON MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 115-128 AB - Twelve states in the U.S. have curfew laws, which prohibit young drivers from operating motor vehicles during late evening or early morning hours. The effect of such laws on motor vehicle crashes was studied in four of these states. In each state the laws were found substantially to reduce the crashes of sixteen year olds. Sixteen year old driver crash involvements during curfew hours were reduced by an estimated 69 percent in Pennsylvania, 62 percent in New York, 40 percent in Maryland, and 25 percent in Louisiana. Except in Maryland, the percentage of the sixteen year old population licensed was lower in curfew than comparison states. It is possible that curfew laws reduce early licensure, in which case reductions in crash involvements resulting from curfews are greater than shown above. KW - Adolescents KW - Crashes KW - Curfew KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Laws KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216363 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394034 JO - Law and Policy PB - Blackwell Publishers AU - SNORTUM, J R AU - Blackwell Publishers TI - ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING IN NORWAY AND SWEDEN: ANOTHER LOOK AT THE SCANDINAVIAN MYTH PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 5-44 AB - Ross's (1975) assessment of the Scandinavian drinking-and-driving laws was a pivotal paper in the international literature because, in many ways, Norway and Sweden offer a critical test of the "tough approach" to deterring alcohol-impaired drivers. The present review raises some methodological and philosophical questions about Ross's approach to the Scandinavian data and examines four types of indirect evidence for deterrence in Norway and Sweden. While no conclusive evidence for deterrence could be identified, there was internal consistency in the pattern of circumstantial evidence pointing to a workable system of external restraints and internal controls in Scandinavia; and this pattern of evidence contrasted sharply with that obtained in the U.S. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216359 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394039 JO - Law and Policy PB - Blackwell Publishers AU - KELLEY, H AU - Blackwell Publishers TI - TESTING PELTZMAN'S THEORY OF DRIVER INTENSITY PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 129-143 AB - The 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act empowers the federal government to set motor vehicle safety performance standards. By passing the Act, Congress intended to lower the motor vehicle crash and death rates. Sam Peltzman has since challenged the assumption that safer cars lead to fewer crash-related deaths. His theory is that safer cars instill a feeling of protection in motorists that encourages them to drive more recklessly than in unsafe cars. Peltzman has devised a regression equation that predicts what the motor vehicle death rate would be without auto safety regulation. According to it, the total motor vehicle death rate without regulation is not much different from what we have experienced with regulation. Thus Peltzman concludes the auto safety regulation was ineffective. But Peltzman's equation should not be looked upon as absolute. Other predictive equations of statistical quality equal to Peltzman's model contradict its findings. A series of regressions constructed solely on the basis of maximizing statistical quality with no underlying theory consistently predicts a higher motor vehicle death rate without auto safety regulation than with it. Thus Peltzman's theory lacks the statistical foundation he claims for it. KW - Crash rates KW - Death rate KW - Equations KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Laws KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216364 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394035 JO - Law and Policy PB - Blackwell Publishers AU - Gusfield, J R AU - Rasmussen, P AU - Kotarba, J A AU - Blackwell Publishers TI - THE SOCIAL CONTROL OF DRINKING-DRIVING: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF BAR SETTINGS PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 45-66 AB - Rather than being considered merely an illegal act, the drinking-driving phenomenon can be viewed as a form of social behavior, governed by a set of socially shared rules. This article reports a study which identifies these rules through observation of individuals participating in drinking-driving behavior in four different settings: a close-knit neighborhood bar, a neighborhood bar that draws on a larger population, a social club, and "a fairly fashionable watering hole." The study indicates that the particular social and economic environment of the drinking establishment influences drinking-driving behavior. The intimacy of the neighborhood bar allows the bartender to exert control over drinking and assist in finding alternatives to driving. As the practical possibilities for contact with the bartender are reduced, the ability for the drinking establishment to control drinking-driving is lessened. Moreover, the economic reality in all-bars--the need to sell drinks--takes precedence over controlling drinking-driving. Alternative countermeasures which take into account these social rules of drinking-driving are suggested as preferable policy developments. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drinking establishments KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethnic groups KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216360 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394222 JO - Annals of Emergency Medicine PB - American College of Emergency Physicians AU - McHugh, T P AU - Stinson, E C AU - American College of Emergency Physicians TI - MOPED INJURIES PY - 1984/01 SP - p. 35-39 AB - A prospective 8-month study of moped accidents included 42 accident victims. Moped accidents had a high incidence of hospital admissions (29%), characterized mainly by neurologic and orthopedic injuries. A review of highway accident statistics from North and South Carolina showed that both moped accidents and fatalities are increasing steadily. Following the collision of a moped with a motor vehicle, there is a 4% chance of lethal injury and a 31% chance of severe injury. Recommendations for the prevention of moped accidents are presented. KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Moped drivers KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216464 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393630 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Beshai, N AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - TRENDS IN PROBLEM DRIVING BEHAVIOR IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY AND CALIFORNIA PY - 1984/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 20-27 AB - This study assesses the trends of alcohol-related traffic convictions and personal injury accidents in Los Angeles County during a four-year period (1978-1981). In addition, it examines the relation between alcohol-related traffic convictions and accident involvement, and provides a comparison of Los Angeles County and the state of California. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - California KW - Drunk driving KW - Injuries KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211719 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393620 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Voas, R B AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - ESTIMATING ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL CRASHES: A NOTE ON THE REPORTING OF BAC IN THE FARS PY - 1984/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 3-19 AB - The purpose of this study was to explore the validity of extrapolations of data from a sample of fatally injured drivers where the BAC is believed to be collected routinely, to the total set of drivers in fatal accidents in the United States as reported by the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The results indicate that there is no sizable subset of FARS data which can truly be considered to be routinely (that is, randomly) collected. The closest significant subset of such data are the BACs on fatally injured drivers for the 15 jurisdictions within the FARS file which report BACs most comprehensively. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data sampling KW - Estimating KW - Extrapolation KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Random sampling KW - Statistical sampling KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211710 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392768 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Jagger, J AU - Levine, J I AU - Jane, J A AU - Rimel, R W AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURES OF HEAD INJURY IN A PREDOMINANTLY RURAL POPULATION PY - 1984/01 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - p. 40-44 AB - The characteristics of occurrence of head trauma were studied in north central Virginia. In 1978, 735 cases of head trauma were identified with documented head injuries occurring within the defined service area, and with a minimum overnight hospital stay. Overall occurrence was 208/100,000 population. The highest occurrence was found in the 15-19 age group (407/100,000). Nonwhites showed higher rates than whites. Motor vehicle crashes were the most frequent mechanism of injury (55% of patients) followed by falls (20%), and interpersonal violence (11%). Short-term time trends reveal unique daily, weekly, and seasonal patterns for motor vehicle crashes, falls, and interpersonal violence. Selected prevention strategies are discussed. The use of passive restraints in motor vehicles is recommended as one important means of reducing the occurrence and severity of head injuries. KW - Epidemiology KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rural areas KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392790 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY TRENDS. CAR SIZE PY - 1984/01 SP - 8 p. AB - This report is one of a bimonthly series which presents data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). Data concerning the weight distribution of passenger cars in which fatalities occurred are considered, as well as the relative rate of involvement per registered passenger car in 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1981; the 1982 fatal involvements per thousand 1982 towaway accident involvements; and the fatal passenger car weight distribution from 1500 to 5000 pounds by body type. The weight of passenger cars in which fatalities occurred by year of accident and by body type are also considered. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392264 AU - Sarrailhe, S R AU - Aeronautical Research Laboratories TI - WEATHERING TRIALS AND NEW RIGIDITY TESTS ON PROTECTIVE HELMETS FOR MOTOR CYCLISTS PY - 1984/01 SP - 28 p. AB - Protective helmets with fibreglass or polycarbonate shells were exposed to the weather for three years and subjected to conventional and new rigidity tests. These indicated that: (1) Exposure did not cause deterioration in performance; (2) There was a serious imbalance between the rigidity of the shell and the hardness of the liner; and (3) Some current Standards encourage selection of a grade of "shock absorbing" liner that is too hard relative to the rigidity of the shell. Review of the standards is proposed. KW - Fiberglass KW - Helmets KW - Liners KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance KW - Polycarbonates KW - Standards KW - Stiffness KW - Testing KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207375 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392767 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Mayer, T AU - Walker, M L AU - Clark, P AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - FURTHER EXPERIENCE WITH THE MODIFIED ABBREVIATED INJURY SEVERITY SCALE PY - 1984/01 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-34 AB - In a 3-year period of prospective study, 250 pediatric patients with multiple trauma (injury to at least two body areas) had injuries scored by a modification of the Injury Severity Scale (MISS). This scale uses the categories and rankings of the Abbreviated Injury Scale-1980 (AIS-80) except for neurologic injuries. Neurologic injuries are scored by using a combination of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and other neurologic findings (presence of surgical mass lesion, pupillary light response, and oculocephalic reflexes). The MISS is calculated as the sum of the squares of the three most severely injured body areas. The mean MISS score was 27.8 with 38% of MISS scores greater than or equal to 25 and 62% less than 25. Among those with MISS scores greater than or equal to 25 there was a 40% mortality and 30% disability, while there were no mortalities and 1% disability for those with MISS scores less than 25 (p less than 0.001). Overall mortality was 15%, with 10% disability. Mean MISS scores for death and disability were 33.4 and 30.2, respectively. Neurologic injuries were present in 173 patients (69%); 128 patients had severe head injuries (coma greater than 6 hours duration); 80% of all deaths were due to neurologic injury and all but two deaths had some degree of head injury; the remaining 20% of deaths were due to chest and abdominal injuries. Patients with MISS grade 5 injury (critical, survival uncertain) had 73% mortality, while those with grades 4 and 3 injury had 8% and 2% mortality, respectively. The MISS serves as an accurate predictor of morbidity and mortality in pediatric trauma. The best predictors of outcome were an MISS greater than or equal to 25 and the degree of neurologic injury. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Modifications KW - Mortality rates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391801 AU - Joksch, H C AU - THOREN, S AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - CAR SIZE AND OCCUPANT FATALITY RISK, ADJUSTED FOR DIFFERENCES IN DRIVERS AND DRIVING CONDITIONS PY - 1984/01 SP - 36 p. AB - This study attempts to determine whether the disadvantage of small cars is due to their small size, or whether it is due to other factors such as drivers, driving environment, and the presence of larger cars on the highway. The effects of driver factors and driving conditions are estimated and the fatality rates are adjusted so that they reflect more closely the effects of vehicle factors. The 1981 and 1982 fatal accidents reported in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) was the data base for this study. The car classes distinguished were as follows: small subcompact, small compact, large compact, intermediate, and large. Driver characteristics and driving environment have a strong effect on the driver fatality risk. In considering occupant death rates, single-car accidents were studied, and it was found that there was a clear difference between small and large subcompacts on the one hand and larger compacts and longer cars on the other. In car-car collisions, the occupant fatality rate was found to decrease with increasing weight and wheelbase. Recent data show that Japanese cars have occupant death rates comparable to domestic cars and European subcompacts have lower rates than either of the others. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Hazards KW - Human characteristics KW - Intermediates KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Risk assessment KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Small car KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207064 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391292 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PASSENGER PROTECTION IN AUTOMOBILES--A MEDICAL PROBLEM WITH A LEGAL SOLUTION PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-17 AB - This paper was presented twenty years ago at the AAAM Annual Conference in 1964. At that time efforts were being directed at getting seat belts as standard equipment in automobiles. The paper briefly reviews state and federal legislation concerning automobiles and safety equipment, such as brakes, windshield wipers, and rear view mirrors. Final comments concern seat belts. In 1963 Congress passed a seat belt standards law which required the Secretary of Commerce to establish minimum standards for seat belts for use in motor vehicles. In 1964 a more important bill passed both houses of Congress--HR 1341 which required the Administrator of General Services to prescribe reasonable passenger safety devices for all passenger vehicles acquired by the federal government. KW - Federal government KW - History KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210408 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391696 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Peck, R C AU - ANDERSON, J AU - FORD, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPACT OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL MOTORCYCLE LICENSING PROGRAMS PY - 1984/01 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-35 AB - This report summarizes the final analyses and evaluation of the relative effectiveness of two improved motorcycle licensing programs compared to California's standard licensing program. The findings are based on a sample of 40,834 original applicants who were randomly assigned to the programs over a 3-year period (1976-78). The two improved programs were identical to each other with the exception that one (Program B) required that applicants failing the driving test complete a remedial skills training program. The driver record analyses indicated a statistically significant reduction in motorcycle accident rates during the year after application in each of the two improved licensing programs compared to the present program. The magnitude of the accident reductions ranged from 15% to 21%. Comparisons on the other criterion measures revealed that the two improved programs did not differ from the present program in their impact on motorcycle and automobile convictions, automobile accidents, and total accidents and convictions. Nevertheless, the improved program with remedial training did result in a significant reduction in total number of accidents involving an injury or fatality. Further statistical analyses of the training component confirmed that the remedial training increased the accident-reducing impact of the program. Both improved programs were cost-beneficial on all of the cost-benefit indices. A modified version of the improved licensing program (MOST II) has been implemented at numerous locations throughout California; the traffic safety impact of the modifications will be evaluated in a subsequent study. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391327 AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - Linklater, D R AU - New South Wales Traffic Authority TI - ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ROAD TANKERS WITH FLAMMABLE LOADS PY - 1984/01 SP - 52 p. AB - An in-depth on-scene study of forty-two road tanker incidents with flammable loads was conducted in New South Wales over a period of fifteen months by teams each consisting of an Engineer and a Behavioural Scientist. The report describes notification arrangements, site attendance and investigation techniques used in the study. Results include a listing of all the factors encountered. These are generally classified as mechanical, environmental and behavioural factors. Special mention is made of the potential for improvements in tanker stability, tanker design and tanker maintenance. An Appendix includes all the case histories. KW - Behavior KW - Case studies KW - Crash causes KW - Environment KW - Flammable liquids KW - Hazardous materials KW - Mechanical failure KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tankers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206709 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391378 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Gardner, H G AU - SHELDON, S H AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - HOSPITAL BASED CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY ACTIVITIES: A STATEWIDE SURVEY PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-36 AB - A statewide survey was conducted of all hospitals in Illinois with a newborn service to determine what methods, if any, were being used to encourage child restraint use for newborns upon discharge. Types of activities were graded as follows: none, passive, active, and aggressive. Eighty-two percent of hospitals in Illinois have some program to encourage child passenger safety; 18% have no activities. However, only 8% of hospitals have a program which could be characterized as aggressive. No consistent pattern of methods emerged. As a result of this survey, a protocol has been developed which will be sent to Illinois hospitals detailing and encouraging an aggressive hospital based child passenger safety program. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Hospitals KW - Illinois KW - Passenger restraints KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety programs KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210471 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391695 JO - Traffic Safety Newsletter PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Kelsey, S L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXTENDING DRIVER LICENSES BY MAIL: A 36-MONTH FOLLOW-UP PY - 1984/01 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 7-20 AB - Over four million drivers in California annually go to Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) field offices to take written and vision tests in order to renew their drivers' licenses. In an effort to reduce costs, extension by mail for selected groups of drivers with clean records over the life of their previous license (4 years) was considered. Two experiments were conducted: (1) a 2-year extension evaluation (760,000 subjects) and (2) a 4-year extension evaluation (407,000 subjects). Random assignment to an offer of extension by mail or to a control group requiring standard license renewal procedures was followed by careful tracking of subsequent accidents and convictions. Results after 36 months show no significant differences between the groups. KW - Driver license renewal KW - Follow up investigation KW - Postal service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210628 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390874 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Wilson, R A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - CHANGING VALIDITY OF THE CIRRHOSIS MORTALITY-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE SALES CONSTRUCT: U.S. TRENDS, 1970-1977 PY - 1984/01 SP - p. 53-58 AB - Data on cirrhosis mortality and alcoholic beverage sales were studied for the period 1970-1977 in the U.S. The relationship between cirrhosis mortality and sales was examined by sex and by type of beverage (beer, wine or distilled spirits). Time-series analyses showed that, during this period, total cirrhosis mortality decreased an average of 1.5% per year, sales increased 0.7% per year and alcohol-related cirrhosis mortality increased 2.6% per year. In any given year, however, these factors were highly correlated. Also the relative ranking of the states remained stable, suggesting internal consistency of record keeping. Misestimates of cirrhosis mortality based on sales were examined. Cross-sectional data indicated that sales were positively related to cirrhosis mortality but time-series analyses suggested that increases in sales were associated with decreases in total cirrhosis mortality and increases in the percentage of alcohol-related cirrhosis mortality. Time-series and regression analyses suggested the strong influence of factors external to the basic sales--cirrhosis mortality model and suggested that multiple indicators would be better than cirrhosis mortality and sales alone or in combination, to estimate the magnitude of alcohol problems. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Cirrhosis KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Liver KW - Mortality rates KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390405 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Andrews, A M AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Williams, D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - IS THE INDUSTRY OVERDOSING ON AUTOMATION? PY - 1984/01 VL - 164 IS - 1 SP - p. 45-47 AB - Interviews with automotive suppliers and manufacturers reveals a great deal of caution when considering robots and automated assembly. Consultant James Harbour of Harbour and Associates is more than a little hesitant about adding automation, stating that "We've got to learn to manage today's technology before we spend billions for new technology." Frank A. DiPietro, director of production engineering at Fisher Body, and James K. Bakken, VP of Ford's Operations Support Staff, discuss the problems that must be faced before robotic assembly becomes a thing of the present. Unimation's Joseph Engleberger, sometimes called the father of automation, also expresses a cautionary note. Yet GM's DiPietro says the robot revolution will continue. He is convinced that today's automation is quite efficient and is also necessary for survival, since the rest of the world has much lower labor rates. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Economics KW - Management KW - Robotics KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390435 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEM. FIELD MANUAL FOR THE CONTINUING ANALYTICAL AND STATISTICAL DATA BASE PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Manual provides guidelines for reporting Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) data and establishes update procedures for the annual submission. The Manual outlines procedures for reporting three major types of data--universe mileage data, sample data, and areawide data. Also outlined are the procedures for the preparation of the various types of data, including forms, and instructions for building and editing the data set. A timetable is included for coordinating various aspects of the HPMS. The HPMS organization, guidance, and analyses are the responsibility of the Federal Highway Administration. Data reporting for the HPMS is accomplished by the State highway agencies in cooperation with local government units, metropolitan planning organizations and other organizations. KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Local government KW - Manuals KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - State departments of transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390898 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Staglin, G AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - COMPUTERS TAKE A BYTE OUT OF CLAIM COSTS PY - 1984/01 VL - 45 SP - p. 33-37 AB - Computers are playing a major role in the area of auto damage claims settlement. This article describes a data base, built by ADP Collision Estimating Services, and known as Audatex, which contains information on more than 40 million parts and labor records covering all American autos and small trucks since 1970, plus many imported vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Light trucks KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Small trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390716 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Davis, H F AU - Schletty, A V AU - Ing, R T AU - Wiesner, P J AU - Public Health Service TI - THE 1990 OBJECTIVES FOR THE NATION FOR INJURY PREVENTION: A PROGRESS REVIEW PY - 1984/01 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-23 AB - Unintentional injuries are the principal cause of preventable early death. Beyond terms of human suffering and death, injuries place enormous burdens on this country's economic and health care resources. Demographic, sociological, environmental, and behavioral factors that influence our society contribute to the complexity and scope of the injury problem. Progress in injury prevention will be achieved only through the combined efforts of individuals, organizations, and government at every level of our society. The Federal Government is an important contributor to this process through its role of leading, catalyzing, and providing strategic support. Within the Department of Health and Human Services, numerous agencies have major injury prevention components with a broad range of responsibilities, including the direct delivery of services, establishment of safety standards, sponsorship of education and information efforts, building of the capacity of other sectors, basic and applied research, and surveillance. The Centers for Disease Control, as the lead agency, assists State and local health departments in their injury prevention efforts and coordinates activities undertaken jointly by Federal agencies, State and local governments, and private-sector organizations. To meet the 1990 Objectives for the Nation with respect to injury prevention, both the public health and private-sector providers must recognize the injury problem of the 1980s. Without the support and involvement of the public health and provider communities and of the private sector, injuries and their costs will continue at their present alarming rates. The opportunity is great for promoting health, preventing injuries, and reducing associated costs to society. Making the best of this opportunity is our challenge during this decade. KW - Costs KW - Education KW - Federal government KW - Governments KW - Information dissemination KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Private enterprise KW - Public health KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390451 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES DISPATCHER: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM (SECOND EDITION). 1983 STUDENT STUDY GUIDE AND DISPATCHER'S MEDICAL REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Student Study Guide is one of three documents prepared for the Emergency Medical Services Dispatcher: National Standard Curriculum. It was designed as a training aid for the student. As such, it provides an overview of the objectives and content of each course lesson and includes study suggestions to aid trainees in achieving course objectives. This training course is designed to prepare dispatcher personnel to operate a telecommunication base station for the purpose of receiving requests for emergency medical services and allocating community resources in response to such requests. It is intended that the EMS Dispatcher who completes this course will be able to demonstrate minimum competency in carrying out the four broad functions required of such a dispatcher. KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Dispatching KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Telecommunications KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390420 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - UNINSURED MOTORIST. FACTS & FIGURES PY - 1984/01 SP - 50 p. AB - Numerous studies and reports regarding the subject of uninsured motorists have been prepared by both insurance and non-insurance organizations. The purpose of this publication is to consolidate facts and figures pertaining to this issue and to the insurance coverage designed to compensate those who are involved in automobile accidents caused by financially irresponsible motorists. Topics addressed included (1) measurements of the size of the uninsured motorist problem, (2) the characteristics of uninsured drivers as a group and (3) the methods used by state legislatures to reduce the number of uninsured motorists and to provide their victims with a source of recovery. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Compensation KW - Employee compensation KW - Insurance industry KW - Uninsured motorists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391155 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - AT WORK AND AT PLAY. TESTIMONY TO 49 CFR 571 (DOCKET NO. 74-14; NOTICE 32). FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD: OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-11 AB - This article states the position of the American Association for Automotive Medicine (AAAM) on occupant crash protection. The AAAM has been on record for over a decade in support of requiring the use of safety restraint systems by all motor vehicle occupants. In 1977, the AAAM adopted an official position stating that there are no valid medical reasons for granting exemptions from belt use. The AAAM strongly believes that occupant crash protection is on a continuum and that there are both short and longer term solutions that must be considered and implemented as technology, public acceptability, and political realities change. The experiences of countries with mandatory laws are cited as important information germane to the current discussions underway in the United States. Also pointed out is the growing evidence strongly suggestive of a changing attitude toward safety belt use laws in the United States. Several events within the medical community in the last year illustrate that joint private-public sector action at both state and national levels is not only possible but also feasible to secure enactment of belt use laws. KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Physicians KW - Restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391156 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Wintemute, G J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - MOTOR VEHICLE-RELATED MORTALITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. PART I: A GLOBAL ANALYSIS PY - 1984/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 29-34 AB - The relationship between the process of economic development and motor vehicle-related mortality is assessed. Current mortality statistics and economic information from countries at varying levels of economic development are used. Using this method, little or no relationship is found between a nation's state of economic development as commonly measured and its current experience with motor vehicle-related mortality. Implications for health planners and workers in traffic safety are discussed. KW - Economic development KW - Fatalities KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390717 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Durell, J AU - Bukoski, W AU - Public Health Service TI - PREVENTING SUBSTANCE ABUSE: THE STATE OF THE ART PY - 1984/01 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-31 AB - While drug abuse among adolescents and young adults has begun to decline from the epidemic levels of the late 1970s, it remains a serious national health problem. Much information from research suggests that young people at the junior and senior high school levels are the most vulnerable to the social pressures that lead to experimental and then regular use of psychoactive substances. Well-designed prevention programs for youngsters in these age groups have the potential to prevent the onset and development of regular drug use. Primary prevention strategies developed over the past two decades--media campaigns, school drug education programs, and "generic" programs--are reviewed, and evaluative research is discussed. The authors describe two additional prevention approaches--the "macro" approach (creating a climate of nondrug use) and positive peer pressure strategies--for which early data suggest genuine promise for the future. KW - Drugs KW - Education KW - Prevention KW - Schools KW - State of the art studies KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390873 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Kurtz, N R AU - Googins, B AU - Howard, W C AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF OCCUPATIONAL ALCOHOLISM PROGRAMS PY - 1984/01 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - p. 33-45 AB - The research on the success of occupational alcoholism programs (OAPs) was reviewed. One measure of the success of OAPs has been a change in drinking behavior. This may seem like the most relevant measure but there are questions about its reliability because researchers usually depend on subjects' self-reports and do not define their criteria for successful outcome well. In addition, attempts by employers to dictate the drinking habits of their employees may be difficult to justify. Varying rates of success on this measure have been reported. Subjects have generally been able to control drinking in the long term, but it is suggested that their control erodes over time. A second measure of the success of OAPs has been work performance, as revealed by absenteeism, disciplinary actions, accidents, sick and injured days taken, turnover rate and job efficiency. Studies of this measure have been hindered by employers poor record keeping and by the difficulty of developing standard measures of outcome success. In general, studies with weaker research designs have shown more improvement on this measure. A third measure has been the cost efficiency of OAPs, as revealed by direct savings for employers resulting from OAPs such as decreases in absenteeism and indirect savings such as increased accuracy of work. This measure seems to be the one most relevant to employers' profit motives. Studies of cost efficiency have had ambiguous findings. A fourth measure has been the penetration rate--the extent to which an OAP reaches its target population. This measure has never been studied successfully. A problem with all the studies reviewed has been their poor design (a lack of control groups, follow-up periods that were too brief and problems with selection of subjects), which raises serious questions about their validity. The obstacles to measuring outcome success were also discussed--poor documentation by employers, lack of access to subject and reluctance on the part of employers and treatment staff to allow studies. KW - Alcoholism KW - Alcoholism treatment programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Employee participation KW - Employers KW - Labor KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390948 AU - Pritz, H B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HOOD AND FENDER DESIGN ON PEDESTRIAN HEAD PROTECTION PY - 1984/01 SP - 155 p. AB - This report presents the results of an experimental study to establish baseline data on pedestrian head impacts onto the hoods and fenders of current production vehicles. Eight different current production vehicles from subcompact to full size were struck at numerous points on the surface using a headform impactor. Pedestrian accident investigation files from the Pedestrian Injury Causation Study were used to identify principal head impact areas on the hood, and the relation between vehicle velocity and head injury. It was found that there is a band across the hood about 1 foot wide where an adult head impact is very likely to occur. The results of the experiments indicate that the impact dynamics for the full range of vehicles were quite similar. Small effects were noted due to hood character lines, underhood framing, or hood design. The hood itself is a good energy absorbing structure if sufficient clearance exists between the hood and the stiff engine and body components. The results show that bottoming frequently occurs on engine and body components with subsequent high impact levels. It is believed that significant benefits could be realized in reducing adult pedestrian head injuries by increasing the clearance between the hood and engine to 2-3 inches in the principal impact band. KW - Crash injury research KW - Fenders KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Hoods KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206393 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389409 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Cruzic, K AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - EVEN "SAFE" DRUGS CAN AFFECT YOUR DRIVING ABILITY PY - 1984/01 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This article briefly describes the effects of various over-the-counter and prescription drugs on the ability to drive. The following drugs are referred to: antihistamines, analgesics (mild pain relievers), narcotics, anti-infective agents, sedatives, tranquilizers, local anesthetics, amphetamines, and hallucinogens. KW - Amphetamines KW - Anesthesia KW - Anesthetics KW - Antihistamines KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Medicine KW - Personnel performance KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389423 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - BIKERS AND KILLER BS (BEER AND OTHER BOOZES AS WELL AS BARBS, BLOTTERS, BENNIES, BLOW...) PY - 1984/01 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - p. 10-15 AB - This article discusses the effects of alcohol and drugs on a motorcyclist's driving abilities. It concludes that whether a drug is an "upper," a "downer," a beer, a glass of wine or a shot of whiskey, the immediate or delayed effects impair mental or physical processes--many affect both. Coordination, judgment and reactions are vital for all drivers, but even more so for motorcyclists. The coordination and awareness needed to ride a motorcycle safely allows no room for impairment of any kind. According to the Motorcycle Safety Foundation, most people ride motorcycles because they enjoy close contact with the machine and the riding environment. Use of alcohol and other drugs before riding a motorcycle can only inhibit the intimate relationship between the motorcyclist, the machine and the road. KW - Awareness KW - Coordination KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intoxication KW - Motorcyclists KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389411 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Stuchal, F W AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - TIRE MATERIAL TRENDS INTO THE NINETIES PY - 1984/01 VL - 116 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-17 AB - This article looks at the trends in tire materials into the next decade, with a look first at a number of factors which will influence these trends. Those factors examined include population statistics and economic growth rates, the source and cost of energy, the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) regulations, and automobile downsizing. The downsizing of tires will continue and the reliability will increase to the point where automobiles will no longer be equipped with spare tires. Use of predominantly radial tires will increase the consumption of national rubber. Factors offsetting natural rubber usage will be downsizing, retreading, and synthetic polyisoprene. Current forecasts show synthetic rubber consumption increasing into the 1990's at a greater rate worldwide than that of natural rubber. Also included in this article is a discussion of tire performance characteristics, including rolling resistance, treadwear, air retention, ride and handling, long term durability, and uniformity. Final discussion centers on biotechnology and genetic engineering of plants to produce the botanochemicals which can be the source of additives that comprise tire composites. KW - Downsizing KW - Durability KW - Forecasting KW - Genetic engineering KW - Materials KW - Natural rubber KW - Performance KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Reliability KW - Rolling resistance KW - Standardization KW - Synthetic rubber KW - Technology KW - Tires KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389413 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - ADVANCED EGR TESTING PY - 1984/01 VL - 160 IS - 1 SP - 7 p. AB - This article discusses the operation of some of the more complicated EGR systems and explains how to troubleshoot them. Those systems covered include the Ford Venturi vacuum system, the Ford remote backpressure sensor, the Ford integral backpressure sensor, the Chrysler Venturi amplifier system, the Chrysler backpressure sensor system, the Chrysler-Mitsubishi 2.6-liter EGR, the GM EGR control solenoids, and the GM pulse-width-modulated EGR. KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Testing KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389410 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Gunnell, J A AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - A HEALTHY HOBBY. OLD TIME AMBULANCES PY - 1984/01 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 52-55 AB - With the establishment of new federal certification standards for ambulances in the 1970s car-type ambulances became collectors items. This article takes a look at some of these obsolete ambulances and gives some advice to those who are considering the purchase of an "antique" ambulance. KW - Ambulances KW - History KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209270 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389412 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Schur, K M AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - TIRE PERFORMANCE: AN OPTIMUM BALANCE APPROACH PY - 1984/01 VL - 116 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-23 AB - This article discusses an optimum balance design technique for arriving at the best possible compromise in wet traction, dry traction, rolling resistance, and tread wear. Correlation or regression models of each property versus the independent variables, Tan delta and Shore A hardness, are developed. On a scale of 0-100, the optimum balance approach provided only a 61 overall goodness rating, which emphasizes the compromises that must be made when simultaneously trying to optimize these properties. KW - Design KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389475 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED SOBRIETY TESTING PY - 1984/01 SP - 13 p. AB - The purpose of this Manual is to acquaint you with the most effective procedures for testing drivers at roadside to determine whether or not they are intoxicated. Police officers generally evaluate a driver's physical appearance and condition while he is still seated in the vehicle. This evaluation typically includes: 1) breath odor; 2) condition of the eyes; 3) demeanor; 4) color of the face; 5) dexterity; 6) speech; and 7) clothing. Further testing is usually given only if these preliminary evaluations cause the officer to be suspicious. The sobriety tests contained in this training program were selected from those used by police officers throughout the country and were refined by research scientists to make them as reliable as possible in determining alcohol intoxication. The testing and scoring procedures were standardized and the tests were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field. Although these tests are not meant to replace other tools, careful testing and scoring in accordance with the procedures outlined in this Manual will enable officers to determine the blood alcohol concentrations of 0.10 percent or more at roadside. To assist officers in the learning and practice of these testing techniques, a video tape has been prepared which explains and illustrates the tests. The last part of this tape consists of practice segments in which viewers, using the score sheets at the back of this Manual, may evaluate the performance of intoxicated volunteers. In addition, the Manual explains proper testing, scoring, and decision criteria of the tests so that the material may be studied and reviewed periodically. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25683/DOT-HS-806-512.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205541 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389159 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Gilbert, A K AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION CAPACITY PY - 1984/01 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 48-52 AB - Experience indicates that signalized intersection capacity standards may be too low and the rigid interpretation of level of service is not supported by theory of practice. This paper attempts to provide some background numbers or rules of thumb that might be useful, and suggest directions for more in-depth study of the problems. The paper discusses basic methodology, basic flow rates, peak hour factor, and accuracy. The critical movements analysis technique is a better approach for the analysis of signalized intersections than that of the Highway Capacity Manual. The critical movements analysis technique is close to Webster's method. However, without an understanding of numerical results, capacity analysis could be led astray by flow rate standards that are too low, the influence of peak hour factor, and the inherent variation in the traffic demand data. KW - Accuracy KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Level of service KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Signalized intersections KW - Standards KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389168 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, COLLISION COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1983 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, 1982 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST TWO YEARS, 1981 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST THREE YEARS PY - 1984/01 SP - 51 p. AB - This report describes the collision coverage loss experience of 1983 models during their first year of availability, 1982 models during their first two years, and 1981 models during their first three years. Results are presented for passenger cars, vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. This report is based on collision coverage and loss data supplied by eleven insurers: Aetna, Allstate, GEICO, Kemper, Liberty Mutual, Nationwide, Prudential, Safeco, State Farm, Travelers and USAA. Detailed explanations of data sources and methods of analysis are given in HLDI report R83-1. A complete list of the vehicle classifications by make, series, body style, and size class appears in Appendix A and definitions are given in Appendix B. KW - Automobiles KW - Insurance industry KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205337 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389073 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Haliechuk, R AU - National Safety Council TI - ON-THE-SPOT LICENSE SUSPENSIONS CUT TRAFFIC TOLL IN ONTARIO PY - 1984/01 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-9 AB - More than 41,000 motorists with BACs below the legal limit have had their licenses lifted for 12 hours and their cars often towed away since the provincial parliament approved a controversial law two years ago. So far there hasn't been a ripple of public protest, and traffic deaths are down. KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209138 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389175 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - RESTRAIN YOURSELF. ALTERNATE USES FOR SEATBELTS PY - 1984/01 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - 4 p. AB - This article provides many facts making a good case for using seat belts. The facts are presented in a question and answer format. It is noted that about 14,000 to 18,000 lives could be saved annually if all automobile occupants used safety belts. Most crashes occur at speeds under 40 mph, and about 70% of all accidents occur within 25 miles from home. Using a lap and shoulder belt offers the best possible protection in the event of a collision. All persons, including children, should wear seat belts. Children under 4 years of age should ride in a safety seat. If one is thrown from a vehicle, the chances of being killed are 25 times greater. Less than 1% of all accidents involve tire or submersion in water. In such cases, the safety belt will minimize injuries enabling one to stay conscious and so capable of escaping. It is noted that seat belts might be useful in other places (on a swing, hammock, or while watching TV) besides the automobile. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209189 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389054 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Saito, M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - EVALUATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF THE MUTCD MINIMUM PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE REQUIREMENT FOR ABORTING THE PASSING MANEUVER PY - 1984/01 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-22 AB - The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) specifies the minimum passing sight distances in connection with the marking patterns delineating passing and no-passing zones. Although it has been discussed that the current MUTCD minimum passing sight distance requirement is inadequate for safe completion of the passing maneuver, the adequacy of the MUTCD requirement for aborting the passing maneuver has not been specifically addressed. The primary objectives of this article are to evaluate the adequacy of the MUTCD sight distance requirement for aborting the passing maneuver by using kinematic models and to establish the desired sight distances for safely aborting the passing maneuver. KW - Evaluation KW - Kinematics KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Passing sight distance KW - Recommendations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389074 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - DWI PROGRAM INCENTIVE AWARDS HIGHLIGHT HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY DIVISION MEETING PY - 1984/01 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - 6 p. AB - The presentation of incentive grant checks and recognition plaques for outstanding drunk driving countermeasure actions and the unveiling of the results of an extensive study of emerging trends in highway traffic safety were two top highlights of the annual meeting of the National Safety Council's Highway Traffic Safety Division, held October 17, 1983 in Chicago. This article names the winners of the seven incentive grants and the seven recognition plaques and gives an explanation of why each received an award. Comments are then made on a study performed by Council staff members entitled, "Emerging Trends Relevant to Highway Traffic Safety." The 80-page report is divided into four major areas: demographics, driving and drivers, federal policy, and traffic statistics. KW - Awards KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Grant aid KW - Incentives KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209139 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389164 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Rosenfield, H N AU - National Safety Council TI - VISIONS OF THINGS TO COME: WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS FOR FEDERAL SAFETY REGULATION AND THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL PY - 1984/01 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - An attempt is made to consider what lies ahead for federal regulation and the National Safety Council in the year 2000. Although there has been outcry against federal regulation, indications are that it is here to stay. There have been objections to deregulation from business and widespread public acceptance of federal regulatory programs. Also, the public expects a much higher degree of safety and occupational health excellence from the private sector than mere compliance with mandatory requirements. A public demand for the continued performance of the National Safety Council is foreseen. The Council's survival will depend upon its response to certain key questions relating to the following: (a) will it be job-oriented or serve broader public needs? (b) will it have just 15,000 members or be a national safety outreach with millions of members? KW - Deregulation KW - Federal government KW - Occupational safety KW - Private enterprise KW - Public health KW - Public opinion KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389177 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ALCOHOL-GASOLINE BLENDS IN 1980 MODEL AUTOMOBILES PHASE II--METHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - The Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) conducted a test program designed to define the emissions, fuel economy, driveability, and vapor lock characteristics of both simple and volatility-adjusted ethanol-gasoline (Phase I) and methanol-gasoline (Phase II) blends versus gasoline. The fuels were tested in 1980 model-year cars representing various emission-control technologies using test procedures accepted by the Federal Government and Industry. This report details the methanol-gasoline blends portion of the program. Six unleaded fuels were used for this phase of the program: a reference gasoline and five methanol blends. The methanol-gasoline blends had oxygen contents ranging between 1 and 8 weight percent, and included fuels with and without isobutanol co-solvent. Ten of the fourteen 1980 model cars from the Phase I portion of the program were re-used in Phase II, following renovation, reinspection, and acceptance by CRC. The study showed that methanol in gasoline affected most vehicle performance parameters. Organic and carbon monoxide tailpipe emissions were reduced, but effects on other emissions, driveability, and fuel economy were generally adverse with methanol at the higher concentrations. Another experimental program is needed to define the response of vehicle performance factors to fuel characteristics such as oxygen content and volatility, which this program strongly suggests are the two most influential on vehicle performance. KW - Air quality management KW - Alcohols KW - Blends KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Performance evaluations KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208750 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389176 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Stanton, B J AU - Bell, J AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TRUE ACCIDENTS: THE WAY IT HAPPENS. A REASON FOR DYING PY - 1984/01 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - p. 16-18 AB - Two accidents are described by persons actually involved in those accidents. In the first accident, the driver was driving a pickup truck through an intersection in which he had the right-of-way before he noticed too late, a driver approaching at high speed on the right and without slowing down. The pickup truck was hit, turned over several times, and was a total reck. However, the driver was able to slowly leave the truck, and except for minor lacerations, was given a clean bill of health by the hospital. This fortunate outcome was entirely due to the driver wearing his seat belt at the time of the accident. In the second accident, the writer was riding as a passenger in a car driver by his fiancee. He was wearing his seat belt and she was not. In a moment of carelessness, the car left the road, the driver lost control of the car and it turned over several times before finally coming to rest 225 feet away. The seat-belt wearing passenger undid his belt and ran out to look for his fiancee, the driver who was no longer in the vehicle. She was lying dead some distance away. The passenger's lucky escape is attributed to his wearing his seat belt and the drivers instantaneous death to her not wearing the seat belt. KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209190 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389079 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - PROGRESS SETS THE TONE OF THE 71ST NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS PY - 1984/01 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - 9 p. AB - This article gives an overview of the 71st Annual National Safety Congress and Exposition which was held in Chicago, October 17-20, 1983. The theme was "Safety and Productivity--Partners for Progress." J.C. Gilchrest, the Council's executive vice president who had been serving as acting president, was officially elected president of the National Safety Council. His remarks on Council activity during the past year emphasized the theme of progress. He noted the Council's efforts to implement the recommendations of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, the progress made in the buckle-up program, the success in promoting child safety seat laws, and the success of Operation Lifesaver to reduce deaths and injuries at highway railroad grade crossings. What other speakers had to say about progress in the safety area is also reported in this article, including written comments from U.S. Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole. KW - Conferences KW - Highway safety KW - Reviews KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387819 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - LOOKING FOR A GOOD COMPACT? PY - 1984/01 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - p. 7-15 AB - This article reports the results of performance tests on four compact cars: the Toyota Camry LE, the Mazda 626 Deluxe Sport Sedan, the Chevrolet Cavalier CS, and the Mercury Topaz LS. Also noted are the basic prices for the body styles and trim lines available, and manufacturers' information on dimensions and engine displacement and horsepower. Performance tests covered fuel economy, engine driveability, shifting, acceleration, accident avoidance ability, handling precision, braking, ride quality, noise, driving position, front seating, rear seating, climate control, controls, displays, servicing ease, and predicted repair incidence. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Compact automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Displays KW - Driveability KW - Driving KW - Fuel conservation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Information display systems KW - Noise KW - Performance tests KW - Prices KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Ride quality KW - Seats KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387727 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES DISPATCHER: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM. SECOND EDITION 1983. COURSE GUIDE PY - 1984/01 SP - 16 p. AB - This Course Guide has four sections: The Introduction which provides an overview of the training program and the functions of the EMS Dispatcher; The Instructional Program which covers work performance addressed by the course, student qualifications, student performance objectives, course structure, instructional strategy, and a brief description of each course unit; Course Planning Considerations which includes suggestions for scheduling course lessons and determining class size, instructor qualifications, and required materials, equipment and facilities; and Program Management and Evaluation which includes suggestions for customizing the course to meet local needs, suggestions for course management, and techniques for evaluating student achievement and course effectiveness. The standards set in this Course Guide are to be used as a roadmap for the development and evaluation of an EMS Dispatcher training course. KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Dispatchers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Instructors KW - Scheduling KW - Standards KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387772 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TESTING THE CHARGING SYSTEM PY - 1984/01 VL - 161 IS - 1 SP - p. 41-44 AB - This article explains how to maintain, troubleshoot, and repair the units responsible for producing and controlling electricity in an automobile. These units are the alternator, voltage regulator, and the wiring that connects them to each other and to the units they serve. KW - Alternators KW - Automobiles KW - Electric wire KW - Electrical equipment KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Voltage regulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387726 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES DISPATCHER: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM. SECOND EDITION 1983. INSTRUCTOR'S LESSON PLANS PY - 1984/01 SP - 154 p. AB - This Instructor's Lesson Plans document is one of three documents utilized in the Emergency Medical Services Dispatcher: National Standard Curriculum. Its purpose is to assist the instructor in conducting and teaching a course which will prepare students to serve as EMS dispatchers. As such, it contains detailed outlines of course content and guidance for teaching each course unit. KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Dispatchers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Instructors KW - Standards KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387771 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Assenza, T AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - STOP, THIEF! PY - 1984/01 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 9 p. AB - After giving an outline of a typical auto theft, this article describes all the ways you can prevent your car and its contents from finding their way to the midnight auto parts bins and how to select an alarm system. A list of security system organizations is included. KW - Alarm systems KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety equipment KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204707 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387773 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Laidlaw, A AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW TO KEEP YOUR DIESEL RUNNING THIS WINTER PY - 1984/01 VL - 161 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - In this well-illustrated article, a Volkswagen Rabbit Diesel owner explains how he solved the problem of keeping his engine running in winter by installing a fuel heater. KW - Automobiles KW - Cold weather KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Heaters KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204709 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387763 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Scott, D AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - COMING: SKID CONTROL FOR SMALL CARS PY - 1984/01 VL - 224 IS - 1 SP - p. 68-69 AB - Electronic anti-skid brake systems have been available on luxury cars such as the BMW and Mercedes. This article describes a simple, all-mechanical system, intended for small front-wheel drive cars, designed by Lucas Girling in Great Britain that will be offered in early 1985 for around $270. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antiskid device KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Front wheel drive KW - Skid resistance KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204701 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387764 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Cerullo, B AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - ENGINE PING? INSTALL A KNOCK PY - 1984/01 VL - 221 IS - 1 SP - p. 110-111 AB - Instructions are given for installing the Engine Knock Eliminator (EKE) and the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) or "black box". The EKE is a self-monitoring ignition system that advances for maximum fuel economy and performance and retards to prevent detonation. Each system had to be adjusted to the type of fuel used and the amount of knock tolerated by the owner. The system's operation should be checked after installation. It was found that the EKE greatly reduced knock and ping and permitted the use of lower-octane unleaded fuel in an older engine that generally performs better on unleaded premium fuel. The engine is also protected from engine damaging detonation that can occur even when using premium fuel, or when pulling a trailer or other load. It was noted that there was some, but not much, power-loss. The EKE can be used on 4-, 6-, or 8-cylinder, negative-ground, spark-ignition engines. The General Motors V6 models with odd-firing and the Wankel rotary engines are exceptions. The EKE momentarily alters the factory timing curve, but it's use is legal in every state. KW - Detonation KW - Electronic control KW - Engine knock KW - Fuel consumption KW - Ignition systems KW - Monitoring KW - Prevention KW - Self monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204702 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387446 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Hess, R L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRENDS AND FACTORS IN THE EVOLUTION OF TRAFFIC SAFETY IN THE U.S. PY - 1984/01 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 16 p. AB - The field of traffic safety was formally introduced in the United States in the 1966-1968 time period by several major acts of Congress. At that time the federal and state governments and the automotive industry commenced simultaneous efforts to develop statistics, understanding, and programs of action. These programs were directed toward roadway and driver improvements and the control of vehicular design, in addition to development of a base of knowledge and descriptive data bases. Public policy evolved slowly. After a long period of primary emphasis on roadway and vehicle design, emphasis is currently tending to be on driver behavior. This paper concerns itself mostly with the underlying statistics and description of design-related sub-areas of the problem still outstanding. KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070597 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Corporate average fuel economy standards for light trucks, model year 1986 : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070596 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Corporate average fuel economy standards for light trucks, model year 1985 : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070594 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Occupant crash protection, FMVSS 208, Alternative proposals D,F; Supplemental inflation impact evaluation PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070593 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Corporate average fuel economy standards for light trucks, model years 1986-1987 : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829978 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399910 AU - Fiorini, R A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - COMPUTER AIDED IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE ACTUATOR DESIGN PY - 1984 SP - p. 553-563 AB - In order to design automotive actuator systems, it is necessary to have a model which will adequately describe the system's motion. However, it is often the case that, because of extremely complex physical phenomena, the laws of science are either too complicated or inadequate to give a satisfactory description of the dynamic system. In these circumstances the design may turn to the second source of information about the dynamics, which is the data taken from experiments directly conducted to excite the system and to measure the response. In order to achieve high productivity in automotive actuator design, an automatic identification system can be a strong tool. The basic requirements of such a system are discussed and a case-study is presented. A low cost version of the automatic identification system can better also quality and repeatability in manufacturing process. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Actuators KW - Automatic equipment identification KW - Automatic identification KW - Automotive engineering KW - Design KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399936 AU - Giussani, G AU - Pecchioli, M AU - Poncini, G F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - RESEARCH ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF A SEDAN CAR BODY TO DEFINE ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ACOUSTIC COMFORT PY - 1984 SP - 25 p. AB - Goal of the research was to search out the knowledge of the dynamic behaviour of a saloon car body, in order to understand how to improve the acoustic comfort. Special attention was devoted to the second harmonic of the engine. In the purpose to reduce the cost of the research, after a first measurement of the unmodified vibrational characteristic of the car, the whole work was done on a trimmed body, using artificial excitation techniques. An electrodynamic exciter driven by white noise, hammer shock and a couple of loudspeakers were used. KW - Acoustics KW - Automobile bodies KW - Comfort KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495606 AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - NATIONAL ROAD SAFETY SYMPOSIUM: PEOPLE AND THE ROAD ENVIRONMENT, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, 29-31 OCTOBER 1984 SN - 0-644-03688-5 PY - 1984 SP - 61 p. AB - Included in this session of the National Road Safety Symposium are the following papers: Traffic Management and Its Contribution to Road Safety, H.L. Camkin; Designing Safer Road Systems, N.A. Waslin; Eliminating Roadside Hazards, G. Couch (text is not included here - will be distributed with proceedings); and Urban and Non-urban Aspects of Road Safety, J.V. Hewitt and B. Sandow. KW - Conferences KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495610 AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - NATIONAL ROAD SAFETY SYMPOSIUM: PEOPLE AND THE LAW, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, 29-31 OCTOBER 1984 SN - 0-644-03689-3 PY - 1984 SP - 35 p. AB - Included in this session of the National Road Safety Symposium are the following papers: Law Enforcement Practice, C.L. Hermes; and Deterrence and Detection, L.R. McMenomy. KW - Conferences KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Random breath tests KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305657 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495626 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - CLOSING THE GAP: ARE SEATBELT LAWS CLOSER TO REALITY? PY - 1984 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-17 AB - Safety authorities are convinced that mandatory seat belt laws, automatic restraints, or both should be imposed to assure maximum protection. The Department of Transportation (DOT) recently (July 1984) created a controversy over which system works best, which should be mandated by law and when we should pass legislation for the safety of American motorists. The DOT rule, called "Occupant Crash Protection," requires the installation of automatic crash protection (in the form of passive restraints) in American-made passenger cars. Such protection is mandated on a four-year phase-in schedule beginning with 10% of new cars available in September 1986 and progressing to 100% of new cars by September 1, 1989. The controversy appears in what many have called DOT's "trapdoor" clause for auto manufacturers. It states that automatic restraint requirements will be rescinded if states accounting for at least two-thirds of the U.S. population enact mandatory seat belt use laws before April 1, 1989. Rather than settling the dispute, this trapdoor further divides those who support seat belt legislation and advocates of automatic protection. But, it doesn't have to. The Alliance of American Insurers, when faced with this dilemma, which seems to force a choice between air bags and seat belt laws, has chosen to save lives now by working for passage of mandatory seat belt use statutes while retaining the hope that passive restraints will also be available. KW - Air bags KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495609 AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - NATIONAL ROAD SAFETY SYMPOSIUM: PEOPLE AS ROAD USERS, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, 29-31 OCTOBER 1984 SN - 0-644-03690-7 PY - 1984 SP - 64 p. AB - Included in this session of the National Road Safety Symposium are the following papers: Children and Road Safety, B.J. Elliott; Road User Behaviour - Myths and Realities, I.R. Johnston; Road Trauma, B.A. Smithurst; and Driver Training and Licensing, C.J. Boughton, R.A. Budd, and G.M.L. Quayle. KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Conferences KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Travelers KW - User behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305656 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495625 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - DO DEFENSIVE DRIVING COURSES MAKE BETTER DRIVERS? PY - 1984 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-27 AB - Successful completion of the National Safety Council's Defensive Driving Course (DDC) or a high school driver training program does not statistically warrant a mandatory auto insurance discount. In a report published earlier this year by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), the merits of the DDC were examined. The report evaluated 16 studies of DDC, only five of which were considered "scientifically rigorous" or valid tests of DDC effectiveness. IIHS Researchers A.K. Lund and A.F. Williams found that DDC had no effect on crashes and decreased the frequency of traffic violations only slightly. Similarly, a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) study of the effect of defensive driving courses on teenagers' accident rates found that neither a special driver education course emphasizing safety nor a less elaborate program of instruction has resulted in lower crash involvement or decreased traffic violations. KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver education KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495629 JO - Deviant Behavior PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Shoham, S G AU - Rahav, G AU - Markovski, R AU - Chard, F AU - Baruch, I AU - Hemisphere Publishing TI - "ANXIOUS" AND "RECKLESS" DRIVERS PY - 1984 VL - 5 IS - 1-4 SP - p. 181-191 AB - This paper presents personality profiles of two types of recidivist traffic offenders. One is the "anxious" traffic offender who imputes legitimacy to traffic norms, yet due to innate structural personality defects, he tends to enter into a state of anxiety when confronted with risky traffic situations or a traffic jam. The other type is the "reckless" driver, who does not impute legitimacy to traffic norms nor to other legal norms. From this personality theory a number of hypotheses were derived and tested by means of multiple regression. Our ability to predict the number of traffic offenses suggests that similar tools may be used by the traffic authorities and traffic courts. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Anxiety KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Forecasting KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Personality KW - Recidivism KW - Reckless drivers KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495306 AU - Fanter, T A AU - Steen, G W AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING'S COMPREHENSIVE REPORT 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 214 p. AB - This report presents statistics on Wyoming road accidents for the period 1975-1984. Specifically, the information covers the accident, the human element, the environmental element, the vehicle element, Wyoming City and town accidents, alcohol related traffic accidents, 14-20 year old drivers, trucks, school buses, and motorcycles. The information is presented in the form of tables, charts, summaries, and graphs. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Environmental quality KW - Human factors KW - Roadside KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305477 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495680 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Maslowski, A AU - Krutul, J AU - Swets Publishing Service TI - ANALYSIS METHOD OF HEAD-ON VEHICLE COLLISION PY - 1984 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - p. 357-366 AB - In this paper a method of analysis of vehicle head-on collision, based on the concept of dispersion of stress waves in rods upon axial impact has been presented. The mathematical model of collision studied here described the vehicle behaviour in collision in terms of a one-dimensional, nonhomogeneous, nonlinear partial differential equation. A procedure of model identification and some remarks concerning experimental data have been discussed. Results of computer simulation of a tested vehicle have been given. KW - Experimental data KW - Frontal crashes KW - Mathematical models KW - Partial differential equations KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495605 AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - NATIONAL ROAD SAFETY SYMPOSIUM: PEOPLE AND VEHICLES, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, 29-31 OCTOBER 1984 SN - 0-644-03691-5 PY - 1984 SP - 95 p. AB - Included in this session of the National Road Safety Symposium are the following papers: Bicycle Safety, J.G. Mathieson; Motorcycle Safety, T. Wright and D. Hill; Ensuring Safety of Cars and Trucks, P.M. Makeham and R.H. Heacock; and Safety of Cars on the Road, I.J. Lees. KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Conferences KW - Motorcycles KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495607 AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - NATIONAL ROAD SAFETY SYMPOSIUM: OPENING SESSION, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, 29-31 OCTOBER 1984 SN - 0-644-03687-7 PY - 1984 SP - 44 p. AB - Included in this opening session of the National Road Safety Symposium are the following papers: Road Safety and People - A State Experience, P. Vulcan; and Road Safety in New Zealand, J.B. Toomath. KW - Australia KW - Conferences KW - Highway safety KW - New Zealand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305654 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495631 JO - JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA LAW ENFORCEMENT AU - Post, M S AU - California Peace Officers Association TI - CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY--A LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSPECTIVE PY - 1984 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-21 AB - Although California's Child Passenger Safety (CPS) legislation is almost two years old, there is still a great deal of ambivalence on the part of many law enforcement agencies with regard to the value and need for their involvement in the CPS issue. This article presents the experience that the City of Glendale has had in confronting this issue. Glendale, a relatively large residential city with extensive redevelopment activity, commenced aggressive enforcement of California Vehicle Code Section 27360, "Child Passenger Seat Restraints Requirements," immediately upon the law becoming effective on January 1, 1983. In 1983, approximately 1200 citations for this violation were written and similar statistics are projected for 1984. The child passenger safety issue was viewed from two perspectives: (1) how could compliance levels be raised and child and parent awareness be increased; and (2) how could this issue be one that could be used as a vehicle for street police officers to interact with pre-school and kindergarten age children in a friendly and compassionate manner. The "Buckle Bear" concept seemed to provide a positive answer to both questions. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compliance KW - Effectiveness KW - Glendale (California) KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391796 AU - WALZ, F H AU - Zollinger, U AU - Garland Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING & LITIGATION. VOLUME 1. CHAPTER 6: SEAT-BELT-INDUCED INJURIES PY - 1984 SP - p. 93-117 AB - It is noted that a logical consequence of the mandatory seat belt law would be an increase of severely and fatally injured belted car occupants. It is also noted that without the restraining effect of a seat belt, there would have been a higher probability of more severe injuries. Therefore, if doubts about the protecting effects of seat belts arise, it has to be determined what structure had induced the injuries and what injuries would have been caused without a belt. This discussion of this topic is based mostly on a study of 257 severely and fatally injured seat belt wearers in Switzerland. The discussion covers the following: injuries caused directly or indirectly by belt contact (neck injuries, thoracic injuries, abdominal injuries); all injuries to seat belt wearers (pregnancy and seat belts); adverse effects of seat belts; and the question of a whether a seat belt has been worn or not. KW - Abdomen KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Pregnant women KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208599 ER - TY - SER AN - 00452223 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH METHODS SN - 0309037581 PY - 1984 IS - 976 SP - 60p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Testing Disaggregate Travel Demand Models by Comparing Predicted and Observed Market Shares, J.L. Horowitz; Evaluation of Heuristic Transit Network Optimization Algorithms, K.W. Axhausen and R.L. Smith, Jr.; Application of an Algorithm for Estimating Freeway Trip Tables, R.W. Stokes and D.E. Morris; Estimation of Origin-Destination Matrices with Constrained Regression, C. Hendrickson and S. McNeil; Characteristics of Multistop Multipurpose Travel: An Empirical Study of Trip Length, M.E. O'Kelly and E.J. Miller; Socioeconomic and Travel Forecasts for Alternatives Analysis in the Puget Sound Region, C.J. Strombom and G.S. Rutherford; Predicting Travel Volumes for High-Occupancy-Vehicle Strategies: A Quick-Response Approach, T.E. Parody, with Discussion by O.J. Pendleton and Author's Closure. KW - Algorithms KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Empirical methods KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Markets KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Optimization KW - Origin and destination KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel KW - Travel demand KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270614 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452228 JO - Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologice PB - Finnish Medical Society Duodecim AU - Tolonen, J AU - Kiviluoto, O AU - Santavirta, S AU - Slatis, P AU - Finnish Medical Society Duodecim TI - THE EFFECTS OF VEHICLE MASS, SPEED AND SAFETY BELT WEARING ON THE CAUSES OF DEATH IN ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1984 VL - 73 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-20 AB - The present investigation was based on the files of the Boards of Traffic Accident Investigation of insurance companies with regard to those fatal motor-car accidents in Finland during the period 1972-1979, where the driver or front seat passenger had died. The analysis concerned a total of 1197 fatalities. In collisions where the other vehicle had been clearly heavier (mass distribution smaller than 1/5) head injuries were significantly (p less than 0.001) more often found as the main cause of death (57.3%) than was the case when colliding vehicles had approximately the same weight (mass distribution 2/3-3/2), in which case head injuries were found in 37.8% of the cases to be the main cause of death. When the speed was over 80 kph, the number of head injuries as the main cause of death increased significantly (p less than 0.001) in collisions where the vehicles had approximately the same weight (mass distribution 2/3-3/2) and in single accidents of motor-cars. The wearing of seat belts had an effect on the distribution of causes of death in single accidents of motor-cars and in collisions where the vehicles had approximately the same weight but did not effect the distribution of causes of death in collisions where the other vehicle was clearly heavier. In single accidents of motor-cars where the victims had not used seat belts, there were more head injuries (54.2%) as the main cause of death than in victims who had used seat belts (head injuries in 36.8% as the main cause of death). In collisions where the vehicles had approximately the same weight, cervical spine injuries were more common causes of death in victims who had used seat belts than in those who had not (21.3%/13.7%). The mechanism of fatal cervical spine injuries in victims who had used seat belts was the rapid bending of the neck due to maximal deceleration in 38% of cases. KW - Causes KW - Fatalities KW - Human factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass KW - Motor vehicles KW - Physical condition KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452224 AU - Dole, E H AU - Barnhart, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 181 p. AB - The 39th of an annual series, this publication presents the 1983 analyzed statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, state highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1982 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships and other units of local government. KW - County government KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid highways KW - Financing KW - Fuels KW - Highway economics KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - Towns KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452216 AU - Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS 1983 PY - 1984 SP - n.p. AB - This document was prepared to inform public officials, safety organizations and interested citizens of traffic accident facts in Florida. It includes tables and graphics on: accidents and fatalities (by time of day, day, month, road type, county, sex and age); alcohol related fatalities; traffic accident causes; holiday traffic accidents; accident costs; pedestrian accidents (fatalities, injuries); safety equipment statistics; and accidents involving children. This publication includes the State of Florida's standard reporting forms for 1983. KW - Accident costs KW - Alcohols KW - Children KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety equipment KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269231 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452071 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DAVIES, P AU - AYLAND, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN WEIGH IN MOTION PY - 1984 SP - 4 p. AB - This paper examines some recent developments in the field of weighing in motion (WIM). It is divided into two sections covering systems currently in use today and new or future developments. Systems examined under the first section include the following alternative highway speed WIM methodologies: (1) bending plate systems; (2) shallow weighscale systems; (3) deep pit weighscale systems; and (4) bridge systems. The recent developments examined in the latter section of the paper include the use of capacitive and piezo-electric systems for weighing in motion. Prospects for further development in these areas are also outlined. KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Systems analysis KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270553 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452236 JO - Medicine and Law PB - Springer Verlag AU - Morgan, WHD AU - Springer Verlag TI - FORENSIC SCIENCE ASSISTANCE IN INVESTIGATING ROAD ACCIDENTS PY - 1984 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 297-303 AB - This account shows how an awareness of the capabilities of a modern forensic science laboratory can be of great help to a police officer investigating a vehicle accident. Forensic examination of damaged metal components, tyres, samples of paint and glass can yield significant information which will help to reconstruct the true events leading to the events leading to the accident. It therefore follows that the careful examination and collection of relevant material from an accident scene is of vital importance to the forensic laboratory. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Forensic medicine KW - Forensic science KW - Laboratories KW - Methodology KW - Police KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00452273 AU - CAIRNEY, P T AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - AUSTRALIAN ROAD USERS' UNDERSTANDING OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1984 VL - 12 SP - p. 206-216 AB - A preliminary analysis of a survey of drivers' understanding of traffic control devices (TCDs) and associated road rules is reported. Fifty metropolitan and non-metropolitan clusters of six drivers each were selected in each of three States (Victoria, New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA)) to ensure a socio-demographically representative sample, and quotas applied to each sample ensured an adequate number of young drivers and equal numbers of men and women respondents. There were considerable differences between States in the items which were poorly understood, and understanding of the system was more closely related to age than to current driving experience. Understanding of the symbolic component of regulatory signs was better than previous work suggested, although the understanding of the shape--colour code for different types of signs was poorly understood. The meanings of combinations of signal arrows and through signals were well understood, but there was confusion over whether a green arrow was necessary before making turns. Many drivers still believe that the Give Way to the Right rule applies at T-junctions, and there is considerable confusion as to where overtaking on the left is permitted. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Age KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Australia KW - Color KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Experience KW - Knowledge KW - Passing KW - Shape KW - Surveys KW - Symbols KW - T intersections KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic signs UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452264 AU - State University of Groningen, Netherlands TI - ANNUAL REPORT 1983 TRAFFIC RESEARCH CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN PY - 1984 SP - 123 p. AB - This publication presents the annual progress report of the Traffic Research Centre of the University of Groningen for the year 1983. The research focuses on the social and behavioral aspects of traffic and mobility. The major topics of the 1983 research program are: Road user behavior analysis and modification; judgement of risks and decision making; Mobility, traffic livability and communication; and Biopsychological bases of driver performance. KW - Antidepressants KW - Behavior KW - Biopsychology KW - Communications KW - Decision making KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Mobility KW - Personnel performance KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452021 AU - Waller, P F AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK SAFETY AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper discusses the highway safety problems presented by large trucks. Heavy trucks are overrepresented in fatal motor vehicle crashes even when mileage is taken into account. When these trucks collide with passenger cars, most of the fatalities occur to the car occupants. It is also true that a larger proportion of heavy truck crashes are single vehicle accidents. A look at driver qualification and driver monitoring reveals many inadequacies. Current legislation authorizes longer and wider trucks, but no provisions have been made to enforce their use only on designated routes. There is also a need for an interstate identification file of drivers of large trucks. This paper concludes that the federal government is the only authority that can assume the necessary leadership. However, the federal government has abnegated its responsibility in this area, while making plans for launching even larger and heavier vehicles nationwide. It is concluded that it is past time to bring about some better balance between commerce considerations and public health and safety in heavy truck transportation. KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate commerce KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Qualifications KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucking KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267107 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452246 JO - EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Winter, D J AU - Hemisphere Publishing Company TI - NEEDS AND PROBLEMS OF OLDER DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY WITH TEACHING/LEARNING IMPLICATIONS PY - 1984 VL - 10 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 135-146 AB - Population shifts changing this country from a nation of the young to a nation of the old are producing a traffic profile and problems different from any previously addressed by those concerned with transportation and traffic safety. This paper reviews the demographics related to drivers and pedestrians 55 years and over, identifying and addressing their special traffic problems and needs. Implications of alcohol and other drug use by this age group on traffic problems are reviewed. Physical, cognitive, psychological, and environmental factors that influence learning and performance are addressed as they relate to traffic safety programs, to automobile design, and to highway configurations and signing. Implications for education address driver training and retraining and drug programs. Implications for the role of industry and government include vehicle design, highway communication, and licensing criteria and standards. KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Driver age KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Highway design KW - Pedestrians KW - Personnel performance KW - Population KW - Retraining KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270630 ER - TY - SER AN - 00452254 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED SN - 0309037557 PY - 1984 IS - 973 SP - 59p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Trends and Changing Priorities in Specialized Transportation: Elements of a Policy Agenda for the Eighties, W.G. Bell and J.S. Revis; Marketing Functions in Human Service Agency Transportation, A. Saltzman; Paratransit and Bus Accidents Involving Elderly and Disabled Passengers: Evacuation and Rescue Problems and Solutions, J.N. Balog and R.J. Pawlak; Funding of Demand-Responsive Transportation for the Elderly in Pennsylvania with State Lottery Funds, M. Brown; Number and Status of Mobility-Handicapped Persons in the Federal Republic of Germany, W. Brog and K. Ribbeck; Effect of Size and Type of Organization on Quality of Special Transportation Services, C.E. McKnight and A.M. Pagano; Comparison of Urban Paratransit Systems in Canada, M.L. McLaren; Mobility Training Program: Methods and Costs of Teaching Mentally Retarded Persons to Ride Public Mass Transit in Sacramento, J.K. Starks, C. Simpson and H. Menninger. KW - Aged KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Demand responsive transportation KW - Evacuation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Marketing KW - Mobility KW - Paratransit services KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Quality of service KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Special service KW - State lottery KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle occupant rescue UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1984/973/973.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270637 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452069 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davidson, J A AU - Imhof, E J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF TENSILE STRENGTH ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF SPOT-WELDED SHEET STEELS PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - Tensile-shear spot-weld specimens were tested to determine the effect of base-metal tensile properties on fatigue life. Four sheet thicknesses were investigated. Base-metal yield strength ranged between 186 and 757 MPa (27 and 110 ksi). Results showed that fatigue life was independent of base-metal strength for lives greater than 10,000 cycles. At shorter lives, fatigue performance improved with increasing base-metal strength. For a given cyclic load range fatigue life increased at all lives with increasing sheet thickness. Fatigue results from both this and a previous study were used to develop a spot-weld fatigue design curve relating spot-weld tensile-shear fatigue life to the correlation parameter. KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Sheet metal KW - Spot welding KW - Steel KW - Tensile strength KW - Thickness KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270551 ER - TY - SER AN - 00452357 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC CAPACITY AND CHARACTERISTICS SN - 0309037530 PY - 1984 IS - 971 SP - 146p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Level of Service Concepts: Development, Philosophies, and Implications, R.P. Roess; Passenger Car Equivalents for Uninterrupted Flow: Revision of Circular 212 Values, R.P. Roess and C.J. Messer; Left-Turn Equivalencies for Opposed, Shared, Left-Turn Lanes, J.H. Shortreed; Analysis of Unsignalized Intersection Capacity, A.B. Bakare and P.P. Jovanis; Use of the NCHRP Signalized Intersection Capacity Method--A South African Experience, A.D. May et al; Evaluating Capacities of One-Lane Roads with Turnouts, F-L. Ou; Computer Simulation to Compare Freeway Improvements (Abridgment), R.W. Stokes and J.M. Mounce; Development and Application of a Macroscopic Model for Rural Highways, J.C. Sananez and A.D. May; Capacity, Speed, and Platooning Vehicle Equivalents for Two-Lane Rural Highways, M.V. Aerde and S. Yagar, with Discussion by M-S. Chang and Authors' Closure; Dynamic Freeway Simulation Program for Personal Computers, P.G. Michalopoulos; Role of Adaptive Discretization in a Freeway Simulation Model, P.S. Babcock IV et al; Simulation Study of Guidelines for Rural Road Improvements, C.J. Hoban; Signalized Intersection Delay Models--A Primer for the Uninitiated, V.F. Hurdle; Automated Collection of Vehicular Delay Data at Intersections, J.F. Legere and A.E. Radwan; Vehicle-Detector Interactions and Analysis of Traffic-Actuated Signal Controls, F-B. Lin and M.C. Percy; Investigation of Network-Level Traffic Flow Relationships: Some Simulation Results, H. Mahmassani et al; Another Look at Storage Requirements for Bank Drive-In Facilities, J.L. Ballard et al; Simulation of Traffic Performance, Vehicle Emissions, and Fuel Consumption at Intersections: The Texas-II Model, C.E. Lee and F-P. Lee; Discontinuity in Equilibrium Freeway Traffic Flow, H.J. Payne. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway capacity KW - Left turn lanes KW - Level of service KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Personal computers KW - Rural highways KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic simulation KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Vehicle detectors UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1984/971/971.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452361 AU - Lehtimaki, R AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - ELK AND WHITE-TAIL DEER AS TRAFFIC HAZARD PY - 1984 SP - 40 p. AB - This literature survey collects the knowledge from the Deer and Traffic project's reports published separately in 1974-1981. The road traffic problem caused by deer is described by investigating the trend in the number of accidents, and the time, regional and risk variation of the accidents, and by observing drivers, vehicles and deer in the accidents. The outcomes of deer accidents are compared to the agricultural and forestry damage caused by the animals and to road traffic accidents in general. The yield from several experiments is described, including game mirrors, short wire-net fences, automobile lights and certain other protection measures and accident factors. A summary is given on the results of the Deer and Traffic project and on indicated items for further research. It was considered self-evident that the number of deer accidents can always be reduced by reducing the number of risk situations, which can be achieved by reducing the deer species stocks. A system was also proposed in which damage compensation payments would be divided in an appropriate ratio between the driver and hunters in order to reduce the number and severity of the accidents. Education, information and training were considered suitable methods for improved effect on drivers. Several other approaches were also proposed; their effectivity, however, is yet to be established. Great care was urged in considering further research, as research funds may be better used by directing them to more serious accident types. Research material on the deer problem is also quite abundant from Finnish as well as Swedish sources, and everything indicates that there is no simple "patent solution" to the deer problem. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Deer KW - Driver education KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452235 JO - Medicine and Law PB - Springer Verlag AU - Chapman, A J AU - Sheehy, N P AU - Springer Verlag TI - CHILD PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND LAW PY - 1984 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 177-181 AB - A strong resemblance exists in psychological and legal approaches to the study of accidents: both emphasize individual human factors. However, traffic accidents and other types of accidents often occur in a social context. Although all accidents to some degree result from poor operations with the environment, pedestrian accidents invariably involve persons in interaction and this interaction itself comprises the behaviour (19): the interaction is not simply providing a social context for individual characteristics to be realized in behaviour. That being so, it is important that a broad approach to accidents be developed, based on both social and individual units of analysis. This approach must be interdisciplinary, recognizing that accidents can have individual, social, legal, medical, financial and engineering dimensions. The advantage of an epidemiological approach is that it provides a rigorous methodology which can incorporate multiple dimensions in a unified framework. KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Crash investigation KW - Epidemiology KW - Interdisciplinary KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Laws KW - Methodology KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Psychological aspects KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452022 AU - Waller, P F AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - LICENSING AND OTHER CONTROLS OF THE DRINKING DRIVER PY - 1984 SP - 31 p. AB - Because driver licensing is the only State program that has opportunity for routine personal contact with every driver, it has unmatched potential for both general and specific countermeasures. General countermeasures apply to large groups of drivers prior to the occurrence of any infraction. They may be considered basically preventive in nature and thus consistent with the view that drunk driving is a societal problem that should be dealt with at the societal level. General countermeasures that are license-related include minimum age requirements for driver licensure; special provisions for young drivers, e.g., lower thresholds for driver improvement measures, stricter limits on alcohol use, and curfew laws; minimum purchase/drinking laws; special reviews for driver licensure; alcohol education through license manuals and tests; per se laws; and implied consent laws. Specific countermeasures apply to the offender and come into play only after an infraction has occurred. They are more consistent with the view that drunk driving is a personal decision and that the offender should be punished and/or rehabilitated or re-educated. Specific countermeasures that are related to licensing include license revocation, limited driving privileges, medical review, and habitual offender statutes. The available research evidence for each of these countermeasures is discussed, but ultimately effective control of the drinking driver must include measures that extend well beyond what can be implemented through driver licensing programs and deal with the larger societal context in which drunk driving occurs. KW - Age KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation KW - Safety programs KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452068 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Libertiny, G Z AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PASSENGER CAR SEATING LOADS; A HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING PROBLEM PY - 1984 SP - 5 p. AB - In operating a motor vehicle, human beings exert a variety of different forces on the seats of their vehicles. The magnitude and nature (i.e., static or cyclic) of these forces are dependent on human factors (e.g., physical characteristics of seat occupants, height, weight, occupant behavior, etc.), vehicle factors (e.g., seat design and overall vehicle seating package) and combinations of human and vehicle factors (i.e., the manner in which the vehicle is used). The purpose of this paper is to discuss methods that can be used to measure the forces that occupants exert on seats for a number of operating conditions and special events. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Drivers KW - Force KW - Human factors KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Seats KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270550 ER - TY - SER AN - 00451287 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT AND ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES SN - 0309037565 PY - 1984 IS - 974 SP - 27p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Factors Contributing to Abnormal Accident Reporting (Abridgment), D.S. Turner; Impact Evaluation of Lexington-Fayette County Traffic Alcohol Program (Abridgment), J.G. Pigman and K.R. Agent; Increase of Traffic Safety by Surveillance of Speed Limits with Automatic Radar Devices on a Dangerous Section of a German Autobahn: A Long-Term Investigation, R. Lamm and J.H. Kloeckner; Needs and Performance of Local Alcohol Countermeasure Programs in Pennsylvania, P.A. McCabe et al; The Drunk Driving Warning System: Status Review (Abridgment) M.B. Snyder; Help Save Lives, Report Drunk Drivers: Maryland's Citizen Drunk Driver Reporting Program, R.D. Cotton. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash reports KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk locations KW - Public participation KW - Radar devices KW - Safety programs KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451733 AU - Simpson, H M AU - Mayhew, D R AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - MOTORCYCLE ENGINE SIZE AND COLLISION INVOLVEMENT PY - 1984 SP - 65 p. AB - This report attempts to document the evidence pertaining to the nature and characteristics of the relationship between motorcycle engine capacity and collision involvement. Information was derived from two sources: international practices and experiences related to licensing restrictions on motorcycle engine size; and scientific studies that have examined the association between engine size and collision involvement. Despite a considerable amount of research no study has yet clearly established whether there is a relationship and, if so, what its nature, magnitude and characteristics are. Moreover, after years of restrictions being imposed on the operation of large motorcycles by novice riders in several countries, the results of such efforts remain mixed. Consequently, no unambiguous bottom-line emerges from the research reviewed in this report--accordingly, any intentions to introduce regulations or legislation that would restrict engine size must proceed with a clear understanding and acknowledgement both of the ambiguous nature of the scientific evidence that would support such a move, as well as the mixed and often disappointing results achieved in jurisdictions where such restrictions have been introduced. KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licensing KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Restrictions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266867 ER - TY - SER AN - 00451600 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SURFACE PROPERTIES-VEHICLE INTERACTION SN - 030903809X PY - 1984 IS - 1000 SP - 54p AB - This Record contains the following papers: South Dakota Profilometer, D.L. Huft; Development of a Data Acquisition Method for Noncontact Pavement Macrotexture Measurement, I. Her et al; Traction of an Aircraft Tire on Grooved and Porous Asphaltic Concrete, S.K. Agrawal and H. Daiutolo; Holes in the Pavement--An Assessment of Their Influence on Safety, R.A. Zimmer and D.L. Ivey; Effect of Pavement Type and Condition on the Fuel Consumption of Vehicles, C.J. Bester; Traction Loss of a Suspended Tire on a Sinusoidal Road, J.S. Cap and J.C. Wambold; Effect of Vehicle and Driver Characteristics on the Psychological Evaluation of Road Roughness (Abridgment), M.S. Janoff and J.B. Nick; Correlation of Subjective Panel Ratings of Pavement Ride Quality with Profilometer-Derived Measures of Pavement Roughness (Abridgment), M.S. Janoff et al; Microprocessor-Based Noncontact Distance Measuring Control System, J. Wang et al; Representation of Pavement Surface Topography in Predicting Runoff Depths and Hydroplaning Potential, G.W. Marks et al. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Grooves KW - Highway safety KW - Hydroplaning KW - Macrotexture KW - Microprocessors KW - Noncontact measuring system KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Profilometers KW - Psychological aspects KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Runoff KW - Subjective analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270324 ER - TY - SER AN - 00450954 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND HYDRAULICS SN - 0309038049 PY - 1984 IS - 995 SP - 59p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Treatability of Recreational Vehicle Wastewater in Septic Systems at Highway Rest Areas, C.A. Brown et al; Improved Percolation Test for Septic Tank Leach Field Systems, W. A. Grottkau and F. Pearson; Onsite Disposal of Restroom and Recreational Vehicle Wastes, F. Pearson et al; Ice Jams at Highways and Bridges--Causes and Remedial Measures, R.F. Shattuck; Iowa Design Manual for Low Water Stream Crossings, R. L. Rossmiller; The Effectiveness of Stormwater Detention, B. Urbonas and L.S. Tucker; Semi-Arid Storm Hyetograph Properties in Wyoming, V.R. Hasfurther and P.T. Tyrrell. KW - Arid land KW - Bridges KW - Catch basins KW - Causeways KW - Detention basins KW - Effectiveness KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Ice formations KW - Ice jams KW - Leaching KW - Low-water crossing structures KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Percolation KW - Prevention KW - Rainfall KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Removal KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Runoff KW - Semiarid land KW - Septic tanks KW - Sewage treatment KW - Stream crossings KW - Streams KW - Test procedures KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451806 AU - Leibowitz, H AU - Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, & Cog Sci TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY: NIGHTTIME AND ALCOHOL RELATED ACCIDENTS PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - The visual functions involved in steering a vehicle have been shown by recent research to have different properties from the task of recognizing pedestrians or hazards on the roadway. When illumination is reduced at dusk or at night, these functions are selectively affected: the ability to steer the vehicle remains the same but recognition of hazards is severely degraded. As a result of the self-confidence derived from the ability to steer, drivers are not aware of their impaired capacity to recognize hazards under lowered illumination and typically drive too fast at night. This unjustified self-confidence is exacerbated by alcohol which further increases the discrepancy between self-confidence and driving ability. It is suggested that a public educational campaign to inform drivers about the dangerous implications of the selective degradation of vision at night and reestablishment of differential day/night speed limits should be effective in reducing nightime driving accidents. KW - Driver education KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Impaired drivers KW - Night KW - Pedestrians KW - Personnel performance KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Steering KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Twilight KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266939 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450770 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - WATANABE, Y AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - THE MECHANISM OF CAMBER THRUST GENERATION IN A BIAS-PLY MOTORCYCLE TIRE PY - 1984 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 173-186 AB - A finite element model suitable for camber thrust analysis is formed. By inclining and pressing this finite element model onto the road plane, the forces prevailing in the contact patch of an inclined standing tire are calculated and the asymmetry-dependent mechanism of chamber thrust generation is analyzed. By rotating the inclined standing tire at a constant vertical deflection, the roll-distance-dependent mechanism of camber thrust generation is analyzed. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Curvature KW - Finite element method KW - Motorcycles KW - Rolling contact KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451795 AU - National Safety Council TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - 260 p. AB - The proceedings are presented of the conference, the objective of which was to promote the interchange of information among those who operate or use traffic records systems in support of highway safety programs. After the keynote address, numerous papers were presented in the following areas: Federal and State Support of Traffic Records Programs (2 papers); Traffic Records--The Vital Component of Alcohol and Highway Safety Programs (5 papers); Emergency Medical Service Use of Traffic Records (3 papers); Microcomputer Applications in Traffic Records (5 papers); Traffic Records--International and U.S. Progress (3 papers); Police Traffic Services and Driver Records (2 papers); Uses of Traffic Accident Data for Research (4 papers); Administrative Per Se License Revocation--Interactions with State Traffic Records Systems (2 papers and panel discussion); and FHWA Programs and Large Truck Data Needs (5 papers). KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Conferences KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver records KW - Federal aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Microcomputers KW - Police traffic services KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Research KW - Revocation KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266928 ER - TY - SER AN - 00451288 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RECORDS SN - 0309037573 PY - 1984 IS - 975 SP - 49p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Managing Traffic Records Systems Through Management Information Systems, D.K. Tobin; Pennsylvania Driving Under the Influence Extra Enforcement Grants: How Traffic Records Can Assist a Highway Safety Program, B.L. Mallory; Data Needs for the Operation and Evaluation of New York State's Special Traffic Options Program for Driving While Intoxicated (STOP-DWI), C.W. Mosher; Meeting the Challenge of Traffic Information Systems in the 1980s, M.H. Larratt-Smith; Severity of Large-Truck and Combination-Vehicle Accidents in Over-the-Road Service: A Discrete Multivariate Analysis, T. Chirachavala et al, with Discussion by O.J. Pendleton and Authors' Closure; Problem of Identifying Hazardous Locations Using Accident Data, E. Hauer and B.N. Persaud; Comparison of Two Methods for Debiasing Before-and-After Accident Studies, B.N. Persaud and E. Hauer, with Discussion by O.J. Pendleton and Authors' Closure. KW - Accident record systems KW - Before and after studies KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Data KW - Drunk driving KW - Grant aid KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Management information systems KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Records management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450769 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Troger, H AU - Zeman, K AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF THE GENERIC TYPES OF LOSS OF STABILITY OF THE STEADY STATE MOTION OF A TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER PY - 1984 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 161-172 AB - All different types of loss of stability which occur generically for a tractor semitrailer vehicle are studied when varying two parameters namely the speed V of the vehicle and the position d of the center of mass of the trailer. For a fixed value of d and varying V it turns out that only two cases either a divergence or a Hopf bifurcation can occur typically. By means of a nonlinear analysis the post-bifurcation behavior for both cases is treated showing that it is critical in both cases. This latter result means that the system is an imperfection sensitive one for which the calculation only of the linear stability limit does not have very much practical meaning, because small perturbations of the system (changes of parameters) can lead to a drastic reduction of the critical speed. Our paper furthermore indicates how a nonlinear investigation of stability problems in vehicle dynamics with no restriction to the number of degrees of freedom of the system can be done in a straightforward manner. KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269760 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450643 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Reynolds, J A AU - Nyberg, J M AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPING MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT PROTECTION PROGRAMS IN LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTS PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 159-170 AB - Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for young people in America and a major national health threat. Unfortunately most crash victims do not use safety belts or child safety seats which could reduce or eliminate their injuries. This article describes how motor vehicle occupant protection issues have been introduced into local health departments in Michigan and how several of these health departments have developed programs to increase the proper use of child safety seats and safety belts in their communities. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Promotion KW - Public health KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269642 ER - TY - SER AN - 00450650 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MOTORIST INFORMATION NEEDS AND VISIBILITY FACTORS SN - 0309038057 PY - 1984 IS - 996 SP - 53p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Oregon's Motorist Information System (Abridgment), L.E. George and B. Holman; Information Sign Color Evaluation Using a Video Presentation (Abridgment), H.L. Woltman et al; Level Evaluation of Freeway Guide Signing, R.W. McNees and C.J. Messer; Evaluation of Vending Machine Operations in Rest Areas and Welcome Centers in Georgia (Abridgment), L. Caylor; Airborne Traffic Advisories: Their Impact and Value (Abridgment), J.D. Fricker and H. Tsay; Road Surface Reflectance Measurements in Ontario, W. Jung et al; Influence of Leading Vehicle Turn Signal Use on Following Vehicle Lane Choice at Signalized Intersections, C.S. Papacostas; Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Rural Intersection Levels of Illumination, K.A. Anderson et al; Using Computer-Generated Pictures to Evaluate Headlamp Beam Patterns, E.I. Farber and V.D. Bhise. KW - Airborne traffic advisories KW - Color KW - Computer graphics KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver information systems KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeways KW - Guide signs KW - Headlamps KW - Illuminating engineering KW - Illumination engineering KW - Lane changing KW - Leading vehicle KW - Level of service KW - Patterns KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Rural areas KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic signs KW - Turn signals KW - Vehicles KW - Vending equipment KW - Vending machines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269649 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450213 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Phelan, B C AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN THE EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS) PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 53-60 AB - This article discusses the role of communications in the EMS (Emergency Medical Services), indicating that it has been considerably enhanced over the last twenty years by the very significant advances in telecommunications technology. Communications in the EMS effectively means telecommunications and the efficiency of the EMS is critically dependent on the use of modern systems which embody not only communications but also the military concept of command, control and communications. The article continues with discussion of the following aspects of an EMS: minimum requirements; an EMS control center; computer aided dispatch; mobile radio system; radio sub-systems; disaster situation; implementation; and future telecommunications technology. KW - Communications KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Future concepts KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Technological innovations KW - Telecommunications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450209 AU - National Safety Council TI - SMART MOVES PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure gives some tips for safe winter driving. It also provides traction ratings and braking distances for regular tires, snow tires, studded tires and tires reinforced with tire chains on glare ice at 25 deg F and on loosely packed snow. KW - Braking performance KW - Brochures KW - Driving KW - Ice KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Snow KW - Snow tires KW - Studded tires KW - Tire chains KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399942 AU - Pagliarulo, V AU - Ugolini, R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - COMBINED APPROACH USING TEST AND F.E.M. ANALYSIS IN CAR BODY DESIGN PY - 1984 SP - 21 p. AB - In the early design stage of a new car, theoretical studies and analyses are a fundamental guide to the designer, but, to be an effective tool, mathematical models must be quick to prepare, ready to use and easy to modify in order to follow with efficiency the evolution of the design. Therefore in this phase, in terms of finite element models of the car body, only simple beam-and-shell models can be profitably used, models developed to provide macro-informations and to pursue parameter studies. But when prototypes are available, it is worth it to develop a more refined F.E.M. model which, after an intensive correlation process with experimental tests, can be so representative of reality as to provide precise information on the key parameters at the origin of the structural behaviour, thus allowing the full understanding and the optimization of the body. The present paper shows how these refined models have been used in the lightening and optimization process of a medium large saloon car. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Optimization KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399949 AU - Schneider, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - FLEXIBLE ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - 37 p. AB - Flexible assembly systems are becoming increasingly a need of the times, in order to accommodate swift market changes, individual customer requirements and conditions at the workplace. They are becoming a major weapon in the tough competitive struggle. This paper attempts to enumerate the principal types. The list does not claim to be complete, and may be viewed differently according to the user. There is, however, no question that any flexible assembly system involves a much greater outlay on control than assembly lines with fixed timing. By proper planning and the use of proven up-to-date control concepts, such systems can be translated into reality with guaranteed performance and availability. In Europe various plants of this kind have been operating some time now, demonstrating the ability of flexible assembly systems to give the expected performance and high availability, provided the right system elements are adopted. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Flexibility KW - Performance KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399956 AU - Nordstrom, C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE COMPLETE TURNING CELL FOR FMS PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - The FMS workshop is designed for two main configurations of parts: Prismatic and rotational. For these components there are machining centers and turning cells. This paper describes the turning cells as an individual concept like the machining center concept. Based on the CNC-lathe there must be features like: flexible, easy settable, integrated handling equipment, for different configurations on parts; automatic tool change systems; monitoring systems like tool breakage control, programmable weartime, automatic measuring, diagnostics; different transportation systems with possibility to link robot-trucks becoming more and more important in the future; and interface to overhead-computers. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Flexibility KW - Lathes KW - Machining KW - Manufacturing KW - Monitoring KW - Robots KW - Turning /machining/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399967 AU - Ricciardi, G AU - Cantello, M AU - Pasquini, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - PROSPECTS OF AUTOMATION IN MACHINING STEEL PLATES BY LASER BEAM PY - 1984 SP - 18 p. AB - The use of lasers in metalworking is becoming more and more important. This new technology is coming out from experimental stage of technical feasibility and today the industrial laser applications are becoming various and numerous. Particularly in sheet metal working, laser peculiarities and advantages are very interesting. In cutting and welding the flexibility of laser beam allows to work rapidly and precisely components of different and complex geometries. For cutting applications are generally used laser sources at low and medium power level and technological problems are relatively simple. Different systems for plate or tridimensional sheet cutting are now available. The welding technology involves more problems not only for metallurgical quality but also for system architecture. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Flexibility KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Machining KW - Sheet metal KW - Steel plates KW - Vehicle components KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399974 AU - Siegfried, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - GREY SCALE VISION APPLICATION FOR ROBOTIZED DEPALLETING OF RANDOMLY ORIENTATED CYLINDER BLOCK CASTINGS FROM STACKED PALLETS PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - This paper consists of comments on a series of slides on robotized depalletting. The slides cover the following: planning concept; quality of worklife; economy considerations; technical aspects; a schematic drawing of the depalletting application; a layout of the system as now designed; the design of the control/sensor system; the highly complex task of the sensor-guided robot system; a closeup of the monitor of the IBS vision system with a cylinder block detected; and the hardware design of the IBS vision system. KW - Automobile industry KW - Cylinder blocks KW - Depalletting KW - Machine vision KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399982 AU - Edling, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - PROGRAMMING, PROCESS CONTROL AND USE OF SENSORS IN ROBOT ARC WELDING PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - In robot arc welding it is essential to make the program in a fast and simple way. This is possible if the operator just feeds the robot with the welding parameters normally used i.e. speed, voltage, current, gas pre-flow time, burn-back time etc. and the robot itself creates the complete welding program internally. Usually the tolerances of the joint position and the shape can be kept sufficiently small by means of fixtures and a certain degree of care when cutting and forming the sheet sections. With large work pieces e.g. car bodies and in certain other cases, this is not possible or is very expensive. It is then advantageous if the robot itself with a seam finder can position the welding gun correctly in relation to the joint and adapt welding parameters to the actual gap. KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer programming KW - Electric arc welding KW - Manufacturing KW - Process control KW - Programming KW - Robots KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450646 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Gielen, A C AU - Eriksen, M P AU - Daltroy, L H AU - Rost, K AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICES PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 195-206 AB - A thorough behavioral diagnosis of why parents do not use car safety seats is important for designing an effective, comprehensive approach to the significant public health problem of childhood motor vehicle occupant deaths and injuries. With a clear understanding of the demographic, knowledge, attitudinal and social support factors related to car seat use, it will be possible to develop or refine program methods and persuasive communication strategies which will have the greatest potential for effectiveness. Project KISS (Kids in Safety Seats) of the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene surveyed parents of young children in Maryland to identify factors which differentiate child restraint device users from nonusers. A statewide telephone survey was conducted using random digit dialing, a method of computerized sampling for telephone interviewing. The survey instrument incorporated demographic variables and used Fishbein and Ajzen's model of behavioral intention to develop an attitude scale and identify social referents important to parental safety seat use. Of the factors associated with reported use of car seats, the attitudinal variables were extremely significant. Using these variables as well as spouse approval, socio-demographic characteristics, and other preventive health behaviors of parents, resulted in the correct classification of 75.5% of cases and 26.7% of the variance in reported car seat use. Practitioners can use this analysis to design and target effective educational efforts to those individuals who are least likely to use car seats properly and consistently. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Education KW - Parents KW - Public health KW - Social factors KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269645 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450647 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Colletti, R B AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - A STATEWIDE HOSPITAL-BASED PROGRAM TO IMPROVE CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 207-213 AB - A statewide network of hospital-based low-cost car seat rental and educational programs, operated by volunteers, was begun in Vermont in 1979. In four years the rate of correct car seat usage by newborns at hospital discharge increased from less than 16% to 71%. High usage rates appear to continue in the first two years of life. It is hypothesized that availability of car seats, direct educational intervention in the hospitals, high visibility, and indirect educational processes in the community contributed to these changes. It is concluded that hospital-based programs should be included in comprehensive strategies to improve child passenger safety. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Hospitals KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269646 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00450217 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309037190 PY - 1984 IS - 963 SP - 52p AB - This Record contains the following papers: FHWA Procedure for Estimating Highway User Costs, Fuel Consumption, and Air Pollution: A Microcomputer Approach, P.M. Lima; Analysis of Ambient Carbon Monoxide Data, P.E. Benson; Cost-Effectiveness Model for the Analysis of Trade-Offs Between Stationary and Transportation Emission Controls in Baltimore, A.M. Lago et al; The Feasibility of Using Computer Graphics in Environmental Evaluations, D.D. McGeehan and D.P. Gayk; Transportation Impacts on the Environment in 2003, L.F. Cohn; Enhancements for Computer-Based Environmental Models, W. Bowlby et al; Mitigating Construction Impacts on Rural and Urban Highways, R.A. Harris et al; Stringent Transportation Measures to Reduce Vehicular Emissions in the New York City Metropolitan Area, G. Haikalis and J.D. Jordan. U1 - 63rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19840116 EndDate:19840120 KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer graphics KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Estimating KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway user costs KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Microcomputers KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399945 AU - Brown, CRW AU - Dempsey, P A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - TOWARDS AVOIDING FRUSTRATION, DISAPPOINTMENT DELAY AND COST OVER-RUN IN ESTABLISHING FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - An analysis of over 40 flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) being implemented today shows that on average 40% of the benefits predicted for an FMS are in fact achievable or have been achieved before the FMS is delivered and often within 6 months. This is because the planning process itself has highlighted existing custom and practice which is detrimental to cost and can be put right without major investment. A further 20% of the benefits are achieved over the following 12-18 months as the new layouts, procedures and equipment are installed. The remaining 40% comes only as the forecast volume of orders on production materializes. The key point is that real short term benefits are being achieved by planning complexity out, by re-arranging layouts and shop practice in simpler ways with existing equipment before the high technology arrives. The real success of FMS is its way of thinking and application, not its technology. KW - Automobile industry KW - Benefits KW - Flexibility KW - Manufacturing KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399946 AU - Testi, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE ROAD TOWARD FULL FACTORY AUTOMATION PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - An automation restricted to single operative units is no longer sufficient to meet with the requirement of higher productivity. It must be extended to all production phases with its speediness and precision. The computers allow a complete control and coordination of the entire workshop, starting from the project to the end product. A hierarchy based structure permits full factory automation, step by step, according to the real needs of the plant configuration. Some real applications are described. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Manufacturing KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399960 AU - Hollingworth, R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - PROVING THE DESIGN OF FMS AND FAS PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - The evolution of manufacturing processes into fully automated systems has meant an escalation of the capital costs involved in these projects. This paper shows how visual interactive simulation has been used to validate the design of FMS and FAS such that the design can eliminate all unnecessary costs. The method involved is to portray on a colour screen a dynamic schematic of the proposed facility. The designers can then experiment with this model in order to establish the size, speed and control of all the elements of the FMS. The system is highly interactive thus allowing investigation of the breakdowns, variability of labour and of resources. This system is currently employed by BL, Ford and General Motors. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer graphics KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Flexibility KW - Interactive graphics KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399963 AU - Jahrling, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ELECTROSTATIC WATER BASE AND TWO-COAT PAINT APPLICATION IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1984 SP - 25 p. AB - This paper presents a discussion of a series of charts showing the conversion of Adam Opel AG passenger car primer paint shops to high speed electrostatic turbobell application. Conventional solvent primer was substituted by water-based painting to control emissions and because of increasing crude oil prices. The fully automated process resulted in high productivity and a constantly excellent quality level. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Electrostatics KW - Paint KW - Productivity KW - Quality control KW - Water-based paints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399977 AU - Milana, E AU - Strobbia, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE AUTOMATIC INSPECTION OF CAR DISK BRAKE ROTORS BY USING OPTOELECTRONIC MEANS PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - The paper describes the results of a feasibility study performed by FIAT and aimed at developing an in-line vision system for inspecting disk brake rotors. The variety of the examined surface defects, produced mainly by melting and mechanical finishing operations, required two different visual techniques to be operating simultaneously: one uses linescan cameras and a tailored software package that combining autocovariance analysis with filters, thresholds operators and template matches enables quasi-periodic and non periodic noisy defects to be detected; the other, utilizing some properties of the scattered laser light from rough surfaces, allows to identify small and large surface cavities inside a relief. The vision system essentially consists on three cameras, a laser head and a computer based control unit and, at present, is under development. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Brake components KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Machine vision KW - Manufacturing KW - Optoelectronics KW - Rotors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399978 AU - Bennington, R J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ROBOTIC ARC WELDING--H.S.L.A. 2-SIDED GALVANIZED STEEL AUTOMOTIVE FRONT CROSSMEMBER PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - This paper deals with robotic arc welding of High Strength Low Alloy double sided galvanized steel. The welded assembly is a Front Crossmember for a 1984 Van. The problems of arc welding double sided galvanized steel, the safety considerations and the quality and productivity reasons for using arc welding robots are discussed. A background of the proper wire selections for arc welding, stamping assembled fits and added trim operations for robotic arc welding, and the selection of index tables and robots for reduced direct labor and improved quality to the level required for today's automotive standards are also discussed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Electric arc welding KW - Galvanized metals KW - High strength steel KW - Low alloy steel KW - Manufacturing KW - Productivity KW - Quality control KW - Robots KW - Safety factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450637 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 109-111 AB - This special issue on "Occupant Protection and Health Promotion" concentrates on the role of active measures for assuring greater safety for motor vehicle occupants, as well as strategies for and components of effective intervention programs. The papers describe occupant protection programs in community, medical care, corporate and school settings. In addition, selected research studies, position papers and epidemiologic approaches are presented which demonstrate the relevance of safety belt/child safety seat motivation efforts to health promotion. A review of child safety seat intervention efforts, a successful state-wide program, and a local health department program are described. Finally, resource on occupant protection which can provide further information, materials, and funding guidance to readers are presented. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Corporations KW - Epidemiology KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Information dissemination KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical services KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Promotion KW - Public health KW - Research KW - Schools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269636 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450639 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - McGinnis, J M AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION AS A PRIORITY IN NATIONAL EFFORTS TO PROMOTE HEALTH PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 127-131 AB - Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death for Americans ages 1 to 34 and cost our nation almost 57 billion dollars a year. Fortunately, many of the fatalities and serious injuries in motor vehicle accidents are preventable through proper and consistent safety belt and child safety seat use. Surprisingly, 80% to 90% of Americans rarely use safety belts, clearly making this one of the most significant public health problems. Increasing awareness of the importance of, and potential solution for this problem has led to integrating issues about motor vehicle trauma prevention into today's public health agenda. Efforts by federal health agencies are beginning to impact motor vehicle trauma reduction, but the involvement of public health workers at all levels is necessary for success. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Strategic planning KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399938 AU - Felisa, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN/COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS IN CAR BODY DESIGN PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - The computer-aided design applications became widespread at first in the Research and Development of ALFA ROMEO in the early seventies. This brief presents the most interesting applications carried out in the computer-aided field with special reference to the design activities in which the processed and developed data are essentially of graphic type. The use of the computer-aided design developed in three different moments: the first features the setting up and development of a specific software directly inside ALFA ROMEO; in the second, hardware and software tools externally realized were used; the last moment, at present under way, is characterized by the basic target of coordinating the constantly increasing diffusion in the various areas of application with the ever more developing integration of the different tools available through working methods and processes utilizing their potentiality to the utmost. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399953 AU - Padella, M AU - Ciabatti, E AU - Pontanari, P AU - Braccini, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - PRODUCTION INTEGRATED SYSTEMS: TWO APPLICATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS PY - 1984 SP - 24 p. AB - Starting from intrinsic characteristics of the products, from the available technologies for their manufacture, from the range/quality problems, we aimed at a study which could give an example of manufacturing two automotive components morphologically and functionally different from each other, by using a constructive solution philosophically identical for both. The objective is the achievement of a system having the following characteristics: flexibility (at least within the product family); management simplicity (automatic and complete informatics); intrinsic reliability (minimum maintenance, operational simplicity); and quality (static, dynamic and automatic functional control, with data transmission for production statistic). The study is therefore comprehensive of: complete plants layout in which is indicated the possibility of modularity for the investment breaking-up; the operating cycle sequences with the individuation of the relevant main characteristics; the description of the selected informative system network; the overall hourly cost level and its incidence on the product; and the overall validity of our choices (breakeven point). KW - Automobile industry KW - Flexibility KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Manufacturing KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399955 AU - Jones, B AU - Leighton, N J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ADAPTIVE CONTINUOUS CONVEYOR FEED SYSTEM FOR ASSEMBLY AND PACKAGING PROCESSES PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - A microprocessor controlled d.c. motor drive for a conveyor feed system allows components to be continuously fed into an automatic packaging or assembly workstation such that synchronisation with an external work handling unit is ensured. The system ensures that components from a production process that are transferred at variable intervals on a constant velocity conveyor may be positionally adjusted using an adaptive digital servo prior to reaching the workstation. The use of a digital servo unit enables positional correction of the moving product to be made at a controlled rate and allows ease of synchronisation with any general system time base generator. Complete flexibility is offered with regard to the range of products handled. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Conveyors KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Feeders KW - Flexibility KW - Microprocessors KW - Packaging KW - Servomechanisms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399970 AU - Jahrling, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - COLOUR VIDEO AND COMPUTER INTEGRATED INFORMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - 25 p. AB - This paper presents a discussion of a series of slides showing a new color video and computer integrated information and control system developed by Adam Opel AG. The objective of the system is to give those responsible for production comprehensive and exact information about the manufacturing process in the body shop, in the print shop, in the components manufacture, and in the final assembly. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Color video KW - Control systems KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Manufacturing KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399972 AU - Delle Piane, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A LASER ROBOT FOR CUTTING AND TRIMMING DEEPLY STAMPED METAL SHEETS PY - 1984 SP - 19 p. AB - The present paper describes a robotized system, called ZAC, designed for cutting and trimming pre-formed metal sheets and plastic parts deeply stamped. At the beginning this robot was designed, at the end of 1977, to solve the following problem: the trimming of 3-D thin plastic pieces, covered with carpets, for internal fittings of motorcars. The parts under consideration are obtained by vacuum thermoforming. When the moulded part is obtained, the problem is to trim it clean from the scrap; this operation cannot be performed with traditional blanking dies (apart from economic considerations), it is difficult and complex to be obtained with other kinds of machines, and it is hard and unpleasant to be done manually. To face the problem we preferred to develop a new robotic system of sequential cutting. We have chosen this solution aware of the fact that the cutting time, though inevitably longer compared with a parallel cutting, would have been largely rewarded by the flexibility that only a sequential cutting performed by a robot could have given to the system. KW - Automobile industry KW - Cutting KW - Flexibility KW - Manufacturing KW - Plastics KW - Robots KW - Sheet metal KW - Trimming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399986 AU - Tiberio, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF VISION SYSTEMS IN GENERAL MOTORS PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - General Motors involvement in Machine Vision began in the late 1960s with work at the Research Laboratories in pattern recognition by use of cameras interfaced to computers. This work led to the development of the early vision systems used in GM manufacturing operations such as Consight and Keysight. These initial applications provided positive proof that machine vision devices could have a significant impact on GM Manufacturing methods and processes. The technology of greatest interest incorporated in these machine vision devices in a marriage of advanced sensors and microprocessor devices. Most of the sensor devices have been based on solid state cameras. The matrix of image information collected from these devices is channeled through digital processing stages where image processing, analysis, and control calculations are performed. The resulting equipment based on design configuration can perform inspection, identification, and sorting of parts; can improve the performance of robots by providing sensing; and will be used to an even greater extent in the future for process control applications. KW - Automobile industry KW - Development KW - Machine vision KW - Manufacturing KW - Microprocessors KW - Process control KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Robots KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399988 AU - Savoia, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A NEW METHOD OF MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY OF UNITS FOR VEHICLES PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - The numerous and various problems involved in industrialisation have been solved through the use of highly sophisticated control equipment. These allow an expansion of the work potential of the machines used and an increased efficiency which involves the programming and the organising methods of the shop floor. The builders of the system described in this paper have taken great care to assure that both the mechanical and the electronic parts of the system would be of such a level as to overcome every manufacturing problem with solutions and machines of the very highest technical evolution. The discussion includes production methods and layout, error detection, defects, monitoring, productivity, flexibility, and quality control. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Defects KW - Errors KW - Fault location KW - Flexibility KW - Manufacturing KW - Monitoring KW - Production KW - Productivity KW - Quality control KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215171 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450634 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rabe, B D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVING VEHICLE OCCUPANT PROTECTION THROUGH REGULATION AND LEGISLATION PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - This paper examines the turbulent past and uncertain future of improving vehicle occupant protection through NHTSA vehicle safety regulations and mandatory seat belt legislation. The paper analyzes the pros, cons, and controversies associated with automatic restraints and mandatory seat belt laws. It emphasizes the conflicting data, reports, and testimonies presented to the NHTSA prior to its July 11, 1984 ruling. Recommendations are also presented on how best to protect vehicle occupants through regulation and legislation. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Regulations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269634 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450212 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS ON SAFETY BELTS PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 36-37 AB - In the position statement made by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, they strongly endorse the view that all motorists should be required by law to wear safety belts, and they strongly endorse the development and introduction of passive protection systems as an adjunct to a safety belt usage law. They believe that all head restraints should be of a fixed design and that all motorists who transport children should install and use child restraints. They urge manufacturers to simplify and improve the design of child restraints to facilitate their use. Mandatory safety belt usage, fixed design head restraints and simplified child restraint systems are seen as the most cost effective measures that could be adopted to prevent further needless deaths and injury from motor vehicle accidents. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Design KW - Fatalities KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Physicians KW - Prevention KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269423 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450214 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Vural, N AU - Saygi, S AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND TRAFFIC OFFENCE IN TURKEY PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 61-64 AB - Traffic accidents are a serious problem in Turkey. The economic loss due to traffic damage was estimated to be over 1,395 billion Turkish liras (approximately 600 million U.S. dollars). These accidents cause about 2,500 deaths and more than 12,000 injuries every year. However, not much data has been collected in Turkey on the effects of drugs and alcohol on these statistics. This paper reports the results of a survey of 366 drivers to determine their blood alcohol level. These drivers fell into one of three groups: normal drivers who were obeying the traffic rules; drivers who committed traffic offences; and drivers who were involved in traffic accidents. Results showed the following: alcohol is an important factor as regards the risks of traffic accidents as well as traffic offences; a direct relationship exists between the blood alcohol level and impairment of driving skill; the dangerous effects of alcohol and driving can be decreased by the establishment of a legal blood alcohol level and strict control; and a legal limit of 0.5 per mile is recommended as a safety measure. KW - Accident costs KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Risk assessment KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations KW - Turkey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399981 AU - Mehner, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - STRUCTURE OF A SENSOR-BASED PATH CONTROL FOR AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT PY - 1984 AB - The architecture of a sensor-based path control for a six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot is developed as a multilayer model. The particular layers reflect the logical structure of the path control and represent levels of increasing abstraction. The corresponding tasks assigned to these levels, start with kinematic dependent tasks like inverse transformations and lead to pure logical trajectory generation and sensor integration. Special attention is given to the solution of kinematic problems arising from robot wrist degeneracy. For these degenerated wrist positions a new inverse transformation is presented, which allows moving through the critical regions of degeneracy on continuous path. Finally a short overview is given on the implementation and on practical experiences with the industrial robot Volkswagen G 60. KW - Automobile industry KW - Control systems KW - Kinematics KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399957 AU - Torri, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - FMS SOLUTIONS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - In reality, FMS is a way, or even a philosophy, of approaching certain production problems with certain well-defined aims: (1) creating plants which may be more extensively exploited than traditional ones; (2) using resources applicable to various types of production; (3) making possible total or partial reconversion, in terms of reasonable times and costs; and (4) maintaining or even reducing investment costs with respect to traditional systems. A careful choice of means and systems always provides ample solutions to these four aims, independently of the type and quantity of pieces to be produced. This paper describes the application of an FMS to the production of an automotive part: the cylinder block of a diesel engine, with the typical rhythms and timings of mass-production methods. This is a practical and relatively novel application of the FMS concept, in a field of production which traditionally uses rigid transport systems. In this particular case, we are dealing with quite large quantities of cylinder blocks (more than fifty thousand a year), of various types: one, two, three, or four cylinder blocks in cast iron and aluminium, but manufactured at different times and in varying quantities. KW - Automobile industry KW - Cylinder blocks KW - Flexibility KW - Manufacturing KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399959 AU - Parker, S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE CITROEN FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - The CITROEN Flexible Manufacturing System has now been operating in production for some considerable time manufacturing prototype parts for the PSA Group (Peugeot, Citroen and Talbot). The objective of the system is to reduce costs by maximising machine utilisation and minimising manual intervention at the same time as improving product quality and improving lead times. This paper covers the analysis of requirements for 5 axes machining of a large range of components whilst making observations on the system based upon the first year's operation. KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Flexibility KW - Lead time KW - Machining KW - Manufacturing KW - Quality control KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399964 AU - Franchetti, I AU - Grisoni, L AU - Fantini, V AU - Garifo, L AU - Incerti, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A FLEXIBLE LASER SYSTEM PROVIDED WITH A LASER BEAM COMPOSITION UNIT FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - A study is presented of a flexible manufacturing system provided with several laser sources for industrial applications. In the configuration described the system is able to deliver a total output laser power on the workpiece of up to 6.5 kW carried by one, two or three laser beams, each of which can be addressed at any moment to any among five workstations. Cutting, welding, hardening, alloying and cladding can be performed on workpieces of different materials, dimensions and geometries in each workstation. Because of its intrinsic flexibility, this system is well suited for integrating in a more general flexible manufacturing complex. KW - Automobile industry KW - Flexibility KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399966 AU - Cantello, M AU - Canova, P AU - Grisoni, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - HEAT TREATMENT BY LASER BEAM, EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1984 SP - 18 p. AB - The power lasers, and particularly the CO2 ones, are largely used in technological applications and show very interesting peculiarities in industrial sectors. For the working of metallic and non-metallic materials, the laser technology has been broadly developed both in USA and in Europe; its widespread use in production, particularly in the automotive industry has led to the transition from a phase of almost scientific research, to a phase of applied research. Nowadays the laser is used in cutting, drilling and welding processes, as well as the heat treatments. Particularly for the heat treatments the RTM Institute, which for many years has been operating in the technological research of the high power lasers has developed in collaboration with Alfa Romeo Auto different heat treatment laser processes. R.T.M. has several lasers, in a large range of power, and for the heat treatments, utilizes the HPL AVCO 15 kW laser, and the Spectra Physics 2.5 kW. The laser AVCO is equipped with two working stations: the first one is for the cutting and welding processes, the second one, for the heat treatments. While in the first station the beam is focused on the smallest spot, in order to obtain high energy concentrations, the second one is equipped with an optical system suitable for the surface heat treatment of work-pieces having different shapes. KW - Automobile industry KW - Heat treatment KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Manufacturing KW - Metal heating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399968 AU - De Micheli, P AU - Felisa, A AU - Ugolini, R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DOOR ASSEMBLY FOR A CAR OF THE 90'S PY - 1984 SP - 19 p. AB - Among the design targets for the new cars, we believe that weight reduction and product cost reduction play an always more important part. While for weight reduction the usable tools are material selection, structural optimization and the use of ever more suitable calculation and simulation equipment, we deem, as far as cost is concerned, that the element on which we should operate to our best advantage is the production process, through rationalization (preassembly of subgroups etc.) as well as through the utilization of innovative technologies (more and more developed automation, alternative assembly methods which become possible also thanks to the use of new materials, etc.). This brief presents the study and the design of a first model of trimmed car door, realized with the collaboration of FIAT Research Centre, under the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) patronage within the limits of Progetto Finalizzato Trasporti. During this phase of the project, we have tried to develop solutions tending to reach both the above mentioned targets. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Doors KW - Production KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450645 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Roberts, M C AU - Turner, D S AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - PREVENTING DEATH AND INJURY IN CHILDHOOD: A SYNTHESIS OF CHILD SAFETY SEAT EFFORTS PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 181-193 AB - Virtually all children are at risk for injury and death as passengers in moving vehicles. Between 70% to 90% of the injury and death could be reduced or prevented if children were restrained in safety seats. However, studies show that only a minority of children are properly protected. Numerous efforts have been made to increase the number of children riding in car safety seats. This article reviews and synthesizes the various attempts to motivate safety seat usage by examining the literature on (1) informational and educational programs; (2) safety seat loaner programs; (3) state laws requiring seat usage; (4) behavioral improvement emphasis programs; (5) reward-based programs; and (6) passive prevention approaches through airbags. No one approach appears to be the solution to the complex problem of motivating the preventive behavior of acquiring and consistently using safety seats. Recommendations are forwarded for: (1) developing and determining the best techniques for which settings through comparative research; (2) utilizing a developmental perspective in identifying when and what interventions are needed; and (3) implementing creative and comprehensive programs in communities. KW - Air bags KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Incentives KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motivation KW - Prevention KW - Promotion KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269644 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450648 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Hollenbach, K AU - Sleet, D A AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - RESOURCE GUIDE TO OCCUPANT PROTECTION PROGRAMS AND MATERIALS PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 215-222 AB - This article lists public and private sector associations and organizations concerned with occupant protection. Many of these organizations will provide catalogues and other public information materials on occupant protection. Some have operational programs designed to influence their members in the health professions or the general public. All of the organizations have printed material available. Some provide additional resources on occupant protection such as educational kits, consumer information pamphlets, posters, written testimony, public service announcements, sample legislation, and audio visual aids useful in conjunction with health promotion program development. For information relative to state occupant protection programs, readers should contact their State Office of Highway (Traffic) Safety, Governor's Office, Regional Office of the National Highway Safety Administration, Regional Office of the Department of Health and Human Services, State Health Department of Preventive Health Services, and regional or state affiliate chapters of national organizations, such as the child Passenger Safety Associations and the National Safety Councils. KW - Associations KW - Information dissemination KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Organizations KW - Promotion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269647 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450139 JO - Legal Points PB - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - AUTOMOBILE STOP AND FRISK PY - 1984 SP - 4 p. AB - Discussion of the development and scope of automobile stop and frisk in relation to the federal courts. The following cases were covered: Terry v. Ohio (the Supreme Court found that a protective search of the person of a detainee, absent probable cause, is not per se unreasonable); Adams v. Williams (expands scope of the Terry search to suspects in automobiles); Chimel v. California and New York v. Belton (involving a search incident to arrest and searchable areas); Michigan v. Long (expands the Terry search from the person of a suspect to the passenger compartment and containers located therein); United States v. Aldridge (Eleventh Circuit Court, of Appeals upholds the validity of a police officers protective search of a passenger compartment during an investigatory stop). Thus, in an investigatory stop, an officer may search the passenger compartment of an automobile, although the officer does not have probable cause to arrest, only if the officer has a reasonable and articulable belief that the detainee is potentially dangerous. This is differentiated from probable cause decisions (such as United States v. Ross). KW - Case studies KW - Court operations KW - Courts KW - Decision making KW - Decisions KW - Federal court rules KW - Federal government KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Police KW - Police powers KW - Searching KW - Suspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269393 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450140 JO - Legal Points PB - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - WARRANTLESS VEHICLE SEARCHES PY - 1984 SP - 4 p. AB - This is a general discussion of United States Supreme Court cases regarding those warrantless searches that involve vehicles and of the application of the exclusionary rule to evidence discovered by law enforcement officers during such searches. Officers should also consult their local legal advisors or prosecutors for an analysis of decisions in these areas by the courts in their respective states. The Supreme Court cases include - Carroll v. United States, Chambers v. Maroney, Coolidge v. New Hampshire, United States v. Ross, United States v. Chadwick, Arkansas v. Sanders, Chimel v. California, New York v. Belton, South Dakota v. Opperman and Texas v. Brown. KW - Case studies KW - Court operations KW - Courts KW - Decision making KW - Decisions KW - Exclusion KW - Federal court rules KW - Federal government KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Police KW - Police powers KW - Searching KW - Suspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450121 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 32 p. AB - It is the task of the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV), Netherlands to coordinate research activities in the field of traffic safety in the Netherlands. This publication described the activities of SWOV and of the relationships between the various projects as well as the progress achieved in 1983. The research conducted by SWOV can be roughly divided into two categories: basic research and policy-supporting research. The basic research of SWOV covers theory formation, collection of data and the development of instruments. Policy-supporting research is comprised of research into volume and trend of traffic safety, the factors which influence the occurrence and course of accidents and the effects of counter measures. SWOV has also a share in the development of countermeasures. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Failure KW - Failure lines KW - Highway safety KW - Instrumentation KW - Policy KW - Theoretical studies KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399944 AU - Eustace, K AU - Mennell, D AU - Prost, J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - HYBRID ANALYSIS AND TEST APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES OF NOISE INSIDE A VEHICLE AND PROVIDE A DESIGN TOOL FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE NOISE LEVEL PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - SDRC has developed a combined test and analysis capability that is highly effective in understanding the causes of noise inside the vehicle. The test activities involved are used to determine the route by which the excitation enters the body shell and also to quantify the acoustic response of the body. A major advantage of the approach is that disconnect tests are not necessary. The analysis side of the work is used to gain further understanding of the problem modes of vibration in the power unit/drive train and to assess the effect of design modifications of interior noise. This technique has been used very effectively on low frequency boom problems induced by for example second order forces in a four cylinder unit or third order in a six cylinder engine. KW - Acoustics KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Interior KW - Noise KW - Sound level KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399947 AU - Young, C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: COUNTING THE STRATEGIC BENEFITS PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - A major Japanese manufacturer, by installing a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), has reduced the number of machines in one facility from 68 to 18, the number of employees from 215 to 12, space requirements from 103,000 sq. ft. to 30,000, and processing time from 35 days to a day and a half. However, the financial return over the first two years was only $6.9 million on an investment of $18 million. On the basis of conventional accounting principles, this scale of return on investment would be difficult, if not impossible, to justify. This paper urges manufacturers to consider investment in FMS as a strategic decision with broad implications for competitive positioning rather than a tactical one with only financial implications. In the example quoted above, the strategic benefits of FMS--such as increased flexibility and reduced production lead times--may contribute far more significantly to corporate success in world markets than the financial savings it generates. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economic benefits KW - Flexibility KW - Investments KW - Manufacturing KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399961 AU - Granstedt, O AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE ROLE OF THE ASEA IRB 90 S FUNCTION PACKAGE FOR SPOT WELDING IN FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - The use of spot welding robots is well established in the automotive industry. ASEA has developed a function package for spot welding including a robot and the necessary interfacing and welding equipment, within the limits of the welding gun attachment flange, the ground bolts, the service connections and the interfacing signal connections. This equipment package gives consistent welding quality, no interfacing problems such as delays in communication between robot and welding timer, fast and efficient commissioning, low running costs and high uptime. The different interpretations of flexibility considered in the design of the ASEA IRB 90S function package are briefly discussed. The package is described, an economic evaluation of its function is made and an example of its implementation is given. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Flexibility KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots KW - Spot welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399962 AU - Fransson, B AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AN FMS INSTALLATION FOR MACHINING OF CRANK SHAFTS AT VOLVO COMPONENTS PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - When Volvo Components a couple of years ago looked at FMS alternatives, they decided for a way where they could do it step by step. The engineering department at Volvo Components and Volvo Autocarrier System then jointly designed the FMS with gantry loaders and AGVS (autocarriers). The system was designed for 16 hours/day operation and with a PDP 11 Minicomputer for traffic control and administrative system tracing each individual crankshaft. After two years of operation the FMS system has proven to utilize the machine tools much better reducing the number of machine tools required to less than half. Volvo being the first user of AGV'S on a large scale in the Kalmar and Skovde plants in the early and middle 70's, and by now using about 100 autocarriers in different applications, found it natural to use carriers when it came to FMS in machining. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Crankshafts KW - Flexibility KW - Machining KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399979 AU - BRAY, D J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - CASE STUDY: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ROBOTS ON TO A FINAL ASSEMBLY LINE PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - The new gas leak detection process for locating water and other forms of leaks into cars has necessitated the use of robots on the Final Assembly Track. The first system was commissioned in 1982, and has provided a considerable amount of experience on robotics in Final Assembly. This paper sets out the constraints for the installation, the necessary development, the installation problems and provides an appraisal of the future needs in robotic systems. The fully automatic system consists of 2 robots operating accurately and synchronously with a parallel slat floor conveyor in the midst of a traditionally manual assembly area. The prime technical problems concerned the accuracy of the car position, the repeatability of a synchronous robot program and a method for teaching the programs. The other practical problems of safety and maintenance were considered as part of the overall system design. The important feature that contributed to the installation's success was the continuity of Project Management and engineering skills from inception to post commissioning audit. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Building KW - Detectors KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Leakage KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399980 AU - Freund, E AU - Hoyer, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A FAST CONTROL METHOD FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - For effective application of two or more robots in flexible manufacturing systems and in automatic assembly guided automatic collision avoidance is an important and in spite of many applications so far an unsolved problem. The basis is unconstrained path control of each robot controlled e.g. by optical sensors in connection with different priority levels assigned to the robots. Interative, time-consuming hierarchical control methods are not applicable due to the complexity of this task and to real-time constraints. The application of various hierarchical decision strategies in connection with extremely time-efficient evaluation of decision tables is presented as a new and successful approach. This control method is based on a suitable description of the actual possible collision spaces. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Control systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Manufacturing KW - Optical systems KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450211 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - FIRST AID TO VICTIMS OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 33-35 AB - This editorial is concerned with the goal of training laymen to provide first aid to victims of traffic accidents. This goal has been reached only to a very limited extent according to a report published by the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (CEMT). The German Standard Organization (DIN) made a proposal, which is being undertaken by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to work out a standard for an "European first-aid-kit." The International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine (IAATM) is taking the CEMT report as a request to activate the IAATM regional and national organs in taking suitable steps for promoting first aid training and to make it mandatory to carry a first aid kit in all vehicles. The remainder of this editorial consists of a reprint of an earlier editorial entitled "First Aid at the Scene of an Accident" (Journal of Traffic Medicine, Vol. 7 No. 2, 1979). KW - Crash victims KW - First aid KW - First aid equipment KW - Laws KW - Standards KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269422 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450641 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - O'Day, J AU - Scott, R E AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - SAFETY BELT USE, EJECTION AND ENTRAPMENT PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 141-146 AB - One in every five occupants thrown from a car receives fatal injuries. A motorist who uses a safety belt, in all probability, will not be thrown from the car during a crash. The rate of fatal injury for ejected occupants was found to be 40 times the rate for occupants not thrown from their cars, as determined from national accident sampling data. These data refute the popular notion that "being thrown clear" has survival benefit. In addition, there was no evidence that wearing a safety belt increased fatality risk from vehicle fire or submersion. KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450216 AU - HICKMAN, A J AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE LEAD ON THE M4 MOTORWAY AT HARLINGTON, MIDDLESEX. FOURTH REPORT PY - 1984 SP - 2 p. AB - Since 1973 there have been successive reductions in the maximum amount of lead additives allowed in petrol. From 1971 to the present the Transport and Road Research Laboratory carried out annual surveys of airborne particulate lead concentrations in the central reservation of the M4 motorway at Harlington. This report gives the results (airborne lead concentrations, annual average lead content of petrol and the daily average flows of petrol-engine vehicles) in graphical form. From 1973 to 1975 there were reductions in both the traffic flows and the lead content of petrol and they were reflected in the substantial fall in the airborne lead concentration. From 1975 to 1978 the traffic flows increased but there were sizeable reductions in the lead content of petrol and airborne lead concentrations continued to fall. Since 1978 the traffic flows have been more consistent and the reduction in the lead content of petrol has been less, while airborne lead concentrations have not changed significantly. KW - Air pollution KW - Gasoline KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399940 AU - Cassini, O AU - Diana, P G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DESIGN AND MATERIALS ALTERNATIVES FOR WEIGHT AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION BY F.E. ANALYSIS APPLIED TO CAR BODY STRUCTURAL MEMBERS PY - 1984 SP - 14 p. AB - Car body structures have been very little calculated for many years in the past. That was mainly due to the complexity of the problem or to the fact that primary load bearing functions were committed to other parts, such as frame chassis. That habit led to the consequence that the optimization process has mainly developed experimentally, in a trial and error fashion, with the relative costs, and time, the success of the procedure being mainly resting on the skill and the experience of the designer. The diffusion of computer aided techniques, together with the need for more advanced optimization for the sake of weight saving and performance improving, is slowly changing the physionomy of the car body designer who is more and more using analysis techniques. Such aids become very helpful, mainly when non-traditional materials are used. The present paper shows how these techniques have been used to optimize a highly stressed car body component. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Computer aided design KW - Finite element method KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Optimization KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399951 AU - Inden, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - FMS--FLEXIBLE MACHINING SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - The benefits of flexible automation may be summarized as follows: reduced floor space; reduced in process inventory; the production of family of parts; increased machine utilisation; reduced direct and indirect and indirect labour; and reduced lead times. The initial capital cost of systems of this type is rather high, however these facilities will provide longer service because they can adapt to design changes and provide production rates between hard automation and very small volume production. Provisions for future demands are difficult to substantiate financially. Controllers have to be convinced that the long term benefits justify the expenditure. At present there are seven flexible production lines around the various European Ford transmission and chassis plants. This figure will certainly increase as we are now planning to extend our flexible production lines to other processes such as grinding and gear cutting. In addition we will adapt the flexible production line principle to prismatic (non-rotational) parts as well. Companywide networks of computers assist in reducing lead time of new models or components. Computer aided design (CAD) Supplies already geometric data for NC programmes and rough part drawings. Concerted effort of material procurement and material handling, product development, production and marketing via computer links strengthens logistics so the time lapse between receipt of an order and its payment shortens. Flexible machining systems are the major instruments production provides for that common goal. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Benefits KW - Computer aided design KW - Flexibility KW - Lead time KW - Machining KW - Marketing KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399958 AU - Stark, P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AUTOMATED SHIELD ARC WELDING IN SUSPENSION PRODUCTION AT BMW PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - With a largely saturated market and surplus production capacity, the automotive industry is under ever-increasing competitive pressure. Cost increases can be passed on to the buyer only with difficulty. In these circumstances it becomes a matter of central importance to every company to increase its competitiveness by improving its product quality and introducing rationalisation measures to the fullest possible extent. Unpredictable changes in consumer buying patterns mean that production facilities must be designed for flexibility in order to react swiftly to market fluctuations with model changes and varieties of specification. As with other manufacturers, BMW sees the solution to this problem in extensively automating its production facilities, while recognizing that it is essential to distinguish between the cost benefits of rigid automation systems and the need for flexibility. The object of this presentation is to clarify this conflicting situation using the example of shield arc welding in suspension production. This is an area in production which in recent years has often tended to be neglected by production engineers. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Electric arc welding KW - Flexibility KW - Production KW - Shielded arc welding KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399965 AU - Bocchini, G F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - P/M MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS FOR CAR APPLICATIONS: PRESENT SITUATION AND TRENDS FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - The automotive applications of sintered structural parts and bearings represent, in general, more than 60% of total production for mechanical industries. The growth of P/M parts consumption in the car sector is examined, both from the quantitative and from the qualitative standpoints. While the increase in unit weight of sintered components per car has been rather continuous, the technical importance of the various applications has been gradual, rising from "secondary" items up to "critical" ones. The reasons for the growing consumption of P/M parts are reviewed and discussed. The typical advantages of the powder metallurgy process for mass production of complicated shapes are listed, with special attention given to the most common requirements of automotive applications. The comparison between the USA and various European countries shows a substantial difference in average weight of P/M parts per car. This difference is explained by considering the difference of market situations, typical consumer habits and design lines. From a technical evaluation of present production and experience levels in the most advanced countries it is possible to draw some conclusions on the possible further developments of P/M parts for automotive applications in the near future. The "natural" limits of the sintering technology allow to distinguish between advanced applications still possible, and economically convenient, and other ideas almost impossible to transfer into practical production runs. The description of some very interesting new sintered solutions is underlined, as a significant demonstration of the reliability that, by now, has been reached by Powder Metallurgy. KW - Automobile industry KW - Future growth KW - Parts KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Production KW - Sintering KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle components KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399976 AU - Hellman, T AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - MACHINE VISION FOR SURFACE INSPECTION IN UNMANNED PRODUCTION OF FLYWHEELS PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper describes the inspection system, the production line and the experiences of the introduction of machine vision. The inspection system checks that no casting voids occur on the surfaces of the flywheel. Two cameras inspect one side of the flywheel each. All defects larger than 1 sq mm are detected. The inspection time is less than 20 s. The production line is built around three industrial robots. 80 flywheels per hour are produced. The surface inspection is done before drilling. This facilitates the image analysis and shows the advantages of considering the vision system in the layout of the production line. The production line has been working for one year at Volvo komponenter AB in Sweden. The inspection system is based on the machine vision system Saab EVS 300. KW - Automobile industry KW - Defects KW - Flywheels KW - Inspection KW - Machine vision KW - Manufacturing KW - Production KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399984 AU - Rondo, M AU - Vicentini, P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A VISION SENSING BASED ASSEMBLY ROBOT AN ON FIELD APPLICATION PY - 1984 SP - 14 p. AB - The need of increasing the flexibility of automated manufacturing systems has given rise to the rapid growth in the number of artificial vision applications in the factory over the last year. Machine vision, based on the processing and interpretation of electro-optical images, has been used increasingly in a number of different programmable automation systems, in on-line/off-line inspection, in material sorting and handling, in arc welding and in assembly tasks. This paper discusses an application in Alfa Romeo of a vision based industrial robot in assembly operations. The vision system, based on a hierarchical structure of 16-bit microprocessors with wide memory-addressing capabilities, makes possible the practical addition of gray-scale capability to multiple cameras and performs sophisticated image processing and recognition algorithms. The vision system has been integrated with a Milacron Cincinnati industrial robot. The vision-robot system is operating in Alfa Romeo in a prototype application, performing the assembly and screwing of the hinges of car doors. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Flexibility KW - Machine vision KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450635 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mitchell, B J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TECHNICAL INNOVATION TO IMPROVE ENFORCEMENT OF DRUNK-DRIVING LAWS: THE PASSIVE ALCOHOL SENSOR PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper outlines and explains the potential role of passive alcohol sensors to improve the enforcement of present drunk driving laws in the United States. A passive alcohol sensor is an electronic sensing device used to detect alcohol on a driver's breath. The legal framework created by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution with which the police enforcement program must conform is also discussed. The passive alcohol sensor is a more effective and objective method of detecting alcohol on a driver's breath than the traditional question/answer interview. Another advantage of this device is that unlike the preliminary breath tester, the passive alcohol sensor is non-intrusive and would probably not be considered a "search" by the courts. Therefore, the PAS could be an effective law enforcement tool to help reduce alcohol-related fatalities in the United States. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Passive alcohol sensors KW - Sensors KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269635 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450638 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Sleet, D A AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - REDUCING MOTOR VEHICLE TRAUMA THROUGH HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMMING PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 113-125 AB - Health Promotion approaches found effective in reducing morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases are being applied to reducing death and disability from motor vehicle trauma. The use of safety belts and child safety seats are of recognized benefit in reducing the public health problem associated with traffic crashes. Because traffic crashes are one of the leading causes of productive years of life lost and the leading cause of death among age groups 5-34, safety belt and child safety seat programs that use effective community health promotion strategies are needed. This article suggests programs and educational approaches in which safety belt and child restraint use are promoted as preventive health practices. Health educators are encouraged to view these protective behaviors as part of a healthy life-style and promote occupant protection as a life-style behavior. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Education KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medicine KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Prevention KW - Preventive medicine KW - Promotion KW - Public health KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269637 ER - TY - SER AN - 00450230 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SAFETY APPURTENANCES AND UTILITY ACCOMMODATION SN - 0309037522 PY - 1984 IS - 970 SP - 76p AB - This Record contains the following papers: In-Service Evaluation of Safety Appurtenances: Problems and Solutions (Abridgment), R. D. Powers; Guidelines for Placement of Longitudinal Barriers on Slopes, H. E. Ross, Jr., and D. L. Sicking; Bridge Deck Designs for Railing Impacts, A. Arnold; Design and Development of Self-Restoring Traffic Barriers, M. E. Bronstad and C. F. McDevitt; Development of Proposed Height Standards and Tolerances for Light-Post Traffic Barriers, J. E. Bryden; Soil-Foundation Interaction Behavior of Highway Guardrail Posts, J. K. Jeyapalan et al; Encasement of Pipelines through Highway Roadbeds: Synopsis of Final Report for NCHRP Project 20-7, Task 22, R. A. Koenig, Jr.; Determination of Cost-Effective Roadway Treatments for Utility Pole Accidents, C. V. Zegeer and M. J. Cynecki; Effect of Traffic and Roadway Features on Utility Pole Accidents, C. V. Zegeer and M. R. Parker, Jr. KW - Appurtenances KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Height KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Posts KW - Safety engineering KW - Self-restoring barriers KW - Utility poles UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1984/970/970.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450138 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - 1984 REPORT ON BUMPERS PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - This publication reviews the requirements of the federal bumper standards that prompted dramatic improvements in bumper performance during the 1970s. It discusses the recent returns to obsolete bumper technology since the federal standard was weakened. And it includes a rundown of the bumper protection levels offered by the automobile manufacturers on their 1984 model cars. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile makes KW - Bumpers KW - Federal government KW - Protection KW - Quality of work KW - Revisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399935 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ISATA 84, "IN PURSUIT OF TECHNICAL EXCELLENCE". PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 2. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO VEHICLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS, MILAN, ITALY 24-28 SEPTEMBER 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 935 p. AB - This publication contains Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation (ISATA) 1984, with particular reference to vehicle management systems and flexible manufacturing systems. Papers in this volume cover the following topics: computer aided engineering; flexible manufacturing systems; production methods; and robotics. Individual papers are entered separately in the Highway Safety Literature (HSL) data base. They include HS-038 476 to HS-038 528. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Manufacturing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399937 AU - Pasemann, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - INTEGRATION OF CAD-SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - The number of CAD-systems installed in industry is growing at a rapid rate in terms of volume and in terms of variety of applications. In order to increase productive CAD-applications in an appropriate manner various measures have to be taken. The most important one concerns the human aspect in general and educational measures in particular, since these mandate the longest lead times. At the same time the range of CAD-application in terms of model complexity, data structures and communications is growing from drafting oriented single work stations towards company wide integrated approaches. This will eventually change the corporate data structure. Integration will then foster some kind of CAD data base administrator among other additional jobs descriptions. As CAD becomes the standard mechanism to support all activities of design, CAD-integration is the most important task. In this paper the current possibilities and the underlying disciplines, CAD systems, communications, interface formats and data bases are discussed as they relate to the present possibilities of CAD integration. For all of the disciplines mentioned, standardization is the most important prerequisite. KW - Communications KW - Computer aided design KW - Databases KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Interfaces KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399952 AU - Siegfried, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM--DIEDESHEIM PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - Cost pressure and worldwide competition require ever increasing productivity in the manufacturing industries. For many years the use of numerically controlled machine tools in small-volume production has led to substantial advances in productivity. Based on the excellent results achieved, it was felt that the continuing development and combination of NC machines with so-called flexible manufacturing systems in the future would result in further noticeable improvements in productivity in small- and medium-volume production. The modular flexible machine layout concept for small- and medium-volume production presented in this discussion, comprises a number of individual machining units, so linked to each other by a common material flow and information system, as to provide for an automatic processing on one hand, while on the other hand enabling the performance of varying machining functions on different parts over a portion of the line. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Flexibility KW - Machining KW - Manufacturing KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399954 AU - ERICSSON, S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AUTOMATED PETROL ENGINE ASSEMBLY WITH INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS AT SAAB-SCANIA PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper describes the new assembly system, based upon an extensive application of industrial robots, that is now being used by Saab-Scania in the assembly of petrol engines for the Saab car. Industrial robots are used in the preassembly of basic engines as well as in the assembly of complete engines. The new assembly system, which has been installed step by step during 1983 and 1984, is now being utilized at full production level. It eliminates monotonous and repetitive jobs, it creates a more flexible assembly system and it creates a scope for improving the quality of the assembly work. KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Automation KW - Engine assembly KW - Engines KW - Flexibility KW - Gasoline engines KW - Industrial robots KW - Production KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399969 AU - Martino, A AU - Alacevich, E AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ALCIONE: AN INDUSTRIAL LOGISTIC SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - In some cases, rationalization of the production process (programming, survey, control) is caused, or accompanied, by extensive modifications to plant layout, plant or product technology, processing cycles. In other cases, it is necessary to transform existing plants, only partly automized, for a product whose technology is already established and mature, a relatively slow process. In this type of operation, work organization must be modified with system fairly quick and cheap to install, easily adaptable to product and technology transformations, and capable, in particular, of interacting with automized plants, robots, etc., as these gradually enter the production cycle. To obtain this adaptability, it is necessary to plan the architecture of the informatic and operating systems of production to specialize their functions on different levels of processing capacity and data management. Specialization of the various modules must fully display all important aspects to the production staff, leaving the control systems of the automized work centers the possibility of acting according to specific logics and defining the criteria of a dialogue to exchange all necessary data (e.g. the work program of the peripheral center, which comes from the management computer or production survey, or from the need for goods from stock, transmitted by the local intelligence of the production unit). KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Data management KW - Information processing KW - Logistics KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399971 AU - Ishikawa, S AU - Kouzawa, K AU - Yoshida, M AU - Otani, S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - HEADLAMP AIMING SYSTEM UTILIZING PICTURE PROCESSING PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - Recently, research on machine vision has been increased. Utilizing machine vision, we have developed a headlamp aiming system. Up to now, aiming operation of the car headlamps has been performed visually by the operator using his own judgement. But it is hard to deal with various complicated light patterns of halogen lamps and with the increased number of different body styles. In order to make it easy for the operator, we have developed an assistance system. This consists of an ITV camera which scans the light pattern displayed on a screen, a converter which digitalizes its analog signal and an 8-bit micro-computer which calculates the center position of the light pattern of "hot zone" and displays it as a cross-mark on a color CRT. Aided by this mark, the operator can accurately adjust the light direction merely by positioning the mark on the CRT screen within a certain area. With this system, aiming operation of the headlamp has been made easier and its accuracy has been greatly improved. KW - Accuracy KW - Aiming /headlights/ KW - Development KW - Headlamps KW - Machine vision KW - Microcomputers KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399987 AU - Bisiach, L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - TAURO SYSTEM: THE UNIVERSAL ROBOT-HOLDING SYSTEM WITH TOTAL FLEXIBILITY PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper describes the TAURO System, a universal system devised to carry a wide range of different types of robots. The name TAURO stands for the Italian equivalent of Robotised Universal Automatic Transfer. The system is up to 40 meters long and is supplied in two versions: portal and linear. The main components are: 1 or 2 tracks below floor level; 1 or more mobile robot carriers; 1 or more welding gun magazines on the carriers; and 1 or more automatic gun change systems (one on each robot). Options include appropriately programmed longitudinal and transverse overhead runways for the automatic handling of workpieces. The TAURO system is an extremely important innovation in the solution of all spot welding problems involving very large pieces and low and very diversified production volumes. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Flexibility KW - Manufacturing KW - Production KW - Robots KW - Spot welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215170 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450640 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Tolsma, D D AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - HEALTH PROMOTION APPROACHES TO OCCUPANT PROTECTION: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC FRAMEWORK PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 133-140 AB - The size of the problem, the potential for prevention, and the Nation's prevention priorities all support public health action to prevent injuries. A balanced approach to this problem should include both environmental and health promotion strategies. Centers for Desease Control (CDC) is encouraging development of health promotion capability at the community level; the approach bases planning and implementation of programs on epidemiologic analysis to define the problem. Behavioral risk factor surveillance data will help states and communities establish baselines and determine priorities. Baseline data from the state-based surveillance system illustrate risk levels of motor vehicle occupants, e.g., 58% of adults report "seldom" or "never" using seat belts, and one of every seven males ages 18-34 report driving after having too much to drink. A health promotion plan developed by the Oakland County, Michigan, Health Department illustrates the use of these kinds of data as an epidemiologic framework; this plan identifies child passenger safety as a priority for action and establishes measurable objectives to reduce risk through health promotion programs. Health promotion includes not only interventions that support individual behavior change but also community change. By acquiring epidemiologic data and conveying it both to individuals and community decision makers, the public health community supports increased community efforts to protect occupants of motor vehicles. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Communities KW - Epidemiology KW - Hazards KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Promotion KW - Public health KW - Risk assessment KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269639 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450642 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Gemming, M G AU - Runyan, C W AU - Hunter, W W AU - Campbell, B J AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - A COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION APPROACH TO OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 147-158 AB - The goal of enhancing motor vehicle occupant protection is vital to the public's health. Controversies about passive versus active protection and voluntary versus mandatory measures continue. A program which employed a combination of positive reinforcements (incentives) and wide-scale community education succeeded in raising the community seat belt usage rate from 24 to 41% in 6 months. This rate was sustained at 36% at six-month follow-up. This article reviews the major features of the "Seat Belts Pay Off" campaign and its evaluation and considers both theoretical and pragmatic issues pertinent to replicating the program in other community settings. KW - Communities KW - Education KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Promotion KW - Public health KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269641 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450644 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Merrill, B E AU - Sleet, D A AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - SAFETY BELT USE AND RELATED HEALTH VARIABLES IN A WORKSITE HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAM PY - 1984 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - p. 171-179 AB - Few corporate-based health promotion programs address a major preventable killer that strikes American workers--motor vehicle crashes. The use of vehicle safety belts is a known and effective prevention measure yet few workers use them. Very little research has been done on safety belt use as a health behavior, particularly as it relates to a corporate health promotion program. Data from an Employee Health Survey on 3,947 employees at Control Data Corporation were examined in 1982-83 to determine the relationship between safety belt use and other health habits. Comparisons between participants in the StayWell Program (a health promotion program) and nonparticipant and control groups were analyzed. Users of safety belts reported more moderate use of alcohol, better exercise habits, less smoking and were less likely to be overweight than nonusers. Among StayWell employees completing a Health Risk Profile, higher levels of safety belt use were reported. Recommendations are made which have implications for the design of safety belt motivation programs within the context of worksite health promotion. KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Data analysis KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motivation KW - Promotion KW - Public health KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399939 AU - Nagasaka, J AU - HIGASHI, M AU - Sannokyo, H AU - Ogo, K AU - Suzuki, T AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - HIGH SPEED MACHINING SYSTEM FOR STYLING DESIGN PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - In the design field, a styling is determined after confirming shapes repeatedly by using three dimensional models. This paper describes a new system which can act as a three-dimensional plotter or a similar device to produce the physical model directly from the mathematical model generated by CAD. The features of this system are as follows: (1) Industrial clay is utilized as a work material for three-dimensional models, and NC machining at high speed and high accuracy is available; and (2) The operation of this system is interactive to obtain Cutting Tool Location data (CL) for NC machining process by using a graphic display, which assures the precision CL data availability in a short time. Combining this system with CAD, it is now possible to substantially improve the efficiency in such creative work as styling design for a car body. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Computer aided design KW - Data plotters KW - Graphic displays KW - Graphics KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Machining KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Speed KW - Three dimensional KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399941 AU - Punwani, S G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - TECHNIQUES FOR FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING AND RESULTS PROCESSING--A CAD SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1984 SP - 22 p. AB - A finite element model consists of nodes, elements, loads, constraints, material properties, and control information. Not only are these constituents of a model interrelated, but, in a CAD system, their associativity with part geometry must also be established. Techniques as applied to one CAD system implementation are described as an example of the usage of appropriate mathematical methods, representation of finite-element models in a data base, and methods of rapidly editing the model. In doing so, a review of selected surface mapping and volume mapping techniques is presented. This includes a mathematical description of blending functions, Bernstein-Bezier functions, and B-spline functions, which are critiqued for the purpose of finite-element mesh-generation. Methods for node-biasing and sub-parametric modification of meshes are also outlined. Finally, some techniques for displaying the results of finite-element analysis, including the generation and use of colour-shaded representations, are mentioned. KW - Computer aided design KW - Finite element method KW - Graphic displays KW - Graphics KW - Mathematical models KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399943 AU - Colombo, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - CAD: THE BASIS FOR INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING PY - 1984 SP - 18 p. AB - In many industries it is necessary for a company to automate and to integrate its manufacturing operations if it is to have a chance to attain a position of market leadership--or in extreme cases, if its business is to survive as an ongoing entity. Fortunately, the tools of factory floor automation--the new generation of "smart" machines--are appearing in many forms. These smart machines include robots, flexible-machining centers, computer-controlled punch presses, and computer-aided testing machines. Highly-reliable smart machines are now commercially available from a broad array of vendors around the world. These smart machines share a common characteristic--they are programmable. The thesis of this paper is that there is a commercially available technology that can automate the programming, simulation and data base integration process for smart machines. This technology is called computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). After briefly defining CAD technology and introducing the concept of the product data base, this paper illustrates the ways that CAD technology can bring productivity improvements to the manufacturing process. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Databases KW - Manufacturing KW - Productivity KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399948 AU - Vicentini, P AU - Gambini, A AU - Ricciardi, G AU - Vignoli, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTION OF MECHANICAL PARTS PY - 1984 SP - 18 p. AB - The paper describes the feasibility research and the layout of a flexible manufacturing system for production of some mechanical parts. The research was carried out in R.T.M. Institute, in cooperation with Alfa Romeo. The proposed system is an hybrid one, and collects some C.N. machines with traditional ones, in order to work different kinds of pieces. There are also described the transport, handling and the control and managing systems. The paper includes the economic analysis of the whole system. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economic analysis KW - Flexibility KW - Manufacturing KW - Mechanical parts KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399950 AU - Rottlaender, H-P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - FLEXIBILITY AND AUTOMATION IN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTION--CONTRADICTION OR CHALLENGE? PY - 1984 SP - 22 p. AB - An attempt has been made using some concrete examples from Audi to explain the necessity of flexible automation and to illustrate the state of realization and planning in this field. In addition to planning progress in the field of adapted system structures, transport and control concepts, expanding fields of application and the rationalization of flexible, automated production systems will also depend on future technological progress. To be mentioned above all else here are sensor technology, further development of robots and flexible transport systems, as well as further progress in the fields of electronic data processing and control technology--areas where considerable further developments are still anticipated in the very near future, having positive effects on the range of application, costs and flexibility of future production systems. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Electronic control KW - Flexibility KW - Information processing KW - Planning KW - Production KW - Robots KW - Sensors KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399973 AU - Spur, G AU - Seliger, G AU - Felsing, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ROBOT-INTEGRATED WORKING-PLACE FOR THE BRUSHING OF RUBBER-METAL PARTS PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - The use of industrial robots for the execution of cutting operations offers the chance either to replace conventional machine tools and cost intensive hard automation equipment or, in other cases, human workers from hazardous or monotonous work. One of the most promising robotic applications can be found in the field of surface finishing where there are operations such as fettling, deburring and polishing to be carried out. In the automotive industry the most important feasibilities for application of industrial robots for cutting operations are: the fettling of castings such as engine blocks and or gear boxes or the finishing of forged parts and of arc welded subassemblies; the deburring and trimming of plastic parts such as bumpers, spoilers, side coverings or radiator stone protectors; and the final processing of various kinds of vulcanized rubber-metal parts. As industrial robots are just about to enter the shopfloor for these applications there is still a broad variety of parametres to be surveyed for the preparation of the successful introduction of flexible automation. This paper outlines with the example of rubber-metal parts the procedure necessary for implementing industrial robots for these tasks. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Cutting KW - Flexibility KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots KW - Seal coats KW - Trimming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399975 AU - Canna, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - INSPECTION ISLANDS WITH MEASURING ROBOTS PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - The sector of mass production inspection on the shop floor has modern characteristics which call for systems able to supply data and indications on the situation of the production process which, in most cases is operated by completely automatic installations. This requirement can only be satisfied if systems able to generate and process a considerable amount of data are available and which, based on significant times, shift, day and week, can supply the information on the running of the plant. The purpose of the automatic inspection area system is to satisfy the new inspection demands, and forsees the PAG measuring robot along the production lines, served by a loading robot and co-ordinated by a HOST computer able to establish by self-adaption the most suitable inspection cycles according to the previous measuring data revealed. There are different types of inspection programs, one program concerns the general inspection of the entire piece in order to check at the beginning of the shift that the dimensions respond to the requirements. Other inspections are aimed at keeping under control only the more critical or more important dimensions. The pieces, if within tolerance, are taken onto the line for further working, if out of tolerance they are numbered and together with the attached chart indicating the inspection carried out and the dimensions out of tolerance are then deposited in a reject line. The HOST computer besides controlling the various operation phases, gives an immediate feedback to production about the inspection results so as to avoid the formation of rejects, and it also processes the data collected during the various working cycles thus obtaining statistical and graphic elaborations for Quality Control. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399983 AU - Cleland, R D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AUTOMATION FOR TRIM AND HARDWARE INSTALLATION PROCESSES IN THE GENERAL MOTORS ASSEMBLY PLANT, LANSING, MICHIGAN PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - With the growing concern over increasing competition, General Motors Corporation has focused a major emphasis on improving quality and increasing productivity. Much has been accomplished toward these goals by automating the welding operation involved with automobile body assembly. We at General Motors are now focusing attention to automating portions of the trim and hardware assembly operations. This paper explains one of the early efforts in automating the trim assembly area. The terms automation and robotics have often been used synonymously. Robots are playing a major role in automating the assembly plant. Robots, however, are only one category of automated equipment. Intelligent devices such as automatic wire guided vehicles, programmable controllers, sensing systems, and computers are also being used in assembly facilities. An automated trim shop will incorporate all of these devices. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Productivity KW - Quality control KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399985 AU - Fanoni, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - GENERAL CONSIDERATION ABOUT THE GENERAL EXPERIENCE AND POSSIBILITIES OF ROBOT EQUIPPED WITH ADVANCED SENSORS IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS PY - 1984 SP - 33 p. AB - This paper presents some general considerations on robots equipped with advanced sensors in industrial environments. The contents of the paper involve discussion of a series of slides and cover the following four areas: (1) basic machine vision theory; (2) system description; (3) error supervision; and (4) installation. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Building KW - Errors KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Machine vision KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots KW - Sensors KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215168 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399878 AU - Arcari, F AU - Bassi, A AU - Perrone, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE ALFA ROMEO ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE SECOND GENERATION PY - 1984 SP - p. 1-16 AB - This paper describes the C.E.M., an original electronic engine management system developed by Alfa Romeo which has the task of controlling fuel injection, ignition and other boundary functions. This system has been designed particularly for high specific power output engines, as typical Alfa Romeo engines are; hence it includes timed sequential fuel injection and a set of sensors and actuators that were chosen aiming in particular at fast engine response. The C.E.M. system has been defined and tested on all the engines of the Alfa Romeo range; it has also made possible the development of new control techniques. In order to improve the performance characteristics and to obtain additional control features a second generation C.E.M. is now under development. Adaptive closed loop control, integration of the engine and vehicle control systems, adoption of latest electronic components (e.g. VLSI ICs, solid state sensors...) are the major features of C.E.M. 2. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Actuators KW - Automobile engines KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Ignition systems KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218444 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399901 AU - Heath, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - MEASUREMENT OF FUEL DELIVERY, INJECTION BY INJECTION, FROM A DIESEL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - p. 391-420 AB - The need for improved accuracy in testing and setting diesel fuel injection pumps arises from the increasing demands on engine manufacturers to improve the performance of their products whilst reducing specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The availability of inexpensive 8 bit microcomputers and optical transducers has enabled Hartridge to develop a new generation of fuel metering equipment which can measure the delivery from a diesel fuel injection pump injection-by-injection with a resolution of 0.1 cu mm. For the service testing of diesel fuel injection equipment the average deliveries from each line are displayed graphically on a CRT and a hard copy print-out of results is available on demand. At the engineering level the "injection-to-injection" variation on all lines over the same sampling period can be examined, analysed and recorded in both tabular and graphical forms. The paper explains the problems associated with traditional methods of measuring injected fuel volumes and describes the way in which they are overcome with the "injection-to-injection" system. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Measuring instruments KW - Microcomputers KW - Optical transducers KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218467 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399903 AU - BELARDINI, P AU - BERTOLI, C AU - Corcione, F AU - Diana, S AU - POLICE, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ERROR ANALYSIS IN INDICATED PRESSURE AND HEAT RELEASE CALCULATIONS IN DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1984 SP - p. 439-458 AB - Accurate values of indicated pressure are required both to improve engine diagnostic and to validate numerical calculation. Therefore the errors in data measuring, recording and processing must be recognized and if possible minimized. Certainly this argument is not a new one. Fundamental works in this field were done by Brown, who published two papers on the accuracy of measurement using piezoelectric transducers, and by Lancaster, who discussed some problems about hardware and introduced an interactive diagnostic. This paper aims to resume and discuss the experiences of different authors giving some contributions to the problem of measuring and processing the cylinder pressure. In particular, the paper deals with some problems regarding hardware, data processing, errors in indicated mean effective pressure and heat release determination. Some suggestions are provided about an interactive diagnostic. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Computer graphics KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Errors KW - Fuel injection KW - Hardware KW - Heat flow KW - Heat release rate KW - Information processing KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Interactive graphics KW - Measurement KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218469 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399908 AU - Nakajima, M AU - Shigemori, M AU - Ichino, F AU - Okamoto, K AU - Komiya, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DRIVING DATA RECORDER FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES AND ITS APPLICATIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 527-544 AB - Generally, data loggers are used for the purpose of investigating on the driving conditions of vehicles which are under some research and development works. Hino Motors, Ltd., in co-operation with Sawafuji Electric Co., Ltd., has developed an in-vehicle data logger, however, which can easily be installed by customers on vehicles for use in actual operation in the field. Through the production of printed digital data, graphs, and tables, the logger provides useful information on fuel economy for both drivers and managers of fleets, as well as valuable information regarding maintenance schedules. The logger, named the Hino Driving Data Recorder, has been delivered to all Hino-dealers in Japan and is receiving very positive feedback from customers. Specifications and details of this data recorder and actual examples of its applications on buses are described in this paper. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Data recorders KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel conservation KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218474 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399880 AU - Rogora, E AU - Scire, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - FUTURE TRENDS FOR THE DASHBOARD CIRCUITRY: THE MICROPROCESSOR AS A MANAGEMENT UNIT PY - 1984 SP - p. 37-50 AB - The increasing number of functions and the growing dashboard complexity make the wiring of the car, and in particular of the dashboard, more and more difficult in terms of weight, set up, reliability. The air of this contribution is to present a solution (especially suitable for medium to high class range of automobiles) which, by means of electronic components, allows a real dashboard wiring simplification and which, in the future, should represent the slave element of a single wire system. A system description is given with particular respect to the hardware problem of modules interconnection and to the software methodology for the development of the control and diagnosis programs; moreover an overview of some technical and technological developments is presented for the future improvement of the proposed system. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Circuits KW - Electric circuits KW - Electronic control KW - Hardware KW - Instrument panels KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Microprocessors KW - Software KW - Technology KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218446 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399882 AU - Dunne, J E AU - Greenwood, C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - INTEGRATED C.V.T. CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - p. 71-91 AB - This paper describes the control system developed by LVL in association with and for the operation of the recently announced commercial vehicle continuously variable transmission (CVT). The system specification, construction and testing have been completed exclusively by the transmission project team with the intention of realising the full economy potential of the CVT. The resulting driveline returns optimum fuel economy from the diesel engine without the sacrifice of driveability or performance. The complete control package can be conveniently split into two subsystems concerned with driver command and system status processing, leading to the formulation of control decisions, and the subsequent conversion of electronic signals to operating forces. The micro-computer based control unit and its associated electrohydraulic control valves are separately described, in particular the failsafe operation of the total system. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Control systems KW - Diesel engines KW - Fail safe KW - Fail safe systems KW - Fuel conservation KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Microcomputers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218448 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399897 AU - Bryant, R W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A MULTI-MODE, ANALOG/DIGITAL SPARK CONTROLLER I.C. DESIGNED USING AN INTEGRATED STANDARD CELL DESIGN SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - p. 335-353 AB - This paper will focus on three related topics--the ASC I.C. and module system, the Daisy workstation-based design system on which it was implemented and the cell-based structured methodology which allows custom I.C.'s to be designed by the automotive electronics engineer. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Design KW - Electronic control KW - Integrated circuits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218463 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399899 AU - Blohm, B AU - Kratz, W AU - Fox, C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - EFC ELECTRONIC FLOW CONTROLLER DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE REGULATOR PY - 1984 SP - p. 365-376 AB - Since the advent of the automotive on-board micro-processor, there has been a need to control pressure differential by using a square wave duty cycle source. Initial electronic control unit (ECU) work was done using standard pressure/vacuum solenoid vent valves. The standard valves have the limitation of: slow response; heavy armature with molded tip and long stroke; temperature, pressure and voltage sensitivity; and requiring closed loop control. This paper reviews the Borg-Warner electronic flow controller (EFC) as a variable duty cycle controlled unit to control pressure differential as a function of input current. The moving metal armature weighs less than 2.0 grams and travels less than 25 microns. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Differential pressure KW - Differentials (Gears) KW - Electronic control KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Pressure regulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218465 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399912 AU - Polsler, W D AU - Michelfelder, J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - SIGNAL CONDITIONING SYSTEM BASED ON "INTELLIGENT SENSOR" PHILOSOPHY, FOR TEST STANDS PY - 1984 SP - p. 581-600 AB - The present paper describes a signal acquisition system for use with test benches. This system offers the advantage of a compact arrangement of the measurement transducers and components for signal conditioning, digitalisation and standardisation of the measurement data in physical units. The acquisition equipment is installed in the test chamber and allows troublefree transmission of the collected digitalized data to a host computer. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Sensors KW - Signal processing KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218478 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399914 AU - Dell'Acqua, R AU - Dell'Orto, G AU - Dendi, G AU - Rossi, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A NEW FAMILY OF HIGH PRESSURE THICK FILM SENSORS PY - 1984 SP - p. 617-632 AB - In the last few years a strong request has arisen for higher pressure devices for automotive, where the range seems to be limited to 100 bar, and for other applications, where the range might be up to 500 bar. After a short recall of the principle on which the thick film pressure sensor is based, this paper examines the concept used to develop the high pressure devices and the criteria for their mass production while still keeping the high quality level of performance of the already widely used low pressure sensors. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Development KW - Films (Coatings) KW - High pressure KW - Mass production KW - Pressure KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Production KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Thick films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218480 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399917 AU - Savora, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE MEASUREMENT AND IMMEDIATE UTILISATION OF CYLINDER PRESSURE SIGNALS FROM CONSECUTIVE CYCLES USING THE AVL DIGITAL ANALYSER PY - 1984 SP - p. 659-667 AB - This paper describes the possibility of continuously measuring and storing signals from dynamic processes in an engine, such as cylinder pressure, injection needle lift and injection line pressure of one or more cylinders, as well as engine speed, torque or load. In addition, as the measurement is made, the values of IMEP of all the cylinder pressure signals, peak values, the maximum rate of pressure rise or also the knock-factor of the intake mixture are determined. These values can be displayed in graphic form immediately after the measurement has been made and this permits a quick judgement of the results before the enormous amount of data from all the single measurements (millions) is transferred to a higher order system for further analysis. In addition, however, the efficient data reduction accomplished by the built-in real-time IMEP board makes it possible that only the reduced data of a full test, or the complete data from selected cycles, are transferred for later reference. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Data reduction KW - Dynamic tests KW - Engines KW - Graphic displays KW - Graphics KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Measurement KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218482 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399930 AU - Massaro, C AU - Colantuoni, S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - RIG TESTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF TURBOCHARGER COMPRESSOR PY - 1984 SP - p. 911-934 AB - Performances of turbocharger compressor are produced by behaviour of impeller, vaneless diffuser and scroll. Rig tests were carried out in order to evaluate the performances of each of them at different mass flows and speeds. To perform those tests a compressor of turbocharger for automotive application was instrumented by static pressure probes and thermocouples. The experimental results showed the actual pressure recovery through the impeller and the diffuser and the distortions in the scroll and allowed to calibrate the prediction computer programs in order to optimize compressor design. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Compressors KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Optimization KW - Performance tests KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218495 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399932 AU - Brasche, R AU - Ottersbach, H J AU - Schmitt, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DETERMINATION OF ENERGY-ABSORBING MEMBERS IN CAR STRUCTURES FOR PASSIVE SAFETY PY - 1984 SP - p. 957-976 AB - The protection of vehicle-passengers under impact conditions is mainly a function of controlled energy absorption in the view of body engineering design. Control means in mathematical formulation a minimization of passenger loading under the given change of velocity and a given deformation space. The permissible deformation is limited by the request for a sufficent survival space within the passenger compartment, i.e. rigid body shell. On the other side the injury criteria are related to passenger's deceleration-pulse and shall not exceed defined values. Within these boundaries the INERTIAL EFFECTS govern the loading of passengers as a function of chosen change of velocity. Although static tests have proven their worth in various cases of structural strength, they are unsuitable to take into account inertial effects. These effects can best be studied by using a dynamic test device to investigate and handle parametric studies in a cost and time effective manner. Important areas for investigation are: Optimization of vehicle's collapse mode and body energy management for appropriate deceleration level and pulse; and minimization of passenger loading by appropriate design of restraint system including safety belts, seats, interior layout. The test device DYNAMIC CRUSHER serves both purposes. It is used to provide information by measuring test data to investigate the behaviour of vehicle structures and structure-components at different kinematic conditions. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Absorbents KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deceleration KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy absorption KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Interior KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive absorbers KW - Seats KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218497 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399884 AU - BERGESE, C AU - Ferrero, E AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS ON BOARD THE FIAT REGATA PASSENGER CAR PY - 1984 SP - p. 109-126 AB - The Fiat REGATA, a passenger car in the medium market segment, represents a typical example of application of electronic systems on board a large market volume passenger car. The choice of the electronic devices to be installed on this car required a careful analysis of priorities to make sure that the most suitable functions would be selected, especially in view of the optimization of the cost-to-performance ratio. This paper presents the electronic systems installed on board the Fiat REGATA passenger car and the criteria followed to determine their characteristics. Three working criteria were identified: (1) Powerplant control designed to obtain improved fuel economy together with improved performance; (2) On board functional control; and (3) Trip information. Devices in category 1 include the integral mapping "Digiplex" ignition system and the "Citymatic" system which integrates the fuel cut-off and the automatic engine stop/start functions. Category 2 includes the Check Panel system which provides information on the efficiency of some of the on board functions. Lastly, category 3 comprises the "Econometer" and "Tris" systems. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile engines KW - Control systems KW - Electronic control KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel conservation KW - Ignition systems KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218450 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399895 AU - Panizza, E AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - MEDIUM TERM APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONICS IN FIAT PASSENGER CARS PY - 1984 SP - p. 311-320 AB - The present short note will serve to the author as a guideline for the presentation of FIAT general trends in electronics applications to the vehicle. The note outlines FIAT trends in on-board electronic equipment with particular reference to medium and economy class cars. Accordingly, sophisticated electronic controls such as the multipoint injection, antilock and electronic suspension control systems, already well established on higher class cars, are deliberately ignored. This presentation covers those applications in which trade-off between costs and performance is more difficult, and the production volumes involved are the largest. The adoption of on-board electronic systems by manufacturers of medium and economy class cars has to reckon with economy-minded, compulsorily-rational motorists who allow little to the superfluos. For this reason on-board electronics must offer the motorist tangible returns in terms of both fuel economy and serviceability, to offset the inevitable higher vehicle cost within a very short time (not more than one year). U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fuel conservation KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218461 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399902 AU - Qasrawi, AMS AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DETERMINATION OF AIR FUEL RATIO FROM EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS PY - 1984 SP - p. 421-437 AB - There are, and will continue to be, increasing pressures to improve the efficiency and reduce toxic emissions of automotive internal combustion engines. These aims of better economy and lower emissions can be achieved by better control of the mixture strength at all operating conditions of such engines. The engine mixture strength, expressed as air fuel ratio A/F, could be either directly calculated from separate measurements of air and fuel mass flow rates, or indirectly deduced from an analysis of the exhaust gas stream. A large number of methods for determination of air fuel ratio from exhaust gas analysis are now in use on test beds, or in test vehicles, by establishments in the automotive industry. Some of these methods have been reviewed and compared by several researchers. In this paper a different approach to the problem is adopted. The reasons for discrepancies between various methods are first identified and the sensitivity of these methods to the errors from a variety of sources are assessed. Methods which are accepted to have sound physical and empirical bases are considered. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Errors KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Measurement KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218468 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399909 AU - Thoms, E AU - Danielsson, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - COMPUTERISED BRAKE USAGE STATISTICS--AN IMPORTANT AID FOR BRAKE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1984 SP - p. 545-552 AB - A complete brake test system has been developed at the chassis laboratory of Saab-Scania. It consists of: (1) A computerized vehicle carried data log that registers all the brake applications and drum temperatures during a period that gives a statistically dependable picture of how the brakes are used; (2) Software that transforms the information from the vehicle into a program for a brake dynamometer, considering other systems that contribute to absorbing the energy in the vehicle, such as engine braking or a retarder; (3) A dynamometer with computer control that can run a program that closely resembles real use of the brakes on a vehicle; and (4) A program capturing statistical information from the vehicle data. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Brake drums KW - Brakes KW - Control systems KW - Data collection KW - Dynamometers KW - Software KW - Statistics KW - Temperature KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218475 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399921 AU - Pedrotti, S AU - Audone, B AU - Bolla, L AU - Oberto, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY IN THE AUTOMOTIVE FIELD PY - 1984 SP - p. 725-742 AB - The application of increasingly complex systems on board causes problems on their compatibility inside the electromagnetic car environment. A study was carried out to study the electromagnetic behaviour of some car models. Results show that the car's electrical impedance may be simulated by an equivalent network, easily simulated in the laboratory. To define the operating limits of an electronic engine control system (CEM), we connected this system to the equivalent car network and studied the effects of induced electromagnetic noise which simulate present conditions. Results have generated a proposal of E.M.C. Standards for the automotive field. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218486 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399928 AU - Cecchi, P AU - Pedrotti, S AU - Vernocchi, S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - RELIABILITY ANALYSIS METHOD APPLIED TO AN AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - p. 853-884 AB - The electronic Engine Control System (C.E.M) developed by Alfa Romeo may be regarded as an example of a complex, highly innovative system, which requires a new approach to conventional methods used in the automotive field for reliability analysis. This paper shows the work undertaken b Alfa Romeo to define data collection procedures and formulae to elaborate the statistical parameters of reliability models, in order to gain suitable feed-back data. A particular point of procedures is that starting from the general system reliability target; this method permits assignment of special targets for each component of the system; the method has been checked by present application also in system and components other than the C.E.M. In particular, the comprehensive C.E.M. program for field reliability performances, consisting first of 10 taxi-cars, then 27 prototypes and present running 1,000-vehicle test-fleet, has been designed and used as a practical application for these procedures and study. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management System and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218493 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399887 AU - Berskiold, L-E AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - VOLVO'S NEW SAFETY SYSTEM TO AVOID SKIDDING PY - 1984 SP - p. 171-184 AB - When driving on slippery surfaces, it quite often happens that the driver skids with his car when accelerating. Volvo's new safety system has been developed to avoid such situations. The new safety system senses the magnitude of wheel spin and, with the aid of a microprocessor, gauges the quality of the surface. With this as a basis the processor determines which engine torque is suitable. At the same time, the driver is warned, by means of light and sound, that it is slippery. The processor makes its decision faster than the driver reacts, and allows the car to run with an acceleration and stability which is suitable to the surface conditions. The lecture will deal with theoretical background, control principle, components and function of the safety system. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Control systems KW - Microprocessors KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Sensors KW - Skidding KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218453 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399888 AU - Toti, G AU - Marinoni, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DESIGN OF ACTIVE SUSPENSIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 185-207 AB - This paper describes the studies and experiments carried out at Alfa Romeo to find the most suitable types of regulations and the relevant problems in the design of active suspensions. Two possible solutions, one with comfort as its primary aim, the other attitude control, have been considered; in the secondary aims, both regulations behave passively, but gain considerable indirect advantages. When our primary aim is attitude control, special care should be payed to stabilize the vehicle response. The advantages for the performance of suspensions are obviously greater if we consider a regulation with the joint aim of attitude control and comfort. We have equipped a car with an active suspension scheme sufficiently flexible and general for studies and experiments on various types of solution; mathematical models for operation simulation under handling and road excitation have been developed. Substantially, attitude regulation only was surveyed (with satisfactory results); obviously, future developments will aim at a possible combined comfort-attitude regulation. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Active suspension systems KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399891 AU - Sullini, R AU - Staffaroni, G AU - Diodato, C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - CUSTOM I.C. DEVELOPMENT AND RELIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 233-251 AB - The paper presents the use of custom integrated circuits for an automobile electronic dashboard which also manages the electric system. The central element of the development is a four bit, low cost CMOS microcomputer (Z3003) particularly designed for automotive controllers. First of all, an electronic dashboard, developed with standard components, is described. The paper then illustrates the custom i.c. design, with particular regard to features intended to meet instrumentation requirements. Another custom i.c. is described: a multiple output power controller with serial interface (Z4002). The availability of logic and power devices in a single component allows to easily decentralise switching circuitry. Some critical considerations regarding the main factors affecting the reliability of an electronic automobile system, developed with random logic, reveal the convenience of adopting custom i.c.'s to obtain better figures of merit. An innovative electronic dashboard, including custom i.c.'s for the CPU and load interface functions is described. Then, a reliability figure comparison is made between the random logic version and the new one along with a description of the quality/reliability assurance program. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Electronic control KW - Instrument panels KW - Integrated circuits KW - Microcomputers KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399905 AU - Senoo, T AU - KATAOKA, S AU - Seko, Y AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAFE DRIVING ADVISOR PY - 1984 SP - p. 487-502 AB - The expansion in superhighways and, completion of highway networks in recent years have brought about an increase in the occasion for long, monotonous drives and, with it, a greater danger of accident due to drive fatigue. Progress has been made in automobile safety technology through advances in body construction and material technology of all kinds, as well as electronics technology. Yet, no matter how safe the automobile, if the driver cannot drive safely, not only is safe travel out of reach, the possibility of an accident occurring is always present. A great many proposed devices have been studied for checking the physical and mental condition of the driver through some means or other and sounding an alarm or initiating evasive action when an abnormality is detected. However, reaching a stage of practical use has proven very difficult. The new "Safe Driving Advisor" described herein, developed to achieve greater levels of safety, is a system that indirectly "infers" the driver's condition from parameters such as elapsed driving time and steering pattern and brings his attention to the need to rest. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218471 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399906 AU - Manfrida, G AU - Bidini, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A STUDY OF DIESEL INJECTOR JET PENETRATION PY - 1984 SP - p. 503-511 AB - The mechanism of combustion in diesel engines is strongly determined by the structure of the jet issuing from the injector; the actual flow being two-phase, unsteady and compressible with further features of turbulence and three-dimensionality, a direct attack by means of powerful numerical techniques can often proove to be unsuccessful or economically unaffordable. A semi-empirical method, based on the extension in the time domain of the classical theory of turbulent jets, has been developed in order to get a better insight of the physical phenomenon; the applicability of the approach to unsteady jets as encountered in engine fuel injectors has been checked and theoretically justified, and the integration in time of the equation of continuity and momentum conservation allows to calculate instantaneously the jet penetration from the input data, consisting in the time-history of the injection pressure. An experimental setup has been assembled in order to check the results of the analysis: an injection pump was mounted on an injector test bench, and one of the injectors was instrumented for the fast-response measurement of the injection pressure, needle displacement and jet penetration. The instrumentation, comprising quartz pressure transducers, a capacitive gap sensor and a conical hot film probe, was connected to a data acquisition system providing a direct microcomputer interface for data collection and handling; on the same computer the program for the calculation of the jet penetration was run. The measurements have allowed to assess the good performance of the simulation in predicting the jet penetration. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Pendulum tests KW - Pressure KW - Simulation KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218472 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399924 AU - Angerer, S AU - Gruber, S AU - Naundorf, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE DYNAMIC WHEEL-TESTING RIG TESTS, RESULTS AND NEW TEST METHODS PY - 1984 SP - p. 777-794 AB - The dynamic wheel-testing rig, a unique development, is used for dynamic measurements and operational load simulations analogous to road tests. Measurements on the front axle system are shown. The operational load simulation is illustrated by means of three examples from the field of operating strength. Two new test methods are discussed. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Dynamic tests KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing equipment KW - Wheel loads KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218489 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399925 AU - Dossereck, F AU - Waschke, S AU - Rattunde, B AU - Rochow, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - COMPUTERISED PERFORMANCE TESTING OF HEADLAMPS AND OTHER LIGHT-SIGNALLING DEVICES PY - 1984 SP - p. 795-818 AB - The essential tasks of the lighting engineering laboratory of a motor vehicle manufacturer are photometric tests and measurements of headlamps and other light-signalling (lamps) in accordance with various requirements and regulations. Some of the more important tasks are as follows: (a) Acquisition of test data during development; (b) Type approval testing to national and international legal regulations; and (c) Series testing according to national and international legal regulations. In addition to the photometric measuring procedures cited in the legal regulations, further measurements and tests of motor vehicle lamps are carried out in order to optimize their performance characteristics. Among these are, for instance, improvement of the efficiency of the lamps, i.e. increasing the available light flux emitted by the lamps for the same lamp current, or the visual assessment of how well a road is lit up with the headlamp under test when installed in a vehicle. Since the number of test and measurement tasks to be performed is very high and processing times must be kept short in the interests of economic development, there is no alternative to the use of computer-controlled measuring systems. For this reason, a computerised testing facility for the assessment of photometric characteristics of headlamps and other light-signalling devices, has been installed by the company LMT Lichtmesstechnik, Berlin, at the Electrical Laboratory for Lighting and Distribution Systems at the John-Andrews-Engineering-Center of Ford-Werke AG, Koln, in early fall 1983. This testing facility allows automatic testing and measurement with regard to the performance of all above tasks. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 Septembe StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Headlamps KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Photometry KW - Regulations KW - Signals KW - Test facilities KW - Testing KW - Vehicle body components KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399934 AU - BOAM, D J AU - Cree, D G AU - FINLAY, I C AU - Parker, P H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE INFLUENCE OF FOUR "QUICK HEAT" SYSTEMS ON THE FUEL ECONOMY AND EMISSIONS FROM A 2-LITER PETROL ENGINE VEHICLE PY - 1984 SP - 19 p. AB - The performance of a 2-litre, petrol-engined saloon, in respect of fuel economy and emissions, has been measured with each of four systems designed to increase the rate of warm-up and to improve mixture preparation. The measurements were made while the vehicle was driving a series of ECE emission tests. A constant volume sampling system was used to collect exhaust gases and the emissions produced during each cycle of the test were separately measured. The results show the influence that the quick heat systems have on (a) the rate of rise of mixture temperature during an ECE emission test, (b) the quantity of CO, HC and NOx produced during each cycle of the test, and (c) fuel consumption. KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gasoline engines KW - Quick heat system KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215118 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399883 AU - Wade, JMA AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AN INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A CVT BASED POWERTRAIN PY - 1984 SP - p. 93-108 AB - An experimental development project has resulted in a microprocessor-based control system for a powertrain comprising a petrol engine, a dry-plate clutch, and a Continuously Variable Transmission of the V-chain type. Control functions, primarily associated with the clutch and CVT, are implemented to the maximum possible extent in software. This allows a simple and potentially economical hardware configuration, involving a minimum number of sensors and actuators. The microprocessor, working through proportional pressure control valves, has direct control of the individual hydraulic actuators for clutch and CVT. Techniques of parameter estimation and multi-variable control are used. Vehicle installations have demonstrated excellent driveability, with fuel economy 5% better than a 5-speed, manual gearbox. The integrated control system configuration allows additional functions (e.g. cruise control) to be implemented very simply and economically. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Clutches KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Control systems KW - Cruise control KW - Driveability KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel conservation KW - Hardware KW - Microprocessors KW - Power trains KW - Pressure KW - Pressure control KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218449 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399885 AU - Wouk, V AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - HYBRID-ELECTRIC POWERTRAIN MANAGED FOR MINIMUM FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1984 SP - p. 127-150 AB - A novel logic system for minimizing on-board fuel consumption in the powertrain of a heat-engine/battery-electric hybrid vehicle is described. Performance data for highway driving are presented, indicating that specific fuel consumption, litres/100 tonne-km is lower than that of a subcompact car. The car can be driven as an all-electric, or with a heat-engine assist in the hybrid mode. The engine is not powerful enough for propulsion without electric assist, except at low speeds and with unacceptable acceleration. The logic system for management of power-sharing between the heat engine and the electric motor, which operates from lead batteries, precludes charging of the batteries from the engine. This maximizes the efficiency of use of on-board petroleum fuel when driving in the hybrid mode, and is a major factor contributing to the overall low fuel consumption characteristic. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Logic KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Power trains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218451 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399892 AU - Perissinotto, B AU - Tantillo, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - CAR INFORMATION SYSTEM: AN INTEGRATED SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM PY - 1984 SP - p. 253-270 AB - The paper, starting from an analysis of the different requirements for the various automotive electronics (dashboard-engine-brake-gear), describes the Zanussi approach to the development of an "automotive information system". In the proposed solution the electronic dashboard is seen like the central element which manages the exchange of information both within the car and between the car and the driver. The paper shows how it is possible, by means of electronics, to totally change car management not only in terms of end product but also in assembly and testing. The paper in fact gives particular emphasis to the automatic test and maintenance procedures. It also describes an information system including the following principal functions: car sensors interface; other electronic modules interface; intercorrelated quantities management; car-driver interface; and electric plant control. It is developed in a modular way through a distributed microcomputer logic and the whole system is integrated within the dashboard plastic container. The result is a tested manufactured article, easy to assemble in the car. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Electronic control KW - Information systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218458 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399894 AU - Ferrero, E AU - Guagliumi, R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ADVANCED MICROCOMPUTER-BASED SYSTEM FOR CAR FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1984 SP - p. 291-310 AB - The increase in fuel costs has called for the development of dedicated equipment to reduce fuel consumption. This paper deals with an electronic system designed to perform the following two functions: (1) Control of the operations related to the engine stop and restart; and (2) Fuel Cut-Off during vehicle deceleration. This system, now installed on a FIAT car, permits to reduce fuel consumption in normal urban driving situations. To ensure a safe operation, the system is equipped with a software controlled warning system with auto-diagnosis capabilities. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Microcomputers KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Software KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218460 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399918 AU - Collin, L T AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE INERTIA COLLECTION SYSTEM UTILIZATION IN MODERN ENGINE RESEARCH AND SUPERVISION PY - 1984 SP - p. 669-689 AB - Since the emission legislation was introduced during the nineteen sixties in the U.S., followed by other countries, there has been an intense discussion of how to check, in a simple way, the emission status of a car population. To carry out complete tests according to the federal test procedure or other legally based tests on a large population is economically impossible. Simplified chassiedynamometer test sequencies have not proved themselves worthwhile and idle tests give rather limited equivalents with the official test procedures. The simple and accurate short-test has been looked for not only by the administrators enabling them to enforce the Clean Air Act in a simple way, but also by the car industry in order to find safe and stable technical solutions to meet the legal limits. In the U.S. Clean Air Act, which is more or less a model for most other legislations, it is required that a short test should be in some agreement with the certification tests regarding the HC, CO and NOx emissions. Any short test, which in a simple way define those emissions, has not yet been introduced. The INertia COLLection method, which will be described more in detail here, should have realistic possibilities to comply with even rather high expectations on a short test. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Clean Air Act KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Inspection KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218483 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399920 AU - Nakano, J AU - Ito, Y AU - Tachiiri, Y AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - COMPUTER-AIDED SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROL PY - 1984 SP - p. 707-723 AB - We have developed a new data acquisition control and analysis system for microprocessor-based engine controls. This system consists of minicomputer-based real-time performance data acquisition equipment and programmable signal generators. Using an optical data highway, this system is connected to a large mainframe computer to aid in the data reduction and analysis processes. The principal feature of this system is its ability to accurately and repeatedly simulate the complicated phenomena of engine operation. The system format of acquired and stored data employs sets of signal levels and acquisition times so that captured signals can be reproduced using time-based readouts of the stored data. This system has another feature which enables monitoring the processing of data in the microprocessor so that engine operation can be analyzed. This system enables increased testing efficiency and better quality analyses. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microprocessors KW - Minicomputers KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218485 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399927 AU - Abendroth, H AU - Fagan, W F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - NEW OPTICAL METHOD OF TESTING VIBRATION, STRAIN AND HEAT DISTRIBUTION ON ROTATING AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS PY - 1984 SP - p. 839-851 AB - This paper describes the application of a new optical technique, known as image derotation, to the non-destructive, testing of rotating automotive components. After a description of the principle of operation, several examples are given of how specific problems have been solved. Finally, future areas of research are outlined with the emphasis placed on the solution of existing measurement problems in the automotive industry. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Heat distribution KW - Image derotation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Optical measurement KW - Rotation KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Vehicle components KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218492 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399929 AU - Maresca, D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - AUTOMATION OF ENGINE TESTING FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE WORKING ENVIRONMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY PY - 1984 SP - p. 885-909 AB - The assurance to keep engine performances within design specifications, organization and working environment complying with the details of up to date innovations in this field and a high productivity, are the targets nowadays achievable in the field of engines testing on production line. All this has been carried out with start-up of an automated engine testing system at ALFA ROMEO AUTO PLANT of ARESE. In the description are pointed out the components of the system, the automation degree attainable for engines that are not directly pearranged for automotive testing, the test cycle (cold test, hot test, testing length) performances inspected and related measuring methods. The "Island" working organization and consequent layout of system is highlighted to allow each operator to increase or to slow down its working activity within reasonable limits, without affecting other working stations activity. Also described is the computer system of operation and monitoring installation, alerting and information to operator systems, test data acquisition and processing. The report is completed with information on starting-up problems of installation and on its reliability degree. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, M StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Engines KW - Information processing KW - Productivity KW - Quality assurance KW - Reliability KW - Testing KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218494 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399879 AU - Embrey, D M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - LIGHT CURRENT SWITCHING AND ITS EXTENSION TO SERIAL DATA TRANSMISSION PY - 1984 SP - p. 17-36 AB - Multiplex signalling systems for use in motor vehicles have always seemed to be "seven years away". I would like to describe the approach that my company has adopted in pursuing this path. Firstly from heavy current conventionally switched systems to light current switching using discrete switching lines to a microprocessor and secondly to the assembly of the input and output signals to that processor in a serial data or multiplexed form. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Microprocessors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multiplexing KW - Signal systems KW - Switching KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218445 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399881 AU - Staffel, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DIGITAL SIMULATION OF A CVT HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - p. 51-70 AB - The design and calibration of conventional 3- or 4 speed automatic transmission control systems is carried out in most cases according to static hydraulic aspects. These systems work digital by opening or closing "YES/NO" type shift valves to change the ratio. Continuously variable transmissions (CVT) need a control system that continuously changes the ratio by regulating a "ratio control valve". Due to the complex structure and closed loops incorporated in CVT hydraulic control system, there is an increasing demand on adequate development aids like computer simulation systems. Especially for intensive analysis of the dynamic behaviour and determination of influencing parameters such an engineering tool can be very helpful. The objective of this presentation is to show the application of a computer program system that describes the dynamic behaviour of a CVT hydraulic control system and the potential improvements of this system by means of simulation. For the purpose of demonstration, the hydraulic control system of a Ford CVT, called CTX, using the Van Doorne's steel belt principle, will be discussed. The used computer program DSH was developed by the "Institute for Hydraulic and Pneumatic (IHP)" of the Technical Highschool Aachen. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Control systems KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218447 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399896 AU - Gage, S R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - USE OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES IN AUTOMOTIVE INDICATOR AND ILLUMINATION APPLICATIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 321-333 AB - The efficiency of light emitting diode materials has continued to make marked improvements during the past few years. Applications which one to two years ago were considered to be outside the realm of LED's are now or will soon be a practical reality. This paper will address briefly the technological improvements in the LED materials which will soon lead to factors of 4 to 10 gains in light output. The balance of the paper will address the performance of several possible LED solutions to such industry-wide requirements as tail-lights, stoplights, courtesy lights, and mood-lighting. Particular attention will be given to work currently underway on LED implementations of the Center Mount Stop Light which has been mandated for the 1985 model year automobiles (United States) by the NHTSA. Device performance as well as advantages in the areas of size, illumination uniformity, and reliability will be discussed. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Center mount stop lights KW - Light emitting diode displays KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Luminous intensity KW - Performance KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Reliability KW - Size KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218462 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399898 AU - Paquet, R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - IMPROVING RELIABILITY OF ELECTRONIC HYBRIDS WITH NEW SILICONE MATERIALS PY - 1984 SP - p. 355-363 AB - Silicone coating and encapsulating materials are well established products used in environmental protection of car electronic systems. After a brief review of the basic features of silicones, this presentation will describe an entirely new family of silicone products. These new materials have been specifically designed to meet the increasingly stringent requirements imposed upon electronic systems for the automobiles of the eighties especially for under bonnet mounting. The new HIPEC self priming silicone elastomer range includes high strength flexible adhesives for the assembly of dissimilar materials like Plastic to metal, a thermally conductive adhesive for compliant bonding of hybrid circuit substrates to their heat sinks and a high purity thixotropic coating for the protection of naked semiconductor chips and their bonding wires by a "blob" deposition. Comparisons with existing rigid products are discussed as well as dispensing techniques and application cases. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adhesives KW - Coatings KW - Elastomers KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - High strength materials KW - Reliability KW - Silicones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399913 AU - Lotko, W AU - Swat, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AN ATTEMPT OF USING THE SELF-IGNITION DELAY IN THE DIESEL ENGINE AS A DIAGNOSTIC PARAMETER PY - 1984 SP - p. 601-615 AB - The increasing tendency to improve combustion systems and methods of feeding, the tendency to search for and apply alternative fuels, makes currently used diagnostic and adjustment parameters in the diesel engine seem insufficient. The authors of this paper have conducted a cycle of experiments whose aim was to decide whether it would be useful to introduce a new diagnostic parameter, the self-ignition delay, in the diesel engine diagnostics. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Techical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diesel engines KW - Ignition systems KW - Self-ignition delay UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218479 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399915 AU - Yaeger, J R AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - A PRACTICAL SHAPE-MEMORY ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR PY - 1984 SP - p. 633-642 AB - A practical one-pound, three-quarter-inch-stroke, linear actuator using shape-memory effect (SME) metal is described. The actuator is a helical spring made with nickel-titanium shape-memory metal alloy. It compresses or "shrinks" when heated with an electric current. Design of the actuator which includes protection against ancillary jams is described. Performance data showing actuation time versus applied current, ambient temperature and applied load is presented. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Actuators KW - Alloys KW - Design KW - Memory KW - Nickel alloys KW - Performance KW - Shape KW - Shape memory KW - Titanium alloys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218481 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399931 AU - Wood, P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - DESIGN ASSESSMENT OF COMPOSITE LEAF SPRINGS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1984 SP - p. 935-956 AB - For many years now leaf springs have been widely used to provide suspension to the majority of commercial vehicles. Over the last hundred years springs have continued to develop culminating in the current taper-leaf springs. Such springs incorporate the latest technologies in steel development, manufacturing and treatment processes. Today the application of composite materials, namely glass reinforced epoxy resins, to the design of leaf springs can offer weight savings of 50% to 70% compared to the equivalent steel springs. The designs of such springs are based on simple bending theory to produce a constant width, variable cross section leaf spring as a direct replacement of a steel spring on a vehicle. This paper presents the work that has been carried out to check and confirm the design methodology used. Further work is presented relating to the measurement of the forces acting on a leaf spring and how this knowledge has been used in the overall assessment of leaf spring designs made from composite materials. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Composite materials KW - Design KW - Epoxy resins KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Leaf springs KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218496 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399933 AU - Jenkins, E G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - THE CALIBRATION OF A HIGH ACCURACY DYNAMOMETER USING THE EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER--A HYBRID COMPUTER STUDY PY - 1984 SP - p. 977-999 AB - Recent advances in road-vehicle fuel management systems have produced a requirement for improved precision in chassis dynamometer test procedures. An accurate simulation of road-load characteristics is necessary to produce repeatable measurements of fuel economy and exhaust emissions for approval purposes. The use of sophisticated digital control systems in a modern dynamometer can assist in achieving the required accuracy. The Kalman filter has long been recognised as a useful tool in the design and synthesis of digital control systems. An extension of the ordinary Kalman filter enables optimal estimates of the state and parameters of a noisy dynamic system to be made from a mathematical model, and noisy measurements. A feasibility study using a hybrid computer describes how the technique can be applied to the calibration of a chassis dynamometer. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Dynamometers KW - Electromagnatic filters KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399876 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ISATA 84, "IN PURSUIT OF TECHNICAL EXCELLENCE." INTRODUCTORY LECTURES. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO VEHICLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS, MILAN, ITALY 24-28 SEPTEMBER 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 149 p. AB - This publication contains the Introductory Lectures to the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation (ISATA) 1984, with particular reference to vehicle management systems and flexible manufacturing systems. The following papers are included: General R & D Strategies in the Field of Automation, F. Surace; Innovative Strategies in the Car Production Process, L. Zammarchi; The Impact of Technological Development on Sales Strategy, A. Guglielmi; From the First Line to the Prototype (CAD, CAM, F.M.S.), A. Bassi; The "Progetto Finalizzato Trasporti" Characteristics, Problems and Preliminary Results, L. Bianco; Research Plan for Road Transport Sub-Project of Finalized Transport Project, O. Montabone; C.N.R. Research Car Projects, L. Chinaglia; Progetto Finalizzato Tecnologie Meccaniche: A CNR Research Commitment in the Area of New Production Systems Towards the "Factory of the Future", F. Jovane; and Vehicle Management Systems, J. I. Soliman. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Manufacturing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215061 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399889 AU - Sasayama, T AU - AMANO, M AU - Kurihara, N AU - OHYAMA, Y AU - Suda, S AU - Shida, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF AN ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING NEW CONTROL ALGORITHMS PY - 1984 SP - p. 209-216 AB - An experimental study for a microcomputer engine control system has been undertaken to obtain higher driveability during transient conditions, and good fuel economy during light load conditions. New control algorithms based on learning and adaptive control methods were adopted. By adjusting the parameters for calculation of control outputs using a stoichiometric combustion sensor as a reference, the driveability and exhaust emissions in transient drive conditions were greatly improved by decreasing deviations and delays in the air-to-fuel ratio. Under the new algorithms, higher performance was obtained for long periods by reducing the total fuel consumption through use of leaner combustion control technology. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Algorithms KW - Driveability KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel conservation KW - Microcomputers KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399890 AU - Blasi, A AU - Fabregat, F AU - Vidal, J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - MODULAR ELECTRONIC SIGNALS SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1984 SP - p. 217-232 AB - The modular electronic signal concept is based on replacing the electronic harnesses by electronic signal conductors and the use of several peripheral units in order to obtain power for the services attended. These units are placed near the services to reduce the power bus length. The system proposed consists of the distribution of eight communication units in strategical points of the vehicle, to transform signal in power, and a central time unit (C.T.U.) for system control and electronic signal generation in the car (timers, winker signals, door lock/unlock...). This CTU can be a simple hardware based unit, with discrete electronic components or a complex miniprocessor based unit, according to the quantity of required services. An important feature obtained by this concept is that the addition of new functionalities is quite simple and does not require a large layout. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Central time unit KW - Electronic control KW - Hardware KW - Signals KW - Vehicle body components KW - Vehicle signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218456 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399904 AU - Krull, O AU - Schafer, H J AU - Wittkowski, U AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN A PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE TRANSDUCER FITTED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF AN OTTO ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - p. 459-485 AB - Piezo-electric pressure transducers have been utilized since more than 40 years measuring the in-cylinder pressures of combustion engines. During the last ten years decisive progress in fast, process-computer controlled high speed data acquisition systems with improved accuracy and resolution and a multitude of application-oriented evaluation programmes has been made. Yet there is no "breaktrough" for a wide use of this measurement procedure as actually required in the field of engine research and development. Mainly two reasons are supposed for this lack of use: First there are still relatively high expenses for preparation, performance and evaluation of those measurements. Second, there is a low confidence in the accuracy of this measurement technique. Apart from procedure errors now the pressure transducer itself is the weakest link in the measurement chain. Errors concerning the measurement procedure and the transducer have been described in several publications. This paper presents the results of temperature measurements in a pressure transducer dummy equipped with fast thermocouples at two different positions in the combustion chamber of a spark ignition engine. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Combustion chambers KW - Otto cycle engines KW - Piezometers KW - Pressure transducers KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Temperature measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218470 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399907 AU - Leighton, N J AU - Jones, B AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - LOW COST ON-LINE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 513-525 AB - Many of the test practices currently used for road vehicle performance evaluation are dependent upon the repeatability and consistency of driver characteristics. In general there can be considerable variation in such characteristics that need to be taken into account in evaluating test results. The system described attempts to eliminate variations where possible by isolating certain control parameters from the influence of the driver while logging other parameters in order to quantify non driver induced effects. The system is designed to be easily adapted to suit a wide range of automotive applications and is unobtrusive in use. The use of the unit is illustrated with two example applications, the bump test and the gear change cycle test. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Computers KW - Data collection KW - On line computers KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218473 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399922 AU - Anderson, C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AN ADVANCED TRANSMISSION ENDURANCE TEST FACILITY PY - 1984 SP - p. 743-759 AB - In order to provide more testing capacity, and increase evaluation and development of transmission components, a new, totally computerized test room was built. Automatic endurance testing, of both manual and automatic gear boxes, with simultaneous extensive data acquisition at 1, 10 and 200 Hz, combined with advanced data evaluation, are available. Particularly gear shift sequences are recorded, and calculated values are used for deterioration trend analysis. A function key oriented operator communication system is implemented to simplify preparation, start-up and evaluation of a test run. The flexible test program, defined by the operator, consists of road information (curve radii, slopes, distances) and driver's behaviour (throttle positions, velocities, gear positions). Closed looped control is used for the engine and the two foot-mounted DC-motors, which permits complete road load simulation without use of flywheels. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Durability tests KW - Feedback control KW - Gear boxes KW - Information processing KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Test facilities KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218487 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399923 AU - DEMIC, M AU - Milan, M AU - Milan, D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - SUPPLEMENT TO STANDARDISATION OF NON-UNIFORMITY ON PASSENGER CAR TYRES WITH RESPECT TO OSCILLATORY COMFORT AND HANDLING PY - 1984 SP - p. 761-775 AB - It is generally recognized that a car tyre design represents a very heterogenous system, which considerably affects its performances in actual production conditions. In fact the technological failures during a manufacturing stage create various radial, lateral and tangential stiffness to a tyre along its circumference. Similar effects are caused by uneven mass distribution along the circumference and by deviations of tyre geometrical shape from that specified. Commonly in literature such occurences are known as tyre uniformity. Uniformity is inspected during the tyre manufacturing process whereby the changes in radial and lateral and circumferential forces are observed including the occurence of so-called cone and angular effect. Their definitions can be found in literature and therefore this will not be discussed here any further. The non-uniformity of tyres will affect the car performances, particularly the oscillatory comfort, handling, fuel economy, noise, etc. Therefore the trend to evaluate these effects is qulte conceivable. This paper will discuss standardization of tyre radial and lateral force variations as well as angular and cone effects with respect to oscillatory comfort and handling of passenger cars from the manufacturing programme of Zavodi "Crvena Zastava". U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Comfort KW - Driving KW - Fuel conservation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Noise KW - Nonuniformity KW - Standardization KW - Tires KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218488 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399886 AU - GILMORE, D B AU - BULLOCK, K J AU - Webb, I R AU - Vint, M K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - FUEL EFFICIENT INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE--ELECTRIC URBAN TRANSPORT VEHICLES PY - 1984 SP - p. 151-170 AB - Hybrid vehicles represent one method by which the liquid fuel consumption of the transport fleet may be reduced. One such vehicle developed within the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Queensland, Australia illustrates a viable method of energy substitution using lead acid batteries charged from the electricity grid. The system employs a small 10 kW diesel engine and 240 kg of batteries driving through a parallel hybrid arrangement into a 4-speed manual gearbox. It has been installed in a 1700 kg delivery van designed as a mobile test bed and road tested around the city of Brisbane. The system employs analog solid state electronic controls. The vehicle was designed using probabilistic design data collected on an instrumented vehicle driven over heavily trafficked routes around Brisbane. Designed purely as a city commuting vehicle, with a top speed of 85 km/h, it is able to satisfy the 80th percentile of all accelerations required for traffic compatibility. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218452 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399893 AU - Fijalkowski, B AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - POWER ELECTRONICS PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY-SAVING AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES PY - 1984 SP - p. 271-289 AB - Today greater and greater demands are being placed on the automotive industry not only for safety, comfort, reliability, flexibility, durability and mobility, but also for energy saving, particularly liquid fuel economy of all automotive vehicles. From around 1980 pure electric and hybrid electric (HE) automotive vehicles for normal road and off-road traffic have been the most important products in the very advanced propulsion (VAP) field. As far as propulsion dynamotors and dynamotorized wheels are concerned, the greatest interest has been shown in very advanced power electronics propulsion systems (PEPSs) for energy-saving automotive vehicles (ESAVs) and this paper concentrates on such propulsion systems. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Advanced propulsion KW - Automobile industry KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel conservation KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218459 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399900 AU - Banet, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - KLEPTOR: ENGINE DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - p. 377-389 AB - For many years the Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) laboratories have been developing control, acquisition and testing equipment for internal-combustion engines. The evolution of microelectronics has been such that it is now possible to build a compact high-performance single-channel system which is highly cost effective. This new system is called KLEPTOR. Simultaneous data acquisition and processing on several channels is possible with this system by combining as many KLEPTORs as there are signals to be acquired. KLEPTOR is a single-channel or multichannel autonomous data acquisition and processing system which can be built in a configuration to suit the needs of the user. It is especially designed for engine research, for the development of new engines and for specification tests for fuels and lubricants. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile engines KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Electronic control KW - Fuels KW - Information processing KW - Lubricants KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Testing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218466 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399911 AU - Belli, L AU - Giraudi, W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - SPICA ELECTROINJECTOR: A FAST OPERATING ACTUATOR FOR USE IN ENGINE FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - p. 565-580 AB - This paper describes the general field of study and setting up production of a fast operating solenoid injector, which is of low cost and high versatility and which enables a new design of electronic engine control system to be produced. Fast operating times allow the use of several control strategies, particularly in connection with injection frequency and timing. The injector's design is shown to have flexibility such that an actuator may be produced which can be used on both multi-point and single-point injection systems, despite there being a completely different requirement for performance and spray patterns. The simple design of the internal components makes for easy assembly and calibration operations, and the injector as a whole performs with a high level of reliability. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Actuators KW - Design KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel injection KW - Reliability KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218477 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399919 AU - Kasperowski, M AU - Wiedow, D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - ENGINE MOUNT OPTIMIZATION BY PULSE LASER HOLOGRAPHY PY - 1984 SP - p. 691-706 AB - During development of a prototype front-wheel-drive vehicle the high interior noise level throughout the RPM-range was criticised. In particular a 300 Hz noise between 4000 and 5000 RPM was disturbing. A graph shows the vehicle interior noise between 1800 and 5700 RPM at full throttle acceleration and idle deceleration. The peak was at approx 4500 RPM. As a result of investigations conducted in an anechoic chamber, it was concluded that this high noise level was caused by the 4th engine order. In addition it has been established by "strip-down" tests that the noise was transferred into the passenger compartment via the engine mount system. The conventional way to improve this situation is by "trial and error". To avoid these time consuming and expensive investigations with a large variety of sample-parts the "double pulse laser holography" method was applied. With this sophisticated technique the cause of the unwanted noise transfer was analysed in a very short time. The first part of the paper outlines the "pulse laser holography" method. Then the individual steps of the investigation of an engine mount system are explained. Finally the process of optimizing the engine mount system is presented and measured evidence of the noise improvement is given. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Engine mounting KW - Engine mounts KW - Front wheel drive KW - Holography KW - Lasers KW - Optimization KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218484 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00399926 AU - Denk, H AU - Scheel, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited AU - Alfa Romeo Auto SpA TI - AN ENGINE TEST BED FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC RUNNING CONDITIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 819-837 AB - In the development of internal combustion engines it is important that not only stationary but also dynamic running conditions be investigated. An engine test bed designed for this purpose should have the possibility of simulating as far as possible the dynamic conditions which exist in a running vehicle. This vehicle simulation should especially be designed as "On line simulation" and for the simulation of gear shift and clutch processes. In this paper the most important requirements and problems are discussed and a practical model for a dynamic test bed is proposed. In the second part the problems involved with "the control of an internal combustion engine and the loading equipment" is discussed in more detail. The optimization method Evolutionstrategy is especially described. This program adapts the control parameter PID to the test cycle of the internal combustion engine and to the loading equipment. U1 - ISATA 84, "In Pursuit of Technical Excellence". Proceedings Volume 1. International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Vehicle Management Systems and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Milan, Italy 24-28 September StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Clutches KW - Development KW - Dynamic conditions KW - Dynamics KW - Gear shifting KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Simulation KW - Test beds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399113 AU - CHAPON, A AU - Elsevier TI - THE BIOMECHANICS OF IMPACT TRAUMA PY - 1984 SP - 482 p. AB - This book contains proceedings relating to a course given on the biomechanics of impact trauma at the International Center for Transportation Studies (ICTS), Amalfi, Italy, May 30-June 4, 1983. Topics covered include the following: Basic data on accidents, injuries and biomechanics; head and neck injuries; injuries to the spine, the thorax and the upper abdomen; injuries to the lower abdomen and the pelvis; injuries to the limbs; injuries to the face; consequences for design; and consequences for regulation. A final paper presents a synthesis of the study week. KW - Abdomen KW - Arm KW - Biophysics KW - Data KW - Face KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Neck KW - Pelvis KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Spinal column KW - Standards KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399356 AU - CLAYTON, A B AU - McCarthy, P E AU - Breen, J M AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING HABITS, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR OF MALE MOTORISTS PY - 1984 SP - 2 p. AB - An earlier report described the characteristics of male drivers convicted of drink/driving offences and the circumstances of those offences. It also compared the social characteristics and drinking habits of offenders with those of a control group of motorists who had not been convicted of such offences. Because of continued concern over the drink/driving problem further analysis has been undertaken to elucidate some of the causes. This report describes in greater detail the social characteristics, drinking habits, drink/driving behaviour, and attitudes towards drinking of that control group. In particular, it seeks to isolate the interrelationships between drinking habits and drink/driving habits and attitudes. The results of this study provide a valuable baseline against which to measure the effects of the Transport Act 1981. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Males KW - Social factors KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399370 AU - TANNER, J C AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - MODELLING THE CAR MARKET PY - 1984 SP - 2 p. AB - The aim of the models developed in the report is to provide and apply simplified explanations of the interactions between some of the elements of the car market. The particular forms of model presented are to some extent influenced by the need for a better understanding of what would happen to the car market if the level of provision of company cars were to be altered as a result of policy intervention; however the models have a more general applicability. The elements concerned include the numbers of new cars sold, their age at scrapping, and the prices at which they are sold at intermediate ages. These quantities are influenced by the prices of new cars and by preference of owners for cars of different ages. The models are static ones, not able to represent a changing situation, and regard the number of car owners as given. The models have many features in common with a computer simulation model at present being developed; they are however more limited in a number of respects. They are also more limited in some respects than the work of Mogridge (1983) and have a somewhat different approach. Initially a model is developed which takes no account of the sizes of cars. A model is then developed which explicitly represents size of car. Throughout, the emphasis is on relatively simple models that permit explicit mathematical solution rather than on ones that require computer simulation to provide numerical solutions. Both models can be used to make estimates of the consequences of changing the number of company cars, changing the prices of new cars and changing the running costs. While these estimates are subject to various qualifications, they form a useful input to discussions of these questions. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Demand KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Markets KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Operating costs KW - Policy KW - Prices KW - Simulation KW - User benefits KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399076 AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1985. PERIODIC INSPECTIONS 1984. MAKE BY MAKE ACCOUNT OF THE DEFECTS IN PASSENGER CARS OF THE 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980 AND 1982 MODELS PY - 1984 SP - 141 p. AB - Weak Points of Cars 1985 summarizes the inspection results for vehicles in general as well as for different kinds of vehicles and particular passenger car makes/types. Compared with earlier reports with the same title this report has principally the same structure as last year's. The introduction deals with the different kinds of vehicles. The results of the inspections of passenger cars, light and heavy lorries, buses, motorcycles, caravans and light and heavy trailers are presented. The vehicle fleet is dominated by passenger cars and accordingly the main part of this report is devoted to them. The review consists of 49 particular car types. The observation frequencies for seven main systems and 18 subsystems are presented. Six different year models are presented if possible. This means that the report includes inspection results for cars from two to twelve years of age. The review draws the attention to components that should be watched. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399084 AU - Young, J C AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - THE INFLUENCE OF ROAD NOISE ON RIDING COMFORT PY - 1984 SP - n.p. AB - This is a summary of Transport and Road Research Laboratory Report 1128 which examined the influence of road noise on riding comfort. Experiments were carried out in which 14 subjects were exposed to pre-recorded road noise from 7 types of road surfacing, while traveling in a medium-sized car. The results suggest that with increasing levels of noise, vehicle occupants become less sensitive to change in road surface unevenness in the overall assessment of vehicle ride. KW - Comfort KW - Human subject testing KW - Noise KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399097 JO - Forensic Science International PB - Elsevier AU - Winek, C L AU - Murphy, K L AU - Winek, T A AU - Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Limited TI - THE UNRELIABILITY OF USING A URINE ETHANOL CONCENTRATION TO PREDICT A BLOOD ETHANOL CONCENTRATION PY - 1984 VL - 25 SP - p. 277-281 AB - Of approximately 5,000 forensic cases with a positive ethanol result, over 1,000 were available in which both blood and urine were present for comparison of ethanol content. Data were examined for calculation of the urine to blood ethanol concentration ratio, with the intent of evaluating the validity of predicting a blood ethanol level given a urine ethanol level. The overall urine to blood ethanol concentration ratio was 1.57:1 with a range of 0.7 to 21.0:1. The extremely wide range of values implies that a large degree of error would be introduced if a mean ratio was used when predicting a blood ethanol level from a urine ethanol level. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Errors KW - Forecasting KW - Reliability KW - Urine KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399372 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT AIR CUSHIONS PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - Air cushions--often called air bags--reduce motor vehicle crash injuries, even in the most violent kinds of crashes. That fact has been recognized for more than a decade and has been affirmed by Secretaries of Transportation since the Johnson administration. Yet myths about air cushions persist. This report discusses those myths. Areas covered include: effectiveness as an occupant restraint, testing, combination of seat belt and air bag usage, air cushions as equipment offered on new cars, hazards of use, vehicular control, children, feasibility, protection in multiple impact crashes, expense, maintenance and replacement. KW - Air bags KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Children KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Maintenance KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Replacement costs KW - Restraint systems KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399136 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GOVERNMENT AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH RECENT DEVELOPMENTS SP-583 PY - 1984 SP - n.p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Automotive Research and Development at the Department of Transportation, M. M. Finkelstein; Automotive Research and Development at the Environmental Protection Agency, C. L. Gray, Jr.; Automotive Research and Development at the Department of Energy, P. Brown; Industry's Response to Government-Sponsored Research and Development, J. Versace; Government Research: The Industry Response, M. L. Halberstadt; Co-operative Research in the British Automobile Industry--A Model for the United States?, C. Ashley, S. Andrew, and J. Thompson. Also included are the results from Question and Answer Sessions I, II, and III. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Development KW - Federal government KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215985 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399079 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Loo, R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - CORRELATES OF REPORTED ATTITUDE TOWARDS AND USE OF SEAT BELTS PY - 1984 VL - 16 IS - 5-6 SP - p. 417-421 AB - This paper examines the relationships among self-reported seat-belt use, attitudes towards compulsory seat-belt use, and individual differences dimensions in samples of 91 females and 89 males ranging in age from 18 to 24 yr. The results show (a) support for the compulsory use of seat belts (78% for females, 66% for males); (b) significant relationships between reported seat belt use and four fear of death and dying subscales; and, (c) no relationships between the seat-belt variables and Eysenckian personality variables. One caveat is that the generalizability of results from this student sample to other driver populations may be limited. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399083 AU - Danish Council of Road Safety Research TI - RESTRAINTS FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN THE BACK SEAT OF PRIVATE CARS. AN ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE REGULATIONS PY - 1984 SP - 127 p. AB - The aim of this study has been to assess the effects of alternative measures to increase on the use of seat belts in the rear seats and use of safety equipment for children in private cars on the number of killed or injured. The calculations are based on existing information and statistics, along with assumptions as to what safety effect seat belts or safety equipment for children will have on those who use such equipment. The assessment of the risk of injury is based mainly on a literature review. However, as few investigations of this type have been carried out concerning the protective effects of use of rear seat belts, it was necessary also to review studies on effects of seat belt use in the front seat. We have presumed that results from studies on the protective effect of using belts in the front seats can generally be applied also to the rear seat situation. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399272 AU - MAYCOCK, G AU - HALL, R D AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - ACCIDENTS AT 4-ARM ROUNDABOUTS PY - 1984 SP - 2 p. AB - This is a digest of a report (LR 1120) which gives the findings of a study of personal injury accidents occurring during the years 1974-1979 at a sample of 84 four-arm traffic circles on main roads in the United Kingdom. The study produced accident tabulations which give insights into the main accident problems at roundabouts and derived relationships between accident frequencies, traffic flow and geometry which could be used in design and appraisal. The traffic circles studied included "small" traffic circles and those of conventional design. The tabulations presented show accident frequencies, severities, and accident rates by traffic circle type. The results of analyses of accidents by traffic circle type, the disaggregation of accidents by type of road user, analysis of the temporal distribution of accidents, analysis using linear modelling methodology, and regression analyses are described. The question of errors in prediction is discussed and suggestions are made for updating the model predictions over time. KW - Analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Errors KW - Forecasting KW - Geometric design KW - Injuries KW - Linear method KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Regression analysis KW - Research KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214685 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396899 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GEOMETRICS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS SN - 0309037069 PY - 1984 IS - 960 SP - 48p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Geometric Design Element Groups and High-Volume Two-Lane Rural Highway Safety, D.E. Cleveland et al; Driving Dynamic Considerations: A Comparison of German and American Friction Coefficients for Highway Design, R. Lamm; Survey of States' R-R-R Practices and Safety Considerations, J.M. Mason, Jr., and H.C. Petersen; Study of the Effect of Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes on Traffic Accidents, J.S. Thakkar; Effect of Traffic and Geometric Measures on Highway Average Running Speed, A. Polus et al; An Improved Bridge Safety Index for Narrow Bridge, B.V.R. Gandhi et al. U1 - 63rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19840116 EndDate:19840120 KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Narrow bridges KW - Rehabilitation KW - Restoration KW - Resurfacing KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217861 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399056 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Loos, S L AU - Cheng, J P AU - Murrell, J D AU - Heavenrich, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHT-TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY--TRENDS THROUGH 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 37 p. AB - Light duty truck fuel economy trends from model year 1975 through 1984 are examined, with special emphasis placed on model year 1984. Actual production volumes are given for model years 1975 through 1982. Data for 1983 and 1984 model years include EPA estimates of sales. For fuel economy trend analysis, a modified truck classification system is presented and discussed. In addition, the model year 1975 to model year 1979 light truck data bases have been updated to include those trucks with gross vehicle weights (GVWs) between 6000 and 8500 lbs; accordingly the paper treats all model year trucks from 1975 through 1984 as 0-8500 lb GVW fleets. This paper, along with the passenger car fuel economy trends paper, gives a complete picture of fuel economy trends through 1984. Combined car/truck fleet analyses are presented in Appendix A. KW - Fuel conservation KW - Light trucks KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217978 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399058 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davidson, S D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ON-HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CUMMINS DIESEL ENGINE FEATURING OPTIMIZED CHARGE AIR COOLING PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - Optimized charge air cooling (or optimized aftercooling) applied to Cummins diesel engines can provide fuel economy, performance, and driveability benefits. The reliance of this concept upon the optimum performance of both the engine and the vehicle cooling system dictated evaluation of the total package while operating in a vehicle environment. Engine and vehicle performance were measured on-highway using a unique test trailer featuring an integral dynamometer and a computerized data acquisition system. Parameters measured included a variety of engine temperatures, pressures, and flows, as well as power required, engine speed, and road speed. Tests were conducted in a wide range of ambient temperatures at several speed and load conditions. On-highway, road load operation was also evaluated. KW - Air cooling KW - Cooling systems KW - Diesel engines KW - Driveability KW - Engine performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399038 AU - Epstein, J A AU - Hunter, L L AU - Monash University AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FRANGIBLE POLES PY - 1984 SP - 223 p. AB - The legal implications of the use of frangible or break-away poles is investigated. It is concluded that road authorities who use frangible poles will normally be held liable to persons injured by them. Authorities who use rigid poles instead of safer equipment may be held liable in negligence in some circumstances. Potential defendants are identified. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Luminaires KW - Negligence KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Sign supports KW - Signal support (Structural) KW - Signals KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396906 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Chhokar, J S AU - Wallin, J A AU - National Safety Council TI - IMPROVING SAFETY THROUGH APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 141-151 AB - This study reports an attempt to improve safety in an industrial plant through the use of applied behavior analysis. The behavioral safety performance of all employees of the plant was observed and recorded with a behavior observation instrument consisting of 35 specifically identified key behaviors. The applied behavior analysis package consisted of training, goal setting, and feedback, used with a withdrawal design. The results confirm the applicability of a behavioral approach to safety. Implications for measurement and evaluation of safety are also discussed. KW - Behavior KW - Industrial plants KW - Personnel KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217865 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396908 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Colon, I AU - National Safety Council TI - THE ALCOHOL BEVERAGE PURCHASE AGE AND SINGLE-VEHICLE HIGHWAY FATALITIES PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 159-162 AB - In this study the relationship between the alcohol beverage purchase age and single-vehicle fatalities is examined. Two separate analyses, a bivariate cross-tabulation and a multiple regression, support the finding of a positive relationship between the purchase age and single-vehicle fatalities. This finding is explained by the neighboring state effect, i.e., minors in jurisdictions with high purchase ages drive to neighboring jurisdictions with lower age restrictions to purchase alcoholic beverages. A uniform national purchase age is recommended as a countermeasure. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Purchasing KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399045 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fischer, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ACCELERATED WEATHERING TEST DEVELOPMENT WITH FLUORESCENT UV-CONDENSATION DEVICES PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - Quality and durability have become very important aspects in the development of automotive components. Consumer expectations and competitive pressures require reliable and rapid testing to determine end use performance. One of the most important areas of test development is in exterior durability predictions for polymeric materials. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used to determine the ability of several accelerated testing devices to predict the weathering performance of flexible polymer films used in exterior automotive graphic design. Commonly used cycles in carbon arc and fluorescent uv-condensation test equipment exhibited generally unacceptable correlation levels for these materials. Three causes for this poor correlation have been identified: (1) Test device variability can be a significant problem and certain precautions have been taken to insure uniform environmental stress application to all test specimens; (2) Similar predetermined exposure periods for all samples have proven to be misleading--there is an optimum exposure period for best correlation for each material and each cycle; (3) For maximum correlation, the stresses induced by the accelerated testing device should be characteristic of the natural environment--the effect on correlation by varying these stresses (uv-spectral distribution and condensation cycle duration) can be significant. KW - Accelerated weathering KW - Automobile bodies KW - Exteriors KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Polymers KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217967 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399052 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Clevenger, J E AU - Carlson, D C AU - Kleiser, W M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY AND COMPOSITION ON FUEL EFFICIENCY PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - A 2.3L engine dynamometer test procedure that measures the effects of engine oils on fuel efficiency has been developed that a) generally agrees with the ASTM Five-Car test, b) has good test repeatability and c) is capable of detecting small differences among test oils with high statistical confidence. Factors in a lubricant affecting fuel efficiency such as SAE viscosity grade, VI improver, detergent-inhibitor (DI) package and friction modifier selection were investigated in the 2.3L engine dynamometer test. A general trend of improved fuel efficiency was found with reduction in single-grade and multigrade oil viscosity. VI improver selection was found to have a significant effect on the fuel efficiency of multigrade oils. In some cases the difference in fuel efficiency among multigrade oils containing different VI improvers was about the same as the gain in fuel efficiency from reducing SAE grade from an SAE 10W-40 to an SAE 5W-30. Results show that by careful selection of the VI improver and DI package it is possible to formulate multigrade oils that exceed the requirements of the current ASTM Energy-Conserving Engine Oil classification. KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel consumption KW - Multigrade oils KW - Oil additives KW - Test procedures KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399054 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brun-Cassan, F AU - Pincemaille, Y AU - Fayon, A AU - Tarriere, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF THORACIC PROTECTION CRITERIA USED IN SIDE IMPACTS ON THE CHOICE OF THORAX MODEL AND INTERIOR FITTINGS PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - Protection criteria aside from deflection are defined on the basis of measurement functions taken at various but unique points on the thorax (rib, spinal column); these functions may also use two points (two ribs, for example) which results in deflection intervening as a criterion. The conditions imposed by these criteria result in different requirements for vehicle wall conditions and thorax model construction. Mathematical modeling of the vehicle wall-thorax collision is performed in order to compare possible criteria on this basis. Concurrently, a statistical analysis performed on a sampling of side impacts occurring with human subjects permits injury severity to be expressed by means of several functions whose predictive qualities are unequal. These functions include deflection, and their literal expression takes into account the state of the subjects' bone structure. The criteria produced by these predictive functions are used in the preceding mathematical model. The possibility of optionally using different criteria is discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Interior KW - Mathematical models KW - Severity KW - Side crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399046 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chamberlin, W B AU - Zalar, F V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BALANCING CRANKCASE LUBRICANT PERFORMANCE WITH CATALYST LIFE PY - 1984 SP - 14 p. AB - Emissions system durability may be influenced by many engine oil formulation variables. Previous studies have suggested that emissions system durability is optimized by high metal/phosphorus ratios. Reducing the level of phosphorus in the engine oils has also been suggested as a means of prolonging the efficiency of the catalytic converter. This paper explores engine oil formulation variables which may influence the efficiency of the emissions system. Phosphorus type and amount are examined as potential catalytic deactivators, as well as detergent metal interactions with the phosphorus. Dynamometer and over-the-road test data are presented which suggest that the volatility characteristics of the phosphorus component in the engine oil may influence the degree of catalyst contamination. To explore fully the many variables, however, will require an emissions performance test. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalytic converters KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Engine oils KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Phosphorus KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217968 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399053 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DULEEP, K G AU - Lax, D AU - Higgins, T AU - Conroy, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATION OF PROGRAMS TO PROMOTE FUEL SAVING PRODUCTS IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1984 SP - 19 p. AB - This paper evaluates the technical and programmatic issues associated with the design of a California state-sponsored consumer information program on automotive fuel saving products. It identifies relevant products, outlines procedures for testing their technical merits, and discusses testing facilities and available test results. Based on these results, aftermarket devices (hardware), fuel efficient lubricants, and radial tires are evaluated for fuel conservation potential and cost effectiveness. The paper discusses various options for a consumer information program, including information dissemination, advertising disclosure, sales regulation, and liability reform. Programmatic benefits and costs are quantified for most options. KW - Advertising KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel-saving devices KW - Information dissemination KW - Liability KW - Lubricants KW - Products KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Sales KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399060 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Muroki, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-POWERED ROTARY ENGINE AT MAZDA PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - In response to today's market demands, technological development for high-powered rotary engines has been under way for application to passenger models and racing engines. This paper describes first the development work devoted to achieve higher output, including a turbocharger system, tuned induction and exhaust systems, combustion chamber shape, ignition system. New technologies used for components so as to cope with higher power output, thus securing engine reliability and durability are discussed. Those technologies include a new surface treatment for improved lubrication of the trochoid surface, reduction in rotor gear stress, and optimization of the spark plug and igniter system. Those development efforts resulted in production of: TURBO CHARGED 573 cc x 2 rotors, 165 ps/6500 rpm engine for passenger car and 573 cc x 2 rotors, more than 260 ps/9000 rpm engine and 654 cc x 2 rotors, more than 300 ps/9000 rpm engine for racing. KW - Automobile engines KW - Combustion chambers KW - Development KW - Durability KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ignition systems KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rotary engines KW - Technological innovations KW - Turbochargers KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399071 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brazier, W G AU - Thompson, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF DIE MATERIALS AND LUBRICATION ON PUNCH STRETCHING AND DRAWING FORCES OF COLD-ROLLED AND ZINC-COATED STEELS PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - Recent trends in the automotive industry have resulted in an increased use of zinc coated steels. One of the concerns arising from this change is the effect of frictional differences of these coatings on the stamping process. This is particularly true for prototype or soft tool programs which are frequently used to validate both product and tool design. These concerns were addressed by evaluating both punch stretchability and drawing forces using limiting dome height and drawbead simulation tests. A variety of conditions were investigated including test speed, tool material, lubricant, strain state, and coating type. The results of this investigation show that significant interactions occur between zinc coatings, tool materials and lubricants. Speed was significant only for drawing forces. KW - Automobile industry KW - Cold forming KW - Cold-rolled steel KW - Die materials KW - Drawing forces KW - Lubrication KW - Punch stretching KW - Stamping KW - Steel KW - Steel sheets KW - Zinc coated steels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217993 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396895 AU - ARMOUR, M AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHOULDER DESIGN AND ACCIDENT RATES ON RURAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1984 VL - 12 SP - p. 49-62 AB - The paper describes an analysis of accidents on rural roads with different shoulder designs. The accident data was obtained from the fatal report forms completed by engineers of the New South Wales, Department of Main Roads. The exposure data was obtained from the NAASRA data base road inventory. The analysis showed that the accident rate of roads with unsealed shoulders was between three and four times the accident rate for roads with sealed shoulders. This was true for straight road sections and for road sections with curve or grade. An examination of accident descriptions showed that losing control of vehicle on the gravel shoulder was suggested as a contributing cause in about 17 percent of fatal accidents. The inventory and accident data currently available in Australia is not sufficient to allow a more detailed study of accident rates. It is recommended that the next stage of the study be to examine the possible relationship between shoulder design and accident type. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Fatalities KW - Gravel roads KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217857 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396905 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - HAIGHT, F A AU - National Safety Council TI - WHY THE PER CAPITA TRAFFIC FATALITY RATE IS FALLING PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 137-140 AB - Various fatality rates are compared, and the historical relationship between the fatality rate per capita and the vehicle miles of travel is explored. There is an indication of travel saturation beginning about 1979. KW - Causes KW - Fatalities KW - Rates KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217864 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399049 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stover, W H AU - Thompson, W R AU - Smith, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLD STARTING AND OIL PUMPABILITY--FIELD EVALUATIONS WITH PETROLEUM AND SYNTHETIC ENGINE OILS PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - A controlled cold starting and oil pumpability field test was conducted in Northern Ontario to quantify the expected advantages for 0W synthetic and part-synthetic multigrades over 5W30 mineral oils. In a second program the following winter, an attempt was made to establish the impact on starting performance of "real world" driving conditions. In fact, four 4-cylinder vehicles could not distinguish between 0W and 5W multigrades differing in CCS viscosity by about 19 poise at -30 deg C. A full-synthetic oil did show a small pumpability advantage, but all the oils performed satisfactorily. Under real world driving conditions with two types of three year old vehicles, fuel dilution and fluctuations in battery output completely obscured oil viscosity effects from 0, 5 and 10W30 oils. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Engine oils KW - Field tests KW - Mineral oils KW - Multigrade oils KW - Oil pumpability KW - Oil pumps KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217971 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399050 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Likos, W E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL FUELING ON DIESEL ENGINE DURABILITY PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - The results of methanol fumigation on the performance and durability of three diesel engines are presented. The engines ranged in horsepower from 130 to 185, two of which were turbocharged. Both pre-chamber and direct-injected-type engines were represented. Methanol was sprayed into the intake manifold at a rate equal to 25 percent by volume of the total fuel flow. The engines ran at various speeds and loads following a cycle suggested by the EMA for a total of 500 hours. No engine modifications were made to optimize performance on alcohol fuel. Performance testing for power and emissions and oil analysis for wear metals have not shown any significant wear due to the methanol fumigation. It has been concluded that alcohol fumigation performed under the stated test conditions does not induce wear or durability penalties. KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Methanol KW - Performance tests KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217972 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399063 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Weber, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TESTING OF AFTERMARKET PRODUCTS PY - 1984 SP - 4 p. AB - Two automotive aftermarket products, an Oil Additive and a Specialized Jumper Cable were tested. The oil additive was tested to determine its effects on fuel economy, horsepower, and exhaust emissions while the specialized jumper cable was compared to the operation of a traditional jumper cable. The results indicated that the oil additive had no significant effect on fuel economy, horse-power, or exhaust emissions, and that the specialized jumper cables did not match the performance of a traditional jumper cable. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Horsepower KW - Jumper cables KW - Oil additives KW - Performance KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217985 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399064 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Whyte, R B AU - Gardner, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UPDATE ON CANADIAN DIESEL FUEL TRENDS PY - 1984 SP - 5 p. AB - Because of anticipated changes in refinery feedstocks and supply and demand patterns the most economical diesel fuels which could be supplied in Canada in 1990 could have a base cetane number of 37 and this might be expected to drop to 35 in 2000. Large medium speed railroad diesels can readily accept fuels without increased operating costs and research is now proceeding to determine the effects on the higher speed Class 7 and 8 truck engines which account for a large proportion of the diesel fuel demand. Fundamental studies principally on analysis of the hydrocarbons in present and future Canadian diesel fuel are also in progress and are aimed at giving a clearer understanding of the effects of different aromatics on the combustion process. KW - Canada KW - Cetane number KW - Combustion KW - Demand KW - Diesel fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217986 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399067 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Aquino, C F AU - Fozo, S R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT A/F CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD OPERATION OF A 1.6 LITER ENGINE WITH SINGLE-POINT FUEL INJECTION PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - An engine dynamometer test facility capable of controlling temperatures from 0 deg F to 150 deg F was used to investigate A/F control characteristics of a 1.6 liter engine with single point fuel injection. Two types of tests were run. In the first, the effect of induction system temperature on manifold wall wetting and transient A/F control was determined. In the second, a cold start procedure was developed to determine the effect of engine temperature on the percent of fuel which burns by observing exhaust A/F during steady state operation while the engine warms up. It was found that transient A/F control problems due to manifold wall wetting are much greater than steady state problems associated with incomplete fuel burning. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Combustion KW - Engine operation KW - Engine warmup KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Incomplete combustion KW - Manifolds KW - Steady state KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Transient a/f control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396606 AU - Waller, P F AU - Waller, M B AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE YOUNG DRINKING DRIVER: CAUSE OR EFFECT? PY - 1984 SP - 46 p. AB - This paper attempts to bring together a variety of lines of research to focus on the issue of the young drinking driver--what are some of the causal factors in the creation of young drinking drivers; where does, and where should, the responsibility for this problem lie; and, perhaps most importantly, what are the most effective points of intervention? The paper reviews briefly the dimensions of the problem, determinants of countermeasure selection, possible countermeasures and their effectiveness, special factors affecting drinking and driving in young people, and finally drunk driving as a major public health problem. The thesis of this paper is that drunk driving is a major public health problem, and that young people suffer disproportionately high rates of morbidity and mortality as a result of drinking and driving. Viewed in the traditional public health perspective, drinking and driving among young people should best respond to preventive measures focused on the larger society rather than to measures that deal principally with the individual who has been identified as an offender. In considering preventive measures, it is also necessary to recognize the entire range and extent of influence in our society that are relevant to the young person's decision whether to drink and drive. KW - Adolescents KW - Causes KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Social factors KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399035 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING'S COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 244 p. AB - During 1983, a total of 16,429 reported traffic accidents occurred on Wyoming roadways. Fatal accidents numbering 152 resulted in 173 persons killed and 127 persons injured. A total of 3,500 injury accidents occurred, injuring 5,218 persons. The remaining 12,777 accidents were property damage only accidents. Wyoming's 1983 accidents involved a total of 25,090 drivers and 27,917 vehicles. Alcohol and unsafe speed were the leading contributing human factors listed for fatal and injury accidents, while unsafe speed and failure to grant right-of-way were the leading human factors listed in property damage only accidents. Sweetwater County had the most fatal accidents (25) and Natrona the most injury (413) and property damage only (2,211) accidents in 1983. August had the most fatal accidents (27), August had the most injury accidents (367), and December had the most property damage only accidents (1,879). Most fatal and injury accidents occurred most often on a Saturday, while property damage only accidents most often occurred on Friday. The primary purpose of this report is to provide information to groups, agencies, and individuals interested in reducing accidents and their related deaths, injuries, and property damage. The information is provided in the form of tables, charts, summaries, and graphs. It is our intent to illustrate the capabilities of the Wyoming Accident Records System and to present some new and different ideas involving the study of accidents. KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Speeding KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214486 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399055 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Johnson, R S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A LABORATORY ENGINE TEST STUDY OF MOTOR OIL FLOW PROPERTIES IN WINTER SERVICE PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - Laboratory engine low temperature pumpability test programs have been completed with two four cylinder gasoline engines. Both of these engines are reported to have been involved in low temperature field failures in recent years. Hardware and oil formulation effects have been studied and shown to have a significant impact on low temperature operability. Three commercially available viscosity modifiers are ranked for relative pumpability performance in each engine. In addition, evidence is given to explain the reasons for the field failures that occurred in these two engines. KW - Engine oils KW - Flow properties KW - Gasoline engines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Oil pumpability KW - Oil pumps KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217977 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399057 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Krause, P L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NORMALIZATION OF SIDE IMPACT CADAVER DYNAMIC RESPONSE DATA UTILIZING REGRESSION TECHNIQUES PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - Regression analysis was used to adjust cadaver side impact response data for variation in cadaver size and weight. The adjusted force-time curves were then used to develop a dynamic response specification for a side impact component test device being developed in the NHTSA/MVMA Side Impact Test Procedure Development Program. Side impact cadaver test data sets from the Association Peugeot-Renault and the University of Heidelberg were used in the analysis. A dependent relationship was found between force and the anthropometric variables, chest depth and cadaver weight and the test variable drop height. Maximum acceleration and time of peak force or acceleration lacked significant correlation to any of the anthropometric or test variables in the data sets. The resulting regression model was used to normalize the cadaver force-time curves to 50th percentile cadaver chest depth and weight. The force-time curves generated from the application of the predictive force regression equation were then utilized to establish force-time corridors for the side impact test device. These corridors define the thoracic stiffness characteristics seen in the Association Peugeot-Renault and University of Heidelberg lateral impact cadaver tests. KW - Anthropometry KW - Cadavers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Regression analysis KW - Side crashes KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217979 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399072 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Willis, F G AU - Radtke, R R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYBRID VEHICLE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - A technique has been developed for deriving the optimal operating strategy including engine calibration for a hybrid vehicle given the vehicle hardware description, the operating cycle, emission constraints, and the relative costs of the two energy sources carried on the vehicle. This report describes the technique and presents the results of applying it to a set of electric/ICE hybrid vehicles which attempt to encompass a very wide range of powertrain choices for a 2000 lb base vehicle. Results are presented for city driving where the battery is required to end the cycle at the same state of charge as at the beginning, as well as a 100-mile mission over which it was possible to fully discharge the battery at no cost. The study indicates, for the assumptions and constraints of this particular study, the powertrain combinations which have the highest potential both for liquid fuel and for combined energy saving. KW - Combinations KW - Energy conservation KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Power trains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217994 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396898 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - URBAN TRAFFIC, PARKING, AND SYSTEM MANAGEMENT SN - 030903034 PY - 1984 IS - 957 SP - 101pp. AB - This Record contains the following papers: Diversion of Freeway Traffic in Los Angeles: It Worked, D.H. Roper et al; Developing Segmentwide Traffic-Responsive Freeway Entry Control, S.J. Kahng et al; Joint Operational Management of an HOV Facility: A Success in Houston, H.S. Payne and S.Z. Levine; Delay Messages and Delay Tolerance at Houston Work Zones (Abridgment), R.D. Huchingson et al; Optimizing Traffic Diversion Around Bottlenecks, Y. Hu and P. Schonfeld; Assessment of Violations on Priority Entry Ramps (Abridgment), J.M. Mounce; Estimating the Impacts of Ramp-Control Programs (Abridgment), N.L. Nihan and G.A. Davis; Description of a Combined Approach for Arterial Signal Coordination Considering Bandwidth and Delays, K.G. Baass and B. Allard, with Discussion by E.C.P. Chang; Improved Graphic Techniques in Signal Progression, C.E. Wallace and K.G. Courage; Analysis of Parking in Urban Centers: Equilibrium Assignment Approach, Y.J. Gur and E.A. Beimborn; Estimating Downtown Parking Demands: A Land Use Approach, H.S. Levinson and C.O. Pratt; Effects of Ending Employer-Paid Parking for Solo Drivers, M. Surber et al; Effects of Parking Measures in the Center of Leeuwarden, B. van der Hee et al; Whither Parking in the City Center? (Abridgment), H.S. Levision; Contraflow Bus Lanes in Chicago: Safety and Traffic Impacts, J. LaPlante and T. Harrington; Traffic Restraint on New York City's East River Bridges, H.S. Levinson et al. U1 - 63rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19840116 EndDate:19840120 KW - Bottlenecks KW - Central business districts KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway traffic control KW - Parking KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic violations KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399059 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Meng, P R AU - Hady, W F AU - Barrows, R F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN OVERVIEW OF THE NASA ROTARY ENGINE RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper presents a brief overview and technical highlights of the research efforts and studies on rotary engines over the last several years at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The review covers the test results obtained from turbocharged rotary engines and preliminary results from a high performance single-rotor engine. Combustion modeling studies of the rotary engine and the use of a Laser Doppler Velocimeter to confirm the studies are discussed. An in-house program in which a turbocharged rotary engine was installed in a Cessna Skymaster for ground test studies is also covered. Details are presented on single-rotor stratified-charge rotary engine research efforts, both in-home and on contract. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Combustion KW - Engines KW - Research KW - Rotary engines KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217981 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399061 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stein, M M AU - Beauregard, M AU - Herrick, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PROPOSED TRAFFIC SAFETY FORECASTING METHODOLOGY PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - The authors present a methodology useful for developing forecast of U.S. Traffic Safety trends. Although many researchers have described traffic accidents as being difficult to forecast due to the thousands of factors potentially contributing to an accident, it is possible to develop mathematical equations that are useful for estimating traffic accident trends. These equations can be used at the macro level or at the micro level for safety program evaluation and assessment of regulatory impacts to help develop national traffic safety plans and policies. Results of alternative model specifications and tests of the equations for developing accident projections are presented. The authors also recommend that the use of the methodology be considered for accident analysis and trend decomposition as well as for developing a more comprehensive traffic safety information system. KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217983 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399068 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hall, D W AU - Mocarski, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POWDER METAL PARTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - In line with the present trend to make structural parts at or near net shape, the powder metallurgy process is being studied more and more by automotive design and materials engineers who are finding an increased application for this energy and cost saving process. Many new applications, besides some older ones, of P/M by domestic and overseas automotive manufacturers are presented outlining material specifications and service conditions for engine, transmission and chassis parts. In addition to conventional porous P/M parts, examples of high tensile fully dense precision hot formed P/M parts are presented which give superior service life and lighter weight than conventional wrought steel. Despite the decreased size and weight of future automobiles, an increased number of applications of powder metal is likely to result in a greater usage of P/M materials per vehicle. KW - Applications KW - Automobiles KW - Forming KW - Hot forming KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217990 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399070 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - GALER, M AU - Simmonds, GRW AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE LIGHTING OF CAR INSTRUMENT PANELS--DRIVERS' RESPONSES TO FIVE COLOURS PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - Drivers' subjective responses to five different colours of instrument panel lighting, and their ability to read the instruments accurately were measured under simulated driving conditions. The instrument panels tested were of a current production 1981 European Ford Granada design fitted into a fully trimmed Ford Granada buick. The instrument panels had five colours of filters over the back lighting lamps, BLUE/GREEN, RED, GREEN, ORANGE and YELLOW. Eighty drivers tested each of the five display colours under night-time lighting conditions. They were asked to rank the colours for ease of reading, ease of checking the speed against limits, distraction, attractiveness, general preference and choice for own car. The BLUE/GREEN, and YELLOW were all liked, with the balance clearly in favour of the BLUE/GREEN. RED was not liked by many drivers and disliked by most. The colours appealed differently to different age and sex groups. There was no difference between the colours in terms of accuracy of reading the speed or deciding whether the speed was within a speed limit. KW - Age KW - Color KW - Driver age KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Instrument panels KW - Lighting KW - Reaction time KW - Subjective analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217992 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396896 AU - TRAYFORD, R S AU - Doughty, B W AU - Reid, J H AU - Touw, JW van der AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF TWO MULTI LINK ROAD EXPERIMENTS COMPARING THE USE OF IN-CAR DYNAMIC ADVISORY SPEEDS WITH NORMAL DRIVING PY - 1984 VL - 12 SP - p. 143-154 AB - A single small car was computer equipped to display speeds to the driver, thus simulating dynamic advisory roadside signs. The car was driven along a 3.5 km arterial road in peak and off-peak periods under vehicle actuated signals, controlled by flexible fixed time or adaptive traffic responsive modes. The main experiment was carried out over eight fixed time and four adaptive days. The eight drivers were given different types of speed advice, but only on the fixed time days. The display speed limit, speed increment and frequency of display were varied. The best advice saved 3.8% in fuel over the mean of the advice condition, which was in turn 3.9% better than the free choice runs. No significant difference was found between the fixed time and adaptive modes although that aspect of the experiment was not as sensitive as the rest. An auxiliary experiment, to obviate the problem of the learning behaviour of the original drivers and to extend the results to surrounding traffic, used two different drivers instructed with float and chase techniques and a fuel saving mode. This suggested a fuel saving of 15% when the best advice condition of the main experiment was compared with the surrounding traffic. This, and the stops and travel times, tally with previously reported work. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Advisory speed KW - Displaying KW - Driver information systems KW - Experiments KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information display systems KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Speed control KW - Traffic speed UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396901 AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - PLANNING FOR ROAD SAFETY PY - 1984 SP - 74 p. AB - This booklet focuses on a series of basic guidelines that will, when applied, lead to a safer system for all road users, including cyclists and pedestrians. These guidelines address broad issues rather than the more detailed elements which may be found in design manuals and are applicable to both new and established urban areas in cities and country towns. The booklet encourages informed discussion between members of the community--those who plan and design urban facilities and those in the decision arena, particularly at the local government level, who adjudicate between alternatives. The two basic objectives of the guidelines are: (1) to balance the traffic movement and access functions of roads so that roads having high traffic movement have low access and vice versa; and (2) to minimize the potential number of conflicts and the severity of accidents wherever conflicting situations occur. KW - Access KW - City planning KW - Crash severity KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Local government KW - Planning KW - Safety KW - Traffic KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399042 AU - World Health Organization TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PY - 1984 SP - 36 p. AB - This publication represents the report of a World Health Organization (WHO) International Conference on Road Traffic Accidents in Developing Countries which was convened in Mexico City, at the invitation of the Government of Mexico, from the ninth to the thirteenth of November 1981. The objectives of the Conference were: to exchange experience and information on the nature of the road accident problems in developing countries and to identify the various areas of concern; to consider to what extent methods developed for the prevention of road traffic accidents in developed countries can help in the formulation and implementation of measures appropriate to the requirements of developing countries; to promote awareness among governments of the public health consequences of road traffic accidents and to encourage interested authorities to implement desirable countermeasures, with special reference to the health aspects of the problem; and to define basic priniciples for the formulation of road safety policies at national and international levels. Contents of this report are as follows: Introduction; Road safety and transport policy development; Development and improvement of national reporting systems; Behaviour and education; Screening and training; The road environment; Safety factors in the design of vehicles; Appropriate technology for protection against injuries; Alcohol and other drugs; Legislation and enforcement; Organization and management of road safety programmes; The role of public health authorities; and International cooperation. KW - Awareness KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Countermeasures KW - Developing countries KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214494 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399047 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Geissler, H AU - BRAUN, H AU - Smyth, W B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE RIDE COMFORT PY - 1984 SP - 26 p. AB - This paper presents a systematic optimization of vibration comfort in a truck. The aim is to minimize exposure of the driver to mechanical vibrations in his place of work, the cab. The method used was a systematic analysis of the sources of resonance by calculation in the frequency domain. Improvements to the suspension and damping systems of the chassis and cab led to a considerable reduction of the weighted vibrational intensity. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Chassis KW - Comfort KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399048 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Seaman, R L AU - Johnson, C E AU - Hamilton, R F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPONENT INERTIAL EFFECTS ON TRANSMISSION DESIGN PY - 1984 SP - 19 p. AB - The placement of components within a manual transmission influences gear rattle and shiftability. This is due to changes in the effective inertia of the transmission. Gear rattle can be reduced and shiftability can be improved by positioning components to optimize the transmission's effective inertia. In this report, the effect of inertia on shiftability is discussed. The causes and types of gear rattle are then discussed. A theory is developed for the threshold of rattle within a transmission. A transmission arrangement is then presented that reduces gear rattle and improves shiftability by optimizing the placement of components by taking into account component inertial effects. KW - Design KW - Gear rattle KW - Gearshifts KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Manual transmissions KW - Noise KW - Optimization KW - Shiftability KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399065 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cogotti, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WAKE SURVEYS OF DIFFERENT CAR-BODY SHAPES WITH COLOURED ISOPRESSURE MAPS PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - A technique to map the wake behind passenger cars with different rear end configurations has been developed in the full-scale automotive wind tunnel "Pininfarina". It is based on the measurement of total pressure in the wake, using a probe which is driven by a large traversing gear. Results are presented as coloured isopressure maps. Tests have been carried out on a 1:2.5 scale car model with two different front ends and eight different rear ends. The attainable body configurations are likely to cover the majority of passenger car shapes. Wake surveys have been conducted at several distances behind each car model in order to see the wake development. The paper shows and analyzes the results obtained for these sixteen car model configurations; it also emphasizes what kind of information can be obtained by this wake survey technique. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobile bodies KW - Configuration KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Scale models KW - Shape KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217987 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399066 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Knudtson, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WINNEBAGO FRONT-WHEELED DRIVE MOTOR HOME DESIGN AND ASSEMBLY PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - The development of this vehicle is described from concept, through design and assembly. The design intent of this unique vehicle was high fuel efficiency, good ride and handling characteristics, and a high degree of passenger safety at a competitive cost. A combination of some of the latest in automotive and motor home construction technology was used to meet the desired goals. KW - Driving KW - Front wheel drive KW - Fuel conservation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Ride quality KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217988 ER - TY - SER AN - 00396910 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE FACILITIES PY - 1984 IS - 959 SP - 79 p. AB - This Record contains the following papers: The Safety, Operational, and Cost Impacts of Pedestrian Indications at Signalized Intersections, H.D. Robertson and E.C. Carter; Evaluation of Innovative Pedestrian Signalization Alternatives, C.V. Zegeer et al; Pedestrian Time-Space Concept for Analyzing Corners and Crosswalks, J.J. Fruin and G.P. Benz; Pedestrian Exposure to Risk in Housing Areas, D.H. Crompton; Pedestrian Characteristics and Exposure Measures, R.L. Knoblauch et al; Midblock Crosswalks: A User Compliance and Preference Study, N.M. Rouphail; Pedestrian Crossing-Time Requirements at Intersections, M.R. Virkler and D.L. Guell; Walking Straight Home from School: Pedestrian Route Choice by Young Children, M.R. Hill; Role of Bicycles in Public Transportation Access, M.A. Replogle; Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Accidents in the Boston Metropolitan Region, W. Plotkin and A. Komornick, Jr.; Promotion and Planning for Bicycle Transportation: An International Overview, W. Brog et al. KW - Analysis KW - Bicycles KW - Compliance KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash exposure KW - Crosswalks KW - Hazards KW - Human characteristics KW - Mid-block pedestrian crossings KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Residential areas KW - Risk assessment KW - Route choice KW - School children KW - Signalized intersections KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic crashes KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217869 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399051 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Savonen, C L AU - Chiang, E C AU - JOHNSON, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND VEHICLE LOAD ON A DIESEL POWERED TRUCK COOLING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE USING A COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAM PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - A computer simulation model to predict the thermal responses of an on-highway heavy duty diesel truck in transient operation was used to study several important cooling system design and operating variables. The truck used in this study was an International Harvester COF-9670 cab-over-chassis vehicle equipped with a McCord radiator, Cummins NTC-350 diesel engine, Kysor fan-clutch and shutter system, aftercooler, and standard cab heater and cooling system components. Input data from several portions of a Columbus to Bloomington, Indiana route were used from the Vehicle Mission Simulation (VMS) program to determine engine and vehicle operating conditions for the computer simulation model. The thermostat-fan, thermostat-shutter-fan, and thermostat-winterfront-fan systems were studied. Investigations were conducted for ambient temperatures of -10, 32, 85, and 100 deg F, full- and half-vehicle load (72,000 and 36,000 1bm Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)), and alternate routes of operation utilizing recent improvements in the model. The results show that the thermostat-shutter-fan system provides the best cooling system performance in terms of coolant temperature control, minimization of fan and thermostat operation, and provides adequate cab comfort over the range of vehicle operation and ambient temperatures. KW - Comfort KW - Cooling systems KW - Design KW - Diesel trucks KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217973 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399062 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Slutsky, S AU - Levi, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REGENERATIVE BRAKING IN DIESEL-POWERED URBAN BUSES PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper presents the results of a study on a pneumatic energy storage system for on-vehicle applications. These are: (1) The 4-stroke diesel engine can be adapted to perform the additional functions of compressor and expander. With the exception of the storage tank, the regenerative braking is accomplished without further increase in weight and cost of the vehicle. (2) The number of miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed in High Performance Urban Route Cycle by a heavy urban bus or by a light school bus are increased by a factor of about three. Similar savings of fuel can be expected for a taxi. (3) The reduction in emissions is expected to equal or exceed the reduction in fuel consumption. KW - Air quality management KW - Buses KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy storage systems KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic systems KW - Regenerative braking KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399069 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schumacher, B W AU - Cooper, J C AU - Dilay, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING CONTROL THAT AUTOMATICALLY SELECTS THE WELDING SCHEDULE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEEL PY - 1984 SP - 24 p. AB - A new principle has been employed in an adaptive control for spot welding of unknown types of steel. The dynamics of the process is monitored, not materials properties or energy input etc. The rate of rise of the temperature, as reflected in the rate of the resistance, provides all the necessary information. The control algorithm and a series of evaluative tests are described. Any conventional welding machine equipped with the new control will make sound welds the very first time, in HS or LC steel of two or multiple thicknesses, with electrode diameters as different as 2:1, and in the presence of shunting. A "teaching mode" is not required. KW - Algorithms KW - Control systems KW - Spot welding KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217991 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00396897 AU - Frith, W J AU - HARTE, D S AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF SOME CONTROL CHANGES AT URBAN INTERSECTIONS PY - 1984 VL - 12 SP - p. 192-205 AB - Injury accident data for a sample of New Zealand urban intersections were analysed. The data were arranged in monthly time series and collected from intersections both where control had changed and control had not changed during the study period. The analysis was designed to isolate the effect on safety of various changes in control from the effect of time trends and individual intersection characteristics. The changes in control considered were changes from give way signs, stop signs and no control to signals and small roundabouts. Signals and roundabouts appeared to reduce accidents at 4-leg junctions. At 3-leg junctions roundabouts appeared to reduce accidents while there was no hard evidence of any accident change associated with signals. U1 - Australian Road Research Board Conference Proc KW - Data analysis KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety KW - T intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217859 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396907 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Shinar, D AU - National Safety Council TI - THE TRAFFIC CONFLICT TECHNIQUE: A SUBJECTIVE VS. OBJECTIVE APPROACH PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 153-157 AB - Filmed traffic conflicts were evaluated in terms of their severity using an objective measure and two subjective measures obtained from two groups of subjects. Each observer rated the same conflicts three times. Correlations among the subjective measures and between the subjective measures and the objective measure were used to evaluate some aspects of the reliability and validity of the subjective traffic conflict technique. The results yielded high intrarater and interrater reliabilities and moderate concurrent validity relative to the objective measures. Implications for future use of subjective measures of traffic conflicts are discussed. KW - Injury severity KW - Objective analysis KW - Reliability KW - Severity KW - Subjective analysis KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217866 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395972 JO - Journal of Criminal Justice PB - Elsevier Science AU - Cohen, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE LEGAL CONTROL OF DRUNKEN DRIVING: A COMMENT ON METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS IN ASSESSING DETERRENT EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 149-154 AB - Appearing in this volume are papers by Votey and Phillips, Ray, and Votey that raise basic questions about the effectiveness of efforts to reduce drunken driving through legal controls implemented in the criminal justice system. The primary issues of extent, source, and duration of any effect are raised by those authors. This paper discusses the concern for deterrence expressed by Phillips, et al., and particularly focuses on some methodological problems in demonstrating the deterrent effectiveness of criminal sanctions on drunken driving. KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395975 JO - Journal of Criminal Justice PB - Elsevier Science AU - Sykes, G W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SATURATED ENFORCEMENT: THE EFFICACY OF DETERRENCE AND DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 185-197 AB - Deterrence theory generally finds support among studies focusing on changes in apprehension certainty, in punishment celerity, or in punishment severity. However, scientific evidence establishing a clear deterrent effect of criminal justice institutions on criminal behavior remains problematic partly because of measurement, design and/or experimental control difficulties. This study attempts to overcome some of these methodological difficulties by measuring deterrence in a drunk driving enforcement program in a small Wisconsin city. It demonstrates a statistically significant relationship between a carefully designed enforcement program and driver response measured by accident rates. This finding is contrary to some recent studies challenging the efficacy of enforcement efforts aimed at traffic accident reductions. A general discussion of deterrence and enforcement amplifies the findings and conclusions. A word of caution is added regarding the findings. KW - Crash rates KW - Deterrence KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Penalties KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395956 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 50 p. AB - Reported motor vehicle thefts total over 1 million annually and it has grown to a $5 billion per year national problem with costs borne by all Americans in increased law enforcement costs and higher insurance costs. H.R. 6257, The Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984, is a comprehensive package of proposals designed to curb the theft of motor vehicles by preventing thefts and decreasing the ease with which certain stolen vehicles and their major parts can be fenced, while trying to minimize regulation of the domestic and foreign motor vehicle manufacturing industry, including the aftermarket motor vehicle industry. It also gives law enforcement officials much-needed prosecutory tools. The background and need for the legislation are discussed. The hearings are presented as well as the committee consideration, oversight findings, committee cost estimate, and the inflationary impact statement. A section-by-section analysis is presented. Additional views on H.R. 6257 and insurance reporting provisions are also included. Titles, definitions and provisions are presented. KW - Costs KW - Hearings KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Theft KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213626 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395845 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - FIFTH SPECIAL REPORT TO THE U.S. CONGRESS ON ALCOHOL AND HEALTH PY - 1984 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 72 p. AB - This issue contains a special condensation of the "Fifth Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health." The Report focuses on advances in knowledge since the issuance of the last report in January 1981 and contains research findings on epidemiology, genetics and alcoholism, psychobiological effects of alcohol, the medical consequences of alcohol, the effects of alcohol on pregnancy outcome, adverse social consequences of alcohol use and alcoholism, as well as treatment and prevention. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Genetics KW - Pregnant women KW - Prevention KW - Psychobiological effects KW - Safety programs KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395953 AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - ALCOHOL RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STUDY, MICHIGAN. JANUARY-DECEMBER 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - The results are reported of a study to determine and evaluate the proportion of alcohol related fatal traffic accidents to all fatal traffic accidents in the state of Michigan. The study collected information on the characteristics of alcohol related fatal traffic accidents as well as other relevant information necessary in planning countermeasure programs. The information is presented in the following categories: alcohol related fatal accidents and fatalities; fatal accidents by type accident; blood alcohol concentration test results; fatal accident drivers by age and drinking condition; relationship between age and blood alcohol concentration; fatal accidents and fatalities by month; hazardous violations committed in fatal accidents; fatal accidents by time of day/day of week; characteristics of alcohol involvement in Michigan fatal traffic accidents; fatal accidents by county; and alcohol related fatal accidents by county in order of percent chart. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395957 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - METHANOL AS TRANSPORTATION FUEL PY - 1984 SP - 372 p. AB - This publication presents the hearings on legislation to encourage the use of methanol as a transportation and utility fuel. The texts of H.R. 4855 (To develop a national methanol energy policy and to coordinate efforts to implement such policy) and H.R. 5075 (To amend the Energy Policy and Conservation Act to improve energy efficiency, to reduce United States dependence on foreign oil, and to improve the environment through the use of methanol, and for other purposes) are stated, and the testimonies of various individuals are presented. KW - Energy conservation KW - Environmental protection KW - Foreign KW - Fuels KW - Implementation KW - Methanol KW - Policy KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213627 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395974 JO - Journal of Criminal Justice PB - Elsevier Science AU - Hollinger, R C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RACE, OCCUPATIONAL STATUS, AND PRO-ACTIVE POLICE ARREST FOR DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 173-183 AB - The issue of pro-active police arrest bias by race, occupational status, and police patrol intensity is examined using the offense of DUI (Driving Under the Influence of alcohol). Intoxicated drivers from a 10-weekend roadside survey of vehicles randomly selected from the streets of a medium-sized southeastern metropolitan area are compared to officially arrested drivers apprehended during a corresponding time period. Upon examination, no statistically significant arrest bias was detected by the driver's race. However, compared to the roadside survey population, lower occupational status drivers (i.e., blue collar) were significantly more likely to appear in the arrested population than an upper status (i.e., white collar) driver--especially in the lightly patrolled middle and upper class residential sections of town. The significance of occupational status, when combined with the finding that race was not a significant indicator of difference between the arrested and roadside survey populations, suggests that pro-active police arrest bias is more a function of institutionally determined police patrol practices rather than overt racial prejudice on the part of individual officers. KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Employment KW - Police patrol KW - Race KW - Surveys KW - Traffic arrests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217400 ER - TY - SER AN - 00395849 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND GRADE CROSSINGS SN - 0309037018 PY - 1984 IS - 956 SP - 40p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Evaluation of Six Active Warning Devices for Use at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings, K.W. Heathington et al; Accident Severity Prediction Formula for Rail-Highway Crossings, J.S. Hitz; Stability and Other Considerations in Simulation Analysis of Signal Control, F.-B. Lin; Evaluation of Engineering Factors Affecting Traffic Signal Change Interval, M.-S. Chang et al; Strobe-Supplemented Red Signal Indications (Abridgment), T.A. Ryan; Flashing Signal Accident Evaluation (Abridgment), J.C. Barbaresso, with Discussion by O.J. Pendleton and Author's Closure; Analysis of Delay and User Costs at Unwarranted Four-Way Stop Sign Controlled Intersections (Abridgment), M.N. Byrd and D.B. Stafford; Passing Requirements for Two-Lane Highways in Mountainous Areas (Abridgment), N.J. Garber and M. Saito; Comparative Analysis of Left-Turn Phase Sequencing (Abridgment), R.B. Machemehl and A.M. Mechler. KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Forecasting KW - Four way stop signs KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Mountains KW - Multiway stop signs KW - Passing KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Strobes KW - Time intervals KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395827 AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Jones, I S AU - Ginsburg, M AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - FATAL FRONT-TO-FRONT CAR COLLISIONS AND THE RESULTS OF 35 MPH FRONTAL BARRIER IMPACTS PY - 1984 SP - v.p. AB - The relationship between the results of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) and the risk of fatal injury to drivers involved in fatal frontal collisions between passenger cars of similar weights were examined. The results are based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data for the years 1975-1983 analyzed by individual make and model of car. The risk of fatality was modelled using logistic regression taking into account the effect of the combined weight and weight ratio of the two cars, the ages of both drivers, restraint use by both drivers, speed limit at the site of the crash, the number of occupants in the car, and the NCAP test results for each individual model of car. The results show that when the other factors were controlled the likelihood of a fatal driver injury was almost 60 percent higher for cars with the worst NCAP results than for cars with the best results. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395960 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '83 ROAD ACCIDENTS JAPAN PY - 1984 SP - 57 p. AB - This statistical report, covering the year 1983, was compiled by the International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences with the cooperation of the Japanese National Police Agency. The basic data for these road traffic accident statistics were mainly prepared through the computer system of the National Police Agency based upon the "Basic Investigation Detailed Form" as established on January 1, 1980. The report includes seven sections: (1) Road Traffic Situation, 1946-83; (2) Traffic Accidents: Trends; (3) Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1983 (including traffic accidents, fatal accidents, casualties, child casualties and traffic accidents on expressways); (4) Control of Traffic Violations; (5) Traffic Regulations and Control; (6) Driver's License; and, (7) Reference Information. KW - Children KW - Driver licensing KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213631 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395970 JO - Journal of Criminal Justice PB - Elsevier Science AU - Votey, H L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE DETERIORATION OF DETERRENCE EFFECTS OF DRIVING LEGISLATION: HAVE WE BEEN GIVING WRONG SIGNALS TO POLICYMAKERS? PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 115-130 AB - This paper suggests that the apparently observed initial success of legislation to control drunken driving accidents by law enforcement and sanctions, followed by a return of accident levels to initial trends may be an artifact of failure to properly model the accident process. The point is illustrated by simulating a model of accidents in which drunken driving is controllable with a change in laws. It shows that this control effect can easily be swamped by other plausible accident inducing forces. Finally, it is argued that the costs of failing to maintain efforts to control drunken driving may be greater than the social costs of maintaining high enforcement levels and stiff penalties. KW - Costs KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Penalties KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395971 JO - Journal of Criminal Justice PB - Elsevier Science AU - SNORTUM, J R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - CONTROLLING THE ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVER IN SCANDINAVIA AND THE UNITED STATES: SIMPLE DETERRENCE AND BEYOND PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 131-148 AB - Three papers on simple deterrence of alcohol-impaired driving (Ross, 1982; Votey, 1984; and Phillips, Ray, and Votey, 1984) were reviewed within a broad framework of control variables including: legal, technical, psychological, moral, and cultural influences. In applying this framework to a comparison of Norway and Sweden versus the United States, it was apparent that Scandinavian drivers are subjected to a considerably greater range and intensity of control influences than American drivers. It was recommended that a causal analysis of simple deterrence should be supplemented by a contextual analysis of general prevention for a fuller appreciation of the complex, interactive network of influences upon alcohol-impaired driving. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Control KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Impaired drivers KW - Legal factors KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217397 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395973 JO - Journal of Criminal Justice PB - Elsevier Science AU - VINGILIS, E R AU - Genova, K de AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - YOUTH AND THE FORBIDDEN FRUIT: EXPERIENCES WITH CHANGES IN LEGAL DRINKING AGE IN NORTH AMERICA PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 161-172 AB - The effects of changes in the minimum drinking ages in various North American jurisdictions are reviewed. The research suggests that although most teenagers have experimented with alcohol, the rates of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related traffic collisions can be increased and decreased with the drinking age control legislation. KW - Adolescents KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217399 ER - TY - SER AN - 00395848 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYTIC METHODS AND DECISION MAKING FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING PY - 1984 IS - 955 SP - 62p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Use-Related Vehicle Depreciation, B.C. Butler, Jr.; Self-Administered Mailback Household Travel Survey, J.P. Poorman and D.J. Stacey; Application of the Highway Condition Projection Model to Interstate 4-R Repair, D.J. Hartgen; Method of Forecasting Payments on Construction Contracts, A. Shapanka and G.R. Allen; Setting Priorities of Highway Projects by Successive Subsetting Technique, M.D. Harness and K.C. Sinha; Transportation Improvement Program for Northeastern Illinois, E.A. Harper; Pennsylvania Priority Commercial Network: Development and Applications, T.E. TenEyck et al; Development of Pennsylvania's Agricultural Access Network, D.E. Lebo. KW - Access KW - Computer programming KW - Condition surveys KW - Contracts KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Depreciation KW - Farm roads KW - Forecasting KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Payment KW - Programming KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6500/6542/adam.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395850 JO - Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education PB - Alcohol and Drug Problems Assn of North America AU - Rohrer, G E AU - Elliott, J R AU - Geer, N L AU - Alcohol and Drug Problems Assn of North America TI - AN ALCOHOL EDUCATION AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM FOR INSTITUTIONALIZED JUVENILE OFFENDERS PY - 1984 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - p. 40-43 AB - This article describes a preventive, educational program on alcohol and traffic safety conducted in the largest juvenile correctional institution in Ohio. Institutionalized delinquents were identified as an extremely high risk group, likely to drink and drive. They were exposed to a 20 hour training program. The course was designed and conducted in a manner similar to the numerous DWI Programs operated by Municipal Courts for individuals convicted of drunken driving. Youth involved had not been convicted of DWI, but had exhibited difficulties with drugs and alcohol. This project was able to document that institutionalized juvenile offenders were experiencing documentable problems with alcohol. In addition, significant results were obtained in regard to the success of the educational aspects of the program. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Juvenile justice KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395969 JO - Journal of Criminal Justice PB - Elsevier Science AU - Phillips, L AU - Ray, S AU - Votey, H L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FORECASTING HIGHWAY CASUALTIES: THE BRITISH ROAD SAFETY ACT AND A SENSE OF DEJA VU PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 101-114 AB - This paper reexamines the effect of the introduction of the British Road Safety Act of 1967. We construct a dynamic model relating monthly road casualties to road traffic, rainfall, and alcohol consumption, standardizing for the seasonality in the data. An intervention variable captures the effect of the Road Safety Act. The findings confirm Ross's earlier conclusion that the Road Safety Act significantly reduces casualties. However, we find that the Road Safety Act only accounts for 2.7 percent of the variance in road casualties, while miles-driven and rainfall account for 48.8 percent, and alcohol consumption explains 4.2 percent. Our model forecasts accurately for 24 months beyond December, 1972, the last month used for estimation. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Rainfall KW - Safety KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217395 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395984 JO - WHEEL EXTENDED AU - Toyoda, S AU - Toyota Motor Corporation TI - ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. JAPAN, EUROPE AND AMERICA PY - 1984 IS - 15 SP - p. 14-16 AB - In this speech, the author discusses mainly the viewpoint of the Japanese automotive industry in relation to engineering and management in the automotive industry. The author states that automobiles are political vehicles due to the two oil crises. He believes that a policy of competition and cooperation is important. He feels that three conditions must be met by the international industry: (1) the system of free trade will have to be firmly upheld; (2) mutual understanding must be promoted; and, (3) there is a need to promote international agreement on the standards for safety, environmental protection and other areas. The author further feels that developing technology is a prime goal of corporate management and that it is necessary for all companies to raise the technical levels of their production and all their products. Finally, the author discusses the Japanese production method. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Competition KW - Cooperation KW - International KW - International compacts KW - International standards KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Policy KW - Production KW - Standards KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217410 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395353 JO - PENNSYLVANIA CHIEFS OF POLICE ASSOCIATION BULLETIN AU - Varrelman, D A AU - Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police Association TI - PREARREST SCREENING DEVICES FOR DUI ARRESTS: WHY WE'RE GOING TO USE THEM PY - 1984 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - p. 28-29 AB - The Police Department of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, introduced the ALCOTEST, a European breathalyzer test for detecting drunk drivers with blood alcohol contents over the legal limit, to the United States. Use of the device enabled release of a greater number of individuals from arrest, thus enabling the field officer to save patrol time and community dollars. The device is inexpensive, has high reliability, and can be carried in the glove compartment of a police vehicle. It aids the police officer in the arrest decision-making process, makes cases more substantial, and results in time savings and added field patrol. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Productivity KW - Reliability KW - Screenings KW - Time savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395737 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kirchoff, G F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DISPOSAL OF INFLATORS FOR AIRBAG SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - 6 p. AB - The present and planned introduction of air bag systems in the U.S. automobile market requires definition of procedures for disposal of unfired airbag systems in cars entering the disposal cycle. This paper discusses two such procedures and methods of determining which cars have airbag systems and how it can be determined if the airbag system has been actuated. KW - Air bags KW - Disposal KW - Inflatable devices KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395747 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tan, T E AU - Huston, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THREE-WHEELED ATV--A NO-SUSPENSION RIGID RIDER SYSTEM, PART II: APPLICATIONS--HANDLING AND RIDE PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper is the second in a series on three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles and investigates the handling and ride characteristics of the six degrees-of-freedom mathematical model of a vehicle/rigid-rider system with no suspension. This vehicle/rider system was simulated over three different bump profiles of rectangular, parabolic and sinusoidal shapes. The results show that a light vehicle/rider system equipped with a set of stiff tires has the poorest handling and ride characteristics whereas a heavy vehicle/rider system equipped with a set of soft tires has the best handling and ride characteristics. It was also shown that, for the particular profiles selected, a longer ramp-like bump profile disturbed the vehicle/rider systems significantly more than a shorter length bump profile. KW - Bumps KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mathematical models KW - Ride quality KW - Stiffness KW - Three wheeled vehicles KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395762 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Imahashi, K AU - Tsumuki, C AU - Nagare, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF POWDER-FORGED CONNECTING RODS PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - In comparison with conventional hot forging process, powder forging process has much advantage such as good dimensional accuracy, minimum scattering of weight, etc. In spite of much advantage, the powder forged parts have not been mass-produced except for relatively simple shape parts because of technical and economic problems such as low productivity. Solving these problems, powder forging process was applied to connecting rods which required fatigue strength and minimum scattering of weight, and which were complex in shape. As a result, for the first time in the world, mass-production of powder forged connecting rods was carried out, and its properties are as follows; (1) Sufficient fatigue strength; (2) Minimum scattering of weight; and (3) Good dimensional accuracy. KW - Connecting rods KW - Fatigue strength KW - Forging KW - Mass production KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217259 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395765 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Abthoss, J AU - Brueggemann, H AU - Huettebraucker, D-H AU - Zeilinger, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DAIMLER-BENZ 2.3 LITRE, 16-VALVE HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - Daimler-Benz has developed a high performance version of the proven 2.3-litre, 4-cylinder, M102 gasoline engine for the 190E 2.3-16 sport sedan which incorporates a number of the most advanced design features, including a light-alloy cross-flow cylinder head with dual overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder, roof-shaped combustion chambers with centrally located spark plugs, electronically/mechanically controlled fuel injection system with air by-pass at the injection valves, electronically controlled ignition and idle speed, and a single poly V-belt drive. These elements resulted in an engine with high torque and high horsepower over the entire rpm range and which still offers favorable fuel consumption at the same time. The engine with its 10.5:1 compression ratio also meets ECE 15/04 emission regulations. KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - High performance KW - Horsepower KW - Performance KW - Torque KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217261 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395780 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fenstermaker, R W AU - Riley, R K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADDITIVES FOR IMPROVING THE LOW-TEMPERATURE FILTERABILITY OF DIESEL FUEL OILS PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - The use of diesel engines at low temperatures is greatly complicated by filter plugging due to formation of wax crystals in the fuel. The usual method to prevent this filter plugging has been to lower the cloud point of the fuel by adding large amounts of kerosine. However, the expense that this represents and the alternate demands for kerosine make other solutions very desirable. New additives are becoming available which can aid in low temperature filterability and help with the plugging problem. In this paper, the Low Temperature Flow Test is used as a laboratory measure of the effectiveness of additive treatment for several dual purpose fuel oils. These results are compared with cold start data taken from vehicles which were cooled inside refrigerated trailers. The results indicate that the Low Temperature Flow Test is a conservative predictor of low temperature flow in actual vehicles, but is a less restrictive predictor than is the ASTM D2500 cloud point. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Diesel fuels KW - Effectiveness KW - Filters KW - Flow KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuels KW - Low temperature KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Plugging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217276 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395782 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zielinski, J AU - ROSSI, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WAX AND FLOW IN DIESEL FUELS PY - 1984 SP - 14 p. AB - The formation of wax crystals in diesel fuels during winter use is a well known phenomenon. The industry has created specifications to insure satisfactory diesel operation under winter conditions by lowering the cloud point with kerosene dilutions or equipment modifications. These specifications create a potential economic penalty to the refiner. An alternate solution to these cold flow problems include the use of chemical additives. This paper will discuss some fundamentals related to the chemical additive approach, namely wax crystal modification. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Filters KW - Flow KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuels KW - Low temperature KW - Modifications KW - Plugging KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217278 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395797 AU - Stein, A C AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - EFFECTIVE SIGNING TO REDUCE TRUCK DOWNGRADE RUNAWAYS PY - 1984 SP - p. 77-89 AB - This paper discusses two aspects of the runaway problem. First, it presents a brief discussion of escape ramps. Ramps have been a traditional means of containing a runaway truck, and have proven successful in this endeavor. The second, and major portion of the paper discusses the development of a grade severity rating system which is used to create roadside signs to tell drivers the appropriate descent speeds based on gross truck weight. This methodology represents a major step forward in highway safety as it tells the driver WHAT TO DO, rather than presenting information which requires further evaluation. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Escape lanes KW - Grade severity rating KW - Highway grades KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic signs KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217293 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395799 AU - Waller, P F AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ISSUES IN LICENSING AND MONITORING DRIVERS OF LARGE TRUCKS PY - 1984 SP - p. 103-109 AB - Motor vehicle injuries constitute a major public health problem, and large trucks are disproportionately represented in fatal crashes even when mileage is taken into account. At the present time there are no adequate procedures for insuring that drivers of these larger rigs are qualified to operate them. In spite of these facts, the Federal government has retreated from its highway safety standard in the area of driver licensing, while at the same time requiring that many states increase the length, width, and complexity of truck configurations allowed within their jurisdictions. Furthermore, the Federal government is currently considering the feasibility of even larger and heavier truck configurations to be allowed on a nationwide network. There is a need for better balance between commerce considerations and public health and safety concerns in regard to large truck transport. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Monitoring KW - Public health KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217295 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395814 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Campbell, B J AU - Gemming, M G AU - Stewart, J R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - SEAT BELTS PAY OFF: THE EVALUATION OF A COMMUNITY WIDE INCENTIVE PROGRAM PY - 1984 SP - p. 305-317 AB - This research explores the effectiveness of a seat belt incentive program in an entire community. The project was conducted in Chapel Hill/Carrboro, North Carolina, a community with a population of 50,000, during 1983. The campaign, entitled "Seat Belts Pay Off," was comprised of several steps, including: (1) planning and developing support, (2) developing data collection and other evaluative procedures, (3) implementing a public education/involvement campaign, and (4) giving modest economic incentives to belted occupants of vehicles passing check points over a six-month period. Results indicate that driver overall belt use increased from 24 percent in the baseline phase to a peak value of 41 percent in the last week of the incentive phase. The first six months of the follow-up phase show weekly belt use consistently around 36 percent, indicating that effects of the campaign have continued to persist. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public relations KW - Safety programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217310 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395816 AU - Council, F M AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ENHANCING THE ENFORCEMENT OF CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY LAWS: ISSUES, PROBLEMS, AND THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL ADVOCATE PY - 1984 SP - p. 331-346 AB - The success of mandatory child restraint laws in 40 states now rests to a great extent on state and local enforcement activities, activities that are perceived by advocates as being at a very low level. It appears that major problems involve (1) the low level of enforcement by local police, (2) enforcement by only certain subgroups of officers in any department, (3) administrative delays and lack of support, (4) the lack of police training activities, and (5) the lack of coordination between local police and local community advocates. Solutions proposed by police include development of strong, consistent support of the CRD laws on the part of top police administrators, increased training for all officers and targeted training to officers most likely to enforce, and revision (strengthening) of existing CRD laws. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Administration KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Coordination KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Police KW - Public relations KW - States KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394735 AU - United States Senate TI - TRUCK SAFETY PY - 1984 SP - 37 p. AB - This is a hearing on the general subject of truck safety, with statements from the assistant public utility commissioner of Oregon, the senior vice-president of Roadway Express Inc, the state highway engineer, Oregon Department of Transportation, the Council of Safety Supervisors, Oregon Trucking Association, the president of the Oregon Forest Products Transportation Association, and finally a statement from the New York State Department of Transportation. These statements cover the Oregon Safety Compliance Program, the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance, the safety experience with double and triple combinations, the safety impact of Federal deregulation, securing cargo and the need for national standards for licensing of truck drivers. KW - Commodities KW - Deregulation KW - Driver licenses KW - Federal government KW - Freight transportation KW - Hearings KW - Laws KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - State departments of transportation KW - Taxation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395455 JO - Risk Analysis PB - Society for Risk Analysis AU - LUND, A K AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Plenum Publishing Corporation TI - MANDATORY BELT USE AND DRIVER RISK TAKING PY - 1984 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 41-53 AB - A study of driver behavior before and after a mandatory seat belt use law in Newfoundland found that the benefits of such legislation are not reduced by riskier driving, as has been suggested by some theorists. On average, belt use in Newfoundland increased from 16% of drivers before the law to 77% after the law. At the same time, the quality of driving changed very little when compared to control groups of Nova Scotia drivers, who were not subject to the law and whose belt use rates did not change. In only one situation did Newfoundland drivers differ from the control group in Nova Scotia: after the belt law, drivers in Newfoundland became relatively more cautious (slower) in their speeds on four-lane expressways. These data confirm the results of earlier less controlled studies that also found no changes in driving behavior following nonvoluntary changes in occupant protection. Since the "risk-compensation" hypothesis predicts such changes, it seems to have no merit in explaining changes in fatalities and injuries after occupant protection legislation. KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395726 JO - MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures PB - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '84 PY - 1984 SP - 96 p. AB - This publication contains an overview of the U.S. motor vehicle industry followed by statistics and charts on the following: production, sales and registrations; ownership and usage; and economic and social impact. In the overview it is stated that optimism is running high with some forecasters talking about 14 million car and truck sales for 1984, which would approach the record setting 1978 when the 15 million level was passed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile travel KW - Economic impacts KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217231 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395733 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nagata, M AU - Kuriyama, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DRIVERS' VISUAL BEHAVIOR UNDER CONDITIONS OF NEGOTIATING OBSTRUCTIONS PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - This study investigates the drivers' visual behavior that occurs under conditions of obstacle avoidance with normal and restricted viewing. In the normal viewing, the experienced drivers concentrated on the visual objectives for obstacle avoidance, while the novice drivers sampled the direction of travel quite frequently. In the restricted viewing, the male novice drivers under 20 initiated the compensating visual behavior, but the female novice drivers over 30 displayed the same or a regressive tendency compared with normal viewing. The experienced drivers scanned the obstructions closer in front of the vehicle than the novice drivers in order to increase their intake of visual information. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Experience KW - Knowledge KW - Novices KW - Obstruction KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Safety KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217238 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395735 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tscheuschner, C AU - Bossmann, G AU - Petersen, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED RECORDER FOR FATIGUE LOAD MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD OF LONG-TERM-TEST VEHICLES PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - This paper describes a microprocessor controlled classifying data recorder for long term test periods, which is able to substitute weighty tape recorders and the classifying procedure of the raw data at a computing centre. The recorder has been designed for operation under severe environmental conditions and does not need any attendance or maintenance by the driver. Malfunctions of the recorder and the sensors are indicated by a few lamps. KW - Data recorders KW - Fatigue tests KW - Long term KW - Microprocessors KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Time duration KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217240 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395767 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brandstetter, W R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VOLKSWAGEN'S WATERCOOLED, HORIZONTALLY-OPPOSED ENGINES WITH GASOLINE FUEL INJECTION PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - In order to increase the attractiveness of the Volkswagen Bus/Van and Vanagon/Camper four new watercooled horizontally opposed engines with a displacement volume of 1.9 liter were developed. Presently, the nominal power range from that unit composed system is 44 to 66 kW. The essential feature of the two most powerful engines is the newly developed fuel injection system (DIGIJET). The 63 kW engine has a closed-loop system with an oxygen sensor and a three-way catalyst in order to comply with current US-emission standards. KW - Boxer engines KW - Cooling water KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle performance KW - Water cooling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217263 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395769 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lu, X P AU - Segel, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A VEHICLE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH ROLLING RESISTANCE REDUCTION PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper addresses vehicular rolling resistance reduction in conjunction with improvement in ride comfort and road holding ability in a simplified vehicle design optimization problem. The three vehicle performance indices are represented respectively by the values of vehicular rolling resistance force (VRF), root mean square of vehicle body vertical acceleration (RAC), and root mean square of dynamic load between tire and road (RDL). The summation of VRF, RAC, and RDL associated with corresponding weighting coefficients is treated as the objective function to be minimized. A model for determining rolling resistance of a vehicle traversing an uneven road is presented. In this model vehicular rolling resistance force is treated as a function of the power spectral density of road elevation input. The linear vehicle system is represented by vehicle parameter dependent transfer functions. KW - Comfort KW - Friction KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Ride quality KW - Road holding KW - Rolling resistance KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217265 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395776 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - WERNER, J V AU - Sterback, S J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - USE OF REPAIR ESTIMATE INFORMATION TO EVALUATE PHYSICAL DAMAGE SEVERITY IN TWO-CAR ACCIDENTS PY - 1984 SP - 19 p. AB - Car-to car accidents account for a large proportion of the accident environment and societal cost to repair vehicle crash damage. Automobile insurers pay for most of these repair costs. Insurers, on behalf of their policyholders, have an enormous interest in those factors which affect the cost of repair. Use of computerized auto collision repair estimating allows insurance companies to capture statistical repair cost and crash part involvement information electronically and relate it to vehicle damage. Analyses are described for using computerized repair estimate data to describe the two-car accident environment. Analyses include the determination of the most common impact direction configurations and their relative repair costs, the most common market class combinations and their relative repair costs, and the distribution of repair cost expenditures for long wheelbase cars impacting shorter wheelbase cars. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data analysis KW - Estimating KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395778 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Alexander, W R AU - Bryson, T S AU - Metger, C A AU - Johnson, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY GEAR OIL SPALLING TEST PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - This paper describes development of a full-scale laboratory truck axle test used to predict the field performance of gear lubricants in heavy truck use. The relationship between laboratory results and known field performance will be described, as will a unique way of analyzing laboratory results. Data will also be presented which will show the laboratory test to be both repeatable and reproducible. Finally, data will be presented which shows lubricant additive type to play a vital role in defining field performance. KW - Field performance KW - Forecasting KW - Gears KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricants KW - Oil additives KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217274 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395801 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Wasielewski, P AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - SERIOUS OR FATAL DRIVER INJURY RATE VERSUS CAR MASS IN HEAD-ON CRASHES BETWEEN CARS OF SIMILAR MASS PY - 1984 SP - p. 123-138 AB - This work was performed to determine relations between car mass and driver injuries (serious or fatal) when cars of similar mass crash into each other head-on. This type of crash is examined because it is considered similar in some respects to a barrier crash. Data from the United States Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) are used to examine driver fatality likelihood as a function of car mass when cars of similar mass crash into each other. Pedestrian fatalities involving cars of the same mass are used to estimate exposure. Two additional sources of data (state data from North Carolina and New York) are used to generate information on the number of drivers seriously injured or killed per police reported crash when cars of similar mass crash into each other. The present study finds that the likelihood of driver injury (fatal or serious) when cars of similar mass crash into each other increases with decreasing car mass, both for head-on crashes and for crashes in all directions. The study does not address possible mechanisms that might lead to such relations. All the data analyzed reveal a fairly consistent picture--a driver in a 900 kg car crashing head-on into another 900 kg car is about 2.0 times as likely to be seriously injured or killed as is a driver of a 1800 kg car crashing head-on into another 1800 kg car. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Mass KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217297 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395803 AU - BJOERNSTIG, U AU - Bylund, P-O AU - Eriksson, A AU - THORSON, J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - MOOSE COLLISIONS AND INJURIES TO CAR OCCUPANTS PY - 1984 SP - p. 149-153 AB - Personal injuries caused by collisions with mooses on the road were analyzed within two sets of statistics: 275 collisions, from the official statistics on traffic accidents, and 46 collisions involving fatalities. The injuries were usually caused by the impact of the moose on the windscreen and front part of the roof. The severity of the injuries correlated with the deformation of the cars. Head and neck injuries predominated, especially among the fatalities. Larger animals, higher speeds, and smaller cars were other characteristic features of the fatal accidents. An improvement of the weak structures of the cars such as the frontal roof beam and the windscreen poles would probably be valuable in the prevention of fatalities in moose-car collisions. Other measures to be considered are information to car drivers concerning decreased speeds, especially at dawn and dusk and in the autumn. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Moose KW - Neck KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Severity KW - Small car KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217299 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395808 AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Petrucelli, E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - COSTS OF HOSPITALIZATION OF INJURED MOTORCYCLISTS IN ILLINOIS: PUBLIC POLICY IMPLICATIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 225-236 AB - Costs of hospitalization of 331 motorcyclists at three regional trauma centers in Illinois showed that those with head injuries incurred greater costs than those without head injuries, and represented about 25% of the cases. Among those who died, 42% received injuries to the head. About 25% of the cases has the hospital costs paid by public aid funds. An estimate was made of savings in medical and hospitalization costs if all motorcyclists wore helmets. An improved reporting system for motorcycle collisions is needed including the use or nonuse of helmets. Information on nonfatal disabling injuries is sorely lacking. Helmet legislation would provide increased use from which would be derived large reductions in injuries and costs. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Costs KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Hospitals KW - Illinois KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Public policy KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217304 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395810 AU - DORSCH, M M AU - WOODWARD, A J AU - Somers, R L AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - EFFECT OF HELMET USE IN REDUCING HEAD INJURY IN BICYCLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1984 SP - p. 247-259 AB - As yet there has not been reported an adequate field demonstration of the protective effects of bicycle safety helmets. Evaluation of helmet efficacy has rested almost entirely on laboratory tests of questionable relevance to real world accidents. In the present study 894 South Australian cycling enthusiasts were contacted by mail with regard to their most recent accident and their helmet use at the time. Overall, 197 bicyclists were identified who had experienced an accident within the past 5 years, and had struck their head or helmet in the accident. Helmet status ranged from no helmet used (n = 75), to hairnet-style helmet (n = 69), to unlined solid helmet (n = 37), to lined solid helmet (n = 16). Analysis of the crude, unadjusted data showed a statistically significant association between helmet use and reduced severity of head injury. The association persisted after adjustment for age, sex and severity of crash forces. It is estimated that the risk of death from head injury is 3-10 times greater for unhelmeted relative to helmeted bicyclists, depending on helmet type. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217306 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395812 AU - Snyder, M B AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ACCURACY OF BAC ESTIMATION IN DRIVING RELATED SITUATIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 273-287 AB - There are a number of situations in which judgments of a driver's BAC is important for practical decisions that people make which influence the incidence of impaired driving. In addition to the use of evidential breath tests to provide BAC data for use in court, there are other times when individuals must estimate their own or another's BAC in order to take appropriate action. Partygoers want to know if they are within the legal limits, bartenders need to know when to stop serving patrons, police need a basis for requesting an evidential breath test, physicians need information to counsel their patients on estimating BACs, etc. This paper (a) identifies the various situations in which such information is needed, noting the differences in accuracy for types of information required in the various situations, (b) identifies the types of approaches for providing impairment or BAC information to people and (c) presents data on a variety of different techniques that have been tested recently. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver impairment KW - Estimating KW - Impaired drivers KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217308 ER - TY - SER AN - 00395764 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Walker, J W AU - Wiltse, R F AU - Harhaus, V W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE GM 4.3 LITER V-6 GASOLINE ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - n.p. AB - Two new 4.3 liter engines with 90 deg V-6 configurations were developed for use in Chevrolet's 1985 light duty trucks and rear wheel drive passenger cars. The new engines were optimized from the standpoint of oil sealing, performance, and fuel economy. A four-barrel quadrajet carburetor mounted on an open inlet plenum is used for truck applications and a 1x2 throttle body injection system mounted on a similar open inlet plenum is used for passenger car applications. Both engines are designed for optimum engine breathing and cylinder charging, and each requires a specific engine/emission control system. These engines are configured for even firing, have swirl inlet ports, and fast burn combustion chambers. The results obtained through the extensive engineering development program met and/or exceeded the program goals for performance, oil and coolant sealing, and fuel economy. KW - Automobiles KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gasoline engines KW - Light trucks KW - Oil seals KW - Optimization KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395308 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, R L AU - Hagen, R E AU - National Safety Council TI - AN EVALUATION OF THREE ALTERNATIVE FORMATS FOR PROBATION VIOLATOR HEARINGS PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 97-105 AB - The purpose of the project was to improve the traffic safety impact and net benefits of the negligent operator probation violator hearing conducted by the California Department of Motor Vehicles. The three hearing formats evaluated varied in several aspects including use of license restrictions (rather than suspension or revocation), hearing duration, use of negotiation and contingency contracting, and use of caseload assignment. The two experimental programs differed primarily in the timing of restriction removal, one employing a single fixed-interval restriction and the other a sequential multiphase restriction strategy. The licensing actions used at the project entry hearing were more liberal than anticipated in all hearing formats. The standard hearing format was superior to the others both in overall traffic safety impact and net benefits. The differences between hearing formats in fatal and injury accidents and in countable convictions tended to favor the standard format. Implementation of either alternative format would probably result in a decline in program net benefits. The application of a behavior modification paradigm was not successful in the project reported here. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Coulomb failure criterion KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Hearings KW - Probation KW - Traffic safety KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217014 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395326 JO - Personality and Individual Differences PB - Elsevier AU - Clement, R AU - Jonah, B A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FIELD DEPENDENCE, SENSATION SEEKING AND DRIVING BEHAVIOUR PY - 1984 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 87-93 AB - The present study attempted to relate field dependence-independence (FDI) to accident involvement and perceived causes of accidents as well as to trace these relationships to the sensation-seeking (SS) tendency of the field-dependent driver. In addition, the concomittant effects of internal/external locus of control (IE) were studied. Subjects (N = 285) filled out a questionnaire assessing their level of FDI, SS, IE, number of accidents, as well as the attributed importance of various possible causes of their last accident. The obtained results show no relationship between FDI and SS and either the number of accidents or the importance attributed to various causes of accidents. Significant relationships were, however, obtained between FDI and SS and seat-belt use and SS and speed on the highway. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Behavior KW - Crash causes KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Field dependence-independence KW - Manual safety belts KW - Problem drivers KW - Psychological aspects KW - Reaction time KW - Speeding KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395727 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Essig, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT KS WORK ON THE REDUCTION OF PASSENGER CAR ENGINE FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - The increased public interest in economic use of energy has lead to intense efforts by engineers to achieve a reduction in engine friction losses. Despite differences quoted in the literature, the proportion of the friction losses caused by the piston assembly is certainly of such an order as to justify considerable expenditure in the numerical determination of consumption improvements due to optimization of piston and rings. In engine tests carried out by Kolbenschmidt AG an accuracy of less than or equal to plus or minus 0.5% has been achieved in the measurement of specific fuel consumption. This paper presents a basic description of the measurement method and the results of piston optimization for several small engines (four cylinder gasoline and diesel engines). A 3%-5% fuel economy improvement under combined city/highway traffic conditions can be achieved by the use of an optimized Fuel Economy Piston. The contribution of the basic design parameters such as weight, skirt area and ring pack are discussed. KW - Automobile engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Friction losses KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Optimization KW - Piston rings KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217232 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395734 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Indig, H AU - Williams, T R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXHAUST SYSTEM ACCELERATED DURABILITY TESTING PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - An accelerated comparative exhaust system cycling durability test has been developed at the Ford Motor Company Research and Engineering Center Dynamometer facility. This paper is a summary of events leading up to the development of the test, a description of the test procedures and conditions, the equipment, the actual test results and usage of the test. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Durability KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217239 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395749 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zazula, S AU - Pavletic, R AU - Bizjan, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE WITH TWO-STROKE ENGINE AND OMISSION OF ACTIVE CYCLES PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - The aim of this article is to show the effects of the omission of the active cycles in the one-cylinder two-stroke engine on the vibration characteristics of the two-wheeled vehicles. The vibration characteristics are expressed by the accelerations of the selected points of the basic structure of the vehicle, through which the rider is in direct contact with. An attempt is described showing how to achieve this aim with the aid of a special mathematical model of the motorcycle plane vibrations, excited by the unbalanced mass forces, mass moments and other forces and moments which accompany the motion of the motorcycle over a horizontal straight road. Given are the results of the laboratory conducted research on the possibilities of the omission of the active cycles in the small two-stroke engines, which can be achieved by an electronically controlled fuel injection. KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Mathematical models KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Two wheeled vehicles KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395760 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ROMEO, D J AU - Morris, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DRIVER AIR BAG POLICE FLEET DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM--A 15-MONTH PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - The objective of this program was to design, test, evaluate, manufacture and install in 500 state highway patrol vehicles, a driver air bag retrofit system. Air bag system benefits are universally accepted. However, the costs, complexities and availabilities of these systems are widely misunderstood. This program takes much of the "mystery" out of the air bag and demonstrates to fleet operators and to the public at large that air bag technology, components and systems do presently exist and can be acquired at a reasonable cost. The following paper provides a description of the system, the tests which were conducted, the installation procedures and field experience with the 500 car fleet. KW - Air bags KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Facilities KW - Field tests KW - Impact tests KW - Installation KW - Police vehicles KW - Retrofitting KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217257 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395768 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DiCarlo, J P AU - Bunting, B G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW PINTLE INJECTOR FOR IDI DIESEL ENGINE APPLICATIONS PY - 1984 SP - 6 p. AB - A new pintle injector has been designed and is being produced for IDI engine applications. It features improvements in the areas of heat shield requirements, internal volume and reciprocating mass. Reductions in spring requirements and shank diameter contribute to a smaller envelope. This permits optimization of injector installation and cylinder head design. This paper covers design details as compared to the current S-size nozzle. Test rig and computer simulations results show the improved hydraulic characteristics obtained. Engine temperature measurements are presented to substantiate installation without a heat shield. Engine test data is presented to illustrate performance improvements. KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel injectors KW - Improvements KW - Indirect injection KW - Injectors KW - Nozzles KW - Optimization KW - Pintle injectors KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217264 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395775 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Trummel, M C AU - Mazor, S D AU - Freeman, R J AU - King, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DOE HYBRID TEST VEHICLE--RESULTS OF FUEL ECONOMY EMISSIONS AND ENGINEERING CHARACTERIZATION TESTING PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - A parallel-configuration, microprocessor-controlled Hybrid Test Vehicle (HTV) has been designed and developed by the General Electric Company for the U.S. Department of Energy. It has successfully demonstrated on/off internal combustion engine (ICE) operation and dual (electric and ICE) power-system blending. Results of testing the HTV at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory show that the HTV is capable of saving significant amounts of petroleum while maintaining standard ICE vehicle performance. The HTV program operational experience has shown the need for design simplification and special battery considerations in future hybrid vehicles. KW - Dual-power KW - Electric batteries KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395786 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Naegeli, D W AU - YOST, D M AU - OWENS, E C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE WEAR WITH METHANOL FUEL IN A NITROGEN-FREE ENVIRONMENT PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - Several test programs have shown that the combustion of methanol in spark ignition engines can cause unusually high corrosive wear of the upper cylinder bore and ring areas. In this study, a 2.3-liter engine fueled with methanol was operated in a nitrogen-free atmosphere to determine the importance of nitric acid in the corrosion mechanism. A 20-hour steady-state test was carried out using neat methanol as the fuel and a mixture of oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide in place of air. Only trace amounts of NOx and nitric acid were found in the exhaust products during this test. The wear, indicated by iron buildup in the lubricant, was found to be essentially the same in the nitrogen-free test as that detected in baseline engine tests combusting methanol-air mixtures. It was concluded that nitric acid does not play a role in the corrosion mechanism. KW - Methanol KW - Nitric acid KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217282 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395793 AU - Freitas, M D AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - SAFETY OF TWIN-TRAILER OPERATIONS PY - 1984 SP - p. 29-37 AB - The recent Federal requirement that twin-trailer combinations be allowed to operate nationwide has exacerbated the long-standing controversy over the safety of these vehicles. While no definitive statement can be made about the overall safety of twin-trailer combinations, there is considerable information available on the operation and performance of these vehicles. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Double trailers KW - Highway safety KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217289 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395800 AU - Mitter, E L AU - Vilardo, F J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - DRIVER DATA AS A PREDICTOR OF CRASH INVOLVEMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY TRUCK OPERATORS VERSUS OTHER DRIVERS PY - 1984 SP - p. 111-121 AB - Data from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) are used to construct linear regression models with prior recorded accidents as the dependent variable. Independent variables investigated include driver age, miles of driving experience, prior moving violation convictions of several types, and driver training history. The distribution of the NASS data were found to be generally consistent with previously reported research. The results of univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrate that heavy truck drivers form a discrete subset of all accident-involved drivers, whose accident history is more reliably predicted by a more parsimonious model as compared to drivers of other vehicle types. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Experience KW - Forecasting KW - Knowledge KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Mileage KW - Moving violations KW - Multivariate analysis KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck drivers KW - Univariate analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217296 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395811 AU - Allen, R W AU - Stein, A C AU - JEX, H R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - FIELD TEST OF A DRUNK DRIVING WARNING SYSTEM (DDWS) CONCEPT PY - 1984 SP - p. 261-272 AB - The Drunk Driving Warning System (DDWS) is a vehicle-mounted device for testing driver impairment and activating alarms. The driver must pass a steering competency test in order to drive the car in a normal manner. The emergency flasher system operates when the test is failed; and if the car is driven faster than 10 mph, the horn honks periodically, once per second. The DDWS concept and hardware were developed on previous projects. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of the concept, both in its sensitivity to alcohol impairment and in terms of various practical considerations in assigning the device to DWIs as a judicial sanction in a probationary setting. This paper describes the field test conducted to 1) test the performance of DDWS in an operational setting, and 2) identify and solve the practical operational issues related to DDWS implementation through a municipal court system under various state laws and state agency operating procedures. Based on analysis of field test results and comparison with previous laboratory findings, the DDWS is shown to effectively detect driver impairment. Implementation of DDWS through a court system with assistance of state agencies is shown to be feasible. The practicality of future implementation on a wider scale is discussed, including issues concerning hardware, effectiveness, and ultimate drunk driving deterrence. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Deterrence KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Hardware KW - Impaired drivers KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217307 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395818 AU - Hall, W L AU - Woodward, A R AU - Ma, J M AU - Fischell, T R AU - Stewart, J R AU - Campbell, B J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE USE OF TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHILD SAFETY SEATS IN CRASHES PY - 1984 SP - p. 357-372 AB - Follow-up telephone interviews were conducted with 2,100 parents of children under the age of four who were involved in accidents in North Carolina in order to overcome two limitations of previous studies--questionable restraint and injury information. The data obtained was weighted to make it comparable with the statewide accident population. Conclusions drawn are that unrestrained children are injured by contact with the vehicle interior or ejection. In contrast, properly restrained children are bruised by contact with the restraint system itself or cut by flying glass or loose objects. When severe head or fatal injury rates for children under four are compared across all levels of crash severity, safety belts are shown to be 59 percent effective, improperly used safety seats are 48 percent effective and properly used safety seats are 81 percent effective in preventing these injuries. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395730 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kopernik, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ON THE SAFETY OF MOTORCYCLE SIDE STANDS PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - The side stand is a common means of supporting a parked motorcycle. Motorcycle riders may, on occasion, forget to retract the stand before riding. The potential of an unretracted stand hitting the ground and interfering with the rider's control during a turn has been recognized for a long time. Different designs have been tried in an effort to reduce or eliminate the problem. Laboratory and road tests show the effects of geometrical design parameters on the retractability of side stands and define those parameters having the greatest influence. KW - Motorcycles KW - Side stands /motorcycles/ KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle sides KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395731 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - CHAREK, L T AU - Huston, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW DUAL HITCH TRAILER CONCEPT FOR IMPROVED STABILITY AND REVERSE MANEUVERABILITY PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - A dual hitch trailer with caster steerable wheels is developed to improve reverse maneuverability and to eliminate the potentially dangerous forward yaw oscillation mode between tow vehicle and trailer. High speed maneuverability, a common deficiency of small trailers of the dual hitch type, is achieved by the use of a patented "mass restraint system" which enables necessary side forces to be developed by the trailer tires during such maneuvers. A mathematical model is developed to analyze the lateral stability of this trailer system and indicates significant improvements over past dual hitch and single ball hitch trailers. Test results on an experimental trailer are included for verification of the model and also to demonstrate the importance of the mass restraint system for high speed maneuvering. KW - Dual hitch KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Lateral stability KW - Mathematical models KW - Reverse manueverability KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Trailers KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217236 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395753 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - WISE, K A AU - Reid, R E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODELING AND IDENTIFICATION OF A LIGHT TRUCK ENGINE MOUNTING SYSTEM FOR RIDE QUALITY OPTIMIZATION PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - The need for a method to design optimal engine mounting systems is the motivation for the work described in this paper. The paper discusses several vehicle ride quality criteria and the advantages and disadvantages of different performance measures. The problem of vehicle modeling and ride quality optimization through engine mount design is formulated within the framework of linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control theory using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to identify vehicle parameters and to estimate the states. This estimation identification technique is demonstrated using a simple model. A 16 Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) lumped mass vehicle model is described, characterizing the natural frequencies of the engine, cab, and the frame, to be used as a baseline model in describing the vehicle motion. KW - Engine mounting KW - Engine mounts KW - Light trucks KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Ride quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217250 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395756 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Eghbali, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NATURAL GAS AS A VEHICULAR FUEL PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - This paper sets forth a conceptual study of natural gas application as a vehicular fuel. In doing so it recognizes first the critical importance of combustion and operational characteristics of the fuel in terms of fuelling, carburetion, ignition parameters, etc. This is based on theoretical findings as well as experimental observation of different types of converted engines. Because of the strong mutual interactions involved, the value of any measure taken to optimize the engine performance should be conveniently judged within the frame work of a closed system. Then the paper examines the environmental and safety advantages of natural gas fuel, presenting comparative emissions data with LPG and gasoline. Finally an analysis of the economics of natural gas--a direct substitute, along with data on estimated and proved reserves of the supply, is given. This justifies economically also the shift to such a more decentralized, diffused and renewable energy resource. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Carburetion KW - Combustion KW - Economics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fueling KW - Ignition KW - Methane KW - Natural gas KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Refueling KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217253 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395771 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schuring, D J AU - Woehrle, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOWARD AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR MEASURING ENERGY LOSS OF TIRES PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - A brief discussion of the physical concept of tire energy loss and its relation to automobile performance is followed by a general definition of tire rolling loss. The effects of bearing losses, load, pressure, speed, road surface texture and other important factors on rolling loss are explained, and conclusions are drawn with respect to a fair representation of these factors in a generally accepted procedure for measuring tire rolling loss. General test requirements are outlined, and suggestions are made for a unified international test procedure. KW - Dissipation KW - International KW - International standards KW - Measurement KW - Rolling resistance KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Tires KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217267 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395772 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Warchol, J T AU - Schneider, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ULTRA LOW ASPECT RATIO, HIGH PERFORMANCE TIRE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - Passenger car tire aspect ratios historically have decreased, and continue to decrease further. This has been especially true of high performance tires. Original equipment manufacturers, as well as performance-minded consumers, are placing emphasis on handling, traction, cornering and high speed performance. In order to meet these high performance standards, tires with aspect ratios lower than 0.50 have been developed. Extensive indoor tests are carried out on these tires. But, indoor test results must be proven on vehicles. However, there are no production vehicles to test these tires under the high speed and high cornering conditions that they are capable of achieving. One method being used is testing tires during their early development on racing cars. This paper discusses the development of 0.35 aspect ratio, street construction, radial high performance tires. A large portion of the tire testing was carried out on Lola T616 Mazda GT prototype racing cars in competition. The vehicles testing program is discussed in detail. The construction and compounding modifications resulting from the test sessions are discussed. KW - Aspect ratio KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - High performance KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Performance KW - Race cars KW - Racing KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Ratios KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217268 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395789 AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, DENVER, COLORADO, USA, OCTOBER 8-10, 1984. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PY - 1984 SP - 408 p. AB - These proceedings contain papers presented in the following areas: heavy commercial vehicles; crash injury studies; injury assessment; two wheel vehicles; alcohol and other drugs; and occupant restraint. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Bicycles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217285 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395790 AU - MacKay, M AU - WALTON, A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - HEAVY COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DESIGN AND OTHER ROAD USERS PY - 1984 SP - p. 1-14 AB - This paper reviews some of the published data on crashes in Europe involving trucks and buses with other road users. The mass ratio effect in relation to car occupants is discussed, together with the mismatching of structures, based on 226 in-depth cases involving cars and heavy commercial vehicles (HCVs). The predominance of collisions with the front of trucks is illustrated at 63%, with rear impacts at 18% and lateral impacts at 11%. The greatest risk of death for a car occupant is in cases where trucks strike the sides of cars. The consequences for design emphasize the importance of geometrical and structural matching of under-run protective structures, particularly at the front of trucks; such compatibility of truck and car structures being one of the most important priorities in crashworthiness once occupant restraints in cars are widely used. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217286 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395804 AU - Eastham, J N AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - A CONSTRUCT VALIDITY ANALYSIS OF THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE PY - 1984 SP - p. 155-171 AB - This paper examines the validity of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) as a measure of four specific dimensions of injury severity. The analysis is based on comparing the AIS scores of 95 injuries selected from AIS-80 to the scores these injuries received on four unidimensional injury severity scales, namely: mortality risk, acute care length of stay, overall recovery period, and permanent disability/activity limitation. The unidimensional injury severity scale scores were based on the subjective estimates of a sample of physicians (n = 218) involved in the care of trauma patients. Based on bivariate and partial correlation analysis, results suggest that the AIS can be defined as a scale which measures both trauma related mortality risk and acute care length of stay. However, the use of the AIS as an indicator of trauma related recovery period and permanent disability is questioned. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217300 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395807 AU - HIRSCH, A E AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - IMPAIRMENT SCALING FROM THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE PY - 1984 SP - p. 209-224 AB - This study represents the results of an initial attempt to develop each injury listed in the AIS manual into a coded form which describes both short and long term consequences of the injuries so as to provide a critically needed impairment data base. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Databases KW - Impairment KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Physical disabilities KW - Scaling KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217303 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395746 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tan, T E AU - Huston, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THREE-WHEELED ATV--A NO-SUSPENSION RIGID RIDER SYSTEM, PART I: MODELING AND PARAMETER VALUES PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper presents the dynamical equations of motion governing a six degrees-of-freedom mathematical model of a three-wheeled all-terrain vehicle/rigid-rider system. The parameter values associated with two commercially available three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles, a 1980 Honda ATC 110D and a 1980 Kawasaki KLT 200, are presented. In addition, tire properties such as non-rolling vertical stiffness, cornering stiffness and damping ratio for a 22x11-8 Ohtsu tire and a 22x11-8 Goodyear tire are given. These parameter values are used to simulate the motions of the vehicle/rider system with the results presented in Part II. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Stiffness KW - Three wheeled vehicles KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217243 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395748 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zhou, L AU - Yao, C AU - Yang, Z AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MINIMIZATION OF INVERSE INLET FLOW AND CONSEQUENT REDUCTION IN SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION IN GASOLINE ENGINES PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - In this paper possible causes of inverse inlet flow observed in one-to four-cylinder gasoline engines are discussed. One possible cause is the angle between crank throws. This was checked experimentally on a four-cylinder engine operated as a two-cylinder and was found to have little effect. Inlet manifold resonance was then postulated as the most probable cause. Accordingly, an inlet manifold resonance analysis was made for a two-cylinder engine. As a result of this analysis changes were made in the inlet manifold. These changes, plus changes in the venturi, substantially reduced the visible inverse flow as well as reducing the brake specific fuel consumption from 265 grams/psh to 216 grams/psh at 3000 rpm. In addition, better balance of load between the two cylinders was observed. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Inlets KW - Manifolds KW - Resonance KW - Reverse flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217245 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395761 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Diller, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW SENSOR DEVELOPMENTS LEADING TO SENSOR SYSTEM SIMPLIFICATION PY - 1984 SP - 4 p. AB - A new spring mass crash sensor has been designed which employs a novel method of gas damping. The damping is accomplished in a way which is quite forgiving to manufacturing tolerances thus reducing the overall cost of the device. Rather than using the gas damping to achieve a constant velocity threshold level, the threshold is made quite large for short duration impulses such as those arising from maintenance shocks, thrown rocks and undercarriage strikes. Thus, the need for a safing sensor is eliminated. Evaluation of this sensor is now taking place at a number of automobile manufacturers. A possibility exists that because of the extreme design flexibility afforded by this sensor, a single sensor system can be made. The sensor now has electrical output but straightforward modifications are now being made to design a version with mechanical output for use in purely pyrotechnic systems. KW - Air bags KW - Design KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217258 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395763 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hill, S H AU - Newman, B A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PISTON RING DESIGNS FOR REDUCED FRICTION PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - To reduce parasitic losses, a project was initiated to design, develop and bring to production a piston ring set which reduces engine friction while maintaining ring performance. In this paper, theoretical considerations affecting piston ring friction, and their implication in ring design, are discussed. An estimate of friction reduction and fuel economy improvement which can be achieved is calculated. Features of the resulting designs are reviewed, and friction, dynamometer, and vehicle test results are presented. Future ring design changes for reduced friction are reviewed. KW - Design KW - Friction KW - Fuel conservation KW - Piston rings KW - Theory KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217260 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395766 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Enouen, S AU - Guenther, D A AU - SAUL, R A AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF MODELS SIMULATING OCCUPANT RESPONSE WITH AIR BAGS PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - Two computer models, ABAG 19 and HSRI-3D, were validated against experimental data to determine and compare their capability for simulating the responses of air bag restrained automobile occupants in severe frontal collisions. Standard sets of model input parameters were developed for both driver and passenger. The primary objective was to determine which model was best suited for determining potential crashworthiness in a large number of production vehicles. Advantages and disadvantages of the models were determined, using criteria such as accuracy, ease of use, quality of documentation and user orientation. KW - Air bags KW - Crashworthiness KW - Drivers KW - Frontal crashes KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Passengers KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217262 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395779 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Olsen, R E AU - Ingham, M C AU - Parsons, G M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A FUEL ADDITIVE CONCENTRATE FOR REMOVAL OF INJECTOR DEPOSITS IN LIGHT-DUTY DIESELS PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - In light-duty diesels, carbonaceous deposits can restrict the fuel-injection nozzles, resulting in increased noise, smoke, and roughness. An ashless dispersant fuel additive concentrate based on polyether amine chemistry was developed to remove these deposits during normal service. Tests in a wide variety of light-duty vehicles show that one tankful of additized fuel provided, on average, more than 50% nozzle cleanup. Significant reductions of cold engine noise and smoke emissions after use of the additive were demonstrated. The development program included studies of the effects of deposits on injector flow characteristics and engine performance. Selected examples illustrate that a definition of fuel "quality" as it relates to nozzle deposits has yet to be resolved. KW - Carbon KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine noise KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Flow KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel injectors KW - Injectors KW - Light vehicles KW - Noise KW - Nozzles KW - Smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395781 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reddy, S R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INCREASING THE RESPONSIVENESS OF NO. 2-D DIESEL FUELS TO FLOW IMPROVERS BY BLENDING WITH LOW WAX DILUENTS PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - Low temperature operation of diesel vehicles can be improved either by diluting the fuel with low-wax diluents or by treating the fuel with flow improvers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the combined use of flow improvers and diluents. Laboratory experiments were conducted using three low-wax diluents--a No. 1-D diesel fuel, a tar sands-derived fuel, and an unleaded gasoline--in various No. 2-D diesel fuels. All three diluents increased the responsiveness of the No. 2-D fuels to flow improver treatment, and the combined use of diluents and flow improvers synergistically reduced the filter plugging temperature. For example, these reductions ranged from 6 to 13 deg C for fuels containing 25% No. 1-D fuel and a flow improver, whereas the use of flow improver alone was ineffective in most of the fuels, and dilution alone caused reductions of only 3 to 5 deg C. Vehicle tests confirmed the synergistic effect of dilution and flow improver use. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Diluents KW - Dilution KW - Effectiveness KW - Filters KW - Flow KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuels KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Plugging KW - Synergism (Ecology) KW - Synergistic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217277 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395796 AU - O'Day, J AU - RUTHAZER, R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ROAD TRACTOR FIRES: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY PY - 1984 SP - p. 69-75 AB - NHTSA's Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data files covering the period 1975 through 1982 are analyzed. Primary variables of interest are tractor-trailer fires, month of the year in which the accident occurred, and the state in which the accident occurred. The incidence of tractor-trailer fires increases during the summer months throughout much of the U.S., and is higher than average in many southwestern states. The two factors, region of the country and season, are, in part, additive. This supports the premise that ambient temperature is an underlying contributing factor to these fires. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fires KW - Geographical areas KW - Named Geographic Features KW - Summer KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217292 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395798 AU - CARLSSON, J AU - JARL, T AU - THORSON, J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TRAFFIC INJURY MINIMIZATION FOR TRUCK AND BUS DRIVERS PY - 1984 SP - p. 91-102 AB - Occupational injuries to Swedes are registered with the Swedish Board of Occupational Health and Safety when the injured is sick-listed. Sixty percent of 227 fatal occupational injuries including injuries en route to or from work in Sweden in 1980 were caused by traffic violence. According to an analysis of fatally and non-fatally injured truck and bus drivers, their traffic injuries were caused by the following circumstances: (1) Truck drivers were seriously injured in frontal collisions, in part because deformation zones are lacking on vehicles without hoods; (2) Safety belts were not used, and injuries resulted from rollovers and fling-outs or contacts with the steering-wheel, dash-board or cabin roof; (3) Overturning of vehicles preceded the injuries in 28 cases or 18% of a sample of 156 truck drivers occupationally injured in the traffic; (4) Ejection of truck drivers occurred in six cases or 4% of the same sample; (5) Unpadded spokes of steering wheels caused injuries when the wheel was forced to rotate by uneven structures in the ground; and (6) Lack of head-rests or insufficient ones contributed to head and neck injuries by rear impacts. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Bus drivers KW - Ejection KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Overturning KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rollover crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217294 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395813 AU - Stein, A C AU - Allen, R W AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND MARIJUANA ON DRIVING BEHAVIOR PY - 1984 SP - p. 289-304 AB - This paper describes a study which investigated the effects of alcohol and marijuana, alone and in combination, on driver performance and behavior in a fully interactive driving simulator. The simulator provided the driver a complex visual scene similar to a rural nighttime drive, and allowed the driver full control of steering and speed maneuvers. Performance and behavior data were collected during a 10-12 mile drive requiring about 15 minutes to complete. A variety of events were encountered during the drive, including curves, obstacles in the roadway, and winding roads. Accidents, tickets, and speed were recorded as traffic safety measures during the overall drive. Driver behavior, speed control, and steering performance were collected during each event to provide insight into the impairment mechanisms of alcohol and/or marijuana on the driver. A full placebo experimental design was employed which included all combinations of 3 marijuana (0, 100, and 200 microg THC/kg body weight) and 2 alcohol (0 and 0.10 percent BAC) levels. Based on a large number of driver performance and behavior variables, alcohol was found to have a pervasive and significant impairing effect. Simulator accidents increased reliably under alcohol, which was accounted for by increased steering and speed control variability. Marijuana effects were minimal, the primary one being speed reduction. This speed reduction, while statistically reliable, was minimal in terms of actual driving behavior and is probably of no practical significance. A significant drug interaction effect was observed in simulator accidents; however, the data do not allow us to identify the impairment mechanism leading to this result. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Personnel performance KW - Speed control KW - Steering KW - Steering control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217309 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395815 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF MANDATORY CHILD RESTRAINT LAWS PY - 1984 SP - p. 319-330 AB - The State of Michigan implemented a mandatory child restraint law in April, 1982, with the goal of reducing crash-induced injuries to young children. The law required that children under the age of four be restrained by an approved child restraint device or adult seat belt when traveling in passenger cars and light trucks. Most states have passed similar child restraint laws, and several studies have found increased restraint use after the laws took effect. However, significant reductions in childhood injuries have not been demonstrated in the limited research to date. Results revealed substantial increases in restraint use and substantial decreases in the frequency of injuries among crash-involved children. The final time-series models revealed the following affects directly associated with the child restraint law. Restraint use increased from 12 to 36% and injuries decreased 17% among children age one through three. Infants under age one experienced a 50% reduction in injuries. The findings demonstrate that significant reductions in crash-related injuries can be achieved through implementation of laws mandating use of restraints by motor vehicle occupants. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Michigan KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395456 JO - Neurosurgery PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Jagger, J AU - Fife, D AU - Vernberg, K AU - Jane, J A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - EFFECT OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION ON THE DIAGNOSIS AND APPARENT SEVERITY OF BRAIN INJURY PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 303-306 AB - Because alcohol intoxication is common among brain-injured patients, we performed this study to determine the extent to which alcohol alters the initial assessment of brain injury severity in these patients by depressing the level of consciousness. The Glasgow coma scale was used to measure the level of consciousness of 257 brain-injured adults admitted to the University of Virginia Hospital, both on arrival in the emergency room and 6 to 10 hours later. Improvement in the level of consciousness between the first and second measurements was significantly related to the blood alcohol concentration on admission. Patients with the highest blood alcohol concentrations showed the greatest improvement. Most of this effect occurred in patients with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.20% or higher. Alcohol intoxication is a potential source of bias in the clinical classification of brain injuries according to severity. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Brain KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Residual moduli UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395313 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 56 p. AB - This report is divided into 8 sections: 1) Highlights and historical trends: 2) Geographic location; 3) Accident description; 4) Motor vehicle and driver characteristics; 5) Alcohol-related accidents; 6) Pedestrian and pedalcyclist accidents; 7) Motorcycle accidents; and 8) School bus accidents. KW - Arizona KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Cyclists KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human characteristics KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213065 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395750 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sanvordenker, K S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE FRICTION--EFFECT OF OIL VISCOSITY AND BREAK-IN ON CRANKING RESISTANCE PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - A simple technique of tracing the deceleration of an engine upon shut off is used to determine the cranking resistance of small single cylinder utility engines under different ambient conditions. The technique is also used to differentiate the frictional losses from the mechanical losses during cranking, without the aid of a dynamometer. Viscosity of the crankcase oil is found to be the single most important property of the oil which correlates with cranking resistance. Considerable improvement in crankability can be attained by polishing of the engine bore, but only at the risk of increased wear under normal operating conditions. KW - Cranking KW - Deceleration KW - Engine cylinders KW - Engine oils KW - Friction losses KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Resistance KW - Single cylinder engines KW - Temperature KW - Viscosity KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395752 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - FRENCH, CCJ AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CERAMICS IN RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PY - 1984 SP - 14 p. AB - While there has been a wealth of technical literature in recent years expounding the theoretical benefits of the use of ceramic material for components in reciprocating internal combustion engines, the amount of literature which describes practical results is small, and this is often characterised by descriptions of catastrophic failures, although successes have been achieved and ceramic components are now in service in production engines. This paper combines Ricardo's own experience in this field with a study of the literature, and by the use of further theoretical analysis shows the areas where ceramics are likely to be employed in reciprocating engines in the future. It quantifies the gains in efficiency which are possible when ceramics are employed both to reduce engine friction and to reduce heat losses. The paper also considers the economic implications of the use of ceramics together with the effect on engine performance. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economics KW - Efficiency KW - Engine performance KW - Friction KW - Future concepts KW - Heat loss KW - Innovation KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Piston engines KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217249 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395757 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Saito, T AU - Daisho, Y AU - Aoki, Y AU - Kawase, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTERCOOLING EFFECTS OF METHANOL ON TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - From the viewpoint of utilizing methanol fuel in an automotive turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine, an intercooling system supplying liquid methanol has been devised and its effects on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions have been investigated. With an electronically controlled injector in this system, methanol as a supplementary fuel to diesel fuel can be injected into the intake pipe in order to intercool a hot air charge compressed by the turbocharger. It has been confirmed that especially at heavy load conditions, methanol-intercooling can yield a higher thermal efficiency, and lower NOx and smoke emissions simultaneously, compared with three other cases without using methanol: natural aspiration and the cases with and without an ordinary intercooler. However, methanol fueling must be avoided at lower loads since sacrifices in efficiency and hydrocarbon emissions are inevitably involved. KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heat exchangers KW - Intercooling KW - Methanol KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217254 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395759 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Uchida, S AU - Hara, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DCI CRANKSHAFT FOR THE NISSAN 60 DEG-V-6 ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - The new 60 deg V-6 crankshaft web thickness is reduced while maintaining its durability under turbocharged gas pressure by means of reasonable assumptions of stress concentration factors with finite element analysis and experimental data. In this way, it has been found that the crankshaft made of fillet-rolled Ductile Cast Iron material has adequate fatigue durability. In order to reduce the main bearing load at high RPM levels, five counter weights are provided. Finite element analysis has been successfully applied also for the evaluation of crankshaft stiffness. It has been found that the stiffness of the crankshaft arm between the pair pins of a crankthrow most effectively contributes toward the total stiffness. As a result, the new V-6 crankshaft featuring compact size low friction loss and adequate stiffness has been developed. KW - Cast iron KW - Crankshafts KW - Durability KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Friction losses KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217256 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395783 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Smith, D M AU - Sutherland, J M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINE OILS MEETING NORTH AMERICAN, EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS PY - 1984 SP - 6 p. AB - The development of engine oil specifications in North America, Europe and Japan has resulted in a proliferation of performance tests of increasing complexity and cost. At the same time, the transportation industry is becoming more international with vehicle populations of mixed national origin the rule, rather than the exception. In this context, regional specification writing bodies are making efforts to rationalize their own specifications and to enter into dialogue with each other. Central to any attempt at rationalization, regionally or internationally, is the availability of high-quality reference oils. Data on two formulations (a passenger car motor oil and a heavy-duty engine oil) which have met major requirements of North American, European and Japanese engine builders are presented. KW - Engine oils KW - International KW - International standards KW - Lubricating oils KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality of work KW - Reference oils KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217279 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395785 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McGeehan, J A AU - Rynbrandt, J D AU - Hansel, T J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF OIL FORMULATIONS IN MINIMIZING VISCOSITY INCREASE AND SLUDGE DUE TO DIESEL ENGINE SOOT PY - 1984 SP - 18 p. AB - Lubricant field problems due to diesel engine soot have been reported in stop-go vehicles in Europe and the U.S. Soot generated in these vehicles can cause heavy sludge, high lubricant viscosity increase, or oil gelling. In field and dynamometer testing, the authors demonstrate that certain oil formulations minimize these problems. Oils labeled CD/SF/EO-K produce significantly different soot dispersancy and viscosity control. In addition, formulations which provide adequate soot dispersancy also reduce engine wear. KW - Diesel engines KW - Dispersers KW - Engine oils KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Lubricants KW - Materials selection KW - Oil additives KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Soot KW - Viscosity KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217281 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395794 AU - Jones, I S AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TRUCK AIR BRAKES--CURRENT STANDARDS AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1984 SP - p. 39-61 AB - This paper provides an overview of the problems associated with heavy truck air brakes. Overall truck accident experience is examined, and an assessment made of the effect that improved braking could have on reducing accident frequency. The controversial Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 121 brake standard is reviewed together with the maintenance and reliability problems that led to its rescission. Current brake technology is discussed and the stopping distances that can be expected from trucks are theoretically and experimentally evaluated. The effect that out-of-adjustment brakes have on these stopping distances is assessed. Finally, improvements that can be expected from new brake technology are reviewed, and the feasibility and practicality of a new brake safety standard discussed in relation to European brake regulations. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Crashes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Stopping distances KW - Technology KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217290 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395817 AU - LAWLESS, E W AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY AND THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY PY - 1984 SP - p. 347-355 AB - The insurance industry has been visibly absent in the promotion of child passenger safety programs, even though they stand to save thousands of dollars through potential reductions in deaths and injuries suffered by young children as a result of automobile accidents. Further, the insurance industry has, in some instances, inhibited the implementation of loan-a-seat programs because of the unavailability of liability insurance for such programs. Recently some insurance companies have begun offering child safety seats to their employees and policyholders. This paper explores the current relationship between the insurance industry and the child passenger safety movement. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Automobile insurance KW - Child restraint systems KW - Insurance industry KW - Liability insurance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217313 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395819 AU - Agran, P F AU - Dunkle, D E AU - Winn, D G AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - RESTRAINT USAGE PATTERNS OF CHILDREN LESS THAN FOUR YEARS OF AGE EVALUATED IN A MEDICAL SETTING AFTER A MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT PY - 1984 SP - p. 373-382 AB - The study describes trauma and injury patterns related to various modes of restraint use. The sample consisted of under four year olds evaluated and treated in emergency rooms after involvement in a motor vehicle accident. Most child safety seat (CSS) and seat-belted children, if injured, sustained minor contusions, abrasions or lacerations although there were some seriously injured. Injury among children in properly used CSS's was primarily the result of passive mechanisms of injury (e.g., flying glass, intrusion). Improper use also contributed to injury among CSS restrained children. Seat belted injured children primarily were injured due to hitting against the dashboard or the back of the front seat. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395309 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - DeJoy, D M AU - Klippel, J A AU - National Safety Council TI - ATTRIBUTING RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED NEAR-MISS ACCIDENTS PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 107-115 AB - An experimental study was conducted to examine the attribution of responsibility for alcohol-related near-miss accidents. Ninety-six observers were presented with specially prepared accident scenarios in which the level of unsafe driving behavior (none, drinking, drinking and speeding) and the severity of accident outcome were varied. The results indicated that less responsibility was assigned to the perpetrator for near-misses than for more severe accidents, regardless of the presence or absence of unsafe behavior. Recommended penalties also varied with severity of outcome, particularly for drinking and driving accidents. In general, the culpability of drinking and driving appeared to depend on the consequences produced. The perceived seriousness of this behavior varied according to whether it led to a secondary unsafe driving act or whether it was associated with serious harm to others. When neither of these occurred, drinking and driving was not viewed as being significantly more serious than no unsafe behavior. Some implications of these findings for safety are discussed. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Near midair crashes KW - Near miss collisions (Ground transportation) KW - Penalties KW - Responsibilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395712 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1984 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1984 SP - 46 p. AB - This publication contains statistical data and trends within the motorcycle industry. It provides a comprehensive, orderly and accurate source of motorcycle statistics which will be updated yearly. The contents cover the following categories: the motorcycle market (population, registrations, economic value, new sales, imports, wholesale sales, etc.); manufacturers and distributors; the retail marketplace; motorcycle usage; the motorcycle owner; and other national motorcycle organizations. KW - Distributors KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Retail trade KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395310 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Paulsrude, S P AU - National Safety Council TI - AN EVALUATION OF WASHINGTON'S DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED LAW: EFFECT ON DRUNK DRIVING RECIDIVISM PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 117-124 AB - The 1980 Washington driving while intoxicated (DWI) law was evaluated to determine its impact on the subsequent driving behavior of persons convicted of DWI. The major provisions of this law were mandatory jail sentences for conviction of DWI and a change in the definition of DWI. The law made it illegal per se for a person to drive with a blood alcohol level of .10% or more. The law was intended to reduce the drunk driving and accidents of individuals convicted of DWI as well as deter such behavior among the general driving population. The study assessed the deterrence effect of the law on convicted DWI offenders. It was found that individuals convicted under the provisions of this law had higher accident rates and drunk driving recidivism rates than individuals convicted under the previous law. These increases suggest that mandatory jail sentences may fail to deter subsequent acts of drunk driving. It was concluded that alternative legal sanctions DWI (such as license suspensions or revocations) may be sufficiently stringent to produce both general and specific deterrence of drunk driving. KW - Behavior KW - Deterrence KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Laws KW - Recidivism KW - Safety KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395728 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - STATES, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATING SAFETY REGULATIONS, THEN AND NOW PY - 1984 SP - 5 p. AB - The FMVSS were established to provide the public with uniform safety equipment and design standards based on sound research. Ongoing evaluation is essential to maintain the effectiveness and safety of FMVSS and to ensure that current technology is incorporated in standards development. Serious injury (AIS 3 or greater) reporting by NASS should be upgraded to facilitate standards evaluation and development. Although cost effectiveness is a mandated criteria for standards evaluation, the protection of human life and limb must remain the principle criteria for measuring effectiveness. A citizen's advisory panel, similar to the NMVSAC should be established to assist NHTSA in establishing priorities for standards evaluation, development and promulgation. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public participation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217233 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395729 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stolwijk, JAJ AU - Horowitz, W AU - DeLuca, D R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF THE SAFETY OF AUTOMOBILE TRAVEL PY - 1984 SP - 6 p. AB - The study examines individual differences among full-probability samples of the general population (from the Northeast and the Southwest) with regard to their perception of the safety of automobile travel. More specifically, the study explores how individuals differ in their: 1) perceptions of the technology's positive and negative consequences; 2) perceptions of safety standards which regulate automobile travel; and 3) personal involvement in activities (for and against) developing, maintaining, or utilizing this form of transportation. The analyses of perceptions for this mature technology are compared to perceptions of another form of transportation (air travel), and two more recently controversial technologies (industrial chemicals and handguns). KW - Automobile travel KW - Data collection KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Surveys KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217234 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395732 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Polak, J C AU - Hrobelsky, L E AU - Dowell, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF CANADIAN AND U.S. SPECIFICATION VEHICLES PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - In order to meet the U.S. emission standards, most motor vehicle manufacturers have chosen to use the technology of, and related to, the three-way catalyst. In Canada, the emission standards are less stringent which has allowed some manufacturers for 1981 vehicles to adapt U.S. technology to be compatible with Canadian requirements. To meet these requirements, two approaches are currently being used; oxidation catalyst and non-catalyst lean burn. The purpose of this program was to evaluate, on a comparative basis the emissions, fuel consumption, performance and driveability of four similar matched pairs of North American vehicles with U.S. and Canadian emission control systems. The results confirmed that exhaust emissions at FTP temperatures were lowest with the U.S. 3-way catalyst technology. This advantage over the oxidation catalyst and lead tolerant technologies was somewhat reduced at cold test temperatures. There was little difference between the fuel consumption, performance, and driveability of Canadian and U.S. specification vehicles under the test conditions investigated. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Canada KW - Catalysts KW - Driveability KW - Exhaust gases KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Non-catalyst lean burn KW - Oxidation KW - Standards KW - Three-way catalyst KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217237 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395754 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DEDE, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RIDE AND SHAKE STUDY OF A LIGHT TRUCK VEHICLE BY USING TEST DATA BASED COMPUTER MODAL SYNTHESIS PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - An analytical method of dynamic analysis of a vehicle is presented by utilizing a test data based computer model. The complex and complete vehicle structure is divided into its major subcomponents whose modal elastic flexural and inertia properties are obtained experimentally in the laboratory. Component modal synthesis technique is used to present the complete modal description of the total vehicle. Then this modal component model is correlated and compared to real vehicle dynamic data to prove the validity of computer simulation. The model is used to improve dynamic response and ride and shake related problems of the vehicle by elastomer isolation optimization. KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Light trucks KW - Ride quality KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217251 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395755 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Johnson, D B AU - Huston, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NONLINEAR LATERAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROAD VEHICLES USING LIAPUNOV'S SECOND METHOD PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - One important road vehicle dynamics problem is the determination of the lateral stability of the vehicle. In this paper, stability results for a nonlinear model of the lateral stability problem are obtained using Liapunov's Second Method. The nonlinearities in the model are present because of the nonlinear relationships that exist between the lateral forces on the tires and the tire slip angles. Two Liapunov functions are presented which reproduce the well known stability criterion, the critical speed equation, for the classical linear model of the lateral stability problem. These two functions are then used to obtain stability conditions for the nonlinear problem. Finally, the stability results obtained with the two Liapunov functions are compared with each other and with digital computer simulations of the nonlinear equations of motion. KW - Lateral loads KW - Lateral stability KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Tires KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217252 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395773 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bumby, J R AU - Clarke, P H AU - Forster, I AU - Shakib, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER MODELLING OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINED CARS SHOWING WHAT FUEL ECONOMY IS FEASIBLE BY THE YEAR 2000 PY - 1984 SP - 22 p. AB - A flexible computer model developed at the University of Durham which simulates road vehicles is used to analyse the possibility of fuel economies in passenger vehicles. The model, JANUS, is built up as a series of subroutines representing individual physical components which incorporate their own efficiency characteristics and together represent the chosen total driving train. It is shown that by the year 2000 using present technologies economies of 50-60% are possible and that a further saving of 35% may be obtained by the translation of concepts used in research vehicles into current production models. KW - Automobiles KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Simulation KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395774 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kuzak, D M AU - Belaire, R C AU - Le, S AU - Brigham, D R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PARAMETRIC SIMULATION OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION EFFECTS OF ENGINE DESIGN VARIATION WITH ADVANCED TRANSMISSION POWERTRAINS PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - A generic simulation study examines the fuel economy interrelationship between basic engine design parameters and the choice of transmission, emphasizing the implications on engine design of the use of optimally shifted, advanced transmissions. A new engine model and a vehicle simulation package were combined to assess, with both conventional and optimal shifting, the fuel economy effects, without octane or emission constraints, of variation in bore-to-stroke ratio, compression ratio, cam timing, displacement, and friction level. The fuel economy interaction between the engine technology and the type of transmission was also assessed, using measured fuel flow information on a series of diesel and PROCO engines. In the course of this work, the fundamental factors which determine the fuel economy improvement associated with optimal shifting were identified. The fuel economy effects of engine changes were, in general, quantitatively similar for both conventionally and optimally shifted transmissions. KW - Bore-to-stroke ratios KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine displacement KW - Engines KW - Flow KW - Friction KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuels KW - Simulation KW - Transmissions KW - Valve timing KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217270 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395787 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fanick, E R AU - Smith, L R AU - BAINES, T M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SAFETY RELATED ADDITIVES FOR METHANOL FUEL PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper reviews the use of additives to improve safety aspects associated with the use of methanol as a motor fuel. A survey of the literature was conducted to determine candidate additives for methanol that produce one or more of the following properties: provide a visible or luminous flame, reduce the potential for skin contact, give a foul or unpleasant taste and odor, and act as an emetic. Candidate additives were reviewed to determine potential effectiveness, cost, ease of production, health problems, and effects on vehicle performance. Potential additives include complex hydrocarbon mixtures such as gasoline, alcohol soluble dyes and unpalatable compounds such as denatonium benzoate. KW - Costs KW - Denaturants KW - Effectiveness KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel additives KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methanol KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217283 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395788 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Morgan, J R AU - Zitzow, U AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF OXYGENATES ON INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE DRIVABILITY OF 1983/1984 CARS PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - A test program has been completed to evaluate the performance of late model passenger cars using a variety of oxygenated fuel blends. The tests were conducted using the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) intermediate temperature drivability test procedure. The program involved the use of sixteen 1983 and 1984 model vehicles that were selected to represent a variety of engine sizes, fuel system types, emission system configurations, and auto manufacturers. Two trained drivers were used to test these cars with 15 different fuels. The fuels consisted of three volatility classes with each including a hydrocarbon-only gasoline and blends with methanol and ethanol at the 3.7 percent oxygen level. In blends involving methanol, gasoline-grade tertiary butyl alcohol (GTBA) was used as a cosolvent. Statistical analysis of the resulting test data showed that, as a group, the cars tested were insensitive to the addition of this level of oxygenates to the fuels. Also, as a group, the cars followed a trend in later model cars toward improved drivability performance. KW - Driveability KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Fuels KW - Oxygenates KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test results KW - Vehicle tests KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217284 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395791 AU - BURBIDGE, A F AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TRUCK SAFETY--AN ONTARIO PERSPECTIVE PY - 1984 SP - p. 15-20 AB - In order to address the safety record of heavy trucks in the Province of Ontario, an independent Commission was established with direction to investigate the full spectrum of trucking in Ontario. Considerable public and industry input was received with varied and often conflicting concerns. The Commission provided findings on traffic accident information, driver licensing, training and medical requirements, accident causation, and vehicle maintenance and dimensions. Of the total 61 recommendations, over half have been accepted by the government and are being acted upon. The work of the Commission has assisted the government in clarifying issues and establishing some priorities for improving truck safety in Ontario. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217287 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395805 AU - MacKenzie, E J AU - Shapiro, S AU - Moody, M AU - SMITH, R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PREDICTING POST-TRAUMA FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT BRAIN INJURY PY - 1984 SP - p. 173-187 AB - The utility of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS) were tested for their ability to predict functional disability at time of discharge from the hospital and changes in functional disability for periods up to 1 year following discharge. The ISS has been shown to correlate well with mortality and length of stay (LOS) but the relationship to levels of disability has not been carefully examined until now. 599 patients (ages 16-45) have been interviewed at time of discharge and at 6 and 12 months post-discharge to ascertain functional disability along 4 dimensions (ADL, IADL, communication, mobility). This paper reports on the relationship between severity and functional disability at time of discharge for a subset of patients who did not suffer a significant brain injury. Results show that the relationship between ISS and status at discharge is not monotonically increasing as it is with mortality and LOS. Rather, the proportion of people with severe injuries who report limitations is lower than for those with moderately severe injuries. Further, it is shown that the AIS of the most severe extremity and spine injury carry considerably more weight when predicting functional status at discharge than do the AIS scores of injuries to any other body region. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Forecasting KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Physical disabilities KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217301 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395806 AU - Ouellet, J V AU - Rehman, I AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - A SYSTEM FOR CODING DETAILED HEAD AND NECK INJURY DATA PY - 1984 SP - p. 189-207 AB - A computer-based system for coding detailed information about head and neck injuries is presented. Modeled on the Occupant Injury Classification, the system uses five alphanumeric codes to locate the injury anatomically, and describe the type of injury and the tissues involved. A sixth code assigns the injury severity on the AIS scale. A dictionary that assigns codes for a large number of injury descriptions is presented, and a second dictionary defines severity scores. Strategies for selecting and defining injuries are discussed. Special consideration is given to the problem of scaling injuries that occur as part of an aggregate of several injuries. Finally, it is noted that the system is oriented to analysis of injury mechanism and protection rather than injury management. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Data systems KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Neck KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395736 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shinkle, G A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENT VIBRATION: A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO ACCELERATED VIBRATION DURABILITY TESTING PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - Automotive components must be designed to withstand vibration for many years of service. This paper reviews a method of developing short duration laboratory tests which can simulate many years or many miles of vehicle service. The general automotive vibration environment and proper data analysis techniques are discussed. Recommendations for developing a test specification from field data and for accelerating a laboratory vibration test are reviewed. General vibration test specifications for both chassis and engine mounted components are presented. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Data analysis KW - Durability KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Vehicle components KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217241 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395751 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Trombly, J E AU - Hudson, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PRACTICAL SOLUTION USING A NEW APPROACH TO ROBOT VISION PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - A new industrial vision system separates the function of application program development from online operation. A Vision Development System (VDS) is equipped with facilities designed to simplify and accelerate the application program development process. A complimentary but lower cost Target Application System (TASK) runs the application program developed with the VDS. This concept is described in an actual manufacturing application. Each stage of development and implementation is explored, including: (1) Defining the Requirements; (2) Matching the Application to the Vision System; (3) Developing the Application Software; and (4) Building and Installing the Vision System. Applications developed with a VDS experience lower development costs than conventional vision systems. Since the TASK processor is not burdened with development tools, it can be installed at a lower cost than comparable "universal" vision systems. KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Facilities KW - Industrial robots KW - Installation KW - Robot vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217248 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395758 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ROMPE, K AU - DONGES, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VARIATION RANGES FOR THE HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS OF TODAY'S PASSENGER CARS PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - So far the handling characteristics of passenger cars have mainly been designed on the basis of subjective criteria. It will be possible to make well-founded statements only when we have succeeded in correlating accident frequency and vehicle handling characteristics. Before we can do so, however, we must be able to give objective descriptions of the handling characteristics. The aim of the investigations described herein, which were carried out under commission to the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, is to give a quantifiable description of the handling characteristics of 15 different passenger vehicles in 7 test procedures during which steady-state, dynamic steering and braking maneuvers were measured. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking performance KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Steering KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217255 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395770 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ejsmont, J A AU - Sandberg, U AU - TARYMA, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INFLUENCE OF TREAD PATTERN ON TIRE/ROAD NOISE PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - An indoor road-wheel facility at the Technical University of Gdansk was used to study the noise emission from a variety of tires with different tread patterns. The tires were run both on a smooth steel drum and a drum covered by a replica road surface. All tread patterns were hand-cut to generate several families of simple treads with regular pitch for a systematic study of how groove design influences noise. Most of the observed, tread influenced phenomena could be explained by generation mechanisms such as radial vibrations induced by tread block impact, pocket air pumping and pipe resonances in the grooves. For instance, it was observed that, when speed increases, sooner or later the tread block impact frequency will coincide with the pipe resonance frequency, and then generate excessive noise at that speed. KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Rolling contact KW - Speed KW - Tire treads KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217266 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395777 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McNutt, B D AU - ELLIOTT, D AU - Dulla, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PATTERNS OF VEHICLE MISFUELING IN 1981 AND 1982: WHERE, WHEN, WHAT VEHICLES, AND HOW OFTEN? PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - Based on nationwide gasoline diary records of 5,000 families, an analysis was conducted of automobile misfueling (use of leaded gasoline in a vehicle designed for unleaded gasoline) trends in 1981 and 1982. The gasoline diary data base and the data handling and analysis techniques are described. Overall trends in vehicle misfueling are given, focusing on 1982 data, followed by more detailed information on the location and frequency of misfueling. Conclusions are presented indicating that while variations exist in misfueling by region and vehicle age, overall misfueling is a widespread problem, because catalyst-equipped cars are increasing in number and age. KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Misfueling KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395784 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wall, J C AU - Hoekman, S K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL COMPOSITION EFFECTS ON HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PY - 1984 SP - 42 p. AB - The effects of fuel composition on diesel exhaust particulate emissions have been studied at several steady-state operating conditions using a heavy-duty laboratory engine. Particulate emissions were influenced by three primary fuel factors: sulfur content, aromatics content, and volatility. At all but lightly loaded operating conditions, fuel sulfur was the dominant fuel factor in particulate formation. Fuel sulfur affects particulate emissions primarily by formation of sulfate (as sulfuric acid) and associated "bound" water and, to a lesser degree, by increasing the amount of soluble organic material collected. Aromatics and volatility influence the amount of carbonaceous material formed. Five polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were measured in the soluble organic fraction. Engine operating conditions greatly affected PAH levels; however, no strong influence of fuel composition on PAH concentrations was observed in the normal range of No. 1-No. 2 diesel fuels. KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Materials selection KW - Particulates KW - Sulfur KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217280 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395795 AU - Rogers, W C AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - RETROREFLECTORIZATION OF THE U.S. ARMY'S LINE HAUL CARRIER IN GERMANY PY - 1984 SP - p. 63-68 AB - One thousand tractors and 2700 trailers of the US Army's line haul carrier in Germany were equipped with encapsulated lens reflective sheeting on the mudflaps. In addition, all trailers were marked with 4" x 96" red and yellow stripes of encapsulated lens sheeting across the rear of the trailer. The impetus for the retroreflectorization of the Group's vehicles was a motorcycle fatality that occurred in December 1979, where the cyclist ran into the rear of the trailer on the autobahn. Concurrently the Group was receiving 1200 new 40 foot trailers as replacements for 28 foot trailers, and there was concern about the conspicuity of these longer trailers. The results after three years show three accidents versus the expected twelve from the baseline period. While the final results cannot be statistically validated, the favorable comments from drivers as well as the German press reinforce the face validity of increasing truck conspicuity to avoid rear-end crashes at night. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Line haul KW - Line haul transport KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Retroreflectors KW - Safety KW - Splash guard KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic safety KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217291 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395802 AU - Terhune, K W AU - RANNEY, T A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - COMPONENTS OF VEHICLE "AGGRESSIVENESS" PY - 1984 SP - p. 139-147 AB - This study examined vehicle "aggressiveness," defined as the tendency of a vehicle to inflict damage or occupant injury when striking other vehicles. Previous analyses of data on crash fatalities and injuries revealed that passenger car occupants were more likely to suffer severe injury if the striking vehicle was a light truck rather than another passenger car. Thus, light trucks seemed to be more "aggressive" than cars. The analyses addressed the question of whether light truck aggressiveness is due simply to greater weight, or to structural factors as well. It was hypothesized that a vehicle's stiffness would contribute to its aggressiveness and on this basis it was predicted that, with respect to damage, vans would be the most aggressive vehicles, pickup trucks the next most aggressive, and passenger cars the least aggressive. Analyses were made of the sources of vehicle damage and driver injury respectively in head-on, side-impact, and rear-end crashes in which the struck vehicle was a passenger car. Structural factors appeared to be predominant in causing damage to other vehicles, while weight seemed to play the major role in injury causation. The prediction regarding light truck types was supported. Since light trucks were also found more likely to cause intrusion of the occupant space when striking passenger car, analysis was made to determine if the intrusion contributed to injuries beyond the effects of delta-V. Various statistical analyses suggested that both factors contribute to driver injury. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Aggression KW - Automobiles KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Intrusion KW - Light trucks KW - Loss and damage KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design KW - Vans KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217298 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395809 AU - Hurt, H H AU - Ouellet, J V AU - JENNINGS, G AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - MOTORCYCLE CRASH BAR EFFECTIVENESS: A RE-EVALUATION USING AIS-80 PY - 1984 SP - p. 237-246 AB - Recent research on motorcycle accidents reported that contemporary crash bar use was essentially without effect in reducing leg injuries: 18% of the motorcycles observed in traffic were equipped with crash bars, 18% of the motorcycles in accidents were equipped with crash bars, and 18% of the leg injuries occurred on motorcycles equipped with crash bars. The effect of crash bars may have been obscured by coding redundancies within AIS-76 which were resolved by the improved AIS-80. The original injury data were reviewed and recoded in accordance with AIS-80. In addition, all 900 cases were carefully reviewed to apply more restrictive definitions of crash bars and further corrections were made to improve quality. The improved and reconstructed data show that crash bar-equipped motorcycles were 15.7% of the accident population, and account for essentially the same proportion of minor and moderate severity leg injury. However, 20.4% of the severe and debilitating leg injuries occurred on crash bar-equipped motorcycles. The rate of debilitating (AIS-3 or greater) injuries is .206 injuries per motorcyclist for crash bar-equipped motorcycles while the rate is .146 for non-equipped motorcycles. Other trends in the improved data are (1) ankle and foot injuries are less frequent on crash bar-equipped motorcycles but severe lower leg, knee and thigh injuries are more frequent and (2) severe leg injuries are less frequent on crash bar-equipped motorcycles in single vehicle accidents but more frequent in multiple vehicle accidents. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Crash bar KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency exits KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Leg KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Multiple vehicle collision KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Severity KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217305 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00395820 AU - Gallup, B M AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - Humbeck, T van AU - Woods, D AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO PROTOTYPE SEAT BELT SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVED LAP BELT FIT PY - 1984 SP - p. 383-398 AB - The main purpose of the lap belt in a three point restraint system is to transmit the large loads generated, due to deceleration involved in automotive collisions, to the strong pelvic bones. However, existing seat/belt systems often do not ensure adequate positioning of the lap belt. This may cause the lap belt to lie over the abdomen, resulting in serious abdominal injuries. There are many factors which affect the fit of any particular seat/belt system. However, the location of the lap belt anchorages has been found to be one of the most significant factors. This paper describes the development and evaluation of two prototype belt systems (PBS) for the right front seating position of contemporary passenger vehicles. The purpose of these systems is to demonstrate the applicability of belt anchorage relocation in a production vehicle, as well as confirming the expected improvement in lap belt fit. The two vehicles chosen for modification were a 1982 Chevrolet Malibu (bench style seat) and a 1982 Ford Escort (bucket style seat). The quality of belt fit for both modified vehicles was evaluated with human subjects as well as by a newly developed "Belt Configuration Test Device" (BTD) and found to be favourable. U1 - 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineDenver,Colorado,United States StartDate:19841008 EndDate:19841010 KW - Anchorages KW - Development KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prototypes KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Seat belts KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395479 AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS. 1984 EDITION PY - 1984 SP - 96 p. AB - A detailed analysis is presented of accidental deaths and injuries. The data is presented in various categories: all accidents, work accidents, motor vehicle accidents, accidents in public places, accidents in the home, farm accidents, and school accidents. The motor vehicle accident data cover accident totals, vehicle miles and death rates, the principal classes of motor vehicle deaths, type of accident and age of victim, Interstate system accidents, urban and rural areas, pedal cycle accidents, vehicle movement in accidents, place and type of road, improper driving, contributing factors, fatality rates by different nations, deaths by day, night, and month, alcohol, occupant restraints, speed, driver age and sex, pedestrians, vehicle type, holiday deaths, trucks, and death rates by costs, age, state, and cities. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Classification KW - Crashes KW - Death rate KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrians KW - Restraint systems KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394224 AU - McCracken, P W AU - OSHIMA, K AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Technova Incorporated TI - THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE AUTO INDUSTRIES IN TRANSITION. REPORT OF THE JOINT U.S.-JAPAN AUTOMOTIVE STUDY PY - 1984 SP - 223 p. AB - In view of the importance of stable, long-term economic and political relationships between Japan and the U.S., automotive issues have to be dealt with in ways consistent with the joint prosperity of both countries. With these considerations in mind, the Joint U.S.-Japan Automotive Study project identified 4 forces that will determine the future course of the industry in both countries: (1) consumers demands vis-a-vis automobiles; (2) flexible manufacturing systems (FMS); (3) rapidly evolving technology and (4) the internalization of the automotive industry. The dilemma facing the industrialized nations is the problem of making short-term adjustments to the macro political and economic problems without succumbing to a deteriorating cycle of long-term restrictions, stagnation and decline. With the objective of resolving this dilemma and furthering the adjustments to new competitive forces, the study narrowed the problems to the following areas: (1) macroeconomic policy; (2) exchange rate; (3) market access; (4) technological progress; (5) manufacturing cost differences; (6) manufacturer-supplier relations; (7) human resource management; and (8) public policy. KW - Automobile engines KW - Consumers KW - Exchange rate KW - Human resources KW - Human resources management KW - Japan KW - Macroeconomics KW - Manufacturing KW - Public policy KW - Technology KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394041 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - OVERSIGHT OF THE MOTOR CARRIER ACT OF 1980; THE HOUSEHOLD GOODS TRANSPORTATION ACT OF 1980; AND THE BUS REGULATORY REFORM ACT OF 1982 PY - 1984 SP - 1773 p. AB - The proceedings are presented of the Hearings before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation of the House of Representatives Testimonies by various individuals are included. Submissions and additions to the record are also included. KW - Bus transportation KW - Change KW - Freight transportation KW - Hearings KW - Motor Carrier Act of 1980 KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212143 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394236 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - FURUHAMA, S AU - Kojima, M AU - ENOMOTO, Y AU - Yamaguchi, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME STUDIES ON TWO-RING-PISTONS IN AUTOMOBILE TURBOCHARGED GASOLINE ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - To reduce the friction loss, the size of compression height and the weight of piston in the automobile gasoline engines, two-ring-pistons instead of usually used three-ring-pistons have been developed at many manufacturers. In many designs of piston ring arrangement, up to now, the second ring has been used for oil control not for gas sealing. And the second ring loses the sealing effect at a high speed by the ring movement in the groove. Therefore, it is expected that the trouble caused by an increase of blow-by is not large. However, an increase in thermal load caused by a decrease of the piston cooling passage and also an increase of the lubricating oil consumption are considered to be crucial programs, especially in case of high output engines. With respect to these problems some improvements are indicated on the basis of the experiments. KW - Automobile engines KW - Cooling KW - Gasoline engines KW - Lubricating oils KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216469 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394247 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Patterson, P D AU - Westbrook, F W AU - Greene, D L AU - Roberts, G F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REASONS FOR CHANGES IN MPG ESTIMATES, MODEL YEAR 1978 TO THE PRESENT PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - In model year 1983, new car MPG declined for the first time in ten years. Accompanying this decline in MPG, the size of the average car increased, car weights and engine sizes increased and diesel sales declined--all reversing their movements over the previous ten years. Using carline MPG estimates and sales figures, it is estimated that new car MPG declined 0.29 in 1983 after rising 6.70 MPG over the previous four years. Furthermore, it is estimated that actions by new car buyers would have lowered the 1983 MPG 0.40 MPG through the purchase of larger cars, cars with larger engines and fewer diesel engines if the manufacturers had not made some fuel economy improvements and introduced some new high-MPG cars. A simple model of future fuel use increases as a function of MPG levels below a specified level consistent with the CAFE standards shows that the costs of lower fuel economy will only gradually be felt, but that these costs will increase over time and persist for over a decade. KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Miles per gallon KW - Model year KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216480 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393921 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - BRODSKY, H AU - Hakkert, A S AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - RESCUE OF THE INJURED IN ROAD ACCIDENTS IN ISRAEL PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 19-22 AB - Israel has a nationwide public emergency ambulance system called Magen David Adom (MDA). Custom and law in Israel tend to encourage the passing motorist to rescue the injured in a road accident. In injury accidents requiring hospitalization, the passer by calls the MDA to the rescue in only a fraction of the cases. This study examined accessibility to MDA as a possible explanatory variable for the frequency of MDA calls. Since no public guidelines exist concerning the advisability of transporting the injured by ambulance as opposed to private vehicle, a survey was made to determine the extent of knowledge of first aid and basic life support. Results neither confirmed nor denied that accessibility to MDA is a factor in the decision to call an ambulance. Results of the survey, however, showed that the majority (over 50%) lacked a knowledge of basic life support. It was concluded that greater use of MDA should be encouraged and first aid training should be initiated in the public school system and should be required of all new drivers. KW - Accessibility KW - Ambulances KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drivers KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Israel KW - Knowledge KW - Private transportation KW - Safety education KW - School children KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394029 JO - Interchange PB - American Automobile Association AU - American Automobile Association TI - MOM, I SAVED A LITTLE GIRL'S LIFE TODAY PY - 1984 SP - p. 10-11 AB - Some cases of outstanding actions by the AAA school safety patrol members are described. Some recipients of the AAA's Lifesaving Medal Award are named and the specific incidents in which they were effective in saving another child's life are noted. To qualify for the AAA School Safety Patrol Lifesaving Medal Award, the highest award given to patrol members, a member must save someone in imminent danger of serious injury or death. A patrol member is nominated through his local AAA Club. Only 271 members from 28 states and the District of Columbia have received the award since it first was presented in 1949. KW - Awards KW - Child safety KW - School children KW - School patrols KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216355 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393838 JO - Publication of: Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility PB - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - A SUMMARY OF THE EFFECTS OF MANDATORY SAFETY BELT USE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES PY - 1984 SP - p. 79-88 AB - Part 5 of this report reviews foreign experiences with mandatory seat belt use, in Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Sweden and Puerto Rico. It also includes a table "Jurisdictions with restraint use laws/fatalities and injury reductions/usage rates/child restraint provisions as of July 1981." KW - Child restraint systems KW - Foreign KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory safety belt utilization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212025 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393827 JO - WHEEL EXTENDED AU - Fujihisa, M AU - Toyota Motor Corporation TI - CULTURES ON WHEELS-4: A WOMAN'S VIEW OF THE AUTOMOBILE. HAVE CARS MADE WOMEN MORE INDEPENDENT? PY - 1984 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 24-26 AB - Japan has seen the relationship between women and automobiles enter a new phase since World War II. To a Japanese woman, inheritor of a long history of submissiveness, having a car that she could operate at will, plucked her out of her traditional role of wife and mother, and placed her in a situation to realize her modern role. KW - Automobiles KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Japan KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211750 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393841 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE SUBSTITUTION AND COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRAFFIC AND COMMUNICATION PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 3-13 AB - This project attempts to clarify the problems and possibilities of substitution of traffic by communication and the possibilities of complimenting, which are currently often discussed. Most part of our traffic is related to information. If this can be substituted by the communication means, the significance will be great from the point of view of alleviating the problems related to the traffic. Following the last year's awareness survey of businessmen commuting into Tokyo, this year's paper, in the midst of rapidly growing office automation, carried out a questionnaire survey aimed at the intelligentsia on how the working system will be in office in the 21st century especially focusing on work-at-home, and attempted its analysis. KW - Automation KW - Communication systems KW - Data communications KW - Home offices KW - Information dissemination KW - Office equipment KW - Relationships KW - Substitution KW - Telecommuting KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211757 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393848 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Kobayashi, M AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - DRIVER BEHAVIOR AND ACCIDENT CHARACTERISTICS OF ELDERLY DRIVERS IN JAPAN PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 83-91 AB - Since an aging society is coming soon in Japan, the construction of the driving population is also shifting. The elderly group, namely, the elderly driver population of more than 60 year old will exceed 2 million this year. In this connection, this study aims to grasp their attitude toward transportation as well as driving behavior and the accident characteristics of those elderly drivers and to introduce tentative measures for new future. KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging KW - Anxiety KW - Behavior KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Japan KW - Physiological aspects KW - Psychological aspects KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394231 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nakamura, K AU - Wakasa, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR PREDICTING CRASH RESPONSE OF CAR BODY STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND ITS APPLICATION PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - As automobile safety is one of the most important factors in designing car body structures, estimating the crash response of structures is essential in planning and designing. In this paper, we present such an analytical technique, capable of predicting the crash responses, force-deflection curve, and deformation shape of structural components, up to a 200 or 300mm large deformation, with reasonable CPU time and sufficient accuracy. In the present method a finite difference formulation is used to solve motion equations. It takes the local deformation of the cross sections due to buckling into account. And we explain these theoretical issues and present a comparison between analytical results and experimental data. The present method can be used with the "lumped-mass method" to predict the automotive collision response, i.e., total deformation, and cabin deformations of automobiles. This is shown by examples. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile bodies KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deformation KW - Forecasting KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216465 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394233 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KLAUS, G AU - SINNHUBER, R AU - Hoffmann, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOBILE DEFORMABLE BARRIER FOR LATERAL COLLISION TESTING--A CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A HARMONIZATION OF FUTURE SIDE IMPACT PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS PY - 1984 SP - 28 p. AB - European and American side impact research efforts are directed towards the realization of further increases in existing levels of passive safety. Because side impact accident experience here and abroad exhibits many similarities, Governments of the European Community and the USA should exhibit a willingness to work together and agree upon a common test procedure including a common test device and test parameters. By comparing 90 deg lateral impact test results with the Chevrolet Citation, the CCMC- and NHTSA barriers as striking vehicles and the Rabbit as the struck vehicle, Volkswagen demonstrates that the European CCMC deformable element mounted on the chassis of the NHTSA crabbed barrier constitutes a test device which is best suited as a basis of a common test procedure. The NHTSA deformable element is shown to be too stiff in 90 deg impacts. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216466 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393905 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - THE WINDS OF CHANGE PY - 1984 SP - p. 19-22 AB - The measurement used to show how aerodynamically efficient or slippery a car is is the drag coefficient and is given as a Cd factor. Most modern cars would have a Cd factor of around 0.30 to 0.50, with the lower figure representing the car with less drag. To obtain the Cd factor, wind tunnel tests are conducted and each of the different forms of drag are measured. These different forms are form drag, lift drag, interference drag, friction drag, and internal air flow. The proportion of the total drag that each of these various forms produce is approximately 55%, 7%, 18%, 8%, and 12%, respectively. The Cd factor is calculated from the total drag, the air density and speed, and the frontal area of the car. There is no standardized system of measurement for determining the frontal area of the car, making the drag coefficient figures a little unreliable. Despite this, however, the Cd factor can be useful when comparing cars of a similar size. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Coefficients KW - Drag factor KW - Drag factor (Chemistry) KW - Energy efficiency KW - Measurement KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393834 JO - Publication of: Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility PB - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Petrucelli, E AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation AU - Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB TI - A SUMMARY OF THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PROBLEM AS RELATED TO A SAFETY BELT SOLUTION PY - 1984 SP - p. 1-24 AB - Road-related trauma is the fourth most important public health problem in the U.S. across all age groups, resulting in about 50,000 fatalities and more than 4.5 million injuries. In 1981 road trauma cost more than $20 billion. This section describes the direct costs and "hidden" cost of road-related trauma. It concludes that the figures are staggering, considering that the safety belt, the most effective device against serious and fatal injuries is so widely available, yet is routinely used by only 14 percent of the adult motoring population. Methods to increase occupant restraint use are described. KW - Direct costs KW - Fatalities KW - Indirect costs KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393835 JO - Publication of: Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility PB - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Wilson, W B AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - AN EXAMINATION OF ISSUES SURROUNDING MANDATORY SAFETY BELT USE PY - 1984 SP - p. 25-48 AB - This section of the report examines what happens to the human body in a motor vehicle accident, how to prevent the human collision, the resistance to seat belts, the case for occupant restraint laws, the social and economic costs of accidents, foreign experiences with occupant restraint laws, and philosophical, legal, and social issues related to occupant restraint laws. Passive restraints and the need for safety belt laws are also discussed. KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Foreign KW - Injuries KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory safety belt utilization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212022 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393852 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - IATSS ACTIVITIES PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 118-125 AB - IATSS has been conducting studies and research on problems related to traffic and transportation safety since 1975. This one-page article lists their completed research projects and the research project themes for 1983. KW - Bus drivers KW - Driver training KW - Light rail transit KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Safety programs KW - Taxicab drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394244 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sterback, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - USE OF COMPUTERIZED ACCIDENT REPAIR STATISTICS IN DESIGNING FOR IMPROVED DAMAGEABILITY PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - The proliferation of make/model insurance premium rating programs has encouraged auto manufacturers to design new models for reduced accident damage susceptibility and improved repairability. Computerized collision repair estimating has facilitated damageability analysis by providing "real world" accident statistics to evaluate current vehicle designs. Such information is useful in developing design "do's and don'ts" for future models, determining the competitive position of a manufacturer's products or parts pricing levels, establishing damageability objectives for future models and projecting status as the design evolves, determining the effects of downsizing or new materials and correlating damageability crash testing to field experience. Examples from ADP's historical estimate files illustrate these techniques. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Information processing KW - Loss and damage KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216477 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394246 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Heavenrich, R M AU - Murrell, J D AU - Cheng, J P AU - Loos, S L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PASSENGER CAR FUEL ECONOMY...TRENDS THROUGH 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 46 p. AB - This, the twelfth in a series of Papers on trends in EPA fuel economy, concentrates as usual on the current Model Year (1984). Final Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) production volumes and MPG figures have been used to update the data bases through the 1982 Model Year. This paper is different from earlier papers in four ways: (1) manufacturer-supplied production forecasts have been adjusted for both model years 1983 and 1984. (2) sales weighted MPG values at the nameplate level of aggregation are presented. (3) much of the analysis is stratified at the Domestic/European/Japanese manufacturer level and (4) fuel economy analysis for Light Duty Trucks is not included. Conclusions are presented on the trends in fuel economy of the fleet as a whole and for various classes of vehicles. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Miles per gallon KW - Model year KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216479 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394028 JO - Journal of Biomechanics PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Merrill, T AU - Goldsmith, W AU - Deng, Y C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THREE-DIMENSIONAL RESPONSE OF A LUMPED PARAMETER HEAD-NECK MODEL DUE TO IMPACT AND IMPULSIVE LOADING PY - 1984 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 81-95 AB - A numerical procedure developed previously for predicting sagittal-plane motion of the human head-neck system due to impact and impulsive loading has been extended to three dimensions. In both situations a lumped parameter approach is employed, but the current model lumps the mechanical response of each intervertebral joint into a single force deformation relation evaluated from mechanical properties assembled by various investigators. Computations were performed to obtain the response of the model to a two-dimensional case of flexion whiplash, to one three-dimensional case of side impact to the skull and to another involving base acceleration normal to the sagittal plane. Agreement of the kinematic variables with the results of both the previous two-dimensional analysis and experimental data from a volunteer run is satisfactory, but somewhat poorer correspondence was found for the three-dimensional predictions upon comparison with data obtained from a physical model and from a volunteer when subjected to the prescribed loading. The differences in response are attributed to higher stiffness of facet separation of the model relative both to the structure and the volunteer, to insufficient damping, as well as to substantial differences in the mechanical deformation characteristic of the components of the prototypes and the numerical model. KW - Forecasting KW - Head KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Neck KW - Three dimensional KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216354 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393849 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - OHTA, K AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - PRESENT STATUS AND APPROACH OF TRANSPORT POLICY FOR THE ELDERLY IN JAPAN PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 92-101 AB - The physical measures by transit undertakers, special transportation service by local governments and subsidy for the transit fares have been promoted as the major transport countermeasures for the elderly people in Japan. However, those are not necessarily based on a comprehensive policy framework. An integrated approach to improve individual mobility, accessibilities and easiness to take part in economic and social activities are required for the objective of encouraging the participation of the elderly people in the society. An approach based on a grouping of the elderly people according to their mobility restriction type, i.e. the physical ability to walk, to use public transport services or to use car is proposed here. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Fares KW - Japan KW - Mobility KW - Public transit KW - Special user groups KW - Subsidies KW - Transit services KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211765 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393851 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Warnke, H AU - Kellner, C AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FOR THE AGED IN WEST GERMANY PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 111-117 AB - Although the aged formed only 15.2% of total population in 1981 in West Germany, 48.1% of traffic accident fatalities of pedestrians are those of the aged over 65 years old. This paper analyzes the reasons of traffic accidents of the aged, and proposes the significant traffic safety program for them. The new program for the aged presented by DVR adopted the group study and discussion, so that they can learn through their experiences. KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Fatalities KW - Germany KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394228 AU - Wakshlag, J AU - Gantz, W AU - Indiana University, Bloomington TI - SELECTING AND ASSESSING MESSAGES FOR INDIANA CHILD SAFETY SEAT CAMPAIGNS PY - 1984 SP - v.p. AB - Many states have passed laws that specify that children under the age of three who are riding in an automobile must be seated in a federally approved child safety seat, and that children ages 3 and 4 must be restrained with either a safety seat or a seat belt. These states have also used the media to promote use of safety seats. This publication reports the results of a project which was designed to study these attempts to encourage safety seat use and compliance with safety seat usage laws. Existing messages were collected, analyzed and tested on a set of Indiana drivers. The methodology for the content analysis of existing child safety restraint messages is described, and the results of televised spots and radio spots are given. The responses to selected child safety restraint messages are detailed. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Compliance KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Publicity KW - Radio KW - Safety programs KW - Safety seats KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394240 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tomita, T AU - Sugita, T AU - Kondo, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF LONGITUDINAL MOTION OF THE RIDER/MOTORCYCLE SYSTEM, E.G., JUMPING OVER AN OBSTACLE PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - The dynamic behavior of the rider/motorcycle system, affected by the change of rider's posture in jumping over an obstacle, was analysed by solving the equations of motion. The rider's behavior and motions were obtained from full scale experiments. There were combined with dynamic equations of motion for the motorcycle. The result was used to evaluate the rider's mastery of the accomplishment of the movement. To compare with the real motion obtained with a high speed camera. The computed motion was visualized as a time sequence. The comparison between the experiment and the computation showed good agreement. KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Hazards KW - High speed photography KW - Jumping KW - Motorcyclists KW - Obstructions (Navigation) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216473 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394242 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zellner, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM DESIGN PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - An analytical method applicable to design and development of antilock brake systems is described. Dynamic components of antilock systems--including vehicle, sensor, and modulator--are examined using nonlinear feedback control techniques. An overall design approach is illustrated via an example involving a motorcycle front brake and typical pneumatic modulator. A computer simulation is used to generate time and frequency responses of system components. These data are used to identify the preferred feedback structure. Results show that a stable antilock limit cycle can exist for wheel angular acceleration feedback, among other possibilities. Overall the method and results can provide additional insight into detailed requirements for antilock components and systems, and may hold potential for reducing development time and costs. KW - Analysis KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393833 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - THE SAFETY BELT PROPONENT'S GUIDE PY - 1984 SP - 96 p. AB - This guide contains: Part 1, A summary of the traffic accident problem as related to safety belt solution; Part 2, An examination of issues surrounding mandatory safety belt use; Part 3, Brief answers to 30 of the most frequently asked questions about safety belt use and effectiveness; Part 4, An outline of key points of information to review before preparing testimony in support of safety belt use legislation; Part 5, A summary of the effects of mandatory safety belt use in foreign countries; and Appendix, Statement of conviction, sample resolution, references, national organizations concerned with occupant protection. KW - Effectiveness KW - Foreign KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory safety belt utilization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Organizations KW - Restraint systems KW - Testimony KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208487 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393845 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - ICHIKAWA, K AU - Tanaka, K AU - KAMIYA, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - LIVING ENVIRONMENT AND DESIGN OF "WOONERF." TOKYU DWELL OKEGAWA VILLAGE PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 40-51 AB - "Tokyu Dwell Okegawa Village" adopted the idea of "Woonerf" in the design of passages at housing developments to improve the living environment and realized the shared surface places for man and vehicle. This paper describes the process of this new experiment, contents of planning and technical problems of construction. It also introduces the actual condition of management and operation. Okegawa Village planning is evaluated by results of questionnaires on the tenants and clarifies the problems to solve hereafter. KW - Bicycle parking KW - Bicycles KW - City planning KW - Environment KW - Housings KW - Japan KW - Joint development KW - Neighborhoods KW - Netherlands KW - New towns KW - Parking KW - Parking lots KW - Planned communities KW - Walkways KW - Woonerf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211761 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393847 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Yamakawa, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE ROLE OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES IN URBAN TRAFFIC. THE PRESENT SITUATION AND COUNTER MEASURES OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE TRAFFIC PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 60-74 AB - With the sudden increase of two-wheeled vehicles, especially 50cc motorcycles, the parking problem around a train station and the increase of accidents became serious. At this moment, there is no unification in legally defining for two-wheeled vehicles and no law to construct the parking facilities. This paper clarifies the present situation and problems for the two-wheeled vehicle traffic by the analysis of the actual condition of parking, and defines the role of two-wheeled vehicles in urban traffic. The countermeasures are also examined from the point of facilities, regulations and education. KW - Bicycle parking KW - Bicycles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Japan KW - Motorcycles KW - Parking KW - Railroad stations KW - Safety KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Two wheeled vehicles KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211763 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393904 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - ARE YOU TYRED OF LIVING? PY - 1984 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - p. 6-7 AB - This short article emphasizes the importance of replacing worn tires, gives the legal requirement for automobile tires in the U.K., and offers some advice to motorists on checking their tires before going on a holiday. Motorists are cautioned to always buy top quality tires from a reputable tire manufacturer and to have these fitted and serviced by a qualified tire specialist/distributor. KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Legal responsibility KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394234 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Griswold, C J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SIDE IMPACT COMPONENT TEST METHODS PY - 1984 SP - 14 p. AB - The development of reliable and repeatable test equipment to be used for the evaluation of a vehicle's side impact performance involves a thorough consideration of a variety of accident conditions and performance factors. Reconstruction and analysis of both vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-fixed object accident configurations have provided a basis for the design of component test procedures. Specific test hardware for body interiors and components has been developed and is described. Where applicable test equipment design and performance criteria are based on available biomechanical information. KW - Biophysics KW - Criteria KW - Fixed object KW - Interior KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216467 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394235 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DANIEL, R P AU - Prasad, P AU - Yost, C D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A BIOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF THE FORD SIDE IMPACT BODY BLOCK AND THE SID AND APR SIDE IMPACT DUMMIES PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - A test fixture for use on the Hyge Sled was fabricated to NHTSA specifications, matching the fixture used at Heidelberg University to measure forces on cadavers in side impact configurations. Tests were conducted at 16, 22, 24, and 32 km/h to simulate both the APR cadaver drop tests and Heidelberg sled tests. Comparisons to the cadaver data were made with the Ford Side Impact Body Block and the APR and SID dummies. Test results are shown and discussed. KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216468 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394238 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - GUTMAN, M AU - Iuster, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL BLENDS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF AN AIR COOLED ROTARY TROCHOIDAL ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - Results obtained from tests on an air cooled Rotary Trochoidal Engine fuelled with a gasoline-alcohol mixture, without modification of the carburetor, are presented in this paper. The tests were performed with one and two spark plugs. Amongst the obtained results, lower thermal load, better economy and improvement in cycling uniformity when running with two spark plugs were observed. The observed reduction in the rotor housing wall temperature and in the oil sump temperature presents particular advantages for an air cooled engine. KW - Air cooling KW - Alcohols KW - Blends KW - Cooling systems KW - Engine performance KW - Gasoline KW - Rotary engines KW - Temperature KW - Trochoidal engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216471 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394245 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Korth, M W AU - White, J T AU - Stahman, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EVALUATION OF RETROFIT DEVICES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF FUEL ECONOMY AND EMISSIONS PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has evaluated and reported on the effectiveness of fuel economy retrofit devices for many years. Originally, such products were marketed as emission improvers but with pressures of the oil embargo in the early 1970's most devices began to be promoted to benefit fuel economy. For the most part, such devices are not effective and do not measure up to the claim made by their advertisers. Of over ninety devices evaluated by EPA, only five have improved fuel economy without increasing emission levels. Four other devices modestly improved fuel economy but caused emissions to increase to the point that installation of the devices were determined by EPA to be tampering under the provisions of the Clean Air Act. In general, even those few devices that improved fuel economy were not cost effective. KW - Air quality management KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Improvements KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216478 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394426 JO - Railway Technical Research Institute, Quarterly Reports PB - Railway Technical Research Institute/Tetsudo Gijutsu Kenkyujo AU - Nakama, F AU - JAPANESE NATIONAL RAILWAYS TI - MEASUREMENT OF CONTACT LOSS BY DETECTING SPARK PY - 1984 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 95-98 AB - The contact loss between contact wire and pantograph causes many troubles. Thus, to evaluate the current collecting performance, it is very improtant to know the degree of contact loss. In the past, constact loss could be measured on a specially designed inspection car. Therefore, we have developed a contact loss measuring instrument by detecting spark. In this instrument, dector is set at the window or on the top of the roof of the vehicle. Then, arc light is detected through lens systems, and is converted into electric signal. This signal is used to measure the contact loss. By development of this instrument, measurement of contact loss has been made possible on ordinary car. KW - Arcing KW - Catenaries (Railroads) KW - Collector conductor dynamics KW - Electric arcs KW - Electric power collection KW - Electric power generation and transmission KW - Inspection cars KW - Monitoring KW - Nihon kokuyu tetsudo UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393919 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - ANDREASSON, R AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - p. 2-8 AB - In this discussion of road traffic accidents as a public health problem, the following topics are addressed: the introduction of the concept traffic medicine; the man, the vehicle, and the environment--three components in one system; the responsibility of the public health departments; epidemiological analysis; the protection of car occupants; the unprotected road users; why regulations demand the use of injury reducing equipment; the medical requirements for drivers; first aid at the scene of an accident; and the design of a road traffic safety program. KW - Automotive medicine KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Epidemiology KW - First aid KW - Laws KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Public health KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394027 JO - Journal of Biomechanics PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Dorius, L K AU - HULL, M L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF THE LEG IN TORSION PY - 1984 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-9 AB - This paper analytically investigates the dynamic response of the leg in torsion with application to snow ski injuries. A biomechanical model of the leg system is developed and injury mechanisms to the ankle, knee and tibia are presented. The objective is to determine how torsional leg system dynamics influence injuries to the ankle, knee and tibia under impulse loading. The results of the study indicate that ankle, knee and tibial injuries exhibit identical dynamic behavior which is characteristic of a single degree-of-freedom system. In addition, analysis of the injury response to flexible vs rigid thigh tissue shows that the above results are not especially sensitive to flesh effects. Finally, a release decision algorithm for implementation in actively controlled ski bindings is presented. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Simulation KW - Ski KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216353 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393843 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Ubunai, R AU - Shioji, S AU - SUZUMURA, A AU - Tominaga, S AU - Nagae, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - DRIVING BEHAVIOR AND SAFETY MEASURES OF THE AGED PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 18-27 AB - The population of the aged in Japan is rapidly increasing and Japan will be confronted with a different social situation from that of the European and American longevity countries. It is forecast that the problems of aging society, especially in the traffic field, become more serious than those in other fields. In view of this situation, we should drastically review the existing safety measures. In this article, we have discussed how the aged can participate in the traffic society. Also, how they can be made aware of the changes in their physical abilities, and drive safely and harmoniously in order to contribute to the development of safety and social activities. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging KW - Behavior KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Japan KW - Physical condition KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211759 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393850 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - KAKUMOTO, R AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - DREAM AND REALITY IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 102-110 AB - While necessity is the mother of invention, the technologists' discoveries of the potential have spread the new technology. However, as necessity is satisfied and the potential fields of development are reduced, it gets more difficult to develop new technology. The transportation has reached this matured stage. The technological forecast of 1982 that followed those of 1971 and 1976 prepared by the Science and Technology Agency also suggests the fact. Though we expected in the 1960's to put new technology to practical use, to realize it and to spread it, it tends to be delayed or the realization might not be achieved. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Forecasting KW - New systems KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211766 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393836 JO - Publication of: Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility PB - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - BRIEF ANSWERS TO 30 OF THE MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT SAFETY BELT USE AND EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1984 SP - p. 49-62 AB - Part 3 of this report answers questions about the use and effectiveness of safety belts, occupant crash dynamics, wearing seat belts in the back seat, whiplash, padded dashboards, crash testing, anthropomorphic crash dummies, belt size as compared to people size, shoulder belts and injuries, children and pregnant women, automatic safety belts, and why, if belts are such a good idea, so few people wear them. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Effectiveness KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393837 JO - Publication of: Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility PB - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - AN OUTLINE OF KEY POINTS OF INFORMATION TO REVIEW BEFORE PREPARING TESTIMONY IN SUPPORT OF SAFETY BELT USE LEGISLATION PY - 1984 SP - p. 63-78 AB - Part 4 of this report covers points of emphasis for safety belt testimony, injury reduction potential of lap-shoulder belts, success of specialized restraint use legislation, enforcement problems, and child passenger protection law benefits. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Foreign KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory safety belt utilization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems KW - Testimony KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393839 JO - Publication of: Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility PB - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - THE SAFETY BELT PROPONENT'S GUIDE. APPENDICES A THROUGH D PY - 1984 SP - p. 89-96 AB - These Appendices contain: (A) Statement of conviction; (B) Sample resolution; (C) References; and (D) National organizations concerned with occupant protection. KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory safety belt utilization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Organizations KW - Restraint systems KW - Testimony KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393840 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - IATSS RESEARCH, VOLUME 8 1984 PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - 130 p. AB - This volume contains: (1) Project Report: The substitution and complementary relationships between traffic and communication, IATSS 633 Project Team; (2) Symposium reports: Outline of the symposium on the future course of traffic safety developments, Koshi, M; Driving behavior and safety measures of the aged, Ubunai, R, et al; (3) Articles: An analysis of accidents involving motorcycles and suggestions for drivers' education, Nagayama, Y; Living environment and design of "Woonerf", Ichikawa, K, et al; Shinjuku family town project, Azenayagi, T; The role of two-wheeled vehicles in urban traffic, Yamakawa, H; Driver behavior and accident characteristics of elderly drivers in Japan, Kobayashi, M; Present status and approach of transport policy for the elderly, Ohta, K; Dream and reality in new technologies, Kakumoto, R; Traffic safety for the aged in West Germany, Warnke, H., Kellner, C.; and (4) IATSS activities. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Automation KW - Behavior KW - Communication systems KW - Crash causes KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Germany KW - Japan KW - Motorcyclists KW - New systems KW - New towns KW - Office equipment KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211756 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393842 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - KOSHI, M AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - OUTLINE OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE FUTURE COURSE OF TRAFFIC SAFETY DEVELOPMENTS PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 14-17 AB - The 8th IATSS domestic symposium was held on the theme of "Traffic Safety--Its Direction and Perspective" on May 13th of 1983 at Tokai University Koyu Kaikan in Kasumigaseki, Tokyo. This paper reports the outline of this symposium. KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Motivation KW - Prevention KW - Public administration KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic administration KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211758 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393920 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Rundgren, A AU - STAAHL, A AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - PREVALENCE OF CAR OWNERSHIP AND CAR DRIVING AMONG ELDERLY IN SWEDEN PY - 1984 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-11 AB - In a mail survey of about 900 men and women above the age of 65 living in one small and large city in Sweden and also in a longitudinal and cohort comparison population study of people between the ages of 70 to 79, living in another large city, questions were asked about car-driving and the possession of a driver's license and of a car. In the age-group 65-74 half of the households owned a car, while in the age group 75-79 only 22 percent had a car. Of all people above the age of 65, 33 percent held a driver's license. At the age of 65-69 about every second person had a driver's license, while at the age of 75-79 this proportion was about one fourth to one third and at 85 years or above less than one in five held a driver's license. A pronounced sex difference in holding a driver's license was evident, the ratio males to females being 7:2 at the age of 65-69 and 7:1 at the age of 70-74. A decrease in the frequency of car-driving was found with increasing age. This was not primarily due to reduction in driving frequency with increasing age due to i.e. medical reasons, but seems to be a consequence of a lower prevalence of holding a driver's license. Only 15 percent of those men who drove a car at the age of 70 had given this up at the age of 79. KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobile ownership KW - Driver licenses KW - Gender KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394237 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Evans, R L AU - Goharian, F AU - HILL, P G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PERFORMANCE OF A SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE FUELLED WITH NATURAL GAS AND GASOLINE PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - An experimental evaluation has been made of the power output, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency of a modern 4 cylinder spark ignition engine operating on gasoline and natural gas. Tests have been conducted at various speeds, spark advance angles and airfuel ratios, all at wide open throttle. Performance on gasoline and natural gas has been compared and optimum spark advance determined for natural gas operation. With natural gas operation, brake power was found to decrease by between 11.3% and 16.6% compared to gasoline operation. Brake specific fuel consumption was found to decrease with natural gas operation, although this is due to the higher calorific value of natural gas. In terms of brake thermal efficiency, operation with natural gas was found to be less efficient than with gasoline. This is due to the lower flame speed of natural gas and the proportionally higher friction losses at the reduced power levels. KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Natural gas KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216470 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394239 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tsao, K C AU - Li, Cong AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF GASOLINE-WATER AND GASOLINE-METHANOL EMULSIONS AS SPARK IGNITION ENGINE FUELS PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - Performance comparisons of gasoline-water and gasoline-methanol emulsions as spark ignition engine fuels are presented. The gasoline-water mixture as a fuel contains 5%, 10% and 15% of water by volume versus 30% of methanol by volume in gasohol. Engine output, peak pressure, fuel consumption, and mass burning rate of all fuel emulsions were recorded and analyzed with the pressure-time data. The experiments were carried out on a commercial single cylinder, air cooled spark ignition engine at 2000 RPM and MBT operating conditions. Satisfactory running results were obtained and no abnormal or sluggish movement of the engine was observed during the tests. Preliminary results indicate that the gasoline-water emulsion can be adopted and burned efficiently in an existing SI engine power plant. KW - Emulsions KW - Gasohol KW - Methanol KW - Performance KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Testing KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394226 AU - National Safety Council TI - WILL YOU MAKE IT HOME TONIGHT? PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - This booklet presents basic facts about drinking and driving. The topics covered are as follows: how to identify the drunk driver; how to protect yourself from the drunk driver; how alcohol effects driving skills; how to determine how much alcohol is too much; and how to reduce the problem of drinking and driving. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393844 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Nagayama, Y AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - AN ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES AND SUGGESTION FOR DRIVERS' EDUCATION PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 28-39 AB - With the spread of two-wheeled vehicles, the number of accidents which two-wheeled vehicles are involved has increased and safety countermeasures are urgently required. To guarantee the safety of two-wheeled vehicles in the mixed traffic, it is necessary to improve the quality of drivers' behavior as well as to improve the regulations and the road environment. Through the analysis of the accidents of two-wheeled vehicles and driving behavior, this paper clarifies the factors that both four-wheeled and two-wheeled vehicle drivers should be aware of and suggests the proper drivers' education as safety measures. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Environmental quality KW - Japan KW - Motorcyclists KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211760 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393846 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Azeyanagi, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - SHINJUKU FAMILY TOWN PROJECT. PROBLEMS AND FUTURE TRAFFIC MEASURES PY - 1984 VL - 8 SP - p. 52-59 AB - "Shinjuku Family Town" which was enforced ten years ago was an epoch-making traffic measure in terms of area restriction. Having established noticeable results, this practice spread all over Japan and greatly contributed to constructing safe and clean communities. However, the traffic environment caused problems mainly on roads around the restricted area. Therefore, we consider that it is time to take a new look at this measure. Based on these problems, it is very important to promote comprehensive traffic measures which correspond to the actual condition of the area. KW - Environment KW - Environmental quality KW - Japan KW - New towns KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planned communities KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic safety KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211762 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394241 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - TAKAHASHI, T AU - YAMADA, T AU - Nakamura, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF TIRES ON STRAIGHT-RUNNING MOTORCYCLE WEAVE RESPONSE PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - The influence of tires on straight-running motorcycle weave oscillation has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Three sets of front and rear tires were used. The weave oscillation was excited by "Nitrogen gas-jet disturbance system" fitted to the instrumented test vehicle. It was shown that the measured damping ratios of yaw rate were in good agreement with the calculations by the mathematical model in which several tire characteristics were considered. The contribution of each tire coefficient to the damping ratio of the weave mode was also examined by parametric studies. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Experiments KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Theoretical studies KW - Tires KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216474 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394243 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Day, T D AU - Smith, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FRICTION FACTORS FOR MOTORCYCLES SLIDING ON VARIOUS SURFACES PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - Testing was performed to determine the effective coefficient of friction (friction factor) for two motorcycles sliding on asphalt, gravel and grassy earth. The purpose was for use in estimating post-impact velocity of motorcycles involved in collisions. Testing revealed a significant difference for factors associated with each surface. In general, motorcycle model and speed did not appear to be significant. KW - Asphalt KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Crashes KW - Earth KW - Gravel KW - Motorcycles KW - Sliding KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393632 AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - ANNUAL REPORT 1982/83 PY - 1984 SP - 128 p. AB - This is the annual report of the Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute (VTI) covering the period July 1, 1982 through June 30, 1983. It includes a discussion of the duties and organization of the Institute, a report on the activities of the Institute, and a financial report. KW - Financial analysis KW - Organizations KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Sweden KW - Traffic KW - Traffic research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393635 AU - FORSTEN, L AU - KOIVUROVA, M AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - THE CONDITION OF MOPEDS AND OPINIONS OF MOPEDISTS ON MEASURES OF TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1984 SP - 58 p. AB - The main purpose of the present study was to collect information on the condition of the technical devices and equipment of mopeds in use. In addition, attitudes of mopedists towards certain measures of traffic safety were examined. The material was collected in August and September, 1981, in the entire country, with the exclusion of the Aland Islands. KW - Attitudes KW - Finland KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393611 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN ACCIDENT FACTS 1983. 1984 EDITION PY - 1984 SP - 32 p. AB - This publication contains accident statistics for the year 1983 in the State of Wisconsin. It consists of tables containing data on the following: 1983 facts and figures; economic loss; reporting agency; 10 year summaries; mileage death rates; fatal accidents by month; traffic accidents by class; types of motor vehicle traffic accidents (total, urban only and rural only); traffic accidents by month; types of motor vehicle traffic accidents on rural state highway system and on rural interstate system; blood alcohol of driver fatalities; rural traffic accidents by highway system; motor vehicle traffic accidents by county and severity; holiday fatal accidents 1978-1983; fatal accidents; all accidents (light conditions, traffic control-intersection, type of railroad crossing control); horizontal and vertical character of roadway (all accidents, urban accidents, rural accidents); all accidents (weather conditions and surface conditions); motor vehicles involved in all accidents; time distribution of traffic accidents (urban, rural and all); drivers involved in accidents by age group; all drinking drivers by county and age group; possible contributing circumstances involved (all accidents, rural interstate system, urban accidents and rural interstate system, urban accidents and rural accidents); motorcycle accidents; persons killed and injured by age group and type of accident (age grouping-urban and age grouping-rural); pedestrians-fatalities and injuries-age group and light conditions (urban and rural); persons killed and injured by age group-type of person and sex (urban and rural); severity and economic loss of accidents; and rural accidents with speed a contributing circumstance and rural speed arrests for all agencies. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393636 AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN FINLAND 1982 PY - 1984 SP - 45 p. AB - This is the 28th annual statistical publication on road traffic accidents in Finland. Changes in reporting statistics were made in 1978, making certain statistics no longer comparable with those of previous years. The sources include police data on road traffic accidents obtained from the Central Statistical Office and data obtained by Liikenneturva (the Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland). KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393633 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF SMALL CARS ON TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTIONS PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - The effect of downsizing cars on traffic deaths becomes noticeable only over time, because new cars are only a small part of the car population. Factors needed to model the trend in traffic deaths are identified. The structure of two models to project trends in car occupant fatality risks is described. Illustrative projections of the car occupant fatality risk are presented. Research needed for improving projections is discussed. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Small car KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392259 AU - American Automobile Association TI - YOUR DRIVING COSTS PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - This booklet presents the current national average automotive costs for three different cars as well as the composite national average for all three models. The study used cars with standard accessories, automatic transmission, power steering, power disc brakes, and radios. Gasoline costs were based on a $1.299 per-gallon charge for unleaded fuel; insurance figures were based on those for personal use of vehicle. Car ownership costs fall into categories: variable and fixed. Tables present figures in each of these areas for the Chevrolet Chevette, Chevrolet Celebrity, and the Chevrolet Impala. Guidelines for vacation planning and business travel are also given. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobile ownership KW - Business trips KW - Costs KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vacations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392998 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wilson, D G AU - Forrestall, R AU - Henden, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVOLUTION OF RECUMBENT BICYCLES AND THE DESIGN OF THE AVATAR BLUEBELL PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - The dominant influence of racing regulations on the history of bicycles, and particularly of recumbent bicycles, is described. A new class of racing for human-powered vehicles, set up in 1974, brought about the present enthusiasm for recumbent bicycles. The development of the AVATAR 2000, originally designed to lessen injury risks in commuting, is described, together with modifications that, as the AVATAR BLUEBELL, led to its holding the world 200-m flying-start speed championship 1982-3. Paper closes with predictions of likely future developments. KW - Bicycles KW - Bicycling KW - Design KW - Future concepts KW - History KW - Innovation KW - Racing KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393010 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Evans, P G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A FAST DATA-ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING COMBUSTION PHENOMENA IN SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - A computer-controlled 16 channel fast data-acquisition system has been developed for the rapid capture of analogue and digital data from a spark-ignition engine. The system is to be used for diagnostic investigations of both single-cycle and cyclic combustion phenomena in engines. Its use is not restricted to spark-ignition engines and it can be used for dynamic investigations with other suitably instrumented rotating machinery, such as turbines, compressors and diesel engines. KW - Combustion KW - Data collection KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393017 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nishimura, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO SIMPLE TIRE WARNING DEVICES PY - 1984 SP - 5 p. AB - This paper describes two types of tire pressure warning devices, TWD-I and TWD-II, that are low in cost and are easy to install on a vehicle. TWD-I has a buzzer and a dry-cell battery that are attached on the inside of the wheel center cap. They are connected to a pressure switch that is attached to the air valve stem after the tire is filled with air to the prescribed pressure. If the pressure drops below a certain level, the switch sends a signal that energizes buzzer. TWD-II is a kind of monitor that indicates a drop in tire pressure by changing the color of the wheel center cap through the action of a diaphragm and a magnet. In comparison with conventional innovations, the two new warning devices offer the advantages of lower cost and easier installation on vehicle. KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Inflation KW - Installation KW - Technological innovations KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211289 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393024 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Beers, L L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UTILITY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT--THE USERS' EXPECTATIONS PY - 1984 SP - 5 p. AB - The utility industry represents a somewhat unique segment of the United States truck market. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with the utility truck application and to discuss the specific product expectations of the utility end user. KW - Markets KW - Trucks KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393036 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ryan, T W AU - DODGE, L G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL ENGINE INJECTION AND COMBUSTION OF SLURRIES OF COAL, CHARCOAL, AND COKE IN DIESEL FUEL PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - Slurry fuels of various forms of solids in diesel fuel were developed and evaluated for their relative potential as fuel for diesel engines. Thirteen test fuels with different solids concentrations were formulated using eight different materials. The injection and atomization characteristics (transient diesel sprays) of the test fuels were examined in a spray bomb in which a nitrogen atmosphere was maintained at high pressure and temperature, 4.2 MPa and 480 deg C, respectively. The diagnostics of the sprays included high-speed movies and high-resolution still photographs. The slurries were also tested in a single-cylinder CLR engine in both direct-injection and prechamber configurations. The data included the normal performance parameters as well as heat release rates and emissions. In most cases, the slurries performed very much like the baseline fuel. The combustion data indicated that a large fraction (90 percent or more) of the solids were burning in the engine. It appears that the prechamber engine configuration is more tolerant of the slurries than the direct-injection configuration. KW - Carbon KW - Charcoal KW - Coal fuels KW - Coke KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Performance tests KW - Slurries KW - Slurry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211307 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392774 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Preusser, D F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - National Safety Council TI - REDUCING CHILD PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS THROUGH PUBLIC EDUCATION PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 47-56 AB - The objectives of this study were to develop, produce, and field-test public information and education messages to reduce midblock dart and dash accidents among child pedestrians. An in-class film, poster, and six television spots were produced in which children were told to stop at the curb or outside edge of a parked car and look left-right-left for oncoming vehicles before crossing the street. These materials were distributed to schools, movie theaters, and television stations, city-wide, in Los Angeles, Columbus (Ohio), and Milwaukee. Survey results showed that children saw the materials and improved their safe street crossing knowledge. Behavioral observations showed that children crossed more safely. All three cities showed statistically significant pre versus post reductions in child accidents. Across the three cities, midblock darts and dashes by children 14 and younger dropped 21%, and midblock darts and dashes involving 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds dropped 31%. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Children KW - Education KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392994 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mori, M AU - Arakawa, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SRC-II COMBUSTION IN PRECHAMBER DIESEL PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - A single cylinder water cooled prechamber diesel engine was used to evaluate SRC-II coal derived fuel with respect to performance and emissions. SRC-II could only be burnt in blend with diesel fuel. Changes of characteristics were shown in relation to SRC-II blend ratio. About 25% blend of SRC-II was the limit available to the contemporary prechamber diesel engine. It was defined that cetane improver and heat insulation of prechamber were effective to expand operating range for low cetane fuel. KW - Coal fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211267 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392995 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Katoh, Y AU - Shimauchi, T AU - Nakagaki, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SRC II IN SPARK ASSISTED MULTIFUEL DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - Solvent Refined Coal (SRC II) was evaluated for its acceptability as alternate fuel for a spark assisted multifuel diesel engine which was modified to accept a spark plug in the swirl chamber. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the use of SRC II on performance and emissions of the spark assisted swirl chamber diesel engine in comparison with diesel fuel operation. The results showed that SRC II could be used on the spark assisted diesel engine with engine performance comparable to that with conventional diesel fuel when the engine operating condition was optimum. However at other engine operating conditions large increase of unburned hydrocarbon and particulate emissions was found when operated with SRC II. KW - Coal fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211268 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393013 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Seth, B B AU - Field, N L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OIL PRESSURE SIGNATURES FOR ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM MONITORING PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper describes an application of signature analysis techniques to oil pressure signals of internal combustion engines for monitoring the status of an engine lubrication system. The dynamic characteristics of a lubrication flow network are presented. The state of the lubrication system is reflected not only in the mean or D.C. component, but also in higher frequencies of the signal. Experimental results are presented for both periodic and position locked components of the pulsatile signals. The signal characteristics are altered if a defect is present in the engine. Signal characteristics are affected due to perturbations introduced by the defect present downstream in the lubrication system. The changes in oil pressure signals are sensitive to oil temperature and proximity of the defect to the monitoring point. Results are presented to indicate limitations of such analysis techniques for lubrication system fault detection. KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Lubrication KW - Monitoring KW - Oil pressure KW - Signature analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211285 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393014 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - King, T R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TIRE TRACTION TESTING DEVICES AND PROCEDURES--AN OVERVIEW PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - Various vehicle-based devices and procedures are used by the tire and automotive industries and by governmental and other agencies to measure tire traction in braking, driving, and cornering modes. Most testing activity is on wet, dry, and ice and snow covered surfaces. This paper is an overview of the devices, concepts, and procedures used for tire traction testing in the outdoor environment. KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Tires KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211286 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393028 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shawki, GSA AU - Mokhtar, MOA AU - Rafaat, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF POROUS JOURNAL BEARINGS--PERFORMANCE AND OPTIMIZATION PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper presents a simultaneous solution of both Reynolds' equation for hydrodynamic lubrication and Laplace's equation for a porous matrix, the continuity of pressure at film-bearing interface being maintained. Performance characteristics for an infinitely long bearing are obtained and design charts comprising optimum curves for maximum load capacity, minimum friction loss and maximum utilization of bearing bush porous material are displayed. KW - Equations KW - Journal bearings KW - Optimization KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211300 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393031 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kobayashi, A AU - Kurashima, A AU - Endo, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF COLD START COMBUSTION IN A DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - Fuel injection timing retardation for reducing exhaust emission of direct injection diesel engines prolongs the period to complete cold starting. Engine speed at this period varies through some accelerating and faltering stages. The speed variation and related combustion characteristics were investigated through the measurement of cylinder pressure for each cylinder as well as the dynamic fuel injection timing and instantaneous engine speed. An improvement of cold start was shown by application of afterheat of a sheathed type glow plug and an electronic fuel injection timing control device. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Engine cylinders KW - Fuel injection KW - Glow plugs KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211303 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393032 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Olree, R M AU - Lenane, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL COMBUSTION CETANE NUMBER EFFECTS PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - Combustion studies have been made in a prechamber diesel engine, with one cylinder instrumented for pressure histograms using a processing digital oscilloscope. Hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, NOx, and smoke emissions for the complete engine exhaust also were measured. Fuels with natural and chemically derived cetane numbers spanning a range from 35 CN to 54 CN were investigated. This paper discusses the effects of cetane number on combustion characteristics, such as ignition delay and rates of pressure rise. Engine emission data also are reviewed. Data include operation at fully warmed-up and partially warmed-up conditions. KW - Cetane number KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393003 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zajac, F E AU - Schwandt, D F AU - Zomlefer, M R AU - Boylls, C C AU - Onyski, J H AU - Cohen, L A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN APPARATUS FOR STUDYING THE NEURAL CONTROL AND BIOMECHANICS OF BILATERAL COORDINATION IN CONVENTIONAL VERSUS NOVEL PEDALING PY - 1984 SP - 5 p. AB - An unusual stationary pedaling system has been built to test the interaction of neural control and biomechanics during difficult bilateral coordination tasks. Subjects are tested during both conventional and novel pedaling. Neuromuscular and biomechanical data (electromyograms, kinematics and pedaling forces) are collected as the subject pedals. A brief discussion of the study's rationale, theoretical approach and preliminary results is presented as background to an understanding of the functional design features of the apparatus. KW - Biophysics KW - Muscular system KW - Nervous system KW - Neuromuscular response KW - Pedalling KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211276 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393006 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Flynn, P F AU - Hoag, K L AU - Kamel, M M AU - Primus, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON DIESEL ENGINE EVALUATION BASED ON SECOND LAW ANALYSIS PY - 1984 SP - 14 p. AB - A Second Law based analysis of the processes within a diesel engine is presented and compared with the traditional First Law analysis. The analysis technique is described and its assumptions outlined. Available energy additions, extractions, and destructions are examined and quantified for the various processes. Alternative approaches are presented for engine systems with or without secondary heat recovery devices to further quantify the relative importance of thermodynamic loss mechanisms. The technique is applied to a turbocharged diesel engine and used to track available energy throughout the engine cycle. The methods of analysis are applied to some simplified cases to demonstrate their usefulness in analyzing various engine processes. KW - Diesel engines KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393021 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ludecke, O A AU - Bly, K B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE CONTROL BY MONOLITH TRAP AND FUEL ADDITIVE REGENERATION PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - This paper summarizes development of a diesel exhaust-particulate control system using a ceramic wall flow monolith trap and an organometallic additive in the engine fuel. Regenerative features of the additive and limitations of the trap are identified. Included is a description of a supplemental ignition system. Limited trap-durability data are given and additive-deposit effects on the trap, engine and vehicle fuel system are described. Exhaust emissions of regulated constituents and additive effluent are also presented. A detailed study of additive-concentration and particulate-loading effects on trap regeneration and durability is described. It is concluded that although trap durability has been improved with fuel-additive-assisted regeneration, much basic development remains to be accomplished for this system to be considered a candidate for production application. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel additives KW - Organometallic compounds KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393023 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wiedemann, B AU - Doerges, U AU - Engeler, W AU - Poettner, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF PARTICULATE TRAPS AND FUEL ADDITIVES FOR REDUCTION OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - With the aid of a mathematical model the course of the reaction has been calculated for the system fuel additive/particulate trap; the effects of various additives were measured. The adjustment of a suitable regeneration system on a 1.6 liter turbocharged diesel engine is described, the effects on emission and wear is shown, an additive metering system is demonstrated. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel additives KW - Mathematical models KW - Particulates KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Trap oxidizers KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392766 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPOSED MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR TRAINING TRACTOR-TRAILER DRIVERS PY - 1984 SP - 211 p. AB - These Proposed Standards are the synthesis of investigations and extensive research projects reflecting the current state-of-the-art for training novice tractor-trailer drivers. The Standards were developed to achieve the following goals: student safety during training; ability to drive safely; ability to drive legally; and the ability to drive efficiently. To achieve these goals, the Standards specify minimum requirements for the training of tractor-trailer drivers, including subjects to be taught, instructional objectives to be attained, the number of hours necessary for the attainment of each of the objectives; and the required equipment, vehicles and facilities necessary to obtain these instructional objectives. This publication is organized as follows: General Curriculum Standards; Curriculum Unit Standards; Training Schedule Standards; Instructor Qualifications Standards; Training Equipment and Materials Standards; School Facilities Standards; Student/Instructor Ratio Standards; Student Enrollment Standards; Student Evaluation Standards; Student Graduation Standards; Student Placement Standards; Student Training Certification System; and Miscellaneous Standards. KW - Certification KW - Curricula KW - Driver training KW - Standards KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207753 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392999 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huston, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UNICYCLE DYNAMICS AND STABILITY PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - Governing equations of motion for a unicycle with a rider are presented. The system is assumed to be moving on a flat horizontal surface. Two specific cases are investigated: straight-line rolling and stationary positioning. Criteria for stability are explored. It is shown that stability can be obtained through active pedal monitoring by the rider. KW - Dynamics KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Unicycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393001 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dennis, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SLOW-WAY VEHICLE, AN ALTERNATIVE VEHICLE FOR USE ON CYCLE-WAYS PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - An increase in use of bicycles for short urban trips could help in a small but significant way to alleviate some present urban traffic problems. To encourage this goal an effective network of cycle-ways is needed on which bicycles and other compatible vehicles can be safely operated. An alternative bicycle type vehicle is proposed to overcome the disadvantages which deter some people from using bicycles. In this way it is hoped to encourage a greater potential use of cycle ways. This paper discusses the specifications for the vehicle and describes the design and development of prototypes. KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Design KW - Prototypes KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Specifications KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211274 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393025 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sparkes, L R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UTILITY EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION PROBLEMS RELATED TO TRUCK FRAMES PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - Installation of utility vehicle equipment on domestic trucks is often complicated by factors involving the chassis frame. Some of these problems are caused by the selection of the frame itself, and others are created by the manner and locations in which the truck manufacturers install the vehicle frame mounted accessories. KW - Frames KW - Trucks KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393027 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mokhtar, MOA AU - Rafaat, M AU - Shawki, GSA AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PERFORMANCE OF POROUS JOURNAL BEARINGS PY - 1984 SP - 5 p. AB - Results of experiments conducted on complete as well as partial porous journal bearings operating under steady conditions are herein presented. Performance characteristics presently determined include eccentricity ratio, coefficient of friction and attitude angle. Values of the permeability parameter ranged in experiments between 0.00254 and 0.0435. Test results show quite good agreement with theoretical predictions of the authors. Comparison between results obtained for partial bearings, also for complete bearings with holes intensionally drilled in the region of supposedly negative pressure implies the validity of discarding the negative pressure zone as postulated by the authors in their proposed theory. KW - Experiments KW - Journal bearings KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211299 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393035 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ECKLUND, E E AU - Bechtold, R L AU - Timbario, T J AU - McCallum, P W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT ON THE USE OF ALCOHOLS IN DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1984 SP - 19 p. AB - The concept of using alcohol fuels as alternatives to diesel fuel in diesel engines is a recent one. The scarcity of transportation petroleum fuels which developed in the early 1970's spurred many efforts to find alternatives. Alcohols were quickly recognized as prime candidates to displace or replace high octane petroleum fuels. However, alternatives to the large demand for diesel fuel in many countries were not as evident. Innovative thinking led to various techniques by which alcohol fuels can partially or completely displace diesel fuel in diesel transportation vehicles. The methods of using alcohol fuels in diesel engines (in order of increasing diesel fuel displacement) include solutions, emulsions, fumigation, dual injection, spark ignition, and ignition improvers. Power output, thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions can change significantly depending on the techniques employed. Reliability and durability still need to be demonstrated for most of these techniques. Work in the future will determine which of these techniques are best. Testing will evolve to include more on-road, in-use type tests. Additional techniques such as "hot-spot" ignition will be researched. KW - Alcohols KW - Diesel engines KW - Dual fueling KW - Emulsions KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fumigation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Research KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211306 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393037 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Malcolm, G D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRAILER AND SUSPENSION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR EXCELLENT TOWABILITY PY - 1984 SP - 6 p. AB - A new trailer suspension has been developed to incorporate many of the technological advances that have found their way into other automotive applications, which has resulted in a dramatic improvement in towability. The suspension is aimed primarily at travel trailers, horse trailers and special purpose trailers where good ride quality is an important factor. Two significant design changes to trailers have resulted from the application of this new positive steer suspension, namely, single axle applications replacing tandem suspensions, and reduction of hitch loads down to 3% of trailer mass. KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211308 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392775 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - McKelvey, R K AU - National Safety Council TI - CAN CHILDREN LEARN TO DISCRIMINATE SAFE ROAD-CROSSING INTERVALS? PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 57-67 AB - An argument is presented for the substitution of a safe-road-crossing-interval judgment for the all-or-none conventional curb drill of child pedestrian training programs. A study in a suburban Melbourne primary school showed that children could understand such a concept as portrayed on motion picture film and that their performance reached adult levels by the fourth grade. While classroom tests failed to show positive transfer after film training with informational feedback, individual tests of a small sample of Grade 6 students in a controlled environment did produce evidence that such a benefit could be obtained. Classroom tests after training without informational feedback, on the other hand, showed a significant performance deficit. Ways to improve the training paradigm are suggested, and evidence is offered of applications to reveal and extinguish unsafe response habits. KW - Children KW - Learning KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392776 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Zollinger, T W AU - Vilardo, F J AU - Chan, P W AU - McSwane, D Z AU - National Safety Council TI - ASSESSMENT OF MEDICAL CARE COSTS OF INJURIES DUE TO ALCOHOL-RELATED MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - p. 77-84 AB - The purpose of this study was to estimate the total medical care costs of individuals injured in motor vehicle crashes and in crashes where alcohol was involved. Crashes were studied that involved 2,728 vehicle occupants and 191 pedestrians with injuries as reported in 1979 by the National Accident Sampling System, a probability sample of all motor vehicle crashes occurring in the United States. Medical care costs were assigned by using Abbreviated Injury Scale codes in accordance with other published research. Determination of alcohol involvement was based on crash characteristics. Results indicate that 20.2% of medical care costs for motor vehicle crash injuries may be due to crashes where alcohol was involved. It was estimated that alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes cost between $434 million and $483 million in medical care alone in the United States in 1979. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Medical costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392996 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Suda, K J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEGETABLE OIL OR DIESEL FUEL-A FLEXIBLE OPTION PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - Vegetable oils provide diesel engine performance similar to that obtained with diesel fuel, and this has been documented in many prior publications. Because they are potentially interchangeable with diesel fuel, interest has focused on vegetable oils as short-range alternate fuels. However, engine durability when burning vegetable oils may be adversely affected depending on the type of combustion system employed. Laboratory and field experimental tests have identified the prechamber engine as having the greatest short-range potential for using vegetable oil fuels. Performance and durability at low engine ratings are essentially the same as expected for operation on diesel fuel. However, at high engine ratings piston ring and cylinder liner wear are greater than expected for operation on diesel fuel. A laboratory program was successfully completed which resulted in a combustion system that would allow the higher rated prechamber engines to achieve normal life when burning 100% soybean oil. Fluid model tests utilizing high speed photography, single-cylinder engine tests utilizing fuel tracers, and a 200-hour multicylinder durability test were included. Extended endurance tests and experience with other vegetable oils are still required. KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Vegetable oils KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392997 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DUGGAL, V K AU - Kuo, T-W AU - Lux, F B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REVIEW OF MULTI-FUEL ENGINE CONCEPTS AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF IN-CYLINDER FLOW PROCESSES IN DIRECT INJECTION ENGINES PY - 1984 SP - 27 p. AB - The paper reviews the literature for methods of increasing fuel flexibility in diesel engines over a range of fuel properties representing alcohols to high viscosity diesels. It was conceived that the details of fuel-charge within the engine cylinder would help evaluate the requirements for multi-fuel engine design. It is therefore attempted to model in-cylinder flows, fuel-air mixing and fuel property effects. The preliminary results of these calculations are presented. KW - Alcohols KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Direct injection engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Flow KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuels KW - Mathematical models KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211270 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393012 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Butler, J W AU - Haack, L P AU - Colvin, A D AU - McKelvy, F E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FAST-RESPONSE ZIRCONIA SENSOR-BASED INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE AIR/FUEL RATIO OF COMBUSTION EXHAUST PY - 1984 SP - 22 p. AB - A fast-response zirconia sensor-based instrument has been developed to measure the air/fuel ratio (A/F) of combustion exhaust. This instrument uses a reduced-pressure sampling system which improves instrument response time (due to faster diffusion at lower pressures) and eliminates the need for a heated sample line. The measured response time of the described instrument is 170 ms (0-90%) for a step-change in oxygen concentration. The prototype instrument is easily calibrated in less than 2 min, requiring only nitrogen and room air for calibration. A complete description of the instrument is given. Results of tests comparing the instrument accuracy to a chemical balance technique are given. Also, a comparison study was conducted with the prototype instrument and a conventional zirconia sensor-based A/F monitor (Lamdascan, Sensors, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan) with respect to accuracy and response time. KW - Accuracy KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Combustion products KW - Emergency response time KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Measuring instruments KW - Prototypes KW - Reaction time KW - Zirconium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211284 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393015 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shoemaker, P S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TIRE ENGINEERING BY FINITE ELEMENT MODELING PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - Finite Element Modeling (FEM) is a powerful technique for stress analysis of a structure that is too complex for classical mechanics. The pneumatic tire is indeed complex with its large displacements/large strains, follower type loading, and nonisotropic material properties. The paper helps to explain finite element modeling in plain language terms that most engineers will feel comfortable with. The paper demonstrates the state of the art in FEM tire engineering and pre/post-processing computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques. Examples of results are shown, along with experimental verification. The length of a FEM computer solution is addressed with comparisons made between coarse and fine grids, and 2D versus 3D. Future trends in tire engineering are reviewed. KW - Computer aided design KW - Finite element method KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural analysis KW - Tires KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393029 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Miyachika, M AU - HIROTA, T AU - Kashiyama, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A CONSIDERATION ON PISTON SECOND LAND PRESSURE AND OIL CONSUMPTION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - Piston second land pressure, combustion pressure, and oil consumption (OC) of a four-stroke gasoline engine have been measured to investigate the relationship between 2nd land pressure and OC. Test results have revealed that OC increases when, past midway in the expansion stroke, 2nd land pressure exceeds combustion pressure and, inversely OC decreases when the 2nd land pressure is below combustion pressure. Based on both theoretical analyses and experiments, this paper describes the reason for the above observation and proposes a method for reducing OC. KW - Combustion KW - Experiments KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Oil consumption KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Pressure KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393030 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bishop, I F AU - Snidle, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF QUANTIFYING RUNNING-IN OF SURFACES PY - 1984 SP - 9 p. AB - The paper is concerned with practical ways of quantifying the effects of running-in of surfaces on the basis of surface profile measurements. The technique of contact simulation is described with which surface features of significance in contact situations are revealed directly. KW - Camshafts KW - Contact area KW - Gear teeth KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Surfaces KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393000 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schwandt, D F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF ARM-POWERED BICYCLES FOR THE DISABLED PY - 1984 SP - 4 p. AB - This paper describes the design development of two new bicycles for individuals with lower limb disability: an arm-powered bicycle and a tandem bicycle for disabled and able-bodied individuals to ride together. The tandem is a spinoff from the design of the single rider arm-powered bicycle. Both have been developed at the Palo Alto VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center as part of a program to provide alternative recreational vehicles and equipment for people with disability. The functional features of each vehicle, and a descriptive discussion of the bicycle dynamics are presented. KW - Bicycles KW - Design KW - Dynamics KW - Persons with disabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393008 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Knoll, J AU - Vilmann, C R AU - Schock, H J AU - Stumpf, R P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF ROTARY COMBUSTION ENGINE SEALS PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - Real time work cell pressures are incorporated into a dynamic analysis of the gas sealing grid in rotary combustion engines. The analysis which utilizes only first principal concepts accounts for apex seal separation from the trochoidal bore, apex seal shifting between the sides of its restraining channel, and apex seal rotation within the restraining channel. The results predict that apex seals do separate from the trochoidal bore and shift between the sides of their channels. The results also show that these two motions are regularly initiated by a seal rotation. The predicted motion of the apex seals compares favorably with experimental results. Frictional losses associated with the sealing grid are also calculated and compare well with measurements obtained in a similar engine. A comparison of frictional losses when using steel and carbon apex seals has also been made as well as friction losses for single and dual side sealing. KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Friction losses KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Wankel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211280 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393019 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Norman, K D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF ON-CENTER HANDLING PERFORMANCE PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - A test was developed to quantify automobile handling characteristics for the performance region encountered in freeway driving. Steering wheel angle and torque, vehicle speed and yaw rate are recorded during a low frequency sinusoidal steer maneuver. The data is reduced to steering hysteresis, on-center and off-center steering sensitivities and torque gradients, and a steering work parameter. This paper describes the test procedure and parameters. Test results are presented comparing the general attributes of foreign versus domestic cars, manual versus power steering, and rear versus front wheel drive. KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Front wheel drive KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hysteresis KW - Power steering KW - Rear wheel drive KW - Steering KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Torque KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211291 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393026 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chappell, N W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UTILITY EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION PROBLEMS: WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - Weight distribution problems related to installing utility equipment on trucks can be reduced by considerations from the truck manufacturer's design engineers, more and better engineering from the users, equipment installers, and truck representatives in selecting the specifications, and new and increased communications. Weight distribution problems causing overloaded trucks are serious mistakes resulting in illegal and defective manufacture, liability, voided warranties, and operational problems. KW - Trucks KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Weight KW - Weight distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211298 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393033 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kamel, M M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF FUEL IGNITION IMPROVERS ON DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - An extensive investigation is presented which examined the effects of fuel ignition improvers on the performance of a diesel engine. The work covered various performance aspects: startability, white smoke, fuel economy, and emissions. Testing was conducted at various ambient temperatures. The effect of the additive concentration in the fuel on engine performance was investigated. A high speed digital data acquisition system was used to obtain cylinder pressure data which were analyzed to determine the impact of the improved fuel ignition quality on the combustion process. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel conservation KW - Smoke KW - Startability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392260 AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Virginia Division of Parks and Recreation TI - BICYCLING ON VIRGINIA ROADS. LAWS AND SAFETY TIPS PY - 1984 SP - 5 p. AB - This pamphlet summarizes laws from the Code of Virginia which apply to the operation of bicycles and mopeds. The following categories are covered: traffic regulations, where to ride, passing, changing directions, safety considerations, accidents, registration, equipment, and definitions. The pamphlet also includes eleven tips for safe bicycling. KW - Cyclists KW - Laws KW - Moped drivers KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393009 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yuen, W W AU - Servati, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MATHEMATICAL ENGINE MODEL INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF ENGINE EMISSIONS PY - 1984 SP - 17 p. AB - A mathematical engine model which simulates the dynamic interaction of various engine components and processes is developed. The different components and processes included in the simulation are the air/fuel inlet element, the intake manifold, combustion, engine dynamics and exhaust emissions. The total simulation is developed generally so that it can be calibrated to analyze the performance of an arbitrary gasoline engine. The only required information for calibration is the engine's physical characteristics and some steady state engine data. Application of the engine model to the analysis of a rapid transient demonstrates that the model is effective in generating expected engine behavior and exhaust emissions. The model is thus an extremely powerful tool in the design and development of engine control. KW - Control devices KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gasoline engines KW - Mathematical models KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211281 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393011 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - RAINE, J K AU - Salisbury, S F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TESTING THE NEW 1600 DIESEL ENGINE AT FORD DAGENHAM, ENGLAND PY - 1984 SP - 22 p. AB - Introduction of the 1600 diesel engine required Ford to reappraise their engine testing philosophy and to install new production testbeds. This paper outlines the engine, describes the test cycles chosen and the engine performance data that were sought from the hot test and overcheck beds. A technical description of the testbeds and computer control systems is given. KW - Control systems KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211283 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393016 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - RAE, W J AU - Skinner, G T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENTS OF AIR FLOW VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS INSIDE A ROLLING PNEUMATIC TIRE PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - The research reported on here is concerned with the subject of air flow and temperature buildup in a pneumatic tire. Its ultimate objectives are to understand the basic mechanisms by which energy delivered to the tire is converted to heat, and to quantify the contribution to rolling resistance that is made by this energy-conversion path. Direct measurement of the heat-transfer rate is very difficult, because the tire surface undergoes such large deformations. The approach being taken here in to make measurements of the velocity distributions, and to relate these to the heat-transfer rate by numerical modeling of the flow field. This paper contains experimental results for the velocity distributions. The numerical modeling effort is not yet complete; however, a crude estimate of the heat-transfer rate can be made on the basis of the measured mass flow rates. This estimate indicates that the heat transfer to the contained air is comparable to that occurring on the external surface of the tire. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Flow KW - Heat transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tires KW - Velocity KW - Velocity distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393018 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fuller, D L AU - Hall, G L AU - Conant, F S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF TESTING CONDITIONS ON ROLLING RESISTANCE OF AUTOMOBILE TIRES PY - 1984 SP - 11 p. AB - The effects of some test condition variables on tire rolling resistance results are presented and discussed from the viewpoint of establishing good testing practice. A designed experiment study was made on simultaneous effects of changes in load, speed, and inflation pressure on a radial and bias tire. All main and interaction effects were significant except for speed load interaction on the radial tire and load-load interaction (curvature effect) on each tire. Quantitative effects of unit changes in each variable at any level of the other variables showed that load control is the most critical. Rolling resistance was shown to be significantly higher on a Safety Walk test wheel surface than on bare steel. No significant difference in scatter of results was found, however. Rolling resistance of a set of light truck tires was essentially the same on worn as on new Safety Walk. Results on sets of replicate tires suggested that four tires in each set are enough to characterize the set. A warm-up time of 20-25 minutes was shown to be sufficient to develop equilibrium air pressure. Data are presented to show how a safe upper limit to the test speed for a given tire can be determined, and how a safe service speed could be estimated without requiring that the tire be run to failure. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rolling resistance KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393002 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Johnson, C W AU - Huston, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LATERAL STABILITY OF RIDER/CYCLE SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - 7 p. AB - Pedal powered vehicles have been and are being built in many sizes and shapes. Due to the wide variety of possible configurations, the potential for lateral stability problems exists. This paper develops a basic analytical result for the lateral stability of rider/cycle systems. This result is algebraic in nature and can be evaluated quickly and easily. Several examples are given demonstrating the potential problems associated with changes in the rider/cycle parameters. KW - Bicycles KW - Equations KW - Lateral stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393005 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davis, G C AU - TABACZYNSKI, R J AU - Belaire, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF INTAKE VALVE LIFT ON TURBULENCE INTENSITY AND BURNRATE IN S.I. ENGINES-MODEL VERSUS EXPERIMENT PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - An Engine Simulation Model was used to study the effect of changing the maximum intake valve lift to control in-cylinder turbulence intensity and burn rate. Experimental measurements of burn rate for two different valve lift profiles were obtained and compared with predictions. The standard K-epsilon turbulence model was found to be inadequate for predicting the proper behavior of turbulence level during compression and expansion. Further investigation showed that the dissipation of turbulence calculated by the standard k-epsilon model was inadequate, thus causing the turbulence levels and burn rates to be approximately independent of the intake valve lift. A new turbulent dissipation model is proposed which uses the eddy angular momentum to scale the dissipation constant. Turbulent intensity predictions from this model resulted in acceptable agreement between the measured and predicted burn rates as the intake valve lift was changed. The effect of throttling the engine using intake valve lift was investigated and predictions made of turbulence intensity, burn rate, combustion efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) as a function of air-fuel ratio and load. Results showed a significant reduction in BSFC at 13 BMEP, 1500 RPM when conventional throttling was compared with intake valve throttling at equal burn rates. In addition, the effect of B/S ratio on turbulence intensity, burn rate and ISFC was investigated and results showed the independent effects of engine geometry and turbulence on burn rate when the engine was stroked holding the cylinder bore constant. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Burn rate KW - Burning rate KW - Combustion KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intake valves KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Turbulence KW - Valve lift UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393007 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Primus, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SECOND LAW APPROACH TO EXHAUST SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION PY - 1984 SP - 13 p. AB - A model has been constructed that applies second law analysis to a Fanno formulation of the exhaust process of a turbocharged diesel engine. The model has been used to quantify available energy destruction at the valve and in the manifold and to study the influence of various system parameters on the relative magnitude of these exhaust system losses. The model formulation and its application to the optimization of the exhaust manifold diameter is discussed. Data are then presented which address the influence of the manifold friction, turbine efficiency, turbine power extraction, valve flow area, compression ratio, speed, load and air-fuel ratio on the available energy destruction in the exhaust system. KW - Diameter KW - Diesel engines KW - Dissipation KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Manifolds KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Optimization KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211279 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393020 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Oblizajek, K L AU - Lauer, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A LABORATORY PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF THE INTERACTION OF TIRES WITH LONGITUDINALLY GROOVED PAVEMENT PY - 1984 SP - 15 p. AB - An indoor laboratory procedure is proposed for the evaluation and diagnosis of the tire contributions to the annoying, erratic motions of the vehicle induced when travelling over longitudinally grooved pavement. Instrumented measurements of vehicular motions on these grooved highways are used to set direction for the laboratory procedures. A particular test configuration of the vehicle on an indoor chassis dynamometer is described. Test data, obtained with this configuration, show the periodic recurrence of mechanical interactions of the tire and simulated road grooves corresponding to the spatial repetition of the grooves. These data also exhibit correlation with subjective assessments of vehicular performance on the grooved highways. Quantitative agreement between the vibratory measurements on the highways and the laboratory measurements obtained by the described methods provides substantive support. A method of diagnosing the regional tread and road groove interactions is also proposed. Experienced technicians can readily identify favorable tire alterations with the diagnostic procedures, enabling isolation and suppression of excessive interactions. KW - Grooves KW - Interaction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement grooving KW - Rolling contact KW - Tires KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393022 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wade, W R AU - JONES, C M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CURRENT AND FUTURE LIGHT DUTY DIESEL ENGINES AND THEIR FUELS PY - 1984 SP - 22 p. AB - Fuel economy improvements have been responsible for the increased interest in diesel engines for light duty vehicles. However, improvements in gasoline engine fuel economy, more stringent emission requirements and reductions in fuel quality pose technical challenges to the diesel engine. Reductions in fuel quality increase emission, noise and cold starting difficulty. Electronic controls, combustion chamber modifications, and particulate traps, which are not yet feasible, can reduce emissions. Improvements in fuel economy can result from reductions in friction, the use of direct injection and reductions in heat loss to approach adiabatic operation, but with increased costs. Future non-petroleum fuels could differ from diesel fuel and affect combustion performance. Since the cetane number may not predict combustion performance of future fuels, a new concept for evaluating diesel fuels is suggested, A direct injection, ignition assisted engine, if successfully developed, could operate on a variety of fuels with high overall energy utilization efficiency. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Light vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391825 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - SCHOOL BUS SAFETY AND SEAT BELTS PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - The contents of this special edition of the National School Bus Report on school bus safety and seat belts are as follows: The NSTA (National School Transportation Association) Position; Seat Belts--The Difference Between Automobiles and Buses; The Safety Record and the Real Problem Areas; What is Compartmentalization?; Seat Belts: Some Medical Opinions; Legal Liability; Seat Belts: Would They Be Used?; Student Management; As I See It--Perspectives on the Issue from: The Bus Driver, The Parent, The Highway Patrol, The Students; The Manufacturer's Viewpoint; and The Contractor's Viewpoint. KW - Contractors KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Industries KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Management KW - Manual safety belts KW - Parents KW - Police KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391835 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - THE YEAR'S WORK 1983-1984 PY - 1984 SP - 39 p. AB - This publication describes the major research and communications activities of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) and its associated organization, the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), during the past year. For many years, IIHS and HLDI work has had notable influence on public policies and private programs to reduce motor vehicle crash losses. They accomplish that influence by documenting the kinds of crashes and crash losses that occur, by answering questions about how, when, and where people, vehicles, and the environment come together to produce crashes and crash damage, by evaluating countermeasures designed to reduce the damage, and by conducting research in areas of long-standing interest as well as areas of emerging interest. IIHS and HLDI treat the motor vehicle crash loss issue as a public health problem, applying to it the same rigorous scientific inquiry that traditionally has been applied to other medical problems. Their influence was especially in evidence during 1983-84 on such issues as automatic restraints, federal motor vehicle safety standards, the legal drinking age, and child restraint laws. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communications KW - Countermeasures KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Insurance industry KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Losses KW - Public policy KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391828 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - ARRB Group Limited AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - A TESTING TIME SN - 0-86910-150-1 PY - 1984 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-10 AB - This article briefly points out the requirements which learner-drivers must face when trying to obtain their driver's license in various countries. The ordeals vary from country to country with perhaps the strictest being those of Japan which are long, tedious and costly. Other countries mentioned include France, Switzerland, the Soviet Union, Hungary, Israel, and Great Britain. KW - Driving tests KW - Former Soviet Union KW - France KW - Hungary KW - Israel KW - Japan KW - Switzerland KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210691 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391380 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Helander, C J AU - National Safety Council TI - INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR ACCIDENT-INVOLVED DRIVERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF CURRENT CALIFORNIA POLICY AND ALTERNATIVES PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-40 AB - This project was designed to evaluate current and alternative strategies for selecting and treating accident-involved drivers in California. The current accident-based selection criteria were contrasted with an expanded selection strategy that included convictions as well as accidents as criteria for selection. The standard diagnostic reexamination treatment was compared to two alternative behavior modification treatments--an accident avoidance session and a mailed educational pamphlet/self-administered test. Interaction between treatments and selection criteria revealed that accident-involved drivers with minimum conviction histories were amenable to treatment intervention, while accident-involved drivers with more extensive conviction histories were not. Treatment effects were statistically significant (p smaller than .02), with each of the treatment groups having posttreatment accident means in excess of 20% lower than comparable control groups. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Intervention KW - Safety KW - Strategy KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391717 AU - United States Senate TI - MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ACT OF 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 87 p. AB - This publication contains the Senate hearings on S. 2174, the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1983 to provide for more effective motor carrier safety regulations and enforcement, and for other purposes. S. 2174 would strengthen the Department of Transportation's safety enforcement authority in a variety of areas and promote uniformity of State safety regulations. The bill would also require DOT and the Interstate Commerce Commission to develop meaningful safety fitness standards for motor carriers to insure that carriers truly are safe, and require DOT to undertake research into safety problems associated with heavy trucks, truck occupant protection, and emergency warning devices carried by commercial motor vehicles. KW - Emergency warning devices KW - Hearings KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1983 KW - Motor carriers KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - States KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Warning signs UR - http://www.archive.org/stream/motorcarriersaf00trangoog#page/n1/mode/1up. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391314 AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 127 p. AB - Weak Points of Cars 1984 summarizes the inspection results for vehicles in general as well as for different kinds of vehicles and particular passenger car makes/types. Compared with earlier reports with the same title this report has been changed in some aspects. The introduction deals with the different kinds of vehicles. The results of the inspections of passenger cars, light and heavy lorries, buses, motorcycles, caravans and light and heavy trailers are presented. The vehicle fleet is dominated by passenger cars and accordingly the main part of this report is devoted to them. The review consists of 41 particular car types. The observation frequency for seven main systems and 18 subsystems are presented. Six different year models are presented if possible. This means that the report includes inspection results for cars from two to twelve years of age. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Buses KW - Inspection KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206691 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391685 JO - PENNSYLVANIA CHIEFS OF POLICE ASSOCIATION BULLETIN AU - Larson, T AU - Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police Association TI - PENNSYLVANIA'S DRUNK DRIVING LAW PY - 1984 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - p. 9 AB - These comments by the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation indicate the success Pennsylvania has had with its drunk driving law which became effective in January 1983. Preliminary estimates indicate an 11.8 percent decrease in alcohol-related traffic deaths (706 fatalities in 1983; 800 fatalities in 1982). Arrests for drunk driving have increased 13.8 percent, from 25,700 in 1982 to 29,250 in 1983. Officers are detecting drunk drivers before they get involved in an accident, and there has been an increase in other detections, such as moving violations and reckless driving. Other positive signs mentioned by the Secretary include the decrease of the BAC of drunk drivers in recent years, expanded enforcement efforts with the help of federal highway safety grant funds, and the deterrent effect of increased enforcement. KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210619 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391689 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Boyd, N R AU - Huffman, W J AU - National Safety Council TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL MATURITY AND DRINKING-AND-DRIVING INVOLVEMENT AMONG YOUNG ADULTS PY - 1984 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-6 AB - The relationship between emotional maturity and drinking-and-driving involvement among young adults aged 25-34 was investigated. The variables were sex, age broken down into two groups (25-29 and 30-39), and six drinking-and-driving categories. The Revised Huffman Inventory was used to measure emotional immaturity. The inventory was administered to graduate students enrolled at The University of Tennessee at Knoxville during the summer of 1981. A table of random numbers was used to obtain a sample of 326 subjects. A three-factor analysis of variance was used to test the hypotheses. If a difference among groups was significant (p less than .05), Duncan's Multiple Range Test was applied to determine where those differences were. The conclusions were: (1) among females and males in the same age group, females are more emotionally mature than males; (2) age is a factor in emotional maturity in that emotional maturity increases with age; and (3) there appears to be a link between emotional maturity and drinking-and-driving involvement in that persons with lower emotional maturity are more likely to drive while under the influence of alcohol. KW - Age KW - Analysis of variance KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emotions KW - Gender KW - Maturity KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391366 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS ENCOURAGING THE USE OF CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - This report gives the background and overview of H.R. 4616, a bill to amend the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 to require States to use at least 8 percent of their highway safety apportionments for developing and implementing comprehensive programs concerning the use of child restraint systems in motor vehicles. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391711 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - STATES RAISE DRINKING AGE, TOUGHEN DWI PENALTIES PY - 1984 SP - 3 p. AB - This news item from the Highway Users Federation gives a brief summary of state legislation concerning drinking age limits and DWI-related penalties. A table shows state DWI laws as of May 1, 1984. KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Penalties KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206999 ER - TY - SER AN - 00391356 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - 55: A DECADE OF EXPERIENCE PY - 1984 IS - 204 SP - 262 p. AB - Under support from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the National Research Council assembled a committee of 19 individuals with expertise in the various disciplines needed to evaluate the benefits and costs of the 55 mph speed limit and to assess the effectiveness of state laws in inducing compliance. The findings and recommendations of the committee are presented in this report, along with the unresolved issues that surround the appropriate speed limit for selected roads. The committee findings on the consequences of the 55 mph speed limit relate to safety, energy, taxpayer costs, and travel time. Recent trends in motorist compliance and pressures for change are also discussed. Recommendations of the committee are that the 55 mph speed limit should be retained on almost all of the nation's highways and that the federal government should measure state compliance with the speed limit through a point system that attaches more significance to high-speed violations than to violations just above the speed limit. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Benefits KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Energy KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Recommendations KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390416 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY TRENDS. VICTIM AGE. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 8 p. AB - This is one of a bimonthly series of brief reports on highway traffic fatality trends in the United States. The data are from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). FARS has now accumulated over eight years of data on fatal highway accidents. It can provide an indication of effects that are relatively stable, those that are seasonal, and those that vary over the years. Each issue of this publication will contain a simple presentation of one aspect of these effects. The purpose is merely to show the trends rather than to analyze or explain them. The aspect examined in this issue is victim age. KW - Age KW - Crash victims KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390949 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1983-DECEMBER 31, 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 95 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during 1983. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Helmets KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Rims KW - Scooters KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206394 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390409 JO - American Journal of Epidemiology PB - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Kraus, J F AU - Black, M A AU - Hessol, N AU - Ley, P AU - Rokaw, W AU - SULLIVAN, C AU - BOWERS, S AU - Knowlton, S AU - MARSHALL, L AU - School of Epidemiology TI - THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE BRAIN INJURY AND SERIOUS IMPAIRMENT IN A DEFINED POPULATION PY - 1984 VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - p. 186-201 AB - Studies on the incidence and epidemiologic features of injury and the immediate medical outcomes are few, and published results have serious methodological inconsistencies which prohibit comparisons. This study provides incidence rates of brain injury among the residents of San Diego, California. Cases had clinical confirmation and onset of injury occurred during 1981. The 3358 cases identified represent a rate of 180/100,000 with males having a 2.2 times higher rate than females. Rates were highest for males aged 15-24 years and, for both genders, those over age 70. Forty-eight percent of all cases were from transport-related causes, followed by falls (21%) and assaults (12%). Over 11% were dead-on-arrival, and 16% were classified as having moderate or severe brain damage on admission to a hospital. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates varied according to external cause of injury. For example, for most subcategories of motor vehicle crashes and for assaults, the incidence rate was highest among males aged 15-24, while for brain injuries from falls or firearms, highest incidence rates were observed in older age groups. Almost 7% of all cases discharged alive from an acute care hospital has significant neurologic sequelae. The impact of brain injury is discussed as a major unresolved public health problem. KW - Brain KW - Epidemiology KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Incidence rates KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389471 AU - LIMPERT, R AU - Michie Company TI - MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION AND CAUSE ANALYSIS PY - 1984 SP - 597 p. AB - The book is divided into eight parts. Part 1, concerned with motor vehicle factors, presents the functions and different design concepts of all essential vehicle components. Their critical performance in accidents is discussed. Part 2 deals with vehicle motion analysis. Presented are motion fundamentals, tire forces, braking, vibrations, and directional control including rollover and handling of vehicles. Part 3 treats accident avoidance analysis. Included in the discussions are if and how a collision can be avoided, passing maneuver and driver view field analysis. Part 4 deals with the fundamentals of collision analysis. Both nonrotating and rotating collision vehicles are considered. Impact analyses including rotation are essential for accident reconstructions involving primary and secondary collisions. Post crash motion, occupant dynamics, human tolerances to impact loading, computer based collision reconstruction, and car-pedestrian accidents are discussed. Part 5, concerned with safety standards, presents a brief summary of existing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and ongoing defects investigations. Part 6 treats accident investigation factors and a discussion of their relative importance to accident reconstruction. Part 7 deals with the application of reconstruction fundamentals to actual collisions. The reader will find several cases covering all major aspects of reconstruction. Part 8 is concerned with special studies. Included are special accident studies and findings about accident statistics. A brief description of a desirable profile of an expert witness and court room hints are included. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Braking KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Defects KW - Driving KW - Expert evidence KW - Expert testimony KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motion KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389166 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE DATA. 1983 EDITION PY - 1984 SP - 346 p. AB - This statistical compilation of international motor vehicle data through 1982 includes production totals by manufacturers as well as by country. Since it is necessary to use different data sources from year to year, there are occasional differences in the number reported for various classes of vehicles for some countries. This is due to the lack of uniformity of definitions for certain vehicles. In such cases, car, truck and bus data vary from one source to another and, accordingly, in the year to year data reported. Although special effects have been made to segregate vehicle assembly data from production data, the world totals for production may include some duplication since it is not possible for all countries to identify assemblies from production. The data in this report were supplied by foreign government agencies, trade associations, private services and the press. It should be noted that the basis on which the data are reported will vary. For example, vehicle output may be measured in terms of production, shipments, or factory sales. New vehicles sold may be measured in terms of retail sales or new registrations. Imports and exports are subject to problems of compilation and definition. As a result, data accuracies vary and international comparisons are, of course, affected by these discrepancies. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Foreign KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Motor vehicles KW - Production KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle assembly KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389169 AU - Eastman, J W AU - University Press of America, Incorporated TI - STYLING VS. SAFETY. THE AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY, 1900-1966 PY - 1984 SP - 280 p. AB - The evolution of safety considerations in automobile design and construction is traced from its earliest origins. The history of this evolution is considered in eight chapters: The safety of the First American Automobile; The Impact of the Annual Model Change on the Design of the American Automobile; The Safety Deficiencies Created by the Annual Model Changes; The "Horsepower Race" and Its Impact on Automotive Safety; The Reaction of the Automobile Industry to the Problem of Traffic Accidents; The Automobile Industry and the Highway Safety Movement; The Origins of Automobile Design for Crash Protection; and "Safety Doesn't Sell": The Development of Safety Research in the Automobile Industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Crashworthiness KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387291 AU - Baker, S P AU - O'Neill, B AU - Karpf, R S AU - Lexington Books TI - THE INJURY FACT BOOK PY - 1984 SP - 313 p. AB - This book includes detailed information on many of the factors surrounding injuries--the man-made systems and products involved, the groups at greatest risk, and effective ways to protect people from injuries. The circumstances under which injuries occur, the etiologic agents, and the characteristics of the people involved are examined. Chapter 2 summarizes the importance of injuries in relation to other prominent health problems. Subsequent chapters describe injury mortality and, in cases where good population-based studies are available, nonfatal injuries. The analyses in Chapters 3-15 are primarily of injury deaths during 1977-1979, the most recent years for which detailed mortality data were available in mid-1983 for deaths other than those related to motor vehicles. Most of these data were collected by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Chapters 16-20 summarize data on deaths from motor vehicle-related injuries. Most of these detailed data were obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Data from the 1980 census provided denominators for the rates throughout the book, except for trendline calculations which were based on interpolations between census years. The purpose of this book is to improve understanding of the nature and magnitude of the injury problem in the United States. Although it includes some discussion of ameliorative approaches, there is no comprehensive coverage of injury research, theory, or prevention, since these have been comprehensively discussed elsewhere. This book is a thorough documentation of the injury problem. Most of the information presented is new, the product of analyses not previously published in any form. KW - Causes KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387056 AU - Prime Minister's Office TI - WHITE PAPER ON TRANSPORTATION SAFETY IN JAPAN '83 PY - 1984 SP - 240 p. AB - This book is a comprehensive presentation of the existing situation in Japan concerning traffic accidents, focusing primarily on 1982, studies of the traffic safety measures instituted in fiscal 1982, and plans for traffic safety measures scheduled to be implemented in fiscal 1983. The traffic accidents and safety measures include information related to highways, railways, marine transport, and aviation traffic. KW - Air transportation KW - Highway safety KW - Japan KW - Marine safety KW - Railroad crashes KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Water transportation crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386026 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. APRIL 1, 1983 TO JUNE 30, 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the 2nd quarter of 1983. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Engines KW - Equipment KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Helmets KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Tires KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386025 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1983 TO MARCH 31, 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 10 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the first quarter of 1983. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Engines KW - Equipment KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Helmets KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Tires KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395829 AU - Fleming, R R AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN BORDER CROSSING ALCOHOL INVOLVED ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/12/21 SP - 48 p. AB - Wisconsin currently has an 18 year drinking law for all alcoholic beverages. All the surrounding states have higher age limits for purchasing alcoholic beverages. Effective July 1, 1984, the age limit in Wisconsin will be 19 years. This report documents border accidents that are alcohol involved. This report contains sufficient evidence to document the fact that Wisconsin is an island that causes disproportionate alcohol related accidents by out-of-state youthful drivers in Wisconsin border counties, and also in counties statewide, but to a lesser degree. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Teenage drivers KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391123 AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - DRUNKENNESS MAY NOT BE ACCURATELY MEASURED BY BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS, UCB RESEARCHERS REPORT PY - 1983/12/20 SP - 3 p. AB - This newsletter relates the results of studies carried out by the Alochol Research Center at the University of Colorado, Boulder. According to these studies, defining a "drunken driver" by measuring blood alcohol level, gives little indication of how impaired the individual's judgement or physical responses actually are. This research in individual responses to alcohol, undertaken over the past six years, incorporates findings from more than 100 individuals, including siblings and identical twins. One of the long-term goals of the research is to learn more about the genetic basis of alcoholism and alcohol response. KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Genetics KW - Individual differences KW - Response KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206520 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395002 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - US Center for Disease Control TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS AMONG YOUNG DRIVERS--UNITED STATES, 1982 PY - 1983/12/16 VL - 32 IS - 49 SP - p. 646-648 AB - This article briefly reports data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for 1982 which show that U.S. youth continue to be involved in fatal motor vehicle accidents, both as passengers and pedestrians, as well as drivers. Statistics are given and comments are made on possible interpretations of the age-specific blood alcohol concentration distributions. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391789 AU - Center for Auto Safety TI - A CONSUMER'S GUIDE TO BETTER BUMPERS ON 1984 CARS: HOW TO SAVE HUNDREDS OF DOLLARS IN CRASH REPAIRS PY - 1983/12/12 SP - 6 p. AB - The results are reported of a survey of car companies and of information from the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) files to determine which 1984 models have 5 MPH bumper protection. It is expected that informed customers will select cars with bumpers that can withstand the higher speed 5 MPH crashes without damage. The U.S. DOT estimated that 5 MPH bumpers save consumers over $400 million annually although they add only $30-40 to the price of the new car. The U.S. DOT under the Reagan Administration rolled back the bumper protection required for 1983-84 cars to a 2 1/2 MPH crash, or one fourth the protection required for the 1982 cars. However, the study showed that this move to weaker bumpers slowed in 1984. A table lists makes and models without damage in 5 MPH crashes and those with damage in 5 MPH or less crashes. It was found that 2 1/2 MPH bumpers cost as much as the better bumpers. Also, no fuel consumption improvements were found with 2 1/2 MPH bumpers as had been claimed. Accident costs were found to soar on cars with 2 1/2 MPH bumpers. KW - Accident costs KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fuel consumption KW - Loss and damage KW - Purchasing KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389167 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--COLLISION OF HUMBOLDT COUNTY DUMP TRUCK AND KLAMATH-TRINITY UNIFIED DISTRICT SCHOOLBUS, STATE ROUTE 96 NEAR WILLOW CREEK, CALIFORNIA, FEBRUARY 24, 1983 PY - 1983/12/05 SP - 27 p. AB - On February 24, 1983, an empty dump truck, traveling north on State Route 96, a two-lane rural highway near Willow Creek, California, suddenly veered left across the centerline and collided head-on with a southbound schoolbus loaded with 37 occupants. The truckdriver and one schoolbus passenger seated directly behind the schoolbus driver were killed; the schoolbus driver and 30 passengers were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was the inattention of the truckdriver to the developing traffic situation ahead and the execution of a braking maneuver that resulted in the truck sliding out of the proper lane of travel. Contributing to the severity of some of the student injuries were the pre-Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 222 schoolbus seats with exposed metal frames. KW - Dump trucks KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Rural highways KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491849 AU - Cooke, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CRASH SEVERITIES FOR RESTRAINED VS. UNRESTRAINED OCCUPANTS PY - 1983/12/01 SP - 5 p. AB - This study (1) examines differences between involvement rates in higher speed collisions by manually belted vs. unrestrained car occupants, (2) indicates how this may bias fatality rates used in calculating restraint effectiveness, and (3) urges that appropriate adjustments be made to control for such differences in order to isolate the true effectiveness of manual belts. KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303903 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495603 JO - ACOG Technical Bulletin PB - American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists AU - American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists TI - AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER RESTRAINTS FOR CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN PY - 1983/12 IS - 74 SP - 3 p. AB - This technical bulletin examines six myths surrounding the use of seat belts by children and pregnant women. These are: (1) It will hurt the baby; (2) Trapped; (3) I'm a good driver; (4) I don't need to use a safety belt if I'm just going a short distance; (5) I can hold the baby safely in my arms, therefore, I don't need to buy an infant restraint system; and (6) My child simply won't tolerate any restraint at all. Included in the discussion are accident statistics relating to pregnant women, information on the proper placement of safety belts by pregnant women, and facts about infant and child restraint systems. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pregnant women KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391783 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Dalton, K AU - Rood, D H AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - A SURVEY OF NEW YORK STATE LICENSED DRIVERS: ATTITUDES, KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTIONS, BEHAVIORS RELATED TO DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1983/12 SP - 135 p. AB - The results are reported of a survey to assess the impact of the Special Traffic Options Program for Driving While Intoxicated (STOP-DWI). The survey was designed to gather data which might link STOP-DWI activities to any decreases in alcohol-related accidents. It is a comprehensive examination of the drinking and driving practice of New York drivers and of their perceptions, attitudes and behaviors relating to drinking and driving. The most relevant findings were those that noted changes in attitudes, knowledge, perceptions of risk or behavior since the implementation of STOP-DWI. The following were among those findings: most drivers now think more seriously of drinking and driving; accident publicity has contributed to this perception; drivers are aware of stricter laws regarding drinking and driving and favor them; fewer drivers are driving drunk; drivers believe the risks of arrest and conviction are greater since the STOP-DWI. An important concern, however, is whether these positive changes can be sustained over time. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact studies KW - Knowledge KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Perception KW - Publicity KW - Surveys KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452255 JO - South Carolina Medical Association Journal PB - South Carolina Medical Association AU - McHugh, T P AU - Stinson, E C AU - South Carolina Medical Association TI - MOPED ACCIDENTS IN SOUTH CAROLINA PY - 1983/12 VL - 79 IS - 12 SP - p. 675-678 AB - South Carolina has been collecting information on moped accidents since 1977. Using this information as a source, this paper presents the results of a study of the nature and frequency of moped accidents and makes recommendations for their prevention. It was found that the accident rate is increasing and usually involves unlicensed adolescent males. Injuries to the head and legs are common. Measures to prevent moped accidents and reduce injury severity include wearing of bright clothing, continuous use of a headlight, wearing a protective helmet, and raising the minimal age requirements that now exist. Consideration should also be given for some form of restricted license to ensure that all moped operators have at least some minimal knowledge of traffic laws. It was concluded that the South Carolina Medical Association should firmly back any proposed legislative measures that would lead to accident reduction among what is predominantly a pediatric and adolescent age group. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Driver licensing KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laws KW - Leg KW - Males KW - Mopeds KW - Prevention KW - Protective clothing KW - Safety KW - Severity KW - South Carolina KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450355 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS OF THREE-YEAR-OLD TEST DUMMY HEADS PY - 1983/12 SP - 136 p. AB - This research was performed under two separate phases. The Phase I objective was to evaluate new head designs for the three-year-old child test dummy. Six different heads were fabricated with various density materials for the skulls in an effort to find a design which would indicate higher impact stiffness properties than current heads when tested under impact conditions. A new accelerometer mount was also evaluated. Head drop tests and standard head calibration tests were performed according to the Part 572, Subpart C Regulations. The head final design, which showed superior performance, was a fiberglass skull model containing a 0.5 inch thick vinyl skin. The Phase II work involved the dynamic sled testing of the final fiberglass head design. The new head, which was mated with a standard three-year-old child dummy torso, was tested beside a standard child dummy on the sled. Tests were performed with both Century Love seats and Ford Tot-Guard child restraints at 30 mph. The new fiberglass head indicated performance levels that were within approximately 4.6% of the standard head measurements. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Performance tests KW - Sled tests KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399244 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Hyle, P AU - Albrecht, L AU - Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUTH LICENSE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1983/12 SP - 84 p. AB - The Maryland Provisional License Program was instituted in January 1979. It required all newly-licensed drivers under age 18 to receive a provisional license. Elements of the provisional license were a 1 a.m.-6 a.m. driving restriction, a parent-supervised driving program, a special driver improvement program, and a requirement for six months conviction-free driving for issuance of a regular license. Accidents and convictions over the period 1975-1982 were analyzed to determine the effect of the program. The following conclusions were reached: The Provisional Licensing Program as implemented in Maryland is administratively and financially feasible; the parent-supervised instruction and driver improvement programs were not fully implemented and their effect cannot be assessed; the nighttime driving restriction failed to reduce accidents during the hours of restriction; and the Provisional Licensing Program produced an estimated 10% reduction in convictions and a possible 5% reduction in (daytime) accidents among drivers operating on provisional licenses. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Maryland KW - Provisional licensing KW - Restrictions KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396292 AU - Driscoll, G D AU - Anderson, O M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A VEHICLE INTERIOR IMPACTOR PY - 1983/12 SP - v.p. AB - A vehicle interior impactor was designed and fabricated to permit evaluation of vehicle interior surfaces with regard to their energy absorbing characteristics. This device can evaluate interior surfaces of production vehicles without their modification and at lower cost and in less time than impact sled testing. The impactor is free standing and accommodates action and reaction loads from firing and impact within its own frame. The impactor can accommodate a variety of body forms weighing up to 40.4 kg (89 lbs) and propel these up to 48.3 km/hr (30 mph). It includes fixtures specifically designed for Part 572 dummy head, thorax-abdomen and lower extremities (abdomen and legs); these fixtures can be modified to accept Hybrid III dummy body parts. The impactor is adjustable to permit almost any vehicle interior surface to be targeted. A series of 135 test runs were made with the impactor to evaluate its performance with all three body forms, each at a variety of velocities. From this data a series of firing curves were made. The firing curves related pressure settings to body form velocities for each body form. Evaluation also included positioning the impactor with the various body forms inside a compact car to assess the range of adjustments and potential target surfaces. The testing demonstrated the impactor's ability to propel all three body forms in a relatively flat trajectory up to 48.3 km/hr (30 mph) without undesirable rotation. Installing the impactor inside the vehicle showed that it could accommodate the range of positions needed to meet the testing requirements of the NHTSA follow-on program, "Study of Occupant Impact with Vehicle Interior Surfaces." KW - Crashworthiness KW - Energy absorption KW - Impactors KW - Interior KW - Performance evaluations KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399040 AU - Maisey, G E AU - Western Australia Police Department TI - EFFECT OF INCREASING THE SPEED LIMIT AND ASSOCIATED PENALTIES FOR HEAVY VEHICLES ON THE EYRE HIGHWAY PY - 1983/12 SP - 18 p. AB - The speed limit for heavy vehicles travelling on the Eyre Highway in Western Australia was raised from 80 to 90 kilometres per hour on February 1, 1983. In an effort to achieve greater compliance with the speed limit, traffic fines and demerit point penalties were substantially increased at the same time for drivers of heavy vehicles apprehended for exceeding the speed limit. Twenty-four hour unobtrusive observations of traffic speeds on the Eyre Highway had been recorded 9 months prior to the change in legislation and were similarly recorded 6 and 8 months after the change. The proportion of semi-trailers (heavy vehicles) exceeding 90 kilometres per hour decreased from 80% to 73% and 67%. The proportion of semi-trailers travelling over 110 kilometres per hour fell from 21% to 7% and 13%. The mean and 85th percentile speeds were less in both after periods. Night-time semi-trailer speeds in the before period were much higher than daytime speeds. The decrease in semi-trailer speeds in the two after periods was mainly during night-time hours. The open speed limit of 110 kilometres per hour for cars and motorcycles remained unchanged and little change was observed in vehicle speeds in the before and after periods. The results of the study suggest that the proportion of semi-trailers travelling at high speeds on the Eyre Highway is less following the changes in legislation. It is suggested that the current speed limit for heavy vehicles on the Eyre Highway remain at 90 kilometres per hour provided that the increased penalties remain for transgression of this limit. KW - Australia KW - Before and after studies KW - Compliance KW - Days KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Night KW - Penalties KW - Speed limits KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396523 AU - Sivak, M AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Three M Company TI - OPTIMAL AND REPLACEMENT LUMINANCES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS: A REVIEW OF APPLIED LEGIBILITY RESEARCH PY - 1983/12 SP - 37 p. AB - This study reviewed applied research on sign legibility to obtain information regarding optimal and replacement luminance values of retroreflective traffic signs. The report presents tabular summaries of 18 experimental studies, followed by a synthesis of findings in terms of luminance recommendations and corresponding retroreflectance values. The reviewed data suggest that the signs having light (white, yellow, or orange) backgrounds with black legends placed in low luminance surrounds, the optimal luminance of the background is 75 cd/Sq m. For fully reflectorized signs the optimal luminance of one component (legend or background) depends on the given luminance of the other component. The data suggest that for these signs the optimal legend-to-background contrast is 12:1. Assuming legibility criteria of 6 m/cm of letter height for younger drivers and 4.8 m/cm for older drivers the data suggest that the replacement luminance is 2.4 cd/sq m. This applies to light legends with dark backgrounds (green, blue, red, or brown) having luminance of up to 0.4 cd/sq m, and to light backgrounds (white, yellow, or orange) with black legends. Using these optimal and replacement luminance values, optimal and replacement retroreflectance values were derived for signs placed in four locations, illuminated by U.S. or European low-beam headlighting systems. The values for generally ideal conditions are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Additionally, Table 3 lists possible correction factors for some less than ideal conditions. KW - Age KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Design KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Equipment replacement KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Luminescence KW - Luminous materials KW - Luminous sign KW - Replacement KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Symbols KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394302 AU - Lowery, F AU - Minnesota Department of Public Safety AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MINNESOTA'S DOUBLE-BARRELLED IMPLIED CONSENT LAW: A 1983 UPDATE OF ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE LEGAL AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE MINNESOTA LAW ENTITLED "CHEMICAL TEST FOR INTOXICATION" (DOT HS 806 170) BY ROBERT H. REEDER PY - 1983/12 SP - 121 p. AB - To ensure that a driver's license is revoked promptly when a test shows an alcohol concentration of 0.10 or more, regardless of court outcome or plea bargaining on the criminal charge, Minnesota adopted an administrative revocation law 1976, adding to the conventional implied consent revocation for refusing to take the test. This law was unique to Minnesota until 1981 when two other jurisdictions passed similar laws. In 1982 three more, and in 1983 thirteen more states established similar prompt revocation on test result systems. The author describes the Minnesota law as amended in 1982 and discusses legal and constitutional issues. Effect on apprehension rates, swiftness of sanction, deterrence and perceived risk are analyzed. The author concludes that a two-track DWI control system employing both prompt administrative driver license sanctions on one track and conventional court action on a related but not directly connected parallel criminal track enhances deterrence through more certain, swift penalty, perceived by drivers as severe. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Courts KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Minnesota KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - Sanctions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25668/DOT-HS-806-549.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212368 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394737 JO - Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery PB - Royal Australasian College of Surgeons AU - Flaherty, M AU - Francis, I C AU - Kappagoda, M B AU - Royal Australasian College of Surgeons TI - BILATERAL EYE INJURIES FROM MOTOR VEHICLE TRAUMA PY - 1983/12 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - p. 567-572 AB - Three patients admitted after motor vehicle accident trauma are presented. Each had bilateral eye injuries with significant but variable visual loss. Common features to each were alcohol intoxication and lack of use of seatbelts, and each was young and male. New microsurgical ophthalmological techniques as well as a multidisciplinary surgical approach to these types of injuries are emphasized. KW - Alcohol use KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Eye KW - Front seat occupants KW - Injuries KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Nonshattering glass KW - Pendulum tests KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216738 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394219 JO - Maryland State Medical Journal PB - Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of MD AU - Roberts, K B AU - Bernstein-Cohen, L AU - Gielen, A C AU - Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of MD TI - THE MARYLAND CHILD SAFETY SEAT LAW PY - 1983/12 VL - 32 IS - 12 SP - p. 919-924 AB - Effective January 1, 1984, Maryland law requires that to transport a youngster under five years of age in an automobile, certain provisions must be made for the child's safety. A child younger than three years will need to be in a federally approved car safety seat; a child three or four years of age will have to be either in a car safety seat or buckled up with a regular car safety belt. This article briefly reviews: (1) the background and purpose of the law, (2) what the law actually says, (3) the role of counseling by health professionals, and (4) resources available to you and to your patients. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Counseling KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391782 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Dalton, K AU - Rood, D H AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - A SURVEY OF NEW YORK STATE LICENSED DRIVERS: ATTITUDES, KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTIONS, BEHAVIORS RELATED TO DRINKING AND DRIVING: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1983/12 SP - 35 p. AB - A survey was conducted in conjunction with the Special Traffic Options Program for Driving While Intoxicated (STOP-DWI) to (1) measure the knowledge, perceptions, attitudes and behaviors related to drinking and driving, and (2) to identify changes that have occurred since STOP-DWI began in November 1981. The results of this survey are presented in this report. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact studies KW - Knowledge KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Perception KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391304 AU - Schwartz, T M AU - Adler, R S AU - Administrative Conference of the United States TI - PRODUCT RECALLS: A REMEDY IN NEED OF REPAIR PY - 1983/12 SP - 86 p. AB - The recall programs of three federal agencies, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) are examined, and a variety of post-sale remedial actions by manufacturers and seller of products are included such as (1) notifying consumers of problems or potential problems; (2) offer to repair products; and (3) offer to refund or replace products. The recall programs are diverse, and the standards for ordering them and the remedies vary. The administrative programs also vary. Some of the differences are statutorily based while others are the result of varied methods of implementation of the programs. A number of statutory changes are recommended that are aimed at improving the agencies abilities to negotiate recalls and to proceed expeditiously when voluntary recalls are not forthcoming. More uniformity and coordination among agencies in implementing their programs and in dealing with the public is also recommended. These recommendations are aimed at making better use of agency resources and improving the public responsiveness to recalls. KW - Administration KW - Consumers KW - Equipment replacement KW - Federal government agencies KW - Improvements KW - Industries KW - Public policy KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recommendations KW - Refunds KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Replacement KW - Retail trade KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391133 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - BE PREPARED--ROAD EMERGENCIES AHEAD PY - 1983/12 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 3-9 AB - This article offers suggestions to help plan for real and unexpected events that most drivers eventually face: boil-over, fire, running out of gas, oil or generator lights coming on, blowout, loosing a wheel, brake failure, steering failure, headlight failure, windshield wiper failure, popped-up hood, and emergencies connected to driving circumstances or conditions. Two inserts are included: "After-Breakdown Safety Tips" and "Your Auto Emergency Safety Kit". KW - Blowouts KW - Brake failure KW - Brakes KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Emergencies KW - Failure KW - Mechanical failure KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety practices KW - Steering failure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391137 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - FIGHTING THE "COLD" WAR--WINTER DRIVING TIPS PY - 1983/12 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 24-26 AB - There are three areas in which you can prepare for winter driving: getting your car in condition (checking engine oil, the cooling system, the electrical system, the fuel system, the tires and preparing a safety kit); becoming aware of potential winter-related driving hazards; and learning the necessary driving skills. KW - Cold weather KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Hazards KW - Motor skills KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Winter KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winterization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210305 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390894 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - KARNOPP, D AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - ACTIVE DAMPING IN ROAD VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS PY - 1983/12 IS - 12 SP - p. 291-316 AB - Low order, linearized dynamic models of road vehicle suspension systems are analyzed to provide insight into the benefits of suspensions incorporating generalized velocity feedback compared with conventional passive suspensions. Damping forces from passive dampers are supplemented by forces generated by an active element requiring a power supply. A simple criterion is developed which indicates whether or not the introduction of active damping forces will result in significant benefit for pneumatic tired vehicles. An extended active suspension concept involving a high-gain load leveler as well as active damping is analyzed. The realization of active or semi-active damping forces through electrical or hydraulic means is briefly discussed. KW - Active damping KW - Active suspension systems KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Resonance frequency KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210160 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391135 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - KNOW YOUR FUELS PY - 1983/12 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 17-19 AB - This article first explains fuel terminology: leaded and unleaded gasoline, octane, regular unleaded, super unleaded and premium unleaded, and then gives an overview of alternative fuels. An insert explains why you should not drive on "empty". KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel level KW - Fuel specifications KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Specifications KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390468 AU - Li, L K AU - Waller, P F AU - Stewart, J R AU - Chi, G AU - Ma, J M AU - Bodkin, D AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY: A PILOT TEST OF A K-6 CURRICULUM PY - 1983/12 SP - 219 p. AB - A Car Passenger Safety Curriculum, which included materials at three grade levels, K-1, 2-3, and 4-6, was developed and pilot tested in an elementary school system. Before and after studies were conducted at 5 treatment schools and 5 control schools for comparison. Observations were made at all 10 schools of actual belt usage of children being driven to school. Workshops were conducted for teachers at the treatment schools and knowledge tests were administered to third and fifth grade students at the treatment and control schools. After administration curriculum, belt usage observations were repeated in all 10 schools. Actual belt usage by children increased significantly at the treatment schools; the net increase at the treatment schools was almost two and a half times that in the comparison schools. Also, the treatment group showed higher rates of usage for drivers as well as a lower incidence of "crowding" (use of nonconventional seat positions). The Car Passenger Safety Curriculum is designed to continue throughout the elementary school years and the cumulative effects could be expected to result in greater learning. This report gives details of the conduct of the study: review of literature and available materials; development of new curriculum; selection of school system; development of evaluation plan; conduct of teacher workshops; administrative and teaching feasibility; assessment of knowledge change; safety belt usage observations; and recommendations. KW - Before and after studies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Curricula KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Recommendations KW - Schools KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391134 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - DRIVING MODELS--PARENTS, PEERS, AND THE MEDIA PY - 1983/12 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-16 AB - Parents, peers, and the media all affect young people's driving habits. Because of the complexity of human behavior, however, it is difficult to generalize about which has the most impact on all teenagers. Some teenagers react to their identity seeking with more rebellion against their parents than against others. Certain teenagers are more susceptible to media and peer influence than others, certain ones run up against good driving models while others are subjected mainly to poor ones. Such variables all have a place in the equation that decides how driving models shape a person's driving habits. KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Driver age KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Media KW - Parents KW - Peers KW - Role models KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391136 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - SAFETY BY DESIGN PY - 1983/12 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 20-21 AB - This article focuses on the most effective highway improvements that have led to a reduction in the number of accidents and more-lives saved: shoulder widening, rigid, semi-rigid and flexible barriers, crash cushions, both inertial and perceptual, and finally, skid resistant surfaces. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash cushions KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety engineering KW - Skid resistance KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391138 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - BUYING A NEW BATTERY PY - 1983/12 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 27-29 AB - This article gives advice on buying batteries: determine the right physical size, check the cold cranking power, the reserve capacity, the warranty and the price. Then it explains how to determine which batteries match up with your driving needs and your wallet, and how to take care of your battery. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Electric batteries KW - Pricing KW - Purchasing KW - Replacing KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389479 AU - Hale, A AU - Shapiro, R G AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Kearney, E F AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF RURAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1983/12 SP - 162 p. AB - Prior to any promulgation by NHTSA of four model traffic regulations for rural pedestrian safety it was the objective of this study to assess, where feasible, the potential effectiveness of these regulations to prevent pedestrian accidents. The model regulations/legislative packages developed under a previous contract (DOT-HS-7-01753) were entitled: Model Regulation for School Bus Pedestrians; Model Regulation for Pedestrians on Highways; Model Freeway Walking Restrictions Regulation; and Model Vehicle Hazard Warning Lights Regulation. After extensive analysis only the Model Regulation for School Bus Pedestrians was deemed feasible for testing and further development. The results of studies conducted on school bus driver experiences and school bus passing violations to assess the potential effectiveness of various aspects of this regulation are described. A revised model school bus regulation, incorporating the results of the tests conducted, along with concepts for public information and education to support statutory enactment and compliance with the model are presented. While the revised Model Regulation for School Bus Pedestrians is the principal product of this study many of its provisions may be implemented without the need for a regulatory format. KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Prevention KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - School buses KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25661/DOT-HS-806-518.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389473 AU - Allen, R W AU - Stein, A C AU - Cook, M L AU - SUMMERS, L G AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUNK DRIVING WARNING SYSTEM (DDWS). VOLUME II: FIELD TEST EVALUATION PY - 1983/12 SP - v.p. AB - The Drunk Driving Warning System (DDWS) is a vehicle-mounted device for testing driver impairment and activating alarms. The driver must pass a steering competency test (the Critical Tracking Task or CTT) in order to drive the car in a normal manner. The emergency flasher system operates when the test is failed; and if the car is driven faster than 10 mph, the horn honks periodically, once per second. The CTT/DDWS concept and hardware were developed under earlier contracts. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of the concept, both in its sensitivity to alcohol impairment and in terms of various practical considerations in assigning the device to DWIs as a judicial sanction in a probationary setting. Volume II of the final report describes the field test conducted to 1) test the performance of the CTT/DDWS in an operational setting, and 2) identify and solve the practical operational issues related to CTT/DDWS implementation through a municipal court system under various state laws and state agency operating procedures. Background is given on the pursuit of legal feasibility, and obtaining the support and/or cooperation of state and local agencies. Subject selection, processing, and assignment procedures are reviewed. Subject CTT/DDWS performance is analyzed and no inconsistencies are evident in comparison with the Volume I controlled laboratory results. Debriefing information and other project experience is summarized to address issues of user and public acceptance of the DDWS concept. Based on analysis of field test results and comparison with previous laboratory findings, the CTT/DDWS is shown to effectively detect driver impairment. Implementation of DDWS through a court system with the assistance of state agencies is shown to be feasible. Future options for the current DDWS equipment and future developments are also discussed. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driving tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Legal factors KW - Sensitivity KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25662/DOT-HS-806-460.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208760 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389070 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Roberts, K M AU - DiMarco, R J AU - Allen, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A HIGHWAY SIMULATOR ANALYSIS OF BACKGROUND COLORS FOR ADVANCE WARNING SIGNS PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 89-96 AB - The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) mandates orange as the background color for most construction and maintenance warning signs and yellow as the background color for all other warning signs (except when orange is specified). However, because the symbols on the STOP AHEAD and YIELD AHEAD signs are predominantly red, questions have been raised as to whether these advance warning signs installed in construction and maintenance zones should have a yellow background which may provide greater contrast than an orange background. This article discusses an experiment that used the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Highway Driving Simulator (HYSIM) to compare the effectiveness of an orange background versus a yellow background on the symbol STOP AHEAD and YIELD AHEAD signs. The measure of sign effectiveness was drivers' recognition distance of the signs posted on the simulated roadway. Early recognition is desirable because drivers have more time to adjust speed or maneuver their vehicle to meet the requirements of a specific road situation. The experiment also provided the first application of the HYSIM and demonstrated its capability. KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Color KW - Contrast KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Orange KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209135 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389163 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TRUE ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/12 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-18 AB - Accounts are given of accidents that actually happened at various times and locations across the country. These accidents include the following: bus/motorcycle accident; driver fatigue and running off the road; alcohol and speeding on a motorcycle; alcohol, a pickup truck and three passengers; alcohol and passengers without safety belts; several other alcohol-related accidents; speeding; alcohol, fatigue, and speed; and motorcycles and speeding. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Buses KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passengers KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209185 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389056 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - A GREAT GIFT PY - 1983/12 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - p. 6-8 AB - Suggestions are given for selecting helmets for motorcycle riders. Helmets should be bought just as if they were hats--by exact size rather than large, medium or small. The difference between open-face and full-coverage helmets is a personal choice, but any rider who has ever taken a fall and landed on his or her face will know what full coverage is worth in terms or the nose, teeth, chin and jaw. Full coverage also protects from wind and sun. The helmet should have a double "D" ring fastener for adjusting fit and keeping the helmet on the head during emergency situations. Other suggestions include tips for trying on helmets, never buy a used helmet, dropping a helmet could be all the impact needed to use up its one life, and replace a helmet every three years. KW - Design KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Purchasing KW - Size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209121 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389069 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Richter, R A AU - Fegan, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAKING CROSSING STRUCTURES ACCESSIBLE FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 84-88 AB - There is a need to make pedestrian crossing structures as accessible as possible to all potential users. Of principal interest are the approaches to the structures. Some handicapped pedestrians, such as those in wheelchairs, need a ramped surface to most overpass structures. Other handicapped pedestrians, such as those on crutches, are better able to climb on stairs. Persons with restricted vision can be aided by guidance strips and tactile warning surfaces. Problems to be dealt with by highway officials include balancing cost with anticipated use, the conflicting demands of different handicapped users, and the trade offs between accessibility and user convenience. This article addresses these problems with discussion on determining user needs, on identifying needs of two major groups of elderly and handicapped pedestrians--those in wheelchairs and those who are blind, and on the research which has been or is being conducted on accessibility features. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Blind persons KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Footbridges KW - Overpasses KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Research KW - Underpasses KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209134 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389068 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rosenbaum, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF RESEARCH RELATED TO THE SAFETY OF STOP VERSUS YIELD SIGN TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 77-83 AB - Since the 1920's, the STOP sign has been used for traffic control at many intersections where signals were not justified but traffic volumes and sight distances indicated the need for some kind of priority control. In 1951 the YIELD sign was introduced in Tulsa, Oklahoma, but still the STOP sign is used more frequently than the YIELD sign. Already well known is that replacing STOP signs with YIELD signs, where appropriate, can substantially reduce energy consumption, traffic delay, and air pollution. However, the consensus of the available, but limited, safety research does not clearly indicate the change in accident experience when replacing a STOP sign with a YIELD sign. The National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices has proposed a comprehensive nationwide study of the safety effects of replacing STOP signs with YIELD signs. If no significant change and/or increase in accidents exists, replacing appropriate STOP signs with YIELD signs could be justified from a safety point of view, encouraging traffic engineers and administrators to promote wider use of the more cost-effective YIELD sign. To provide background information in support of a nationwide study, this article reviews the accident experience since the YIELD sign was introduced. KW - Air pollution KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intersections KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Yield signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209133 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389055 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - HELMET TESTING PY - 1983/12 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - 4 p. AB - A visit was made to Professor Harry Hurt to gather information on the construction and testing of motorcycle helmets. Professor Hurt is the head of a nationally recognized head protection laboratory at the University of Southern California. Helmets are tested for effectiveness in guarding against penetration and protecting the head in crashes, and chin straps are tested for their ability to hold the helmet on the wearer. An interesting fact Professor Hurt and his staff have discovered from Los Angeles County coroner's reports is that only one out of eight motorcycle accident fatalities was wearing a helmet. Professor Hurt describes a "premium helmet" as one with a hard shell which distributes the impact force and prevents penetration and with an energy-absorbing liner of styrofoam that crushes and absorbs the impact. He warns against helmets without DOT-approved stickers and with only foam rubber or polypropylene linings. KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Liners KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Styrofoam UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389057 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - FIRE AWAY PY - 1983/12 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - p. 8-11 AB - A fire extinguisher is a cheap insurance policy for your car. The Insurance Information Institute says there were 575 civilian fire deaths in highway vehicles in 1982, and 3,250 fire injuries. This article tells a few things one should know about fire extinguishers before purchasing one. Having an extinguisher for Class A, B, and C fires is recommended, as well as making sure the extinguisher is listed by either the Underwriter's Laboratory (UL) or the Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation (FM). Size should be at least 2.75 to 5 pound capacity, but larger models may be preferred. The fire fighting agent will be ammonium phosphate or Halon 1211. Halon 1211 is a methane-family gas that leaves no residue after use, but is more expensive. The extinguisher should be kept in the passenger compartment for ready access and should be properly maintained, including checks on the pressure gauge, weighing every six months, and recharging every six years, unless it is the non-rechargeable type which lasts about six years and must be replaced. KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Fire extinguishers KW - Fires KW - Injuries KW - Maintenance KW - Purchasing KW - Recharge KW - Size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389160 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kragh, B C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STOPPED VEHICLES ON FREEWAY SHOULDERS PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 97-101 AB - From 1977 to 1979, the California Department of Transportation investigated the safety problem of vehicles stopped on freeway shoulders and found that, on the average, fatal accidents involving at least one vehicle stopped on the shoulder accounted for almost 5 percent of all freeway fatal accidents for the State. More than one-half of these accidents occur at night or under limited lighting conditions, when traffic volumes are low and vehicle headlights are on. California Department of Transportation specifically cited sleepiness and intoxication as major causes of these accidents and suggested that drivers fail to realize that the cars they are approaching (and believe they are following) actually are not moving. The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation made similar observations in reviewing State accident records and hypothesized that fatigued drivers, especially drivers of long-haul trucks, pull their vehicle onto the shoulder to rest. These vehicles then become targets for other vehicles, with the striking vehicle showing no sign of evasive action. Because of the concerns expressed by California and Texas regarding the safety problem of vehicles stopped on roadway shoulders, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) budgeted research to determine the magnitude of the problem, assess the exposure (opportunity for an accident) of stopped vehicles, identify causal factors, and consider possible countermeasures to decrease the incidence and/or severity of shoulder accidents. Before initiating a full-scale study, preliminary in-house activities were conducted to determine if it was feasible to collect exposure data of vehicles stopped along freeways. This exposure, of course, depends on the number and the length of stay of the parked/stopped vehicles and the traffic volume on the adjacent roadway. This article describes the in-house activities that were conducted, which included a literature review, developing a study plan, and limited data collection and analysis. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Freeways KW - Night KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209182 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389162 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - WHAT IS EYE PROTECTION PY - 1983/12 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - p. 12-13 AB - Face shields and goggles protect eyes as well as reduce eye fatigue brought on by squinting. Advice is given as to how to use such equipment for maximum protection. Face shields and goggles should be securely fastened to the helmets of motorcycle drivers. Either of these should comply to the ANSI or VESC standards. The lenses should be clear, not tinted. The two materials used to make lenses, lexan and butryate are briefly discussed. KW - Eye KW - Eye protection KW - Face shields KW - Goggles KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209184 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387768 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - St Thomas, L AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - THE SCHOOL BUS GROWS UP PY - 1983/12 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 25-26 AB - This article relates the history of the school bus during the last 75 years: from a wood-and-metal truck with hard rubber tires to a sleek 66-passenger air-conditioned vehicle. Topics reviewed include busing as a means of achieving school integration and the introduction of Federal Safety standards. KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - History KW - School buses KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387824 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Williams, A F AU - Karpf, R S AU - ZADOR, P L AU - American Public Health Association TI - VARIATIONS IN MINIMUM LICENSING AGE AND FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1983/12 VL - 73 IS - 12 SP - 3 p. AB - The effect of differences in the legal minimum licensing age on fatal motor vehicle crashes was studied in New Jersey (age 17), Massachusetts (age 16 1/2), and Connecticut (age 16). New Jersey's 17-year-old licensing law was associated with greatly reduced fatal crash involvement. It is estimated that 65 to 85 percent reduction in 16 year-old-driver fatal crash involvement can be expected if the licensing age is increased from 16 to 17 without increasing fatal crash rates at older ages. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204740 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387826 JO - Best's Review PB - A.M. Best Company AU - Findlay, G S AU - Best (AM) Company TI - ILLEGAL DRIVERS BEWARE! PY - 1983/12 VL - 84 IS - 8 SP - p. 104-105 AB - This article presents a monthly commentary on the Canadian insurance industry. Several topics are mentioned, including the problem of Canadian drivers who use illegally obtained proof-of-insurance cards, the need for tougher drunk driving laws, using peer pressure to curb drunk driving, the merger of Ivanhoe Insurance Group Ltd., Toronto with Haddon S. Fraser Associates Ltd. of New York, and the purchase of Pafco Insurance Company Ltd., Toronto, by Symons Financial Holdings Ltd. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Insurance industry KW - Laws KW - Peer groups KW - Peer pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204742 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387823 JO - Modern Tire Dealer PB - Bill Communications (Akron) Incorporated AU - Orme, T AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - IN FIRST INTERVIEW AS NHTSA HEAD: STEED OUTLINES PLANS TO MOVE SAFETY ISSUES FORWARD PY - 1983/12 VL - 64 IS - 14 SP - 2 p. AB - This article gives first impressions made by Diane K. Steed during her confirmation hearing as head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). She answered tough questioning with finesse, stating that "We must approach highway safety problems with a three-part solution involving the vehicle and the roadway as well as the driver." Other topics which she addressed include safety belts, drunk driving, community-based programs, vehicular safety, tire registration, and recalls. She also mentioned the agency's decision to suspend treadwear grading, which has resulted in NHTSA being sued by the Center for Auto Safety. She pointed to scattered test results and on-going research to determine a reliable grading or testing system. KW - Administration KW - Decision making KW - Highway safety KW - Planning KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204739 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387785 JO - READER'S DIGEST PB - READER'S DIGEST ASSOCIATION LTD AU - Olney, R R AU - Reader's Digest Association, Incorporated TI - YOU CAN DOUBLE THE LIFE OF YOUR CAR PY - 1983/12 SP - 4 p. AB - This article gives advice to car owners interested in extending the life of their cars. Suggestions offered include easy maintenance procedures, good driving habits, minor repairs to avoid major expense, and following owner's manual inspection guidelines. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Life span KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204714 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387760 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Cerullo, B AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - KEEPING YOUR CAR HEATER HOT PY - 1983/12 VL - 223 IS - 6 SP - p. 122-124 AB - This article describes some common heater-defroster problems and gives tips on how to troubleshoot and repair them. The article also includes a drawing of the heater-defroster system, and airflow-system schematics. KW - Automobiles KW - Defrosting KW - Deicing KW - Heaters KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204699 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387423 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Fales, E AU - Hearst Magazines TI - THROUGH THE ICE! PY - 1983/12 VL - 160 IS - 6 SP - 5 p. AB - This article discusses what happens when a car or snowmobile breaks through ice and offers some tips on how to stay alive. Several actual cases of breaking through the ice are reported. Some involved rescues and some fatalities. One case involved the deep freeze effect in which a man apparently dead after 40 minutes under freezing water was revived. A test is reported in which two divers drove a Chevy through a hole in the ice. Rather than being the simple test envisaged, it became a nightmare in which the divers nearly lost their lives. It did enable, however, the filming of one of the most remarkable rescue films ever made. A list of 20 things to remember when driving on ice is included with this article. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driving KW - Driving on ice KW - Emergency procedures KW - Ice KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Snowmobiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204482 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387743 JO - ASTM Standardization News PB - ASTM International AU - Riegner, D A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - COMPOSITES IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1983/12 VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - p. 24-27 AB - A new class of fiber reinforced plastic composite materials has been developed to meet the needs of the automotive industry. These automotive composites are made of filled or unfilled thermosetting polymers reinforced with milled, chopped, continuous, or combinations of chopped and continuous fibers. The primary reinforcing fiber for automotive composites is E-glass, but in the future, higher performance reinforcements such as S-glass, aramid, and graphite fibers may be used. These automotive composites will provide corrsion resistance, dent resistance, parts consolidation, weight reduction, design freedom, and engineering versatility. The applications of these composite materials are grouped in four categories: appearance, semistructural, structural and high temperature. Examples of their use by Chevrolet, Pontiac, and Oldsmobile are described. These composites have mass production process capabilities and the understanding of their process variables is crucial to cost-effective production of high quality parts. Development issues that must be addressed to expand the use of composites in the automotive industry are noted. The ASTM Subcommittee on Automotive/Industrial Composites has developed a proposed "Recommended Guide for Testing of Automotive/Industrial Composite Materials" and is currently addressing the standardization of test methode for determining accurate structural property data. KW - Automobile industry KW - Composite materials KW - Fiberglass KW - Fibers KW - Graphite KW - Materials tests KW - Plastics KW - Polymers KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204686 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387825 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - BLEEDING BRAKES. THOSE TINY BUBBLES CAN RUIN YOUR BRAKE JOB PY - 1983/12 VL - 160 IS - 6 SP - 4 p. AB - This article provides information for auto mechanics on brake bleeding. It suggests bench bleeding for the GM master cylinder which is mounted at a 17 deg angle, making it harder to purge air bubbles in its normal mounted position. Manual brake bleeding, or pedal pumping, is a risky and slow method, which in the modern shop has been replaced by pressure bleeding. Other problems besides air bubbles in the hydraulic system are the presence of moisture in the brake fluid and a bleeder screw that is seized and won't turn. Helpful suggestions are offered which will give customers the kind of firm brake pedal that will keep them satisfied and confident in a mechanic's ability as a brake mechanic. An insert with this article describes a new type of brake-system bleeder which uses a partial vacuum to draw air and fluid from the system. KW - Bleeding KW - Brakes KW - Engine cylinders KW - Master cylinders KW - Mechanics KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204741 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387753 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Sears, B AU - Hearst Magazines TI - GETTING THE MOST FROM YOUR BATTERY PY - 1983/12 VL - 160 IS - 6 SP - p. 37-40 AB - This article explains how to choose the right battery for your car, how the battery works and how to take care of it--checking battery mounts, removing cables, watching for corrosion, charging system check, checking battery charge, checking battery condition, and cleaning and reinstalling. KW - Automobiles KW - Building KW - Charging KW - Cleaning KW - Cleaning procedures KW - Corrosion KW - Electric batteries KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204694 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387818 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - AUTO NEWS PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 10 SP - 8 p. AB - This article ia a collection of news items from the auto world. Many of the items come from the auto manufacturers, such as the Ford Motor Company's plans to import two new rear-drive models and Chevrolet's plans to offer America's lowest-priced car, a mini-compact imported from Japan's Suzuki Motor Company. Various other items are mentioned, including the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's change in its regulation on automobile power windows to make them more convenient to use and the fact that when a national survey asked Americans what they would find toughest to give up during hard times, 94 percent put the family car on the top of the list. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Planning KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204734 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392770 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - US Center for Disease Control TI - BEHAVIORAL RISK-FACTOR PREVALENCE SURVEYS--UNITED STATES, THIRD QUARTER 1982 PY - 1983/11/25 VL - 32 IS - 46 SP - p. 603-610 AB - This article contains data extracted from prevalence surveys of major behavioral risk factors among the adult population of seven states. From the data presented here and previously, the following distinctions appear: (1) uncontrolled hypertension is more prevalent in the Southeastern states surveyed; (2) alcohol misuse in all its forms reported in the data is at consistently lower levels in the Southeastern states, with the exception of Florida; and (3) obesity is more prevalent in the Eastern states than in the Western states surveyed, even after age adjustment. Other risk factors, such as smoking, seatbelt use, and sedentary lifestyle do not have such clear geographic distinctions. KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavioral tests KW - Blood pressure KW - Data collection KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Obesity KW - Psychological tests KW - Risk analysis KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497513 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NHTSA MODIFIED VOLKSWAGEN RABBITS MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1976 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/11 SP - 175 p. AB - This test report doucments one of a series of 12 crash tests to evluate the NHTSA's Modified Volkswagen Rabbits. Testing was conducted on a 1976 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback with structural modification designated as Optimized at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 19 deg, at 34.4 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was October 19, 1983 and the ambient temperature was 56 deg F. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Moving barrier KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495877 AU - Adams, G J AU - Carlson, L E AU - Hoffman, A G AU - Shideh, S AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS 111, 112, 118, 124 PY - 1983/11 SP - 167 p. AB - For FMVSS 111, 1123, 118 and 124 a representative sample of vehicles was purchased for a year prior to implementation of the standard, the year of implementation and a year representing a contemporary vehicle of the same make. The consumer cost and weight change due to the implementation of the standard was estimated and weighted by sales volumes to develop industry average costs. Costs increased generally after the implementation of the standard. Costs have declined from this increased level for contemporary models. Weight has generally been reduced for contemporary models after an initial increase. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495878 AU - Adams, G J AU - Carlson, L E AU - Hoffman, A G AU - Shideh, S AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS 111, 112, 118, 124. APPENDIX - PHOTOGRAPHS PY - 1983/11 SP - 99 p. AB - For FMVSS 111, 1123, 118 and 124 a representative sample of vehicles was purchased for a year prior to implementation of the standard, the year of implementation and a year representing a contemporary vehicle of the same make. The consumer cost and weight change due to the implementation of the standard was estimated and weighted by sales volumes to develop industry average costs. Costs increased generally after the implementation of the standard. Costs have declined from this increased level for contemporary models. Weight has generally been reduced for contemporary models after an initial increase. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390465 AU - Council, F M AU - Stewart, J R AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Hunter, W W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - EXPOSURE MEASURES FOR EVALUATING HIGHWAY SAFETY ISSUES: VOLUME 1--FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/11 SP - 122 p. AB - This research covers five main areas for which appropriate exposure measures have been developed, and the following chapters deal with each of these in turn. Chapter 2 covers intersections and includes discussion of the associated concerns of free flow, stop sign, or signal controlled intersections as well as single lane versus multi-lane configurations. Chapter 3 deals with interchanges and the exposure measures related to the various interchange segments (e.g., through lanes, on-ramp merge, off-ramp diverge, weaving areas, etc.). Chapter 4 concerns homogeneous roadway sections--both single and multi-lane--that often are examined for problem identification purposes (i.e., questions about which sections of roadway should be improved). Fixed objects are covered in Chapter 5 from two points of view: (1) exposure measures for determining a fixed object accident rate, and (2) exposure measures which enable one to compare the degree of hazard for various types of fixed objects. Finally, Chapter 6 presents exposure measures necessary for use in accident research questions involving specific types of vehicles such as heavy trucks, small cars, motorcycles, etc. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Evaluation KW - Exposure KW - Exposure measures KW - Fixed object KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Signalized intersections KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicles UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Exposure83-1.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452227 AU - BOOTH, M AU - NATIONAL ROADS AND MOTORISTS' ASSOCIATION TI - THE USE OF RESTRAINTS BY CHILDREN IN AUTOMOBILES 1983 PY - 1983/11 SP - 30 p. AB - The overall proportion of children adequately protected by approved child restraints or adult seat belts in motor vehicles is gradually increasing. However, this survey has indicated a reduction (almost 4 percentage points) since 1981, in the percentage of children in the 6 months to 4 year old age group with adequate protection. A disturbing feature of this survey and previous surveys is the extremely low restraint wearing rates for children in the 4 to 7 year old age group (46% adequately protected). This traditionally poor wearing rate for the older child and the reduction experienced in adequate protection for the younger child should be emphasized in child safety publicity. The results of this survey also highlight the need for publicity to focus on the dangers of children travelling illegally in motor vehicles with emphasis on the danger of sitting on adults' laps and travelling unrestrained in front seating compartments, especially when standing. The need to use seat belts when approved child restraints are not available should also be emphasised. Almost two-thirds of available adult seat belts were not used by children, who remained unrestrained. Any educational type campaign could be directed towards areas, such as Blacktown where the proportion of children adequately protected remains low--just over 50%. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450347 AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN UNITED STATES TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: WHERE IT IS CHANGING PY - 1983/11 SP - 35 p. AB - The proportion of traffic accidents involving alcohol in the United States (U.S.) is estimated using two national accident data files. Alcohol is estimated to be involved in between 53 percent and 58 percent of the fatal accidents resulting in approximately 22,500 traffic deaths in 1983. In non-fatal traffic accidents, alcohol is involved in at least 17 percent of injury-producing accidents and 8 percent of property damage only accidents. This results in an additional 670,000 injured persons and 1,200,000 property damage only accidents per year that are related to alcohol involvement. When alcohol-involved fatal accident rates are calculated per unit of travel, drivers ages 16-24 clearly have the highest rates. Alcohol involvement in fatal accidents is traced from 1980 through 1982 for any changes. Assessments made concerning the decrease in fatalities between 1980 and 1982 include contributions by a) economic factors affecting travel, b) a decrease in alcohol involvement, c) an overall reduction in the teenage population, and d) a national increased "health and safety awareness." More specifically, the alcohol involvement reduction between 1980 and 1982 was greatest in daytime, weekday, multi-vehicle, passenger car crashes involving either drivers over 25 years old or teenagers. Alcohol countermeasure programs appear to be affecting the lunchtime/happy hour/weekday drinking of older automobile drivers (speculation). The citizen activist groups (MADD and SADD) may be affecting teenagers most. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Awareness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Data KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic factors KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450336 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NHTSA MODIFIED VOLKSWAGEN RABBITS MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 34.4 MPH PY - 1983/11 SP - 174 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests to evaluate the NHTSA's Modified Volkswagen Rabbits. Testing was conducted on a baseline 1981 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 19 deg, at 34.4 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was October 6, 1983 and the ambient temperature was 60 deg F. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Small car KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396295 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM TESTS PERFORMED ON SIMULATED AIRCRAFT PASSENGER SEATS, VOLUME I-TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/11 SP - 70 p. AB - The objective of the program was to test to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) TSO-C100 regulation all currently available child restraint systems on the present U.S.A. market which meet the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 213 requirements. Task I involved the calibration of 2 three-year-old child test dummies which were used in the dynamic tests of the seats. Tasks II and III were concerned with sled tests of the child restraints at 20 mph and data analysis. The work of Tasks IV and V consisted of testing the seats on an inversion test stand to investigate dummy/seat containment characteristics and Tasks VI and VII were concerned with the inertial loading tests of the seats and data analysis. Seats designed with top tether straps were sled tested at 30 mph without the tethers attached in Tasks VIII and IX. The test results indicated that all of the child restraints passed the FAA TSO-C100 regulations. Two seats, the Questor 301 and the Questor 441, did not pass the restraint inertial loading tests at the increased load levels of three times the required TSO-C100 loads. KW - Aircraft KW - Child restraint systems KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Seats KW - Sled tests KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396296 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM TESTS PERFORMED ON SIMULATED AIRCRAFT PASSENGER SEATS, VOLUME II-TEST DATA PY - 1983/11 SP - v.p. AB - The objective of the program was to test to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) TSO-C100 regulation all currently available child restraint systems on the present U.S.A. market which meet the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 213 requirements. The test results from all of the child restraint systems tested under the FAA TSO-C100 regulation are presented in this volume. For each restraint test, two data summary sheets are presented along with a sled acceleration-time history, lap belt load time histories, and photographs of the sled test, seat inversion test and seat inertial loading tests. KW - Aircraft KW - Child restraint systems KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Seats KW - Sled tests KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215966 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395325 JO - Royal Society of Medicine. Journal PB - Royal Society of Medicine AU - Keightley, S J AU - Royal Society of Medicine TI - SERIOUS EYE INJURY FROM WINDSCREEN CONTACT PY - 1983/11 VL - 76 IS - 11 SP - p. 911-916 AB - A retrospective survey was carried out of serious eye injury caused by windscreen contact in road traffic accidents over a 6-year period. All 15 patients had contacted toughened windscreens, and all but one did not wear seat belts. The cost in terms of pounds sterling paid out by the National Health Service, and also the cost in terms of visual handicap were assessed. It was found that of the 15 patients admitted during this time, the treatment of the large majority cost at least twice as much as that for patients undergoing routine cataract surgery. This was primarily due to the longer hospitalization necessary. Only 2 patients retained a visual acuity of 6/6. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Eye KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217020 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394711 JO - American Journal of Occupational Therapy PB - American Occupational Therapy Association AU - Jones, R AU - Giddens, H AU - Croft, D AU - American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc TI - ASSESSMENT AND TRAINING OF BRAIN-DAMAGED DRIVERS (DRIVING, REACTION TIMING, TRACKING TASK) PY - 1983/11 VL - 37 IS - 11 SP - p. 754-760 AB - This paper describes a driving assessment and training program that is primarily for patients discharged from the hospital and who may be experiencing residual impairment from some form of brain damage. Assessment is carried out by an occupational therapist and consists of several off-road tests (vision, reaction timing, computerized preview tracking test, general medical/psychological appraisal), and an on-road test. More than 300 patients have been seen since the program's inception in 1977, and trends indicated by their assessment results are: twice as many male as female referrals; a low fail rate among nonbrain-involved patients; diagnosis as a poor predictor of outcome; no significant difference between fail rates of right and left stroke patients; significant difference in average tracking task performance between the Pass, Borderline, and Fail assessment groups. Off-road testing complements, rather than replaces, on-road testing. Thirty-eight of the 300 patients were given special training, and 15 of these were unable to reach an acceptable level. This reflects a difficulty in predicting the outcome of unlicensed patients with severe disabilities. KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Disabled drivers KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver training KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Reaction time KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394714 AU - Norwegian Institute of Transport Economics TI - NATIONWIDE SURVEY GIVES A CLEARER PICTURE OF DRINKING AND DRIVING PATTERNS IN NORWAY T2 - LANDSOMFATTENDE UNDERSOKELSE GIR ET KLARERE BILDE AV PROMILLEKJORINGEN I NORGE PY - 1983/11 SP - 4 p. AB - A nationwide survey was carried out in Norway from September 1981 to September 1982 to discover the extent of driving under the influence of alcohol and how this varies geographically and with different times. More than 70000 drivers were checked and it was found out that an average of 0.17 percent of all driving takes place with a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) of over 0.5%, that in urban areas the proportion of driving with a BAC of more than 0.5% varies from one part of the country to another, the variation in rural areas is small, there is more drinking and driving in summer, on the weekend in urban areas, in the day time, that it is mostly men that drink and drive, that drinking and driving increase with age and finally that driving under the influence of alcohol is extremely dangerous. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Days KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gender KW - Norway KW - Rural areas KW - Summer KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Weekdays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212652 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395351 JO - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN PB - American Medical Association AU - Hletko, P J AU - Hletko, J D AU - Shelness, A M AU - Robin, S S AU - American Medical Association TI - DEMOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS OF INFANT CAR SEAT USE PY - 1983/11 VL - 137 IS - 11 SP - 3 p. AB - Demographic family data obtained from mothers exposed to an inpatient postpartum child restraint device (CRD) education program were correlated with the results of direct observations of how the infant was restrained at a two-week posthospital physical examination visit. Those correctly restraining their infants in an approved CRD were found to be from a higher socioeconomic group than those who did not use CRDs or used them incorrectly. Additionally, the group correctly using the CRD demonstrated a heightened interest in other aspects of preventive medicine and stated that they had a family dentist. This demographic profile enables prediction of which family is most likely to respond to traditional education programs and may be a first step in designing new or alternate approaches for reaching parents not influenced by currently employed instructional methods. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Demographics KW - Education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394216 AU - Richardson, B C AU - Borener, S S AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - AIRBAG RESTRAINT REGULATION: POTENTIAL DOMESTIC MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS PY - 1983/11 SP - 78 p. AB - The study estimates the macroeconomic impacts of a regulatory alternative that would require airbag restraints in all new vehicles. Publicly available data were used to derive ranges of assumptions for airbag prices and vehicle demand price elasticities. Base-level vehicle sales and price data were obtained from published sources. The major conclusion of the study is that such a regulatory option would have a significant impact on new vehicle sales and on several macroeconomic factors. A range of impacts was calculated. The study indicates a need for additional macroeconomic analyses of the passive restraint regulatory options under consideration. The limitations of the study are indicated, and the results should be interpreted within those constraints. KW - Air bags KW - Economic impacts KW - Macroeconomics KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Prices KW - Regulations KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393082 AU - Tapia, G A AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXTENDED TIRE TESTING PY - 1983/11 SP - 369 p. AB - A test program was performed at the Calspan Tire Research Facility (TIRF) to derive the tire force and moment characteristics of a representative sample of current passenger car tire designs. Several tire selection categories were defined to include high and low performance, standard original and after-market equipment, spacesavers, runflat, all weather, size and low rolling resistance tires. The initial test phase included a free-rolling cornering/camber test and a separate braking traction test on each of fifty tire types. Testing was performed on the flat, dry road surface. Twenty-five tires were further selected from the original fifty tire sample for additional testing to include inflation pressure variations, wet roadway, rolling resistance and combined cornering and braking traction tests on new and shaved tires. The report describes the test program details, includes summaries of test results and provides some brief observations of current tire performance characteristics. KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Inflation KW - Performance KW - Rolling resistance KW - Steering KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391807 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Preusser, D F AU - Hale, A AU - Leaf, W A AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TEST OF PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MESSAGES--VOLUME I: METHODS AND MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/11 SP - 56 p. AB - A detailed re-analysis of available pedestrian accident data was utilized to define three sets of pedestrian safety public information and education (PI&E) messages. These messages were then produced and field tested. The objectives and theoretical background for the study are addressed in this Volume. The messages directed at child pedestrian accidents and using an animated character named "Willy Whistle" are covered in Volume II. Two sets of adult-oriented messages are the focus of Volume III. The child messages were successful in reducing pedestrian accidents in three test cities. The adult messages also yielded some positive results. It was concluded that these messages are viable pedestrian accident countermeasures. The success of these messages leads to the additional conclusion that PI&E, in general, can be an effective countermeasure modality for modifying simple behaviors if adequate exposure is obtained. KW - Adults KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25676/DOT-HS-806-521.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391809 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Preusser, D F AU - Hale, A AU - Leaf, W A AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TEST OF PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MESSAGES--VOLUME III. ADULT MESSAGES PY - 1983/11 SP - 148 p. AB - A detailed re-analysis of available pedestrian accident data was utilized to define three sets of pedestrian safety public information and education (PI&E) Messages. These messages were then produced and field tested. The objectives and theoretical background for the study are addressed in Volume I. The messages directed at child pedestrian accidents and using an animated character named "Willy Whistle" are covered in Volume II. Two sets of adult-oriented messages are the focus of this Volume. The child messages were successful in reducing pedestrian accidents in three test cities. The adult messages also yielded some positive results. It was concluded that these messages are viable pedestrian accident countermeasures. The success of these messages leads to the additional conclusion that PI&E, in general, can be an effective countermeasure modality for modifying simple behaviors if adequate exposure is obtained. KW - Adults KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25664/DOT-HS-806-523.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391808 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Preusser, D F AU - Hale, A AU - Leaf, W A AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TEST OF PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MESSAGES--VOLUME II. CHILD MESSAGES PY - 1983/11 SP - 147 p. AB - A detailed re-analysis of available pedestrian accident data was utilized to define three sets of pedestrian safety public information and education (PI&E) messages. These messages were then produced and field tested. The objectives and theoretical background for the study are addressed in Volume I. The messages directed at child pedestrian accidents and using an animated character named "Willy Whistle" are covered in this Volume. Two sets of adult-oriented messages are the focus of Volume III. The child messages were successful in reducing pedestrian accidents in three test cities. The adult messages also yielded some positive results. It was concluded that these messages are viable pedestrian accident countermeasures. The success of these messages leads to the additional conclusion that PI&E, in general, can be an effective countermeasure modality for modifying simple behaviors if adequate exposure is obtained. KW - Adults KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25720/DOT-HS-806-522.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207070 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391839 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Denis, R AU - Allard, M AU - ATLAS, H AU - Farkouh, E AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - CHANGING TRENDS WITH ABDOMINAL INJURY IN SEATBELT WEARERS PY - 1983/11 VL - 23 IS - 11 SP - 2 p. AB - Seatbelts were incorporated as standard equipment for automobiles constructed in North America in 1964. The first seatbelt law was made mandatory in Canada as of 1 January 1971. Between January 1976 and January 1980 38 patients involved in automobile accidents while wearing passive restraints were treated at l'Hopital du Sacre-Coeur: 32 of these 38 patients had signs and symptoms of abdominal injury. These patients wearing passive restraints had an unusually high incidence of gastrointestinal injury in comparison to previously reported patients not wearing restraints. Twenty-seven of the 32 patients had injury to the bowel or the bowel mesentery. This different spectrum of injuries is most likely related to the altered physics of rapid deceleration caused by restraint with the lap belt and shoulder harness. KW - Abdomen KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210699 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392236 JO - Canadian Journal of Public Health PB - Canadian Public Health Association AU - Chipman, M L AU - Canadian Public Health Association TI - MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT FATALITY STATISTICS: AN INVESTIGATION OF RELIABILITY PY - 1983/11 VL - 74 SP - p. 381-385 AB - To test the accuracy of reports on fatal motor vehicle crashes, the figures from provincial vital statistics and from police reports to Statistics Canada were compared for the years 1970-80 inclusive for Canada and each province. The differences between vital statistics and police figures were as large as 7% (434 deaths); counts from police were usually higher than those derived from death certificates. The differences were consistent and statistically significant for three provinces. In Quebec, large discrepancies occurred in both directions. Possible reasons for these discrepancies, including the timing of reports, conflicting causes of death, and the effect of deaths occurring outside the province of residence have been investigated. The available evidence suggests that these reasons are insufficient to explain the size and consistency of the differences. KW - Accident record systems KW - Canada KW - Crash records KW - Crash reports KW - Differences KW - Fatalities KW - Police KW - Population KW - Reliability KW - Statistics KW - Vital statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391831 JO - Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine PB - Aerospace Medical Association AU - WEISS, M S AU - Berger, M D AU - Aerospace Medical Association TI - NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF -X IMPACT ACCELERATION PY - 1983/11 VL - 54 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - In 19 experiments, eight unanesthetized Rhesus monkeys, with torsos restrained in a seated position, and with head and neck free to move, were subjected to peak sled accelerations in the -X direction ranging from 42 m/sq s to 963 m/sq s. Recordings of cortical somatosensory evoked potentials were made using recording electrodes chronically implanted over the somatosensory cortex. Electrical pulse stimuli were delivered at a rate of 5 Hz through spinal electrodes located at L1-L2. Evoked potentials were recorded prior to impact, through the impact event, and subsequent to impact, then subjected to quantitative analysis procedures which included normalized cross-correlation and exponential regression. The results of this analysis suggest a neurophysiological effect which holds promise as an indicator of a pre-injurious central nervous system condition. This effect is a transient increase of 5% in the latency of the primary surface positive peak of the cortical evoked potential. There appears to be a threshold for these increases in latency at peak sled accelerations in the region of 600 m/sq s. This is consistent with previous findings and provides the basis for applying these techniques to human volunteer experiments. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Animals KW - Crash injury research KW - Experiments KW - Impact tests KW - Neurology KW - Physiological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390455 AU - United States Congress TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1983 PY - 1983/11 SP - 4 p. AB - This Bill provides for the establishment of a National Traffic Safety Administration in the U.S. Department of Transportation. Appropriate amendments to the United States Code are given, including substituting "National Traffic" for "National Highway Traffic" whenever it appears. The Bill was read before the Senate and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, November 18, 1983. KW - National traffic safety administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390453 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - ISSUE BACKGROUND: MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT AND MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE FRAUD REPORTING-IMMUNITY ACT PY - 1983/11 SP - 14 p. AB - The Joint Industry Task Force on Auto Theft and Fraud developed eleven bills to address motor vehicle theft and fraud. This publication provides an issue background for each of the eleven bills. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Fraud KW - Laws KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390466 AU - Council, F M AU - Stewart, J R AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Hunter, W W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - EXPOSURE MEASURES FOR EVALUATING HIGHWAY SAFETY ISSUES: VOLUME 2--USER MANUAL PY - 1983/11 SP - 100 p. AB - This manual, which provides measures of exposure for the many different research problems faced by the researcher, focuses on the following areas of exposure measures: intersection accidents; interchange accidents; accidents on non-intersection roadway segments; fixed object collisions; and accidents involving specific vehicle types. Primary emphasis is placed on the first three "location-oriented" areas. Exposure related to basic types of research are considered: basic research and evaluation involving a relatively small number of locations; and problem identification (ranking) or vehicle-oriented studies involving many locations or a statewide jurisdiction. The manual briefly explains the basic measures and the way they were developed as well as the assumptions necessary for their development. Sketches of the components of the location being analyzed and the definitions used in the formulas are presented as well as approximate formulas for each type of relevant exposure. Where possible simplifications are developed and presented. KW - Crash exposure KW - Evaluation KW - Exposure KW - Exposure measures KW - Fixed object KW - Highway safety KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Exposure83-2.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206121 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389408 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Cole, D E AU - Harbeck, L T AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - U-M FORECASTS FOR THE U.S. AUTO INDUSTRY THROUGH 1992. SELECTED RESULTS FROM A 1983 DELPHI SURVEY PY - 1983/11 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 28 p. AB - In 1983 OSAT (Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation) again used the Delphi method with more than 100 auto industry executives to prepare forecasts of industry developments by 1987, 1990, and 1992. Previewed here are results for 13 of the 152 questions, including consensus estimates of future fuel prices, fuel economy, engine configuration, material content, market shares, quality of American vs. Japanese vehicles, supplier location, and offshore sourcing. The full report on the 1983 Delphi forecasts will be available from OSAT in early 1984. KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Delphi method KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Estimates KW - Forecasting KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Markets KW - Materials KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Suppliers KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389472 AU - Allen, R W AU - Stein, A C AU - SUMMERS, L G AU - Cook, M L AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUNK DRIVING WARNING SYSTEM (DDWS). VOLUME I: SYSTEM CONCEPT AND DESCRIPTION PY - 1983/11 SP - v.p. AB - The Drunk Driving Warning System (DDWS) is a vehicle-mounted device for testing driver impairment and activating alarms. The driver must pass a steering competency test in order to drive the car in a normal manner. The emergency flasher system operates when the test is failed; and if the car is driven faster than 10 mph, the horn honks periodically, once per second. The DDWS concept and hardware were developed under earlier contracts. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of the concept, both in its sensitivity to alcohol impairment and in terms of various practical considerations in assigning the device to DWIs as a judicial sanction in a probationary setting. Volume I of the final report focuses on optimizing and validating the sensitivity of DDWS to alcohol impairment. Background on DDWS development and mechanization is given, followed by reanalysis of past performance data and optimization of test parameters. The final system configuration was tested in a laboratory experiment. The discriminability of the test strategy to BAC (blood alcohol concentration) is confirmed. The ability of DDWS to discriminate impaired performance in a driving simulation is also demonstrated. Based on the analysis, optimization, and experimental validation of DDWS performance, recommendations are given for test application and training procedures. These recommendations apply to the field test evaluation described in Volume II of this report. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driving tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Legal factors KW - Sensitivity KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25722/DOT-HS-806-459.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208759 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389060 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Morita, I AU - Nozawa, Y AU - Arai, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - ON NOISE AND VIBRATION FROM ENGINES TRANSVERSELY INSTALLED IN FRONT WHEEL DRIVE CARS PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 24-31 AB - Concerning noise and vibration, a front wheel drive car with transversely installed engine has some problems that differ from a traditional configuration rear wheel drive car. As for the design of the engine mount system for transversely installed engine, the following items must be considered in relation to reciprocal requirements, vibration isolation and control of engine displacement for larger reaction torque: (1) Optimization of engine mount stiffness; (2) Engine mount arrangement taking into consideration the acoustic and vibratory characteristics of the body structure; and (3) Optimization of dynamic characteristics of engine mounting rubber materials. KW - Engine mounting KW - Engine mounts KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Front wheel drive KW - Noise KW - Optimization KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389062 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Nakamura, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - IMPROVEMENT IN RIDING COMFORT WHEN CARRYING HEAVY LOADS PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 38-46 AB - Reducing the bottoming shock when carrying heavy loads is an important factor in improving riding comfort on rough roads. In this paper, a simulation model with four degrees of freedom is used to describe the generative process of bottoming shock. The effect of each suspension element is discussed from an analysis of the amount of energy each element stores and dissipates through wheel travel. KW - Automobiles KW - Bottoming shock KW - Comfort KW - Heavy load KW - Loading and unloading KW - Ride quality KW - Shock absorbers KW - Simulation KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389067 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Tamura, Y AU - Kondo, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - NEW TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRODE-NEGATIVE SHIELDED GAS ARC WELDING PROCESS FOR THIN-GAGE STEEL PLATES IN AUTOMOBILE BODY PRODUCTION PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 101-109 AB - The electrode-negative arc welding process for thin-gage steel plates described in this paper has been developed to meet the demands of limit design to reduce the car body weight. Generally, electrode-positive arc welding is employed to joint thin-gage steel plates. However, it is difficult to produce a continuous bead when plates are less than 1 mm in thickness or when the gap between stamped parts at the joint is rather wide, because in these cases arc welding produces holes, burn-through bead or separated beads. To solve this problem, much attention has been focused on the fact that electrode-negative arc welding produces more molten metal for welding and less heat input into the base metal than the electrode-positive method. The electrode-negative arc welding method has been studied by controlling the current curve affected by the short circuits of droplets and the base metal, making the transferring droplets small and then stabilizing arcing. Further, the welding wire with the most suitable chemical composition has been developed. This new technique has expanded the range of welding conditions for arc welding applied to thin steel body parts, and has made it possible to reduce the car body weight. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Electric arc welding KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Steel plates KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209132 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389058 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Halperin, S F AU - Bass, J L AU - Mehta, K A AU - Public Health Service TI - KNOWLEDGE OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION AMONG PARENTS OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN NINE MASSACHUSETTS TOWNS PY - 1983/11 VL - 98 IS - 6 SP - p. 548-552 AB - Knowledge concerning childhood accident prevention was assessed by means of developmentally oriented safety surveys that parents completed during their child's health maintenance visits at primary care sites. A total of 1,493 parents in urban, suburban, and rural Massachusetts communities participated. The questionnaires were administered between September 1980 and June 1982 to 512 parents of infants under 9 months and 981 parents of children aged 9 months through 5 years. Parents in all nine localities needed to learn how to prevent their children from getting burns. A variety of community-specific needs for other types of preventive behavior were also identified. Recognition of these educational needs is important because individual counseling or community education programs may be the only feasible preventive measures for certain injuries, particularly those that require parents to make substantial behavioral changes. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Parents KW - Prevention KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389063 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Kobashi, M AU - Kawamura, T AU - Nakano, J AU - KAWASHIMA, Y AU - SUGIURA, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED SEMICONDUCTOR PRESSURE SENSOR PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 60-65 AB - The semiconductor pressure sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, small size and high-speed response. However, one disadvantage is that the sensor output is greatly affected by temperature. The authors have attempted to improve the semiconductor pressure sensor by employing mechanical, electronic and material technologies. As a result, an improved pressure sensor has been developed which is applicable to automobiles. This paper describes the construction of the sensor unit, circuit design and evaluation results. KW - Design KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Evaluation KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Semiconductors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389066 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Shibata, T AU - MIYAJIMA, M AU - TANI, M AU - Yoneda, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - LABORATORY SYSTEM ENDURANCE TESTING OF AUTOMOBILE MAJOR COMPONENTS PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 90-99 AB - Sophisticated tools were developed to evaluate the durability of automobile components. The idea is termed the laboratory "system" endurance testing where complex load inputs are applied to an automobile subsystem. The subsystem is defined as the suspension system, body system, steering system, drive train system and rotating system. Results of the laboratory simulation agreed with results from actual vehicle running tests. Among these, suspension system, body system and steering system endurance tests are discussed in detail in this paper. Introduction of the system endurance tests contributes to the reduction of testing cost and development time, and the improvement of testing accuracy and automobile reliability. KW - Accuracy KW - Automobile bodies KW - Durability tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209131 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389059 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - NAKAJIMA, Y AU - Nagumo, S AU - HARA, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS REDUCING THE PUMPING LOSS OF A GASOLINE ENGINE PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 8-17 AB - The gasoline engine's load is controlled by varying the amount of intake air-fuel mixture. Throttling, which is used for this purpose, gives rise to pumping loss, and this is one of the factors that prevent improvement in the fuel economy of gasoline engines. This pumping loss is particularly large during partial load condition. With a view to improving fuel economy, an analysis of the factors reducing pumping loss, as well as their respective degree of influence, was done using both experiments and calculations. From this analysis, the degrees of reducing pumping loss by means of an increase in the EGR rate, a reduction in the number of working cylinders and a shortening of the intake stroke length were clarified. Furthermore, it was also found that it is possible to estimate the reduction effect mathematically. This paper also discusses the secondary effects on combustion characteristics and other losses which accompany the reduction in pumping loss as well as their influence on fuel economy. KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pumping loss KW - Throttles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209124 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389077 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - CHRYSLER ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION PY - 1983/11 VL - 160 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - This article describes Chrysler's two new electronic injection engine control systems. The TBI system will be used on a variety of 2.2-liter applications, and a closely related multi-point port injection system will be used on turbo 2.2s. Both are based on Bosch wetware and Chrysler electronics and feature self-diagnostics. KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Design KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389064 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Hidaka, K AU - Katada, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - MEASUREMENT OF TIRE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 74-81 AB - The measurement of tire dynamic properties, unlike tire static properties, calls for an increase in the rigidity of the testing machine and the elimination of the effect of inertia torque and force on the measurements. Testing machines which meet these requirements are used by leading manufacturers around the world. Some typical examples of these machines are described in this paper. The purpose of developing the Nissan dynamic tire testing machine, its specifications, construction, and measurement system are also explained. Additionally, the frequency response of tire lateral force and aligning torque against a slip angle of up to 20 Hz excitation frequency are shown. A simulation analysis of a vehicle's frequency response indicates that tire dynamic properties must be considered in order to obtain accurate simulation results. KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Frequency response KW - Lateral loads KW - Measurement KW - Simulation KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Testing equipment KW - Tires KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209129 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389065 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Sakaniwa, M AU - Harada, K AU - Yamamoto, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - LIGHT-STABILITY PERFORMANCE TESTING METHODS FOR AUTOMOTIVE SEATING MATERIALS PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 82-88 AB - Accelerated light-stability performance testing for automotive seating materials is currently performed using a fademeter with a black panel temperature of 63 deg C. For evaluation of those automotive seating materials that are subjected to severe conditions, however, such testing requires a long period and hence it is necessary to establish suitable conditions for accelerated testing. In view of this, the authors examined under-glass exposure weathering tests and accelerated light-stability performance tests using a fademeter on eight types of automotive seating materials, and it has been demonstrated that in the accelerated light-stability performance testing, the use of soft urethane foam as the means for heat storage with a black panel temperature of 83 deg C would significantly accelerate the test speed as compared to conventional testing with a black panel temperature of 63 deg C without the use of urethane. The relationship between the accelerated light-stability performance test and under-glass exposure weathering test has been established to some extent. KW - Automobiles KW - Materials tests KW - Seats KW - Test procedures KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209130 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389156 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Hayama, N AU - TOMINAGA, K AU - Muroki, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - ROTARY ENGINE PERFORMANCE IMPROVED THROUGH NEW INDUCTION SYSTEM PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 18-23 AB - In a Rotary Engine, effects of an overlap magnitude between intake and exhaust port timing on ignitability at light load and effects of intake closing timing chiefly on volumetric efficiency at the W.O.T. were investigated. With these results, a new induction system called the 2-Rotor 6-Port Induction System that greatly improves fuel economy at light load while maintaining high performance over all engine speeds, has been developed. KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Induction motors KW - Rotary engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209179 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389061 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Fukai, Y AU - TAKAGI, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - A GENERAL EQUATION FOR THE OPTIMUM VALUE OF A NONLINEAR POWER TRAIN VIBRATION SYSTEM INCLUDING FRICTION PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 32-37 AB - A general equation, which takes into account the energy transfer mechanism, is presented for determining the optimum value of a nonlinear vibration system. So far, there have been a number of reports on the optimization of a nonlinear vibration system that includes friction. However, most of them have used a simulation model to compute the optimum value of the system and there appear to have been no studies in which the optimum value was found analytically. The new equation has been applied to the problem of reducing the booming noise of a diesel-powered passenger car. The vibration system characteristics obtained have proved effective in reducing the noise to an acceptable level. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Equations KW - Friction KW - Noise KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Power trains KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209126 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389076 JO - Motor AU - Zino, K AU - Hearst Books TI - THE PLASTIC ENGINE: IS MASS PRODUCTION A REAL POSSIBILITY? PY - 1983/11 VL - 160 IS - 5 SP - p. 8-9 AB - One of the strategies for making cars more fuel efficient is making them lighter. While wholesale substitution of lighter weight aluminum and plastic components in place of steel and cast iron has yet to materialize, one of the more interesting material substitution efforts is taking place at Polimotor Research in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. Working with carbon-fiber and fiberglass materials, Polimotor has developed a composite plastic engine. The plastic 4-cylinder powerplant, which weighs about 150 pounds, is 200 pounds lighter than an equivalent engine made of metal. A refined version of this prototype will have its initial application in Ford's racing program sometime in 1984. In its current form, the plastic engine is not compatible with Detroit's production techniques. There is also a question as to durability of the plastic engine since there has been only limited dynamometer testing. A final issue is cost, which is roughly estimated to be 50% above that of a conventional gasoline engine. KW - Automobile engines KW - Composite materials KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Lightweight materials KW - Manufacturing KW - Plastics KW - Prototypes KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209141 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389078 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - GOING, GOING, GONE PY - 1983/11 VL - 160 IS - 5 SP - 6 p. AB - This article describes the new Buick distributorless ignition system. Instead of a conventional ignition distributor, the new Buick 3.8-liter V6 turbocharged engine is equipped with a no-moving-parts electronic module with a trio of ignition coils built into the top. It substitutes microchips and resistors for complex mechanical and vacuum systems. This article includes a description of how it works, and the types of failure which one might encounter. KW - Design KW - Electronic ignition KW - Failure analysis KW - Ignition systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209143 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387822 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Haddon, W AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - HALTING HIGHWAY VIOLENCE. CARS CAN BE SAFER! PY - 1983/11 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - p. 2-7 AB - The toll of motor vehicle violence continues worldwide, largely unabated, corroding the quality of civilization everywhere. Yet it need not be this way. Societies everywhere have many opportunities to reduce their losses to far below present levels. With respect to vehicles, these opportunities include both matters of high policy involving the coordination and emphasis of public and private decisions about transportation modes, and seemingly narrow engineering matters that determine, on a huge scale, the magnitudes of the losses of life, limb and property in entire societies. This paper discusses these opportunities, pointing out studies which have demonstrated the value of various safety devices, such as additional brake lights or radar-based warning systems. Final comments center on motor vehicle design and raise several questions, such as why we still manufacture vehicles which travel faster than legal speed limits and why we still have technologically out-of-date regulations or standards. KW - Decision making KW - Emotions KW - Highway safety KW - Planning KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Violent crimes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204738 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387754 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - GREATER EMPHASIS ON STUDENT DRIVER'S TRAINING PY - 1983/11 VL - 47 IS - 9 SP - 5 p. AB - This article focuses on California's High School Driver Training Program and the new licensing law which became effective in July 1983. The new licensing law demonstrates a tightening of regulations for teenage drivers. It also puts new emphasis on the importance of the state's Student Driver Training Program, making that type of school training, or comparable training under a duly licensed instructor, essential to obtaining a license for a teenager. The new law will make it more difficult for a teenager to obtain an initial license, but easier to loose it if he or she has not passed a qualified driver education course. All 16-year olds who pass the state's driver examination will be given a one-year provisional license that must be renewed annually until age 18. This provisional license, however, can be suspended temporarily after the second citation during any given year, and can be revoked entirely after the third citation. KW - Adolescents KW - California KW - Driver education KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - High schools KW - Probation KW - Provisional licensing KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204695 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387834 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Combs-Orme, T AU - TAYLOR, J R AU - Scott, E B AU - Holmes, S J AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - VIOLENT DEATHS AMONG ALCOHOLICS. A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY PY - 1983/11 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - p. 938-949 AB - In a follow-up-study of 1289 alcoholics 6-9 years after treatment, 52 had died by violent means. Suicide and homicide were the leading causes of violent death, with deaths in fires and pedestrian accidents also occurring with some frequency. KW - Alcoholism KW - Fires KW - Homicide KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Suicide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204744 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387794 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Manski, C F AU - GOLDIN, E AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE SCRAPPAGE PY - 1983/11 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 365-375 AB - It has been suggested that a used car is scrapped when its price net of repair costs falls below its scrap value. This simple hypothesis captures the essence of the important idea that the life spans of durable goods are determined by both economic and technical considerations. We present empirical evidence based on an explicit econometric model of the scrappage decision. Analyzing make-model-vintage specific scrappage rates in Israel for 1979, we find that the hypothesized inverse relationship between price and scrappage probability exists and is of striking magnitude. This finding, when combined with the fact that new prices in Israel are almost triple CIF prices, may explain why the median life expectancy of a vehicle in Israel is so much longer than that of a similar vehicle in Western Europe or the United States. KW - Automobiles KW - Econometrics KW - Roadbuilding machinery KW - Scraping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204721 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387746 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - OIL CHANGE PY - 1983/11 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - p. 24-27 AB - Since additives in the oil get depleted and the contaminants level in the oil continually increases, the engine crankcase must be drained at regular intervals and refilled with clean oil. The rate of contamination varies with driving conditions, but because the individual would find it impractical to determine when the contaminant level is too high, it is recommended that he follow the manufacturer's guidelines. The manufacturer may recommend changing the oil at least every 7,500 miles or 6 months. However, the oil and the filter should be changed more often if driving in dusty conditions, if there are extended periods of idling or low-speed operation, or when driving for a long time in cold temperatures or short distances only. In such cases, the oil and filter should be changed every 3,000 miles or 3 months. The filter must be changed every time the oil is changed. The article illustrates with photographs how the oil/filter change may be effected. KW - Cold weather KW - Dust KW - Engine idling KW - Idling KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204689 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387767 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - SAFETY IS TOP PRIORITY FOR MECHANICS WHO KEEP SCHOOL BUS BRAKES IN A-1 SHAPE PY - 1983/11 VL - 53 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - This article explains how a school bus mechanic ensures that a school bus is safe, that it is going to stop every time, and that it will be able to handle slippery road conditions, taking as an example, Leo Pace, head mechanic at the Berea, Ohio Board of Education bus garage. Pace, three other mechanics and two helpers keep 55 buses used for regular routes, and five alternates, on the road in safe condition. KW - Brakes KW - Bus garages KW - Bus maintenance KW - Buses KW - Mechanics KW - School buses KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204703 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387820 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Banham, R AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - EXPORTING STOLEN VEHICLES: AN AMERICAN GROWTH INDUSTRY PY - 1983/11 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - p. 32-36 AB - This article addresses the problem of the exportation of stolen automobiles and aircraft. It is a costly problem for the U.S. insurance industry which is seeking to stop it. With the help of the National Automobile Theft Bureau (NATB), auto insurers are urging Congress to enact laws restricting the flow of stolen vehicles to other countries. Legislation amending the Tariff Act of 1930 (HR 1744), which is being considered by the House Subcommittee on Trade, would make it a federal offense to import or export vehicles, aircraft or their parts, with the knowledge that the vehicle or part was stolen. Other provisions of HR 1744 and the specific problems with Mexico and the confiscation of stolen vehicles or use of stolen vehicles in drug smuggling are discussed. KW - Aircraft KW - Automobiles KW - Exports KW - Insurance industry KW - Laws KW - Theft KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387748 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF NONUNIFORM TIRE/WHEEL ASSEMBLIES PY - 1983/11 SP - 53 p. AB - Nonuniformities in the rotating tire and wheel components of a motor vehicle may excite ride vibrations. Both the vehicle and the wheel assembly are dynamic systems that interact via the forces and motions produced. Measurement of the force variations inherent to a nonuniform tire/wheel assembly in a meaningful way therefore requires a basic understanding of the dynamic systems involved. Impedance methods are employed to formulate a dynamic model for a nonuniform tire/wheel assembly and a loading system that can represent either a test machine or a motor vehicle. The models are used to explain the potential error sources that may arise in tire uniformity tests on a machine that has dynamic response in the range of interest. The model of a vehicle coupled to a nonuniform tire/wheel assembly is used to explain the dynamic interaction that occurs between the vehicle and wheel assembly. Examples are given to illustrate the importance of impedance coupling in predicting the effect of nonuniformities on vehicle vibration. KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Electrical impedance KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonuniformity KW - Standardization KW - Tire/wheel assembly KW - Tires KW - Vehicle vibrations KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387788 AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - ABOUT AIR CUSHIONS PY - 1983/11 SP - 13 p. AB - After years of unavailability, air cushions are available again in the United States. (They were offered for sale in some General Motors cars during the mid 1970s.) The prospect is improving for wider availability. Mercedes-Benz is offering driver air cushions in selected 1984 models. One American automaker, Ford Motor Company, may equip a portion of the federal fleet with driver-side air cushion systems. In addition, the Supreme Court, finding the air cushion "an effective and cost-beneficial lifesaving technology," has instructed the U.S. Department of Transportation to require automatic restraints--air cushions or automatic seat belts--in all new cars or provide sound justification for not doing so. Legislation mandating air cushions in some new cars has been approved by a committee of the U.S. Senate. This special publication looks at air cushion safety systems--how they work, how they have performed in tests and more than 10 years of real-world driving, and how they compare with other kinds of occupant restraints. KW - Air bags KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Availability KW - Costs KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Performance KW - Restraint systems KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387821 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Levy, W AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - ALCOHOL ABUSE: THE HIDDEN COSTS PY - 1983/11 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - p. 18-23 AB - Alcohol abuse in the United States may cost as much as $120 billion in economic losses annually, and insurers bear a substantial portion of the burden. As many as 150,000 people die each year as a direct or indirect result of alcohol, according to the National Academy of Sciences. The costs of alcohol abuse extend far beyond the obvious ones. There are the costs of police and emergency medical personnel and of damaged property. Less obvious are the costs of the criminal justice system and the cost of lost productivity due to death, injury, incarceration, court testimony and social welfare for those unable to cope with the impacts of the tragedies. The cost of treatment and rehabilitation for those who accept alcohol abuse assistance also figures in the total. Then there are the intangible costs--the pain and suffering, the underachievement of children traumatized by the loss of parents or the impact of an alcohol impaired family life, and the thousands of unreported brawls and acts of vandalism stimulated by alcohol abuse. Excessive drinking also inflates health care costs, has become the third leading cause of birth defects, plays a significant role in child abuse, and affects productivity in the workplace. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Insurance industry KW - Losses KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204737 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387769 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - SERVICING SCHOOL BUS BRAKES PY - 1983/11 VL - 53 IS - 11 SP - 6 p. AB - There is only one way to service school bus brakes: completely, competently, and exactly by the book right down the line. This article reviews some suggestions offered by some OEMs and brake suppliers. KW - Brake drums KW - Brake linings KW - Brakes KW - Bus maintenance KW - Buses KW - School buses KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204705 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387847 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Yamazaki, Y AU - Tsugami, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - CHANGING GROWTH OF MACHINING--TREND IN MACHINING TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINE FIELD PY - 1983/11 IS - 12 SP - p. 111-116 AB - The recent trend of machining technology in the field of automotive engines can be divided into the following four categories. (1) Flexibility: To accommodate the proliferation of engines themselves, flexibility is required of the machining technology. In response to this need, some new technologies have been realized. Some examples are flexible transfer machines with the capability of machining more than ten kinds of cylinder blocks, automatic tooling change, and adoption of NC machine tools in the production line. (2) Higher quality: The trend of the longer life cycle of automobiles has increased the need for higher quality. To realize higher quality of products, automatic tool compensation has become popular not only for grinding, but also for turning, boring and milling. Moreover, in-line gaging or checking items are increasing. (3) Higher efficiency: The main progress in this category is as follows: Reduction in machining cycle time by the more rigid structure of the machine tool itself, the application of mechanical feed mechanisms as well as mechanical transfer mechanisms, and improvement in operating efficiency by the development of new tool change mechanisms and longer tool life due to new tool materials. (4) Conservation of energy and resources: Through the integrated effects of many small measures, for example, use of water soluble cutting coolant instead of cutting oil, conversion from wet to dry cutting, selection of appropriate, not excessive, motor capacity and improvement of the machine tool control sequence, desired results have been achieved to some extent. KW - Automobile engines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Flexibility KW - Machining KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Technology KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204752 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387828 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - YAMAMOTO, S AU - Ozeki, O AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - RF CONDUCTED NOISE MEASUREMENTS OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES USING ARTIFICIAL NETWORK PY - 1983/11 VL - T-32 IS - 4 SP - p. 247-253 AB - Two RF conducted noise measurement systems have been developed for laboratory measurements of automotive electrical and electronic devices. One is a noise emission measurement system for measuring noise level from the electrical devices while the other is a susceptibility measurement system for measuring the susceptibility level of the electronic devices to the noise. The former's function is to measure a histogram of noise level, and the latter functions both to measure the malfunction level and to judge a malfunction mode of the electronic devices. These measurement systems are applicable to the frequency of 150 kHz-60 MHz. These are for laboratory measurements performed with the measurement systems connected to an artificial network of the automotive electrical network. This artificial network represents electrical networks used on Japanese compact passenger vehicles. KW - Electrical impedance KW - Electrical systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Histograms KW - Measurement KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Noise (Communications) KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204743 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387798 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Cherry, N AU - Johnston, J D AU - Venables, H AU - Waldron, H A AU - Buck, L AU - MacKay, C J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE EFFECTS OF TOLUENE AND ALCOHOL ON PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE PY - 1983/11 VL - 26 IS - 11 SP - 7 p. AB - Eight male subjects took part in four experimental sessions in an exposure chamber to assess the effects of toluene (80 p.p.m.) and alcohol (0.4 ml per kg body weight) individually and in combination on four measures of performance and also on mood. Alcohol caused a significant deterioration over the exposure session in performance on pursuit tracking and visual search tasks and also in mood. Toluene had no significant effect on any of the behavioural measures, but examination of mean scores for each treatment suggested a tendency for performance and mood to deteriorate more when alcohol and toluene were administered together than when alcohol was taken alone. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Emotions KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Toluene KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Visual search UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204724 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387745 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DRINKING. DRIVING. CHOOSE ONE AND ONLY ONE PY - 1983/11 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 11 p. AB - This article gives some facts about the problem of drunk driving and tips on how to fight the problem. It is noted that the majority of drivers arrested for drunk driving are problem drinkers, and when arrested, these drivers have a high blood alcohol content (0.15 or more). Studies show that alcohol is involved in at least half of the fatal accidents in the country. The depressant action of alcohol, particularly its effect on the cognitive functions and on the biological functions are noted. The social dynamics of teenagers as a contributing cause of drunk driving crashes is discussed. Studies show that 19.3% or 3.3 million American teenagers have a serious alcohol problem. The relationship between the teenage driver and the vehicle is discussed, and what parents can do to help teenagers perceive the underlying stresses and realities that predispose them toward destructive behavior are noted. The fallacy of the so-called "cures" for drunkenness such as cold showers and coffee is pointed out. Suggestions are made regarding handling drunk friends and party-goers. Comments are made on the chances of being arrested while intoxicated. Tips are given on how to spot an impaired driver. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Problem drinkers KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204688 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386844 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Michelberger, P AU - PETER, T AU - Keresztes, A AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE RELATION OF CHARACTERISTIC DYNAMIC LEVEL INTERSECTION FUNCTIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLE SWINGING SYSTEMS AND THE STATISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS PY - 1983/11 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - p. 633-645 AB - An attempt is made to discover what statistical characteristics originating from operation cause pure exponentiality in the level intersection functions of the output signs of road vehicles in the case of strictly linear models. Empirical studies were carried out on a theoretical basis and by means of a digital computer. Excluding all disturbing circumstances, the effect of environmental parameters and the distribution functions of different road conditions and speeds on the expected values of level intersection numbers were clearly observed. KW - Environment KW - Linearity KW - Mathematical models KW - Road conditions KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386897 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - DEATHS AND ARRESTS FALL AS TOUGH DUI LAW TAKES EFFECT PY - 1983/11 VL - 83 IS - 6 SP - p. 22-23 AB - This article briefly recounts Arizona's accomplishments in dealing with the DUI problem. A decrease in traffic fatalities and the DUI arrest rate in 1982 as compared to 1981 is attributed to Arizona's new drunk driving laws which went into effect July 24, 1982. Drunk driving is expected to decline even more in 1983 due to the formation in January 1983 of a special enforcement team administered by the Governor's Office of Highway Safety under a federal grant. The team has a criminal specialist to assist in fighting court challenges to evidence supplied by the alcohol testing devices. The specialist is also responsible for calibrating and checking all alcohol testing devices. KW - Arrests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204133 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386894 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Rosenlund, S J AU - National Safety Council TI - IN NORWAY, IT'S NONE FOR THE ROAD! PY - 1983/11 VL - 83 IS - 6 SP - p. 10-11 AB - In Norway, tough legislation passed more than 40 years ago has had a dramatic effect on drunk-driving violations and the number of accidents caused by drunk drivers. Its most startling effect is on social customs. For example, when guests arrive at a party, the host or hostess inquires who will be driving home and then serves that person only non-alcoholic beverages. Norwegian breweries, in response to the strict law, have developed a low-alcohol beer. Mandatory jail sentencing is applied to rich and poor alike, and also to tourists. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Norway UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387279 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - MOTOR VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY: PROGRESS AND HARMONY. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 2 PY - 1983/11 SP - 462 p. AB - This Volume II of the proceedings of the Second International Pacific Conference on Automotive Engineering, November 7-10, 1983 contains papers on the following topics: Automotive Electronics-I--Instruments, entertainment and overview; Pacific Workshop/Automotive engineering topics; Analytical study of cars for improved passenger environment; Automotive Electronics-II--System, components and diagnostics; Future trends in automotive fuels and engine oils; Mobility in urban and highway traffic-I; Automotive industry topics in the Pacific region; and Mobility in urban and highway traffic-II. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Conferences KW - Electronics KW - Engine oils KW - Fuels KW - Instrumentation KW - Mobility KW - Technology KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200861 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386895 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - TEACHING TEACHERS TO TEACH--THE TRAINING OF DDC INSTRUCTORS PY - 1983/11 VL - 83 IS - 6 SP - 6 p. AB - In June 1983 about 25 students--all adults with responsible positions--gathered in a classroom at the National Safety Council's headquarters in Chicago to learn how to become instructors for the Council's eight-hour Defensive Driving Course (DDC) and the four-hour DDC II. This article provides a session by session account of the three full days spent learning to teach, as well as the views from students which were obtained between sessions or during breaks. All students were from companies and government agencies that saw the value of DDC as an accident-prevention tool. KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver training KW - Instructors KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Teachers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204131 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386896 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Ettinger, K AU - National Safety Council TI - KIDS TEST THEIR SAFETY SKILLS AT BICYCLE ROADEO PY - 1983/11 VL - 83 IS - 6 SP - p. 18-19 AB - The Central Counties Safety Council, serving Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Monterey, and San Benito Counties, California, sets up bicycle "roadeos" for kids at schools, shopping centers and other sites. Fire or police departments and parent volunteers help the council promote safe bicycling by scoring children on equipment and maintenance, as well as their ability to balance, maneuver around cones and lines, stop safely, recognize signs, and signal properly. Safety literature is handed out, certificates are given to each participant, and prizes are donated by local merchants. KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Motor skills KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387278 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - MOTOR VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY: PROGRESS AND HARMONY. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 1 PY - 1983/11 SP - 422 p. AB - This Volume I of the proceedings of the Second International Pacific Conference on Automotive Engineering, November 7-10, 1983 contains papers on the following topics: Keynote addresses; Engineering topics in powerplants; Recent material processing technology; New technology and future trends for production/manufacturing; Recent progress in transmissions; Development of weight-saving materials for the automotive industry; Commercial vehicles, their leading service role in society; Today and tomorrow's powerplant/fuel relationship; and Passenger car design and development for the 1980's. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Electric power plants KW - Fuels KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Metals KW - Production KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386527 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLESHOOTING VALVE TRAIN PROBLEMS PY - 1983/11 VL - 160 IS - 5 SP - p. 35-38 AB - If your engine is plagued by the annoying tick of a noisy valve lifter or lacks the power it once had or idles unevenly, it may be suffering from a valve train malfunction. This article provides information for troubleshooting valve train problems and guidelines for inspecting the valve train. KW - Inspection KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Noise KW - Troubleshooting KW - Valve train KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386629 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Sears, G AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - CURES FOR FRONT-DRIVE ILLS PY - 1983/11 VL - 223 IS - 5 SP - p. 137-139 AB - This article offers some advice for troubleshooting problems in front wheel drive cars. It discusses finding the source of the problem, testing with a tachometer, engine problems, transaxle problems, pinpointing noise problems, and handling problems. KW - Driving KW - Front wheel drive KW - Handling characteristics KW - Noise KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382396 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1983/11 SP - 39 p. AB - This is the report of the commission that was charged with encouraging state and local governments, as well as the private sector to implement programs that will reduce the carnage caused by the drinking driver on U.S. highways. The details are given of the Commission's charge, its approach and its activities. The Commission's recommendations are then listed. These recommendations relate to the following areas: public awareness (public information campaign, administration); public education (media and influentials, youth programs); private sector (general outreach, motor vehicle related industries, alcoholic beverage industries and servers); alcoholic beverage regulation (minimum legal purchasing age, dram shop laws, alcoholic beverage consumption in motor vehicles); systems support (program financing, citizen and public support, criminal justice system support, tracking and reporting systems, safety belt and child restraint usage laws, improved roadway delineation and signing); enforcement (selective enforcement and road blocks, chemical testing, booking procedures, citizen reporting); prosecution (plea bargaining, definition of BAC, 0.08 presumptive level of under the influence 0.01 illegal per se, appellate action); adjudication; licensing administration; and education and treatment. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Local government KW - Private enterprise KW - Publicity KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198435 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392785 JO - BMJ PB - British Medical Association AU - Thompson, J F AU - Wood, RFM AU - Cahill, A P AU - FRANKLIN, P M AU - Morris, P J AU - British Medical Association TI - KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION AND SEAT BELT LEGISLATION PY - 1983/10/29 VL - 287 IS - 6401 SP - 2 p. AB - The results are given of a study to identify the causes of death in a group of donors whose kidneys were transplanted in the period immediately before the introduction of the new seat belt legislation in the United Kingdom (U.K.), and to assess the likely impact of the new laws on the supply of cadaveric kidneys in the U.K. It is noted that although the wearing of seat belts will undoubtedly cause a shift in the pattern of injury resulting from car accidents and reduce the number of deaths, there will still be a number of seriously injured patients who may be potential organ donors. About 8000 cadaver kidneys from 4000 brain dead patients are potentially available each year in the U.K., but only 1000 are used. Thus even if a small reduction in the number of donors does occur as a result of the new seat belt laws it could easily be offset by promoting a modest increase in the rate of retrieval of organs from all the other potential donors. KW - Anatomy KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Kidneys KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transplanting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387817 AU - BENSON, J B AU - Melvin, J W AU - Snyder, R G AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - United States Steel Corporation TI - EVALUATION OF THE UPGRADED HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATORS' SAFETY BELT RESTRAINT SYSTEM PY - 1983/10/26 SP - 56 p. AB - A proposed innovative restraint harness developed by U.S. Steel for the protection of heavy equipment operators was dynamically tested to evaluate design changes made as a result of prior testing. Five frontal impacts were conducted on the UMTRI sled facility. An instrumented 50th percentile male Part 572 dummy simulated the equipment operator. Fixed forklift and suspension-type seating surfaces were used. The upgraded harness performance was compared to previous results obtained with a conventional lap belt. This report presents the data from the sled testing and makes further recommendations for improving the restraint system. KW - Construction equipment KW - Dynamic tests KW - Heavy equipment KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance tests KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201260 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387051 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - SKIDROW PY - 1983/10/22 VL - 165 IS - 4224 SP - p. 112-113 AB - Pointing out the great need for skid control training, this article describes three skid control schools and what they have to offer. The schools discussed include the Jim Russell Skid Control School in Snetterton, Specialized Driving Courses in Skid Prevention and Control at Thruxton, and the Motor Racing Stables Skid Control Course at Brands Hatch. KW - Driver training KW - Instructors KW - Skid control KW - Skid pan KW - Skid resistance KW - Skids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390709 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--MULTIPLE-VEHICLE COLLISIONS AND FIRES UNDER LIMITED VISIBILITY CONDITIONS, INTERSTATE ROUTE 75 AT OCALA, FLORIDA, FEBRUARY 28, 1983 PY - 1983/10/18 SP - 45 p. AB - Between 1:30 p.m. and 1:55 p.m., e.s.t., on February 28, 1983, a grass fire of an undetermined origin was ignited in the gore area between the southbound exit ramp from Interstate Route 75 (I-75) to U.S. Route 27 and the southbound lanes of I-75. The fire burned rapidly, and a strong wind from the south-southwest fanned dense smoke across the southbound lanes of I-75. About 2 p.m., the smoke reduced visibility for a 200-to 300-foot stretch of the roadway from near zero to about 40 to 60 feet. Approaching drivers had a clear view of the smoke cloud for over 2 miles before entering the smoke, but they responded with diverse assumptions and drove into and through the smoke at a wide range of speeds. At least 22 vehicles, including three combination vehicles, all traveling south on I-75, entered the cloud of smoke and were involved in multiple vehicle collisions. Vehicle fuel tanks were breached and a gasoline fed fire erupted. Fourteen vehicles, including all three combination vehicles, were burned. In addition to extensive property damage being caused, 5 vehicle occupants were killed and 36 were injured. At least three rescuers suffered thermal injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of most of the involved drivers to exercise proper judgment and due caution when confronted by a cloud of dense smoke blanketing the highway. Contributing to the accident was the extremely limited visibility within the smoke cloud and the widely varying speeds at which different vehicles entered and were being driven through the smoke cloud. Contributing to the severity of the accident was the breach of fuel system integrity in a number of vehicles and the resultant vehicle fires. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Gore KW - Gore area KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multiple vehicle collision KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Reduced visibility KW - Smoke KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389157 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY: RECREATIONAL BOATING SAFETY AND ALCOHOL PY - 1983/10/17 SP - 31 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board has identified and examined safety improvements to reduce accidents, fatalities, and injuries in recreational boating due to alcohol use and has concluded that the United States Coast Guard should establish a national program through the States to implement needed safety measures. The Safety Board concludes that perhaps as many as 400 to 800 recreational boating fatalities annually may involve alcohol and that as many as 35 to 38 percent may involve persons "legally drunk" at the generally accepted blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10 percent. Moreover, the Safety Board believes the full extent of alcohol involvement in recreational boating fatalities is probably not fully known. The Safety Board issued priority recommendations to the Coast Guard to develop and implement a national program to address the hazards of alcohol use, to improve the reporting of alcohol involved accidents, and to incorporate information on the hazards of alcohol use in safe boating courses. The Board recommended that the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators develop model education and enforcement programs and coordinate with the Coast Guard in improving the reporting of alcohol involved accidents. Additionally, the Board recommended that nationally recognized recreational boating educational organizations incorporate information on the hazards of alcohol use in recreational boating. Finally, recommendations were issued to 39 States and the District of Columbia (D.C.) to adopt legislation to define the level of intoxication and to 40 States and D.C. to allow chemical testing of recreational boat operators suspected of being intoxicated. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Boating KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Safety education KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386875 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - DO THE POLICE CARE? PY - 1983/10/15 VL - 165 IS - 4223 SP - p. 32-33 AB - This article addresses the question of whether or not the police enforce speed limits with the right motives and sufficient understanding. Right motives are considered to be safety reasons and wrong motives are considered revenues generated by speeding fines. It was found that there are variations in speed law enforcement policy which should cause motorists concern. Guided by the limitations of the radar gun, speed checks resulting in prosecution are being conducted at sites where exceeding the limit by a small margin does not represent a safety hazard while, at the same time, speed-sensitive locations are being ignored. KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Police KW - Radar KW - Revenues KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392244 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - American Medical Association TI - IF YOU DRINK, DON'T DRIVE MOTTO NOW APPLIES TO HANGOVERS AS WELL PY - 1983/10/07 VL - 250 IS - 13 SP - 2 p. AB - This article reviews a study, carried out by Sweden's National Road and Traffic Research Institute (VTI) published last year as VTI Rapport N222A. This study indicates that hangovers may also diminish driving ability by as much as 20 percent, even when the blood alcohol concentration is 0 mg/dL. Furthermore, according to the study, a person's ability to carry out complex driving maneuvers is reduced for at least three hours after the blood alcohol level reaches zero, and hangover-impaired subjects demonstrate a marked inability to subjectively determine if they are fit to drive at all. KW - Alcohol effects KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hangover KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Psychological tests KW - Reaction time KW - Subjective tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173134 AU - Bair, Richard J AU - Leavitt, James A AU - Madnick, Beth J AU - Walter, R A AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Motor Vehicle Attributes Status Report PY - 1983/10 SP - 25 p AB - The Transportation Systems Center (TSC) was requested by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Office of Vehicle Research to compile and computerize a data base of vehicle safety attributes for automobiles, trucks and motorcycles. The data base was developed as a source of vehicle specifications and dimensions for research in the areas of Crash Avoidance and Crash worthiness. As a result of this effort, a series of data bases has been developed by TSC. The data bases include information from manufacturers and other sources on automobiles, trucks and their respective engines. TSC also developed a data base of automobile interior and exterior dimensions collected through a program of direct measurement of several automobiles. Three existing data bases were obtained from within the industry during the course of this study, which were developed and computerized by General Motors, Volkswagen and the Society of Automotive Engineers. TSC transferred these three along with the above mentioned TSC data bases onto the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) computer system in Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) data sets for NHTSA/TSC research use. NHTSA collected vehicle attribute information for two additional data bases, which TSC also stored on the NIH computer. TSC's current emphasis has been placed on consolidating redundant information across the data sets to create a concise data base of vehicle attributes. Concurrent with this effort, TSC is determining future vehicle data requirements and identifying characteristics that will be obtained to supplement the existing data. The information within the data base will aid NHTSA and TSC researchers in relating vehicle characteristics to injuries and fatalities by providing data input for computer modeling and the formulation of accident-avoidance concepts. The vehicle safety attributes data base must be up-dated and fine-tuned on a continuing basis for changing trends in the vehicle population. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Crash data KW - Crashworthiness KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33358/33358.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451816 AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Ford Motor Company TI - WHAT DO DRIVERS SAY THEY USE SPEEDOMETERS AND TACHOMETERS FOR? PY - 1983/10 SP - 39 p. AB - Thirty-two licensed drivers (22 males and 10 females) were given a 72-question computer-controlled survey concerning speedometers and tachometers. All drove vehicles that had tachometers in them (25 had automatic transmissions, 7 had manual transmissions). Drivers reported they commonly used the tachometer to know when to shift, to protect the engine, to check idle speed, and to cross-check vehicle speed (if the speedometer is inaccurate or not working). The relative and absolute frequency with which various reasons were cited depended on how these questions were asked. Further, drivers noted that their usage depended very much on road noise, engine soundproofing, radio volume, trailer towing, and other moderating factors. Several drivers commented that the owner's manual did not provide adequate information on gear selection/shift points or normal engine idle speeds. It is suggested it may be desirable to present this information on clusters of the future. KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Engine idling KW - Gear shifting KW - Idling KW - Speedometers KW - Surveys KW - Tachometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396513 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Sturner, W Q AU - Sullivan, A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - HYPOGLYCEMIA AS THE RESPONSIBLE FACTOR IN A TRUCK DRIVER ACCIDENT FATALITY PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - A case of hypoglycemia causing a truck driver to lose control of his vehicle and his resulting traumatic asphyxial death is presented. The incident was considered suspicious in spite of poor visibility, because an experienced, healthy operator lost control in the early morning hours after a relatively short (4-h) drive. The autopsy revealed no evidence of natural disease and the driver had no alcohol or drugs in his system. Although this is apparently a rare occurrence, the diagnosis of underlying hypoglycemia as the causative factor in a traffic fatality can be reasonably suspected and accurately made if appropriate specimens are properly obtained and tested. Legislation mandating the retention of antemortem blood specimens on all trauma patients will permit more accurate assessment of most chemical etiologies of traffic accidents. KW - Crash causes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Glandular diseases KW - Hypoglycemia KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217677 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396509 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Zimmermann, E G AU - Yeager, E P AU - Soares, J R AU - Hollister, L E AU - Reeve, V C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MEASUREMENT OF DELTA 9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) IN WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES FROM IMPAIRED MOTORISTS PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 957-962 AB - The major psychoactive cannabinoid in marihuana, Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was measured in 1792 randomly selected blood specimens from erratic motorists arrested for impairment who submitted to blood alcohol sampling. Of these specimens, 14.4% were positive for THC (equal to or greater than 5.5 ng/mL). In those erratic driver specimens negative for alcohol THC positives rose to 23%. Drivers who used marihuana covered a broad age range. Aliquots of hemolyzed blood 10 mu L) were analyzed by a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) not requiring extraction. RIA accuracy and specificity were validated by gas liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GLC/MS) split pair analysis (correlation coefficient = 0.93). This initial experience should facilitate and amplify a program designed to set forth the epidemiology of marihuana use in motorists and possible behavioral correlates. KW - Behavior KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Epidemiology KW - Gas chromatography KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Personnel performance KW - Radioimmunological analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217673 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396512 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Thornton, J I AU - Kraus, S AU - Lerner, B AU - Kahane, D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SOLUBILITY CHARACTERIZATION OF AUTOMOTIVE PAINTS PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - A solubility scheme is presented that will distinguish nonaqueous dispersion (NAD) lacquers, solvent-thinned lacquers, solvent-thinned enamels, and water-based enamels. This approach is suitable for milligram samples of evidence automotive paints. KW - Automobiles KW - Enamels KW - Forensic medicine KW - Forensic science KW - Lacquers KW - Paint KW - Solubility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217676 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396508 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Crouch, D J AU - Peat, M A AU - Chinn, D M AU - Finkle, B S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DRUGS AND DRIVING: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYTICAL APPROACH PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 945-956 AB - To collect useful epidemiological data about drug involvement in highway safety, it is essential that sensitive and specific analytical procedures be used to establish the presence of and to determine the concentrations of drugs and metabolites in samples collected from drivers. This paper describes a comprehensive and systematic screening procedure requiring 6 mL of blood, which has been used for the analysis of samples collecting from injured and fatally injured drivers. The procedure uses radioimmunoassay, gas chromatography with selective detectors, and high performance liquid chromatography. Drugs and metabolites presumptively identified are then confirmed primarily using gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Epidemiology KW - Gas chromatography KW - Highway safety KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Personnel performance KW - Radioimmunological analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396510 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Reeve, V C AU - Robertson, W B AU - Grant, J AU - Soares, J R AU - Zimmermann, E G AU - Gillespie, H K AU - Hollister, L E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - HEMOLYZED BLOOD AND SERUM LEVELS OF DELTA 9-THC: EFFECTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ROADSIDE SOBRIETY TESTS PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 963-971 AB - A pilot study was conducted to ascertain the range of induced hemolyzed blood serum delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) concentrations in 58 human subjects. Subjects were tested within 5 min of smoking a delta 9-THC cigarette and then at half-hour intervals to 150 min. The subjects initially demonstrated a broad range of delta 9-THC hemolyzed blood levels, which settled within an hour to levels comparable to those measured in California drivers who had been stopped for impaired driving, arrested, and tested for delta 9-THC. Serum levels, when correlated with performance or roadside sobriety tests, demonstrated a broad range (5 to 183 ng/mL) of delta 9-THC levels and an "adaptation" effect in the subjects' perception of their own impairment. Although this preliminary study was not a double-blind placebo experiment, the overall performance of human subjects demonstrated the "adaptation" effect, which may be a significant factor in making judgments while performing such complex tasks as driving. Also, the effects of the drug extended beyond the period of elevated delta 9-THC blood levels, perhaps because of THC metabolites that may contribute to impairment or the persistence of THC in the central nervous system. This pilot study will lay the groundwork for a program designed to determine the epidemiology and behavior correlates of marijuana use in motorists. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396138 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NHTSA MODIFIED VOLKSWAGEN RABBITS MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 29.1 MPH PY - 1983/10 SP - 176 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests to evaluate the NHTSA's Modified Volkswagen Rabbits. Testing was conducted on a baseline 1982 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 29.1 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was September 26, 1983 and the ambient temperature was 63 deg F. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Small car KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396139 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NHTSA MODIFIED VOLKSWAGEN RABBITS MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 39.1 MPH PY - 1983/10 SP - 158 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests to evaluate the NHTSA's Modified Volkswagen Rabbits. Testing was conducted on a baseline 1982 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 39.1 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was September 30, 1983 and the ambient temperature was 67 deg F. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Small car KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213763 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396511 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Freed, R A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE WITH THE MODEL 1000SA ALCO-ANALYZER GAS CHROMATOGRAPH PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 985-991 AB - Radio frequency interference (RFI) from available frequencies in the 150 to 170 mHz band has been identified as affecting the analysis of a vapor sample using an Alco-Analyzer gas chromatograph. Various effects on the recording of the ethyl alcohol concentration curve are discussed and demonstrated for identification of rf-induced changes. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohols KW - Forensic medicine KW - Gas chromatography KW - Radio frequency interference UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217675 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394046 JO - Texas Medicine PB - Texas Medical Association AU - Thompson, C T AU - Texas Medical Association TI - ALCOHOL AND INJURY PY - 1983/10 VL - 79 IS - 10 SP - p. 51-52 AB - Alcohol is a prominent contributor to traumatic injury and death among people 40 years old and younger. In addition to resulting in injury in many instances, alcohol abuse may make medical and surgical treatment more complicated. Several steps can be taken to prevent damage caused by alcohol abuse. Determination of blood alcohol concentration, the use of drug screens, and mention of alcoholism on charts and death certificates are examples of such steps. Alcohol should be suspected in all cases involving trauma, and public education programs should emphasize the problem. The public should seek legal and social solutions, and the medical profession should seek clarification of the legal complications of dealing with the inebriated patient in the emergency room. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drugs KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394054 AU - Kempter-Rossman International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING FOR HIGHWAYS. THE ANALYSIS OF: FUNCTION, COST, AND WORTH IN TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/10 SP - 111 p. AB - The concept of value engineering (VE) is defined, its basic precepts are noted, its history and growth are reviewed, and its application and applicability are discussed. The various chapters of this book cover the fundamentals (VE job plan, VE engineering principles) of VE, the selection phase (reasons for poor value, search and evaluation for VE study candidates, VE project plan features, selection phase check list), the investigation phase (determining, defining, identifying and classifying functions; the FAST diagram; determination of functional relationship, worth, cost, and value; and analysis of project potential), speculation phase, evaluation phase, development phase, presentation phase, implementation phase, audit phase, and human relations. Examples of VE projects are described. KW - Administration KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Highway administration KW - Highway operations KW - Implementation KW - Planning KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391804 AU - Gard, A M AU - Brown (Dayton T), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXTENSION OF FMVSS NO. 218 TO COVER ALL HELMET SIZES. VOLUME II: APPENDICES C AND D PY - 1983/10 SP - v.p. AB - The stated objective of this program was to determine if the test headform specifications and the compliance test procedures in the FMVSS No. 218 standard are suitable for impact attenuation testing of all sizes of motorcycle helmets. New procedures were to be developed if the current procedure proved inadequate. In addition, A, C, and D size test headforms were to be produced. It was concluded that the current testing procedure could be used with only minor modifications. These include the addition of a headform size selection procedure and a change in the center of gravity location requirements. The test headforms which were fabricated did not require lead weighting to achieve the center of gravity and weight requirements, but only machining of a mounting ball seat and installation of threaded inserts for mounting screws to be ready for use. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Helmets KW - Safety engineering KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208827 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392246 JO - American Journal of Nursing PB - American Journal of Nursing Company AU - Righi, F C AU - Krozy, R E AU - American Journal of Nursing Company TI - THE CHILD IN THE CAR. WHAT EVERY NURSE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT SAFETY PY - 1983/10 VL - 83 IS - 10 SP - 4 p. AB - This article briefly reviews child safety restraints, advocates the use of nurses as sources of information, and contains a two-page guide to the selection and use of child safety seats. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety practices KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391805 AU - Gard, A M AU - Brown (Dayton T), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXTENSION OF FMVSS NO. 218 TO COVER ALL HELMET SIZES. VOLUME III: APPENDIX E-1 THRU E-755 PY - 1983/10 SP - 756 p. AB - The stated objective of this program was to determine if the test headform specifications and the compliance test procedures in the FMVSS No. 218 standard are suitable for impact attenuation testing of all sizes of motorcycle helmets. New procedures were to be developed if the current procedure proved inadequate. In addition, A, C, and D size test headforms were to be produced. It was concluded that the current testing procedure could be used with only minor modifications. These include the addition of a headform size selection procedure and a change in the center of gravity location requirements. The test headforms which were fabricated did not require lead weighting to achieve the center of gravity and weight requirements, but only machining of a mounting ball seat and installation of threaded inserts for mounting screws to be ready for use. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Helmets KW - Safety engineering KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207067 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391838 JO - Journal of Social Psychology PB - Heldref Publications AU - Pipes, R B AU - Walters, E AU - Greenwood Periodicals, Incorporated TI - CHANGES IN ATTRIBUTIONS MADE BY INDIVIDUALS CHARGED WITH DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED PY - 1983/10 VL - 121 SP - p. 39-44 AB - An expanding area of study in social psychology is that of attributional processes as they mediate real-world behaviors. In the present study, attributions to failure were investigated in conjunction with a "Driving Under the Influence" school in the southern United States. In a pre-and posttest design, each of 75 males was asked prior to and following the school to indicate which of four explanations best described the reason for his being apprehended while driving under the influence of alcohol. Results suggested that attributions to luck decreased as a result of the school. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391806 AU - Gard, A M AU - Brown (Dayton T), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXTENSION OF FMVSS NO. 218 TO COVER ALL HELMET SIZES. VOLUME IV: APPENDIX E-756 THRU E-1335 PY - 1983/10 SP - 580 p. AB - The stated objective of this program was to determine if the test headform specifications and the compliance test procedures in the FMVSS No. 218 standard are suitable for impact attenuation testing of all sizes of motorcycle helmets. New procedures were to be developed if the current procedure proved inadequate. In addition, A, C, and D size test headforms were to be produced. It was concluded that the current testing procedure could be used with only minor modifications. These include the addition of a headform size selection procedure and a change in the center of gravity location requirements. The test headforms which were fabricated did not require lead weighting to achieve the center of gravity and weight requirements, but only machining of a mounting ball seat and installation of threaded inserts for mounting screws to be ready for use. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Helmets KW - Safety engineering KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390433 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - PUBLIC ATTITUDE MONITOR 1983. A PUBLIC ATTITUDE SURVEY ON DRUNK DRIVING, MEDICAL MALPRACTICE, SEATBELTS, AND OTHER INSURANCE AND SAFETY-RELATED TOPICS PY - 1983/10 SP - 36 p. AB - This is the fourth in a series of surveys reporting on attitudes toward the property and casualty insurance industry and issues which affect the industry, as well as the public health and safety. It is a national survey of 1,508 adults, carried out in cooperation with the American Council of Life Insurance (ACLI) and conducted by the survey research firm of Yankelovich, Skelly and White. The property-casualty portion of the 1983 survey focused on topics related to automobile insurance and highway safety, medical malpractice, homeowner's insurance coverages, and attitudes toward claim fraud. In the area of insurance and public safety, the survey probes public attitudes on what strategies should be employed to combat the drunk driving problem, attitudes toward penalties that could be instituted to encourage use of seatbelts, and attitudes about smoke alarms. The 1983 report continues earlier inquiries into public attitudes concerning claim fraud, perceptions about the cost of insurance, and the perceived and actual costs of owning and operating a car. It also provides an estimate of the number of households with one or more uninsured automobiles. Repeat questions on these and other subjects allow for the monitoring of attitudes over time. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobile ownership KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fraud KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Manual safety belts KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390739 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Ross, H L AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - LIMITATIONS ON DETERRING THE DRINKING DRIVER PY - 1983/10 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 3-7 AB - The reasons for the very limited success of deterrence-oriented countermeasures are discussed and conclusions are drawn which may have implications for policy. It is observed that either the deterrence proposition is in error, or the measures taken in its name have failed to apply its principles in the empirical world. The inadequacy of the deterrence proposition is discussed and its inadequate application is noted. The limited success of the deterrence-based countermeasures for drunk driving are attributed to oversimplified theory and inadequate application of theoretical prescriptions due to the inertia of the criminal justice system. Drunk driving is viewed as an expectable consequence of the routines of modern societies, and not especially amenable to deterrence-based countermeasures. More direct approaches that are available involve countermeasures addressed to the institutions that cause drunk driving: the production and distribution of alcohol, and the use of automobiles in connection with its consumption. A more cost-effective approach to reducing the casualties associated with drunk driving would be to concentrate on reducing the consequences of crashes rather than trying to control the behavior that precedes crashes. Reference is made to technological modifications of vehicles and highways (such as air bags, seat belts, protective barriers, etc.) which could reduce the trauma experienced in crashes. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway design KW - Retail trade KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210037 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391126 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - PROFILE OF A GOOD DRIVER PY - 1983/10 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 3-8 AB - This article, written for new drivers, attempts to draw a profile of a good driver. It describes the characteristics that set a really good driver apart from the rest: knowledge of and respect for all the rules of the road, defensive driving, courtesy, good car maintenance, no mixing of alcohol or drugs and driving, energy conservation, and driving experience. An insert "What's your good driver rating?", is included. KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Good drivers KW - Knowledge KW - Low risk drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390467 AU - Hall, W L AU - Orr, B T AU - Suttles, D T AU - Daniel, R B AU - Woodward, A R AU - MARCHETTI, L M AU - Council, F M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - PROGRESS REPORT ON INCREASING CHILD RESTRAINT USAGE THROUGH LOCAL EDUCATION AND DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMS PY - 1983/10 SP - 125 p. AB - This report details the efforts expended to counteract the threat to children's lives in automobile accidents. These countermeasures were initiated in North Carolina in 1977 when a project was begun to educate parents through health care professionals. Since these initial efforts, activities have been expanded to include the establishment of local loaner/rental programs, programs designed to protect foster children and other Wards of the State, and the organization of safety advocates into a formal child passenger safety association. In an attempt to meet project goals, efforts have been concentrated in several main areas with the implementation of the new North Carolina Child Passenger Protection Law as the central theme. Major accomplishments during this year have included: (1) The development of new and revised educational materials, recruitment of new groups to assist in educational efforts, and distribution of over 100,000 brochures and other educational materials throughout the State; (2) The establishment of twenty-four new safety seat loaner/rental programs during the year, bringing the total number of on-going programs to 109; (3) The participation of an additional eight county Departments of Social Services in the Wards of the State Program during the year bringing the total number of counties providing safety seats to children in their care to 99 out of 100; (4) The continued development of the North Carolina Child Passenger Safety Association and the planning and coordination of the Second Annual N.C. Conference on Child Passenger Safety which brought together 200 safety advocates; and (5) The collection and analysis of data from N.C. Division of Motor Vehicles and observational surveys conducted by HSRC staff. This analysis was designed to evaluate the impact of the Child Passenger Proctection Law on restraint usage rates for children in North Carolina. Feedback was provided to the N.C. Legislature based on this DMV data. Analysis of 1982 N.C. accident data has shown that restraint usage rates for children have increased significantly above the level previously achieved through educational efforts alone. Recommendations are made relating to future North Carolina efforts to continue to provide education, technical assistance and readily available seats to parents. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Physical distribution KW - Programs KW - Recommendations KW - Rent KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391130 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - COPING WITH FEAR OF DRIVING PY - 1983/10 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-21 AB - One recent survey found that 88 percent of people fear driving or riding in a car. This article examines the psychological factors that lead to fear of driving, the physical reaction that accompanies it, and the ways that people who fear driving can be helped. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fear KW - Phobias KW - Physical condition KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210298 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390885 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - SAFETY HARNESS DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/10 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - p. 42-43 AB - While the webbing systems for seat belt harnesses remain relatively uncomplicated, emergency locking retractors now involve ingenious mechanisms to meet the performance and packaging requirements of legislators and OEMs. Vehicle manufacturers rely on the expertise of specialist suppliers for design of harness systems--and test rigs to evaluate the effectiveness of vehicle anchorages. Automotive Engineer visited Dartec and Kangol to learn how this expertise is applied. KW - Anchorages KW - Canal lock operations KW - Manual safety belts KW - Retractors KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390432 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - STRUCTURED SETTLEMENTS. USE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURED SETTLEMENTS IN THE PROPERTY-CASUALTY INSURANCE INDUSTRY PY - 1983/10 SP - 46 p. AB - In recent years, the property-casualty insurance industry has begun to use a new technique for settlement of large and serious claims that is quite different from the traditional lump sum payment. Called structured settlement, this technique has been found to offer advantages to all of the key actors involved in a major liability claim--casualty insurers, claimants, plaintiff attorneys, judges, and society at large. Basically, a structured settlement involves the periodic payout of a settlement amount for life or for a fixed number of years. The settlement may include a lump sum and other types of benefits, depending on the injured claimant's circumstances. A structured settlement typically involves the settlement of a casualty insurer's liability on behalf of its insured, to an injured or disabled claimant through the purchasing for claimant's benefit of an annuity issued by a life insurer. This report contains findings of a detailed survey of property-casualty insurers concerning use of structured settlements, policies and criteria used in their administration, types of claims involved, problems encountered, and what are perceived as the major advantages and disadvantages of structured settlements. The survey was conducted during the Spring of 1983 by the All-Industry Research Advisory Council (AIRAC) Subcommittee on Structured Settlements to describe current practices with regard to structured settlements in the property-casualty industry as well as to explore in more depth the advantages of this claim settlement technique. One hundred and one property and casualty insurers each having .15% or more of the market were invited to complete the 32-question structured settlement questionnaire (see Appendix) and from this number 54 or 53% replied. The 54 firms that answered the survey account for $57.1 billion of property-casualty direct written premiums, or a total of 58% of industry premium volume according to 1981 data compiled by the A. M. Best Company. Fifty-two of the 54 respondents do utilize structured settlements and were able to provide information on their company's experiences and practices. KW - Flood damage KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Structured settlements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391131 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - GAS & OIL ADDITIVES: DO THEY WORK? PY - 1983/10 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 24-26 AB - Consumers need to consider four gasoline properties before checking out a gas additive in the store: octane rating, volatility, density, and the additives already added by the refiners. Lubricating oils include a number of chemical additives blended at the refinery: rust and corrosion inhibitors, oxidation and bearing-corrosion inhibitors, pour-point depressants, detergents and dispersants, foam inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, and friction modifiers and extreme-pressure additives. Three after-market additives are briefly reviewed: oil viscosity improvers, gas line deicers, and molybdenum disulfide concentrates. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gasoline KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oil additives UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210299 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391132 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - THE GAS-SAVING STORY: INCREASING YOUR MPG PY - 1983/10 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 27-29 AB - This article explains how to conserve gas and cut auto fuel bills by learning how to get more miles per gallon (MPG). Basically, the mpg index depends mainly on: (1) The type of car driven; (2) how well the car is maintained, and (3) driving techniques. KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Mileage KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210300 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391128 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - STEERING CLEAR OF DRUGS! PY - 1983/10 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-15 AB - Three different types of drugs are commonly taken by people who may get behind the wheel. Illegal drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, usually grab most of the headlines, but two other kinds of drugs--prescription and over-the-counter or nonprescription drugs--can also affect drivers, impair their skills, and cause accidents and fatalities. This article deals with the medical facts about how each of these drugs affects driving. KW - Driver impairment KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Medicine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390740 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Burns, M AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IN LOS ANGELES PY - 1983/10 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 9-15 AB - Population data and numbers of alcohol-related mortalities and alcohol beverage outlets for each of the 18 Los Angeles County alcohol program planning areas were analyzed to determine if drinking practices reflect ethnic and cultural differences in the relatively mixed population, or if they are related to poverty. Tables are presented of population data, alcohol mortalities, and alcohol beverage outlets, as well as correlation coefficients for these factors. The data demonstrate a strong relationship between the poverty and minority status of a community's population and the rate of alcohol mortalities. It was also found that in poor, largely minority-populated areas, there were twice as many alcohol-selling establishments as in more affluent areas. The analysis also suggests that the cost-benefit of funds earmarked for alcohol problems might be improved by directing them more towards program areas marked by poverty, high rates of alcohol mortality and large numbers of alcohol beverage outlets per capita. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Fatalities KW - Low income groups KW - Minorities KW - Mortality rates KW - Population KW - Retail trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210038 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391127 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - HOW TO FIND A GOOD MECHANIC PY - 1983/10 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-11 AB - The pros and cons of service stations, independent repair shops, specialty repair shops, mass merchandizers, and car dealerships are given. Then the article explains how to check out repair facilities in advance: find out a shop's reputation, look over the facilities, find out repair practices, ask about costs, decide how convenient the shop is, and finally, see how qualified the mechanics are. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Mechanics KW - Repair costs KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210295 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391129 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - DRIVING IN THE CITY. CONTROL WITHOUT CONFLICT PY - 1983/10 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-18 AB - This article applies the principles of a martial art, Aikido, to city driving: (1) Know your purpose; (2) Determine the other driver's purpose; (3) Respect the other driver's purpose; (4) Blend; and (5) Carry out your purpose confidently. KW - City driving KW - Control KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389414 JO - Motor AU - Zino, K AU - Hearst Books TI - EDITOR'S REPORT. PASSIVE RESTRAINTS: THE ARGUMENTS GO ON. AND ON. AND ON PY - 1983/10 VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - Mercedes-Benz of North America is offering air bags as an option on some of its 1984 models. At the same time, debate is continuing over the issue of passive restraints. The Secretary of Transportation, William Coleman, in 1977 adopted the version of the passive restraint requirement that's still being argued today. The Reagan administration cancelled the requirement in October 1982. A lawsuit was filed by two insurance companies. The Supreme Court agreed with the insurance companies and has given the government one year to either come up with better reasons for cancelling the standard or announce a new timetable on implementation. While the standard is being studied again, GM is advocating seat belt usage laws. It is the conclusion of this article that safety must be actively promoted by making a decision in favor of passive restraints, either passive belts that cannot be easily disconnected or air bags. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobile industry KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Insurance industry KW - Legal factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209274 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389415 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - REBUILDING HONDA ENGINES PY - 1983/10 VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - Motor Magazine obtained the information presented in this article from an expert on Honda engines and a powerplant mechanic whose specialty is Honda engines. Together Serge Harabosky and Walter Ruopp outlined the applications for the various Honda engines and then applied their Honda engine knowledge to the repair of the passenger car engine. The Information they provided is presented on a topical basis. The topics covered include the oil strainer, camshaft wear, camshaft timing, plugged auxiliary valves, oil consumption, rod bearing problems, thrust bearing problems, oil pump warnings, head gaskets, and bearing match. KW - Automobile engines KW - Bearings KW - Camshafts KW - Engine timing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gaskets KW - Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Oil consumption KW - Oil filters KW - Oil pumps KW - Reconstruction KW - Repairing KW - Rods KW - Valve timing KW - Valves KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389417 JO - Motor AU - Wilkinson, T AU - Hearst Books TI - SMALL CAR EXHAUST: AN INSIDE LOOK PY - 1983/10 VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - p. 47-49 AB - Following a quick review of the acoustic principles behind exhaust systems, this article points out some of the recent changes made in small car exhaust systems. Briefly, these changes include the addition of catalytic converters, the use of improved materials and fully welded systems, the elimination of resonators, new hanging systems, and drain holes in the heads to combat corrosion. Other design considerations dealt with in this article include subjective sound and backpressure problems. KW - Acoustics KW - Back pressure KW - Catalytic converters KW - Compact automobiles KW - Corrosion protection KW - Design KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Materials KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389416 JO - Motor AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS. PART V: GM VACUUM SPARK CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1983/10 VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - p. 37-39 AB - Throughout the 1970s, emission standards for cars became progressively tougher. As engineers gained experience, they discovered that very precise control of ignition timing could have a major effect on both NOx and HC emissions. The result, ultimately, was a move to electronic spark mapping. But during the transition period of the late 1970s, a variety of vacuum controls were added to the advance/retard mechanism of the distributor. GM used what seems like hundreds of variations of thermal vacuum switches, vacuum delay valves, and such. This article, the final part of a series on GM emissions, reviews these GM vacuum spark control devices. Included in the discussion are timing tricks, thermal vacuum valves, vacuum reducer valves, spark advance vacuum modulators, and distributor vacuum delay valves. KW - Air quality management KW - Control devices KW - Distributors KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Ignition timing KW - Modulation (Communications) KW - Modulators KW - Spark advance KW - Spark control KW - Sparks KW - Vacuum KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209276 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387742 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE COLD WAR PY - 1983/10 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 9 p. AB - Winter brings with it poor driving conditions. This article gives suggestions and recommendations for battling these poor conditions. The most important of these relate to tires. Good snow tires mounted on a separate set of rims for easy changing are recommended. Advice is given about the purchase of tires: studded, all-weather, radial, etc. Front end alignment must be checked to guard tires from wearing out prematurely. Other service aspects that should be checked are chassis lubrication, the exhaust system, the brakes and an oil and filter change. A tune-up and battery check before the winter is also indicated. Car wipers and the windshield washer solution should also be checked. A list is given of supplies that should be carried aboard when driving in winter. Advice is given about coping with winter morning start-up problems and on avoiding skids. Tips are given on smooth driving in winter conditions. It is noted that speed could cause the most problems under those conditions. "Rocking" the car is advised to get out of being "stuck" in the ice. A table is provided of the recommended oil viscosity for different temperatures. A list is included of the various states in the U.S.A. and Canada with their regulations on studded tires. Advice is given on how to buy a battery. KW - Electric batteries KW - Engine oils KW - Ice KW - Level of service KW - Service KW - Start-up KW - Studded tires KW - Temperature KW - Tires KW - Viscosity KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387766 AU - RACV Consulting Services TI - ROAD SAFETY IN VICTORIA: EXISTING COUNTERMEASURES AND THEIR EFFECT PY - 1983/10 SP - 66 p. AB - During 1983, the Joint Investigatory Social Development Committee of the Parliament of Victoria conducted an Inquiry into Road Safety in Victoria. To assist it in the Inquiry, the Social Development Committee engaged RACV Consulting Services to provide technical assessments of existing and proposed road accident countermeasures. This report details the trends in road trauma for the past twenty years, the countermeasures introduced with reference to their effectiveness, and other factors influencing road trauma during the period. KW - Australia KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387724 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS. PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO FMVSS NO. 208 OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION. PASSENGER CAR FRONT SEAT OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1983/10 SP - v.p. AB - In order to properly address the issue of automatic restraints, consideration must be given to, among other things, the safety benefits, insurance savings and consumer and other costs that could be expected from various alternatives. Currently, uncertainty exists regarding each of these factors. This uncertainty stems primarily from a lack of dependable real world data from which to determine precisely both the effectiveness and probable usage rates of various automatic restraint systems. Although a small part of the vehicle population is already equipped with automatic belts or air bags, various considerations, such as the voluntary purchase of some systems and the small number of recorded accidents involving other systems, make the application of their experience to the overall vehicle fleet difficult. Given these limitations, this preliminary analysis gives some indication of the relative safety benefits and costs that can be expected from various automatic restraint systems. KW - Air bags KW - Amendments KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobile insurance KW - Benefits KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201600 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387797 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Mohan, D AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - A STUDY OF HELMET AND MOTORIZED TWO-WHEELER USE PATTERNS IN DELHI PY - 1983/10 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 29-32 AB - A study was conducted at four locations in Delhi, India to determine helmet use and two wheeled vehicle use patterns. A total of 8,569 motorcycles, scooters and mopeds were observed at different times of the day. Details of passengers, helmet use and type of vehicle were observed. An analysis of the data collected is presented in this paper. Among the conclusions reached are the following: 80% of all motorized two-wheelers on Delhi's roads are scooters and the rest motorcycles; in the daytime less than 5% of drivers completely disregard the compulsory helmet law; only 0.6% of passengers wore helmets; 59% of the helmet-wearers had helmets with chin cups, which are easily undone during crashes; only 20% of the observed sample was adequately protected by helmets; lighter, more comfortable and cheaper helmets should be designed; and it would be difficult to force large proportions of two wheel riders to observe helmet laws at night. The final conclusion was that two-wheelers should be phased out of production by 2000 AD and replaced by adequate, cheap and comfortable public transportation. KW - Helmets KW - India KW - Laws KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Scooters KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204723 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387786 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - WEAKEST LINK PY - 1983/10 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - p. 20-25 AB - This article explains proper maintenance procedures for motorcycle drive chains. Topics covered included reasons why drive chain maintenance is necessary, what should be included in a maintenance tool kit for motorcycle drive chains, inspection procedures (both do's and don'ts), lubrication and cleaning, and adjusting chain tension. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Cleaning KW - Drive chains KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Inspection KW - Lubrication KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Tension KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387833 AU - Cowley, J E AU - Cowley (JE) and Associates AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPEEDING DRIVER PY - 1983/10 SP - 74 p. AB - Because of the importance of excessive speed in road safety, the RTA is giving consideration to mounting publicity campaigns to promote awareness of the dangers of speeding. This study of the speeding driver/vehicle combination has been done to provide basic information for such campaigns. The study has examined Victorian sources of data on speeds and accidents, from the Victoria Police, the Australian Road Research Board and the Road Safety and Traffic Authority. It would appear that the "speeding" car driver is almost certainly young and male, with (probably) little driving experience. High speeds are probably also associated with newer and high-powered cars, and perhaps long trips. The implications of these factors are discussed in relation to possible publicity campaigns. KW - Awareness KW - Publicity KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387054 AU - Hall, W L AU - Daniel, R B AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL, DISTRIBUTION AND LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES ON RESTRAINT USAGE RATES FOR NORTH CAROLINA CHILDREN PY - 1983/10 SP - 25 p. AB - Since 1977 the North Carolina Governor's Highway Safety Program (GHSP) and the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center (HSRC) have been working cooperatively in an effort to increase restraint usage rates for children and thus reduce the number of children being killed or injured in car crashes. This report provides an evaluation of the effectiveness of the GHSP/HSRC Child Restraint Project and of the North Carolina Child Passenger Protection Law which went into effect in July 1982. In summary, both the HSRC/GHSP educational and loaner activities and the implementation of the Child Passenger Protection Law have succeeded in their intents. Educational efforts alone increased usage rates to a level of 11 percent. The law precipitated a 60 percent increase in usage rates for both infants and toddlers between 1981 and 1982, but toddler usage rates (12.6 percent) remains one-third that for infants (37.6 percent). The conclusion is that the law should be expanded to include older children as well as infants. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Infants KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200682 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387268 AU - Christoffel, K K AU - Schofer, J L AU - Jovanis, P P AU - White, B AU - Tanz, R AU - BRANDT, B AU - McKnight, J AU - Hoganson, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY STAFFING FOR ETIOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF CHILDHOOD PEDESTRIAN INJURY--PILOT STUDY OF METHODOLOGY PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 125-136 AB - A multidisciplinary team was constituted for analysis of child pedestrian injuries. In a pilot study of the utility of such analysis, it was found that (1) the multidisciplinary approach identified possible etiologic factors missed without it, (2) this approach requires the availability of high quality medical information and police accident records, (3) biological, psychological, and social characteristics of victims, victim families and communities appear to affect the occurrence of child pedestrian injuries; and, (4) such victim factors must be considered in development of countermeasures. It is concluded that the technique of multidisciplinary staffing merits further application as a productive way to generate quantitatively testable hypotheses concerning childhood pedestrian injury causality and potential countermeasures. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash victims KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204390 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387270 AU - STALNAKER, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CRASH VICTIM SIMULATION--A FIRST STEP IN CHILD AUTO SAFETY PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 145-152 AB - The use of Crash Victim Simulation (CVS) computer programs has become more and more important in highway safety research. These programs in the past were primarily used to study the interactions of a dummy with the vehicle seat and belt system. Now because of the computer technology boom more powerful computer systems and their supporting software are available to more researchers at a reasonable cost. This has stimulated CVS program usage in other areas of highway safety research, such as pedestrian impacts, dummy design, vehicle interior design, and child restraint system design and evaluation. This paper discusses the roll of CVS computer programs in child automotive safety. Examples of how the MADYMO CVS program has been used to determine feasibility, design, optimization, patent right definition, and improved performance of child restraint systems are presented. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Dummies KW - Highway safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387058 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - RUNFLAT TYRES: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS. CONFERENCE REPORT PY - 1983/10 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - p. 26-28 AB - This article reviews four papers on wheel and tire technology. In the paper "The TD Rim" by Dr. D. H. Jones of Dunlop, the broadest aspects of rim design for bead retention at low inflation pressure are discussed and other criteria that have to be retained in an acceptable design are pointed out. Mr. G. Kind of Goodyear in his paper, "The Asymmetric Hump Rim," covers the development of a new rim, providing run-flat potential, increased safety in case of sudden air loss and compatibility with existing standard tires and rims. Motoring correspondent Stuart Marshall traces the development of cordless plastic tires. Mr. E. Gohring of Daimler Benz deals with requirements for the next decade in his paper, "Truck and Bus Wheels and Tires." KW - Buses KW - Cordless tires KW - Design KW - Rims KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Wheel rims KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204247 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387264 AU - Waters, P E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SEAT BELT BOOSTER CUSHION STANDARD PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 77-88 AB - With a desire to devise some means of child restraint that would find wider acceptance and use than the transitional child restraint, it was decided to develop a standard for seat belt booster cushions. These are a firm seat for a child designed to improve the fit of an adult seat belt and which can readily be removed and used in any car in which the child might be required to travel. There were difficulties with the interpretation of ECE Regulation No 44 and so it was decided to develop a separate British Standard as a second option. The Standard that was developed recognises that the use of an adult belt to restrain a child is not ideal and gives a lower level of protection than a purpose built child restraint. Therefore, the opportunity was taken to use simplified test procedures to avoid many of the problems inherent in Regulation No 44. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Regulations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204386 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387266 AU - Radovich, V G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT AND CHILD RESTRAINT REGULATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 101-112 AB - An overview of the evolution of child restraints and related safety standards in the U.S.A. is given, including the publication of the FMVSS No. 213--Child Restraint Systems, which became effective on January 1, 1981. The effect the standard has on the design and use of child restraints is discussed. Some current and planned work pertaining to installation of child restraint and evaluation of restraints for use by older children is also described. The main provisions of four standards, i.e. Australian, Canadian, U.N. Economic Commission for Europe and U.S. are reviewed and comparison of their major provisions is made. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Infants KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387262 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAE CHILD INJURY AND RESTRAINT CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PY - 1983/10 SP - 248 p. AB - This publication contains papers related to child injury and restraint which were presented at the Twenty-Seventh Stapp Car Crash Conference, October 17-19, 1983. The International Research Committee on Biokinetics of Impacts joined the Stapp Advisory Committee in planning and developing its technical program. KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Conferences KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387050 AU - Sivak, M AU - Hill, C S AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Institute of Handicapped Research TI - COMPUTERIZED VIDEO TASKS AS TRAINING TECHNIQUES FOR DRIVING-RELATED PERCEPTUAL DEFICITS OF PERSONS WITH BRAIN DAMAGE: A PILOT EVALUATION PY - 1983/10 SP - 23 p. AB - This pilot study investigated the modifiability of perceptual deficits by training which consisted of performing microcomputer-generated video tasks. Four subjects with acquired brain damage were given 10 hours of training. Perceptual skills were assessed both prior to and following the training. Following the training two subjects showed some improvement on several of the perceptual tests used, while two other subjects showed improvement on only a limited number of tests. Based on these results and on the performance changes on the video tasks themselves, a comprehensive evaluation of the potential benefits of this type of training on both perceptual skills and driving performance is recommended. KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Video tasks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200678 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387265 AU - Morris, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROTECTION FOR 5-12 YEAR OLD CHILDREN PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 89-100 AB - Children in the 5-12 year old age bracket represent today about 13 percent of the U.S. population, about 22 percent of the other-than-driver car occupants (passengers), about 9 percent of the accident involved car passengers, and about 5 percent of the seriously or fatally injured car passengers. The usage rate of occupant restraints by this age bracket is only a few percent, almost entirely safety belts of the common type, and is substantially lower than that for all age brackets. This paper addresses the question of what type of occupant restraints may be appropriate for this age bracket in view of general concerns about the fit of safety belts. The paper analyzes the accident experience of 5-12 year old children as car passengers in comparison with that of passengers in all age brackets. The accident records analyzed are those of the Fatal Accident Reporting System, and State data from the files of Washington, North Carolina, Maryland, and Michigan. Based on the analyses of the accident data guidelines are recommended for the 5-12 year old child. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data analysis KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Guidelines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204387 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387272 AU - Chumlea, W C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GROWTH OF THE PELVIS IN CHILDREN PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 167-178 AB - Growth and maturation of the pelvis are complex but the process of endochondral ossification in the pelvis is the same as that in the long bones. Primary ossification of the pelvis is completed about 8 years of age, and secondary ossification is completed in the early twenties. Growth of the pelvis follows that of the rest of the body. The most rapid period of growth is in the first year of life. A stable rate of growth is attained after age 3 years until puberty. Basic sex differences in the adult pelvis are established in early childhood. Exterior dimensions of the pelvis are greater in boys, but interior dimensions of the pelvis are greater in girls. Much of the present knowledge about growth and maturation of the pelvis has come from radiographs. More current knowledge of pelvic growth is needed by those involved in automobile restraint design. Pelvic injuries are not uncommon to children in automobile accidents. A child's body is not similar to an adult's, so the results of pelvic injuries may produce life long problems. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Design KW - Injuries KW - Pelvis KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204394 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387075 AU - Steed, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - KEYNOTE ADDRESS--A BALANCED APPROACH TO HIGHWAY SAFETY FOR THE 1980'S PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 1-6 AB - This keynote address by the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) discusses the future of automobile safety in the United States. It discusses various new programs undertaken by NHTSA and the criteria used by NHTSA in establishing priorities. U1 - Twenty-Seventh Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings (P-134) with International Research Committee on Biokinetics of Impacts (IRCOBI), San Diego, California, October 17-19, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Criteria KW - Highway safety KW - Programs KW - Strategic planning KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204251 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387276 AU - Clark, C C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LEARNING FROM CHILD PROTECTION DEVICES AND CONCEPTS FROM OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 217-228 AB - We are seeking to test and adapt successful devices for child crash protection from outside the United States not now used here. Test results and possible problems are presented for a transverse infant bed, a toddler backward facing seat, and an older child booster seat with back and head supports (from Kilppan, Sweden), and the Australian "Sit-Safe" design, an inexpensive belt to go between the shoulder strap and the lap belt to insure that the shoulder belt does not touch the child's neck. We have also tested an inflated pad alternative to the upper back of the front seat bulge passive restraint of DeRampe (France) to reduce knee contact--leg straightening--body vaulting which contributes to ejection of unrestrained people from the back seat. And we are testing plastic coated side glass to explore extending the anti-lacerative glazing advance of Saint-Gobain Vitrage (France) to the even more significant potential reduction of ejection. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Ejection KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Plastic coatings KW - Protection KW - Rearward facing child seat KW - Testing KW - Window glass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386872 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SYNTHETICS LUBRICATE WISCONSIN SCHOOL DISTRICT PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - The Melrose-Mindoro School District, located north of Milwaukee in Melrose, Wisconsin, has been able to cut maintenance costs for its school buses by switching to synthetic lubricants. Delvac 1, a synthetic engine oil developed by Mobil Oil Corporation, has extended oil change intervals, as has Mobilube SHC, a synthetic lubricant for transmissions and differentials. The synthetic lubricants also flow freely at temperatures well below freezing, thus increasing starter life, as well as battery life. Fuel consumption is also reduced and component life extended. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Low temperature KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - School buses KW - Startability KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386873 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - EVACUATING SPECIAL STUDENTS PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - The California Department of Education's driver training program has developed a new method of handling unusual emergency situations on Type II vehicles. An evaluation team, including at least the driver, the teacher, and site coordinator or transportation supervisor, determines the capabilities of each individual on the vehicle. The team then predicts how each individual would react in a situation, designating each as leader, helper, or follower. Finally, the team indicates those students who are non-ambulatory or confined to wheelchairs and must be physically moved by the driver or under the driver's direction. Each driver should have a floor plan or seating chart with each student's name and a code signifying which of the three capabilities that child has. This article concludes with a discussion of procedures for a bus evacuation drill. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Evacuation KW - Persons with disabilities KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204116 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387269 AU - Gilkey, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPLIANCE TESTING TO THE NEW DYNAMIC STANDARD FOR CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 137-144 AB - A new dynamic performance standard for child restraint systems (FMVSS No. 213) became effective on January 1, 1981. The Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance (OVSC) in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) developed a test procedure and conducted compliance tests to determine whether the systems available in the marketplace met the requirements of the standard. The restraints tested were in compliance with the dynamic systems test requirement of the standard, however, some of the systems failed to meet certain component test requirements. Technical investigations were initiated to examine more fully the extent of the apparent noncompliances to the standard. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compliance KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204391 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387271 AU - Cheng, P H AU - Guenther, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYTICAL MODEL OF CHILDREN IN A PANIC BRAKING ENVIRONMENT WITH EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 153-166 AB - This paper describes a linear acceleration sled device developed to study child responses to panic braking environments. A sled with a vehicle seat and soft simulated dash is accelerated by a drop weight in a similar fashion to actual vehicle decelerations when panic braking. A simple, two degree of freedom analytical model of the experimental device was developed to predict the dynamic performance of the sled and examine the sensitivity of various parameters in producing acceleration time histories of actual braking vehicles. This includes the study of drop weight size, drop weight distance, cable size, initial cable pretensioning and sled braking levels. A simple, two degree of freedom analytical model was also examined to simulate a child dummy sitting on the sled seat and verified by using actual sled acceleration-time pulses. The model was based on previously conducted vehicle braking tests with dummies and child dummy tests conducted on the linear acceleration sled device. Some of the parameters examined for dummy motion sensitivity were sled acceleration levels, sled acceleration duration, initial child position, seat surface friction, seat angle and child model joint stiffness. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Braking KW - Children KW - Dummies KW - Motor reactions KW - Panic brake application KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204393 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387273 AU - Tarriere, C AU - Thomas, C AU - Brun-Cassan, F AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FROM THREE-YEARS-OLD TO ADULT SIZE--HOW TO ENSURE CHILD PROTECTION IN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 179-198 AB - Safety of children as car occupants raises a specific problem: it is necessary to take into account two factors which are particular to them: their very fast growth and their behavior, which corresponds to a need for movement. An analysis of statistical and accidentological data points to the fact that whereas traffic accidents account for 25% of adult deaths, they account for nearly 50% of deaths for children (all kinds of road-users). Measures were adopted in France; such as the obligation for children of less than 10-years-old to travel on rear seats of cars and the definition of an homologation procedure for children restraint devices, with the aim of limiting the consequences of these accidents. The most common restraint devices look like little individual seats and are designed to protect young children (less than 3-years-old). Recently, new restraint devices, called "cushions", were developed. They are designed for children of over 3 and they can be used almost up to small adult sizes. They enable some improvements in the location of the adult belt on the child's body; thus, improving safety. Several cushions were submitted to simulated frontal collisions, by using them in a car body fixed to a sled; the impact severity was similar to that encountered in some European restraint system certification tests. These runs brought to light the dynamic response obtained with these cushions and their efficiency, as regards the restraint of child dummies. From these results and with the help of an anthropometric survey concerning the heights of children between 3 and 10 years old, cushion shapes were defined, to be used simultaneously with a 3-pt-belt. This cushion was tested with the 3-year and 6-year child dummies and proved to be very efficient as regards safety; it also appears suitable from the standpoint of comfort. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Behavior KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Comfort KW - Dummies KW - Performance tests KW - Protection KW - Sled tests KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204395 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387275 AU - Shelness, A AU - Jewett, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OBSERVED MISUSE OF CHILD RESTRAINTS PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 207-216 AB - The high level of crashworthiness of child restraining devices (CRDs) mandated by FMVSS No. 213-80, and the dynamic test procedure adopted voluntarily by the industry before 213-80 went into effect, do not necessarily transfer from the laboratory to the family automobile. Correct use of CRDs is essential; misuse reduces or could even defeat the protective potential. To establish the magnitude of one part of the misuse problem, 23 observers in 12 states examined installation of CRDs in the forward-facing "toddler" mode for errors in seat belt routing and top tether installation. Of the 3233 crashworthy CRDs observed, 51% required a tether strap. Correct use of tethers was noted in only 16% of these. Of the 2323 CRDs examined for seat belt as well as tether installation, 75% were found to have errors in belt routing, tether use, or both. The consequences of misuse are touched upon, possible reasons for misuse are discussed, and remedies are suggested. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Installation KW - Misuse KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204397 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386871 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - WHAT'S NEW IN SAFETY DEVICES PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - Several new safety devices for buses are described in this article. Two of these devices that increase driver visibility are the "Pupil Master" crossing control arm and "Dolly Parton mirrors." Vehicle conspicuity is enhanced by the Deceleration Alert System (DAS), which consists of two amber lights and one green light mounted to the rear end of a bus, car, or truck. The DAS is tied to the vehicle electrical system and works automatically. A new steering control device, Safe T-Plus, is a double-action, hydraulic cylinder with a mechanically assisted system designed to center the front wheels straight ahead and keep the vehicle safely in its lane until the driver turns. The final safety device described is the dual purpose safety hatch. KW - Buses KW - Convex mirrors KW - Crossing control arm KW - Deceleration alert system KW - Emergency egress system KW - Emergency exits KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386874 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - HOW SAFE ARE PROPANE TANKS? PY - 1983/10 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - This article looks at the safety aspect of using liquid propane gas (LPG) in school bus fleets. It clarifies issues concerning LPG tank steels, welding standards, and safety inspection procedures. It also points out the safety features of LPG container valves and gauges. KW - Fuel tanks KW - Inspection KW - Liquefied gases KW - Liquid propane gas KW - Measuring instruments KW - Propane KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - School buses KW - Standards KW - Steel KW - Storage tanks KW - Valves KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204117 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387263 AU - Bastiaanse, J C AU - Maltha, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINTS LEGISLATION IN EUROPE PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 69-76 AB - A short review is presented on crash protection standards for children in the European countries. In Europe the only international standard is the new ECE 44 regulation on child restraints, which is currently replacing most of the existing national standards. The specific requirements of this regulation cover aspects such as: configuration of the systems, allowed types of buckles, straps, retractors, adjustment devices, corrosion and crash performance. An evaluation of the crash performance of a wide variety of current restraint systems is presented, based on two years of experience with the regulation. This shows the restrictive nature of the regulation and the need for substantial redesign of most of the current products. Finally additional suggestions are presented to increase the acceptance of the systems by the children as well as the parents. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Europe KW - Laws KW - Performance evaluations KW - Regulations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204385 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387277 AU - LAWLESS, E W AU - Siani, T A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE STATE OF THE ART OF CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY LEGISLATION IN NORTH AMERICA PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 229-242 AB - Child safety seats provide an effective means for protecting children in car crashes. Without legislation, few States have been able to obtain usage rates greater than the 20-30 percent range. As a result, 40 States, the District of Columbia, and five Canadian Provinces have now passed child passenger safety laws. These laws vary considerably from State to State. The most important provisions and variations among these laws are summarized in this paper. Since only 19 State laws have been in existence for six months or more, unequivocal data concerning their effectiveness is not yet available. However, initial data gathered on both a national (19 city) level and in various States suggests that these laws are effective in terms of raising usage rates and lowering deaths and injuries to young children. Much needs to be done, however, to realize the full potential of such legislation. Specifically, education, loan-a-seat programs, and most importantly, enforcement must be improved and promoted. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204399 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387267 AU - Kahane, C J AU - KOSSAR, J AU - CHI, GYH AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHILD SAFETY SEATS IN ACTUAL USE PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 113-124 AB - A comprehensive review is presented of casualty-reducing effectiveness estimates of child safety seats in actual use, obtained by statistical analyses of highway accident data. Recent analyses of large samples of New York and Maryland accidents show statistically significant injury reductions for child safety seats; so does a new analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's accident files. Results from Washington State, Tennessee, New Jersey, and Idaho are also reviewed, as are Nationwide restraint usage and fatality trends. The findings are critically examined for possible data biases. It is concluded that child safety seats definitely reduce deaths and injuries in highway crashes, but that their effectiveness cannot be accurately estimated at this time because of inconsistencies and possible biases in the various studies. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton, San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204389 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00387274 AU - DeJeammes, M AU - BIARD, R AU - Seriat-Gautier, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ROAD ACCIDENT EPIDEMIOLOGY AMONG CHILDREN--INVESTIGATION AT MARSEILLE'S HOSPITAL PY - 1983/10 SP - p. 199-206 AB - In France, among the 12200 road users who died in 1979, 900 were children under 15 years. General statistics indicate that road accident fatalities are quite comparable for children between the three users' categories--pedestrians, cyclists and automobile occupants. In order to propose some technical improvements for primary as well as secondary safety, it is improtant to better specify the real distribution of risks, the circumstances and injury consequences of accidents. An epidemiological investigation has been set up with its sources at the hospital emergency services specialised for children. The first results obtained at the hospital Marseille Nord are discussed and emphasize the higher severity of head injuries, particularly with unconsciousness for the pedestrian. Lower limbs lesions were mainly fractures for the pedestrian while the 2 wheeler suffered fractures to both upper and lower limbs. The child car occupant, sitting in the rear seat, was injured by impact against the front seats and the car structure. The thoraco-abdominal viscera were very seldom injured. U1 - SAE Child Injury and Restraint Conference Proceedings P-135 co-sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration held October 17-18, 1983, San Diego Hilton San Diego, California. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Children KW - Crash investigation KW - Epidemiology KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386883 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CALIFORNIA'S TOUGH D.U.I. LAW PY - 1983/10 VL - 47 IS - 8 SP - 5 p. AB - This article reports that California's tough, new drunk driving law is still working effectively, despite a controversial Appellate Court challenge in June 1983. Lives are being saved and dangerous DUI offenders are being removed from public highways. Arrests and convictions continue, with the 0.10 blood alcohol level still in force even though challenged and to be ruled on by the State Supreme Court later this year. The main problem to be dealt with at the present time is overcrowded jails and courts clogged with DUI defendants demanding jury trials. KW - Appeals KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386834 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - A SUCCESS STORY: IOWA'S INFANT/CHILD RESTRAINT CAMPAIGN PY - 1983/10 SP - 9 p. AB - A highly successful infant/child restraint campaign coupled with a drive to increase seat belt usage is reported. The Iowa campaign used existing materials and film wherever possible, a consultant to determine the exact direction of the campaign, and a full-time registered nurse as the seat belt administrator. The campaign was designed to achieve the following goals: establish infant seat loan programs; establish educational programs on the importance of infant and child restraints in hospitals and maternity centers and clinics; establish in-house seat loan program within Iowa's businesses; support from motor vehicle fleet owners to mandate seat belt usage by employees; educate people on the importance of seat belt/infant/ child restraint usage. The news media was successfully used to keep the public informed about the campaign. The Health Department helped treat it as a preventive medicine campaign in newsletters, etc., community involvement and private industry involvement were encouraging. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Prevention KW - Private enterprise KW - Public participation KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200502 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386768 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Matthias, H AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - A DIFFERENT LOOK AT AMERICA'S HIGHWAY ACCIDENT RECORD PY - 1983/10 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - p. 547-558 AB - This article focuses on the factors influencing the fact that the highway traffic fatality rate continues to decline. These factors are the fifty-five mile an hour speed limit, educational programs, change in driving habits, safety engineering (vehicle and road), law enforcement, judicial and legislative factors, economics. The negative factors are then reviewed, such as small cars, educational programs, highways, safety standards, and the fact that many drivers appear to be reverting back to driving habits common to the pre-oil embargo days. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compact automobiles KW - Driver education KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety programs KW - Small car KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386031 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER TO PROMOTE OBSERVANCE OF NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVER AWARENESS WEEK PY - 1983/10 SP - v.p. AB - This publication was prepared to encourage cooperating organizations to celebrate National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week, December 11-17, 1983. It contains a list of sample activities for the week and a list of long-term activities dealing with drinking and driving and safety belt usage. The appendix contains a sample Mayor's/Governor's Proclamation for 1983, a sample editorial for newspapers/broadcasters/newsletters, national drunk driving statistics, facts about teenage drunk driving, a sample certification of appreciation, and the Senate joint resolution. KW - Awareness KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386032 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRESS AND ASSESSMENT REPORT ON THE NATIONAL SAFETY BELT USAGE PROGRAM PY - 1983/10 SP - 49 p. AB - This report reviews programs to increase safety belt and child safety seat use at the community, State, and National levels. It contains the following eight sections: (I) Introduction; (II) Effectiveness of safety belts and child safety seats; (III) Techniques/elements for increasing safety belt usage; (IV) Motivation research program; (V) The National Safety Belt Usage Program; (VI) Network/organization/state activities; (VII) Comprehensive community programs; and (VIII) Program evaluation and assessment. This report concludes that if a variety of organizations work together toward a common goal, nationally, regionally, and locally, they can effect remarkable increases in safety belt use and immeasurable benefits to individuals involved in traffic accidents. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motivation KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199853 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386767 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - HORN, B AU - MATTHEWS, R AU - Symmes, D AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1983/10 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - p. 511-528 AB - This article reviews a report "Impacts of Heavy Freight Vehicles" written by a group of experts from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Sixteen member countries and four international organizations participated in the Expert Group with the objective of synthesizing the latest international research and experience in the field. The study included: protection of large public investments in highway and bridges; efficient traffic management and high network serviceability; safety; energy efficiency; environmental protection; and reduced costs for vehicles and infrastructure. KW - Analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Double trailers KW - Energy efficiency KW - Environmental protection KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway damage KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204037 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386769 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Khasnabis, S AU - Tadi, R R AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - A REEVALUATION OF CREST VERTICAL CURVE LENGTH REQUIREMENTS PY - 1983/10 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - p. 567-582 AB - This article reviews the historical changes in parameters that affect the computation of stopping sight distances (SSDS) and evaluates the effect of these changes on the length requirements of crest vertical curves. KW - Crest KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Design speed KW - Evaluation KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Reaction time KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204039 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385623 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Mercaldo, S AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE TROUBLE-SHOOTING QUIZ PY - 1983/10 VL - 223 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This question and answer quiz covers poor automobile performance, backup blackout brake dive, and noisy gearshifts. KW - Automobiles KW - Backup lights KW - Brakes KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Gear boxes KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Questionnaires KW - Rear lighting KW - Repairing KW - Transmissions KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384884 JO - VERKEHR UND TECHNIK PB - Firmware-Entwicklung, Lumino GmbH AU - Giesen, U AU - Mueller, S AU - Schmidt (Erich) Verlag TI - THE VEHICLES OF THE SUSPENDED RAILWAY SYSTEM AT DORTMUND UNIVERSITY T2 - DIE FAHRZEUGE DES H-BAHN-SYSTEMS UNIVERSITAET DORTMUND PY - 1983/10 VL - 36 IS - 10 SP - p. 371-382 AB - The test equipment has two 4-tonne suspended vehicles, offering 42 seats each and automatically driven (maximum speed: 50 km/h), and an inspection vehicle. The vehicle elements include an underframe and running gear, suspension, a bolster and the cab structure. The cab is built of fire-proof materials. The running gear has two braking devices. The (H-Bahn) suspended railway is designed for fully automatic operation, controlled by computers situated on the ground. KW - Automatic train operation KW - Germany KW - H-Bahn (Hangebahn monorail) KW - Monorail transportation KW - Rail transit KW - Technology KW - Test facilities KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382395 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY TRENDS AND FORECASTS PY - 1983/10 SP - v.p. AB - This document, which is designed for use by planners and managers in making program direction and resource allocation decisions, examines the likely range of motor vehicle related fatalities through 1990. The study also examines the manner in which these changes will occur. In developing the forecast of motor vehicle fatalities in 1990, five factors were considered: population, drivers, vehicles, travel, economic activity. A simple extrapolation of the 1974-1982 rates for these factors were examined as a preliminary step. This was followed by a disaggregate analysis. The forecast values are based on the analysis of the disaggregate analysis. KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Drivers KW - Economic activity KW - Economic conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Population KW - Traffic KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391834 JO - South African Medical Journal PB - Medical Association of South Africa AU - Ferguson, A L AU - Medical Association of South Africa TI - DRIVER'S FATIGUE PY - 1983/09/24 VL - 64 SP - p. 489-490 AB - The physical, physiological and psychological effects of fatigue on long-distance haulage drivers are noted. The Haddon matrix principle of phases and factors is used in the analysis of the causes of driver's fatigue, and also in describing preventive measures. The promulgation of suitable regulations and a bonus system or scheme in respect of heavy-duty motor vehicle drivers are advocated. KW - Causes KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Physiological aspects KW - Prevention KW - Psychological aspects KW - Regulations KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210696 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386526 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - THE QUEST FOR A MILLION-MILE VEHICLE PY - 1983/09/22 VL - 55 IS - 21 SP - p. 40-48 AB - Fierce competition, unrelenting inflation, high truck prices, and skyrocketing operating costs are forcing many fleet operators to run leaner and keep their vehicles in service longer. To do this requires rigid preventive maintenance and overhauling of worn components. Also, truck component suppliers have recognized the demand for extended service life and are developing new products that are more durable and easier to service. Engine builders are responding to the demand for better fuel economy with low-rpm engines. The low-speed diesel engines are in turn leading to simpler transmissions with greater use of 7, 9, and 10-speed transmissions, compared to 13 and 15-speed gearboxes. Both component suppliers and fleet operators agree that probably the single most important factor in extending the life of mechanical components is proper lubrication, so there is strict adherence to regular oil and filter change intervals by those truck users who want to get long life out of their engines. KW - Diesel engines KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel conservation KW - Lubrication KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Service life KW - Transmissions KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387758 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--JONESBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT SCHOOLBUS RUN-OFF-ROAD AND OVERTURN, STATE HIGHWAY 214 AT STATE HIGHWAY 18, NEAR NEWPORT, ARKANSAS, MARCH 25, 1983 PY - 1983/09/20 SP - 39 p. AB - About 5:40 a.m. on March 25, 1983, a Jonesboro School District schoolbus was traveling westbound on State Highway 214 near Newport, Arkansas. The schoolbus was transporting 31 high school students and 7 teachers from Jonesboro, Arkansas, to the Annual State Skills Olympics for vocational-technical students in Little Rock, Arkansas. As the schoolbus traveled through a relatively sharp right curve leading to a T-intersection with State Highway 18, it slid across the centerline onto the opposing lane's shoulder and through a stop sign; it continued to yaw and slide across Highway 18, where it overturned and struck the far edge of a roadside drainage ditch. The teacher-driver, 4 other teachers, and 4 students were killed, and 2 teachers and 27 students were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the driver's failure to slow the schoolbus to a proper speed for negotiating a curve that led to a T-intersection with a stop sign and that had advance "curve" and "stop ahead" warning signs and an advisory speed sign. Contributing to the accident were the deficiencies of the intersection design and signing system, and the lack of reporting of a large number of low severity accidents and incidents at the curve that would have effectively alerted the Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department to deficiencies in the intersection design and signing system. KW - Arkansas KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway design KW - Intersections KW - Personnel performance KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Signs KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393072 AU - Cushman, W D AU - Pain, R F AU - American Driver & Traffic Safety Education Assn AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF "3 SECONDS TO SAFETY" PY - 1983/09/13 SP - v.p. AB - This research was conducted to assess the effectiveness and utility of "3 Seconds to Safety," an instructional reading program about seat belts for grades three to six. Specifically, the objectives were to determine whether the instructional materials could increase knowledge and improve attitudes among elementary school youth and to identify teacher perceptions relative to the material's usability and value to their instructional objectives. The experiment was conducted in two Fairfax County, VA, elementary schools. A classical experimental paradigm was employed to address student knowledge and attitudes. A pre-test established student knowledge and attitude baselines prior to instruction. Treatment groups in each grade were then exposed to instruction using the program materials. Control groups received no instruction. A post-test was administered to determine changes in knowledge and attitudes. The treatment groups took a followup test two weeks later. Statistically significant increases in tested safety belt knowledge were found. It was not possible to gauge program impact on children's attitudes as pre-test scores were too high to permit measurable change. Teacher perceptions were gleaned from a brief questionnaire and an oral debriefing session. In general, the teachers found the materials useful and of value. Fourth and fifth grade teachers, particularly, offered strong positive comments. While 3rd and 6th grade teachers were positive, they indicated that the materials would be better if down- or up-graded for those levels. KW - Attitudes KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Teachers KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389174 AU - United States Senate TI - NHTSA OVERSIGHT PY - 1983/09/13 SP - 97 p. AB - This publication of the hearings on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) presents statements by Senators Danforth and Hollings, as well as statements by several witnesses. Additional articles, letters, and statements are also included. The statement by Senator Danforth focuses on NHTSA'S mission to improve auto safety and specifically on passive restraints and bumpers. KW - Bumpers KW - Hearings KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385803 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - SUSPENSION WITHOUT SPRINGS PY - 1983/09/10 VL - 165 IS - 4218 SP - 3 p. AB - Lotus Engineering has invested two years of development in their Active Suspension system. It was tested in Nigell Mansell's Lotus 92 at the first two Grands Prix of the 1983 season, where it finished reliably and with reasonable placings. Lotus is now seeking major tire or car manufacturers to come in with money to support and speed up future development work. Much of the work to be done is in the areas of production engineering and manufacturing costs. An insert with this article gives a detailed description and drawing of the Active Suspension system. KW - Active suspension systems KW - Automotive engineering KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Industrial engineering KW - Manufacturing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389050 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY--CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION AGAINST DEATH, DISABILITY, AND DISFIGUREMENT IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1983/09/07 SP - 131 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board examined the issue of child motor vehicle passenger protection through a series of 53 detailed investigations of accidents involving infants and small children, restrained and unrestrained; through a series of three regional public hearings; and through a review of the child passenger protection laws that had been enacted by 40 States and the District of Columbia as of mid-1983. The report uses accident cases to highlight crash consequences to unrestrained children and the often dramatic lifesaving and injury prevention benefits of child safety seats. Misuse of child safety seats is identified as a significant problem in accidents, and a need for special efforts to combat the misuse problem is identified. The report identifies limitations and loopholes in child passenger protection laws and concludes that a major problem is that virtually none of the 41 laws were designed to foster the transition of children from safety seat use to safety belt use. The report also calls attention to the need to implement and enforce child passenger protection laws effectively, and identifies areas for further research. Finally, the report identifies major elements for inclusion in effective child passenger protection laws. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Public hearings KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00796871 AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A GUIDE TO SELF-SUFFICIENT FUNDING OF ALCOHOL TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1983/09 SP - 50 p. AB - This manual has been written for people -- officials, administrators, and private citizens -- who wish to make alcohol traffic safety programs more financially self-sufficient. It summarizes the experience of various cities, counties, and states that have achieved greater self-sufficiency for their alcohol programs by tapping funding sources other than the general fund, and presents the lessons to be learned from these experiences in a way that will help readers determine the most promising path to program self-sufficiency in their own areas. Chapter I provides an introduction. Chapter II describes how to determine program funding needs by providing guidelines for quantifying costs and revenues attached to all alcohol traffic safety program activities. It also provides methods for determining how much money is needed to make the program self-sufficient. Chapters III through VI describe funding needs by examining the strengths and weaknesses of the four prime funding sources: fees, assessments, fines, and alcohol taxes. Chapter VII describes how to establish self-sufficient funding systems and the procedures for getting legislation passed. Chapter VIII describes how to administer a self-sufficient funding system and provides guidelines for effective collection and distribution of funds with special emphasis on how to control the ways funds are used. This manual does not recommend any single method of funding. A method used successfully in one area or jurisdiction may be completely unsuitable for another because of the differences in law or policy. The manual only identifies the advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls of each funding approach. It is up to readers to weigh these considerations in light of legal standards and administrative practices prevailing in their own areas. KW - Administration KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Assessments KW - Case studies KW - Collection and distribution (Funds) KW - Costs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fees KW - Financing KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Guidelines KW - Legislation KW - Manuals KW - Revenues KW - Safety programs KW - Self-sufficiency KW - Taxes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497512 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NHTSA MODIFIED VOLKSWAGEN RABBITS MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1976 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 34.3 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/09 SP - 179 p. AB - This test report doucments one of a series of 12 crash tests to evluate the NHTSA's Modified Volkswagen Rabbits. Testing was conducted on a 1976 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback with structural modification designated as Heavy Weight at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 19 deg, at 34.3 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was August 30, 1983 and the ambient temperature was 92 deg F. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Moving barrier KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489736 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1 PY - 1983/09 SP - 124 p. AB - The program objectives, performance specifications, test configurations and test devices, MIV (Modified Integrated Vehicle) structures and components, vehicle and dummy response data from side impact tests (Crabbed Barrier/4-door baseline vehicle at 60 deg - Tests 1 & 2 at 30 mph, Test 3 at 35 mph, and Tests 4 & 6 at 40 mph; Crabbed Barrier/4-door MIV and MIV components at 60 deg - Test 5 MIV at 30 mph, Test 7 4-door baseline vehicle with MIV padding at 30 mph, and Test 8 MIV without MIV padding at 30 mph; Crabbed Chevrolet Citation/4-door baseline vehicle at 60 deg and 90 deg - Test 9 at 40 mph and Test 10 at 34 mph; Crabbed Chevrolet Citation/4-dooMIV at 60 deg and 90 deg - Test 11 at 40 mph and Test 12 at 34 mph; and Crabbed Chevrolet Citation/4-door baseline vehicle at 90 deg - Test 13 at 34 mph with bumper/sill engagement), and data from the head-on fixed barrier impact with the MIV at 35 mph, as well as the results of the qualitative side impact computer analysis are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489738 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/2 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 147 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 2 - Crabbed Barrier/Production 4-door Rabbit at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 30 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489745 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/9 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 174 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 9 - Crabbed Citation/Production 4-door Rabbit at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 40 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489746 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/10 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 175 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 10 - Crabbed Citation/Production 4-door Rabbit at 90 deg impact angle and v equals 34 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489742 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/6 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 155 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 6 - Crabbed Barrier/Production 4-door Rabbit at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 40 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489737 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/1 FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 114 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from frontal fixed wall impact with a Modified Integrated Vehicle (MIV) at 90 deg impact angle and v equals 35 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489739 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/3 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 151 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 3 - Crabbed Barrier/Production 4-door Rabbit at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 35 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489741 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/5 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 157 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 5 - Crabbed Barrier/Modified Integrated Vehicle (MIV) at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 30 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489748 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/13 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 176 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 13 - Crabbed Citation/Production 4-door Rabbit with simulated bumper/sill engagement at 90 deg impact angle and v equals 34 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489743 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/7 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 158 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 7 - Crabbed Barrier/Production 4-door Rabbit with modified padding at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 30 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489744 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/8 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 156 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data from side impact test No. 8 - Crabbed Barrier/Modified Integrated Vehicle (MIV) without modified padding at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 30 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489740 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/4 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 157 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 4 - Crabbed Barrier/Production 4-door Rabbit at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 40 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489747 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH MIV: MODIFIED INTEGRATED VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II/11 SIDE IMPACT PY - 1983/09 SP - 174 p. AB - Vehicle and vehicle occupant response data and technical data from side impact test No. 11 - Crabbed Citation/Modified Integrated Vehicle (MIV) at 60 deg impact angle and v equals 40 mph impact speed are summarized in this report. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Modified integrated vehicle KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299195 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395332 JO - Texas Medicine PB - Texas Medical Association AU - Robertson, L S AU - Texas Medical Association TI - HIGHWAY INJURY PY - 1983/09 VL - 79 IS - 9 SP - p. 48-50 AB - Injuries in or by motor vehicles account for half of the disabling and fatal injuries. The median age of those fatally injured by motor vehicles is 27, compared to 76 for heart disease and 65 for cancer. A major extension in years of life is thus dependent on control of motor vehicle related injuries. The author cites the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of the "behavior change" approaches to reducing the number of highway crashes, and offers ten logical strategies for achieving better results at the state and local levels. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Disabling injury KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury characteristics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Public health KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394736 JO - Journal of Applied Social Psychology PB - Blackwell Publishers AU - Wittenbraker, J AU - Gibbs, B L AU - Kahle, L R AU - Winston (VH) and Sons Incorporated TI - SEAT BELT ATTITUDES, HABITS, AND BEHAVIORS: AN ADAPTIVE AMENDMENT TO THE FISHBEIN MODEL PY - 1983/09 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - p. 406-421 AB - One hundred thirty-four introductory psychology students participated in a longitudinal study of seat belt usage. The model of Fishbein and Ajzen was tested, as was the construct of habit within this context. Multiple regression analyses supported the basic Fishbein and Ajzen model predictions. Attitudes and subjective norms predicted intentions, which in turn predicted behavior. Furthermore, habit predicted behavior better than intention. The following nonspurious relationships were observed in cross-lagged panel correlation tests: influence from subjective norm to intention, influence from intention to attitude, influence from attitude to subjective norm, influence from behavior to habit, and, of course, influence from attitude to behavior. Discussion included further consideration of the Fishbein and Ajzen model, social adaptation theory, and implications for seat belt usage. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Coulomb failure criterion KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Psychological aspects KW - Social values KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216737 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395003 JO - Medical Association of Thailand Journal PB - Medical Association of Thailand AU - Hanpadungdhama, A AU - Fukpolngam, V AU - Medical Association of Thailand TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS: A STUDY OF 600 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS TREATED AT RAMATHIBODI HOSPITAL PY - 1983/09 VL - 66 IS - 9 SP - p. 519-529 AB - This is a retrospective study of 600 consecutive patients registered at the Emergency Room of Ramathibodi Hospital because of injuries sustained in motorcycle accidents by drivers, passengers, and pedestrians during the 8-month period, October 1980 to June 1981. The purpose of the present report is to describe the injury patterns seen and to focus on available findings concerning the nature and severity of trauma associated with collisions. KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Motorcyclists KW - Patterns KW - Pedestrians KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394713 JO - Indiana State Medical Association Journal PB - Indiana State Medical Association AU - Du Bois, M B AU - Indiana State Medical Association TI - DRUNK DRIVING: PHYSICIANS CAN AND MUST MAKE THE DIFFERENCE PY - 1983/09 VL - 76 IS - 9 SP - p. 604-605 AB - On September 1, 1983 the new drunk-driving law went into effect in Indiana. The author, chairman of the Indiana State Medical Association calls for the medical profession's organized and individual support of that law, which, if supported by the public may prevent three fatalities a week and six serious injuries every day in alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents in Indiana. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Indiana KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Physicians KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394300 AU - Cunningham, J L AU - Jozwiak, W AU - Philpot, J W AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER USAGE AND ACCEPTANCE OF CHILD RESTRAINTS PY - 1983/09 SP - 195 p. AB - This study was designed to focus on two factors with potential relevance to the child restraint device (CRD) usage problem: CRD design and directions for use; problems of initial users and repeated users were targeted for consideration. Ultimate objectives were to develop recommendations for educational programming designed to improve proper CRD usage, for improving manufacturers' instructions for CRD use, and for improving CRD design. Observational and self-report measures were used to collect data for the study. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses of data were conducted. A wide range of success rates for CRD installation were noted, both in relation to type of CRD and CRD component. In general, lowest success rates for CRD installation were found for CRDs with tether straps and those with more complex designs. Little systematic variation was noted in relation to type of instructions. Many positive and negative comments about CRD design were noted. Two panels of professionals were organized to review study results and make recommendations. One panel, composed of engineers, was focussed on improving CRD design for facilitating consumer acceptance and usage. The other panel, composed of educators, was focussed on improving instructions and other means of providing usage information to consumers. KW - Acceptance KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Education KW - Instructions KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25665/DOT-HS-806-543_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394212 AU - Segal, D J AU - Kamholz, L R AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERAL PURPOSE ROLLOVER TEST DEVICE PY - 1983/09 SP - 95 p. AB - A number of rollover test techniques have been used in the past to study vehicle and occupant response in rollover situations. These have included dynamic, full-scale procedures as well as laboratory tests. Typically, full-scale procedures have experienced difficulties in test repeatability while laboratory tests offer little opportunity to evaluate occupant protection considerations. The reported project was undertaken with the objective of designing and fabricating a new rollover test device that offered two significant advantages over previous methods of achieving a vehicle rollover. These include delivery of the test vehicle to touchdown with the ground in a repeatable manner and a great deal of flexibility in the range of touchdown conditions that can be achieved. A general purpose rollover test device was fabricated and tested under the project. A dynamic demonstration test was conducted that demonstrated operation of the device. Based on experience with that test, an operational procedure was developed for the rollover test device. KW - Dynamic tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Rollover crashes KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390713 AU - Mitchell, J F AU - SPAULDING, P AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS. ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1983/09 SP - 230 p. AB - This report is a summary of selected national transportation statistics from a wide variety of government and private resources. Included are cost, inventory, and performance data describing the passenger and cargo operations of the following modes: air carrier, general aviation, automobile, bus, truck, local transit, rail, water, oil pipeline, and gas pipeline. The report includes basic descriptors of U.S. transportation, such as operating revenues and expenses, number of vehicles and employees, vehicle miles and passenger miles, etc. A supplementary section includes transportation and the Economy and Energy in Transportation. Energy in Transportation is divided into four parts: Energy Consumption, Energy Transport, Energy Intensiveness, and Energy Supply and Demand. Also included are the operating costs of automobiles of different sizes. In this edition, the selected data cover the period 1971 through 1981/1982. KW - Air transportation KW - Automobiles KW - Bus transportation KW - Demand KW - Energy KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel transportation KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Pipelines KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Statistics KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Trucks KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390946 AU - Young, J W AU - Chandler, R F AU - Snow, C C AU - Robinette, K M AU - Zehner, G F AU - Lofberg, M S AU - Civil Aerospace Medical Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANTHROPOMETRIC AND MASS DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADULT FEMALE PY - 1983/09 SP - 103 p. AB - This study of 46 living adult females is part of a long-range research program designed to establish valid analytical relationships between readily measured body dimensions and mass distribution characteristics of living populations. Presented in this report are data describing the mass distribution characteristics of primary and composite body segments. The report also contains sets of regression equations which can be used to predict segmental volumes and moments of inertia from anthropometric data. The data base is derived from both classical anthropometric measurements and from stereophotogrammetric techniques. Subjects were representative of a general United States population as defined by the 1971-74 Public Health Service, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES). The data obtained describe segment and segment composite volumes, centers of volume, intersegment cut centroids, principal inertial axes, and surface anatomical landmarks with respect to anatomical axes developed for each segment. Experiments designed to test the validity of research techniques and controls, and to measure the differences between stereophotometrically derived values and values obtained by direct measurement techniques are also described here. It is anticipated that these data will be useful as design criteria for anthropomorphic test devices used in safety research, design and performance evaluation of safety restraint systems, and development of body prostheses. KW - Adults KW - Anatomy KW - Anthropometry KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Females KW - Manual safety belts KW - Moment of inertia KW - Moments of inertia KW - Size UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am83-16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389420 JO - Journal of Analytical Toxicology PB - Oxford University Press AU - Dubowski, K M AU - ESSARY, N A AU - Preston Publications, Incorporated TI - RESPONSE OF BREATH-ALCOHOL ANALYZERS TO ACETONE PY - 1983/09 VL - 7 SP - p. 231-234 AB - Quantitative evidential breath-alcohol analyzers and screening testers in each of the five current categories of analytical principle were examined for response to dynamically-generated acetone vapor concentrations of 3, 100, 150, 350, and 600 micro g/210 Liters. Nine of the 13 instruments tested were unaffected by acetone at any of these concentrations; three solid-state (Taguchi) sensing devices and one device employing single-wavelength infrared spectrometry displayed responses to acetone at the two highest tested concentrations. In view of a breath-acetone literature survey for ambulatory subjects and other considerations, response of the tested devices to acetone is not considered to be a significant problem in breath-alcohol analysis for traffic law enforcement purposes. KW - Accuracy KW - Acetates KW - Acetone KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Solvents KW - Testing KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389178 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY TRENDS. FIRST HARMFUL EVENT PY - 1983/09 SP - 10 p. AB - This is one of a bimonthly series of brief reports on highway traffic fatality trends in the United States. The data are from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). FARS has now accumulated over eight years of data on fatal highway accidents. It can provide an indication of effects that are relatively stable, those that are seasonal, and those that vary over the years. Each issue of this publication will contain a simple presentation of one aspect of these effects. The purpose is merely to show the trends rather than to analyze or explain them. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387719 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Kaminski, H L AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRE-STANDARD VEHICLES COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME II--APPENDIX B PY - 1983/09 SP - 315 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representive vehicle bumpers. A group of 49 makes and models was selected representing 88 percent of the domestic and 55 percent of the imported vehicle sales for 1982. Components removed from the selected vehicles were used to establish the basic cost of the 5 MPH bumper systems. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387415 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - SIX MOST FREQUENTLY CITED CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS BY GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, B.C. 1982. COUNTERATTACK BRIEF REPORT NO.8 PY - 1983/09 SP - 13 p. AB - According to "The Most Frequently Cited Causes of Traffic Accidents, B.C., 1982" (CounterAttack, Ministry of Attorney General, May, 1983) the six causes most cited are, in descending order: driving without due care, alcohol involvement, speeding, failure to yield, the weather, and following too closely ("tailgating"). However, in order to effectively allocate limited public education and police resources to combatting these accident causes, one must first know where these causes occur most often. Consequently, it is the purpose of this report to examine the relative frequency of these six causes in terms of their incidence within the geographical bounds of the major police reporting groups throughout the province. KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash causes KW - Geographical areas KW - Named Geographic Features KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200954 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387755 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - ALDMAN, B AU - Gustafsson, H AU - Nygren, A AU - Wersall, J AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - HEARING AND MOTORCYCLE HELMETS PY - 1983/09 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - p. 42-45 AB - This study evaluates the attenuation of the sound when using a motorcycle helmet, and measures the aerodynamically generated noise inside a helmet when driving. The possibility of detecting certain signals was judged when masking and attenuation effects were taken into consideration. It concludes that the risk of hearing damage is very limited, acoustic warning signals are audible only at low speed, the helmets don't put the wearers at a disadvantage compared with non-helmet situations, and further development of the aerodynamic design of motorcycle helmets is considered essential. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Attenuation KW - Design KW - Hearing loss KW - Hearings KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387718 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Kaminski, H L AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRE-STANDARD VEHICLES COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME I PY - 1983/09 SP - 183 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representive vehicle bumpers. A group of 49 makes and models was selected representing 88 percent of the domestic and 55 percent of the imported vehicle sales for 1982. Components removed from the selected vehicles were used to establish the basic cost of the 5 MPH bumper systems. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387832 AU - Cowley, J E AU - Cowley (JE) and Associates AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - CAR/TRUCK SPEEDS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY IN VICTORIA PY - 1983/09 SP - 57 p. AB - The 1978 Heavy Commercial Vehicle Speed and Operational Safety Study--sponsored by RoSTA--resulted in a new speed limit structure for heavy commercial vehicles in Victoria, in which speed limits for heavy trucks were set 10 km/h below the posted speed limits of 60--100 km/h for general traffic; subject to the condition that heavy trucks were limited to an overall maximum speed of 80 km/h. A study has been carried out to measure changes in car/truck free speeds and accident patterns, before and after the change in speed limits in late 1978. This shows that whereas truck speeds have increased relative to car speeds, there is little overall change in car/truck accident patterns. The exception is rural single-vehicle accidents involving articulated trucks, which have increased, and it is recommended that their speeds and accident frequencies (and exposures) be kept under review. KW - Before and after studies KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Patterns KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386891 AU - Raub, R A AU - Illinois Department of Law Enforcement TI - STUDY OF ANTI-FENCING OPERATIONS IN ILLINOIS: AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1983/09 SP - 17 p. AB - Most of the evaluations of anti-fencing operations have been concerned with the value of goods recovered and the numbers and rates of convictions obtained. One study attempted to determine the overall effect of an anti-fencing operation on subsequent crime and the value of those crimes. This study showed mixed results. One question not answered is the effect of such operations on crime during their existence. Two programs in Illinois were examined for their effect on crime both during and after. The results of this study show that crimes do not appear to increase during the operation. At the same time, no longer term reductions can be found. To make these comparisons, areas with and without anti-fencing operations were compared. KW - Arrests KW - Crimes KW - Law enforcement KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200566 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386885 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Anderson, D W AU - Miller, J D AU - Kalsbeek, W D AU - Public Health Service TI - FINDINGS FROM A MAJOR U.S. SURVEY OF PERSONS HOSPITALIZED WITH HEAD INJURIES PY - 1983/09 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - p. 475-478 AB - In 1974, work began on the first national survey of head and spinal cord injuries in the United States. The survey was a project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke of the Public Health Service. This article presents highlights of the survey, particularly the findings about head injuries (that is, brain injuries). The survey population consisted of people admitted to U.S. hospitals as inpatients between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1974. To be medically eligible, patients must have experienced physical injury (except birth trauma) caused by an external, mechanical force. Probability sampling was used in a three-stage plan to select appropriate hospital records. Findings of the head and spinal cord injury survey follow: Of all age groups, 15- to 24-year-olds had the highest rate of head injuries; males had a rate of head injuries more than twice that of females; head injuries occurred most often on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays; and the chief cause of head injuries was motor vehicle accidents. KW - Brain KW - Data collection KW - Females KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Males KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386887 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - UNEMPLOYMENT AND MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN MICHIGAN PY - 1983/09 SP - 36 p. AB - The economic recession has been suggested as a probable cause of the significant decline in traffic casualties in Michigan in the early 1980s. The present study was designed to identify the underlying relationship between changes in economic conditions, as reflected in the rate of unemployment, and motor vehicle crash involvement. The potentially intervening influence of vehicle miles traveled was also examined. ARIMA and dynamic regression time-series modeling procedures were used to assess the direction, magnitude, and lag structure of the relationships. Results revealed that an increase in unemployment is related to a simultaneous decrease in crash involvement, followed by an increase in crash involvement one month later. Vehicle miles traveled was not a significant intervening influence between unemployment and crash involvement. The net effect of an increase in unemployment is a decrease in crash involvement. However, the magnitude of the effect is quite small, accounting for only a small portion of the total decline in traffic casualties in recent years. KW - Economic conditions KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Recession KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Unemployment KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200560 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386884 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Segal, M AU - Palsgrove, G AU - Sevy, T D AU - Collins, T E AU - Public Health Service TI - THE 1990 PREVENTION OBJECTIVES FOR ALCOHOL AND DRUG MISUSE: PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1983/09 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - p. 426-435 AB - In 1980 the Public Health Service set forth specific, measurable national prevention objectives to be achieved by 1990 in 15 health priority areas. This article reports on activities related to reaching the objectives pertaining to alcohol and drug abuse. The agency assigned responsibility for meeting these prevention targets is the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA). Subsequent to passage of block grant legislation in 1981, ADAMHA has pursued the 1990 disease prevention-health promotion objectives principally by expanding research on new preventive interventions and determining what interventions work, by broadening its collaboration with other Federal agencies, and by fulfilling Federal responsibility to disseminate information on research, provide technical assistance, and mobilize community resources in cooperation with the private sector. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Drugs KW - Federal aid KW - Federal government agencies KW - Information dissemination KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Public relations KW - Research KW - Technical assistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386886 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Shaw, C E AU - Fluke, D M AU - Public Health Service TI - A PROPOSED CAMPAIGN TO INCREASE THE USE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS FOR YOUNG CHILDREN WHO RIDE IN CARS PY - 1983/09 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - p. 502-507 AB - In the United States, motor vehicle accidents are the number one killer of children under 5 years of age, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Repeated studies show that correct, consistent use of child restraint systems is a proven method of preventing many unnecessary deaths. Yet current data from NHTSA's National Accident Sampling Survey show that only 35 percent of infants under 1 year of age, and only 25 percent of toddlers between 1 and 4, are protected by child restraints when they ride in cars. The authors believe that an innovative public awareness campaign, based on a Presidential proclamation giving national priority to encouraging correct use of child restraint systems, would serve both to increase the public's knowledge of car safety issues and to increase the number of parents who provide restraint protection for their children. Our proposal is unique in that it is a multidimensional approach with its main focus on children under 5 as a target population. We advocate continued appeal to the adult consumer population but believe that long-term results will be more significant if children are addressed as well. The main emphasis of our proposal is on local community involvement, yet Federal acknowledgement of the problem of safety for small children in cars--and support of efforts to solve this problem--are necessary to reinforce the efforts of grassroots organizations. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Parents KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386759 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - HLDI INJURY AND COLLISION LOSS EXPERIENCE PY - 1983/09 SP - n.p. AB - The table inside this publication summarizes the recent insurance injury and collision loss experience of 1980-1982 passenger cars. The results are grouped according to four car styles: station wagons, four-door models, two-door models, and sports and specialty models. The cars with the worst overall results (injury and collision) are small two-door models, predominantly Japanese imports. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Four door vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sports cars KW - Station wagons KW - Two door vehicles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201567 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386038 JO - Motor AU - Wilkinson, T AU - Hearst Books TI - TRANSMISSION TUNEUP PY - 1983/09 VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - Automatic transmission filters are now made of needled felt, which consists of polyester fibers bound together with a plastic resin. They are a vital part of the new, smaller transmissions. Service intervals are being stretched by the auto industry who promote "low maintenance" cars, but these newer filters are working harder than ever and clogging sooner. This article suggests that for a car used in mixed city-highway driving, a fluid and filter change every 25,000 miles seems to be a reasonable guideline. A series of captioned photos shows how to perform a five-minute transmission tuneup. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Engine lubrication devices KW - Engine tuning KW - Filters KW - Maintenance practices KW - Service intervals KW - Spacing KW - Time intervals KW - Transmission fluid KW - Transmissions KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203584 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386043 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - GROUP RIDING CAN BE FUN AND SAFE PY - 1983/09 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 16-19 AB - This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of group motorcycle riding, and gives some suggestions for safe group riding. It cautions that only experienced motorcyclists should tackle group riding, since there are just too many things that can go wrong. The final word is that the most important thing in group riding is individual discipline. KW - Groups KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386632 JO - Steering Wheel PB - Texas Motor Transportation Association AU - Covin, M AU - Texas Motor Transportation Association TI - DO SAFETY AND SECURITY GO TOGETHER? PY - 1983/09 VL - 48 IS - 8 SP - p. 12-13 AB - This article gives a brief overview of the need for some degree of professional security in today's transportation and cargo industry. The three factors examined are people, cargo, and equipment and storage. In the people category it is stated that the bottom line is to establish a thorough screening program for all applicants. In the cargo area, the establishment of controls and physical measures to protect all cargo from theft, pilferage, deliberate contamination and related loss factors is needed. The equipment and storage area is of equal concern and there are available today many different ways of physically securing these. In conclusion, it is emphasized that "whether you are a corporate president, safety person, dispatcher, or security representation, the protection of assets is your responsibility." KW - Commodities KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Personnel KW - Security UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203977 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386037 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - EULER, G W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL TIMING OPTIMIZATION: ACHIEVING NATIONAL OBJECTIVES THROUGH STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTIONS PY - 1983/09 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - p. 14-17 AB - This article describes a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) that addressed the questions of: how to improve traffic signal performance, what it cost to do so, and what the benefits are. The article concludes with the role and interest of the FHWA in improving traffic signal performance nationwide. KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203583 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386044 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - WHAT'S THE BACKYARD MECHANIC TO DO? SELL? LEND? STORE? PY - 1983/09 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 22-25 AB - This article points out how to properly prepare a car for storage when you are moving and can't take the vehicle with you. Brief mention is made of the other two options--selling it or leaving it with someone. KW - Automobiles KW - Handling and storage KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386029 AU - Anderson, T E AU - Schweitz, R M AU - Snyder, M B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF A BEHAVIORAL TEST BATTERY FOR DWI PY - 1983/09 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper presents initial findings from a recently conducted field evaluation of a sobriety test battery. Police officers from four jurisdictions were trained in the use of the sobriety test battery. They then administered the battery to drivers stopped for suspicion of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) during the three month test period. The results indicate that the test battery can be easily administered in the field and is effective in determining whether a driver's Breath Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is above or below .10%. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Police UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25719/DOT-HS-806-475.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386760 AU - Scott, R E AU - O'Day, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - I DO NOT WEAR SAFETY BELTS BECAUSE... PY - 1983/09 SP - 19 p. AB - The most frequently stated reason for not wearing safety belts given in a recent survey of Michigan licensed drivers was that they might trap an occupant in a car which had either caught on fire or was immersed in water. This report presents a series of analyses intended to explore the incidence of death from automobile fires and immersions and the association between belt usage and such deaths. A number of sources of accident data are used in the study. The Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS), and the National Accident Sampling System (NASS), all provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) are used to provide nationally representative statistics. The national data are augmented by data from the states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Washington for a number of analyses for which these sources provide specific advantages. The analyses indicate that deaths from fire or immersion accidents are rare among traffic fatalities. The capability of self-rescue in an emergency such as fire or immersion is preserved by measures which increase the likelihood of remaining conscious. Not using restraints approximately doubles the probability of losing consciousness after a crash. The likelihood of death is over 40 times as great if one is ejected than if one remains in the car. In contrast to the low incidence of death from fire or immersion, 22 percent of the fatally injured passenger car occupants are ejected, and restraints nearly eliminate ejection. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash types KW - Data analysis KW - Death rate KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Immersion KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Unconsciousness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200420 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386039 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF ROAD MARKINGS TO NARROW LANES FOR CONTROLLING SPEED IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS PY - 1983/09 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - p. 56-60 AB - This article describes a research study that addressed speeding on residential streets--one of the most common traffic complaints reported to law enforcement officers by residents. Speeding generally occurs on wide streets that have little or no horizontal or vertical curvature so drivers have a long sight distance. Deterring speeders in residential areas is vexing for traffic engineers because solutions are limited. Thirty different countermeasures and strategies used in the United States and Great Britain to control speed were ineffective or minimally successful. It was concluded that enforcement coupled with a rational speed zoning policy was the most effective method of speed control in residential areas. In a before-and-after study on the impact of street narrowing on speed, six locations on three different streets were narrowed as part of a street beautification program. Street widths were reduced from 8 to 18 ft (2.4 to 5.5 m), leaving two traffic lanes at least 11 ft (3.4 m) wide each. These before-and-after studies showed that there was no consistent or material reduction in the average speeds after street narrowing. At two locations, the average speed increased 1 mph (1.6 km/h); at three locations, the average speed decreased between 1 and 3 mph (1.6 and 4.8 km/h); and at one location, the average speed decreased 5 mph (8 km/h). Reducing lane width to 9 ft (2.7 m) might further reduce the speed. KW - Before and after studies KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Residential areas KW - Road markings KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Speeding KW - Street narrowing KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203585 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386743 JO - RV Business PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Wright, D AU - TL Enterprises, Incorporated TI - HANDICAPPED MARKET PY - 1983/09 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 7 p. AB - Until recently no major RV company and no national dealer network was fully committed to serve the handicapped market. All this could change now due to a recent decision by Shasta Industries to build production-model mini motorhomes for physically disabled RVers. The unit is described in this article and several other companies who serve the handicapped market are mentioned. KW - Adaptive equipment (Disabled persons) KW - Equipment KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Special purpose KW - Special user groups KW - Wheelchair lifts KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386030 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE USE OF SAFETY CHECKPOINTS FOR DWI ENFORCEMENT PY - 1983/09 SP - 20 p. AB - The use of safety checkpoints can provide an important component of an effective enforcement system designed to raise the perceived probability of apprehension for DWI. Recently there has been an increased interest in the use of sobriety checkpoints. For example, the State police in Delaware, Maryland, New York, Arizona, and local police in many counties and cities, have in the last year initiated checkpoint programs. Based on a review of a number of these and other programs, this paper presents some of the salient issues identified in these State and local programs. The paper is divided into the following three sections: (I) Review of legal issues; (II) suggested guidelines for the use of safety checkpoints for DWI enforcement; and (III) Evaluation. A sample motorist survey to determine public opinion of sobriety checkpoints, prepared by the Maryland State Police Traffic Program Planning Unit, is included. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Police KW - Public opinion KW - Security checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199852 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385724 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - NEW DIRECTIONS IN TRANSPORTATION SAFETY--AN INTERVIEW WITH NTSB'S JAMES BURNETT PY - 1983/09 VL - 83 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - This article contains the text of an interview on July 1, 1983 with James Burnett, chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) by Charles Hurley, executive director of federal affairs at the National Safety Council's Washington, D.C., office, on the changing role of leadership at NTSB. Among the many key issues touched upon in the interview were child safety seats, alcohol abuse on the highway, railroad-highway grade crossing safety, a legal drinking age, and the role of the NTSB in making safety recommendations. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Child restraint systems KW - Interviewing KW - Legal drinking age KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Recommendations KW - U.S. National Transportation Safety Board UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203399 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385741 JO - Motor AU - Wilkinson, T AU - Beihl, B R AU - Hearst Books TI - CLUTCH REPAIR TIPS PY - 1983/09 VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This article provides the latest information on diagnosis and repair of clutches. Problems covered include clutch clicking or ratcheting, clutch system noise, self-adjusting mechanism damage, flywheel and pressure plate inspection, clutch installation, and pressure plate and release bearing identification. KW - Building KW - Clutches KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Facilities KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Loss and damage KW - Noise KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203413 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385742 JO - Motor AU - Weissler, P AU - Hearst Books TI - CHECKING TURBO WASTEGATES PY - 1983/09 VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - This article suggests that a wastegate test should be included as part of a turbo engine tuneup. Procedures and test equipment needed are outlined. In conclusion it is pointed out that wastegate controls are relatively simple, and should be nothing more than a pleasant challenge for anyone skilled in engine troubleshooting. KW - Engine tuning KW - Engines KW - Troubleshooting KW - Tune-ups KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Wastegates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203414 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385796 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - A SAMPLE OF TRANSPORTATION AGENCY RESPONSES TO THE NEED TO CONSERVE ENERGY PY - 1983/09 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - p. 22-25 AB - ITE Committee 6A-23 undertook a study to determine how agencies with the responsibility for transportation operations and planning are responding to the continuing need for energy conservation. The specific purpose of the study was to identify energy conservation practices and measures that have been adopted and those planned for implementation by various transportation agencies in the United States and Canada. This article summarizes the results of that study, pointing out the study methodology and data collection method and listing thirteen conclusions. KW - Agencies KW - Data collection KW - Energy conservation KW - Government agencies KW - Methodology KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203435 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385738 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Lathrop, R AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - AND CONTROL MEANS SAFETY PY - 1983/09 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - This article gives some tips from the race track that can be put to use on the street. They come from James Besmer who is instructor of race driving at the JRBSMR, as well as former Jim Russell Series and Quebec Formula Ford champion. They deal with proper positioning to avoid driver fatigue, correct handling of the steering wheel, becoming familiar with a new car before testing its capabilities, and various other things which are part of learning to be not just a good driver, but the best driver you can be. KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving instructors KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203410 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385745 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Johns, K B AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - CONTRIBUTIONS OF RESEARCH TO IMPROVED HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1983/09 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - p. 30-33 AB - This article looks briefly at what is happening in highway safety in general, then focuses attention on what research is contributing to improved highway safety. Research underway at the Transportation Research Board (TRB) includes safety or safety-related projects in three of its four divisions. Division D, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, has five projects programmed with one being directly related to safety and the others having indirect safety benefits. Division B, Special Projects, has five studies underway that were mandated by Congress and all of which have safety implications or elements. In Division A, Regular Technical Activities, the interest in safety in the 165 or so standing committees continues as it has in recent years. By far the larger research program is that encompassed in the Federally Coordinated Program (FCP) of Highway Research and Development of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). One of the nine categories of the FCP is devoted to Improved Highway Design and Operation for Highway Safety. Eleven of the 36 current FCP projects are within this category. The research program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is also mentioned, along with a search of the Highway Research Information Service (HRIS) for research in progress related to safety. Tables are included which list the titles of current FCP projects and the research topics found to be in progress by a search of the HRIS data base. KW - Highway safety KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385565 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW HYDRAULIC VALVE LIFTER CONTAINS ITS OWN OIL PY - 1983/09 VL - 91 IS - 9 SP - p. 58-60 AB - A new type of hydraulic valve lifter, developed in Japan, is described. This new hydraulic lifter uses silicone oil in place of engine lubricant as its working fluid. This self-contained hydraulic lifter appears to be less sensitive to temperature changes than the conventional ones and its overall size is almost equal to a conventional hydraulic lifter. KW - Engine oils KW - Hydraulic fluids KW - Hydraulic valve lifter KW - Lubricants KW - Silicones KW - Temperature KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203291 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385725 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Knight, D B AU - National Safety Council TI - DANGER! WRONG-WAY DRIVER AHEAD! PY - 1983/09 VL - 83 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - The Wrong-Way Device consists of electronic direction sensors imbedded in the roadway to sense wrong-way traffic movement, signal a semaphore arm to lower across the road, and activate a variable message board to alert any exiting traffic to the hazard. In 1979 the Illinois Department of Transportation installed the device on the exit ramp of a parallel-cloverleaf type intersection. The results of this test and evaluation of the Wrong-Way Device are summarized in this article. Concluding comments refer to the cost effectiveness of the device. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Test results KW - Warning devices KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203400 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385727 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - EUROPEAN GROUP URGES BETTER TRAINING FOR YOUNG DRIVERS PY - 1983/09 VL - 83 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - This article reviews the concerns expressed by La Prevention Routiere Internationale (PRI), a prominent European traffic safety organization with headquarters in Luxembourg, in its resolution presented to the United Nations in preparation for the observance of 1985 as International Youth Year. The PRI pointed out the high death toll among male drivers aged 15 to 24 and declared that the chief reasons for the high accident proneness among drivers in this group are their attitude toward risk, their tendency to overestimate their own capabilities, insufficient and ineffective traffic education in many countries, and lack of driving experience. Recommendations by PRI included "psychological-educational measures" to motivate students toward well-adjusted behavior in traffic, driver education in the armed forces, instruction in the problems of operating two-wheeled motor vehicles, reform of driving tests, intensive training for beginners, a graduated licensing system to higher categories of motor vehicles, advanced driver training, required wearing of helmets by drivers and passengers of two-wheeled vehicles, the use of safety belts by drivers and front seat passengers to be enforced by sanctions, and voluntary restrictions on sales promotions and advertising so statements in conflict with adjusted traffic behavior will no longer be used. KW - Accident proneness KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203402 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385780 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Knoles, D AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - FLEET MINDS ON TIRES PY - 1983/09 VL - 22 IS - 11 SP - 6 p. AB - This article reports the results of a recent Automotive Fleet informal survey of fleet managers or operators concerning tires. Survey results were consistent on three points: tires are not a major maintenance problem; tire costs have actually decreased over the past five years; and use of radial tires has completely replaced that of bias-ply tires both as original equipment and for replacement. Other results concern the use of all weather tires, tire rotation, and the use of mini-spares. KW - All season tires KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Mini-spare tires KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Surveys KW - Tire rotation KW - Tires KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203425 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385797 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Shiplee, L D AU - Oliver, W E AU - Ingram, J W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - MOBILE TRAFFIC ENGINEERING INSTRUCTIONS PY - 1983/09 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - p. 26-29 AB - A state-sponsored workshop-on-wheels is taking traffic engineering instruction directly to employees of small cities, towns, and rural communities who are responsible for traffic safety within their jurisdictions throughout Florida. This paper examines this mobile traffic engineering training program through a discussion of the following: the need for local traffic engineering instruction; goals and criteria for the program; selection of candidate jurisdictions; design of the program; how the program operates; and results of the program. KW - Instructions KW - Programs KW - Rural areas KW - Small cities KW - Small towns KW - Traffic engineering KW - Training KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203436 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385800 JO - Bicycling PB - Rodale Press, Incorporated AU - DeCrosta, T AU - Rodale Press, Incorporated TI - A SIGHT FOR SORE EYES PY - 1983/09 VL - 24 IS - 8 SP - p. 40-46 AB - Goggles specifically made for bicyclists by various manufacturers and accessory distributors were evaluated. A number of new lightweight, comfortable goggles have come on the market. This eyewear usually has a wraparound design (to cover the eye on all sides) and is made with plastic polycarbonate lenses. Goggles provide three-fold protection: (1) they act as a shield from dust, debris and pollutants; (2) they prevent the "dry-eye" syndrome; and (3) they block out harmful rays. Among those goggles evaluated in this article are: Perception Lenses by Suntiger; Corning Optics "spectrally selective" lenses; Cyclops goggles from Cycling Sports; SolarBand by National Hydron Incorporated; and Gargoyles by Pro-tec Incorporated. KW - Cyclists KW - Evaluation KW - Eye KW - Goggles KW - Protection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203438 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385125 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Cerullo, B AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - HOW TO CHECK FOR STEERING AND SUSPENSION PROBLEMS PY - 1983/09 VL - 223 IS - 3 SP - p. 116-118 AB - This well illustrated article explains how to troubleshoot a worn front end or spot a ripoff. It gives the procedures to check the tie-rod ends, the wheel bearing, side play, drag, unusual tire wear and the ball joints. KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Steering gears KW - Suspension systems KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle front end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203087 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385561 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Lieding, B AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - KEEPING 'EM TRUCKING PY - 1983/09 VL - 33 IS - 9 SP - 6 p. AB - The H. Barkow Incorporated's line of glass transportation systems is reviewed. These glass transportation systems are divided into three categories: light duty glass racks, cab and chassis models for glazing bodies, and heavy duty glass transport. KW - Containers KW - Freight transportation KW - Glass KW - Glass containers KW - Glass transportation KW - Glazing KW - Racks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385563 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AIR CELL COMBUSTION CHAMBER REDUCES DIESEL SOOT PY - 1983/09 VL - 91 IS - 9 SP - p. 51-52 AB - This article describes a direct injection diesel engine with an air cell above the regular combustion chamber. Unused air is stored in the cell during the compression stroke and initial combustion phase; after fuel injection the air is reinjected into the combustion chamber to stir the stagnating flame. It thus promotes soot oxidation by raising oxygen partial pressure around the particles. A variable unit, featuring a needle valve at the air cell's entrance, is proposed for benefits throughout the operating range. KW - Air cells KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Combustion products KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Fly ash KW - Fuel injection KW - Oxidation KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203289 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385747 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - DEFLATING MYTHS OF TIRE REPAIR PY - 1983/09 VL - 53 IS - 9 SP - p. 14-17 AB - This article offers tips for repairing radial tires. It answers the question, "Why do your tube repairs fail?" Common misconceptions about patching chemicals are pointed out and the repairer is cautioned to remove the tire from the rim before attempting any repair. Various repair materials and methods developed by Remaco, Inc. are mentioned. KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385785 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES. 1980-1982 MODELS PY - 1983/09 SP - 29 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report presents the frequency of claims for injuries to occupants of 1980, 1981, and 1982 model year passenger cars, vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. Claim frequency results are shown separately for all medical claims and for those claims for which the medical losses exceeded $250, $500, and $1,000. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199671 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385605 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MINI AND MICROAUTOMOBILE FORUM: OVERVIEW AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS PY - 1983/09 IS - 264 SP - 30 p. AB - Contents: Part 1, Market and Use Considerations--Introduction, P.F. Waller; Economic Considerations, Dr. C. Lave; Potential Usage, K. Orski; and The Market Potential for Micro-Mini Cars in the United States, J. Hemphill. Part 2, Mini-Micro Problems--Introduction, J.L. Pline; Design Notes for a Safer Half Megagram Automobile, Dr. C. Clark; Potential Impact of the Micro-Vehicle on Roadway Facilities, D.L. Woods and H.E. Ross; Operator and Safety Problems, J. O'Day; and Laws, Standards and Liability, A. Hricko. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Economic factors KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Impacts KW - Markets KW - Microautomobiles KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Safety KW - Small car KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385723 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Morriss, R AU - National Safety Council TI - PEER-EDUCATION TEACHES MINNESOTA TEENAGERS THE CONTROL FACTOR IN DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1983/09 VL - 83 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - In 1981, the Minnesota Safety Council undertook the development of a youth drinking and driving program which came to be known as the Control Factor program. The program involves the training of high school upperclassmen to become instructors of younger students on individual control in drinking and driving situations. This article reviews the development of the program, the actual presentation of the program, and the payoffs that have been realized to date. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High schools KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385115 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - GENTILE, J AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - END OVER END, THEN DOWN PY - 1983/09 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article describes a school bus accident that happened on March 25, 1983 in Jonesboro, Arkansas. The bus went out of control around a curve, the right wheels lifted off the ground, then the left wheels. The airborne nose of the bus crashed into a ditch bank, swerved back onto the pavement and into another ditch. The left front end of the bus smashed down, flipping the bus end over, crashing down on top of the windshield, before coming to rest on its roof. Moments later four students and five teachers, including the driver, were dead; another 29 were injured. The article describes the accident investigation. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Rollover crashes KW - School buses KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203077 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385560 JO - Glass Dealer PB - National Glass Dealers Association AU - Archinaco, F AU - National Glass Dealers Association TI - TOMORROW'S AUTO GLASS PY - 1983/09 VL - 33 IS - 9 SP - 3 p. AB - After a short review of the history of glass in automobiles, the author looks to the future: glass will play an important part in auto glass design, windshields and backlights will be installed at greater sloping angle for better aerodynamics, and there will be more flush glazing, more complex bends and curves, and even more glass usage. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Glass KW - Glazing KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Vehicle design KW - Window glass KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203286 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385744 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - CHILD SAFETY ON MICHIGAN'S HIGHWAYS--A SOLUTION PY - 1983/09 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - p. 18-21 AB - The Michigan Section of the Institute of Transportation Engineers adopted as its project in 1979, development and implementation of a comprehensive program targeted at increasing use of vehicle child restraints in Michigan. Project goals included involvement in an issue of importance to the profession in Michigan, widespread Section membership participation, and public service. The results as reported in this article show that the goals were successfully achieved. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Legislation KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publicity KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203416 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385746 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DRIVER ERRORS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM PY - 1983/09 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - This article looks at ways to eliminate driver errors by becoming more aware of other drivers. The situations examined, in which drivers show some disregard for others on the road, include speeding, right of way violations, proper and improper turns, driving left of center, following too closely and overtaking. In conclusion it is stated that if we could totally eliminate these examples of improper driving, it would greatly reduce the death and injury toll of traffic accidents, and that we can all work toward that goal simply by remembering that we are not alone out there on the road, and driving accordingly. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Passing KW - Right of way KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385801 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SKID CONTROL PY - 1983/09 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-21 AB - High performance cars have returned to the market. They are available throughout the entire range of a manufacturer's line. However, because these cars can brake and corner extremely well, they can lull their drivers into a false sense of security. Such over confidence can lead to skidding. This article points out the causes of such skidding and describes what to do about it, whether you are driving rear or front wheel drive cars. KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Front wheel drive KW - High performance cars KW - Markets KW - Race cars KW - Rear wheel drive KW - Skidding KW - Steering KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203439 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385562 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWO SUPREME COURT DECISIONS PY - 1983/09 VL - 91 IS - 9 SP - p. 15-18 AB - Two Supreme Court decisions and their impact are discussed. On June 23, 1984 the court ruled that the one-house legislative veto violates the separation of powers provision of the Constitution. On June 24, 1984, the court ruled that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration was "arbitrary and capricious" when it rescinded the automatic protection requirements of MVSS 208, Occupant Crash Protection. In addition the article includes a review of other judicial activities, a review of legislative activities (bumpers, motor vehicle inspection, joint research and development, gasoline vapors, the Synthetic Fuels Corporation, acid rain, EPA appropriations) and a review of Executive Branch activities (emissions test results, methanol/gasoline blends, fuel additives, seat belts, stopping distances, hydraulic brake systems, windshield defogging). KW - Air bags KW - Courts KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Judicial processes KW - Judicial review KW - Legislation KW - Legislative veto KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385564 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRATIFIED-CHARGING APPLIED TO TWO-STROKE ENGINE PY - 1983/09 VL - 91 IS - 9 SP - p. 55-56 AB - This article describes a method, developed by researchers in Ireland, of stratified-charging a two-stroke engine. The stratified-charging assists in reducing the short circuiting loss of fuel during scavenging. KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Salvage KW - Scavenging KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385615 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - Bernard, R AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - SEAT BELTS ON SCHOOL BUSES--ARE CHILDREN SAFER WITHOUT THEM? PY - 1983/09 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - For many years the transportation industry has been carrying on research, conducting sled tests and simulating accidents. Volumes of data have been compiled which overwhelming oppose the advisability of installing seat belts on large school buses. In February of 1973, a Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS-222) regarding school bus passenger seating and crash protection was issued and it became effective in April 1977. Included in the standard are three primary aspects of seating occupant protection: (1) seat and restraining barrier height and surface area, (2) seat and seat anchorage strength, and (3) the padding on contactable surfaces within the occupant's seat space. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety factors KW - Safety features KW - School buses KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384687 JO - WORKING WOMAN AU - Candler, J AU - Hal Publications, Incorporated TI - AUTO CAR SAFETY PY - 1983/09 SP - 3 p. AB - One out of every four cars will be in a fender bender or a more serious accident in the U.S. in the next year. How much protection from injury will those unlucky cars provide to occupants? This article answers that question by looking at the safety features that have been incorporated in automobiles since 1968. Primary attention is focused on seat belts, including child restraints, and passive restraints, such as automatic seat belts and air bags. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Child restraint systems KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382504 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - DIAGNOSING ENGINE COMPRESSION LEAKS PY - 1983/09 VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - p. 39-42 AB - The engine compression can leak past the valves, around sparkplug threads, past the piston rings, through cylinder wall or combustion-chamber cracks, or around the head gasket. This article explains how to check the ignition system and the cylinder pressure, interpret gauge readings, locate leaks, perform an air test, determine TDC, listen for leakage, use a commercial tester and plug the hole. KW - Automobiles KW - Compression KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engines KW - Leakage KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202479 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381933 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Evans, H C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REVIEW OF EFFICIENT HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS IN SELECTED UNDERGROUND MINING MACHINES PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 5-14 AB - New hydraulic circuits, providing superior efficiency, have been designed making innovative use of existing and new pumps, motors and controls. Applied in demanding mining applications, these circuits and components also show considerable promise for application on other mobile equipment. The mining environment dictated three primary design objectives: 1.) Use limited space most efficiently; 2.) Maximize horespower efficiency; 3.) Assure that varying system horsepower demands are kept within the capability of the prime mover. These same objectives are gaining importance in all mobile applications, as higher energy and manufacturing costs cause equipment designers to strive for lower machine costs and more energy-efficient operation. KW - Energy conservation KW - Horsepower KW - Hydraulic circuits KW - Hydraulic control KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Low costs KW - Machines KW - Mining KW - Mining machines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204833 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381934 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Lonnemo, K R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A METHOD TO COMPARE CONTROL LOSSES FOR VARIOUS MOBILE HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 15-20 AB - This paper describes a method to determine control losses, i.e., losses solely due to regulation of velocity of the load, for various variable pump systems as compared to conventional fixed pump-open center, by-pass valve systems. The method is graphically illustrated in load pressure-flow diagrams where the different control losses are shown. Loci of comparative control losses are plotted in the load pressure-flow diagram and if the pressure-flow-time duty cycle is known, the total difference in control energy loss/duty cycle can be computed for a particular machine. This energy loss is then converted to the difference (gain or loss) in fuel consumption and cooling requirements. Finally, results from test runs with a backhoe-loader and three different operators are shown. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction equipment KW - Control KW - Energy conservation KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Losses KW - Pumps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204834 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381952 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Alkidas, A C AU - COLE, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL LOADING OF THE CYLINDER HEAD OF A DIVIDED-CHAMBER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 111-123 AB - Time-averaged combustion chamber surface temperatures and surface heat fluxes were measured at three locations (one in the antechamber and two in the main chamber) on the head of a single-cylinder, divided-chamber diesel engine. In general the surface temperature and heat flux were found to increase with increasing engine speed, fuel-air ratio and intake-air temperature, decreasing coolant temperature and advancing combustion timing. At motored conditions the highest heat flux was at the antechamber location. This was caused by the high swirl flows present in the antechamber. In contrast, at all other conditions the highest heat flux was measured at the location in the main chamber near the valves. This was attributed to the convective action of the high-temperature stream of combustion gases exiting the antechamber during the expansion stroke. Lastly, the local surface heat flux measurements were correlated in terms of the air and fuel consumption rates of the engine. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cylinder heads KW - Diesel engines KW - Temperature measurement KW - Testing KW - Thermal loads KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204851 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382403 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - YU, R C AU - Kuo, T-W AU - SHAHED, S M AU - Chang, T W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF MIXING RATE, END OF INJECTION, AND SAC VOLUME ON HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM A D.I. DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 59-73 AB - Some results of a systematic analysis of important sources of hydrocarbon emissions from a direct injection diesel engine are presented. The following sources are considered and investigated: (1) local overmixing, (2) poor end of injection, (3) fuel emptying from sac volume. The analysis uses systematic engine experiments and an existing two-dimensional thick evaporating spray model to determine the contribution of various hydrocarbon sources to the total hydrocarbon emissions in the exhaust. The results show that at idle and light load conditions, local overmixing is the major source of hydrocarbon emissions. The amount of fuel overmixed is directly controlled by mixing rate, ignition delay, and the lean limit of combustion. Mixing rate calculations show that the injection rate shape and nozzle geometry are more important than the physical properties of the fuel in determining the amount of fuel overmixed. The results also show that for a low emission engine using timing advance at light loads for overmixing control, poor end of injection and fuel emptying from the sac volume can be important sources of hydrocarbons. The characterization of these sources and their effect on fuel evaporation and hydrocarbon emissions are discussed. KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Injection KW - Mixing KW - Nozzles KW - Rates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204866 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382406 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - KAMIMOTO, T AU - Osako, S AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN AIR CELL DI DIESEL ENGINE AND ITS SOOT EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 103-111 AB - A DI diesel engine with an air cell was developed as one of the combustion systems for reducing soot emission from diesel engines: The air is accumulated in the air cell during the compression stroke and is injected into the main chamber during a period after the end of injection. The air jet stirs the stagnant flame and promotes soot oxidation. A comparative experiment with the conventional system made it clear that the air-cell system effectively reduces soot emission at a medium and high load condition. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381931 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MORE ENERGY SAVING IDEAS FOR MOBILE EQUIPMENT DESIGNERS SP-551 PY - 1983/09 SP - 68 p. AB - This publication contains the following articles: Introduction of a New Family of Small High Torque, Low Speed Motors Designed for Low Horsepower Applications, C. M. Pinson; A Review of Efficient Hydraulic Circuits in Selected Underground Mining Machines, H. C. Evans; A Method to Compare Control Losses for Various Mobile Hydraulic Systems, K. R. Lonnemo; Expanding the Deere Family of Low-Speed High-Torque Hydraulic Motors, J. B. Agness; Energy Saving Considerations in Hydraulic Cylinder Design and Application, G. W. Gross and W. C. Pope; Mobile Equipment Efficiency Management with Servo Controlled Medium Duty Hydrostatic Transmissions, W. E. Hull and G. D. McConeghey; Development of a Durable, Reliable and Fast Responding Solenoid Valve, R. L. Barkhimer et al; Electrohydraulic System Response--Nonlinear vs Linear, G. M. Lance and A. T. Kleaveland; and Proportional Valves--Requirements and Demands, H. L. Jacobsen, et al. KW - Design KW - Designers KW - Energy conservation KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrostatic transmissions KW - Hydrostatics KW - Mobile equipment KW - Motors KW - Portable equipment KW - Servomechanisms KW - Transmissions KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382391 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TASK FORCE IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AND COMMUNITY ALCOHOL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1983/09 SP - v.p. AB - Because of the alarming death and injury statistics of alcohol-related traffic crashes, the public and private sectors have demanded an organized approach to the driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) problem. In response to this demand, a definitive strategy has been designed--the TASK FORCE methodology. Many states, numerous communities and municipalities have determined that the task force technique is highly effective in bringing together citizens, policy makers, and court officials to address drunk driving issues. Ultimately their efforts will effect positive changes in current attitudes toward the DWI problem. An organized systems approach is the most significant feature of the task force methodology. This technique of structured problem analysis and group organization can result in solutions which reduce the DWI problem to manageable proportions. These guidelines describe the recommended procedures for establishing and implementing a task force. Through extensive research and study of successful task forces, the common characteristics of the systems approach have been identified and are presented as suggested guidelines. This general description permits use by a broad range of governmental levels; the specific example of methods and procedures can be tailored to meet a variety of needs. You are urged to study this guide and consider the implementation of a task force as an alternative or adjunct to your present program on alcohol-related traffic crashes. Join the nationwide effort to control the staggering death and injury statistics attributable to the driving-while-intoxicated highway safety problem. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Committees KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Public participation KW - Safety programs KW - Systems analysis KW - Task force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201511 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381929 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Harms, L C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTROHYDRAULIC DUAL POWER-SHIFT CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 43-53 AB - Earlier transmissions were equipped with a complex mechanical linkage for actuating the dual power planetary gear set. Field experience revealed the need for a reliable, simplified and less expensive method for this particular transmission control. An electrohydraulic directional control valve was developed to provide an economical design improvement which was readily incorporated into present models. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Dual-power KW - Electrohydraulic control KW - Electrohydraulic mechanisms KW - Field tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Shifts KW - Transmissions KW - Uplift pressure KW - Uplift resistance /piles/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204830 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381937 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Hull, W E AU - McConeghey, G D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOBILE EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY MANAGEMENT WITH SERVO CONTROLLED MEDIUM DUTY HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSIONS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 31-39 AB - Medium duty mobile equipment can realize productivity gains through the application of servo controlled hydrostatic transmissions. To achieve these gains, hydrostatic transmissions for medium duty vehicles must possess design features which promote management of driveline efficiency. However, to achieve compatibility with the medium duty vehicle, these transmissions should be designed with the cost, life, and size goals of medium duty in mind. This paper provides definition of the medium duty concept as it pertains to hydrostatic transmission application and design. Examples of the potential for productivity enhancement through the use of medium duty hydrostatic transmissions with integrated servo control are presented. KW - Applications KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Hydrostatic transmissions KW - Hydrostatics KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Servomechanisms KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204837 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381949 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Webster, W D AU - Coffell, R AU - Alfaro, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A THREE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A HIGH SPEED DIESEL ENGINE CONNECTING ROD PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 83-96 AB - A high speed diesel engine connecting rod is extensively modeled incorporating three dimensional finite elements and bolt pretension forces. The resulting finite element analysis determines those regions containing high stress values and defines the deformed shapes for various loading conditions. KW - Connecting devices KW - Diesel engines KW - Fasteners KW - Finite element method KW - Rods KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204848 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382399 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - IKEGAMI, M AU - Li, Xiaopeng AU - Nakayama, Y AU - MIWA, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TREND AND ORIGINS OF PARTICULATE AND HYDROCARBON EMISSION FROM A DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 15-29 AB - A systematic study on particulate mass emission from a high-speed direct-injection diesel engine was conducted using a mini-dilution sampling method. Effects of fuel-air equivalence ratio, engine speed, injection timing, and swirl intensity are presented and discussed with special regard to soluble organic fraction (SOF) and hydrocarbons. Results show that these concentrations are greatly affected by ignition delay or by temperature level in the engine cylinder. As the sources of SOF and hydrocarbons, local and bulk quenching of the charge, interaction of the fuel spray with the combustion chamber walls, and slow thermal decomposition of fuel are considered and discussed. Among them, the significance of the fuel decomposition is pointed out, by separate experiments on a simulated engine by using an in-cylinder gas-sampling technique. The proposed mechanism is that at low air temperature, thermal cracking is too slow for the injected fuel to be fully decomposed, resulting in the accumulation of raw and partially cracked fuel. KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Injection KW - Particulates KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204862 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382410 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Yawata, Y AU - Crocker, M J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL NOISE SOURCES IN DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 151-162 AB - In order to identify noise sources in a diesel engine, specifically exciting forces such as combustion and piston slap, the so-called coherence method which utilizes relationships between the auto and cross spectra of cylinder pressure, cylinder liner acceleration and engine noise has been examined. Also, as an alternative, a multivariable regression analysis in one-third octave band auto spectra of each signal mentioned above has been made. It was shown that the simple coherence model studied does not seem useful for this particular type of noise source identification problem. However, the multivariable regression approach has yielded fairly reasonable results, though some problems have been found in accuracy. From this research, it was found that combustion noise is predominant for heavier engine load conditions, though at lower load and high speed conditions, piston slap noise becomes appreciable. KW - Combustion KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Diesel engines KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Noise KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204873 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382417 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - KUMAR, K AU - Gaur, R R AU - Garg, R D AU - Babu, MKG AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEME FOR THE SIMULATION OF A FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 235-258 AB - A finite difference scheme comprising of two step Lax-Wendroff and Leap-Frog techniques used to solve the continuity and momentum equations for a fuel injection system, is described in this paper in addition to the method of characteristics. Newton-Raphson method and Becchi's techniques have been tried to solve the boundary condition equations. A limited comparison with the well known Runge-Kutta scheme showed that the Newton-Raphson method is much simpler to apply and needs less computational time. The validation of the above model has been carried out by comparing the predicted and experimental data of the fuel injection pressures and rates. This comparison showed that the present model could be utilized to predict the performance of the injection system with a reasonable degree of accuracy. KW - Finite differences KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel injection KW - Performance KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382397 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A WORLDWIDE VIEW OF DIESEL COMBUSTION EMISSIONS AND ANALYSIS P-130 PY - 1983/09 SP - 300 p. AB - This proceedings contains up-to-date information from around the world. For example, for the subject area of soot (particulates), there are several papers for both D.I. and I.D.I. diesel engines. Cold startability in the D.I. engine is treated quite fully. Effect of combustion on sound, effect of mixing rate, end of injection and sac volume on unburned hydrocarbon is another topic. The relationship between the degree of mixing on soot formation is also treated. Analysis of flame, injection and many more topics are covered. KW - Analysis KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flames KW - Fuel injection KW - Injection KW - Particulates KW - Sound UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198436 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381946 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Tholen, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REDUCING FRICTIONAL LOSSES! IS THE INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPMENT REALLY WORTHWHILE? PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 51-65 AB - Reducing direct friction losses between the surfaces of sliding engine parts has--in many cases--only little influence on the effective fuel consumption, especially in engines with a high load-factor. Therefore, the higher expenditures in development and production result in a poor cost/benefit-relation. But in quite a lot of cases friction losses can be reduced by shifting the speed- and load-range of the engine. Together with optimizing oil flow and viscosity behaviour advantages on behalf of the motor cycle-process as well as of engine behaviour and engine life are reached, thus reducing fuel consumption even further together with better engine performance. Some examples are given and discussed in detail. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Engine performance KW - Friction losses KW - Fuel consumption KW - Sliding friction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204845 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381948 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Goth, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HARDFACING ALLOYS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VALVES PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 73-81 AB - New valve hardfacing materials have been developed for use in either gasoline or diesel engines. The objective of reducing and/or eliminating cobalt as a necessary alloy addition has been achieved. Improvements in the method of application to the valve have increased productivity, and decreased quality costs. KW - Alloys KW - Hardfacing KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Mechanical loads KW - Thermal loads KW - Thermal stresses KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204847 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382416 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Khatchian, A S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF RELATIVE COMBUSTION CHAMBER DIAMETER ON PERFORMANCE AND CYLINDER HEAD THERMAL LOADING OF OPEN TYPE COMBUSTION CHAMBER DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 223-234 AB - Multi-channel relations between relative combustion chamber diameter (dc.ch/D) and open type combustion chamber diesel engine parameters are analysed. Special attention is paid to optimising diesel engine design in case of wide combustion chamber to get highest efficiency. It is shown that choice of fuel injection equipment may play important part to solve the problem. Results of experimental investigations of cylinder head thermal loading in case of different dc.ch/D values are presented. Attempt is made to establish reasons for thermal loading decrease with greater dc.ch/D on the basis of charge velocity components measurements. As it turned out impossible to relate specific heat flux and temperature fields to charge motion alone, assumptions are outlined with regards to corresponding governing factor. In conclusion some of the advantages of shallow type combustion chambers as applied to highly boosted diesel engines are stressed along with problems to be solved. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cylinder heads KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Performance KW - Thermal loads KW - Thermal stresses KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204879 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381942 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Haynes, G P AU - Hyde, G F AU - Sauter, G W AU - Thornton, T E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ACCELERATED CHROMIUM PLATE PISTON RING WEAR ASSOCIATED WITH LINER PITTING PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 1-10 AB - Accelerated wear of chromium plated piston rings by an unidentified wear mechanism has been occasionally observed in small bore, high speed diesel engines in the field. This chromium plate wear phenomenon has been successfully reproduced in laboratory engine tests using chemically pitted cylinder liners with rough surface finishes. This paper reviews the laboratory test program which was developed a) to understand and identify the wear mechanism and b) to maintain ring wear life through piston ring modifications. KW - Chromium KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability tests KW - Liners KW - Piston rings KW - Pitting KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204841 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381944 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Mierbach, A AU - Dueck, G E AU - Newman, B A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAT FLOW THROUGH PISTON RINGS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SHAPE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 25-37 AB - Apart from its many other functions, the piston ring also has the task of dissipating heat from the piston to the cylinder wall. This heat flow alters the contact pressure of the piston ring against the cylinder and can result in a lack of effective sealing with extremely high pressure at the ring ends. The work presented in this paper enables the effect of the heat flow on the ring shape as a function of piston ring material and dimensions to be calculated from the temperature difference between piston and cylinder wall and to integrate these findings into the manufacturing process, i.e., noncircular shaping. This makes it possible for the first time to produce piston rings that do not have the disadvantages in engine application of the uncontrolled thermal deformation--scuffing marks and leakage at the ring ends. KW - Heat dissipation KW - Heat flow KW - Heat loss KW - Manufacturing KW - Piston rings KW - Shape KW - Testing KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204843 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382412 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Chang, S L AU - RHEE, K T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTATION OF RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIESEL COMBUSTION PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 171-185 AB - A theoretical model of radiation heat transfer has been developed. A computation of radiation heat flux at a particular location in the combustion chamber by using the present model requires in-cylinder time- and space-resolved species data and cylinder pressure. From the species data, the burned fuel/air ratio distribution is inferred to compute space-resolved adiabatic flame temperature. For the computation of the spectral emissivity of an isothermal volume of adiabatic temperature containing soot, the Rayleigh-limit expression is used. The refraction indices in the expression are obtained by using the dispersion equations based on the electronic theory encompassing both free and bound electrons. For the spectral emissivity from the gaseous component in the volume, the semi-empirical band model is used. A parametric analysis of radiation heat transfer in diesel combustion is made by using the present model; a prediction by the model qualitatively compares with some of the reported experimental data. KW - Combustion KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Diesel engines KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Fly ash KW - Heat transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204875 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382414 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Phatak, R AU - Nakamura, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLD STARTABILITY OF OPEN-CHAMBER DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES--PART I: MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE AND EFFECTS OF COMPRESSION RATIO PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 201-210 AB - A cold startability study was carried out on a single-cylinder research engine. Engine cooling was achieved by circulating chilled alcohol through the engine. Cold air was supplied with the help of compressed air and vortex tubes. A technique was developed to measure white smoke output of the engine. Charge air temperatures for a non-firing engine were measured by using thermocouples and high-speed data acquisition techniques. High-speed data acquisition techniques were used for quantitative determination of cold startability by comparing cranking torque, black smoke, white smoke, and cylinder pressure. Cold startability was measured for compression ratios of 14:1, 16:1 and 18:1 at 32 deg F, 14 deg F, and -4 deg F. The study indicated desirability of lower compression ratios for performance and higher compression ratios, higher cranking speeds and retarded injection timings for improved cold startability. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Smoke KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381926 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Loewenthal, S H AU - Rohn, D A AU - ANDERSON, N E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCES IN TRACTION DRIVE TECHNOLOGY PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 1-14 AB - Traction drives are among the simplest of all speed changing mechanisms. Although they have been in industrial use for more than 50 years, their operating characteristics and performance capabilities are not widely known. This paper briefly traces their technical evolution from early uses as main transmissions in automobiles at the turn of the century to modern, high-powered traction drives capable of transmitting hundreds of horsepower. Recent advances in technology are described which enable today's traction drive to be a serious candidate for off-highway vehicles and helicopter applications. Improvements in materials, traction fluids, design techniques, power loss and life prediction methods will be highlighted. Performance characteristics of the Nasvytis fixed-ratio drive are given. Promising future drive applications, such as helicopter main transmissions and servo-control positioning mechanisms are also addressed. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Helicopters KW - Servomechanisms KW - Technology assessment KW - Traction drives KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204827 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381943 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Truscott, R AU - Reid, T AU - Ruddy, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RING DYNAMICS IN A DIESEL ENGINE AND ITS EFFECT ON OIL CONSUMPTION AND BLOWBY PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 11-23 AB - Measurements of cylinder and inter-ring pressures and top ring axial movement were made on a 4-stroke V8 diesel engine running at full power, in order to understand differences in observed oil consumption and blowby for 5 different ring and piston combinations. In each case the parameters were also calculated using a newly developed computer program which combines the effects of ring lift and twist, inter-ring gas pressures, ring profile and tension and liner finish on ring hydrodynamics and gas flow. Encouraging correlation was shown between measured and predicted results. KW - Blowby KW - Diesel engines KW - Dynamics KW - Fuel consumption KW - Ring test KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204842 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381945 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - FURUHAMA, S AU - Sasaki, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW DEVICE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PISTON FRICTIONAL FORCES IN SMALL ENGINES PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 39-50 AB - Measurement of piston frictional forces during engine operation is valuable for improved fuel economy engine design. The measurement, however, is not easy work because the frictional forces are small compared with the gas and inertia forces. Several years ago, at the Musashi Institute of Technology frictional forces were measured with a movable bore with pressure balancing. Recently, the pressure balancing devices have been improved and adapted for small engines. The piston frictional forces in a small diesel engine and a gasoline engine have been measured with the new device. The characteristics of the friction forces and the comparison between engine sizes, gasoline and diesel engines have been clarified and the effect of multi-grade oil and friction modifiers have been tested. KW - Engines KW - Friction KW - Friction forces KW - Friction tests KW - Lubrication KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Size KW - Small engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204844 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382398 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Alkidas, A C AU - COLE, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM A SINGLE-CYLINDER DIVIDED-CHAMBER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 1-13 AB - In this study, the effects of engine speed, air-fuel ratio, combustion timing, intake-air temperature, and coolant and oil temperature on exhaust gaseous emissions (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) and particulate emissions (particulates, volatiles and smoke) were investigated in a single-cylinder, divided-chamber diesel engine. In addition, the trade-off behavior of the pollutants was investigated. To aid in the interpretation of the experimental findings, a single-chamber, single-zone heat release model utilizing experimental main-chamber pressure-time data was employed. The large increase in nitric oxide emission index caused either by increasing the air-fuel ratio or by advancing the combustion timing is attributed to the proportionally larger amounts of fuel that burn at near TDC conditions. The increase in hydrocarbon emission index with increasing air-fuel ratio and with retarding combustion timing is believed attributable to the resultant increase in bulk quenching. Particulates and smoke increased with decreasing engine speed, increasing load, and advancing combustion timing. In contrast, the volatile content of particulates increased with decreasing load and retarding combustion timing. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204861 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382411 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Schmillen, K AU - FLOTHO, A AU - Schluender, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DETERMINATION OF THE SOUND TRANSMISSION RATE OF DIESEL ENGINES BY MEANS OF CYCLIC FLUCTUATIONS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 163-169 AB - The pressure time history in the combustion chamber of an IC-engine is seen as a sound phenomenon which--attenuated by the engine structure--is radiated as combustion noise. A distinction has been made between the direct and indirect combustion noise. The subject "transmission rate/direct combustion noise" has been investigated by the example of an air-cooled single cylinder diesel engine. To this end short-range noise intensity measurements as well as cylinder pressure measurements at several points in the combustion chamber have been carried out simultaneously. The evaluation method chosen considers the considerable cyclic fluctuation from working cycle to working cycle of the cylinder pressure level to check the applicability of a transmission rate. Within a frequency range of 0.5 to 9.5 kHz the correlation coefficients of sound intensities and cylinder pressure excitation have been determined in 500 Hz band-width for 50 successive working cycles. The results of the investigation can be used for evaluation of the acoustic properties of the combustion process. KW - Combustion KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Diesel engines KW - Sound KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204874 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382413 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Reichel, S AU - Pischinger, F F AU - LEPPERHOFF, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INFLUENCE ON PARTICLES IN DILUTED DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST GAS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 187-200 AB - This paper presents the results of experimental and theoretical investigations on measuring particulate emissions of diesel engines in a dilution tunnel. The results offer a contribution to understanding the influence of several parameters on the particle phase of exhaust gas when diluted and mixed with air. These parameters include the exhaust gas temperature, the dilution ratio of the exhaust gas in the air, the mixture temperature, the flow and mixture conditions, the amount of filter loading and the filter material. In order to determine which physical/chemical processes dominate particle formation in diluted exhaust gas, the results of calculations in terms of condensation and adsorption are compared with the experimental findings. An increase in measured particulate concentrations is generally favoured by short sampling times, fast mixing processes, high exhaust gas temperatures, low mixture temperatures and low dilution ratios. Furthermore, the results show that adsorption of hydrocarbons to soot particles rather than condensation is the major influence on particulate formation. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Particulates KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382415 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Phatak, R AU - Nakamura, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLD STARTABILITY OF OPEN-CHAMBER DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES--PART II: COMBUSTION CHAMBER DESIGN AND FUEL SPRAY GEOMETRY AND ADDITIONAL AIR AND GLOW PLUG AS A STARTING AID PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 211-222 AB - A study was performed to evaluate the influence of combustion chamber design and fuel spray geometry on cold startability. High-squish toroidal, high-squish bowl, and Mexican hat-type combustion chambers were tested. In each case, the effects of fuel-air mixing process on cold startability was studied at different starting temperatures and injection timings. Cold startability aids, such as additional air for starting purposes and glow plugs, were tested with each of the above combustion chambers. Chamber designs with high squish and swirl and fuel impingement on the walls were found to be undesirable for good cold startability. Improved cold startability resulted from locally non-uniform air-fuel ratios with a well organized air swirl-fuel spray pattern. Glow plugs were found to be desirable for improved cold startability. KW - Air KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Engine cylinders KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel spray KW - Fuels KW - Glow plugs KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381941 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART ON DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL POWER CYLINDER COMPONENTS PY - 1983/09 SP - 130 p. AB - This publication contains the following articles: Accelerated Chromium Plate Piston Ring Wear Associated With Liner Pitting, G. P. Haynes et al; Ring Dynamics in a Diesel Engine and Its Effect on Oil Consumption and Blowby, R. Truscott, T. Reid, and B. Ruddy; Heat Flow Through Piston Rings and Its Influence on Shape, A. Mierbach, G. E. Dueck, and B. A. Newman; New Device for the Measurement of Piston Frictional Forces in Small Engines, S. Furuhama and S. Sasaki; Reducing Frictional Losses!--Is the Investment in Development Really Worthwhile?, P. Tholen; The Effects of Common Variations in Diesel Engine Bearings, P. K. Das and S. B. Dancer; Recent Developments in Hardfacing Alloys for Internal Combustion Engine Valves, G. Goth; A Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of a High Speed Diesel Engine Connecting Rod, W. D. Webster et al; New Considerations in Connection Rod Design, B. L. Carlson and J. H. Ruff; Diesel Engine Health: Laser Diagnostics, N. A. Halliwell, et al; and Thermal Loading of the Cylinder Head of a Divided-Chamber Diesel Engine, A. C. Alkidas and R. M. Cole. KW - Bearings KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cylinder heads KW - Cylinders KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Performance KW - Piston rings KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Rods KW - State of the art studies KW - Valves KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381928 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Maycock, I C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR CLUTCH PERFORMANCE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 25-41 AB - This paper describes a field trial investigating if a diaphragm spring cover assembly and rigid driven plate would give improved performance over the production coil spring cover assembly and spring centre driven plate. Also described is subsequent rig testing carried out to find an alternative non-asbestos facing. The field trial was successful with a life improvement of 100% together with improved release and engagement characteristics and gear selection. An alternative heavy duty asbestos material was found and a cerametallic material gave the best non-absestos result. Further testing is proposed at a reduced duty level in an effort to improve correlation between rig testing and the field trial and this will be extended to include other non-asbestos materials which have recently become available. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Clutches KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Performance KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Testing KW - Uplift pressure KW - Uplift resistance /piles/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204829 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381930 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - MYERS, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW GENERATION OF ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC CONTROL FOR HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSIONS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 55-64 AB - The use of electro-hydraulic control of hydrostatic transmissions on mobile equipment has been limited by the high cost, marginal performance, marginal reliability and poor serviceability of previously available controls. Rapidly increasing usage of electronics on mobile equipment has created a strong need for an electro-hydraulic control without these limitations. A design program was established to develop an entirely new control which both overcomes previous limitations and meets future needs. This was accomplished by selecting the proper design concept to allow meeting all design goals, then carefully implementing and thoroughly qualifying the concept in hardware. KW - Design KW - Electrohydraulic control KW - Electrohydraulic mechanisms KW - Hydrostatic transmissions KW - Hydrostatics KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204831 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381938 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Barkhimer, R L AU - BECK, N J AU - Weseloh, W E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DURABLE, RELIABLE AND FAST RESPONDING SOLENOID VALVE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 41-47 AB - A new solenoid operated valve has been developed which is compact, durable, reliable and fast operating. Different versions of the valve have been constructed for operating pressures of 2 bar to 100 bar. The valving mechanism is ball poppet and requires no spring. Additional design features include hardened seats, and close control of valve travel and air gap. KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Microcomputers KW - Reliability KW - Solenoids KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204838 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381940 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - JACOBSEN, H J AU - Hansen, J C AU - Maletzki, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROPORTIONAL VALVES--REQUIREMENTS AND DEMANDS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 55-61 AB - Proportional valves is a comprehensive term. We shall here exclusively deal with the load independent proportional directional valves, applicable on mobile, maritime and stationary equipment. Proportional directional valves are used when it is required to improve a given machine or system in relation to one or more of the following eight items: (1) Increased Operator Comfort; (2) Improved Productivity; (3) Greater Safety; (4) Reduced Energy Consumption; (5) Higher Flexibility; (6) Lower System Price; (7) Better Control Properties; and (8) Higher Degree of Automation. The very great and obvious advantage by using the aforementioned valves will be the possibility of remote control of the manoeuvering, e.g. electrically. The paper will discuss the above mentioned items in detail. KW - Demand KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Proportional valves KW - Remote control KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Stationary equipment KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204840 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382400 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Kontani, K AU - Gotoh, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT OF SOOT IN A DIESEL COMBUSTION CHAMBER BY LIGHT EXTINCTION METHOD AND IN-CYLINDER OBSERVATION BY HIGHSPEED SHADOWGRAPHY PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 31-43 AB - An optical measurement named the "transmissive light extinction method" was carried out to investigate soot behavior in a diesel combustion chamber. First, the theoretical principle was discussed, and some preliminary experiments to examine the applicability of the method were performed. The method was applied successfully to the measurement of actual soot density in an experimental engine with a facility to observe the inside of the combustion chamber. However, some limitations were noticed in the method, as it was essentially a matter of local measurement. Then a simple but unique optical arrangement was made to enable simultaneous highspeed photographing of shadowgraphs and direct images of the combustion flame. As a result, a total picture of the combustion process, though it was not sufficiently quantitative yet, was obtained, including fuel spray, flame and soot behaviors. This total picture explained well the result of the local measurement of soot density by the transmissive light extinction method. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Fly ash KW - Light extinction method KW - Measurement KW - Photography KW - Shadow photography KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204863 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382402 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Sprogis, W A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POSSIBILITIES TO REDUCE INFLUENCE OF COMPRESSION RATIO ON TOTAL HYDROCARBON EMISSION FROM A D.I. DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 53-58 AB - The compression ratio of a direct-injection Diesel engine was decreased by steps. The total hydrocarbon emissions and various component stresses were measured. HC emissions rise hyperbolically when compression ratio decreases. The curve can be shifted towards lower CR values by increasing load, charge air pressure or charge air temperature. The measured ignition delays are in every respect in significant agreement with the HC emissions, leading to the hypothesis that excessive quantities of the injected fuel are deposited on the wall when the compression ratio decreases. If the calculated paths of the whole jet up to the beginning of combustion are put in relation to the HC emissions there results critical ranges for the jet tips beyond which the emissions increase drastically. By that the conditions for reducing the influence of compression ratio can be considered for granted. For example any possibility to reduce the ignition delays is suitable for decreasing emissions since by that the range of the injection jets diminishes accordingly. Beside the influence of various engine specific parameters, the influences of higher charge air pressure, exhaust gas recirculation, exhaust back pressure and intake throttling were investigated in this paper. KW - Air quality management KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Ignition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204865 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382407 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - KOREMATSU, K AU - SAIKA, T AU - Gabe, M AU - Komiyama, K AU - Itow, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DUAL FUELED DIESEL ENGINE WITH DIESEL FUEL AND REFORMED METHANOL PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 113-121 AB - A dual fueled diesel engine system with diesel fuel and reformed methanol has been investigated. Methanol can be reformed to reformed methanol (hydrogen 67% + carbon monoxide 33%) over suitable catalyst. The reformed methanol contains 20% more energy than methanol. Fundamental data of an electric heated reformer, performance of the dual fueled diesel engine to which hydrogen and carbon monoxide fed from gas bombs as a preliminary experiment, and then performance of the diesel engine with an onboard reformer were tested. In consequence, the feed of the reformed methanol improves the diesel engine performance. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine performance KW - Hydrogen KW - Reformed methanol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204870 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382409 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Okamura, H AU - Furubayashi, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTS ON CYLINDER PRESSURE PULSATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN A SWIRL-CHAMBER-TYPE AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINE: IDLING KNOCKING NOISE INDUCED BY NON-UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED CYLINDER PRESSURE PULSATION PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 137-149 AB - The generation mechanism of the knocking-like, characteristic engine noise in a swirl-chamber-type, automotive engine was investigated. This characteristic engine noise was particularly dominant in cold weather and at idling conditions. It was found that in cold weather, cylinder pressure pulsations of significant amplitude can be induced in the main chamber by the cavity resonance of the swirl chamber and throat, but the pulsations distribute non-uniformly on the piston top surfaces. Collisons between the pistons and the cylinder liners were induced by the pulsating, non-uniformly distributed cylinder pressure, therefore engine structure noise was generated. KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine idling KW - Engine knock KW - Idling KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Pulsation KW - Pulses KW - Swirl chambers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204872 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381927 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Buck, G AU - Ehrlinger, F J AU - Poplawski, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SERVICE-LIFE ORIENTED METHOD OF RATING TRACTOR TRANSMISSIONS AND AXLES PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 15-24 AB - Several highly technical skills are required to design and develop a self-propelled vehicle. One such skill is to design or select the appropriate size drive train. The more accurately this can be accomplished, the more significant will be the savings in development cost. Various references are available on the theoretical approach; however, a significant unknown is the relationship to practical applications. Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen AG has over many years of experience developed a computer program that can reliably assess the service life of power train designs. The reliability of this approach has been proven by both vehicle manufacturers and end users. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Axles KW - Computer programs KW - Power trains KW - Ratings KW - Service life KW - Transmissions KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204828 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381932 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Pinson, C M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTRODUCTION OF A NEW FAMILY OF SMALL HIGH TORQUE, LOW SPEED MOTORS DESIGNED FOR LOW HORSEPOWER APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 1-3 AB - To match the increasing demand of the market for high torque, low speed motors, Poclain Hydraulics applied its vast experience and know-how to develop a new range of small piston motors to fit the low horsepower applications. The modular concept, the high efficiency and the high pressure capability of this new product, we believe, will contribute to further develop the low speed motor market. KW - Applications KW - Horsepower KW - Low speed KW - Motors KW - Torque KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204832 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381939 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Lance, G M AU - Kleaveland, A T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTROHYDRAULIC SYSTEM RESPONSE--NONLINEAR VS LINEAR PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 49-54 AB - The results from an investigation of some of the effects of using a linearized model for prediction of the behavior of a nonlinear system are presented. The system studied is a velocity system using an electrohydraulic servoactuator to drive an inertial load. Both nonlinear and linearized system models are defined. The result of defining optimal feedback values for an integral quadratic performance index is shown along with the effect of choice of nominal operating point on the linearized system transient response. Finally, linear and nonlinear transient responses are compared for a range of step amplitudes. KW - Electrohydraulic mechanisms KW - Electrohydraulic systems KW - Linear method KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Servomechanisms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204839 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381947 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Das, P K AU - Dancer, S B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF COMMON VARIATIONS IN DIESEL ENGINE BEARINGS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 67-72 AB - It is now well-known that not only dimensions but also manufacturing tolerances and layouts of oil holes and grooves affect engine bearing performance. The present paper will show that some new features of machining and operating conditions can also influence bearing operation. Results will also show how out-of-roundness and ellipticity affect bearing operation. This information can be vital for designing better engine bearings. KW - Bearings KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Machining KW - Performance KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204846 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382401 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Falcus, M AU - Clough, E AU - Whitehouse, N D AU - Nowell, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF DIESEL COMBUSTION IN A QUIESCENT COMBUSTION CHAMBER PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 45-52 AB - An 8.5 inch bore two stroke engine has been modified into a photographic test rig in which pictures of the complete combustion chamber could be taken vertically upwards through a perspex crowned piston, using a high speed camera. Tests were carried out using several nozzles of the same total hole area. Two fuelling rates and three different air supply pressures were used. At each test condition thirteen cycles of fired data were recorded on 16 mm high speed colour film. At the same time synchronised transient cylinder pressure and fuel injection data were recorded using an on-line data acquisition system. Correlation of jet development from photographs with heat release deduced from the cylinder pressure diagrams using a standard single zone technique show differences due to changes in the hole configuration and in air supply pressure, with approximately constant fuel injection rates. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Photography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204864 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382408 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Rosegay, K H AU - Caton, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CYCLE SIMULATION OF COAL PARTICLE FUELED RECIPROCATING INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 123-136 AB - A cycle simulation has been developed and used to investigate the combustion process and performance trends of coal particle fueled, direct-injected diesel engines. Particle reaction rates were calculated as a function of crank angle and depended on instantaneous conditions of both the cylinder gas and particles. Assumptions were made that cylinder gas was uniformly mixed and the particles were solid spheres of pure carbon. The results of the study suggest that the particles will not self-ignite in the cylinder, but will burn successfully with use of a pilot ignition. Thermal efficiency was found to be sensitive to the selected initial particle size and the engine operating speed. KW - Coal KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Simulation KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381925 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRANSMISSIONS AND TRANSMISSION CONTROLS FOR OFF-HIGHWAY EQUIPMENT SP-549 PY - 1983/09 SP - 68 p. AB - This publication contains the following articles: Advances in Traction Drive Technology, S. H. Loewenthal; A Service-Life Oriented Method of Rating Tractor Transmissions and Axles, G. Buck, et al; Improvements in Agricultural Tractor Clutch Performance, I. C. Maycock; Electrohydraulic Dual Power-Shift Control for Agricultural Tractors, L. C. Harms; and A New Generation of Electro-Hydraulic Control for Hydrostatic Transmissions, A. Myers. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Axles KW - Clutches KW - Control devices KW - Motors KW - Testing KW - Traction KW - Traction drives KW - Transmissions KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381935 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Agness, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPANDING THE DEERE FAMILY OF LOW-SPEED HIGH-TORQUE HYDRAULIC MOTORS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 21-24 AB - The John Deere cam lobe motor introduced two years ago has found primary usage as auxiliary drive systems on harvesting machines. The performance and reliability have been well received on John Deere combines and forage harvesters and in some OEM applications. The basic family is now being expanded to provide new features and flexibility for the OEM market. The expansion to include fixed as well as steerable mountings, shiftable operation (1,2 or 3 speeds), greater axle capacity and an optional brake will be described. The challenge of extending motor capability and flexibility while minimizing total number of family components and maintaining reliability will be addressed. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic machinery KW - Low speed KW - Motors KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Torque KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204835 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381936 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Gross, G W AU - Pope, W C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENERGY SAVING CONSIDERATIONS IN HYDRAULIC CYLINDER DESIGN AND APPLICATION PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 25-29 AB - A new hydraulic cylinder has been designed and tested which improves the cylinder operation characteristics. This cylinder uses state of the art seals at pressures of up to 5000 psi that reduce friction by 10 to 25 percent and eliminate "stick-slip". Application of this type cylinder can greatly reduce hydraulic system size and cost to the OEM, as well as reduce energy cost to the end user of the equipment. KW - Costs KW - Cylinders KW - Design KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic machinery UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204836 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381950 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Carlson, B L AU - Ruff, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW CONSIDERATIONS IN CONNECTING ROD DESIGN PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 97-100 AB - Connecting rod design factors such as joint surface flatness, bearing crush, geometric shape, and capscrew torque can significantly affect bore distortion, assembly stresses, and bearing and joint load distribution. Manufacturing variations in joint surface flatness and bearing crush were predicted to have a profound effect upon bore distortion and joint closure. Finite element methods were used to study the effects of these design factors. This analytical approach represents a new, practical, and cost effective means to improve connecting rod design. KW - Connecting devices KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Dressings KW - Fasteners KW - Rods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204849 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00381951 JO - Publication of: Pergamon Press Limited PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Halliwell, N A AU - Pullen, L AU - BAKER, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL ENGINE HEALTH: LASER DIAGNOSTICS PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 101-109 AB - This paper describes two simple laser instruments which the automotive engineer can use in vibrational studies of diesel engines. The first is a "normal surface velocity" instrument which the engineer can hand hold and simply "point" at the target surface for measurement. Field tests have shown it to be quick and easy to use with excellent accuracy and reliability. It is a particular time-saver in test cell use where the necessity for many accelerometer fittings is removed. The second is a laser torsional vibrometer which can measure the torsional oscillation of rotating machinery parts. This has shown itself to be superior to the more standard techniques of slotted discs and slip rings, etc. and provides advantages of higher frequency response, greater accuracy and non-contact measurement. Conclusions drawn herald a step forward in measurement techniques and demonstrate the great potential of laser technology in heavy engineering applications. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Lasers KW - Testing KW - Torsion KW - Torsional vibration KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204850 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382404 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Hoag, K L AU - FOSTER, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF MIXING INTENSITY AND DEGREE OF PREMIX ON SOOT FORMATION IN A BACKMIXED COMBUSTOR PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 75-88 AB - To date there is no universal agreement as to the interaction between fuel type, fuel-air mixture preparation and combustion chamber flow characteristics and their effect on soot formation. A propane fueled modified conical backmixed steady flow reactor was built in which the fuel and air could be mixed together in varying degrees and reacted in at different mixing intensities. The onset of soot and soot loading were determined qualitatively by a photomultiplier focused on the volume inside the reactor. Increasing the degree of premix from a diffusion flame to a distribution of phi max/phi avg equal 5.0 resulted in increases of 3 to 17 percent of the soot-onset equivalence ratio and decreases in soot loading down to zero. Changes in the mixing intensity from 32.5/sec to 75.7/sec resulted in a change in the soot-onset equivalence ratio from 1.26 to 1.52. Soot loading was found to depend on both the mixing intensity, Beta, and the average number of mixes per mean residence time, Beta/alpha. KW - Backmix KW - Fly ash KW - Intensity KW - Mixing KW - Premixing KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382405 JO - Publication of: Arbetarskyddsfonden PB - Arbetarskyddsfonden AU - Shigemori, M AU - Tsuruoka, S AU - Shimoda, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBUSTION SYSTEM FOR A LIGHT DUTY D.I. DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1983/09 SP - p. 89-102 AB - A new combustion system for a light duty D.I. diesel engine was developed, and a 3.5 ton payload truck (6.5 ton G.V.W.) equipped with this D.I. diesel engine and this combustion system realized good fuel economy and lower exhaust gas emission. Generally, light duty vehicles have to operate over a wide engine speed range. Therefore application of a D.I. diesel engine to light duty vehicles is difficult because of combustion tuning requirements over a wide engine speed range. Up to now, most of the diesel engines for light vehicles have been of the I.D.I. type. But the D.I. diesel engine has an evident advantage of lower fuel consumption. In these circumstances the authors developed a new combustion chamber shape for a small D.I. diesel engine with turbulence induced in-take port and optimum fuel injection equipment. Various combustion chamber geometries were tested and evaluated. Flow visualization technique using the oil film method and high speed schlieren photography of the combustion process were used. A combustion chamber having a special cavity shape which promotes a better mixing with the injected fuel spray was selected. The newly developed model W engine with this combustion system realized better fuel consumption over a wide speed range. KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380026 AU - NISONGER, R L AU - Ervin, R D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Research Council of Canada TI - DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE B-TYPE CONVERTER DOLLY PY - 1983/09 SP - 81 p. AB - A B-type converter dolly is a device for coupling a semitrailer to a towing unit--normally a leading trailer in a vehicle combination. The B-dolly differs from the more conventional, or A-type, converter dolly in that it is connected to the lead unit by two pintle hooks and it employs a steerable, rather than fixed, axle. This study has examined the influence of B-dolly design characteristics on the stability and control behavior of double and triple trailer combinations. The investigation involved laboratory measurements and computer simulation of vehicle response. Stability and control behavior was evaluated in-terms of low- and high-speed offtracking, rearward amplification in obstacle-avoidance maneuvers, and overshoot responses during transient steering. The strength requirements for pintle hitches used in B-dolly applications were also examined. The B-dolly was found to be a very attractive concept for improving upon the stability and control properties obtained with conventionally coupled doubles and triples. Stability and control properties were found to be strongly sensitive to certain characteristics of the B-dolly's steering system, however, such that proper design of the device is seen as mandatory, from a safety point of view. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Converter dolly KW - Couplers KW - Dollies KW - Double trailers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384689 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - ARE U.S. CARS REALLY GETTING BETTER? PY - 1983/08/29 SP - p. 56-58 AB - The U.S. auto industry in pushing hard toward the goal of improving the quality of their cars in the battle to win back millions of buyers captured in recent years by overseas producers. The companies claim that internal audits of quality show steady improvements, but results of independent surveys, complaints of buyers, and the record of government-mandated recalls all suggest that there is a lot of improvement yet to be made. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Complaints KW - Consumers KW - Defects KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Quality control KW - Recall campaigns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202986 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386515 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - Wolfe, R A AU - Roi, L D AU - Flora, J D AU - Feller, I AU - Cornell, R G AU - American Medical Association TI - MORTALITY DIFFERENCES AND SPEED OF WOUND CLOSURE AMONG SPECIALIZED BURN CARE FACILITIES PY - 1983/08/12 VL - 250 IS - 6 SP - p. 763-766 AB - Burn patient mortality rates at 11 major American burn care units were investigated and were found to differ substantially after carefully adjusting for patient mix at each participating burn facility. The adjusted mortality rates differed by as much as a factor of two. Institution speed of full-thickness burn wound closure was found to be significantly associated with mortality experience, with lower mortality associated with quicker wound closure. The data analyzed were from the National Burn Information Exchange (12,000 cases). KW - Burn care facilities KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Fatalities KW - Mortality rates KW - Quality of service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382506 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S INVESTIGATION OF REAR BRAKE LOCKUP PROBLEMS IN 1980 X-BODY CARS SHOULD HAVE BEEN MORE TIMELY PY - 1983/08/05 SP - 74 p. AB - In November 1979 the Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, initiated an investigation of an alleged rear brake lockup problem with 1980 General Motors X-body cars. On August 5, 1981, General Motors agreed to recall 47,371 manual transmission vehicles. At that time the Safety Administration had information which questioned the adequacy of the remedy to correct the vehicles' rear brake lockup problem. GAO found that the Safety Administration's investigation included long periods of time with no activity and was not conducted in accordance with applicable guidelines. In addition, the existence of test data was not made known to the public. GAO's review could not determine the precise reasons for these actions. In January 1983, 37 months after starting its investigation, the Safety Administration made an initial determination that a safety-related defect existed in 240,000 1980 X-body cars, and in February 1983, General Motors agreed to recall these cars to fix the problem. However, on August 3, 1983, the Government filed suit to have General Motors recall all 1.1 million 1980 X-body cars. GAO makes several recommendations to improve future safety defect investigations. KW - Brake lockup KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Recall campaigns KW - Studies KW - X-cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451727 JO - Road Safety PB - Ontario Ministry of Transportation AU - New Zealand Road Safety Council TI - CHILD RESTRAINT OPTIONS PY - 1983/08 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 2-8 AB - The article provides a crisp discussion on the importance of child restraints in cars. It stresses that some sort of restraint, whether a seat belt or child restraint, is better than nothing. The article then reviews the restraints available grouped by approximate age - from birth to six months (infants), six months to four years (toddlers), and four to eight years (children). Comments are then made on standards (especially New Zealand Standards), purchasing second hand equipment and where to find more information. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - New Zealand KW - Occupant restraint KW - Product information KW - Products KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450649 JO - Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America PB - Saunders (WB) Company AU - Saunders (WB) Company TI - SYMPOSIUM ON TRAUMA TO THE HEAD AND NECK PY - 1983/08 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 735 p. AB - This issue is dedicated to a Symposium on Trauma to the Head and Neck, with emphasis on special injuries and highlighting the diagnosis and management of late deformities resulting from trauma. It contains the following papers: Contemporary Radiologic Evaluation in Maxillofacial Trauma, A.M. Noyek et al; Dental Aspects of Maxillofacial Trauma, N.D. Castellano; The Use of Intraoral Splints in the Treatment of Maxillofacial Injuries, S.M. Holmes and S.N. Kline; Nonunion of the Mandible, R.H. Mathog; Surgical Treatment in Temporomandibular Joint Trauma, A. Hohmann et al; Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Injuries, W.W. Culbertson; Conjunctival Approach for the Repair of Pure Orbital Blowout Fractions, A.J. Maniglia; Reconstruction of the Orbit Following Trauma, R.H. Mathog; Surgical Correction of the Traumatized Nose, A.J. Maniglia; Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage, J.R. Chandler; Traumatic Injuries of the Middle Ear, R.J. Belluci; Temporal Bone Fractions, W.J. Goodwin, Jr.; Trauma to the Facial Nerve, M. May; Vascular Injuries of the Head and Neck, A.S. Livingstone; Burns of the Head and Neck, J.S. Hammond and C.G. Ward; Primary and Late Plastic Repair of Soft Tissue Injuries, R.T. Farrior et al; Facial Contouring After Trauma, N. J. Cassisi and M.P. Grenier; Maxillofacial Trauma in the Pediatric Age Group, A.J. Maniglia and S.M. Kline. KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Ear KW - Eye KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Surgery KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399247 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES--PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME V-APPENDICES G AND H PY - 1983/08 SP - 188 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399249 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES--PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME IX-APPENDIX I (PART 4) PY - 1983/08 SP - 162 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399248 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES--PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME VIII-APPENDIX I (PART 3) PY - 1983/08 SP - 163 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399246 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES--PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II-TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 218 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396308 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES-PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME XI-APPENDIX I (PART 6) PY - 1983/08 SP - 197 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396291 AU - RICE, R S AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE STABILITY AND CONTROL ANALYSIS BY THE MOMENT METHOD PY - 1983/08 SP - 159 p. AB - This report contains the results of an investigation of the stability and control characteristics of six generic automobile designs as determined by the Calspan Moment Method Computer Simulation Program. These results are presented in the form of performance diagrams that relate the principal operating conditions, control input variables, and motion responses in an integrated plot. Information on the physical and functional properties of the vehicle-tire combinations that were evaluated in the study are given. The array of operating conditions--emphasizing the effects of tire performance characteristics on response--is described. This array includes tire construction, inflation pressure, and match-mixture factors; it encompasses vehicle weight, wheelbase, driving axle, and speed variables; operational modes of road load, throttle closure, and two levels of braking deceleration are covered; and a number of special considerations (loading, low surface skid number, braking capability proportioning, and temporary tire usage) are addressed. In-depth analyses of the results are not offered in this report, but many of the observations relating variations in these factors and performance changes are discussed in SAE Paper No. 830561. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automobiles KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396303 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES-PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I-SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 29 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the Side Impactor's deformable face. Verification of Side Impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396305 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES-PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME VI-APPENDIX I (PART 1) PY - 1983/08 SP - 174 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396307 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES-PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME X-APPENDIX I (PART 5) PY - 1983/08 SP - 181 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396309 AU - Segal, D J AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER MODELING OF THE SIDE IMPACT PENETRATION OF DUMMIES OF VARIOUS SIZES INTO PADDING PY - 1983/08 SP - v.p. AB - Experimental research to improve protection levels offered to automobile occupants in lateral collisions has focused on the study of responses of the 50th percentile male as a result of the availability of the Side Impact Dummy of that size. The question of the suitability of protective measures developed for the 50th percentile male for other occupant sizes is of concern. Hence, a major objective of this study was to analytically evaluate injury potential of a broad range of occupant sizes in lateral collisions in combination with various types of padding. Two computer models were used in the study. The first was a one-dimensional lumped mass model that was used on a desk top computer to make over 120 parameter study runs. The CAL-3D crash victim simulation was also configured to represent an occupant in a lateral collision with intruding door motion. Results of the study generally indicate that padding on the interior of the door surface is beneficial to all occupant sizes and, in fact, reduces injury severity measures more for smaller occupants than for larger. Both side impact models have been shown to be very useful in the study of side impact events and also compare favorably with experimental results. KW - Crash injury research KW - Doors KW - Dummies KW - Interior KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396294 AU - Chumlea, W C AU - Wright State University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PUBIC BONE SHAPE AND TISSUE IN CHILDREN PY - 1983/08 SP - 21 p. AB - Growth and maturation of the pelvis are complex but the process of endochondral ossification in the pelvis is the same as that in the long bones. Primary ossification of the pelvis is completed about 8 years of age, and secondary ossification is completed in the early twenties. Growth of the pelvis follows that of the rest of the body. The most rapid period of growth is in the first year of life. A stable rate of growth is attained after age 3 years until puberty. Basic sex differences in the adult pelvis are established in early childhood. Exterior dimensions of the pelvis are greater in boys, but interior dimensions of the pelvis are greater in girls. Much of the present knowledge about growth and maturation of the pelvis has come from radiographs. More current knowledge of pelvic growth is needed by those involved in automobile restraint design because pelvic injuries are not uncommon to children in automobile accidents. A child's body is not similar to an adult's so the results of pelvic injuries in children may produce life long problems. KW - Bones KW - Children KW - Concrete KW - Design KW - Injuries KW - Insulating concretes KW - Insulating materials KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pelvis KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396304 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES-PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME IV-APPENDICES E AND F PY - 1983/08 SP - 219 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396306 AU - GARN, R AU - Davis, S AU - Rodack, M AU - Johnson, N AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE TO ASSESS SIDE STRUCTURES-PHASE II FINAL REPORT. VOLUME VII-APPENDIX I (PART 2) PY - 1983/08 SP - 163 p. AB - A deformable moving barrier (Side Impactor) was developed to evaluate passenger vehicle side structures in front-to-side collisions. Force-deflection properties were determined for production vehicles in 0 deg and 30 deg frontal impacts and used to establish the design stiffness of the side impactor's deformable face. Verification of side impactor stiffness was accomplished through load cell barrier testing and side impactor-to-car testing, using two prototype side impact dummies. Data obtained from Side Impactor-to-car and car-to-car side impacts were used for comparative analyses, and it was concluded that the Side Impactor reasonably duplicated the target vehicle damage and dummy response in reference car-to-car impacts. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394297 AU - O'BRIEN, J AU - Paskin, S AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE MOTORIZED BICYCLE ACCIDENT PROBLEM. VOLUME I-TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 166 p. AB - This report describes study design, data collection methodology and practice, quality control design and effectiveness and data findings, analysis and conclusions of a three year study to: describe the characteristics of moped accidents; the characteristics of moped owners, users and accident involved drivers; dimension the moped accident situation; and to develop estimates of the cost of moped accidents. The report describes the data sources and techniques to generate the required information. These sources include police accident reports, a mail survey of registered owners, and a series of in-depth accident investigations. The findings indicate that moped accidents are similar to motor vehicle-bicycle accidents; users are often not the registrant; there is a high amount of usage and accident involvement by the young and the unlicensed. In general, there were far fewer accident events than anticipated. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394995 AU - Juniper, R G AU - Good, M C AU - Melbourne University, Australia AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF MOTORCYCLE BRAKING CONTROL GAINS PY - 1983/08 SP - 247 p. AB - A pilot experimental investigation was made of the effect of motorcycle brake control gains on rider subjective opinion and objective performance in emergency stopping manoeuvres. A variable braking control gradient (VBCG) motorcycle was developed for the experiment, which allowed independent variation of the force and displacement control gains of the front and rear wheel brakes. Development of the VBCG system was preceded by a comprehensive investigation of the braking performance characteristics of three production motorcycles. KW - Braking KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personnel performance KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394298 AU - O'BRIEN, J AU - Paskin, S AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE MOTORIZED BICYCLE ACCIDENT PROBLEM. VOLUME II-APPENDIX/SUPPLEMENTAL DATA PY - 1983/08 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes study design, data collection methodology and practice, quality control design and effectiveness and data findings, analysis and conclusions of a three year study to: describe the characteristics of moped accidents; the characteristics of moped owners, users and accident involved drivers; dimension the moped accident situation; and to develop estimates of the cost of moped accidents. The report describes the data sources and techniques to generate the required information. These sources include police accident reports, a mail survey of registered owners, and a series of in-depth accident investigations. The findings indicate that moped accidents are similar to motor vehicle-bicycle accidents; users are often not the registrant; there is a high amount of usage and accident involvement by the young and the unlicensed. In general, there were far fewer accident events than anticipated. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393994 AU - Juniper, R G AU - Good, M C AU - Melbourne University, Australia AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - BRAKING, STABILITY AND HANDLING OF MOTORCYCLES PY - 1983/08 SP - 146 p. AB - A review of the literature relating to braking stability and handling of motorcycles was undertaken. Evidence of relationships between motorcycle characteristics and accidents was sought. Anecdotal evidence of operational problems published in user magazines was also reviewed. experimental and analytical investigations of motorcycle dynamics, and the effects of accessories, tyres and machine modifications, was surveyed. Problem areas were identified and priorities for further research recommended. KW - Accessories KW - Braking KW - Crash causes KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tires KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392257 JO - Drug and Alcohol Dependence PB - Elsevier AU - Steer, R A AU - Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Limited TI - RETENTION OF DRIVING-UNDER-THE-INFLUENCE OFFENDERS IN ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT PY - 1983/08 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - p. 93-96 AB - The race, age, education, marital status, employment status, occupational level, prior treatment status, and SCL-90-R Global Severity Index scores of 244 men admitted to a 90-day outpatient treatment program for alcoholism, following their arrests for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol, were analyzed to determine whether or not these psychosocial characteristics were related to completing treatment. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that age, the SCL-90-R Global Severity Index, and current employment differentiated between offenders who completed and did not complete treatment. Older employed men complaining of less intense symptoms were more likely to finish treatment than younger unemployed men complaining of more intense symptoms. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Employment KW - Human characteristics KW - Race KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392251 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Grable, R AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - THE DETECTORS. RADAR VS. ANTI-RADAR: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THINGS THAT GO BEEP IN THE NIGHT PY - 1983/08 VL - 35 IS - 8 SP - 11 p. AB - This article focuses on eight radar detectors, the leading contenders, in an attempt to aid potential buyers with their decisions. The eight units selected for the test represent 92 percent plus of the market, are all superheterodyne, and are all of the integrated (no remote) configuration. The article includes several inserts, including an overall performance chart. KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Police KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Radar detectors KW - Radar devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210882 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392240 JO - Commercial Carrier Journal PB - Randall Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - WHAT TO DO ABOUT AMERICA'S PROBLEM TRUCK DRIVERS PY - 1983/08 VL - 140 IS - 8 SP - p. 56-61 AB - On January 19, 1983, at the Stratford toll barrier of the Connecticut Turnpike, a tractor-trailer truck ran over four cars and killed seven people. This article describes this accident in detail as well as another accident where a tractor semitrailer hit a school bus resulting in three fatalities and several injuries. Both of these truck drivers were found to be problem drivers with several traffic convictions each. The author questions whether the National Driver Register, even though it is being improved, will get the job of identifying problem drivers done. KW - Crash reports KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - National Driver Register KW - Problem drivers KW - School buses KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210871 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00391702 AU - Reis, R AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - THE TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPACT OF DUI EDUCATION AND COUNSELING PROGRAMS PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 38-61 AB - The traffic safety impact of education and rehabilitation programs for drunk drivers was first studied under controlled experimental conditions in the Alcohol Safety Action Projects, ASAPs. In order to clarify and extend the ASAP findings, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) awarded to the Sacramento County, California, Health Department, a five-year contract to implement the Comprehensive Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol Offender Treatment Demonstration Project, or CDUI Project. Using the research methods of random assignment and no-treatment control groups, short-term education programs (in-class and home study) were provided to first offenders, that is, persons with only one recorded driving under the influence (DUI) conviction; while year-long educational counseling programs were provided to multiple (second) offenders. The CDUI Project's year-long counseling programs provided almost double the in-group contact time of even the longest of the ASAP rehabilitation programs. Implementation of the CDUI Project began in 1977 and was completed in June of 1982. The project generated a substantial volume of analytic results, of which only the most definitive findings are reported in this paper. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohol use KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211882 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00391705 AU - Connery, M F AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - THE UCLA DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE (DUI) DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM--SOME LESSONS AND INDICATIONS FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 99-106 AB - An advisory committee was convened in late 1975 to discuss the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) contribution to the alcohol and traffic safety education field. Courses were developed and presented on the UCLA campus. By 1977 the need for an updated and flexible educational technology for use in work with first-time DUI offenders was clear. A preliminary proposal to meet this need was submitted by UCLA Extension to the California Office of Traffic Safety in mid-1977. The California Office of Traffic Safety reviewed this preliminary proposal and from mid-October to mid-December 1977 supported a planning phase for the detailed design of an expanded project to become known as the DUI Demonstration Program. The resulting detailed proposal was favorably reviewed, leading to funding of the DUI Demonstration Program for a three-year period concluding in November 1980. This paper summarizes the activities and experiences of the DUI Demonstration Program during the period of funding. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211885 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00391706 AU - Scoles, P AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - DWI INTERVENTION: A NEED FOR STANDARDIZATION ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT APPROACHES PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 107-121 AB - This paper discusses the following health/legal issues related to DUI: (1) The need for a uniform evaluation procedure for pre-trial, pre-sentence, post-sentence or diversion programs; (2) the need for standardized information gathering and dissemination system that has monitoring capabilities statewide; (3) the need for a comprehensive statewide approach to the management of DUI programs by providing counties with a concise and simple "management tool" that will facilitate an integrated statewide information system; and (4) the need for a uniform treatment system that reflects specific intervention strategies that are clinically efficient, cost effective and reflective of diverse sub-populations of DUI offenders. Since Pennsylvania has spent the last eleven years developing a statewide Alcohol Highway Safety Program, and since 95% of the counties and over 30,000 clients have been involved in the Court Reporting Network (CRN), this paper begins with the management and clinical evaluation aspects of Pennsylvania's program. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Drunk driving KW - Information systems KW - Legal factors KW - Management KW - Pennsylvania KW - Standardization KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211886 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00391700 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - THE PHOENIX DWI PROGRAM: SUCCESSFUL RESULTS PY - 1983/08 SP - p. 1-21 AB - The Phoenix DWI program, a corrective course for persons convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI), continues to show evidence not only for reducing repeat drunk driving, but also for dealing with the more pervasive problem of alcoholism, of which DWI may be a symptom. This paper describes the course and some of its successful outcomes, and suggests guidelines for identifying and helping problem drinkers among the participants--a necessary ingredient for success. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Arizona KW - Attitudes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Guidelines KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211880 ER -