TY - RPRT AN - 00450338 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUNK DRIVING PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM STRATEGIES AND PLANNING GUIDE PY - 1985/01 SP - 148 p. AB - This document is a compendium of specific drunk driving topics and issues for each of the major planning steps of a public information program. These lists were compiled from a review of campaign materials from organizations around the country. The intent is to provide alcohol coordinators with the opportunity to read messages and planning ideas used by others and to provide suggestions for further development by local planners, advisory committees, focus groups, and advertising agencies working on the program. It is, of course, necessary that specific strategies be "localized" to reflect the needs of the community in which the message would be used. This resource should be useful in writing public information plans and position statements, preparing speeches, briefing volunteers, studying for talk show appearances, and the like. It is hoped that this manual will help develop more effective materials for changing public attitudes and behaviors about drunk driving. In addition, there are several drunk driving television public service announcements available to illustrate some of the items as indicated by the number in the right column. (See Master List in the Appendix). These spots may be borrowed to use on the air or to use as "trigger films" with groups. They are available from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (formerly The Highway Traffic Safety Research Institute) in Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, or from your State's Highway Safety Department. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Programs KW - Publicity KW - Television KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450131 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Williams, R L AU - American Public Health Association TI - VEHICULAR CARBON MONOXIDE SCREENING: IDENTIFICATION IN A CROSS-CULTURAL SETTING OF A SUBSTANTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH RISK FACTOR PY - 1985/01 VL - 75 IS - 1 SP - p. 85-86 AB - A community program of screening and education for prevention of vehicular carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning among a high-risk population in a cross-cultural setting is presented. The program was developed after two infant deaths in separate incidents of vehicular CO poisoning. The results of the screening show 18.6 per cent of vehicles exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency eight-hour standard for CO exposure, and 2.6 per cent exceeding the one-hour standard. Extension of such programs to other high-risk populations is recommended. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Communities KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Hazards KW - Public health KW - Risk assessment KW - Screenings KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450210 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - HEWITT, R H AU - Printerhall Limited TI - A COMPARISON BETWEEN SOME METHODS OF MEASURING CRITICAL GAP PY - 1985/01 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-22 AB - The measurement of the critical gap of a motorist is a classic problem in traffic engineering. The difficulties in measuring critical gap have resulted in the development of a large number of different methods of measuring it. This paper examines a method developed by the author and compares it with the results found using other methods. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Critical gap KW - Gap acceptance KW - Measurement KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269421 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450231 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS. PART 10: CHRYSLER AIR INJECTION AND ELECTRIC-ASSIST CHOKES PY - 1985/01 VL - 163 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-52 AB - This latest article in the Motor Magazine emission control series covers the air injection and electric assist choke systems used on late model Chrysler engines. It should be kept in mind that, except for 318 cubic-inch V8 engines with fuel injection, only carburetor-equipped engines use these systems. Normally, engine performance is not affected when an air injection system fails, but hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions will rise dramatically, and a bad air pump or valve can cause quite a racket. Being familiar with the different air injection systems used on late model Chryslers allows one to easily determine if they are causing increased emissions and noise. KW - Air injection KW - Air injection systems KW - Air pumps KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Chokes KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Electric assist KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Noise KW - Valves KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450221 AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Pettis, L C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1980-82 (VERSION NOVEMBER 16, 1984) PY - 1985/01 SP - 116 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1980-82. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, a total of 5,056 medium and heavy trucks were involved in fatal accidents in 1980, 5,244 in 1981, and 4,718 in 1982. The 15,018 vehicles found to be medium and heavy trucks were divided into 4,062 straight trucks and 10,844 tractors. Of the latter, 10,406 were combination vehicles. KW - Data KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Medium trucks KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450207 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J C AU - Fischell, T R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - A FOLLOW-UP SURVEY OF THE SEAT BELTS PAY OFF COMMUNITY INCENTIVE PROGRAM PY - 1985/01 SP - v.p. AB - This publication reports the results of a follow-up survey of the community campaign known as Seat Belts Pay Off. Several methods, including a random digit dialing survey, were used to contact groups in the community. The intent was to ascertain: (1) what was known and understood about the campaign and various campaign events, as well as what was liked or disliked; (2) what the self-reported belt wearing tendencies were before, during and after the campaign; and (3) the factors affecting belt use. Detailed survey methodology is given in Chapter 2. Survey results are reported in Chapter 3 and a discussion of the research findings in Chapter 4. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Communities KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450130 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Savage, W F AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL WARRANT "P" (POLITICAL)--A CASE STUDY PY - 1985/01 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-24 AB - A case history is presented of the political involvement and ultimate approval of a less than desirable traffic signal, and the evaluation of its installation. A school safety committee, with the support of the local city council and state senator, requested a traffic signal at a particular location which was initially turned down but later granted on further appeal. A semi-actuated traffic signal with pushbutton control, placed on flasher operation between 6 p.m. and 7 a.m. and all day on weekends, was installed. Before-and-after evaluations were made of the vehicular volumes, pedestrian volumes, accidents fuel consumption, motorist-delay, and installation and maintenance costs. It was concluded at the end of one year, that pedestrian and vehicular volumes were not appreciably changed and that there was a small increase in accidents. Costs to the public through increased accidents, fuel consumption, delay, and signal installation and maintenance increased by over $100,000 per year. KW - Before and after studies KW - Building KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Installation KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic volume KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450228 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Barkin, K AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS MOBILIZE FOR SAFE DRIVING PY - 1985/01 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-25 AB - Emergency physicians are constantly confronted with treating accident victims who could have avoided their injuries. To deal with this problem the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) is taking an active role in the area of preventive emergency medicine. Their aim is to educate the public and to accomplish this they have developed a public service campaign on drunk driving and distributed a television public service announcement on child restraints. Future efforts will include education concerning seat belts and motorcycle helmets. The ACEP Board of Directors recently voted to join with the Insurance Information Institute (III) to develop a cooperative public education program. By combining resources they hope to have an even greater impact on public attitudes and actions. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Child restraint systems KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medicine KW - Physicians KW - Prevention KW - Preventive medicine KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450123 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - SCHOOL TRIP SAFETY PROGRAM GUIDELINES PY - 1985/01 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-14 AB - This is a brief condensation of a comprehensive technical report, "School Trip Safety Program Guidelines" by ITE Technical Committee 4A-1. The report emphasizes the "process", its participants, and issues that should be considered. The most important aspect of the school trip safety program is the establishment of a continuing school trip safety process. The six phases of the safety program are listed and discussed. Several tables are presented that outline a typical set of group responsibilities for a school trip safety committee as well as a table which outlines some potential solutions for some typical school walk route deficiencies. The various chapters of the full report are outlined. The general overall responsibilities of school traffic safety committee are listed. KW - Child safety KW - Committees KW - Guidelines KW - Responsibilities KW - Routes KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269386 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450148 JO - World Highways/Routes du Monde PB - Route One Publishing Limited AU - International Road Federation TI - ROAD USAGE AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1985/01 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 2 p. AB - Various approaches to the protection of the road users were covered in the Tuesday afternoon session on Road Usage and Traffic Safety. Covered are: emergency call networks; introduction of electronic integrated components in call networks; all-weather road sign systems, with retroreflective signs; vertical signs, in conjunction with transverse painted stripes; road accident risk in relation to countermeasures; research on accident causes; comprehensive traffic accident record systems; public information programs; integrated strategies of road user development; computer programs to identify high risk drivers; improvements in road networks and highway design; single vehicle run off road accidents; vehicle mix (large and small cars); low cost road safety improvements and cost effectiveness; children crossing street; sight distances; seat belts; administrative actions; and, vehicle weight control systems. KW - Accident record systems KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash records KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Manual safety belts KW - Networks KW - Risk assessment KW - Road markings KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic signs KW - Travelers KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269401 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450206 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Williams, A F AU - Peat, M A AU - Crouch, D J AU - Wells, J K AU - Finkle, B S AU - Public Health Service TI - DRUGS IN FATALLY INJURED YOUNG MALE DRIVERS PY - 1985/01 VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-25 AB - One or more drugs were detected in 81 percent of 440 male drivers, aged 15-34, killed in motor vehicle crashes in California; two or more drugs were detected in 43 percent. Alcohol, the most frequently found drug, was detected in 70 percent of the drivers, marijuana in 37 percent, and cocaine in 11 percent. Each of 24 other drugs was detected in fewer than 5 percent. Except for alcohol, drugs were infrequently found alone; typically, they were found in combination with high blood alcohol concentrations. The causal role of drugs in crashes was assessed by comparing drivers with and without drugs in terms of their responsibility for the crash. Alcohol was associated with increased crash responsibility; the role of other drugs could not be adequately determined. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cocaine KW - Culpability KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Marijuana KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450239 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - PUBLIC ATTITUDE MONITOR 1984. A SURVEY OF PUBLIC ATTITUDES ON BUYING AUTO INSURANCE, PREVENTING INSOLVENCIES AND OTHER INSURANCE TOPICS PY - 1985/01 SP - 40 p. AB - This publication represents the fifth annual survey of trends in public attitudes toward the property and casualty insurance industry, conducted by the All-Industry Research Advisory Council in collaboration with the American Council of Life Insurance, using a joint questionnaire. This fifth survey emphasizes aspects of automobile insurance currently of interest to the industry, Congress, and several state legislatures--how people shop for auto insurance and information available to them to assist in decision making. Other topics addressed include: a continuation and expansion of a series of questions regarding uninsured motorists; satisfaction with auto insurance companies; the public's awareness of news stories and advertising about the relative safety and damageability of different car models; the involvement of banks in selling life, auto and homeowners insurance; and public perceptions concerning safeguards currently in place to protect customers of banks, savings and loan companies, life insurance companies, and auto insurance companies. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile insurance KW - Awareness KW - Banking industry KW - Consumer protection KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Insurance industry KW - Purchasing KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Uninsured motorists KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450358 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - O'Day, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF PERIODIC MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION (PMVI): A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE PY - 1985/01 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of this review of 41 studies and reports concerning periodic motor vehicle inspection was to seek evidence as to whether the costs of requiring all motorists to have certain safety components on their vehicles inspected and repaired on a regular basis are less than the benefits gained from such inspections in terms of safer vehicles and fewer vehicle-defect accidents. A number of studies provide evidence that vehicles in some PMVI jurisdictions are in better condition on some components than vehicles in some non-PMVI jurisdictions, but none of these studies involve truly random samples of vehicles-in-use. Similarly, a number of studies have reported some reductions in accidents in association with PMVI (and some have reported the opposite), but no credible evidence was found which demonstrates significant changes in vehicle-defect accidents as a result of PMVI. Thus the few studies which have addressed the cost-benefit question have tended to be rather subjective and speculative because of the shortage of thorough and believable research on PMVI effectiveness. There is credible evidence that existing PMVI programs are not as reliable in detecting degraded safety components and forcing their repair as was envisioned by PMVI proponents. It is clear that much more could be done to improve the effectiveness of existing PMVI programs. Also auto manufacturers could do more to encourage the maintenance of safe vehicles by providing durable components and built-in indicators of their failure. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash causes KW - Defects KW - Effectiveness KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reliability KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450227 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Cantilli, E J AU - Goldman, A AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - PEDESTRIANS--AN ENDANGERED SPECIES PY - 1985/01 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 2-7 AB - This article on the pedestrian-vehicle conflict concludes that the conflict is unnatural, unreasonable, and vastly dangerous, and therefore should not exist. This conclusion, however, has not been accepted because the consequence is separation of pedestrians from traffic, which is seen as too expensive. Also, the public, including the media, have become hardened to the commonness of death and injury due to easily correctable physical conditions or situations involving transport vehicles, and have accepted the point of view that it is impossible to do anything about it. The safety-responsible official or engineer has an obligation to prevent this completely unnecessary carnage. Their consciousness, and the public's must be re-oriented to these two guiding principles: (1) People are more precious than cargo; and (2) Safety is more important than speed. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Countermeasures KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic conflicts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450343 AU - Beebe, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL OCCUPANT SLED SIMULATION CORRELATION VEHICLE TO FIXED LOAD CELL BARRIER 1980 FORD MUSTANG INTO A FIXED LOAD CELL BARRIER AT 29.9 MPH PY - 1985/01 SP - 191 p. AB - This test report documents a frontal impact crash test into a load cell barrier used to establish a baseline for unrestrained occupant responses. HYGE sled tests will then be conducted to determine the correlation to the crash test results of this report. Testing was conducted on a 1980 2-door Ford Mustang at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was towed into a fixed, load measuring barrier at 29.9 mph. Occupant responses of two Hybrid III dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the front passenger's seat. The test date was August 23, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 74 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450350 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF 2 1984 HONDA ACCORDS WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 60.2 MPH PY - 1985/01 SP - 270 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with 2 1984 Honda Accord 4-door Sedans at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicles were towed together at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 60.2 mph. One Part 572 dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the subject vehicle. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Part 572 dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was November 14, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 54 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399349 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - BLIND SPOT BEHIND? BIG-VEHICLE DRIVERS GET THE PICTURE ON CLOSED-CIRCUIT TV PY - 1985/01 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-11 AB - A closed-circuit television system designed to eliminate the blind spot that exists behind large, bulky vehicles such as refuse trucks, motor homes, road maintenance vehicles, and special-purpose buses and trucks is being manufactured by Intec of Laguna Hills, California. The "Car Vision" system is especially suited for vehicles that make frequent stops and are constantly backing up or must maneuver around other vehicles in busy and often narrow lanes of traffic, such as airport shuttle buses. The television monitor lets drivers view what is going on directly behind them and thus avoid backing into pedestrians or other vehicles. It also alerts the driver if a small car suddenly pulls out from behind to pass as the vehicle starts to change lanes. This article describes its sturdy construction and successful use in various fleets. KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Blindspots KW - Buses KW - Closed circuit television KW - Design KW - Driving KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399256 AU - Preusser, D F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Edwards, J M AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF URBAN AND RURAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MESSAGES PY - 1985/01 SP - 145 p. AB - The objective of this project was to identify, develop and produce public education messages for pedestrian safety. Pedestrian accident types and situations which had not been previously addressed through public education were selected. These included "riding toys," "Backing," "Ped Not in Road," "Visual Screens," "Intersection Dash," "Darts and Dashes," "School Bus," "Child Supervision," "Elderly," "Mail Box," and "Disabled Vehicle." Each type was analyzed to determine specific behavioral advice that could be adopted by pedestrians, parents or drivers and could be expected to reduce accidents. Prototype TV and radio scripts, pamphlets and posters were developed to carry this advice to identified target groups. These prototype media forms underwent focus group reaction testing. Three TV spots and a 15 minute in-class film were produced to finished form. The spots were targeted to adult pedestrians (Intersection Dash, :30 seconds), child pedestrians (Intersection Dash, :60 seconds) and children who play on riding toys (60 seconds). The in-class film was designed to follow the original Willy Whistle film and present more complex traffic situations to older children (7-14 years). KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Parents KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Posters KW - Publicity KW - Radio KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Television KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399266 AU - Pierce, R N AU - Mason, R L AU - Hudson, K E AU - Staph, H E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF A LOW-VARIABILITY TIRE TREADWEAR TEST PROCEDURE AND OF TREADWEAR ADJUSTMENT FOR AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. VOLUME I, THE TEST PROCEDURES, STATISTICAL ANALYSES, AND THE FINDINGS PY - 1985/01 SP - 106 p. AB - The program was conducted to evaluate the variation in tire treadwear rates as experienced on identical vehicles during the various environmental exposure conditions of the winter, spring, and summer seasons. The diurnal/nocturnal effect on the treadwear rate was evaluated by running separate but similar test samples on the same four-car convoys. A two-car convoy was utilized during the spring to extend the total mileage on two of the winter test sets to 24,000 miles. A summer test of 16 sets in exactly the same test configuration as the previous winter test was conducted using the same vehicles and, where possible, the same drivers. Tread loss was measured by determining the periodic loss in tread-groove depth and in total tire weight. Both methods were very carefully controlled. Special investigations of (1) the effect of different drivers on treadwear results (measurement of absolute vehicle acceleration during normal test operations) and (2) a means of determining projected mileage by using tire weight loss rates. The report contains a statistical analysis of the wear rates both in mils and grams per 1000 miles as they relate to the vehicle, season, environmental condition, driver, and how eight test sets each of four different manufacturer groups (total of 32 test sets) are variable within themselves. Volume II, 542 pages, contains data pertaining to the test effort. Volume III, 502 pages, contains data used in the statistical analysis effort. KW - Daily KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Industries KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Statistical analysis KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear KW - Weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33369/33369.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399364 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - IACP REPORT 1985 PATROL VEHICLE TESTING PY - 1985/01 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-27 AB - For the sixth consecutive year, the Michigan State Police tested American-made cars being offered in police package configuration by the three major manufacturers. This article presents data from the testing of 1985 model year patrol vehicles. Over the years, this testing program has received high priority because state and local law enforcement executives have indicated that lack of reliable vehicle performance data was a serious problem in making sound purchasing decisions. By conducting these tests and publishing the results, it is hoped that vehicle selection and procurement will be accomplished more effectively and efficiently. Further, the publication of this information should minimize the need for other departments to conduct their own testing and evaluation programs. KW - Law enforcement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Police vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399259 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE PY - 1985/01 SP - 13 p. AB - This book is designed to assist the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) employees to better understand the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace and to provide information which will promote the achievement of NHTSA's objective of preventing its occurrence. The book provides pertinent information, including definition, text of the law, and techniques for coping with incidents of sexual harassment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission guidelines on sexual harassment are also presented. KW - Definitions KW - Laws KW - Personnel KW - Sexual harassment KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Work environment KW - Workplaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214677 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399350 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - BIASOTTI, A A AU - Valentine, T E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION DETERMINED FROM URINE SAMPLES AS A PRACTICAL EQUIVALENT OR ALTERNATIVE TO BLOOD AND BREATH ALCOHOL TESTS PY - 1985/01 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - p. 194-207 AB - The value of urine tests for determining an equivalent blood alcohol concentration in driving under the influence (DUI) enforcement cases is reviewed from a historical, theoretical, and practical perspective. The limits of precision and accuracy that can be ascribed to urine alcohol results are demonstrated through an evaluation of actual case results wherein both a first void and a subsequent urine sample were analyzed and converted to an equivalent blood alcohol concentration (BAC) using a urine to blood conversion factor of 1.3:1. KW - Accuracy KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Case studies KW - Drunk driving KW - Reviews KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399374 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - CONGRESS PARTICIPANTS EXPLORE NEW DIRECTIONS IN SAFETY PY - 1985/01 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 8 p. AB - This article summarizes the proceedings of the 72nd National Safety Congress and Exposition held in Chicago October 15-19, 1984. The adaptation that must come as a response to the challenges of the not-so-distant future was clear in the theme "New Directions in Safety and Health." The 11,400 safety professionals who attended the annual gathering heard many presentations and saw many exhibits that drove this idea home. KW - Change KW - Conferences KW - Future policies KW - Highway safety KW - Policy KW - Public health KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399367 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, COLLISION COVERAGES. PASSENGER VEHICLES, VANS, PICKUPS AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1984 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, 1983 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST TWO YEARS, 1982 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST THREE YEARS PY - 1985/01 SP - 52 p. AB - The results in this report are presented in two sections. The first section summarizes variations in both the frequencies and the sizes of collision claims for damage to private passenger vehicles from three model years: 1984 models during their first year of availability, 1983 models during their first two years, and 1982 models during their first three years. The second section contains similar summaries for vans, pickups, and utility vehicles insured under noncommercial collision coverages. This report introduces new vehicle size class definitions recently adopted by HLDI. Passenger vehicles are now divided into three major size categories defined as small, midsize, and large. Appendix B contains a full description of the HLDI system for classification of passenger vehicles by body style and size. It should also be noted that a number of manufacturers introduced small vans in 1984 that are predominently aimed at the passenger vehicle market. These vehicles have attributes of both station wagons and vans. In this report the passenger carrying versions are grouped with station wagons and the cargo carrying versions are grouped with regular vans. The results were standardized in order to minimize differences that might be attributable to variations in the mix of deductible amounts and operator age groups among different vehicles. Both the frequency and average size of collision coverage losses vary with the deductible amount and the age group of the operators. Standardizing these two nonvehicle factors ensures that their mix is the same for each result. Therefore, to the extent that age distributions within each operator age group and amounts within each deductible group do not vary substantially for different vehicles, these effects cannot bias comparisons among the various results. Other nonvehicle factors have not necessarily been eliminated from the results presented in this report. All of the results are shown in relative terms, with 100 representing the average for all passenger vehicles of each model year. Thus, for example, the relative average loss payment per insured vehicle year of 57 for the 1984 four-door Chevrolet Caprice (Table 1) indicates a result that is 43 percent below the result for all 1984 model year passenger vehicles combined. The results for vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles are also shown relative to the all-passenger-vehicle results. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Payment KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399345 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - National Glass Association TI - THE ANTI-LACERATIVE WINDSHIELD: THE DEBATE CONTINUES PY - 1985/01 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - p. 44-53 AB - The anti-lacerative windshields developed by Libbey-Owens-Ford (LOF) and Stint-Gobain Vitrage (SGV) have greatly improved the safety performance of the windshield by providing a plastic inner layer which significantly reduces facial lacerations during automobile accidents. This article discusses the LOF Inner Shield and the SGV Securiflex anti-lacerative with them (for example, decal or sticker removal, mirror mounting, and discoloration); by reporting on laboratory and field tests; and by examining manufacturers' plans for use of these windshields. KW - Anti-lacerative properties KW - Field tests KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nonshattering glass KW - Plastics KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Securiflex windshields KW - Utilization KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218140 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399348 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Gunnell, J AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - AUTO SAFETY: THE INSIDE STORY PY - 1985/01 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - p. 48-51 AB - This article reviews the design of automobile interiors with regard to occupant safety features from the 1908 Pontiac High-Wheeler up to the latest models. Automotive interior safety improvements have continually been added with over 56 different safety equipment standards adopted between 1968 and 1977 alone. Some of the most important include: the use of non-glare interior trim; the redesign of rear-view mirrors; better seat anchoring systems; improved seat belt assemblies; the creation of fuel tanks with greater structural integrity; the re-engineering of hood latch mechanisms; the use of non-flammable seating materials; and improved side door strengthening. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - History KW - Interior KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399369 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - LONG-RANGE HIGHWAY SAFETY PLAN UNVEILED AT DIVISION MEETING PY - 1985/01 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-16 AB - The unveiling of a long range comprehensive highway safety plan and the presentation of the Distinguished Service to Safety Award to Robert H. Reeder of Northwestern University were key events of the 1984 annual meeting of the National Safety Council's Highway Traffic Safety Division. Other events of the division meeting included remarks by the 1983-1984 division chairman, James E. Wilson, on recent progress in all areas of safety including accidental deaths, mandatory safety belt laws and the 55 m.p.h. speed limit, and a report on various programs of the division by the Council's vice president for highway traffic safety, Douglas M. Fergusson. Also included in the meeting were: a slide presentation on the Council's new Defensive Driving Course materials; a working draft of a policy statement on the provisional licensing of beginning drivers; and, election of a new slate of officers. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Death rate KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Mandatory KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218158 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399373 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Rosenfield, H N AU - National Safety Council TI - 1984: A REVIEW OF SAFETY'S YEAR IN WASHINGTON PY - 1985/01 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 2 p. AB - Provides a summary of safety related activities of the federal government in 1984. Events related to drunk driving countermeasures and passenger restraints represented the most far reaching safety actions. Mention is made of: minimum drinking ages, the establishment of the National Commission Against Drunk Driving, constitutionality of breath analysis tests, seat belt use laws, use of passive restraints, child passenger protection, and the Tandem Truck Safety Act. Industrial and public safety is also covered including: pipeline safety, the Longshoremen's and Harborworker's Compensation Act, recalls on children's products, cigarette safety, safety related repairs of dams, enforcement by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the federal court decisions related to it, occupational illness, mining safety, and activities by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and by the Environmental Protection Agency. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Child restraint systems KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Environmental protection KW - Federal government KW - Legal drinking age KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Occupational safety KW - Public health KW - Restraint systems KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Trucking KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399265 AU - Pierce, R N AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF 100% TIRE TREAD LOSS BY WEIGHT PY - 1985/01 SP - 40 p. AB - The program was conducted as a supplement to a major effort, "An Investigation of A Low-Variability Tire Treadwear Test Procedure and of Treadwear Adjustment for Ambient Temperature". That program was conducted during 1984 and involved the refinement of a procedure to establish the rate of tire wear by sequential measurements of the tire weight at regular intervals of mileage. It was necessary that a means of determining "100% worn" by weight be established for use in computing projected miles to worn out when wear rate in grams/1000 miles had been calculated. Tires were buffed (rasped) to remove the tread using available commercial retread processing equipment. The details of the process are discussed. Illustrations of the results are presented. Data comparing the dimensional and weight techniques are shown. KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399255 AU - Applied Management Sciences, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PRESCHOOL CHILD PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM, THE WALKING IN TRAFFIC SAFETY (WITS) PROGRAM FOR PRESCHOOLERS PY - 1985/01 SP - 62 p. AB - This report presents an overview of the process followed in developing the 22 WITS booklets for preschoolers, parents, and teachers. The steps involved in completing this project are described: (1) conduct of an in-depth review of the literature, (2) analysis of accident data involving preschool pedestrians, (3) identification of countermeasure ideas, (4) designation of an approach to curriculum design, and (5) development and testing of the curricular materials. The concluding section of this report focuses on suggestions for further work. KW - Countermeasures KW - Curricula KW - Parents KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Preschool children KW - Reviews KW - Teachers KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399254 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PROFESSIONAL TRUCK DRIVER'S GUIDE ON THE USE OF RETARDERS PY - 1985/01 SP - 18 p. AB - This booklet, which is intended for owner/operators who have or are considering equipping their truck with a retarder, is designed to help users get the maximum benefit from use of the retarders and avoid potential misuse. Facts about retarders are listed, and driving tips are given for trucks with retarders. Retarder use under the following conditions are noted: local and normal highway driving; driving at low speeds; going down hill; multi-grade hills; ice, snow and rain; and bobtailing or towing unloaded trailers. KW - Bobtailing KW - Brakes KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Frost damage KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Low speed KW - Rainfall KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Snow and ice control KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399087 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF MICHIGAN'S MANDATORY CHILD RESTRAINT LAW PY - 1985/01 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 15 p. AB - On April 1, 1982, the State of Michigan implemented a law requiring that children under age four be restrained while riding in a passenger car or light truck. In 1983 an UMTRI study sponsored by the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning analyzed five years of traffic crash data (1978-1982) to assess the effects of the law during its first nine months (April through December, 1982). That initial study found that restraint use among crash-involved children age one to three had increased substantially, and numbers of such children injured in crashes had decreased by at least 17 percent. A second UMTRI assessment of the child-restraint law was completed in January, 1985, under sponsorship of the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning. It analyzed six years of traffic crash data (1978-1983), including 21 months of experience under the child-restraint law. This article briefly reviews the main findings of that study. Time-series analyses of Michigan traffic crash data show that the 1982 Michigan child-restraint law has increased the percentage of young children restrained (from 12 to 51 percent) and reduced by 25 percent the number of young children injured. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Michigan KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396318 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1983. A REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES IN THE U.S. PY - 1985/01 SP - 65 p. AB - This is the fifth annual report on traffic accident statistics in the United States from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). This report gives basic information on the more than 5,800,000 police-reported accidents that occurred in the United States during 1983. NASS teams located in 50 areas around the country investigate a random sample of the police-reported accidents in their areas. Chapter I describes NASS operation in more detail and Appendix 2 discusses how NASS selects its sample. In 1983, NASS investigated 10,996 accidents. This report is based on these investigations. This report is organized somewhat differently than previous years reports. Chapter II concentrates on four priority safety areas: alcohol, safety belt use, large trucks, and the role of the elderly. Tables, graphs, and text describe and briefly analyze each area. Chapter III provides data without figures or text on the broad range of topics covered by NASS: accidents, drivers, passenger cars and their occupants, light trucks and occupants, heavy trucks and occupants, motorcycles and their riders, pedestrians and other non-occupants, and accident injuries. Chapter III is intended to serve as a reference document on accident data from 1983. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash investigation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213913 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395981 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Taylor, R AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW TO PICK THE RIGHT WINTER TIRES PY - 1985/01 VL - 162 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - Due to portable computerized test equipment, tire engineers can now go to the snow easily and bring back reliable comparisons between different types of tires. Results of testing carried out by BFGoodrich at their Brecksville, Ohio, test laboratory indicate that the best tire for going on compacted snow and slush is an "all season" radial--which is the condition that most Americans are likely to meet. The all-season won't outperform a snow tire in virgin snow or a V-rated high performance radial on dry pavement, and it may not match a conventional highway-rib radial tire's tread life; but, the all-season will outperform any other tire all around. KW - All season tires KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Driving KW - Performance KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Snow KW - Snow tires KW - Test results KW - Testing equipment KW - Tires KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483580 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Private Pain - Public Burden (Video) PY - 1985 AB - Addresses economic and societal reasons for safety belt use and safety belt use laws. Ideal for civic and school (secondary and above) audiences. KW - Crash injuries KW - Economic and social factors KW - Highway safety KW - Laws and legislation KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts UR - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW07G71eL5E UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070598 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Corporate average fuel economy standards for passenger cars, model year 1986 : environmental impact statement PY - 1985///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495879 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELTS IN SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1985 SP - 22 p. AB - This paper provides information for decision makers at the State and local levels so they can determine whether safety belts are desirable in large school buses in their areas. The paper reviews accidents, injuries, and fatalities, the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration's authority and position, and discusses the effectiveness of belts. The equipping of new buses with safety belts, and the retrofitting of school buses with safety belts is discussed, as well as related studies in the field, experiences of districts with belt equipped buses, legislation, and other considerations. Alternatives investments in safety are also considered. It is noted that there is insufficient data available to demonstrate whether safety belts would increase occuupant protection. The NHTSA does not believe that a Federal requirement for safety belts in large school buses is warranted. KW - Decision making KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305964 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495770 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - HAIGHT, F A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE PLACE OF SAFETY RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PY - 1985 VL - 19A IS - 5/6 SP - p. 373-376 AB - The place of traffic accidents in the overall public health picture is discussed, and it is noted that traffic safety occupies the intersection of transportation and public health. It is therefore important that the traffic safety community should have important roots in these disciplines. However, the institutional connection between traffic safety and public health is feeble. In transportation research, the safety component hardly exists. The reasons for this are discussed. It is believed that the safety payoffs from the installation phase of the road system have been nearly exhausted. For further progress in traffic safety, it is necessary to go beyond traffic engineering to transportation planning. An obvious procedure for incorporatig safety into transportation analysis is to use the common denominator of cost: safety should be treated as a benefit, and accidents as a cost. Good location of facilities should be considered to be a contribution to traffic safety. Research on public health issues within the transportation context should take two basic directions: an initiative in accident epidemiology; and research into the factoring of public health issues into the transportation and decision-making process. KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Epidemiology KW - Highway safety KW - Public health KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309267 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00771640 AU - Kawata, Hiroshi AU - Endo, Hiroshi AU - Eto, Yoshiyuki AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF LASER RADAR PY - 1985 SP - p. 230-234 AB - Various radar systems have been proposed as collision avoidance sensors for automatic braking and warning applications. Practical use of laser radar systems is now near at hand with the introduction of high power, high reliability laser diodes. Utilizing these new devices, a laser radar system has been adapted for measuring the distance to objects in its path. It was first shown that reflectors on the rear of the automobile possess high reflectivity and sharp directivity. Given these characteristics, a compact laser radar system was tested which employed 12 W laser diodes and PIN photodiodes. The maximum range of approximately 100m was obtained. Furthermore, the ability to discriminate other vehicles from roadside objects was achieved by detecting discontinuity in measured distance data through a microprocessor. These results show that the performance of laser radar is comparable to that of microwave radar. Considering the cost and size of the radar systems, laser radar would appear to be the more practical of the two. U1 - International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (10th : 1985 : Oxford, Oxfordshire) KW - Automatic braking KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Lasers KW - Optical radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610216 AU - Department of Public Safety TI - BUCKLE UP CONNECTICUT...IT'S NOT JUST A GOOD IDEA, IT'S THE LAW PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - Connecticut's safety belt law, effective January 1, 1986, requires all drivers and all front seat passengers to use safety belts whenever they ride in motor vehicles. Connecticut's Child Restraint Law still applies to all children under the age of four. This brochure, a question/answer guide, was prepared to help the public understand the laws and answer some of the common questions concerning them. KW - Brochures KW - Child restraint systems KW - Connecticut KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490305 AU - Munlin, F N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Council of Negro Women TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION EDUCATION PROGRAM. SEAT BELT LIFESAVER CAMPAIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985 SP - 17 p. AB - The National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) Occupant Protection Education Program, designated as the 'Seat Belt Lifesaver' Campaign was initiated to provide education information activities on the benefits of safety belts and child safety seat usage and their effectiveness in reducing death and injuries in motor vehicle crashes. The project was undertaken in response to statistics which indicate that safety belt usage by Black Americans is 1/3 to 1/6 that of non-Blacks. NCNW institutionalized the educational program within 10 target areas where its members encouraged their own membership along with other community residents and organizations which serve Black Americans to practice seat belt use in motor vehicles. Especially designed print and audio visual materials and a mass media campaign aided project outreach and reinforced the seat belt messages. These facilitated training and widespread information dissemination. The NCNW project stimulated interest in program expansion to other areas where there are large concentrations of Black Americans. KW - African Americans KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Information dissemination KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490314 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - INFORMATION AND REGULATIONS FOR JUNK AND SALVAGE VEHICLE BUSINESSES PY - 1985 SP - 40 p. AB - This book provides businesses which handle junk and salvage vehicles with information regarding the requirements of the Vehicle and Traffic Law and the Regulations of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles which they must follow to get registered/certified and to legally transfer or dispose of 1973 or newer junk and salvage vehicles and their major component parts. The book also contains the complete text of Part 81 of the Commissioner's Regulations, "Procedures Relating to Vehicle Dismantlers and Other Persons Engaged in the Transfer and Disposal of Junk and Salvage Vehicles." Department of Motor Vehicle forms most commonly used by junk and salvage businesses are illustrated. KW - Disposal KW - Junk KW - Regulations KW - Salvage KW - Vehicles KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299397 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495912 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENERGY ANALYSIS AND ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES SN - 0309039657 PY - 1985 IS - 1049 SP - 100p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Consumer Trade-Offs Between Mobility Maintenance and Gasoline Savings; Environmental Concerns of Natural Gas Vehicles: Do We Know Enough? Structural Ceramics in Transportation: Fuel Implications and Economic Effects; Commercialization of Major Efficiency-Enhancing Vehicular Engine Innovations: Past, Present, and Future Micro- and Macroeconomic Considerations; A Quick Asessment of Local Area Impacts Reslting from National Energy Shortages; Defining Relationships Between Urban Form and Travel Energy; An Analysis of Trends in Automotive Fuel Economy from 1978 to 1984; Long-Term Outlook for Transportation Energy Demand; The Potential Market for Electric Vehicles: Results from a National Survey of Commercial Fleet Operators; Alternative Fuels for Buses; Current Assessment and Future Perspectives; User Costs and Fuel Consumption at Drive-Through Facilities; Utility Industry Progress Toward Implementing Electirc Vehicle Introduction. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Buses KW - Ceramic materials KW - Drive through facilities KW - Economic impacts KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Facilities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Natural gas KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495857 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - CLAYTON, A B AU - McCarthy, P E AU - Breen, J M AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING HABITS ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR OF MALE MOTORISTS PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 46-47 AB - A study was made of the characteristics of male drivers convicted of drink/driving offences and the circumstances of the offences, and compared the social characteristics and drinking habits of offenders with those of a control group of motorists who had not been convicted of such offences. This report described the social characteristics, drinking habits, drink/driving behavior and attitudes towards drinking of the control group. The study attempts to isolate the interrelationships between drinking habits and drink/driving habits and attitudes. The results of this study provides a baseline against which to measure the effects of the Transport Act 1981. KW - Attitudes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Males KW - Social factors KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495604 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966 (23 U.S.C. 401 ET SEQ.) CHAPTER 4.--HIGHWAY SAFETY AND RELATED HIGHWAY SAFETY PROVISIONS. JUNE 1985 REVISION PY - 1985 SP - v.p. AB - This is the June 1985 revision of Chapter 4 (Highway Safety) of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 which contains the following sections: (401) Authority of the Secretary; (402) Highway Safety Program; (403) Highway Safety Research and Development; (404) National Highway Safety Advisory Committee; (405) (Repealed); (406) School Bus Driver Training; (407) Innovative Project Grants; and (408) Alcohol Traffic Safety Programs. Also included are the following related highway safety provisions: (1) National Driver Register; (2) National Maximum Speed Limit; (3) National Minimum Drinking Age; (4) Highway Safety Education and Information - Section 209 of the Surface Transportation Act of 1978 as amended by Section 206 of the Surface Transportation Act of 1982; and (5) Section 402 Authorizations for FY's 1985 and 1986, as provided by the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, as amended by P.L. 98-363. KW - Authorizations KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety act KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legislation KW - National Driver Register KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Revisions KW - Safety education KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495725 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 43 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1984. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and historical trends; Geographic location (Accidents by state highways, counties, cities); Accident description (First harmful event, time, day, month, weather, road conditions); Motor vehicle and driver characteristics (Vehicle type, registration, age, sex of drivers, accident cause); Alcohol-related accidents (Age, sex of drivers, history, type of accident, location); Pedestrian and pedalcyclist accidents (Age, sex of victims, actions, history); Motorcycle accidents (Age, sex of victims, time of day, month, location, history); and School bus accidents (Injuries, fatalities, history). KW - Age KW - Arizona KW - Bicycles KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road conditions KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495825 AU - Liban, C B AU - VIngiliss, E AU - BLEFGEN, H AU - Addiction Research Foundation TI - DRINKING-DRIVING COUNTERMEASURE REVIEW: THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE PY - 1985 SP - 178 p. AB - This is a review of countermeasures implemented in Canada to reduce impaired driving and alcohol-related accidents and fatalities. Intervention strategies to detect and/or deter impaired drivers encompassed the following: legal measures; mass smedia and educational campaign; rehabilitative programs for convicted impaired drivers; technological aids to the prevention and detection of impairment; and systems aproaches. It was found that a systems approach would be the most practical direction for countermeasure development. KW - Canada KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Mass media KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495591 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - WORKSHOP ON HIGHWAY MOBILITY AND SAFETY OF OLDER DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS, JUNE 11-12, 1985, WASHINGTON, D.C. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1985 SP - 31 p. AB - This publication contains a summary of the findings and recommendations of the Workshop on Highway Mobility and Safety of Older Drivers and Pedestrians, which was held June 11-12, 1985 in Washington, D.C. The contents are presented as follows: Executive Summary; Opening Commentary, C.C. Robinson; Assessment of Demographic and Accident Data of Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Moderator - W.E. Scott; Medical Conditions and Issues Related to Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Moderator - E. Petrucelli; Highway Safety Technologies and Countermeasures Related to the Mobility and Safety of Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Moderator - J.P. Eicher; and Reactions and Future Perspectives. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Demographics KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Mobility KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Statistics KW - Vision KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305635 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495702 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Podolsky, D M AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1985 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 16-23 AB - Although there is a wealth of scientific evidence that implicates alcohol as the causal agent in most crashes in which it is found, the magnitude of the role of other drugs in highway safety problems has not yet been adequately determined. Still, preliminary accident data indicate that between 5 and 15 percent of the seriously injured and fatally injured drivers had used other drugs, usually in combination with alcohol. Based on preliminary information, the drugs that may pose the most hazards to highway safety are (in order of the extent to which they are used) alcohol, marijuana, diazepam and other tranquilizers, and barbiturates. Of growing concern is the risk associated with so-called polydrug use. This article presents statistics and discusses trends in alcohol-related traffic accidents. It concludes with a discussion of reeducation and rehabilitation efforts for drinking drivers. There are two inserts with this article (both by D.M. Podolsky). The first discusses alcohol involvement in nonoccupant accidents and the second comments on the National Association of Broadcasters announcement of an industry-wide campaign to pledge air time to educate the public about alcohol abuse and alcohol problems. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Cyclists KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Mass media KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Rehabilitation KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495704 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Trumble, J G AU - Walsh, J M AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - A NEW INITIATIVE FOR SOLVING AGE-OLD PROBLEMS PY - 1985 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 2-5 AB - Despite the well-documented history of the abuse of alcohol and drugs, their relationship to human performance, productivty, accidental injury, and early mortality is relatively undefined. The dramatic increase in the use of alcohol and other drugs--both alone and in combination--and the disproportionate involvement of youth in traffic accidents and other forms of violent injury have generated a public health concern that demands action. This situation calls for a thorough review of what we do know regarding the relationship of alcohol and other drugs to safety issues, and it requires the stimulation of new research initiatives to address unresolved problems. This article reviews some of the statistics on alcohol and drug involvement in motor vehicle accidents, then points out that, although some basic research has been done regarding the physiological effects of alcohol and drugs on human performance, most applied research is correlational, with minimal specificity regarding the actual impact of substances on certain behaviors (such as driving a car, walking down steps, or operating machinery) and the subsequent effects such as causing accidents and injuries. The need is pointed out for a new and broadly based strategy to unify widely scattered and unrelated research. One such effort that is currently underway is described. This effort is a joint NIAAA-NIDA program to stimulate increased research, broaden information dissemination, and focus public attention on alcohol, drug, safety, and performance issues. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drugs KW - Highway safety KW - Human beings KW - Performance KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309226 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495753 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Galer, M D AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - HUMAN FACTORS IN THE DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT OF IN-VEHICLE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 4/5 SP - p. 567-570 AB - The driver of a modern vehicle can now be informed about the state of the vehicle and its components, about traffic conditions, and about the environment in which the vehicle is being used, and can receive information unrelated to the vehicle but of relevance to the driver. Information that can be made available to the driver is listed, and the role of human factors is discussed. It is noted that the ergonomist can, in the course of the design process, assist with the optimization of the applications from the point of view of the user. It is necessary that the ergonomist be consulted early in the design process. KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - In-vehicle advisory KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309256 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495307 JO - Highway Safety Highlights PB - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - 15 STATES ENACT MANDATORY BELT LAWS PY - 1985 SP - p. 1-7 AB - This article focuses on North Carolina's mandatory belt law and on its recently expanded and strengthened child restraint legislation. A legislative history is given of North Carolina's belt bill, and comments are made on evaluating the effectiveness of mandatory belt legislation. High school incentives programs are noted, and post crash fires are discussed. In the first half of 1985, 15 states enacted mandatory laws. Early results of the law in New York and Michigan are encouraging. Caution is urged in examination of fatal crash data to infer belt law effectiveness. Increase in community belt use rates are discussed, and comments are made on evaluating the effectiveness of child restraint legislation. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Cost effectiveness KW - High schools KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - North Carolina KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308915 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495310 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - FRANZEN, G AU - Qvarnstrom, O AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - BICYCLE INJURIES IN A MIDSIZED SWEDISH TOWN - VASTERAS. ONE-YEAR SAMPLE (1982) PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 41-42 AB - A study is repored which recorded the location of injuries, and their seveity according to AIS (Abreviated Injury Scale), and reviewed the sexes and ages of the injured persons. The study also compared the findings with those previousoy obtained from Stockholm in a similar study. It was found that only 91 bicyclists wre injured during 1982, of whom the majority were hurt on the separate bicycle pathway system. It was also found that 691 patients treated at the hospital during the period were caused by bicycle accidents. Most injuruies occured in 10-19 year old cyclists, and the frequency of casualties was highest during the summer months. Collision between bicycles and motor vehicles constituted only 9% of the accidents. Injuries of the extremities were the most common, and the injuries were less severe in Vasteras than those in Stockholm. KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Medium sized cities KW - Sweden KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308917 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495315 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Teplin, L A AU - Lutz, G W AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - MEASURING ALCOHOL INTOXICATION: THE DEVELOPMENT, RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF AN OBSERVATIONAL INSTRUMENT PY - 1985 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - p. 459-466 AB - This study presents an observational instrument designed to assess the presence or absence of alcohol intoxication as well as the level of intoxication. The Alcohol Symptom Checklist (ASC) was validated by comparing the blood alcohol level (BAL) of 672 subjects with the ASC score. The correlation between BAL and ASC for the final version of the scale was .84; alpha reliability = .92; interrater reliability = .93; and mean interitem correlation = .51. These results confirm the scale's reliability, its interrater consistency and its predictive validity. This instrument may be used in place of BAL measures in situations where it would be impractical to obtain samples of blood or alveolar air. The ASC will facilitate naturalistic studies of drinking behavior which previously have been limited by the lack of an unobtrusive method for assessing symptoms of intoxication. In addition, it has potential for use by law enforcement officials in situations where persons suspected of driving while intoxicated refuse to take an evidential breath test. This article examines requirements for training in the use of the ASC, and discusses other potential uses of the instrument. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Forecasting KW - Measuring instruments KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495723 AU - KRAAY, J H AU - Mathijssen, MPM AU - WEGMAN, FCM AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - TOWARDS SAFER RESIDENTIAL AREAS PY - 1985 SP - 56 p. AB - The contents of this report are presented in the following 7 chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) What is a residential area?; (3) Traffic safety in residential areas (Extent and trend of traffic safety in built-up areas, Safety difference between old and new areas, and Vulnerable categories of road users); (4) Traffic safety research in residential areas (Scope of research, Accident investigation, Behavioural studies, and Research into subjective traffic safety); (5) Principles of the layout of residential areas; (6) Measures in existing residential areas (Influencing traffic circulation, Speed limiting measures, Parking control, and Woonerfs); and (7) Summary and conclusions (The problems and Possible solutions). KW - Behavior KW - City planning KW - Crash investigation KW - Highway traffic control KW - Layout KW - Neighborhoods KW - Netherlands KW - Parking regulations KW - Problem solving KW - Research KW - Residential areas KW - Speed control KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Woonerf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495776 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - PUBLIC ATTITUDE MONITOR 1985. A SURVEY OF PUBLIC ATTITUDES ON THE FAIRNESS OF THE CIVIL JUSTICE SYSTEM, TRENDS IN PERSONAL INJURY SUITS, DRUNK DRIVING, AUTOMOBILE CRASH PROTECION AND OTHER INSURANCE TOPICS PY - 1985 SP - 43 p. AB - This is a report of a survey which explores public perception of the U.S. civil justice system, drinking and driving behavior, the costs, effects of unisex auto insurance rates, and other insurance-related topics. The survey also covered automatic protection systems and mandatory seatbelt use, attitudes regarding trends in personal injury lawsuits, and perceptions about the contingency fee system. The findings in each of these areas are discussed. KW - Attitudes KW - Courts KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gender KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Litigation KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495782 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - BIG TRUCKS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1985 SP - 18 p. AB - It is noted that nearly 4,500 people die every year from injuries in crashes involving big trucks, and one of every 3 tractor-trailers can be expected to crash in a year. The widespread truck safety problems stem from poor equipment that is poorly maintained (especially brakes) and operated by not-necessarily-qualified drivers who have been at the wheel for too many hours. Hazardous cargo is being transported under less-than-safe conditions, and roadways are not always capable of handling the biggest rigs. Also, some trucks may be too big and too heavy to be operated safely on any road. This article discusses these issues as well as driver qualifications and licensing, and other driver issues such as fatigue, alcohol, and drugs. The 55 mph speed limit is discussed, and some solutions to the truck safety problem are noted. KW - Brakes KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver selection KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Selection and appointment KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495554 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '84 ROAD ACCIDENTS JAPAN PY - 1985 SP - 57 p. AB - This publication contains Japanese accident statistics for 1984 and comparison statistics from previous years. The data are presented in tables classified by the following categories: (I) Road Traffic Situation, 1946-1984; (II) Traffic Accidents: Trends; (III) Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1984 - Section 1 Traffic Accidents in 1984, Section 2 Fatal Accidents in 1984, Section 3 Casualties in 1984, Section 4 Child Casualties in 1984, and Section 5 Traffic Accidents on Expressways; (IV) Control of Traffic Violations; (V) Traffic Regulations and Controls; (VI) Driver's Licence; and (VII) Reference Information. KW - Children KW - Driver licenses KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305583 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495855 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Salinger, G AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - SAFETY OF PASSENGER CARS IN THE FUTURE PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 43 AB - It is noted that the largest potential to save lives and reduce injuries of car occupants is to increase the use of available restraints. To achieve higher seat belt use, a law is needed, but a prerequisite for a working law is public acceptance, which means a prelaw use rate of at least 20%. Attitudes that need to be changed if the use of restraints is to be increased are noted. Comments are also made on the use of restraints by children. Scope for improvement of contemporary restraint systems are discussed. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495701 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Moskowitz, H AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE PY - 1985 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 11-15 AB - There is compelling evidence that alcohol, alone and in combination with other drugs, affects many kinds of performance that have serious implications for public safety. Investigators note that quite often alcohol and other drugs interact not only directly, in terms of behavioral changes based on direct central nervous system effects, but also indirectly by affecting the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of the drugs (an insert with this article outlines the effects of alcohol in combination with antianxiety tranquilizers, meprobamate, benzodiazepines, antipsychotic tranquilizers, morphine and its derivatives, and marijuana). The effects of acute alcohol use depend on the dose level, the history of individual experience with the drug, the rate of drug consumption, and the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. This article reviews various studies and experiments that have provided evidence on the effects of alcohol on human performance. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Evidence KW - Experiments KW - Highway safety KW - Human beings KW - Impaired drivers KW - Performance KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309223 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495570 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - HAIGHT, F A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ROAD SAFETY: A PERSPECTIVE AND A NEW STRATEGY PY - 1985 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 91-98 AB - The theoretical understanding of road safety has improved in eight respects: recognizing that there can be no cure, abandoning the language of cause and blame, understanding that we need to go beyond crashes to address their consequences, admitting the importance of exposure, taking into account statistical pitfalls and trends, rejecting arguments based on what stands to reason, attempting project evaluation, and, finally, admitting that cost, not carnage, is the issue. A program is proposed with six components: reorganization of road safety under an independent public health agency, planning for the long range, disengagement of road safety from public concern and public relations, commitment to full truthful disclosure to the public and political leaders, reorganization of professional education and public information, and formulation of a coherent modern research program. KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Planning KW - Public health KW - Research KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309134 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495308 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION METHODS AND DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF GEOMETRICS SN - 0309039169 PY - 1985 IS - 1026 SP - 72p. AB - The papers published in this issue of the Transportation Record are as follows: Expected Traffic Conflict Rates and Their Use in Predicting Accidents by W.D. Glauz, K.M. Bauer and D.J. Migletz; Stopping Sight Distance Parameters by D.E. Cleveland, L.P. Kostyniuk, G.R. Waissi, P.L. Olson, and P.S. Fancher; Geometric Design of Exclusive Truck Facilities by J.M. Mason Jr., and R.C. Briggs; Operational and Safety Effectiveness of Passing Lanes on Two-Lane Highways by D.W. Harwood, A.D. St. John, and D.L. Warren; Benefit-Cost Evaluation of Left-Turn Lanes on Uncontrolled Approaches of Rural Intersections (Abridgment) by P.T. McCoy, W.J. Hoppe, and D.V. Dvorak; Superelevation and Roadway Geometry: Deficiency at Crash Sites and on Grades (Abridgment) by P.L. Zador, H. Stein, J. Hall, and P. Wright; Design and Safety on Moderate-Volume Two-Lane Roads by D.E. Cleveland, L.P. Kostyniuk, and K-L. Ting; Offtracking of the Larger Combination Commercial Vehicles (Abridgment) by D.S. Millar and C.M. Walton; and A Quick-response Technique for Impact Assessment of Highway Improvement Projects by J.C. Yu and L.M.G. Pang. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Evaluation KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Left turn lanes KW - Passing KW - Rural areas KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308916 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495312 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Hall, H E AU - Robertson, W W AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - ANOTHER CHANCE: A NON-SEATBELT RELATED FRACTURE OF THE LUMBAR SPINE PY - 1985 VL - 25 IS - 12 SP - p. 1163-64 AB - A previously undescribed upper lumbar spine fracture configuration is reviewed in 3 patients. These flexion/distraction injuries were not associated with seatbelt use. The anterior vertebral body underwent sighificant compression. The distraction component created a horizontal fracture through the pedicles and lamina, with avulsion of the spinous process of the adjacent cephalad vertebra. KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308919 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495313 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Blaauw, G J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - VEHICLE GUIDANCE BY DELINEATION SYSTEMS AT NIGHT PY - 1985 VL - 28 IS - 12 SP - p. 1601-15 AB - Car and road designs are considered to be better when they require less driver attention and allow drivers to behave more as a supervisory controller in coping with normal, multi-task driving. In this paper an example is presented with respect to road design and, more specifically, with respect to various configurations of delineation on wet roads at night. The criteria for supervisory control are focused on drivers' observation strategy in terms of 'free times' available for tasks beyond lateral vehicle control, on drivers' control strategy in terms of amplitudes and frequencies of steering-wheel movements, and on the overall driving performance in terms of variations in lateral position and yaw rate. The research findings on straight and curved roads recommend the necessity of using delineation devices at both sides of the traffic lane by the implementation of profiled stripes, raised pavement markers at the location of the center and/or lane boundaries, or post-mounted delineators just beside the boundary. Post-mounted delineators on larger cross distances are less effective. The longitudinal spacing between the raised pavement markers has to be restricted up to 12 m for curves with radii for 200 mm and up to 24 m for straight roads. KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway delineators KW - Night KW - Personnel performance KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Traffic lanes KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308920 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495599 JO - Journal of Biomechanics PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - HULL, M L AU - Jorge, M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A METHOD FOR BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF BICYCLE PEDALLING PY - 1985 VL - 18 IS - 9 SP - p. 631-644 AB - This paper reports a new method, which enables a detailed biomechanical analysis of the lower limb during bicycling. The method consists of simultaneously measuring both the normal and tangential pedal forces, the EMGs of eight leg muscles, and the crank arm and pedal angles. Data were recorded for three male subjects of similar anthropometric characteristics. Subjects rode under different pedalling conditions to explore how both pedal forces and pedalling rates affect the biomechanics of the pedalling process. By modelling the leg-bicycle as a five bar linkage and driving the linkage with the measured force and kinematic data, the joint moment histories due to pedal forces only (i.e., no motion) and motion only (i.e., no pedal forces) were generated. Total moments were produced by superimposing the two moment histories. The separate moment histories, together with the pedal forces and EMG results, enable a detailed biomechanical analysis of bicycle pedalling. Inasmuch as the results are similar for all three subjects, the analysis for one subject is discussed fully. One unique insight gained via this new method is the functional role that individual leg muscles play in the pedalling process. KW - Biophysics KW - Cyclists KW - Force KW - Kinematics KW - Leg KW - Mathematical models KW - Moment of inertia KW - Moments of inertia KW - Motion KW - Muscles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495752 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Kapitaniak, T AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - SELECTION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VERTICAL RIGIDITY OF THE SUSPENSION OF A VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH AN ANTISLIP SYSTEM PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 4/5 SP - p. 577-579 AB - The use of antislip systems in braking systems and the effect of changing the vertical rigidity of a vehicle suspension during braking makes it necessary to select the characteristics of the vertical rigidity of a vehicle suspension with care. This paper presents a method for selecting these characteristics fulfilling the given parameters of vertical vibration of a suspended mass during braking with the antislip system. The method takes into account the effect of changing the vertical rigidity of a vehicle suspension during braking, and is based on human vibration immunity. KW - Antislip systems KW - Brakes KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Vertical rigidity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495545 AU - Transportation Development Centre TI - TDC PROJECT DIRECTORY 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 175 p. AB - This is the eighth in a series of annual project directories describing the research and development activities of the Transportation Development Centre (TDC). This volume covers selected projects active during the reporting period of June 1983 to July 1984. The directory is organized according to the principal thrust areas of TDC's research and development program in transportation technologies: rail, surface, air, and marine. Each project description briefly relates the rationale for the work, its objectives, and the methodology for the achievement of these objectives. Also given are an account of completed work, the name of the performing organization, and titles of reports. The project description is accompanied by supplementary information consisting of the work schedule, project and file numbers, funding sources, and the name of the project officer in charge. KW - Air transportation KW - Development KW - Directories KW - Highway transportation KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495777 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 196 p. AB - This publication, the 40th of an annual series, presents analyzed statistics of general interest on the following: motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, state highway finance, highway mileage, and federal aid for highways; and 1983 highway financial data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. The first three sections of the publication cover motor-fuel consumption and taxation, vehicle ownership, and driver licensing. The fourth section covers the financing of highways by government agencies, and the fifth provides data on highway mileages and performance. Other sections give statistics for American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The final section presents summaries from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study. KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transportation systems KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495706 AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - ALCOHOL RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STUDY. MICHIGAN. JANUARY - DECEMBER 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 19 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine and evaluate the proportion of alcohol related fatal traffic accidents to all fatal traffic accidents in the state of Michigan for the period January to December 1984. Also studied were the characteristics of alcohol related fatal traffic accidents as well as other relevant information necessary in planning countermeasure programs. Briefly, some of the findings were as follows: There were 704 alcohol related fatal traffic accidents out of a total of 1,392 fatal traffic accidents, or 50.6%, during the year 1984, which claimed 800 lives, or 51.4%, of the total highway fatalities. Of 2,115 drivers involved in fatal accidents, 671 (31.7%) had been drinking. Young drivers (24 years and under) accounted for 40.2% of all drivers who had been drinking in fatal accidents. Younger drinking drivers had lower BAC levels yet higher involvement in fatal accidents, whereas BAC levels among middle-age drinking drivers was higher yet their involvement in traffic accidents was lower. April was the peak month for alcohol related fatal traffic accidents, with 60.7% during 1984. There were 4 counties that had fatal traffic accidents which did not have a drinking driver involved in a fatal accident. Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays accounted for 62.9% of the had been drinking fatal traffic accidents, but only 51.7% of the total fatal accidents. Of all the had been drinking fatal traffic accidents, 57.2% occurred between the hours of 9:00 p.m. and 3:00 a.m., but only 36.0% of the total fatal accidents occurred during this time period. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Michigan KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495722 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 31 p. AB - This report presents a summary of the various projects that the Institute for Road Safety Research SWOV has carried out during 1984 in the field of basic research and in support for the work of the government. A list is included of the reports published in 1984. KW - Documents KW - Highway safety KW - Publications KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495547 AU - Rogers, E M AU - Dow Chemical U.S.A. TI - LIFE IS IN THE BALANCE. WEIGHING THE QUESTIONS OF RISK AND BENEFIT IN TODAY'S WORLD PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - This booklet discusses the concept of risk. It distinguishes voluntary from involuntary risks, explains the technique of risk/benefit analysis, answers the question "why the need for risk assessment?", discusses assessing risks and assessing benefits, addresses the various aspects of risk reduction (cost, value of a human life, politics, hidden costs, etc.), and includes information on risk as it is related to nature, cancer, and nuclear power. The two concluding sections discuss risk perception versus fact and questions for the future. KW - Costs KW - Definitions KW - Hazards KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Nuclear energy KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Value of life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306385 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495696 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PERSONS, PARATRANSIT, AND RIDESHARING SN - 030903907X PY - 1985 IS - 1018 SP - 71p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Mobility of Handicapped Persons: Examination of Mobility Levels of Different Groups of Handicap, W Brog and K Ribbeck; Travel Behavior of Residents of Retirement Communities, JM Witkowski and TR Buick; Estimating the Cost of Providing Transportation Services to Elderly Clients, SF Knapp, MC Wozny, and JE Burkhardt; Analysis of Commuter Ridesharing Behavior at Five Urban Sites, R Booth and R Waksman; Pleasanton TSM Ordinance: A New Approach to Traffic Mitigation, D Curry and K Fraser-Middleton; Transportation Brokerage: Key Findings from Crosscutting Analysis, EN Schreffler; Estimating Ridesharing Levels for Reductions in VMT, DW Wiersig; and City of Los Angeles Parking Management Ordinance, D Curry and A Martin. KW - Aged KW - Brokerage KW - Communities KW - Commuters KW - Costs KW - Estimating KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Management KW - Mitigation KW - Mobility KW - Ordinances KW - Parking KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Retirement KW - Retirement communities KW - Ridesharing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Transit services KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel behavior KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309218 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495703 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Dufour, M C AU - Moskowitz, H AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURY PY - 1985 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 6-10 AB - Researchers who study the relationships of the various factors that determine the frequency and distribution of injuries due to accidents are pioneers in the new field of "epidemiology of injury". The models they have developed to help explain injury occurrence involve two factors: (1) the individual's level of performance and (2) the demands of the task being carried out that can lead to injury. Generally, as long as the individual's performance level exceeds the demands of the particular task involved, the "energy source" (the car one drives or plane one pilots) remains under control. The moment the energy source is no longer under control, an accident is likely to happen. Through statistical analysis, personal interviews, and a good deal of detective-style work, the epidemiologist seeks to determine the many factors that are involved in injuries. The goal is to understand why injuries occur and to provide vital information to everyone involved in preventing injuries. Available evidence implicates alcohol consumption as a major risk factor for almost every type of injury. There is also small but growing evidence implicating other drugs in the evolution of accidental injury as well. This article reviews some epidemiologic studies that have been conducted on alcohol and drug involvement in fatal traffic accidents, outlining the assumptions on which they are based and the difficulties encountered. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309225 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495851 JO - WHEEL EXTENDED AU - Toyota Motor Corporation TI - AIMING FOR CREATIVE CAR DESIGNING. INTERVIEW WITH TOHRU NAGISA PY - 1985 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-28 AB - This is a transcript of an interview which addressed such as questions as freedom in car designing, comparing Japanese, American and Eruopean designs, the requirements of a car designer, and the place of the automobile in human society. It is noted that car designs change with the times. Factors that have controlled vehicle design in the three continents are traced from a historical perspective. KW - Automobiles KW - Europe KW - Japan KW - Social factors KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309307 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495568 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Heeren, T AU - Smith, R A AU - Morelock, S AU - Hingson, R W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SURROGATE MEASURES OF ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL CRASHES: ARE CONVENTIONAL INDICATORS ADEQUATE? PY - 1985 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 127-134 AB - The problem of alcohol-related highway fatalities has led a majority of states to enact new legislative countermeasures. Because few states consistently collect information on alcohol involvement in fatal crashes, the evaluation of the effectiveness of these countermeasures has relied on surrogate measures of alcohol involvement. Using data from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), this study addresses the following questions: (a) Which of the several surrogate measures used are most likely to reflect alcohol involvement in fatal crashes? and (b) Do the trends in these surrogate measures provide an accurate appraisal of the true trends in alcohol-involved fatal crashes? The authors conclude that nighttime fatal crashes are the best surrogate measure of alcohol-involved crashes, but that surrogate measures may not accurately mirror trends in alcohol-involved fatal crashes over time, particularly in small states or over short durations. All drivers in fatal crashes should be given blood alcohol level (BAL) tests to most accurately assess the effects of drunk driving countermeasures. KW - Accuracy KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Statistics KW - Surrogate measures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309132 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495318 JO - Motor AU - Wilkinson, T AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - EUROPEAN ELECTRONICS PY - 1985 VL - 164 IS - 5 SP - p. 49-58 AB - The use of European electronics in a significant number of cars is predicted, the author's visit to a German electronics factory is described, and a preview is offered of some of the German systems that will appear on European, Japanese and American cars during the next few years. These include anti-lock braking systems; recent developments in this area are noted. Air bags with a compact trigger unit to fire them, as well as belt tensioners are described. Headlights and their design are described, as well as gasoline injection systems, diesel injection, and drive-by-wire which provides electronic controls between the gas pedal and the throttle blade, as well as other aspects of microelectronics. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel injection KW - Germany KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495765 AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - ROAD TRAFFIC AUTHORITY ANNUAL REPORT 1984-85 PY - 1985 SP - 104 p. AB - This publication describes the functions and objectives of the Road Traffic Authority, and lists acts administered by the Authority. The Authority's achievement of its objectives is described, and its targets are noted. Trends in road toll, in registration and licensing are noted. Corporate plan development is described. Initiatives in service to the community are reviewed, as well as their programs and activities. Legislation and regulatory activities are described. Personnel and employee relations, and finance are summarized. Other activities and future directions are noted. KW - Australia KW - Finance KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Licenses KW - Personnel KW - Regulations KW - Traffic KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495780 AU - GUSTAFSON, K AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - TESTS WITH PRE-WETTED SALT IN THE WINTERS 1980/81-1983/84 T2 - PROV MED BEFUKTAT SALT VINTRARNA 1980/81-1983/84 PY - 1985 SP - 53 p. AB - Tests are in progress in Sweden to reduce the usage of salt on winter roads. One method to decrease the salt amount is to pre-wet the salt with CaCl2- or NaCl-solution. The salt then, has faster reaction with less wastage outside the road and as a whole a reduction of salt. Spreaders with pre-wetting equipment have been tested. The pre-wetting takes place on the spinner plate when spreading the salt. The three first winters the pre-wetting was performed with CaCl2-solution, but due to its great aggressivness on concrete, a change was made to NaCl-solution. The pre-wetting method compared to conventional spreading has been evaluated by National Road Administration and VTI during the 4 winters the tests have been performed. The tests have been concentrated on the measurements of friction and the salt amount on the road in connection with deicing measures. In this comprehensive report the results of the investigations are given. KW - Calcium chloride KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Friction KW - Highway safety KW - Prewetting KW - Research KW - Salts KW - Sodium chloride KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495781 AU - California Office of Traffic Safety AU - Department of Transportation TI - A ROADMAP TO CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PY - 1985 SP - 114 p. AB - 'Roadmap to Child Passenger Safety' is an innovative, comprehensive, community-based child passenger safety program which can be duplicated in any community. The program was implemented through the San Joaquin Valley Health Consortium in Fresno in keeping with the Federal and State aim to make child passenger safety (CPS) a health issue. The effort calls for minimal investment to develop approaches for directly involving community people in an ongoing CPS effort. This pulication incoporates not only those lessons about organization learned in Fresno, but also those of other communities across the country. KW - Children KW - Community action programs KW - Highway safety KW - Passengers KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305846 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495750 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - GUTMAN, M AU - Stotter, A AU - Kal, J AU - Kronenberg, A AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE INFLUENCE OF METHANOL BLENDED WITH NORMAL PETROL ON VEHICLE ENGINE PERFORMANCE PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 4/5 SP - p. 617-618 AB - In this study, the material compatibility and acceptable driveability for a 5% methanol blend with petrol was investigated, and an attempt was made to demonstrate that, in the climatic conditions of Israel, good performance and low-pollutant emissions can be obtained. The details are summarized, and the results are given of the following tests: dynamometer engine test; test of vehicle fuel consumption on a controlled track; and vehicle fleet test. KW - Automobile engines KW - Climate KW - Dynamometers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Highway safety KW - Israel KW - Methanol KW - Petroleum KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309253 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495751 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Eguchi, N AU - Kubodera, T AU - Otani, T AU - Usami, K AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A VARIABLE CONTROLLED INERTIA CHARGING SYSTEM FOR NATURALLY ASPIRATED DIESEL ENGINES FOR HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 4/5 SP - p. 602-606 AB - A method of controlling the inertia charging effect for the diesel engine has been developed. The new method covers the whole range of engine speeds and load conditions. Details of the study are described. One of the measures that can be taken to offset the deterioration of engine performance caused by the reduction of exhaust gas emission is to improve the combustion characteristics by increasing excess air ratio. Though inertia charging can provide more excess air from the engine, this system has to have some fixed factors, such as tuned pipe length and diameter. So the resonsance zone is also fixed within a narrow engine speed range. And, moreover, outside this range, the air quantity is reduced below that without inertia charging. Therefore, variable control of inertia charging with a mechanism to change the tuned pipe length is considered for this system. The intake air quantity is thus controlled to improve engine performance over a wide speed range at both full and partial load. The engine can get higher brake mean effective pressure of 0.90 MPa at peak quantity to minimize gas exchange loss. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Inertia (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309254 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495571 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Rosenberg, H AU - Brian, T AU - Allf, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DUI OFFENDERS' PERCEPTIONS AND MISPERCEPTIONS OF BASIC ALCOHOL INFORMATION PY - 1985 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 99-103 AB - This paper describes the perceptions and misperceptions of basic alcohol and DUI-related information held by two groups of subjects: first-time DUI offenders and multiple-DUI offenders. The results revealed that both samples of subjects were well informed regarding some basic information (e.g., tolerance, elimination of alcohol from the body by the liver, effect of several drinks on increased likelihood of accident) and that the multiple-DUI offenders appeared more knowledgeable on several items (e.g., penalty for refusing breath test, beverage equivalency). These results tend to discredit the knowledge-deficit model of DUI prevention/education/rehabilitation, and an alternative coping skills model is proposed. KW - Coping skills model KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - First time dui offenders KW - Knowledge KW - Multiple dui offenders KW - Repeat offenders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309135 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495311 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Lindqvist, C AU - Arajavi, E AU - Santavirta, S AU - Tolonen, J AU - Kiviluoto, O AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - FATAL MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES SUSTAINED IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 41-42 AB - This study investigated fatal road traffic accidents in which maxillofacial trauma was considered the main cause of death. The mechanism of the injuries in twentyfatalities, and the possiblity of preventing fatal maxillofacial injuries was studied. Details of the study and the results are presented. Of the 20 victims, 14 were male and 6 were female. Eight of the victims in motor car accidents were drivers, 3 were front seat passengers and 6 were rear seat passengers. None of the motorcyclists with fatal maxillogacial injuries had used a safety helmet. It was found that severe mid-face fractures and lacerations are more prominent in injuries resuulting from motorized traffic accidents, when compared to maxillofacial fractures in general and also maxillofacial injuries sustained in bicycle accidents. Recommendations for reducing maxillofacial injuries are presented. KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bikeways KW - Countermeasures KW - Face KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308918 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495314 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Argeriou, M AU - McCarty, D AU - Blacker, E AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - CRIMINALITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS ARRAIGNED FOR DRINKING AND DRIVING IN MASSACHUSETTS PY - 1985 SP - p. 525-530 AB - Criminal record searches of 1406 randomly selected driving under the influence of liquor (DUIL) offenders in Massachusetts revealed a history of prior court arraignments in 76% of the cases. Half (51.2%) had been arraigned for criminal offenses other than or in addition to traffic and DUIL, and one-fourth (27%) had been previously arraigned for DUIL. Among those with prior DUIL arrests, 68% also had criminal arrests. A 3-year follow-up indicated that 63% of those rearrested for DUIL had prior criminal arrests. Eight subgrouups of offenders were created by categorizing the sample according to the presence or absence of criminal, traffic and prior DUIL offenses. Rates of recidivism differed among the subgroups and illustrated the utility of using criminal history data to differentiate DUIL offenders. The need to develop alternative court management-rehabilitation strategies responsive to subgroup differences is discussed. KW - Arrests KW - Courts KW - Crimes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Massachusetts KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic arrests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495700 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Aitken, S S AU - Zobeck, T AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - TRENDS IN ALCOHOL-RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS FOR 1983. EPIDEMIOLOGIC BULLETIN 8 PY - 1985 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 60-62 AB - This report presents statistics that describe the incidence and the distribution of alcohol-related fatalities, and identifies trends in their distribution over a 5-year period (1979-1983). The primary focus is on 1983. The data are drawn from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). In 1983, 42,584 people died as a result of traffic accidents. This number is down 17% from the 51,084 deaths in 1979. Of the 42,584 deaths in 1983, 17,847 (42%) were alcohol-related, compared with 20,245 alcohol-related deaths in 1979 (40% of all 1979 traffic fatalities). While alcohol-related traffic deaths have declined in numbers over the 5-year period studied, they constitute a higher percentage of all traffic deaths in 1983 than they did in 1979. KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Physical distribution KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495856 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Reidelbach, W AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THIRTY YEARS OF SAFETY ENGINEERING PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 43-46 AB - Engineering to assure vehicular safety at Daimler-Benz is described. Some features of vehicle design that help towards vehicular safety are described and include multi-link rear suspension, antilock braking systems, eccentrc sweep windshield wiper, design rules to mitigate first and second collision severity, crashworthy structure, and occupant restraint systems. These as well as some other safety features of cars are noted. The role of road accident investigation in the development of new and better designs is also noted. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshield wipers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495705 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1985 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1985 SP - 48 p. AB - It is estimated that 7 million motorcycles and all terrain vehicles (ATVs) are in use in the United States, as of the date of this publication. Motorcycles in the 1980s are cleaner in terms of air pollutants than motorcycles in the past. The motorcycle industry's continuing commitment to reduce sound levels has been demonstrated by the production of quiet motorcycles and aftermarket exhaust systems. The use of motorcycles and ATVs for off-highway recreation has grown significantly in the past ten years. The motorcycle industry and responsible riders understand that unrestricted vehicle use can damage certain fragile environments and that well managed facilities provide the best opportunity for off-highway recreation. The industry has been working with state and Federal government agencies to encourage intelligent land planning and management based on equitable multiple use which can benefit all outdoorsmen, including those who ride the 3.8 million motorcycles and ATVs used for off-highway recreation. This publication provides statistical data and trends within the motorcycle industry. Included are statistics on market volume, manufacturers and distributors, the retail marketplace, motorcycle usage, and the motorcycle owner. Other national motorcycle organizations are listed. KW - Age KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Distributors KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Environmental impacts KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Imports KW - Industries KW - Market share KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Retail trade KW - Sales KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495608 AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - NATIONAL ROAD SAFETY SYMPOSIUM: PROCEEDINGS, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, 29-31 OCTOBER 1984 SN - 0-644-04309-1 PY - 1985 SP - 71 p. AB - This publication represents the final volume in a series of six which collectively record the proceedings and papers of the second National Road Safety Symposium, held in Canberra during 29-31 October 1984. This last volume, entitled "Proceedings", was prepared after the Symposium and contains material not available when the earlier volumes were printed. Specifically, this volume contains a transcript of the following: Welcoming Address, R.M. Taylor; Official Opening Address, R.J.L. Hawke; Keynote Address, P. Morris; Closing Address, W.G. Upton; and Closing Session panel discussion. Also included are: the table of contents for all volumes; two papers - Eliminating Hazardous Roadside Electricity Structures, G.H. Couch, and Trends in Vehicle Safety, I. Grigg; and a list of delegates in attendance. KW - Conferences KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305655 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495569 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Benner, L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RATING ACCIDENT MODELS AND INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGIES PY - 1985 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 105-126 AB - This is a report of research to identify, rate, and rank accident models and accident investigation methodologies. Models and methodologies used in 17 selected government agencies were examined. The examination disclosed 14 accident models and 17 different accident investigation methodologies in those agencies. To determine their relative merit, evaluation criteria and a rating scheme were developed from user data, statutes, applications, and work products, and each model and methodology was rated. The ratings indicated significant differences in their relative merit. The highest rated model and methodology were tested to determine if the estimated ratings were supported by observable differences in actual performance and to compare investigative results against previously reported cases. Differences found prompted further examination of the benefits and problems that would result from implementation of the preferred model and methodology. Additional exploration of comparative performance measurement techniques disclosed further differences affecting the selection decisions. The models, methodologies, criteria, ratings, rankings, test results, and initial measurement findings are summarized in this report. Issues ranging from oversimplification to ethical questions were discovered during this work. The findings strongly suggest that significant accident investigation program changes should be considered in agencies and organizations using lower-ranked accident models or investigation methodologies and that a compelling need exists for more exhaustive research into accident model and accident investigation methodology selection decisions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Ratings KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495592 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - 1984 OREGON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: TRUCK ACCIDENTS PY - 1985 SP - 14 p. AB - This report presents tables showing the truck accident statistics for motor vehicle accidents in Oregon in 1984. The tables are grouped according to statistics for the entire state, for rural areas only, for cities and urban areas except Portland, and for Portland only. Two summaries of truck driver errors are included, one for trucks in general and the other for logging trucks. KW - Cities KW - Crashes KW - Errors KW - Logging trucks KW - Oregon KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Traffic violations KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495541 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN ACCIDENT FACTS 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 32 p. AB - Highlights of Wisconsin 1984 traffic accident facts and figures are presented, followed by these tables and figures: Economic Loss in Accidents; Reporting Agency; 10 Year Summaries; Mileage Death Rates; Fatal Accidents by Month; Accidents by Highway Class (Urban/Rural); Traffic Accidents by Month; Types of Motor Vehicle Accidents; Blood Alcohol Content of Driver Fatalities; Accidents by Highway System and County; Accidents by County and Severity; Holiday Fatal Accidents and Fatal Accidents by Month; Environmental and Roadway Conditions; Types of Motor Vehicles; Time of Occurrence/Urban-Rural; Age of Drivers; All Drinking Drivers by County and Age Group; Drinking Drivers by County and Age Group (Ability Impaired); Possible Contributing Circumstances; Motorcycle Accidents; Persons Killed and Injured by Age and Type of Accident/Urban-Rural; Pedestrians Killed and Injured/Urban-Rural; Persons Killed and Injured by Age-Type of Person and Sex; Economic Loss by Severity-Urban by Population; and Graph on Speed Citations and Possible Contributing Circumstances of Speed. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Classification KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Environment KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle type KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495567 AU - Japan Motor Industrial Federation, Incorporated TI - GUIDE TO THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 1985 PY - 1985 SP - 294 p. AB - The contents are as follows: The 26th Tokyo Motor Show (color photographs from the previous Motor Show, brief statement of what to expect at the 26th Motor Show, and color photographs of the new models); The Automobile Manufacturers (address, president, plants, overseas offices, and historical and present record); General Catalogues (passenger cars, commercial vehicles, two wheelers) - photographs and general specifications; Specifications - detailed specifications by make and model in table format for (1) passenger cars, (2) cargo trucks, dump trucks, mixer trucks, tank lorries, etc., (3) two wheelers, (4) buses, and (5) tractors and truck cranes; Motor Vehicle Statistics - production, exports, and motor vehicle registrations; and Directory of Organizations and Manufacturers. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Catalogs KW - Directories KW - Industries KW - Japan KW - Specifications KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305602 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495688 JO - Friendly Exchange PB - Farmers Insurance Group AU - Campbell, S L AU - Farmers Insurance Group TI - AIR BAGS OR SEAT BELTS? WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO SAVE YOUR LIFE? PY - 1985 SP - 5 p. AB - This article examines the controversy over what to do to save lives in the event of an accident. It examines passive seat belts, explaining how they work and what's wrong with the current passive seat belt technology, and air bags, indicating how they work, why they are not as effective as lap/shoulder belts, and what their weaknesses are. Costs are also considered. It is concluded that mandating the use of the highly effective manual lap/shoulder belt is the wisest course of action. KW - Air bags KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309210 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495561 JO - WHEEL EXTENDED AU - Sunobe, Y AU - Konomi, Y AU - Umetani, Y AU - Toyota Motor Corporation TI - A DISCUSSION: THE FUTURE OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN SOCIETY PY - 1985 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 15-20 AB - This article contains a discussion by Yoshio Sunobe (a science journalist), Yoshinobu Konomi (a management consultant and lecturer at Keio University Graduate School of Business Administration), and Yoji Umetani (Professor of Systems and Bioengineering at the Tokyo Institute of Technology and Japan's leading robot scientist) on the relationship between people and high technology. The differences in the way robots and computerization are being accepted in Japan and elsewhere, such as in Europe and the United States, are discussed and it is pointed out that, while Japan is considered the most advanced in robot technology, it is only in the manufacturing field. In other applications, such as agriculture-related robot technologies and space technology, Japan cannot necessarily be said to be advanced. But in the practical application of industrial robots Japan is at the top, and has accomplished this with a relatively minor negative reaction. It is interesting to note that automakers in Japan are retaining lines for skilled workers and avoiding complete automation, showing an awareness of the need for "human resource conservation" for development of new skills. It is pointed out that, along with the advancement of high technology, Japan on the whole is approaching a major turning point as indicated by the changes in values, the aging of population, the emergence of women, the "softening" of society which places more value on sentiment than objects, and enrichment of social education. Sufficient possibilities are seen for the creation of new industrial fields other than those in the manufacturing domain. For example, the demand that will accompany the expansion of software, in particular, is certain to grow in the future. KW - Future developments KW - High technology industries KW - Human resources KW - Human resources management KW - Impacts KW - Japan KW - Labor force KW - Manufacturing KW - Robotics KW - Social factors KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493526 JO - NATB Journal PB - National Automobile Theft Bureau AU - McLaughlin, B AU - National Automobile Theft Bureau TI - AN OVERVIEW: MAJOR REQUIREMENTS OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT-TITLE I PY - 1985 SP - p. 2-4, 14 AB - This article contains highlights from an address by Brian McLaughlin, project administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Program, to the International Association of Auto Theft Investigators Annual Seminar in Des Moines. The four primary requirements of Title I of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 are outlined and information is provided on their current status. The requirements are as follows: a Theft Prevention Standard (Section 602); an exemption procedure for vehicles equipped with original equipment, anti-theft devices (Section 605); Insurance Industry Reporting Requirements (Section 612); and Three and Five-Year Studies Regarding Motor Vehicle Theft (Section 614). KW - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307771 ER - TY - SER AN - 00491822 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DRIVER INFORMATION NEEDS AND VISIBILITY OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES SN - 0309039185 PY - 1985 IS - 1027 SP - 81p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Applicability of Guidance and Navigation Systems (Abridgment), GF King; Traffic Characteristics During Signal Change Intervals (Abridgment), RH Wortman, JM Witkowski, and TC Fox; Accident Effects of Centerline Markings on Low-Volume Rural Roads, JC Glennon; Evaluation of Freeway Crash Cushion Delineation Treatments (Abridgment), RC Wunderlich; Timing Traffic Signal Change Intervals Based on Driver Behavior, M-S Chang, CJ Messer, and AJ Santiago; Route Designators to the Centers of Large Urban Areas and Suburbs Within Urban Areas, RW McNees; Highway Sign Meaning as an Indicator of Perceptual Response (Abridgment), KA Brewer, AA Thieman, WR Woodman, and LL Avant; Drivers' Unconscious Errors in the Processing of Traffic Signs, LA Whitaker; Recognition Errors Among Highway Signs (Abridgment), LL Avant, KA Brewer, AA Thieman, and WF Woodman; Restraint Usage at Child Care Centers (Abridgment), DS Turner, MC Roberts, and WJ Whalen, Jr; Optimal and Minimal Luminance Characteristics for Retroreflective Highway Signs, M Sivak and PL Olson; Freeway Lighting and Traffic Safety--A Long-Term Investigation, R Lamm, JH Kloeckner, and EM Choueiri; Detection of Reflectorized License Plates, HT Zwahlen; and A Microcomputer Program for Use with the American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting, LE King. KW - Behavior KW - Center lines KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashes KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Errors KW - Freeway lighting KW - Freeways KW - Guidance systems KW - Guidance systems (Aircraft) KW - License plates KW - Low volume roads KW - Luminous intensity KW - Microcomputers KW - Navigation KW - Perception KW - Reaction time KW - Recognition KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Route signs KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Street lighting KW - Symbols KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Utilization KW - Visibility KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492211 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY. VOLUME III PY - 1985 SP - 485 p. AB - This Volume of the legislative history contains the histories fo the 3 amendments to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966: (1) the 1968 Amendment (Public Law 90-283); (2) the 1970 Amendment (Public Law 91-265); and (3) the "National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Amendments of 1972" (Public Law 92-548). The legislative documents relating to the enactment of these amendments are contained in this volume, together with section-by-section analyses for the 1970 Amendment and the Amendments of 1972. The section-by-section analyses of the 1970 Amendment and the Amendments of 1972 contain relevant excerpts from the legislative documents which have some bearing on the meaning or intent of each section. The legislative events leading to the enactment of the 1969 Amendment are briefly summarized. KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Traffic safety KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492224 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER. ALL AMERICAN BUCKLE UP. NOVEMBER 24-30, 1985. "START A HABIT FOR LIFE." PY - 1985 SP - 56 p. AB - This publication presents ideas for the first national All-Aamerican Buckle Up week based on the 'Start a Habit for Life.' Suggestions and sample materials are offered that can serve as a starting point for planning participation in the campaign. Camera-ready artwork for the official logo and theme are included in the Appendix. A fact sheet is provided on occupant protection, and contacts for additional safety belt information are listed. KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Media KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491845 AU - Bowen, R AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND EVALUATION METHODS OF PEDESTRIAN SAFETY EDUCATION FOR YOUNG CHILDREN SN - 0-7241-5621-6 PY - 1985 SP - 25 p. AB - Research literature is reviewed to identify the educational objectives of pedestrian safety education programmes for young children, and methods of evaluating the outcomes of such programmes. The objectives of a number of overseas education programmes are compared with those of the Victorian primary school unit, "Roadswork". Conclusions are made regarding appropriate objectives and evaluation methods. KW - Australia KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Evaluation KW - Pedestrian safety KW - School children KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492212 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY. VOLUME IV PY - 1985 SP - 616 p. AB - This volume of this legislative history contains the documents related to the enactment of the "Motor Vehicle and Schoolbus Safety Amendments of 1974" and a section-by-section analysis of those amendments. The section-by-section analysis for the 1974 Amendments contains relevant excerpts from the legislative documents which have some bearing on the meaning or intent of each section. The legislative events leading to the enactment of the 1974 Amendments are briefly summarized. KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - School buses KW - Traffic safety KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492210 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY. VOLUME II PY - 1985 SP - 343 p. AB - Volume II of this legislative history is a section-by-section analysis of the original National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. It describes, in each section of the 1966 Act, relevant excerpts from the legislative doucments which have some bearing on the meaning or intent of the section. In each section, the legislative documents are presented as follows: the Bill enacted; Conference Committe report; House passed Act; House debate; House Committee Report; Senate passed Act; Senate debate; Senate Committe Report; Executive communications; and the Bill as introduced. The legislative highlights leading to the enactment of the 1966 Act are briefly summarized. KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Traffic safety KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491820 AU - Tromp, JPM AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - SPLASH AND SPRAY BY LORRIES PY - 1985 SP - 24 p. AB - Accidents caused by splash and spray are possibly underestimated in statistics, being classified, as they mostly are, as skidding accidents or rain and wet road accidents. In general such a specific problem has a relatively low rate in accident statistics. The problem often arises in critical circumstances like rain, wind and overtaking. The splash and spray is caused by lorries mainly. Measures to prevent or decrease splash and spray can be divided into measures for the road and measures for the vehicle. Improvements for the road may be aimed at the prevention of the presence of water layers on the road. Changes on the vehicle can be divided into improvements for the tyres, aerodynamics and for the wheels. Besides energy saving, aerodynamic devices can be a means to diminish the spray and to prevent zones of low pressure at the wheels. For each type of vehicle different types of devices will be necessary. It is useful to make a difference between trucks and articulated vehicles. Shields on the wheels can be easily installed at low costs, and they can be lightweight. Further research should be done on the effect of the development of heat in the brakes when such shields are applied. The relationship between the amount of splash and spray and the visual hindrance is still insufficiently studied. The relationship is not linear. A study on the improvement of the efficiency of windscreen wipers is also recommended. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Crashes KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway safety KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Surface drainage KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492209 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY. VOLUME I PY - 1985 SP - 793 p. AB - This volume contains the documents related to the enactment of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. The history is presented in two parts: legislative documents associated with the enactment; and section-by-section analysis. For amendments limited to one section in length, those which constitute separate Acts require only a documents history, while those which are incorporated in longer Acts on different subjects require only a section-by-section analysis. A brief summary is also presented of the legislative events leading to the enactment of the 1966 Act. KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Traffic safety KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304093 ER - TY - SER AN - 00491816 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT DATA, DRIVER PERFORMANCE, AND MOTOR VEHICLE UPDATE SN - 030903963-0 PY - 1985 IS - 1047 SP - 116p AB - This publication of the Transportation Research Board contains the following papers: The Nature and Causes of the 1982 Traffic Accident Casualty Reductions in British Columbia, PJ Cooper; Using Accident Records to Prioritize Roadside Obstacle Improvements in New Mexico, JD Brogan and JW Hall; A Nonparametric Quasi-Experimental Technique for Evaluating Highway Traffic Safety Countermeasures, JC Fortenberry, DB Brown, and DM Rhyne; Studies on Vehicle Guidance and Control, H Godthelp, GJ Blaauw, and J Moraal; Impact of Drunk Driving Legislation in the State of Alabama (Abridgment), S Maghsoodloo and DB Brown; A Vehicle-Mounted Drunk Driving Warning System (DDWS) Concept, Laboratory Validation, and Field Test, AC Stein, RW Allen, and HR Jex; Driver Inattention and Highway Safety, ED Sussman, H Bishop, B Madnick, and R Walter; Estimating Highway Speed Distributions from a Moving Vehicle, JD Fricker and H-S Tsay; Causal Analysis of Accident Involvements for the Nation's Large Trucks and Combination Vehicles, T Chira-Chavala and DE Cleveland; Truck Impact on Roadway Safety, A Polus and D Mahalel; Analysis of the Effect of Bumper Involvement Criteria on Evaluating Bumper Performance, P Abramson, M Yedlin, and E Napolitano; Analysis of the Performance of 1981 and 1982 Automotive Bumpers on the Basis of Bumper Design and Manufacturer, M Yedlin and P Abramson; Removal of Roof-Mounted Emergency Lighting from Police Patrol Vehicles: An Evaluation, RA Raub; The Applicability of a Motorcycle Headlamp Modulator as a Device for Enhancing Daytime Conspicuity, SE Jenkins and MR Wigan; Multi-Dimensional Assessment and Variably Intense Interventions: A Systems Approach to DUI, VD Pisani; Pedestrian Flow Characteristics on Stairways During Disaster Evacuation, CJ Khisty; and Seattle Area HOV Lanes: Innovations in Enforcement and Eligibility, RJ Lewis and JT Hamm. KW - Alabama KW - Automated vehicle control KW - British Columbia KW - Bumpers KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash records KW - Design KW - Driver monitoring KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimating KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - New Mexico KW - Performance KW - Police vehicles KW - Ratings KW - Roadside improvement KW - Roof-mounted emergency lighting KW - Safety KW - Speed distribution KW - Strategic planning KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306850 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491821 JO - Publication of: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc PB - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '85 PY - 1985 SP - 96 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor buses for 1985. The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Production, Sales and Registrations; Ownership and Usage; and Economic and Social Impact. An index is provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492213 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY INCLUDING STATUTORY APPENDIX AND GENERAL INDEX. VOLUME V PY - 1985 SP - 338 p. AB - This volume of the legislative history contains the histories of 5 amendments to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966: (1) the 1976 Amendment (Public Law 94-346); (2) the retread tire manufacturers' exemption from recordkeeping amendment provided in Section 317 of the "Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978" (Public Law 95-599); (3) the "Motor Vehicle Safety and Cost Savings Authorization Act of 1982" (Public Law 97-331); (4) the splash and spray suppressant devices amendment provided in Section 414 of the "Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1983"(Public Law 97-424); as amended by Section 223 of the Tandem Truck Safety Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-554); and (5) the elimination of the district court expediting requirement under Section 155 (a) provided in Section 402(17) of the Federal District Court Organization Act of 1984" (Public Law 98-620). KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453180 AU - Oppe, S AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - CONTRIBUTION TO EVALUATION OF INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES; BACKGROUND PAPER PY - 1985 SP - 12 p. AB - An important issue for evaluation is the discussion about the methodology of traffic safety research. There are two opposite approaches to traffic safety research, one starting from accident analysis, the other from the traffic process. In this background paper the stage is set for a discussion about the contribution of intermediate variables to evaluation, by giving a plea for the second approach. The main argument regards the lack of theory in traffic safety research. There are a lot of notions about the causes of accidents but few of these notions are tested by means of scientific methods. It is argued that if the purpose of evaluation is primarily to learn from our activities in the past, then it is not enough to state results by means of the outcomes with regard to accidents, but also to investigate how these results are accomplished. If one thinks of intermediate variables merely as surrogates for accidents numbers, then one ignores their most valuable contribution to traffic safety research. There is a general feeling that we have to enlarge our understanding of traffic safety. It is argued, that the only way to do this is to start from systematic observation of the traffic system in order to detect when things go wrong and why this is the case. Validation of conflict techniques should be directed more to the relevance of the operational definition with regard to this purpose than to the prediction of accidents. The "predictive validity" can only be increased if one improves the "construct validity". The report of the OECD high level group on integrated safety measures is mentioned together with the Malmo experiment of the ICTCT as valuable steps in this new direction. KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453182 AU - KRAAY, J H AU - Oppe, S AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PY - 1985 SP - 12 p. AB - In a large scale experiment that was carried out in the two Dutch towns Rijswijk and Eindhoven, the residents were asked to express their feelings of safety and their opinions about safety problems and countermeasures. In an inquiry, preceding the reconstruction, it was shown that residents were not able to locate the accident black-spots. After the reconstruction residents regarded their neighbourhood less safe than before. Primarily the areas around the traffic zones are regarded as unsafe. In general, the complaints concerned speed, complexity of the situations, and the existence of sneaking traffic after the reconstructions. The negative feelings were directed at traffic, more than to other aspects of cultural and social life. There were positive reactions with regard to speed humps, pedestrian crossings, one-way traffic and cycling lanes. However, many residents complained about solutions that were praised by others, so there is a lot of disagreement. Also the relation between feelings and opinions that have been expressed by residents and the behaviour they show, is somewhat controversial. For instance, children are allowed to play outside to the same extent as before, although more locations are regarded as dangerous and forbidden. Furthermore, the answers to various questions do not seem very consistent. This may be partly due to the way of questioning. 60% of the residents cannot name the safety measures that have been taken in their own neighbourhood. These facts are not caused by lack of information, because a lot of publicity has been given to the experiment. One may conclude that, although the feelings of and opinions about traffic safety as such express an aspect of the quality of the traffic system, they can hardly be used to evaluate traffic safety as such. KW - Before and after studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Public opinion KW - Public participation KW - Residential areas KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267618 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453175 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - ADEBAYO, A AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - NO VACCINE AGAINST ROAD DEATHS PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 15 AB - Accidents on Nigerian roads have reached such epidemic proportions that adults are more liable to die on the road than to perish from communicable diseases. However, unlike communicable diseases, there are no immunizations against road accidents. A 1973 study suggested that Nigeria and Uganda had the highest automobile fatality rates in proportion to automobile registration in the world. The causative factors in these accidents can be explained in terms of the "epidemiological triangle"--the host, the agent and the environment. These three factors, namely the vehicle, the driver and the road, interact together to produce the road accidents. In an attempt to reduce the motor vehicle death toll, authorities are considering such measures as mandatory safety education for all drivers, stricter traffic laws, and a clampdown on drunken drivers. Also being considered are health examinations, including eye tests. KW - Crash causes KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Nigeria KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453181 AU - JANSSEN, STM AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - EFFECTS OF ROAD SAFETY MEASURES IN URBAN AREAS IN THE NETHERLANDS PY - 1985 SP - 26 p. AB - In two urban areas in The Netherlands, each covering a surface of about a hundred hectares, a demonstration project of traffic measures was carried out; these areas were redivided and redesigned with the aims: (a) of better separating traffic zones and residential areas; (b) within the residential areas, of diverting through-traffic (countermeasure type 1), reducing the speed of the remaining traffic (type 2), and increasing environmental amenity (type 3, "woonerf"); and (c) within the traffic area, of organizing safe and speedy traffic for all types of road-users, by separating the different kinds of traffic, and by making provisions for pedestrians, cyclists and mopeds. A before-and-after research study has been carried out to examine the effects of the countermeasures on traffic safety, traffic flows, environmental protection and socio-economic aspects. This paper reports on the traffic safety part of the study, in which changes in accidents, behaviour and experience have been considered. KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Environmental protection KW - Highway traffic control KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Speed control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic segregation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267617 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453271 JO - POLICY REVIEW AU - Bandow, D AU - Heritage Foundation TI - THE TERRIBLE TEN. AMERICA'S WORST REGULATIONS PY - 1985 IS - 32 SP - p. 42-46 AB - This article presents what the author considers as the 10 worst regulations in the United States. Some he considers so harmful that no one but the particular interest enriched will defend them. Others are considered to be of no benefit even to the groups in whose name they are issued. They include the following: marketing orders; draft registration; home work prohibition; mandatory coal scrubbers; airbags; sugar quotas; the Delaney Clause; bilingual education; the Federal Contracts Compliance Programs; and the due diligence requirement enforced under the Federal Coal Leasing Amendments Act. Other areas which require deregulation are briefly mentioned by the author in conclusion. Among these are the 55 mph speed limit and restrictions on entry in the trucking industry. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Air bags KW - Deregulation KW - Federal government KW - Government policies KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Trucking KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453179 AU - WOUTERS, PIJ AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONICS IN TRAFFIC RISK CONTROL PY - 1985 SP - 25 p. AB - The introduction of electronic aids in traffic offers special opportunities for alleviating tasks of both public bodies and individual road users. However, the introduction is often problematical too. In this context potential and existing applications are discussed in a functional classification, based on the traffic safety process. Perception, decision-making and action are dealt with for each phase of the process. The discussion gives rise to conclusions, relating to respectively the stimulation of new developments, applied research, broader application, and optimization. Finally, demands prior to instrumentation and implementation of electronics in traffic are considered, among them possibilities and restrictions related to electronics themselves, aspects of information transfer to and information processing by road users, and the impact on traffic task performance. KW - Applications KW - Behavior KW - Data communications KW - Drivers KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics (Traffic) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453160 AU - Rutherford, W H AU - Greenfield, T AU - Hayes, HRM AU - Nelson, J K AU - Department of Health and Social Security AU - Her Majesty Stationary Office TI - THE MEDICAL EFFECTS OF SEAT BELT LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM PY - 1985 SP - 175 p. AB - Patients from car accidents arriving at eight hospitals in England, two in Scotland, one in Wales and four in Northern Ireland in the year before and the year after the introduction of the mandatory wearing of seat belts in the front seats of cars in the United Kingdom were compared. The study was designed to supplement the national statistics for dead and injured victims of road traffic accidents by showing the effect of the legislation on patients with injuries of different severities and by establishing the relative frequencies of injuries to specific organs before and after legislation. The study revealed a 15% reduction in patients brought to hospital, a 25% reduction in those requiring admission to wards, and a similar fall in bed-occupancy. There were fewer patients with severe injuries after legislation, and the numbers of patients with multiple severe or minor injuries were reduced. The only types of injuries that were definitely reduced in number were abrasions, contusions and wounds of the face and eye and brain and lung injuries. However, this study suggests that kidney injuries and fractures of the femur decreased as well as many minor injuries although these findings are not yet proven. Two injuries have apparently increased: fractures of the sternum and sprained necks. Over a wide range of injuries both drivers and front seat passengers have derived considerable benefits but the latter enjoyed the greater improvement. There is a group of injuries to the head (major brain injuries, some facial fractures and other minor scalp injuries) which has increased among drivers possibly due to contact between the driver's head and the steering wheel. The severity of injuries among the unbelted got worse in the second year. Late night and early morning motorists in this sample wore belts less often and suffered more severe injuries. KW - Before and after studies KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Severity KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453187 AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - SUGGESTED GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING A NEW MAXIMUM SPEED FOR SPECIFIC U.S. HIGHWAYS PY - 1985 SP - 4 p. AB - An AD HOC Committee on Possible Future Adjustments of Maximum Speed Law, established by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, met in Falls Church, Virginia, on April 2, 1985, to discuss suggestions for guidelines to be considered in any effort at national or state levels to raise the maximum speed limit. This pamphlet contains the suggested guidelines which resulted from that meeting. Topics covered include the following: defining rural interstate highways for possible adjustments; safety implications of increasing maximum speeds on rural interstate highways; state responsibility for adjusting maximum speed limits; federal government monitoring compliance with adjusted maximum limits; pros and cons of specific increased limits; evaluation studies of any adjusted maximum speeds; and incentives to encourage improved speed performance. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Adjustment factors KW - Brochures KW - Compliance KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Evaluation KW - Federal government KW - Guidelines KW - Incentives KW - Interstate highways KW - Monitoring KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Pamphlets KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453196 AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - DRIVERS 55 PLUS. NEEDS AND PROBLEMS OF OLDER DRIVERS: SURVEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1985 SP - 132 p. AB - This publication contains the Proceedings of the Older Driver Colloquium held in Orlando, Florida, February 4-7, 1985 and sponsored by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. A panel was formed of 14 authorities in traffic safety and/or gerontology who were professionally concerned with older drivers and pedestrians. Panel members prepared background papers in their respective areas, focusing on the needs and problems of older drivers, and on what can and should be done to deal with them. Over a one-year period, they shared with one another, with the aim of arriving at a consensus of recommendations and priorities. During the same one-year period, panel members helped to create an in-depth 128-item survey form which was administered to a representative sample of 500 drivers 55 and over throughout the United States. These Proceedings are composed of the recommendations arrived at by consensus, background papers, survey results, and the editor's comments. Recommendations were by agreement sorted into three categories--Driver, Vehicle, and Highway. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Data collection KW - Gerontology KW - Human factors KW - Medicine KW - Needs assessment KW - Recommendations KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453197 AU - Brude, U AU - Larsson, Johan AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - COUNTERMEASURES TAKEN AT JUNCTIONS AS PART OF THE REGIONAL ROAD AUTHORITIES' TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM. EFFECTS DUE TO THE REGRESSION-TO-THE MEAN AND TO THE COUNTERMEASURES RESPECTIVELY PY - 1985 SP - v.p. AB - The intention of this study, which was made at the request of the Swedish National Road Administration (VV), was to evaluate the effects of countermeasures taken at 217 junctions during the years 1978-1981 as part of the regional road authorities' traffic safety program (VF-TSA). The sites studied have divided up according to 10 different classes of countermeasures, including traffic signals, roundabouts, left-turn lanes with kerbstones or road markings, secondary road islands and sight improvement. Data on accidents registered by the police during 1973-1983 have been used. Since these refer to a non-experimental before-and-after study, several difficulties arise. The greatest problem is to determine which proportion of the total reduction in accidents that can be attributed to the countermeasures taken and which proportion that is due to the regression-to-the-mean. The overall effect of the countermeasures on the number of accidents has been estimated to be 20% on average. This is after correction has been made for the reduction in number of accidents due to randomness, i.e., the regression-to-the-mean of countermeasures of about 20%. For a total cost about 100 accidents, each costing about SEK 225,000, has been achieved during a total of 712 years, i.e., an average of 3.3 years per junction, after introducing such countermeasures. This corresponds to a first year's yield of about 25%. KW - Before and after studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269249 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452008 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - SAFETY IN AUTOMOBILE-RELYING SOCIETY PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 3-10 AB - This research project explores those aspects of safety in automobile-relying society which are significantly influenced by a variety of social and cultural factors. The environment surrounding motor vehicles has been rapidly changing. For the purpose of this project, some cases of traffic accidents and other affairs closely related with safety were selected and analysed in details which led to the modification of social norm. The analysis indicated that in today's society in which the relationship between man and vehicles is becoming ever closer, reassessment of human factor becomes essential. KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270528 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452015 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Shimizu, A AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - PRESENT CONDITION AND OUTLOOK OF DRIVER'S EDUCATION AT DRIVING SCHOOLS PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 92-101 AB - Traffic accidents, especially fatal accidents, quite often involve inexperienced drivers. This paper analyzes the accidents involving inexperienced drivers and describes driver's training schools in Japan with special emphasis on the system of education including quality of instruction and associated problems in the approved driving schools in comparison with the training systems and qualities of driving schools in the United States and Europe. KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Japan KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270535 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452048 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SEVERY, D M AU - BLAISDELL, D M AU - Horn, L S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTORIST HEAD AND BODY IMPACT ANALYSIS, METHODOLOGIES AND RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1985 SP - p. 106-126 AB - Motorist impact marks and embossments provide valuable data relating to evaluation of injury, crash energy management, occupant positioning and collision severity. Research techniques presented enable analysis of these impacts. Biomechanical techniques for motorist head impact analysis are presented along with static crush calibration and dynamic impact replication of passenger compartment head dents. Evaluation and identification of occupant induced marks on restraint systems are discussed as well as determination of who was driving. Ejection findings of the fifties and sixties are clarified by case studies that show how vehicle design changes may switch the portal of ejection from doors to windows. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Ejection KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Methodology KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452055 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Day, T D AU - Hargens, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EDCRASH AND CRASH3 PY - 1985 SP - p. 233-246 AB - Motor vehicle accident researchers have used the CRASH computer program for some time. Over the years, the code was upgraded until it reached its present and popular form, CRASH3, which runs on a mainframe computer or minicomputer with a sizeable memory capacity. A new version of the program, EDCRASH, has been developed which runs on personal computers using 128K of memory. This paper describes and compares this program with its mainframe counterpart. The program performed the same function as CRASH3, but was designed as a screen-oriented program utilizing the environment of the personal computer. Its design also allowed for file saving, graphics, routing of output, and interfacing with other accident reconstruction programs. For most accident types, the results for both programs were identical. However, for some types the results were different. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash3 /computer program/ KW - Edcrash /computer program/ KW - Minicomputers KW - Personal computers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272332 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452062 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hight, P V AU - Lent-Koop, D B AU - Hight, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BARRIER EQUIVALENT VELOCITY, DELTA V AND CRASH3 STIFFNESS IN AUTOMOBILE COLLISIONS PY - 1985 SP - p. 345-357 AB - Accident Investigators have occasionally and mistakenly assumed that the magnitude of the Change of Speed (delta V) during an auto collision is simply proportional to the post collision crush of the automobile. This paper reviews the introduction of the Vehicle Deformation Index, Collision Deformation Classification, Barrier Equivalent Velocity (BEV), Stiffness of the other vehicle, and the appropriate delta V. Presented are some practical worked examples deriving delta V and comparing it with crush and BEV for each deformed automobile. Change of Speed is also reviewed for crashes into deformable barriers and compared with post collision deformation and BEV. The crush magnitude of three types of non-symmetrical frontal collisions are studied and compared with BEV. The crash test stiffness of recent models and the CRASH3 crush parameters are compared. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash3 /computer program/ KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Speed changes KW - Stiffness KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452200 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES APRIL 1, 1985 TO JUNE 30, 1985 PY - 1985 SP - 36 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaigns conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the second quarter of 1985. Automobiles, jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motorscooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Engines KW - Helmets KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Jacks /automotive/ KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Rims KW - Scooters KW - Tires KW - Transmissions KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452201 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Trauma Society TI - SAFE AND SECURE: A MOTIVATIONAL PROGRAM FOR MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT RESTRAINT USE FOR THE TRAUMA PROFESSIONAL PY - 1985 SP - 37 p. AB - It is through a concerted effort that public advocacy for the use of motor vehicle occupant protection (safety belts, automatic protection, child safety seats) may be achieved. The arrangement of the chapters of this handbook serve as a step-by-step manual providing an issue statement, outlining how to obtain hospital support for this effort, how to educate the hospital staff and why the issue is so important. In addition, this handbook will acquaint the presentor with how to approach and educate small groups of health providers and how to facilitate community outreach through civic organizations. Methods of utilizing all forms of local mass media are presented in a supplement to this handbook entitled "ATS Media Presentors Guide." Presentation ideas have been provided for your use, if desired. This handbook is a guide to help get your program effort underway. It is not intended to be all inclusive, and the American Trauma Society hopes the information that follows will spur creative program development. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Handbooks KW - Hospitals KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Motivation KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267188 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452011 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Miyakawa, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - URBAN SPACE AND MOBILITY--PRACTICABLE SOLUTIONS FOR BETTER TOWNS. REPORT ON 1984 IATSS INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 42-56 AB - The IATSS International Symposium was held at the International Conference Room, Keidanren Kaikan which is located in the center to Tokyo from September 19th to 22nd in 1984. The IATSS welcomed the tenth year of its existence in September, 1984. In this sense, the Fifth IATSS International Symposium, which has been held every alternate year, was also planned to be a memorial to the tenth anniversary of the founding of the IATSS. Being composed of five sessions, the Symposium had lively discussions with 18 lecturers from eight countries including Japan. The result was concluded as the Tokyo Manifesto and it proposed the guidelines for future policies of urban transport. KW - City planning KW - Conferences KW - Future policies KW - Guidelines KW - Mobility KW - Policy KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270531 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452012 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - KONDO, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ENVIRONMENTAL COUNTERMEASURES FOR SAFE TRAFFIC IN THE TUNNELS PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 57-65 AB - This paper states about many kinds of facilities equipped in road tunnels. These are ventilation system, lighting system, emergency equipment and portal, interior finish. They function relating mutually to assure the safe environment at ordinary times, also to protect human lives and to prevent the damage from spreading in an emergency. Since the extension rate of tunnels in the road network in Japan will increase remarkably in the future, these facilities will be expected to be well recognized. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Lighting systems KW - Structural design KW - Traffic safety KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270532 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452036 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Furukawa, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRACTICAL VEHICLE MATHEMATICAL MODELS EFFECTIVE FOR EVALUATING HANDLING QUALITY CORRESPONDING TO VARIOUS DRIVING CONDITIONS PY - 1985 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper discusses to what extent vehicle motion can be accurately described, using different grades of mathematical models. It proposes an attempt to systematically identify the minimum physical conditions which must be taken into consideration, depending on the subjects for vehicle handling evaluation. More specifically, the steering response characteristics of the vehicle are divided into several areas by a combination of two parameters steering frequency and lateral acceleration levels, and different conditions of vehicle handling evaluation are applied to each of these areas. Then the paper shows that the physical conditions determining the steering response can be clearly indicated according to the appropriate areas and that the vehicle handling quality can be practically derived from its design parameters by necessary and sufficient mathematical models. KW - Driving KW - Evaluation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Mathematical models KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270549 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452041 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kubly, K D AU - Buse, C R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTORCYCLE POST-ACCIDENT INSPECTION TECHNIQUES PY - 1985 SP - p. 19-29 AB - The techniques and procedures presented in this paper will assist the field investigator in conducting post-accident inspections of motorcycles. The information obtained from a thorough motorcycle inspection can be useful in analyzing accident dynamics, identifying accident cause factors and evaluating vehicle performance. Cautions and checklists are discussed which are intended to prevent the investigator from omitting important information or inadvertently altering evidence. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Evidence KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452044 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Warner, C Y AU - James, M B AU - Woolley, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERSPECTIVE ON AUTOMOBILE CRASH FIRES PY - 1985 SP - p. 51-64 AB - The relatively rare occurrence of injury or fatality in fuel-fed fires has received considerable attention in automotive safety rulemaking and products liability litigation. The literature related to fatalities associated with fire is confirmed by recent FARS data, and there are no reliable field data which confirm a need for further injury-reducing effect related to FMVSS 301. NHTSA has acknowledged this by removing crash fire rulemaking from its priorities plan. The police-reported crash fire data now available must be supplemented with in-depth investigation by trained teams before informed judgements can be made regarding further safety improvements with respect to crash fire injury. KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fires KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452058 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ZEIDLER, F AU - SCHREIER, H-H AU - Stadelmann, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ACCIDENT RESEARCH AND ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION BY THE EES-ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION METHOD PY - 1985 SP - p. 285-299 AB - The accident analysis method of Daimler-Benz is based on the NATO-Report Form which was derived 1971 from the GM-Long Form. For the evaluation of accident severity, a reconstruction of the accident is necessary. For this purpose, the EES-Accident Reconstruction Method (EES-ARM) was developed. It uses all three theorems of conservation: theorem of momentum, theorem of energy and theorem of angular momentum. The method is applicable for all types of accidents including glance-off cases. The calculation is made backwards starting with the analysis of the running-out phase. The EES values (EES = Energy Equivalent Speed corresponding to the deformation energy of a damaged vehicle) are calculated by the means of approximation equations. The EES-ARM Program is available for different types of computers. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Equations KW - Methodology KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272335 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452059 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - GRANDEL, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE TECHNICAL DEFECTS CAUSING MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1985 SP - p. 301-326 AB - Each year the technical defects found during inspection of passenger cars, two-wheeled and commercial vehicles after accidents are analyzed with regard to their accident-causing potential at DEKRA. Since each accident vehicle and usually each accident site is examined by an expert on traffic accidents, details on the causes of the accidents are collected in addition to general statistical data. This paper is a collective analysis describing which vehicle components and subassemblies are considered the causes of the accidents, what influence the vehicles' age had on the accidents and who is responsible for the defects (manufacturer, repair shop or driver). KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452001 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Phoon, W O AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - TRAFFIC AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 26-27 AB - This article discusses the traffic accident situation in Southeast Asia. Data for 1983 showing the number of motorized vehicles and traffic accident fatalities are presented for each country. The discussion points out the low level of interest among doctors in traffic medicine, the lack of mandatory seat belt laws in most of the countries, the high cost of helmets for motorcycle and motor scooter riders, the lack of medical requirements for granting driving licenses, some successful traffic engineering measures, and various other traffic problems. In conclusion it is stated that gradually, and much too slowly, the governments, road users, general public, doctors, and other health personnel are beginning to wake up to their responsibility to prevent and control this stupendous health problem. KW - Automotive medicine KW - Costs KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Southeast Asia KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270523 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452073 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schmitt, L A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAVY VEHICLE ELECTRONIC LICENSE PLATE (HELP) SYSTEM PY - 1985 SP - 3 p. AB - This paper undertakes the review of the history of the development of the Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate (HELP) concept developed by the Arizona Department of Transportation. The review encompasses a detailed technical explanation of the HELP concept and gives the various components' relationships to the total system. An explanation of vehicle transponder/data collection site/central processing is given along with a brief overview of system economics and current research direction. KW - Development KW - Economics KW - Electronic license plates KW - Heavy vehicles KW - History KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452075 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cooper, L C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RADIAL TRUCK TIRE TRENDS PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - United States heavy duty radial truck tire usage has grown to about the same level as bias tire usage. Tubeless construction, low aspect ratio size and retread usages have increased along with the trend to radial construction. Future usage trends are expected to include tires for further fuel economy improvements, lighter weight tires, and tires to help increase vehicle efficiency in areas such as greater trailer volume and better braking life. KW - Fuel conservation KW - Lightweight materials KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270557 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452050 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tumbas, N S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INSTRUMENTS FOR DETERMINING THE TRAJECTORY OF A VEHICLE IN A COLLISION AND MEASURING THE DAMAGE IT SUSTAINS PY - 1985 SP - p. 133-144 AB - Two instruments designed to aid investigators in reconstructing motor vehicle collisions are described. One is an apparatus which adjusts to the wheelbase and track width of most vehicles. It is used at the scene of a collision for the primary purpose of determining the location, heading, and sideslip angle of a vehicle at various points in its trajectory. It may also be used to simplify collection and reduction of scene evidence. The other is a gauge which measures the contour of the damaged profile and is used primarily while inspecting the involved vehicles. Field tests of both instruments are discussed. Improvements in locating vehicle positions and measuring damage profiles were noted during periods when the instruments were being used. These instruments also aid persons who are away from the scene or vehicle to evaluate field data. KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicles KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452052 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Strother, C E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VELOCITY HISTORIES AS AN ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION TOOL PY - 1985 SP - p. 159-183 AB - The objective of this paper is to illustrate how the use of velocity diagrams of both vehicle and occupant motion can be of great assistance to the accident reconstructionist. The technique, best applied in the early stages of the reconstruction process, is recommended to (1) reduce the likelihood of arithmetic or equation misapplication errors, (2) permit estimates for such accident parameters as mutual crush and impact duration, and (3) provide insights into the critical issues of the reconstruction. For analyzing occupant motion, reasonably realistic models of compartment response are proposed based on either a cosine model or a model derived from the CRASH computer programs. KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Diagrams KW - Mathematical models KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452067 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NASH, C E AU - McDonald, S T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES FOR NASS ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1985 SP - p. 417-425 AB - The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) has investigated more than 40,000 traffic accidents in its six years of operation. This paper discusses some of the new technologies and techniques of accident investigation being adopted in NASS. These include a microcomputer data entry system, the CRASH 3 program for estimating the severity of an impact, a contour gauge for measuring vehicle deformation, and automated scene diagramming techniques. The authors also define some of the unsolved problems in mass accident investigation, and discuss the constraints on solving them. KW - Automation KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crash3 /computer program/ KW - Deformation KW - Diagrams KW - Methodology KW - Microcomputers KW - National Accident Sampling System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272344 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452007 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - IATSS ACTIVITIES PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 111-120 AB - This article reports on the activities of the International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences (IATSS). These activities are discussed within the following topical categories: Research activities by project teams; Research Reporting Meeting; Symposium held by IATSS; Monthly study meetings; major publications; Information services; Award and grants; Interchange activities with overseas scientists; and International exchange activities. KW - Associations KW - Awards KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Documents KW - Grant aid KW - Information dissemination KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270527 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452014 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Nagae, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - NEW EXPERIMENT IN DRIVER'S EDUCATION PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 83-91 AB - The number of high school students who have a license for a 2-wheeled vehicle are increasing every year and it is a fact that those with less driving experience have a higher rate of accidents. In this sense, driver's education for beginners is very important. This paper, focusing on the education for high school students, firstly introduces the actual conditions abroad for driver's education. It then introduces a new experiment in drivers' education for high school students carried out by IATSS, and clarifies that it is more important to educate the students as members of society who can behave safely rather than to just brushing up driving techniques. KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - High schools KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270534 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452016 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - OZAKI, K AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - IATSS 10-YEARS OF PROGRESS PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 102-110 AB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences celebrated its 10th anniversary in September, 1984. The 5th IATSS International Symposium titled "Urban Space and Mobility" was held to mark this anniversary and a commemorative publication entitled "Man, Traffic, and its Safety" was published. This is the summary of "IATSS 10-years of Progress" which is issued in this commemorative publication. KW - Associations KW - Conferences KW - History KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270536 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452054 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Anderson, D O AU - Woolley, R L AU - Tagg, M D AU - Warner, C Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE VTS SINGLE-VEHICLE TRAJECTORY SIMULATION PY - 1985 SP - p. 219-232 AB - A vehicle trajectory simulation called VTS has been developed as an aid for reconstruction of automobile accidents. The two dimensional vehicle has longitudinal, lateral and yaw degrees of freedom, a point mass at the center of gravity, yaw inertia about the center of gravity and four contact points ("tires") which can be arbitrarily positioned. No collision or aerodynamic forces are modeled. The traction surface is represented as a flat plane with a specified nominal friction coefficient. Several quadrilateral "patches" may be applied to the surface to change the friction coefficient in specific regions. User vehicle control consists of timewise tables for steering angle and traction coefficient for each of the four wheels. When used individually or in conjunction with other computer modules, VTS provides a convenient, accurate modular tool for trajectory simulation. KW - Accuracy KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Simulation KW - Traction KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452056 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Woolley, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE "IMPAC" COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1985 SP - p. 247-263 AB - The computer program "IMPAC" (Impact Momentum of a Planar Angled Collision) was developed for use in accident reconstruction to study the impact phase of a collision. It may be used for vehicle to vehicle or vehicle to fixed object impacts. Collisions are modeled as a vector impulse in two-dimensions taking place at a specified point in each two-dimensional vehicle. A common velocity is reached at this point for the inelastic collision with complete lockup. An optional condition is available to study sideswipe type collisions in which the colliding points are permitted to slide relative to each other at a prescribed speed along a defined plane of slip. The program has been validated by comparison with the data from 16 staged crash tests conducted by the NHTSA. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Impac /computer program/ KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452063 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tien, C S AU - Huston, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BIODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE HEAD/NECK SYSTEM PY - 1985 SP - p. 359-364 AB - A new biodynamic model of the head/neck system is presented. It consists of a series of rigid bodies together with springs and dampers representing the skull, the vertebrae, and the soft tissue. Equations of motion of the model are converted into computer algorithms, and the dynamic response to impact is simulated. Excellent agreement with experimental data is obtained. KW - Algorithms KW - Biodynamics KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Equations KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Neck KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272340 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452065 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schockenhoff, G AU - Appel, H AU - RAU, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REPRESENTATION OF ACTUAL RECONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR CAR-TO-CAR ACCIDENTS; AS CONFIRMED BY CRASH TESTS PY - 1985 SP - p. 391-398 AB - Those employing the methods of accident reconstruction include, on the one hand, accident researchers and, on the other, those who prepare expert studies intended for forensic use. The most frequent question posed in connection with accident reconstruction--that of determining the pre-crash velocity of the vehicle--applies equally for members of both of these groups. The requirements placed on the investigation results, however, are different for the two cases. As a rule, a single value will suffice for accident research for further statistical processing of data. In legal proceedings, however, the requirement is for description of the uncertainties involved by means of providing a range of investigative results. In the determination of a single solution value, the uncertainty consists of the fact that the position of this solution within an undisputed existing tolerance range cannot be determined. As a result of using the approach of tolerance ranges for the individual parameters, so-called solution fields can be ascertained, in which the actual solution is bound to lie. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Forensic medicine KW - Legal factors KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452038 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FIELD ACCIDENTS: DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, METHODOLOGIES, AND CRASH INJURY RECONSTRUCTIONS P-159 PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - The papers in this Symposium are being published under one cover to assure that the interested practitioner has available a complete spectrum of information on the accident data collection methodology, data analysis procedures, and accident reconstruction techniques. It is also hoped that they will facilitate a better grasp of the complexities involved in accident data collection, to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the data systems, and provide information on how the data may be used to develop more meaningful crash injury countermeasures. The technical papers in this Symposium are grouped in sessions according to their primary focus. The first session deals with Highway, Vehicle, and Human Interactions and presents information on the multifactor nature of accidents and their causes. The second session addresses Crash Injury Harm Causation. These papers describe not only the variety of accidents that the investigators are confronted with but also how the available data can be used to establish what is actually happening either at local or national levels. The third session deals with a spectrum of considerations that a researcher must be concerned with before he or she can initiate an accident reconstruction program. The fourth group of papers describes technologies and information which are available for use in Real-World Accident Reconstruction programs. The fifth session deals with Analytical Techniques used either to simulate or to analyze the accident. The sixth group of papers addresses Accident Environment and Occupant Injury factors which accident investigators should be concerned with when conducting either an accident reconstruction program or attempting to synthesize the field data. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Environment KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452202 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Trauma Society TI - ATS "SAFE AND SECURE" MEDIA PRESENTORS GUIDE. SUPPLEMENT PY - 1985 SP - v.p. AB - The outreach of your occupant protection program will be more successful if you effectively utilize news media opportunities. Information presented in this supplement to the American Trauma Society's "Safe and Secure" program handbook will help increase public awareness of your safety belt program. The strategies are designed to win people over to the concept of occupant protection, motivate individuals to participate in an activity and encourage them to adopt the use of safety belts and child safety seats. Newspapers, television stations, and radio stations are interested in human interest, public education campaigns. Using the news media to share information about your program can be an effective way to communicate to the general public. News conferences, press kits, public contests, exhibits, bill boards, and direct mail can also be used to convey your occupant protection message to large numbers of people. To select the best media, you need to know who your target audiences are, their age, sex, educational level, general life-style, media habits, and position on occupant protection issues. This information should suggest certain media outlets and eliminate others. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Handbooks KW - Hospitals KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Motivation KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452282 AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS 1985 EDITION PY - 1985 SP - 96 p. AB - The 1985 edition of "Accident Facts" reflects the National Safety Council's current unifying theme of 24-hour protection of the individual in all aspects of safety: on the job, at home, on the highway, at recreation, and in the course of everyday life. This edition also acknowledges the increasing importance of health concerns as our knowledge has expanded about the potential adverse effects of various hazardous materials. Some changes have been made in "Accident Facts" this year to inform the reader and facilitate work on these problems. A special page on occupational health is now a regular feature of the Work Section of "Accident Facts." This edition presents Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates of the number of recognized occupational illnesses, and Council estimates of relative risk of occupational illness by industry based on data from California. A new section on Environmental Health has been inaugurated which this year features a discussion on lead exposure. The Public section has been expanded to make room for more discussion of nontransport-related accident topics. Drowning is the featured subject this year. The wage loss estimates in this edition are based on a revised procedure developed over the past year by the Council's statisticians during a review of the accident cost estimating procedures. Other cost components will be revised in future editions. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Environmental impacts KW - Estimating KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Occupational safety KW - Public health KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452039 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BECKETT, W T AU - Shea, D M AU - Brenton, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HUMAN ASPECTS OF HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS IN NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA PY - 1985 SP - p. 1-5 AB - An investigation of the human aspects of highway traffic accidents in Newfoundland, Canada, reveals alcohol impairment, driver inattention, and child pedestrian safety to be the areas of major concern. The study shows a number of human aspects contributing to motor vehicle accidents to behave in Newfoundland as in other jurisdictions, however, some aspects such as fatigue behave quite differently. The methodology permits the focus of financial and human resources on the highway safety problems evident in a sub region of a national fabric and allows the saving of resources which otherwise would be allocated to national problems not found in the sub region. KW - Attention value KW - Canada KW - Children KW - Crash investigation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272316 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452046 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SCHAPER, D AU - GRANDEL, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTORCYCLE COLLISIONS WITH PASSENGER CARS--ANALYSIS OF IMPACT MECHANISM, KINEMATICS, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF FULL FACE SAFETY HELMETS PY - 1985 SP - p. 81-88 AB - Statistical data from field accident research evidently show high relevance for a motorcycle impact investigation. Retrospective accident research requires detailed information about motorcycle impact kinematics and rider's trajectories. This study documents results of impact tests with instrumented dummy on different motorcycles, simulating intersection and frontal collisions, the most hazardous collision types. Analysis is focussed on dummy kinematics, in regard to interaction with motorcycle (fuel tank, handle bar) and head impact on the car body. High head impact load was observed when structural car body parts were hit. Corresponding lab tests with different helmet sizes were conducted, which showed low efficiency of current production energy absorbing (EA) material. Helmet protection potential is too low, EA material too strong. Thickness-efficiency (TEFF), which is defined herein, is low. Alternative material with higher TEFF showed much better results. KW - Crash investigation KW - Dummies KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Kinematics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452053 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MARTINEZ, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER AIDED AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION--THEORY, GRAPHICS, ANIMATION PY - 1985 SP - p. 185-217 AB - Automobile accident reconstruction and vehicular performance problems offer an exciting challenge to the mechanicist. They represent an area where he may apply his expertise in engineering mechanics to solve a common and often complex problem that is familiar to society. The reconstruction of an accident through the use of a mathematical model may not only serve to explain the events and conditions that caused this accident but also provide information which could be beneficial in improving the safety of automobile travel in developing a tool for the technically and non-technically oriented that fits these needs. The methodology for the development of a modular mini-computer operational mathematical model for automobile accident reconstruction and its verification are presented. Also, the reconstruction of a three car collision that required many of the special features of the model is discussed in detail. Finally, the computer graphics and a real time VCR animation of this accident have also been included. KW - Animation KW - Computer animation KW - Computer graphics KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Minicomputers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452064 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mackay, G M AU - Ashton, S J AU - Galer, M D AU - THOMAS, P D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE METHODOLOGY OF IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF CAR CRASHES IN BRITAIN PY - 1985 SP - p. 365-371 AB - The evolution of in-depth research studies in Europe is reviewed, with particular emphasis on work in Britain since the early 1960's. The catalytic role of the NATO-CCMS program in establishing in-depth teams in a number of countries and in developing common methodologies, notably in crash and injury severity, is outlined. The methodology of in-depth studies currently being conducted at the Accident Research Units at Birmingham University and at the Institute for Consumer Ergonomics at Loughborough is outlined and some observations are made on data collection techniques, analysis and project management. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452261 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - McKelvey, R K AU - National Safety Council TI - COGNITIVE STEREOTYPES IN RESPONSES TO DIAGRAMMATIC ANALOGUES OF DRIVING TASKS PY - 1985 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-35 AB - Cognitive stereotypes, or anticipatory response dispositions, toward driving tasks are identified in analyses of responses to diagrammatic analogues of intersection and overtaking decision problems. It is argued that such a questionnaire can be designed to permit a preliminary determination of relationships between these dispositions and contextual factors such as traffic control environment, en route traffic, road marking, security of the road ahead, and number of vehicles to be overtaken. Suggested applications of the procedure include anticipating the ability of individuals or groups to adapt to changes in the traffic control environment and measuring the effects of remedial training activities. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Behavior KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Decision making KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Environment KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passing KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Questionnaires KW - Remedial aids KW - Road markings KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452018 AU - National Safety Council TI - PROCEEDINGS FORUM ON 55 PY - 1985 SP - 96 p. AB - A transcription of the proceedings of the Forum on 55 are presented in this document. The transcription was made from audio tapes of the day-long session. There has been some editing to eliminate extraneous material that interfere with the thrust of each speaker's comments and the questions and answers. The Forum on 55 was sponsored by the National Safety Council on April 15, 1985 at the O'Hare Hilton Hotel, Chicago. The purpose was to review the nation's experience with the 55 mph national speed limit after a decade, to document the life-saving benefits of the 55 mph speed limit, particularly from the medical field, and to hear from organizations that endorse the speed limit and those that oppose it. A subsidiary purpose was to provide evidence for members of Congress who will be considering bills to eliminate the national speed limit and bills that would permit increases of speed on specified roadways. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Benefits KW - Evidence KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Speed limits KW - Testimony UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452009 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - SUBSTITUTION/COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAFFIC AND COMMUNICATION. THE POSSIBILITIES OF TRAFFIC SUBSTITUTION BY NEW COMMUNICATION MEDIA PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 23-32 AB - This project attempts to clarify the problems and possibilities of traffic substitution by communication and the possibilities of complementing, which are current topics often discussed. This year's paper, concerning the rapidly growing office automation, carried out a questionnaire survey aimed at businessmen working in Tokyo to determine to what extent business traffic can be substituted for communication, that is by development of the means of communication, and attempts an analysis of possibilities. KW - Communication media KW - Mass media KW - Substitution KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270529 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452010 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - AUTOMOBILE TRAFFIC IN AN AGING SOCIETY PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 33-41 AB - The rapid acceleration in the trend towards an aged society which has confronted Japan recently presupposes that a different qualitative society will eventuate to that of other developed nations. Amidst the general changes in society under these circumstances, the main purpose of this research is to search for an ideal accord which ought to be maintained between drivers of all age levels and the automobile. Research conducted during fiscal year 1983 analyzes the features of social activities of aged persons which depend on driving, as well as actual traffic accidents caused by them, and is an attempt to forecast what traffic in society will mean in this forthcoming aged society. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270530 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452013 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Miyazawa, I AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT PATTERNS AND STREET FURNITURE PY - 1985 VL - 9 SP - p. 70-82 AB - Reflecting today's trend for making human life more comfortable, street furniture in the outdoor environment is becoming more visible in greater kinds and varieties. There are yet a number of problems to be solved, however. The problems include the role of street furniture, which was originally intended to support outdoor human behavior, in existing cities, and the point of view or design method that should be employed in planning street furniture. This paper touches upon the basic ideas and design concepts regarding street furniture as it relates to human behavior from the perspective of environmental design. KW - Behavior KW - Design KW - Environment KW - Furniture KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning KW - Street furniture KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270533 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452034 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Austin, T C AU - Rubenstein, G S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARISON OF REFUELING EMISSIONS CONTROL WITH ONBOARD AND STAGE II SYSTEMS PY - 1985 SP - 30 p. AB - A comparison of alternative methods for the control of motor vehicle refueling emissions indicates that Stage II control systems installed at gasoline service stations can provide greater control at lower cost than Onboard control systems installed on motor vehicles. In addition, Stage II control can be achieved with a shorter implementation schedule. Because of this advantage, Stage II controls can achieve more than twice the hydrocarbon reductions possible with Onboard systems during the next ten years, when additional reductions are needed to meet the ambient air quality standard for ozone. Several assumptions are critical to a comparison of Stage II and Onboard controls. These include service station population and size cut-offs, whether "breathing loss" emissions are considered, system cost and lead time, and whether additional evaporative emission controls are considered under both Stage II and Onboard control programs. Recent comparisons of Stage II and Onboard control alternatives published by others have shown Onboard control to be relatively more attractive. However, an analysis of these other comparisons indicates that several of the critical assumptions were either inaccurate or unrealistic. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Hydrocarbons KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Ozone KW - Refueling KW - Service stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452042 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NIEDERER, P AU - Birchler, B AU - Mesqui, F AU - Lehareinger, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER ASSISTED SINGLE-VIEW PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR ACCIDENT SCENE DOCUMENTATION PY - 1985 SP - p. 31-37 AB - Accurate documentation of traffic accidents is a prerequisite for accident research as well as traffic jurisdiction. As an important part of accident documentation, stereo-photogrammetry is recognised to be an excellent tool for providing accurate and complete scaled maps of accident scenes. However, due to its relatively high expense, it is usually only applied in cases of severe accidents. In contrast, single-view photogrammetry which is based on photographs taken with "non-metric" cameras and on on-the-job calibration requires little installation at the accident scene and provides adequate accuracy, because camera calibration and plotting of scaled maps can be performed by making use of computer-assisted image analysis. As the method basically consists in a simple perspective rectification single-view photogrammetry as such is restricted to plane accident sites. In this paper the method is demonstrated and its accuracy discussed. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash investigation KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Image analysis KW - Image processing KW - Information processing KW - Photogrammetry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452043 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schuller, E AU - BEIER, G AU - Spann, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY MEASURES--CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE MUNICH AREA SEAT BELT AND MOTORCYCLE STUDIES PY - 1985 SP - p. 39-49 AB - The accident data collection and the analysis methodologies applied in the Munich Area Seat Belt and Motorcycle Studies are reported. The effectiveness of injury reduction due to the use of seat belts and safety helmets is determined in correlation with the actual accident scene, the official accident statistics to transpose the results to the whole of the Federal Republic of Germany, and, in particular, with the total number of protected persons involved in accidents which would lead to non-minor injuries of non-protected occupants and motorcyclists, respectively. Factors of influence on the effectiveness, such as accident type, accident locality and helmet loss, are discussed. KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452057 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Woolley, R L AU - Warner, C Y AU - Tagg, M D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INACCURACIES IN THE CRASH3 PROGRAM PY - 1985 SP - p. 265-283 AB - The CRASH3 computer program, a well known and useful tool in accident reconstruction, is shown to be inaccurate by comparison with car-to-car crash test data. Claims for accuracy of about 10 percent cannot be validated. Both the impact model and the damage only model yield results which are in error. Cases involving error well in excess of 20 percent are demonstrated. These inaccuracies are due primarily to the omission of terms in the formulation of the energy equation and to the sensitivity of the solution to the input estimate of principle-direction-of-force. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer programs KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash3 /computer program/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272334 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452060 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Miller, C H AU - Baird, C B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE AIS BASED RESTRAINT ADVANTAGE RATIO PY - 1985 SP - p. 321-329 AB - A new comparative dimensionless parameter has been developed which demonstrates in a dramatic fashion the advantage of being restrained by a seat belt in the event of a vehicular crash. The use of the new parameter is illustrated by examining some of the data collected by Transport Canada in a three year study of accidents involving light trucks and vans. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Crash investigation KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272337 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452061 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Igarashi, M AU - Atsumi, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYSIS OF 3 PT. BELTED OCCUPANT IMPACT DYNAMICS IN FRONTAL COLLISION AND ITS APPLICATION PY - 1985 SP - p. 331-343 AB - 3-point belted occupant impact dynamics in frontal collision has been analyzed using finite element method (FEM) computer simulation models. The results from this simulation were compared with experimental results obtained from dummies on sleds or in small size car frontal crash tests. The correlation between the simulation and the experiments in terms of the head injury criterion (HIC), head acceleration, chest acceleration, and dummy motion and kinematics was relatively good. It was confirmed that dummy impact dynamics was influenced by the structure and the geometrical lay-out of the belt system, the seat belt webbing elongation rate, and the seat cushion hardness. The simulation method and dummy impact dynamics were also used, to a lesser extent, to analyze the performance of 2-point seat belt and air bag systems. KW - Air bags KW - Dummies KW - Dynamics KW - Finite element method KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Three point restraint systems KW - Three-point belts KW - Utilization KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452373 AU - British Columbia Ministry of Transportation & Hwys TI - MOTOR VEHICLE DEPARTMENT ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1983/84 PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - This publication presents a review of the wide range of vehicle or driver related programs administered by the Motor Vehicle Department of British Columbia for fiscal year 1983/84. The most significant change implemented in 1983 was cancellation of the mandatory vehicle inspection program carried out through the Department's inspection stations located in the metropolitan Vancouver area, Victoria and Nanaimo. A new mandate was developed which will see a province-wide inspection program with emphasis placed on commercial vehicles. The license/permit sales program saw withdrawal of services by all Government Agents, except in a few cities, and expansion of the authority granted to Autoplan Insurance Agents. Changes to the weigh scale operation included closure of the Ruskin Weigh Scale and operation of other low volume scales on a random basis only. A British Columbia firm was contracted to manufacture number plates. A project was begun to implement an on-line automated driver's license system by January 1985. The development of legislation on the transport of dangerous goods proceeded in conjuction with the Federal Government. Driver control remains a high priority, with particular emphasis on the alcohol involvement problem. The vehicle accident reporting system was restructured using state-of-the-art technology. KW - Automation KW - Computers KW - Crash reports KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazardous materials KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - License plates KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - On line computers KW - Weigh stations KW - Weight stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452072 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KRUKAR, M AU - Henion, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE OREGON EXPERIMENT WITH AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION DEVICES AND WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEMS PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper describes the seven elements of the Oregon Automatic Vehicle Identification-Weigh-In-Motion Demonstration Project. The project purpose is to demonstrate the capability of the AVI-WIM equipment. Operations started in February 1984 and will end September 1985. To date the experience with the equipment has been very satisfactory. Weight measurement accuracy has been better than expected. Analysis of the preliminary traffic data from the high speed WIM site shows that some preconceived notions on truck volumes and weights may have to be revised. Future directions of the program are discussed. KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Demonstration projects KW - Oregon KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452074 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Glikin, P E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL INJECTION IN AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - 17 p. AB - The basic forms of in-line and distributor pumps in use on automotive diesel engines are described, as well as some of the types of injector used on direct and indirect injection engines. The paper gives the results of computer calculations illustrating the difference between the rate of pumping and the rate of injection in a pump- pipe-nozzle system and in a unit injector. The paper then describes the influence of rate of injection on engine performance and emissions, and shows how a fuel injection specification can be optimised by the use of trade-off curves. The main sources of unburnt hydrocarbons are described. As legislative levels of emissions become more severe, more accurate and flexible control of injection is required, and considerable work has been done in recent years on electronic control. The paper describes some electronically controlled fuel injection systems. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Indirect injection KW - Optimization KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270556 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452049 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Berge, S AU - Lundell, B AU - NILSSON, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SIMULATION OF VEHICLE PITCH IN SLED TESTING PY - 1985 SP - p. 127-131 AB - In HYGE sled simulations of 35 mph barrier crashes with the Volvo 760 dummy kinematics and injury criteria have been different from what can be observed in barrier crashes. One of the major differences between sled testing and barrier crashes is the car pitch in the barrier crashes. In order to improve the sled testing a method to simulate pitch on the sled was developed. Dummy kinematics and injury criteria from sled tests with pitch simulation have proved to be in good agreement with results from barrier crashes. The paper will give a more detailed description of vehicle pitch, the sled pitch arrangement and a comparison of dummy kinematics and injury criteria from barrier crashes and sled testing with and without pitch displacement. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Kinematics KW - Pitch (Dynamics) KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452051 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KERKHOFF, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1985 SP - p. 145-158 AB - The accuracy of an accident reconstruction depends on the quality and quantity of the data available from which to make an evaluation. With the majority of ground transportation accidents, by the time a reconstruction is sought the only available data consists of the police report and photographs of the scene and involved vehicles. This paper addresses techniques developed for extracting the maximum information from the accident scene photographs. Principles of perspective drawing are explained and their relationship to photography is illustrated. Methodologies for perspective analysis of photographs to determine skid positions and lengths, vehicle positions of rest, etc., are explained with numerous actual photographic examples. A mathematical method of relating points on a photograph to a plan view drawing of the same scene is presented. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Drawings KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology KW - Perspective views KW - Photographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452066 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - COHEN, D AU - STUCKI, L AU - Ragland, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES TO CHARACTERIZE THE VEHICLE ENVIRONMENT IN FRONTAL IMPACT ACCIDENTS PY - 1985 SP - p. 399-416 AB - This paper presents information on analytical procedures being developed to characterize a "baseline" vehicle fleet in frontal crashes. A newly developed analytical model is being implemented for this characterization. The Passenger/Driver Simulation model (PADS) can simulate unrestrained and restrained driver and passenger occupants in frontal crashes. The "baseline" characterization started with the selection of representative passenger car make/model groupings. Each grouping has similar structural and interior characteristics. The PADS model is being run in an automated mode simulating these vehicles in different frontal crash configurations. The output of the PADS runs includes measures of injury severity and the cause of the injury. The PADS output obtained in these automated runs will be compared to field accident data. Since the analytical procedures and tools are still being refined, this paper focuses on the methodology and its implementation rather than the results. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Environment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Methodology KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452040 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Marsh, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECOMMENDED PASSENGER CAR SIZE DEFINITIONS AND THE NEED FOR VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1985 SP - p. 7-17 AB - Car downsizing has continuously altered the concept and definition of car size. A new set of standard car size definitions has been recommended that provide for either three weight categories (Light: under 2500 lb., Midweight: 2500-3400; Heavy: 3500 and over) or three wheelbase categories (Small = under 100; Midsize = 100-109; Large = 110 and over). Each classification can be split into six categories or both can be combined into a nine cell cross-classification. It is also recommended that all traffic accident records retain the original VIN and actual vehicle weight and wheelbase, for use in classification and analysis. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash records KW - Downsizing KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle identification numbers KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452045 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - GIBSON, T J AU - McCaul, K A AU - McLean, A J AU - BLUMBERGS, P C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATION OF HEAD INJURY MECHANISMS IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS--A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH PY - 1985 SP - p. 65-79 AB - This paper describes an on-going investigation of the mechanisms of head injury in motor vehicle accidents. The multidisciplinary approach combines detailed accident investigation with a neuropathological analysis of the injury to the brain. A pedestrian accident model using the MADYMO crash victim simulation package is being developed to be used as an aid in classifying the type and severity of the head impact. Two pedestrian cases are presented with details of the simulation and the neuropathology procedures. The direction of further development of the model is described. KW - Crash investigation KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multidisciplinary KW - Neurology KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452047 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - VanWagoner, W T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROLE OF THE HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT IN ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1985 SP - p. 89-103 AB - The highway environment is an integral part of highway safety from the standpoints of collision causation and severity-increasing factors. Highway designers are faced with the problem of providing highway safety without sufficient information about the compatibility of current design standards with either driver or vehicle factors. Collision data collection efforts have not provided specific roadway performance data. Thus, many designs have been based on intuitive ideas rather than on specific performance information. The manufacturers of the rapidly changing vehicle fleet currently do not either provide input to the highway designer or consider vehicle-roadside appurtenance interaction during the vehicle design process. This has led to the less than desired performance of some roadway and roadside design features. This paper identifies the problems faced by the roadway designer, and gives suggestions for solving these problems with real-world roadway performance data. KW - Appurtenances KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Environment KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Roadside structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452070 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Richards, R R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CATERPILLAR 3406B AIR-TO-AIR AFTERCOOLED TRUCK ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - 16 p. AB - The Caterpillar 3406B air-to-air aftercooled heavy duty diesel truck engine has been developed for fuel economy. The air-to-air aftercooled system has been used by Caterpillar on earthmoving engine applications and by Europeans on heavy duty diesel truck engines to increase power. The application of air-to-air aftercooling on the 3406B engine not only allows improved fuel economy but also results in increased horsepower to 425 (317 kW) and lower gaseous emissions. The air-to-air aftercooled system offers even further benefits as future legislated gaseous emission levels are reduced. This paper addresses the development, performance, and application of the 3406B air-to-air aftercooled truck engine. KW - Air-to-air charge cooling KW - Cooling KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Heavy duty engines KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Horsepower KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270552 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452260 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - National Safety Council TI - MANDATORY CHILD RESTRAINT LAWS: IMPACT ON CHILDHOOD INJURIES DUE TO TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1985 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-21 AB - Research has indicated that laws requiring use of restraint devices for young children traveling in automobiles have had significant effects in increasing restraint use and reducing crash-related childhood injuries. This study examined dimensions along which the effectiveness of Michigan's April 1982 mandatory child restraint law varied. All children involved in motor vehicle crashes in Michigan from January 1978 through December 1982 were analyzed using multivariate intervention analysis methods. Research revealed that the effectiveness of the law in reducing childhood injuries was primarily due to reductions in less severe injuries occurring in crashed vehicles experiencing low to moderate levels of damage. Furthermore, the mechanism for the law's effects was not simply an increase in restraint use. In addition, the number of children riding in the more dangerous front-seat and cargo-area positions apparently decreased following implementation of the law, with children increasingly riding in the safer rear-seat position. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Multivariate analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270643 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452262 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Wasielewski, P AU - Evans, Leonard AU - National Safety Council TI - A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO ESTIMATING DRIVER RESPONSIBILITY IN TWO-CAR CRASHES PY - 1985 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-48 AB - A statistical model is developed relating driver age distributions in one-car and two-car crashes to the probability that both of the drivers in a two-car crash are similarly responsible for the crash as are drivers in a single-car crash. The model is applied to (a) passenger car crashes in the years 1975-80 involving a driver fatality, compiled in the U.S. Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), and (b) all police-reported crashes occurring in North Carolina in 1979, supplied by the North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center. Appropriate national and North Carolina driver license data are used to estimate exposure to potential crashes as a function of driver age. The model is found to provide an adequate fit to observed driver age distribution in two-car crashes for both data sets. The results obtained from this fit to the model equations indicate that for two-car crashes involving a driver fatality, both drivers contribute to the responsibility for the crash in about 40% of cases, but for less severe two-car crashes, only one of the two involved drivers is generally responsible. KW - Age KW - Crash causes KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash severity KW - Driver age KW - Driver responsibility KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical models KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452364 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - TEENAGE DRIVERS PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - Nearly 10,000 teenagers die each year in motor vehicle accidents. The situation is especially bad at night and worse for young men than for young women, according to research from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. The economic costs also are staggering. About a billion dollars is spent annually to treat and rehabilitate formerly healthy young people who have been injured in crashes. This special publication highlights the facts about teenagers and automobiles and examines the policy options available to keep the bottom from falling out of so many young people's lives because of crashes. The message is that reducing teenagers' driving (especially during the high risk nighttime hours), separating drinking from driving, and providing improved crash protection would save thousands of young lives. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Curfew KW - Driving KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Policy KW - Regulation KW - Restrictions KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450932 AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - ANNUAL REPORT 1983/84. SWEDISH ROAD AND TRAFFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE PY - 1985 SP - 125 p. AB - This publication describes the duties and organization of the Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute as well as its aims and programs. This is followed by a report of its activities relating to research and development, service functions, and other activities. Information is also included on its finance, balance sheet, expenditures and income, and financing. KW - Development KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Foreign KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451291 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Morris, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AIR BAGS FOR SMALL CARS PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has conducted a number of research projects which examined the need and concern for occupants of small cars. These projects include the demonstration of air bags in small cars at crash severities equal to or greater than the 30 mph test required by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 208. The results from these projects showing the protective capability of the air bag are reviewed. Factors influencing air bag performance such as amount of vehicle crush and the time available for air bag inflation are examined. Existing technology for providing air bag protection to occupants in small cars is discussed. The issue concerning the safety of out-of-position child passengers is addressed including a number of technical options for dealing with the out-of-position occupant. KW - Air bags KW - Children KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Performance KW - Small car KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270143 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451298 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ZOBEL, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER AIDED COMPLIANCE--A TOOL TO INCREASE THE INHERENT SAFETY OF VEHICLES PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - Computer simulation makes it possible to evaluate the safety relevant characteristics of a vehicle in an early stage of the development reduced by computer simulation of the dummy deceleration. Computer simulation of passenger compartment deceleration permits both estimates of the behavior of the vehicle in frontal barrier impacts and estimates of the influence of this front structure to the struck car in frontal and side impacts. So computer aided compliance could ultimately prove to be an effective tool for governments and manufacturers to reduce the numbers and complexity of crash tests for safety compliance. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451300 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SEIFF, H E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAVY TRUCK SAFETY--WHAT WE KNOW PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - The overall highway fatality rate has dropped almost continuously since 1925, from 20 to 2.5 per hundred million miles of travel in 1984. Still, the almost 44,000 fatalities in 1984 can, and will, be decreased. In 1983, 5,475 of the 42,584 highway fatalities were in accidents involving medium or heavy trucks. Only 18% of these were occupants of the trucks themselves. 82% were pedestrians or occupants of the "other vehicle." The greatest number of combination truck accidents take place on two-lane rural roads. Single-vehicle accidents are responsible for 70% of heavy truck occupant fatalities. Doubles and heavier trucks appear to be as safe as other heavy trucks. Rollover and ejection are responsible for the greatest number of truck occupant fatalities. KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Rollover crashes KW - Rural highways KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450783 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Williams, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN AUTOMOTIVE FRONT-END DESIGN APPROACH FOR IMPROVED AERODYNAMICS AND COOLING PY - 1985 SP - 26 p. AB - A performance-based front-end design approach is described in the paper along with some selected experimental results. The method is based on an experimental technique for simultaneously measuring the total radiator airflow and vehicle aerodynamic performance in an aerodynamic wind tunnel. The measured cooling airflows are correlated to vehicle cooling performance and are shown to explain over 95% of the physical variation in the measured results. Based on this correlation, airflow targets for the front-end design of advanced models can be established with confidence. An air-side heat rejection analysis of vehicle cooling test data from three radiators yields very consistent heat rejection results. Grille open area as a design parameter is shown to be a poor predictor of ram airflow and cooling drag. There is need for a minimum interference technique for measuring coolant-side radiator/condenser heat rejection during a vehicle test, and more work needs to be done relative to underhood component cooling requirements. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Cooling KW - Flow KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle front end KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450785 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BUCHHEIM, R AU - MARETZKE, J AU - PIATEK, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CONTROL OF AERODYNAMIC PARAMETERS INFLUENCING VEHICLE DYNAMICS PY - 1985 SP - 14 p. AB - An analytical model is used to compare the influence of aerodynamic parameters on vehicle dynamics at high speeds (typically 180 km/h) to the influence of other important vehicle characteristics. Typical driving conditions considered are fast highway driving, braking, and driving in a cross wind. Some experimental results are presented in addition. The results show that a low overall lift level with a positive pitch moment is desirable for good handling characteristics. They also show that observed differences of the aerodynamic data on production cars are less influential on crosswind sensitivity compared with certain other vehicle characteristics, such as center of gravity position. The control of the important aerodynamic parameters influencing vehicle dynamics, such as lift and yaw-moment coefficients, is described in some detail. The behavior of these aerodynamic parameters for low-drag cars is also discussed. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Aerodynamics KW - Braking KW - Center of gravity KW - Crosswinds KW - Drag KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269775 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450792 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Koenig, A AU - Ellinger, K-W AU - Korbel, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE OPERATION ON PARTIALLY DISSOCIATED METHANOL PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - Operation of a methanol engine on partially dissociated methanol is an efficient tool to improve energy efficiency and exhaust gas composition. The key factor of the system is the dissociation catalyst, which should be highly active, break down methanol completely with only minor formation of by-products, and unaffected by air addition. Laboratory scale screening tests showed that a noble-metal catalyst is best suited for this purpose. Engine tests employing such a catalyst gave up to 10% better energy consumption and very favorable exhaust emissions as compared to engines on pure methanol. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Dissociated methanol KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269782 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450794 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Clark, J E AU - Mascetti, G J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PASSENGER CAR FUEL ECONOMY INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - This paper presents two analytical procedures for estimating passenger car fuel economy over the Federal Urban, Highway, and Combined driving cycles as functions of basic vehicle and engine characteristics. The first procedure is based on algorithms developed by regressing fuel economy test results from 1059 Model Year 1984/1985 certification vehicles. The second procedure is based on a detailed computer simulation of vehicle and engine operation over these driving cycles. In this manner, changes in specific parameters of spark ignition and diesel-engined vehicles are related directly to changes in fuel economy. From the computed data, an equation is generated by regressing the fuel economy results. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Coefficients KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Fuel conservation KW - Regression analysis KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451302 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mertz, H J AU - Marquardt, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SMALL CAR AIR CUSHION PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - A critical performance issue in the development of any air cushion restraint system is the dicotomy that exists between the inflation rate required to meet the 30 mph frontal, rigid barrier restraint performance requirements and the effect that this parameter has on increasing the risk of deployment-induced injuries to out-of-position occupants. In general, small cars experience greater vehicle deceleration levels than large vehicles in FMVSS 208, 30 mph frontal, rigid barrier tests due to tighter packaging of their front-end components. In order to meet the FMVSS 208 performance requirements for such cars, the small car air cushion must be thicker and inflated faster than the large car air cushion. Such air cushion technology will increase the risk of life-threatening, deployment-induced injuries to out-of-position occupants of the small car. A harm reduction analysis is done that indicates that a greater benefit can be derived from installing a large car air cushion technology in a small car than from installing the same air cushion technology in a large car, even though the FMVSS 208 restraint performance requirements are not met when installed in the small car. This statement is true for any occupant restraint system (belts, passive interiors) identically applied to both the large and small car since small car occupants will always be exposed to more severe collision severities due to the car's lighter mass and reduced front-end crush space. Based on the analyses presented, it is suggested that performance requirements addressing deployment-induced injury concerns of out-of-position occupants be added to FMVSS 208 for evaluating air cushion restraints and that the FMVSS 208, 30 mph frontal, rigid barrier test conditions be changed to a frontal test of equal collision severity for all car sizes. KW - Air bags KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Deceleration KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Inflation KW - Injuries KW - Performance KW - Risk assessment KW - Small car KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270154 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451304 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hoxie, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRANSPORTATION FATALITIES: A RISK ASSESSMENT PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper assesses the relative fatality risk of transportation modes and submodes for use in public safety resource allocation. Average annual fatalities for the modes and submodes are compared. Factors which might influence society's valuation of risk are examined -- victim age, trends in fatalities, and variability of fatalities. Finally, other measures of risk (fatalities per ton-mile, per passenger-mile, and per vehicle) are presented to help judge the acceptability of existing risk levels. KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Fund allocations KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450779 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DANNER, M AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - Schmelzing, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ASPECTS IN OPTIMIZING CAR STRUCTURES AND PASSENGER PROTECTION BY A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF CAR-TO-CAR AND CAR-TO-OBJECT COLLISIONS PY - 1985 SP - 12 p. AB - On the basis of extensive representative traffic accident material (car-to-car and single car accidents) the focal points of real-life accidents were ascertained. The different accident configurations were classified into collision types, and the order of importance was determined according to the frequency of occurrence and the injuries which resulted. In the light of the distribution function of vehicle mass and collision speed, boundary and reference values of a "substitute accident system" were ascertained from real-life accidents. Extensive and detailed studies of accident and car parameters were necessary to provide realistic conditions for the crash tests. The dummy loading values measured in the crash test or calculated by means of a simulation model were compared with real-life injuries in the appropriate mass and speed class. With the help of this correlation, it was possible, by attaching a monetary value to the resultant injuries, to estimate the costs of optimized car structures. KW - Accident costs KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Classification KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Optimization KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269769 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450781 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - HOEFS, R AU - Hamm, L AU - BRANDSCH, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEHICLE ANALYSIS WITH RESPECT TO PASSIVE SAFETY AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS PY - 1985 SP - 14 p. AB - Within the framework of the VOI Project (VOI means Economically Justified Passenger Protection, a research project supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology) and based on a comparative analysis of cars in various weight classes, vehicles were selected whose responses to safety relevant measures were representative for the vehicle population in the Federal Republic of Germany. The force/deformation characteristics required to validate the crash simulation model used for optimisation calculations have also been determined. Finally the effects of modified vehicle crash structure force/deformation characteristics on sticker price, operation and maintenance cost, and post-accident total expenses have been quantified. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Economic impacts KW - Force KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Operating costs KW - Optimization KW - Prices KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269771 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450930 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ferrati, E AU - Guagliumi, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A GENERAL PURPOSE ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOR FIELD DIAGNOSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - The increasing introduction of electronic control systems in autovehicles must be implemented by the development of proper tools suitable of an easy servicing by unskilled people. Many control systems are based on the use of microprocessors because of the obtainable flexibility and accuracy in data processing. However, their use, if properly exploited, can also facilitate the method of doing the field diagnosis of the whole system. An electronic device is described in the paper that makes use of the on-board microprocessor for supplying a serial coded message containing the diagnostic information to a plug-in-device which decodes and displays it by lighting-on a set of LED's. The general purpose of the device, consistently trade-named as Unitest, is obtained by servicing it with a proper set of easy-to-change plastic cards correlating each LED to a failure mode typical of the electronic control system under test. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Level of service KW - Light emitting diode displays KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Microprocessors KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450947 AU - Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles TI - FLORIDA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 33 p. AB - This publication gives details and statistics of various aspects of traffic accidents in Florida. It notes that there were 237,511 traffic accidents in 1984 i.e. an average of 649 accidents per day and gives statistics relating to fatal accidents. Alcohol-related accidents, safety belt utilization, areas in which accidents occurred, pedestrian accidents, mileage death rate and the economic impact of accidents. The statistics are presented in tables and graphs. KW - Accident costs KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mileage death rate KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451803 AU - Road Traffic Authority, Australia TI - ROAD TRAFFIC AUTHORITY ANNUAL REPORT 1983-84 PY - 1985 SP - 92 p. AB - This first annual report of the Road Traffic Authority (Australia) describes its establishment (functions, objectives and Acts administered), and summarizes the achievement of its objectives. Its quantitative targets and the road transport environment during 1983/84 are discussed. The Authority's initiatives in service to the community are reviewed, as are also its major programs and activities. Legislative responsibility and new legislation and regulatory activities are also discussed. Corporate administration and employee relations are reviewed. The financial statement is presented and comments are made on program priority budgeting. An overview is given of other activities and future directions. Appendices provide further detailed data. KW - Budgeting KW - Financial analysis KW - Future policies KW - Highway transportation KW - Laws KW - Personnel management KW - Policy KW - Programs KW - Regulations KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266936 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450772 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rivin, E I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PASSIVE ENGINE MOUNTS--SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT PY - 1985 SP - 10 p. AB - A car engine suspension system has to comply with numerous constraints, sometimes controversial, thus making engine mounts design and optimization an extremely difficult task. Active mounts, although having important advantages, are still more expensive and less reliable. The paper shows that there is substantial room for improvements in passive engine mounts, if some concepts proven in vibration isolators for other applications are utilized. These concepts include: use of specific non-linear characteristics to obtain constant natural frequency in a broad weight-load range as well as to make captive variable stiffness mounts; use of materials with high internal damping as well as materials with highly amplitude-dependent damping and stiffness; use of mounts combining two resilient elements with intermediate mass or spring-connected damper; and utilizing benefits of small-size mounts. KW - Automobile engines KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Design KW - Engine mounting devices KW - Engine mounts KW - Materials KW - Optimization KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269762 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450789 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fanger-Vexler, S AU - Katz, J AU - Foux, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FULL-SCALE, ON-ROAD STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AUTOMOBILE SHAPE ON ITS AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS, AND COMPARISON WITH SMALL-SCALE WIND TUNNEL RESULTS PY - 1985 SP - 12 p. AB - The design of passenger vehicles for improved aerodynamic characteristics will result in reduced fuel consumption and better road handling during high-speed driving. In this research, techniques were developed to measure the aerodynamic drag and lift forces acting on a full-scale vehicle under road conditions and then were compared with results obtained on reduced-scale models in a wind tunnel. A number of configurations which characterize common vehicle forms were investigated for their effect on aerodynamic efficiency and fuel consumption. Experimental speeds were between 70 and 110 km/h, these being representative of highway driving conditions. A typical passenger vehicle of the three-box type was selected for the experiments, and its exterior form was altered by means of attaching various configurations to its front, rear, and underbody portions. These additions transformed the original vehicle into a "fastback" and "station wagon," and were used in combination with underbody alterations, such as front spoiler, side skirts, and smooth underbody. During road experiments, drag force was measured by means of a telemetric system receiving data on drive-shaft strains, whereas lift forces were measured by relative vertical displacements in the front and rear suspensions. Statistical analyses showed that the different configurations had a significant effect on the aerodynamic forces. The change in configurations brought about a maximum reduction in drag coefficient of 51%, relative to the original vehicle. As a result, fuel consumption was reduced by 13% (at 110 km/h). Lift forces dropped by as much as 47%. The most effective components were a smooth underbody and a "fastback" form for drag, and a smooth underbody and front spoiler for low lift. Results of the road experiments showed a reasonable correlation with those obtained using reduced-scale models in a wind tunnel. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Aerodynamics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Fuel consumption KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Lift forces KW - Road tests KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450790 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cooper, K R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF FRONT-EDGE ROUNDING AND REAR-EDGE SHAPING ON THE AERODYNAMIC DRAG OF BLUFF VEHICLES IN GROUND PROXIMITY PY - 1985 SP - 31 p. AB - Wind tunnel measurements on a rectangular vehicle-like shape and on two detailed, scale-model trucks have been employed to define the front and rear edge geometries that minimize aerodynamic drag. Optimum configurations are identified with sufficient detail for commercial vehicle design purposes. Comparisons of the model-scale measurements with limited measurements on a full-scale straight truck in a large wind tunnel support the interpretation of these test results. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Design KW - Drag KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Test results KW - Vehicle design KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269780 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450921 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nomura, K AU - Hirano, S AU - GOTOH, T AU - Motoyama, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVEMENT OF FUEL CONSUMPTION WITH VARIABLE EXHAUST PORT TIMING IN A TWO-STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - In this study, an improvement of fuel consumption by changing the exhaust timing of a two-stroke engine has been made. The study results revealed that a remarkable improvement of fuel economy is possible by controlling the exhaust timing according to the engine speed. The reason for the better fuel economy was clarified through an analysis of exhaust gases, theoretical cycle calculations, and an analysis of combustion pressure. As an example of actual application, the results of tests made on an engine equipped with Yamaha Power Valve System (YPVS), which is a variable exhaust timing mechanism using a tabor-shaped valve, will also be discussed. KW - Engine timing KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Improvements KW - Test results KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Valve timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450924 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Radwan, M S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE AND KNOCK LIMITS OF ETHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS IN SPARK-IGNITED ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - Ethanol-gasoline blends have been investigated as a spark-ignition engine fuel. The work was carried out on a Ricardo E6 variable compression engine in which all the significant operating parameters can be varied and accurately measured including onset of knock. Various blends were used (10 to 70% ethanol by volume) and the effects of mixture strength, ignition timing and speed on the highest useful compression ratio were accurately defined. Borderline road test data were evaluated using information on reference fuels and the required performance of the automatic spark advance mechanism was deduced. The results revealed that higher concentration of ethanol in the blend greatly enhances knock resistance. A blend of 50% gasoline and 50% ethanol produced the highest output in both the rich and lean mixture regions. The performance of the automatic spark advance mechanism was found to vary considerably with various blends and mixture strengths. The sensitivity of optimum power attainment to ignition timing and mixture strength was illustrated. Also the saving in mechanical octanes was put forward. KW - Accuracy KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Engine knock KW - Engine performance KW - Ethanol KW - Gasohol KW - Ignition timing KW - Measurement KW - Mixture strength KW - Mixtures KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Road tests KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Speed KW - Strength of materials KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451295 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ENSSLEN, A AU - Schwant, W AU - Zieglschmidt, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CAN WE IMPROVE THE CRASH PERFORMANCE OF SEAT BELTS? PY - 1985 SP - 12 p. AB - The publication last year of final rule-making establishing requirements for the installation of automatic restraints in passenger cars, requires a shifting of priorities and resources by many members of the automobile industry for the development and adaptation of new automatic occupant restraint systems. The installation of automatic restraints in all passenger vehicles would appear to make further development of manual restraints unnecessary. Further reflection, however, confirms that manual seat belts, which have been shown to be the single most effective readily available means for the mitigation of the consequences of automobile collisions, are destined to continue to play an important role in traffic safety for years to come. Not only is there a realistic possibility that the enactment of compulsory seat belt use laws affecting a sufficiently large proportion of the U.S. population will be enacted by individual states so that automatic restraints will not be required, but manual belt systems will continue to be relied upon or required in other countries throughout the world. Continued investigations are warranted. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Development KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451296 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Clark, C C AU - Sursi, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CAR CRASH TESTS OF EJECTION REDUCTION BY GLASS-PLASTIC SIDE GLAZING PY - 1985 SP - 14 p. AB - 1983 ejection statistics are reviewed; half of the passenger car ejections, some 36,000 people of whom 5,346 died, are through glazing areas. Previous work has shown the remarkable strength of thin plastic coatings, developed for windshield anti-laceration applications, when applied to the inside of tempered glass side windows, in reducing ejection. In the present work, two tests were made, each with the NHTSA Moving Deformable Barrier (MDB) at 39 mph and all four wheels turned at 26 degrees, striking a stationary Volkswagen Rabbit in a perpendicular impact. The Alfred I. DuPont de Nemours Company provided the plastic coating on tempered glass side windows. The plastic layer extended beyond the sides and top of the glass to be wrapped around steel strips bolted to the window frame. On vehicle impact, the tempered glass broke, but the pieces were held in place by the plastic layer, which then deformed outward as a "safety net" with head contact. In the first test, with a low and short striking vehicle hood line simulation, the top of the door bent out as the bottom was pushed in, and the head bulged the glazing out to hit the elevated base plate of the MDB, although the "safety net" held. In the second test, with a more typical vehicle hood line effect simulation, the "safety net" again held, giving a HIC of 616. A window design to allow window up and down motion with the plastic layer movably secured with a "T edge" in the window channel is under construction. An eight inch sphere Glazing Test Device is being developed, with a skin simulation / chamois cost on the lower hemisphere for laceration measurement, accelerometers for Head Injury Criterion (HIC) measurement, and a weight variable from 10 to 20 to 40 pounds, for ejection reduction measurement. KW - Crashes KW - Ejection KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Plastic coatings KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Side windows KW - Statistics KW - Tempered glass KW - Testing KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451310 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - TRELLA, T J AU - Kanianthra, J N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS FROM DYNAMIC TEST DATA FOR SIMULATION OF CAR-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACTS USING A LUMPED MASS APPROACH PY - 1985 SP - 21 p. AB - Lumped spring/mass modelling approaches are described for the simulation of structural and occupant response in side impacts (driver side). Special attention is placed on modelling techniques and procedures for mass assignments, derivation of force versus deflection characteristics and model redundancy checks. The force versus deflection characteristics were derived from dynamic test data and the inverse solution of the non-linear equations of motion for the system. Unique procedures are also presented for estimating rib to spine damping characteristics and driver body segment internal and contact compliances. Three models are presented and evaluated. Simulations showing the effect of changes in striking car stiffness, struck car stiffness, impact angle, impact speed, occupant to door clearance and interior door pad thickness and strength are presented and discussed. Model limitations and various factors affecting the applicability of the methodology are also discussed. KW - Data analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451313 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ohta, M AU - Ichikawa, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MEASUREMENT-BASED SIMULATION OF IN-SERVICE FUEL ECONOMY FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1985 SP - 8 p. AB - The equipment, methods and results of fuel consumption tests, and the parametric studies of in-service fuel economy simulation are described. The simulation is based on measurements by a unique laboratory test facility, and aims to get fuel saving measures at the development stages of vehicles. Although a human element is important especially on urban routes, this simulation in which the driver's factor was simplified was found to give satisfactory predictions of in-service fuel economy for commercial vehicles over representative highways in Japan. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel conservation KW - Inservice KW - Laboratory tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451804 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - RX ALCOHOL AND HEALTH PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-27 AB - This article makes observations about alcohol use by physicians and women, and comments on its use by drivers. It has been recommended that doctors be given breath tests before entering operating theaters. The medical profession is urged to provide courses in avoiding alcohol in medical schools, and to monitor its members more closely. Studies have shown that women who drink moderate amounts of alcohol experience increased depression, anger and mental confusion even when they are sober. It is noted that intoxicated drivers are more subject to serious injury in an auto crash than a non-drinker. Alcohol is used in several over-the-counter and prescription drugs. Such drugs when taken with other drugs can cause unpleasant side effects. A drug that seems to block alcohol's effect on memory and reduce the desire for alcohol is zimelidine. This may provide a new treatment for alcoholism. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Heat flow KW - Physicians KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450775 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Motooka, N AU - Kuroishi, N AU - Moritani, M AU - Manabe, A AU - KAZUOKA, K AU - Suganuma, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DOUBLE-LAYER VALVE SEAT INSERTS FOR PASSENGER CAR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - A new double-layer valve seat insert has been developed for use in high performance diesel engine of passenger car. The seat layer is composed of a sintered alloy of a high wear resistance and a high heat resistance. The base layer is composed of a sintered alloy of a higher heat resistance than that of the seat layer. This double-layer valve seat insert was proven to have good wear resistance and heat resistance in a durability test on the diesel engine with a turbocharger system. KW - Alloys KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - High performance KW - Performance KW - Thermal resistance KW - Turbochargers KW - Valve seat inserts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269765 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450786 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Waudby-Smith, P M AU - Rainbird, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMIC TESTING IN WIND TUNNELS WITH EXAMPLES FROM SLOTTED WALL TEST SECTION FACILITIES PY - 1985 SP - 16 p. AB - The various factors related to obtaining high quality data from automotive aerodynamic wind tunnel tests are outlined. These factors can be subdivided into the test section flow quality, testing procedures, and the influence of the test section boundaries. Methods of achieving and measuring the test section flow quality necessary for typical road vehicles are discussed. The benefits of using a slotted wall test section configuration to reduce blockage interference effects are illustrated. Examples are drawn from measurements of flow quality and from force/moment comparison model tests in 1/4 and 1/5 scale pilot slotted wall wind tunnels. Finally, standards of flow quality and standardized testing procedures are proposed for automotive testing to allow proper comparison of test data obtained in different wind tunnels. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Automobiles KW - Flow KW - Measurement KW - Scale models KW - Standardization KW - Test facilities KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269776 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450793 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lohuis, J R AU - Harlow, A J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS FOR PASSENGER CAR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - 19 p. AB - Synthesized passenger car engine oils have shown a wide range of performance benefits in automotive gasoline engines. These oils also satisfy the additional demands of small diesel engines used in passenger cars and light-duty vehicles. This includes the severe requirements of turbocharged passenger car diesel engines. Excellent high-temperature deposit control, wear protection and fuel economy are documented for synthetic engine oils in U.S. and European diesel engine dynamometer, chassis rolls and fleet tests operated under severe conditions. Many of the field tests were conducted with greatly extended oil drain intervals, further stressing oil quality. Test results support the outstanding passenger car diesel engine lubrication capability for optimized synthetic engine oil formulations. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Field tests KW - Fuel conservation KW - High temperature KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils KW - Test results KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269783 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450928 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ohtsu, S AU - Nagao, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE SHAFTS FOR SPEEDOMETERS PY - 1985 SP - 16 p. AB - The fluctuation of the speedometer pointer and noise from the speedometer cable has been an ever-present problem. The cable route through the engine compartment, with its many parts, is complicated and the necessity for silence is required for today's passenger cars. The resultant cause of meter pointer fluctuation and cable noise are discussed in this report through the use of the static characteristics and vibration analysis of the flexible shaft. Finally technical measures to prevent the pointer fluctuation and the cable noise are shown. KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible shafts KW - Fluctuation KW - Noise KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Speedometers KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269901 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451292 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Petrucelli, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BELT USE LAWS IN THE USA--SOME TRENDS AND OBSERVATIONS PY - 1985 SP - 5 p. AB - The New York effort leading up to enactment of the first belt use law in the USA is outlined with some attention devoted to the legislative strategy. Several specific problems which featured in the debate are discussed briefly. Early results on increased belt use and public acceptance of the law are encouraging. The first month's reduced fatality count suggests that the law is having some effect. Implications of the New York law for other states and for the recent federal decision on FMVSS 208 are described. Emphasis is placed on the fact that belt use laws must be vigorously pursued as complementary to decisions related to automatic crash protection. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451299 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wishart, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FEDERAL FUNDING FOR TRANSPORTATION SAFETY PY - 1985 SP - 10 p. AB - Federal regulations promoting safety in transportation have existed for more than 100 years, but federal spending supporting research, standard setting, enforcement and capital programs are modern phenomena. Before the 1966 highway and motor carrier safety Acts, federal safety spending was less than $700,000 a year, and largely confined to aviation and marine modes where there was federal responsibility for certain transport operations. Federal spending for safety programs is now around $3 billion a year, and predominantly for highway and motor vehicle programs. Around $200 million a year is spent on rulemaking and enforcement in each of road, air and water modes, with about one-tenth of that on rail safety. But federal responsibilities vis-a-vis state and private transport interests differ so that modal comparisons of spending will not reflect overall spending or relative priorities for safety issues amongst modes. KW - Air transportation KW - Federal aid KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety programs KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451306 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BRANTMAN, R AU - BREED, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - USE OF COMPUTER SIMULATION IN EVALUATING AIRBAG SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PY - 1985 SP - 10 p. AB - Through the use of the VODS computer simulation model, the authors have designed driver side airbag systems for the 1980 Series Ford LTD, the Dodge Diplomat, and the Chevrolet Impala. These cars were then retrofitted with a Breed all-mechanical airbag system tailored for each car, and barrier crash tested at 30 mph by NHTSA. System performance results were excellent, and predicted versus actual 50th percentile driver dummy injury measures were in excellent agreement differing by less than 15%. The model was then used to predict airbag system dummy injury measures in 665 NHTSA crashes. In all but two of these crashes, the injury measures stayed below 80% of those allowed by FMVSS 208. Predicted airbag results for the 1984 NCAP crash tests are presented in detail. KW - Air bags KW - Crashes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Forecasting KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retrofitting KW - Simulation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270158 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451317 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - WATSON, H C AU - MILKINS, E E AU - Preston, M O AU - Chittleborough, C AU - Beardsley, P A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IN-USE VEHICLE SURVEY OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS ON DYNAMOMETER AND ROAD PY - 1985 SP - 25 p. AB - An upgraded vehicle fuel consumption/emission test facility is shown to be able to simulate on-road performance of cars up to wide open throttle operation. A procedure is described which permits dynamometer loads to be set so as to replicate the on-road, steady speed fuel consumption of each vehicle tested. A test program involving five driving cycles (schedules), three US and two Australian, and a range of other manoeuvres has been devised, to describe a wide range of on-road driving. The tests last one week and have been carried out on a fleet of almost 40 cars. Fuel and emission data has been logged at every half second interval of the tests. The overall test results only have been reported here. It is shown that there is considerable variability in the response of individual cars to changed test cycle. For the Australian test cycle fuel consumption is typically 15% higher than to US 75 FTP city test schedule. Corresponding increases in emissions are nearly 50% for HC, 90% for CO and 30% for NOx. There is some evidence that vehicle designs are "tailored" to the emission test cycle, and thus perform less well in more normal driving. There are indications that non-weight related improvements in recent model cars are more effective in reducing "on-road" fuel consumption than reflected by the US city test schedule. Lastly the influence of ambient temperature on fuel consumption and emissions is shown to be significant. KW - Dynamometers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Temperature KW - Test facilities KW - Test results KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451607 AU - United States Congress TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966. JUNE 1985 REVISION PY - 1985 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains the June 1985 revisions to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. Revisions are made to Title I--Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Title II--Tire Safety, Title III--Research and Test Facilities, Title IV--National Driver Register, and Miscellaneous Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Provisions. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - National Driver Register KW - National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 KW - Revisions KW - Test facilities KW - Tires KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451815 AU - Engel, U AU - Thomsen, L K AU - Danish Council of Road Safety Research TI - THE EFFECT OF AREA-WIDE 40 KPH SPEED-LIMIT T2 - VIRKNINGEN AF OMRADEVIS HASTIGHEDSBEGRAENSNING PA 40 KM I TIMEN SAMMENFATNING PY - 1985 SP - 43 p. AB - The Effect of Area-wide 40 KPH Speed-limit. This report summarizes the results of the projects "The effect of 40 KPH-zones," being a part of the general project "Motorvehicle-speeds in built-up areas." The speeds of 21 streets, having the 40 KPH-zone implemented, has been analyzed and compared with the speed-trend of the six control-streets that have been unaltered. The results are that the zones have not changed neither the speeds nor the choice of route of the motor-vehicle-drivers. KW - Impact studies KW - Speed limits KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451734 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - NEW DEVICE TO CATCH DRUNK DRIVERS PROVES EFFECTIVE PY - 1985 SP - 2 p. AB - An innovative device, known as a passive alcohol sensor, is described in this news release from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). The device indicates alcohol without drivers' participation in breath tests. It is built into a standard police flashlight. When an officer holds the sensor near a driver's face, it shows an electronic readout of the driver's blood alcohol concentration. IIHS is currently testing this device with police at sobriety checkpoints in Charlottesville, Virginia. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Field tests KW - Passive alcohol sensors KW - Sensors KW - Sobriety checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266868 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451863 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - ANDREASSON, R AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ACCIDENTS AND ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT THEM AND TO MITIGATE THEM WHEN THEY OCCUR PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 20-22 AB - A review of the history of traffic safety points out that the story is a matter of measures undertaken during probably more than 6,000 years and that it is a multidisciplinary subject area involving technicians, pedagogues, sociologists, the medical profession, etc. Traffic causes so many injuries and is so highly ranked on the list of causes of death that it is necessary to train experts in traffic safety. The resources for their training based on scientific findings are to be found by means of using funds and human skill which today are being used for the production of printed matter. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - History KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451891 JO - NR Technology PB - Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association AU - BARNARD, D AU - Baker, CSL AU - Wallace, I R AU - Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association TI - NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS FOR TRUCK TYRES PY - 1985 VL - 16 SP - p. 19-26 AB - A truck tyre retread compound, based on 80NR/20BR with a semi-EV cure system and 6.0 parts phr of stearic acid, exhibits much better reversion resistance than a similar compound with only 2.0 parts phr of stearic acid. Improvements in laboratory abrasion resistance, heat generation and most physical properties have also been observed for this modified compound in test pieces subjected to the sort of overcure typical in truck tyre retreads. In highway fleet trials, truck tyre retreads made from these two natural rubber compounds and an SBR55/BR45 compound were fitted to the third and fourth drive axles of tipper trucks. On the higher severity fourth axle both natural rubber compounds displayed superior tread wear to the synthetic one. On the lower severity third axle the high stearic acid compound gave tread wear which was significantly better than that of the normal semi-EV compound and almost matched that of the synthetic compound. KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Natural rubber KW - Physical properties KW - Retreaded tires KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270459 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451307 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stein, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FLEET EXPERIENCE WITH DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1985 SP - 13 p. AB - Previous research in Canada, Finland, Sweden and the United States has indicated that daytime running lights (DRLs) -- vehicle lights that are on during daylight hours -- can reduce the frequency of daytime multiple-vehicle crashes. In this study, over 2,000 passenger cars, vans, and pickup trucks in three fleets were modified to operate with DRLs. An inexpensive relay was installed on these vehicles to automatically turn on their front parking lights and rear tail lights with vehicle ignition. In addition, bulbs with substantially higher intensity minor filaments were installed in the front parking lights. The crash experience of these vehicles was compared to similar but unmodified vehicles in the fleets. Overall, the proportion of multiple-vehicle crashes relevant to DRLs that occurred during daytime hours was seven percent lower for the vehicles equipped with DRLs. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270159 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451309 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kulp, D L AU - McKenna, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYSIS OF FORD LEASE FLEET FUEL ECONOMY DATA THROUGH 1984 MODELS PY - 1985 SP - 11 p. AB - Since the 1978 model year, Ford Motor Company (Ford) has been collecting and analyzing on-road fuel economy data for Ford vehicles leased by Company employees. Based on these data, on-road mpg for 1983-84 model passenger cars is approximately 40% better than for 1978 models. Also, the percent by which average on-road results are below EPA-approved CAFE values (i.e., mean "% Offset") is 15% for recent models versus 20% for 1978 models. Since 1981, on-road results have been compared to label (i.e., "City") values approved by EPA to determine the percentage of drivers who meet or exceed the label mpg. For 1983 and 1984 models, on-road comparisons also are made to mpg values adjusted downward consistent with EPA's fuel economy labeling rules for 1985 models. Comparisons to EPA-approved CAFE and label values, plus to adjusted label values, also are made based on specified driving patterns and for summer vs. winter surveys. KW - Automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel conservation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270161 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451314 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Prasad, P AU - Mertz, H J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES DELEGATION TO THE ISO WORKING GROUP 6 ON THE USE OF HIC IN THE AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENT PY - 1985 SP - 11 p. AB - A review and analysis of existing cadaver head impact data has been conducted in this paper. The association of the Head Injury Criterion with experimental cadaver skull fracture and brain damage has been investigated, and risk curves of HIC versus skull fracture and brain damage have been developed. Limitation of the search for the maximum HIC duration to 15ms has been recommended for the proper use of HIC in the automotive crash environment. KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Data analysis KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451316 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Westbrook, F W AU - Patterson, P D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DYNAMICS OF LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY--1978-1984 PY - 1985 SP - 13 p. AB - Since 1978 new vehicle fuel economy has changed from year to year quite differently for automobiles and light trucks. Automobiles experienced three years in which MPG gains were quite large, whereas light trucks experienced only one such year. The MPG changes and causes for these changes are analyzed for autos and light trucks. The contribution of consumer actions are analyzed. The consumer actions collectively accounted for only 28 percent of the 6.7 MPG gain for automobiles, for 63 percent of the 2.7 MPG gain for light trucks during the 1978-1984 period. Shifts across size classes accounted for only 7.8 percent of all auto MPG gains and for 21.9 percent of all light truck MPG gains. KW - Automobiles KW - Causes KW - Consumers KW - Fuel conservation KW - Light trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270168 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450776 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shibanuma, K AU - Tanaka, H AU - Nishiwaki, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OCCUPANT'S SAFETY BY USE OF VARIABLE ENERGY ABSORBING BUMPERS PY - 1985 SP - 10 p. AB - When the gap between the seat belt and occupant's body is considered, it is of vital importance that the seat or the seat belt has sufficient energy absorbing functions. In this connection, it was found that the ideal energy absorbing pattern to stop the vehicle was to provide greater deceleration at the first phase of impact and less deceleration at the second phase to be followed by slightly greater deceleration at the last phase of impact. The authors proposed and designed a special bumper capable of simulating this ideal deceleration pattern applicable over a wide range of precollision velocities. The performance of the new bumper was verified by a series of experiments using a test vehicle with a belted dummy. KW - Bumpers KW - Deceleration KW - Design KW - Energy absorbing bumpers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269766 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450778 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - RICHTER, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLES WITH ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIED PASSENGER PROTECTION--A SURVEY PY - 1985 SP - 8 p. AB - Optimum deformation structures for the safety of passengers of motor vehicles are worked out on the basis of computer generated accident simulations. The simulated accidents are based on accident statistics and consider the relevant collision types as well as the actual mass and speed distributions. The evaluation of the deformation structures include the injury-related costs and the effect domain costs. These costs also consider the determinable results of modified deformation structures such as increased fuel consumption. As the final result, it can be stated that the effect domain costs have a dominant influence. Furthermore, the protective measures for increased safety during side collisions are best taken in the frontal area of the impacting vehicle. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Simulation KW - Speed distribution KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450920 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bekker, M G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PARAMETRIC ANALYSES OF PNEUMATIC TIRES UPDATE--SAMPLES OF ENGINEERING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN OFF-ROAD LOCOMOTION PY - 1985 SP - 14 p. AB - The paper is, in a sense, a sequel to the paper published by the Society of Automotive Engineers, in 1974. It reports corrections, refinements, validation and extension of bevameter methods in parametric analyses of pneumatic tire-soils systems. Considerations of tire detailed dimensions, form, internal structure, configuration (duals, singles), tread design, inflation pressure, load and cost are discussed in the realm of off-road machinery. Predictability of vehicle performances is illustrated in various soils by numerical examples and test results. Mineral and organic soils and snow are considered. The work has been based to a large extent, on recent studies performed by the author for Canadian and Italian National Research Councils. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Costs KW - Inflation KW - Loads KW - Parametric equations KW - Snow KW - Soils KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269893 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450925 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BARDON, M F AU - GARDINER, D P AU - Rao, V K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLD STARTING PERFORMANCE OF GASOLINE/METHANOL M10 BLENDS IN A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - Engine cold starting tests have been conducted in a laboratory cold chamber to compare the performance of three 10% methanol/90% gasoline blends with that of Indolene. The blends had different Reid Vapour Pressures and tests were conducted over a wide range of fuel/air ratios at temperatures as low as -45 deg C. It was found that all M10 blends tested had poorer starting performance than Indolene at cold temperatures, including those of nominally higher volatility. Cold starting did not correlate to Reid Vapour Pressure even when comparing two oxygenated fuels. Graphs are presented showing minimum cold starting temperature as a function of fuel-air equivalence ratio. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Gasohol KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Indolene KW - Laboratory tests KW - Methanol KW - Performance KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450927 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hardy, K S AU - Roan, V P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT PY - 1985 SP - 17 p. AB - This paper is a summary of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory assessment of advanced electric and hybrid vehicles for potential development by the early 1990s. The primary objective of the assessment was to recommend subsystem research priorities based on a comparison of alternatives as part of complete vehicle systems with equivalent performance. The assessment included evaluations of candidate technologies as well as technical and economic comparisons of vehicle systems for specified missions. The availability of nonpetroleum fuel was also addressed, and preference analyses were used to help evaluate the relative merits of the competing systems. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Concept vehicles KW - Development KW - Economic analysis KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269900 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450929 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kawase, M AU - KATO, Y AU - Asada, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-PURPOSE ROBOT CONTROLLER AND ITS APPLICATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - A Multi-Purpose Robot Controller has been developed. By this controller, considering economical merit, popular robots within 4 axes are controlled. In this paper, the structure of the system, the outline of the automated system, the total evaluation of robots applied to several typical processes, and the realized system are described. In the future, this controller will work with various machines and will release workers from heavy and monotonous work. KW - Automobile industry KW - Controllers KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Manufacturing KW - Multiple use KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451888 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - NELEMANS, F A AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - MEDICINES AND NARCOTICS: THE IMPAIRMENT IN DRIVERS' ABILITY TO DRIVE SAFELY PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 25-26 AB - This paper discusses the problem of driver impairment by medicines and narcotic drugs and how to deal with it. Of great importance is the fact that it must be proved that the drug was in the body on the moment in question. If it is permitted to take blood from the accused, this problem can be solved. It is suggested that legal limits be established for each drug and proposed limits for several drugs are presented. With regard to prescribed medicines, it is suggested that comprehensive information be given to doctors, pharmacists and patients on what is known about their effects on the ability to drive. KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Education KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Medicine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270457 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451301 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kurimoto, K AU - Ohta, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PRACTICAL DATA PROCESSING METHOD FOR VEHICLE DECELERATION DURING IMPACT PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - Deceleration data of vehicle occupant compartment contain fundamental information related to structural integrity and vehicle/occupant interaction as well. This paper describes the selection of filter characteristics relevant to identification, from noisy accelerometer data on the frontal impact, of the underlying crash pulse shape to be used as an input to analytical simulation model or as a loading condition to sled test. By comparing the response of occupant to full scale experiment among those by numerical calculation, where the occupant is represented by a two-dimensional five mass mathematical model, stimulated by vehicle deceleration processed through filter with various characteristics, the appropriate filter characteristics are discussed in relation to HIC (Head Injury Criteria) and the displacement of the occupant. KW - Deceleration KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451303 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DIGGES, K H AU - Nicholson, R M AU - Rouse, E J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE TECHNICAL BASIS FOR THE CENTER HIGH MOUNTED STOPLAMP PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - A Federal Regulation has recently been promulgated that will require all new automobiles to be equipped with a Center High Mounted Stoplamp. This paper presents an overview of the research, field tests, and economic analyses that defined the potential benefits of the stoplamp, and served as the basis for the regulation. KW - Benefits KW - Center mount stop lights KW - Economic analysis KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Field tests KW - High mounting KW - Regulations KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270155 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451305 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MacKay, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWO YEARS' EXPERIENCE WITH THE SEAT BELT LAW IN BRITAIN PY - 1985 SP - 15 p. AB - Seat belt use rates are discussed and some vehicle, user and environmental factors influencing voluntary usage rates are outlined. Educational efforts in raising usage rates in Britain voluntarily, showed a ceiling level of 30 to 40%. The legislative process leading up to the passage of the seat belt law in Britain is described and the main issues of public policy are outlined. The provisions of the law introduced in January 1983 are summarised, and then its effect on belt usage rates, deaths and casualties is reviewed. A 25% reduction in deaths and injuries on a year-on-year basis occurred coincident with an increase in belt use from about 40% to 90%. No significant changes appear to have occurred in other casualty classes. Some of the practical problems which have appeared post-law are discussed. Finally, some longer term casualty rate data are presented to illustrate the role of the seat belt legislation in trends over the last decade. The continuing problems of restrained drivers being injured from steering wheels is mentioned, together with the effects of no rear seat belts being required in cars in Britain. KW - Data analysis KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Public policy KW - Rear seats KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Steering wheels KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United Kingdom KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450780 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KRAMER, F AU - Heger, A AU - Appel, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRANSLATIONS OF TESTS OF COMPONENTS INTO OCCUPANT MODELS AND CONTACT MODELS PY - 1985 SP - 17 p. AB - The motion of occupants under the conditions of traffic accidents can be described in more or less extensive simulation models. For the evaluation of loadings on occupants, it is indispensable to include all exterior forces (e.g. seat forces) which have influence on motion behaviour, as well as contact models which describe contact forces during impact (e.g. against the steering wheel). In component tests, seat belt material, steering wheel and seat were examined; force/deflection characteristics were derived from these experimental results. Utilization of these dynamic characteristics in simulation models results in a realistic description of the motion of the occupant. In this way, mechanical loads on the occupant can also be evaluated, this enabling the assessment of risk of injury. KW - Deflection KW - Force KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mechanical loads KW - Motion KW - Risk assessment KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450782 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Willoughby, D A AU - Williams, J AU - Carroll, G W AU - Sun, R L AU - Maxwell, T T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A QUASI-THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE FOR PREDICTION OF TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH THE FRONT-END OF VEHICLES PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - This paper describes the computational technique used to predict flow over and through the front end of vehicles; this scope includes flow over the hood, around air dams, through condensers, radiators, fans, and in the engine compartment. The computational procedure employed is a finite-difference method for solving time-averaged equations for turbulent flow using the k-epsilon model. A two-dimensional program was modified to add variable-depth cells (in the direction of car width) so that some three-dimensional features could be included. A turbulence model was used which is applicable to rotational and irrotational areas of the flow field. The total system model was calibrated with wind-tunnel data, and various modifications to the vehicle configuration were studied. Results from the predictions were compared with wind-tunnel test data. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Finite differences KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Three dimensional KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulent flow KW - Vehicle design KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450931 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Giek, G G AU - Thurmond, J C AU - McIntyre, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A STATE OF THE ART APPROACH TO PROPER CAR CARE PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - The American Automobile Association provides a broad-based program of car care education for members and non-members. This program increases awareness of the need for improved automotive maintenance and should result in more reliable and safer cars. Studies of frequent diagnostic and maintenance faults found by AAA's automotive diagnostic services testing confirm the need for routine maintenance that can be performed by car owners if they have basic instruction. A comprehensive response to the need of motorists for car care assistance is discussed along with a description of programs that have been developed. The implications for automotive and automotive-related service industries are evident and are addressed from the standpoint of the motorist and AAA member. KW - Awareness KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Education KW - State of the art studies KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451289 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - CHILDREN IN CRASHES PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - All States and the District of Columbia now require by law that some young children ride in restraints, and these laws have increased restraint use somewhat. Education campaigns and free-loan programs can help increase restraint use too. These are important steps, but they have not solved the problem of young children dying as motor vehicle passengers. This publication looks at the national public health tragedy of children in motor vehicle crashes. It describes special problems (riding unrestrained, lap travel, hazards in the passenger compartment, misuse of car seats, etc.), shows what happens to unrestrained children in a crash, and examines various ways children could be better protected. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Death rate KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Misuse KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Public health KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450773 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - WOOD, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GENERAL MOTORS FOURTH GENERATION TPC TIRES PY - 1985 SP - 19 p. AB - General Motors requires that tires used on its vehicles meet certain performance requirements. Since the establishment of this Tire Performance Criteria (TPC) System, tire design, compounding technology, and testing capabilities have improved. Additional performance parameters important to the total tire/vehicle system have been identified and appropriate additional tire performance requirements have been established. Updated TPC test procedures and specifications are presented. Prior to 1984, three generations of TPC specification tires had been developed for General Motors' vehicles. For 1984 and 1985 model years, development of a fourth generation of TPC specification tires was completed. The considerations which led to establishment of performance goals are discussed. Test data in major tire performance categories are presented in general summary form comparing fourth generation to third generation TPC specification tires. Fourth generation tire performance specifications are contained in the Appendix. KW - Design KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269763 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450774 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schuring, D J AU - Siegfried, J F AU - Hall, G L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRANSIENT SPEED AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON ROLLING LOSS OF PASSENGER CAR TIRES PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - The effect of tire speed and temperature on rolling loss is described by two new tire characteristics: The speed factor indicates the relative change of rolling loss at a rapid speed change, and the temperature factor indicates the relative change of rolling loss at a tire temperature change. The two factors are derived from a general relation between rolling loss, tire temperature, and speed; this relation is valid for steady-state as well as transient conditions. KW - Rolling loss KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450787 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Buckley, F T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN IMPROVED OVER-THE-ROAD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE FUEL SAVINGS BENEFIT OF A TRUCK AERODYNAMIC DRAG-REDUCING DEVICE PY - 1985 SP - 11 p. AB - The problem of evaluating the fuel savings benefit of a truck aerodynamic drag-reducing device in an over-the-road test is addressed. A demonstration of the limitations of current SAE short-term test methods led to the development of a modified, wind-monitoring-based procedure which facilitates a more fundamental analysis of the test data from which a more meaningful estimate of the long-term fuel savings benefit can be derived. Sample results from the application of the new test and analysis procedure are reported to demonstrate the usefulness of the improved test technique. The procedure also provides findings that are of interest in wind-tunnel-to-road correlation exercises. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Data analysis KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Road tests KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269777 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450788 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SAUNDERS, J W AU - Watkins, S AU - Hoffmann, P H AU - Buckley, F T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF ON-ROAD AND WIND-TUNNEL TESTS FOR TRACTOR-TRAILER AERODYNAMIC DEVICES, AND FUEL SAVINGS PREDICTIONS PY - 1985 SP - 13 p. AB - Wind tunnels which are large enough for full-scale trucks are rare, and the cost of satisfactorily-detailed models for smaller tunnels is high. The work presented shows the results from the application of a method which provides an over-the-road evaluation of the incremental changes in fuel consumption and drag coefficient produced following the addition of a variety of aerodynamic drag reducing devices to a tractor-trailer truck combination. The devices tested were an aerodynamic sunvisor, a roof-mounted air deflector, cab extenders, cab skirts, a trailer nose fairing, a set of trailer quads (quarter-rounds), and trailer skirts which were mounted on a low-forward-entry tractor and high box-van trailer. The significant differences between the wind tunnel and on-road drag reductions suggest that the effects of on-road wind turbulence can substantially reduce the wind tunnel results even though a 1.5% turbulence intensity level was used in the tunnel experiments. These experiments have highlighted that the wind tunnel results were optimistic and suggest a need for on-road testing to more accurately evaluate the benefit of aerodynamic devices for trucks. The on-road results finally are used to predict the resultant fuel economies for various loads and speed conditions. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Road tests KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Turbulence KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450922 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - King, R D AU - Park, J N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTEGRATION AND SYSTEM TESTS OF THE FORD/GENERAL ELECTRIC AC ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEM PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - An advanced alternating current drive system, discussed in this paper, is being developed by the General Electric Company for Ford Motor Company's "Advanced Electric Vehicle Powertrain Effort," which is a major element of DOE's Single Shaft Electric Propulsion System Program. The integrated transaxle consists of an oil-cooled 50 hp ac induction motor mounted within a 2-speed transaxle. Direct current from the nominal 204 V battery pack is converted to variable frequency, variable voltage 3-phase ac current by a liquid-cooled transistor inverter. A custom-designed inverter motor controller, containing two 8751 microcomputers plus analog and digital circuitry, translates torque commands from the vehicle microcomputer-based controller to the inverter transistor base drivers that turn on/off power Darlington transistors at appropriate times. After a review of the electric drive system ratings, details of the transistor inverter will be presented. Control strategy and controller design will be summarized. Electric drive integration and system test results will be presented. KW - Alternating current KW - Electric drives KW - Electric power KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electrical systems KW - Inverters KW - Microcomputers KW - Power trains KW - Propulsion KW - Test results KW - Transaxles KW - Transistors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269895 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450923 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Slicker, J M AU - KALNS, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED AC POWERTRAIN FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES PY - 1985 SP - 18 p. AB - This paper describes the design of an AC propulsion system for an electric vehicle, including a three-phase induction motor, transistorized PWM inverter/battery charge, microprocesor-based controller, and two-speed automatic transaxle. This system was built and installed in a Mercury Lynx test bed vehicle as part of a Department of Energy propulsion system development program. Design information on the transaxle is given. Integration of the transaxle to meet system needs is described. An integral part of the inverter is a 4-kw battery charger which utilizes one of the bridge transistors. The overall inverter strategy for this configuration is discussed. The function of the microprocessor-based controller is described. Typical test results of the total vehicle and each of its major components are given, including system efficiencies and test track performance results. KW - Alternating current KW - Design KW - Electric power KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electrical systems KW - Inverters KW - Microprocessors KW - Performance KW - Power trains KW - Propulsion KW - Test results KW - Transaxles KW - Transistors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451293 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mertz, H J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BIOFIDELITY OF THE HYBRID III HEAD PY - 1985 SP - 9 p. AB - An analysis was done of published forehead head impact data from cadaver specimens. Only data that were sufficiently documented to allow duplication of the impact environment were used in the analysis. A Hybrid III head, a Part 572 head, a Repeatable Pete head and two WSU heads were subjected to the same impact environments as the cadavers. A comparison of peak resultant head accelerations indicated that the Hybrid III response was the most representative of the cadaver data. The Part 572 head produced accelerations which were greater than the responses of the cadavers. These results support the claim that the Hybrid III head's response is humanlike for forehead impacts. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Impact tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270145 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451294 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Breed, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CAN WE DEVELOP LESS EXPENSIVE AIRBAGS? PY - 1985 SP - 5 p. AB - An all-mechanical self-contained airbag has been developed that avoids the complexities of electrical systems and thus is less expensive and easier to install. The system, based on conventional military fuzing technology, evolved from computer math models that found a sensor response curve which would provide timely airbag deployment while detecting the crash pulse outside the crush zone. KW - Air bags KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270146 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451311 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - IDA, T AU - Hasumi, N AU - Shimazaki, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEATING SYSTEM UTILIZING EXHAUST HEAT WITH EMPHASIS ON DEFROSTING PERFORMANCE PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - A new heating system for the micro minivan (0.55 liter engine) has now been developed incorporating a heat exchanger with a gas flow control valve for recovering and using exhaust heat. The system has improved heating capacity and defrosting performance comparable to those of minivans (1.5 to 1.8 liter engines). This practical system, providing greater safety and passenger comfort in cold weather, is reported here. KW - Comfort KW - Defrosting KW - Deicing KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heat KW - Heat capacity KW - Heat exchangers KW - Heat loss KW - Heat recovery KW - Microminivans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270163 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451312 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pirkey, D B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FUEL ECONOMY LABEL--A CASE STUDY IN GOVERNMENT RULEMAKING PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - On April 6, 1984, EPA announced a final rule (40 CFR Part 600, Vol. 49, No. 68) which amended the Federal Fuel Economy Information Program by prescribing adjustment factors for the Federal fuel economy numbers and by establishing a new format for the Federal fuel economy label displayed on new vehicles. This rule, one of over 5,000 documents printed in the 1984 Federal Register rule section, presents some interesting lessons about development of government regulations. The contents of this rule amended an existing rule, did not have a "major" impact on the economy, and was not considered to be controversial. Nonetheless, this rule represents at least nine years of work, negotiations, and deliberations by Federal and private sector organizations. The history of this rule can provide insight into the Federal rulemaking process, and the forces affecting that process. KW - Federal government KW - Fuel conservation KW - Labeling KW - Regulations KW - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451615 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING... PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - This publication contains consumer information on Uniform Tire Quality Grading by brand name, construction (bias, bias belted, radial), tire line, and tire size. The three grades covered are treadwear grade, traction grade, and temperature grade. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Standardization KW - Temperature KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269210 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451297 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Groesch, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CHEST INJURY CRITERIA FOR COMBINED RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1985 SP - 4 p. AB - The expected improved performance of a combined restraint system where an airbag supplements the conventional safety belt was not reflected in reduced g-values on the dummy's chest. However, by the distribution of force over the wider area of the airbag and the corresponding reduction of the specific pressure exerted by the three point belt, improved occupant protection is actually produced. Therefore, measurable quantities other than acceleration should be selected to evaluate the risk of chest injury, such as belt load or chest deflection. A new method to measure the deflection of dummy ribs with strain gauges has been developed. The resulting data indicate a significantly reduced chest deflection when a combined system is used. KW - Air bags KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Risk assessment KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451308 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hercamp, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REDUCED DURABILITY DUE TO A FRICTION MODIFIER IN HEAVY DUTY DIESEL LUBRICANTS PY - 1985 SP - 10 p. AB - Rapid corrosive wear of copper alloys caused by a friction reducing additive was encountered in field tests of experimental lubricants. This oil soluble molybdenum, sulphur, and phosphorous containing additive subsequently was used in several commercial heavy duty diesel lubricants although the additive manufacturer did not recommend it for such applications. Numerous engine failures occurred due to the aggressiveness of this additive toward copper. Standard laboratory engine test methods or standard bench test methods did not predict the severe field problem. A new laboratory engine test method has been shown to duplicate the field failures. Bench test methods to duplicate the field failures are discussed. The mode of failure is shown and described. KW - Bench tests KW - Copper alloys KW - Corrosion KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Friction materials KW - Friction modifiers KW - Heavy duty engines KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oil additives KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270160 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451315 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bajer, T A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A TECHNICAL DESIGN APPROACH TO A GAS TURBINE FOR VEHICLE APPLICATIONS PY - 1985 SP - 11 p. AB - The contemporary heavy duty vehicle market, whether commercial or military, demands a powerplant that meets performance goals of power density and fuel economy, is cost effective, and has uncompromising reliability. Gas turbine engines have demonstrated these qualities in aircraft propulsion. When applying these same criteria for vehicular propulsion, gas turbines have been deemed uncompetitive due to high fuel comsumption and diminished performance at part load, and high acquisition cost. Therefore, the challenge remained to design a gas turbine engine that incorporates all the advantages demonstrated in the aircraft industry (i.e., high reliability), but significantly lower the costs, and give the engine good part load fuel economy. This paper describes the studies and tradeoffs made in the design of a gas turbine engine, designated the GT601, which has demonstrated the ability to meet the vehicular propulsion system goals. Also documented is the more than 10,000 hours of test cell and vehicular experience, that demonstrates the reliability currently available for a vehicular gas turbine designed for the 1980's and beyond. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gas turbines KW - Heavy duty engines KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Reliability KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270167 ER - TY - SER AN - 00451819 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAY CAPACITY, TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS, AND FLOW THEORY SN - 0309038154 PY - 1985 IS - 1005 SP - 128p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Callahan Tunnel Capacity Management, H.S. Levinson et al; Quantitative Measure of Levels of Service, F.M. Croft, Jr. and J.E. Clark; Highlights of the Canadian Capacity Guide for Signalized Intersections, S. Teply, with Discussion by R.H. Wortman and Author's Closure; Signal Delay with Platoon Arrivals, J.M. Staniewicz and H.S. Levinson, with Discussion by E.C. Chang and Authors' Closure; Analysis of Light Rail Vehicle Clearance Time at Intersections, W. Grote and J.C. Yu; Evaluation of Queue Dissipation Simulation Models for Analysis of Presence-Mode Full-Actuated Signal Control, F-B. Lin; Another Look at Identifying Speed-Flow Relationships on Freeways, B.L. Allen et al; Investigation of the Effect of Change in Vehicular Characteristics on Highway Capacity and Level of Service, A.E. Radwan and S.A.F. Kalevela; Indo-Swedish Road Traffic Simulation Model: Generalized Traffic System Simulator, S.P. Palaniswamy et al; Reduced-Delay Optimization and Other Enhancements in the PASSER II-84 Program, E. C-P. Chang et al; Minimum Delay Optimization of a Maximum Bandwidth Solution to Arterial Signal Timing (Abridgment), E.C-P. Chang and C.J. Messer; Analysis of Traffic Network Flow Relations and Two-Fluid Model Parameter Sensitivity, J.C. Williams et al; Macroparticle Traffic Simulation Model to Investigate Peak-Period Commuter Decision Dynamics, G-L. Chang et al; Creation of Data Sets to Study Microscopic Traffic Flow in Freeway Bottleneck Sections, S.A. Smith and M.E. Roskin. KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Level of service KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic simulation KW - Tunnel traffic operations KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451864 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ALCOHOL AND TRAUMA PY - 1985 VL - 13 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 27-28 AB - Alcohol consumption is an underlying but often overlooked risk factor for many injuries, including vehicular accidents, falls, drownings, homicides, suicides, and burns. This review of an article from the Annals of Emergency Medicine, November, 1984, points out that, according to Albert B. Lowenfels, M.D., author of the study, young drivers constitute a high-risk group especially prone to fatal automobile accidents and the use of alcohol plays a prominent role in these deaths. The study also shows that in automobile pedestrian accidents the pedestrian has often been drinking prior to the accident. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270435 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450777 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - White, K P AU - Gabler, H C AU - Pilkey, W D AU - HOLLOWELL, W T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION OF THE CRASHWORTHINESS OF A PASSENGER VEHICLE IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY PY - 1985 SP - 14 p. AB - Although computer simulation is regarded primarily as a tool for systems analysis, simulation can also be used in the process of systems optimization. This paper describes recent enhancements to a computer program package which enables the use of vehicle and occupant simulation models in determining the design of vehicles and restraints for maximum occupant impact protection. Also described is an application of this program package to determine the optimal design of a passenger vehicle involved in frontal collisions. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design KW - Frontal crashes KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Occupant restraint KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Restraint systems KW - Simulation KW - System design KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269767 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450784 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hackett, J E AU - Williams, J E AU - Patrick, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WAKE TRAVERSES BEHIND PRODUCTION CARS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION PY - 1985 SP - 22 p. AB - Over the past decades substantial advances have been made in reducing the drag of automobiles. As might have been expected, the early performance gains were relatively easy but future gains are becoming increasingly difficult to achieve. A diagnostic method which is both quantitative and independent of the model is sorely needed. This paper discusses experimental measurements of wakes behind .154-scale model production cars and comparisons to balance measurements. Models, test equipment, and data analysis are discussed. Explanations of the wake flow results in relation to the car modifications are included. Correlation of the wake drag integral to the balance drag measurement is good; however, some questions remain relative to the influence of fixed-ground skin friction. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Drag KW - Flow KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Scale models KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269774 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450791 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - WALZER, P AU - HEINRICH, H AU - Langer, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CERAMIC COMPONENTS IN PASSENGER-CAR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - Components for diesel engines are being developed from various ceramic materials. The properties of the most interesting materials, the process technology and the design of the components are described. Experimental results with thermal insulation of combustion chamber components and with wear resistance shielding of valve train components are being reported. The response of turbochargers using low density ceramic rotors is tested and the temperature loads on ceramic particulate filters during regeneration are being measured. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Combustion chambers KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Properties of materials KW - Shielding KW - Technology KW - Turbochargers KW - Valve trains KW - Valves KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450919 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pinard, R AU - Trannguyen, H AU - Lemiere, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DOES VEHICLE EXPERIMENTAL TESTING GIVE A RELIABLE IDEA OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE VEHICLE WHEN DRIVEN BY THE CUSTOMER? PY - 1985 SP - 4 p. AB - Automobile manufacturers perform predictive studies and tests to ensure--right from the design stage--that new products will meet the necessary reliability requirements when they are commercialized. The following paper deals with the definition of the corresponding test requirements. We aim at: calculating expected reliability under actual operating conditions, using reliability measured during the test as a base, and applying the necessary design modification resulting from comparisons between the tests and our objectives; and creating rules, methods and technical testing procedures that are quick, provide good examples of reliability, and are applicable to external suppliers. To attain these objectives, it is necessary to first define a method for measuring the relationship between testing conditions and actual service conditions. We can establish such a relationship either by comparing failures or by measuring stresses. The results obtained by Renault reveal the existence of a relationship that varies with the vehicle part (the engine, gear-box or car frame) and the type of vehicle; a study of each case is warranted. Our comments follow, along with comparisons between the resulting testing techniques and the consequences quick and representative tests have on research. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Field performance KW - Industries KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450926 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nautiyal, P C AU - GOETZ, W A AU - Hoffman-Goetz, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COLD START WEAR PERFORMANCE IN METHANOL AND GASOLINE ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - 8 p. AB - Rapid engine wear is one of the most serious problems associated in the commercial exploitation of carburetted, straight methanol spark ignited engines. The existing lubricants are reported to be deficient in the control of cylinder bore and piston ring wear. Whereas, extensive efforts have been made to develop improved lubricants, the problem of increased wear of methanol has not, as yet, been satisfactorily addressed. The various mechanisms proposed for this increased wear have been examined in this paper. It was recognized that the conditions which aggravate the wear of methanol engines are encountered during cold start and warm-up due to the differences in the volatility characteristics of this fuel. In this study, cold start wear tests were conducted in a cold room with temperature control ranging from plus 25 deg to minus 40 deg C. Wear data of methanol engines, under starting conditions typical of the Canadian environment, are compared with data of a gasoline counterpart. The analysis of these data so obtained suggests that a temperature dependent theory is valid to explain the cold start wear results. Further, the cold start wear can be a significant portion of the total wear and is attributed to the direct attack of methanol on the cylinder walls in the first few seconds of engine operation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Cold weather KW - Engine operation KW - Engine warmup KW - Fuel volatility KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Volatility KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451801 AU - NYGAARD, B AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - ROAD SIGNS IN INTERSECTIONS ON THE PUBLIC HIGHWAY NETWORK T2 - VAGVISNING I KORSNINGAR PA DET ALLMANNA VAGNATET PY - 1985 SP - 56 p. AB - In Sweden two different systems are used for road guidance at crossings, i.e. stack direction signs and diagrammatic signs. At laboratory and field tests of present and new designs for road guidance, differences in detection, readability and interpretation have been studied. The quickest and most correct interpretations are noticed at diagrammatic signs and new designs where the place-names on the table are classified below arrows for the respective geographical direction. Field measurements of the reactions to different designs of passing vehicles present perception times of up to 7-8 seconds corresponding to a running distance of more than 175 metres. Roadside interview studies and colour slide presentations for car drivers indicate longer apprehension times and more wrong answers when one tries to transmit road guidance information via colour and road number coding compared with place-names and arrows. Studies of eye movements and fixation patterns strengthen these statements and the importance of the relative position of the text and arrows for a quick and correct interpretation. Tests in a vehicle simulator also point out the main tendencies even when the noted times for apprehension below two seconds indicate lacks in simulator reality for this kind of task. KW - Design KW - Driver perception KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Intersections KW - Interviewing KW - Perception KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451808 AU - American Psychological Association TI - SEAT BELTS: WHY WON'T AMERICANS BUCKLE UP? PY - 1985 SP - 4 p. AB - This article presents the views of psychologists who try to explain why the vast majority of Americans do not use seat belts. Psychologists who have studied the problem believe that drivers and passengers do not comprehend the risk they take when they ride without a seat belt. The very low probability of having an accident on a simple trip gives people a false sense of security and people feel it is not worthwhile wearing a seat belt. People's view of seat belts is likened to their view of insurance. It is also felt that the environment does not encourage seat belts (e.g. TV heroes are not portrayed buckling seat belts). Myths and misunderstandings (such as the fear of being "trapped" by the seat belt) have also determined seat belt usage. Some legitimate reasons for non-usage have also been cited, e.g. the inconvenience and discomfort involved. It is pointed out that where people do not and cannot appreciate the risks involved, the government has a duty to protect them by passing seat belt use laws. Voluntary incentives programs to boost belt use are also recommended. However, a mandatory usage law is many times more effective. It is noted that safety can only be enhanced to the extent that the population develops a desire to be safe: the public should be taught to value not having an accident. KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passengers KW - Psychological aspects KW - Risk assessment KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266941 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450631 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Koneda, P T AU - Stockton, T R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN OF A TWO-SPEED AUTOMATIC TRANSAXLE FOR AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE PY - 1985 SP - 10 p. AB - An advanced electric vehicle powertrain has been designed by the Ford Motor Company. This unique powertrain concept totally integrates a three phase ac induction motor with a two speed fully automatic transaxle, arranged concentrically about the drive wheel axis. The motor and transaxle assembly is designed to provide a low cost, lightweight, highly efficient, and practical powertrain system based upon the most advanced automotive practices. This program is funded as a major element of the Department of Energy's "Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program" and includes the General Electric Company as a major subcontractor to Ford. KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric vehicles KW - Power trains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269631 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399992 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Malliaris, A C AU - HITCHCOCK, R AU - Hansen, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HARM CAUSATION AND RANKING IN CAR CRASHES PY - 1985 SP - 23 p. AB - This paper addresses the crash protection of occupants of the car fleet in transition from the late 1970's to the early 1980's. Three files of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are used: the NASS 1979 to 1983, the FARS 1979 to 1983, and the NCSS 1977 to 1979. Fatalities, injured survivors by severity, and all accident involved car occupants are addressed. Risks of crash and injury outcomes are determined and analyzed as a function of risk influencing factors, especially factors that may vary significantly during the time period under consideration. Ejection risks and ejection patterns are addressed explicitly. Harm, an earlier introduced human casualty integrator, and harm distributions are extensively examined and updated with respect to earlier results. Harm and harm pattern changes, whether statistical fluctuations or systematic variations, are analyzed. The principal conclusions of this study are: The very significant reduction of car occupant casualties that took place in the early 1980's is concurrent with an equally significant reduction of accident involved car occupants. However, casualty risks per involved occupant remain remarkably constant during this period. There are indications that the car fleet crashworthiness improved significantly, on a crash-severity-specific basis, but the benefits of this improvement may have been denied by a shift of crash severities towards higher values. However, no major shifts are evident in harm distribution patterns. With minor exceptions, sources of injury and injured body regions retain the rankings assigned to them in an earlier study on the basis of harm and harm reduction potential. KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450132 AU - Kansas Department of Transportation TI - SCHOOL BUS LOADING & UNLOADING SURVEY. CALENDAR YEAR 1983. SCHOOL YEAR 83-84 PY - 1985 SP - 28 p. AB - The National School Bus Loading and Unloading Survey is a collection of fatality accident records provided by the state agencies responsible for school transportation safety and or accident records. Only those fatality accidents involving school children in or around the loading or unloading areas of a school bus are included in the survey. On board fatalities are excluded, as are pedestrian type fatalities that occur when the school bus is not in the near vicinity at the time of the accident. KW - Alighting KW - Boarding KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - School buses KW - School children KW - State government KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399995 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Plastiras, J K AU - LANGE, R C AU - McCarthy, R L AU - Padmanaban, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EXAMINATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN VEHICLE PERFORMANCE IN FMVSS 216 VERSUS INJURY RATES IN ROLLOVER ACCIDENTS PY - 1985 SP - 5 p. AB - The authors report on an examination of the relationship, or correlation, between performance in the roof crush test (FMVSS 216) and the likelihood of injury following rollover for different car models. Specifically, it has been asserted that roof crush test performance is a valid indicator of the protection afforded passengers in a rollover accident. If this is correct, it would be expected that cars which perform relatively "better" in the roof crush test will also perform relatively "better" in protecting passengers in rollover accidents on the road. Performance in the roof crush test is measured by inches of roof deflection for application of a load through a rigid, unyielding plate placed in specific orientation with respect to the automobile roof. Protection of passengers in rollover accidents is measured by actual injury rates obtained from accident/injury data from the state of Washington collected for multiple model and accident years. Three statistical indicators (rank correlation statistic, sample correlation coefficient, and linear regression) have been applied to the roof crush test and rollover accident data for a collection of twelve different car models. This analysis reveals that there is no apparent relationship between roof crush performance, as measured by the roof crush test specified in FMVSS 216, and occupant protection, as measured by injury rates reported in the Washington state accident data base. KW - Crushing KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Injuries KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Performance tests KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roof crush KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218505 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399996 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Compton, C AU - Studer, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INJURY SEVERITY EJECTION, AND OCCUPANT CONTACTS IN PASSENGER CAR ROLLOVER CRASHES PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - Ejection from a motor vehicle has been considered a hazardous event with the belief that occupant impacts outside of the car are the injury causing event. Analysis of NCSS data, and of Washtenaw County, Michigan crashes indicates, that more than half of the more serious injuries (greater than or equal to AIS 3) occurred within the car prior to the ejection. Also in rollover crashes, side glass areas are the main portals of ejection, with the major injury being sustained within the car prior to ejection, occurring more often in far side down rollovers. KW - Ejection KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Interior KW - Rollover crashes KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450652 AU - SPOLANDER, K AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - DRIVER TRAINING. DRIVERS' EXPERIENCES OF TRAINING AND TESTS T2 - BILFOERARUTBILDNINGEN. FOERARNAS ERFARENHETER AV UTBILDNING OCH PROV PY - 1985 SP - 54 p. AB - This study, carried out by sending questionnaires to almost 3,500 drivers who had held their licences for a short period only, shows that the private element in the driver training is considerable. The driving school teachers certainly play an important part. For 80 percent of the drivers they take part in the training in varying degrees, but the private teachers, especially parents, are very important. Since the middle of the 1970's the training in driving schools seems to have decreased. Certain learning units have been insufficiently penetrated according to the drivers, e.g., driving in situations aggravated by the weather, state of the road, and darkness, overtaking, intersections with unprotected road users, etc. Most of the theoretical learning units in the training as well as those based on traffic rules are considered to have occurred to a sufficient extent. Half of the drivers have received compulsory skid training. Their ratings of the training are very favourable from a personal point of view as well as a general. The actual time of practice is short, a full hour behind the steering wheel. Half of the pupils were not accustomed to the car model used, and half of them were not accompanied by a teacher when training. The opinions of the tests are mainly positive. Most of the drivers find both the driving test and the theoretical test long enough. The main part of the drivers are of the opinion that most questions in the theoretical test deal with matters of importance to traffic safety. As to the degree of difficulty of the tests most of the drivers rated it as moderate or even easy. The opinions of the safety relevance of the driving test are, however, not entirely positive. Among those who have had their licences for three years (the longest period) one half is positive and the other negative. KW - Driver training KW - Driving instructors KW - Driving tests KW - Parents KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266226 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450632 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Anderson, R W G AU - Asik, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LEAN AIR-FUEL IGNITION SYSTEM COMPARISON IN A FAST-BURN ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - 10 p. AB - Ignition experiments were performed with a fast burn, single cylinder engine with the objective of comparing lean air-fuel ignitability characteristics. Ignition system variables investigated were: plug type, ignition energy, ignition power input, firing duration, and a plasma jet ignitor. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Engines KW - Fast burn engines KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Ignition systems KW - Lean fuel mixtures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450651 AU - Westman, K AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - THE BENEFITS OF USING ENGINE HEATERS IN CARS T2 - NYTTAN AV ATT ANVANDA ELEKTRISK MOTORVARMARE I BIL PY - 1985 SP - 47 p. AB - In addition, to easier starting, engine heaters have also been found to produce fuel savings. The report is intended to show how much fuel the individual motorist and motorists in general can save in one year by using an electric engine heater. A further objective is to determine if and when profitability can be expected by the individual and/or the community through using electric engine heaters. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Electric engine heaters KW - Electrical equipment KW - Engine components KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450362 AU - Laurell, H AU - Olausson, M AU - SOERENSEN, H AU - Toernros, J AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - EVALUATION OF A VEHICLE CARRYING DEVICE FOR SIMULATION OF LOW FRICTION-SKID-CAR T2 - UTVARDERING AV FORDONSBARANDE ANORDNING FOER HALKSIMULERING SKID-CAR PY - 1985 SP - 26 p. AB - The report describes the evaluation of a vehicle carrying device for simulation of low friction-- Skid-Car. The evaluation was carried out in three STET phases: I vehicle dynamic comparations, II educational effectiveness, and III expertsubjective judgements. The results indicate that Skid-Car should be able to serve as an useful alternative instrument for the training of driving in low friction conditions. KW - Driver training KW - Friction KW - Low friction KW - Simulation KW - Skid control KW - Skid resistance KW - Vehicle carrying device UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266107 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399990 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Murphy, T E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1985 SP - 11 p. AB - Statistical studies show that each power system from a milliwatts rating (batteries and mechanical springs) to a megawatts rating (steam and gas turbines) has optimum (minimum) weight per horsepower, minimum volume (box) per horsepower, and minimum fuel consumption (maximum brake thermal efficiency) within a limited range of output. In the case of heat engines, the basic parameters involved are the maximum efficiency of the ideal thermodynamic cycle, which is about the same for all heat engines, and the losses due to heat transfer and fluid friction. Also involved are maximum heat flux and mechanical friction at moving surfaces. This paper discusses the effect of size on such parameters as surface-to-volume ratio (heat loss) and wetted perimeter to cross section area (fluid friction) and the effect of these parameters on power system performance. From these considerations, one must come to the inevitable conclusion that the amount one can scale a system up or down is definitely limited, e.g., steam turbines or even gas turbines for a passenger car (100 HP or less) are more than likely out of the allowable range for optimum performance. KW - Automobile engines KW - Engine performance KW - Fluid friction KW - Fluid mechanics KW - Heat loss KW - Optimization KW - Size KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450147 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - PATTERNS OF SHOPPING BEHAVIOR IN AUTO INSURANCE PY - 1985 SP - 4 p. AB - This is a news release on a study by the All-Industry Research Advisory Council on the way consumers obtain and use information when buying automobile insurance. The study involved telephone interviews with 2,989 vehicle owning households in California, Illinois, New York, Wisconsin, Texas and Georgia. Additionally, AIRAC supplemented survey data by contacting insurance and noninsurance sources from all 50 states to determine what kinds of automobile insurance shopping information is available to consumers. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Interviewing KW - Purchasing KW - Surveys KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450633 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Knapp, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DATA ACQUISITION RESULTS FROM LOS ANGELES TRAFFIC TESTS PY - 1985 SP - 11 p. AB - Information collected during Los Angeles Traffic Durability testing is examined with emphasis on the understanding of driving and braking patterns. A microcomputer vehicle data acquisition system developed by Ford Research Staff was employed to collect the data. A route description for a single day is presented in terms of vehicle speed and lining temperature histories. Histograms are used to characterize driving patterns from freeway, city, and hill portions of the route. An estimate of the distribution of brake work from this single day's data indicate that 40% of the brake work was associated with city driving, 30% with freeway driving, and the remaining 30% was a result of hill driving. KW - Braking KW - Cities KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Freeways KW - Hillslopes KW - Microcomputers KW - Patterns KW - Slopes KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269633 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399993 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Philippart, N L AU - Kuechenmeister, T J AU - Ferrara, R A AU - Arnold, A J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF THE STEERING WHEEL TO PEDAL RELATIONSHIP ON DRIVER-SELECTED SEAT POSITION PY - 1985 SP - 12 p. AB - A small car packaging study investigated the effects of the wheel to pedal relationship on driver selected seat position. The horizontal seat positions of sixty subjects stratified by stature and sex to represent the general driving population were recorded in package configurations with three pedal to wheel distances and three pedal-wheel relationships to the interior surface of the vehicle (windshield header, pillar, glass and instrument panel surface). Subjects utilized comparable amounts of seat travel in all configurations. Pedal to wheel distance and pedal-wheel relationship to the interior surface of the vehicle affected seat position independently. When the heel point location was held constant and horizontal wheel location was moved forward in 45mm increments, the seat position distributions shifted forward 5 to 10mm. Likewise, when the heel to wheel relationship was held constant but moved forward in 45mm increments in relation to the interior surface of the vehicle, the seat position distribution shifted forward 13 to 16mm. All distributions reasonably approximated normality. Shifts of such magnitude were found to be statistically different but in reality represented less than one seat detent of travel (22mm in GM vehicles). In addition, it appeared that in packages with tight heel to wheel distance, subjects gave greater priority to comfortable leg rather than arm reach when positioning their seats. KW - Comfort KW - Compact automobiles KW - Pedals KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Small car KW - Steering wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218503 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399994 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nagata, M AU - Kuriyama, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DRIVERS' VISUAL BEHAVIOR WITH DOOR AND FENDER MIRROR SYSTEMS PY - 1985 SP - 6 p. AB - This study investigates the drivers' visual behavior in obtaining information through door and fender mirror systems. The novice and experienced drivers had no differences in their pattern of eye-head coordination in mirror glance behavior. Both door and fender mirror systems on the right (driver) side appeared to have no differences for the novice and experienced drivers. However, the response time for the left (passenger) door mirror glance of the novice drivers was longer than that of the experienced drivers. This may be attributed to the location of the left door mirror which makes an angle over 70 degrees to the straight ahead of the drivers. Left fender mirror, rather than left door mirror, would be recommended for the novice drivers. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Experience KW - Knowledge KW - Mirrors KW - Novices KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218504 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399997 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ZOBEL, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIED PASSENGER PROTECTION RESULTS OF SIMULATION PY - 1985 SP - 19 p. AB - The deformation of the front and side structures of vehicles are optimized using an integrated approach by computer simulation of collisions of vehicles of different masses and different speeds of impact. When the costs of additional material and fuel consumption are held constant at present levels, the injury costs can be reduced by 25%. This reduction is possible by optimizing the interaction of the deformation structures of vehicles of different masses. The project "Economically Justified Passenger Protection" was a cooperative effort of Volkswagen (chairman), HUK-Verband, Porsche and the Technical University of Berlin. It was sponsored by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Development. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Economic analysis KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Research KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450366 AU - Glauz, W D AU - Bauer, K M AU - Migletz, D T AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Incorporated TI - EXPECTED TRAFFIC CONFLICT RATES AND THEIR USE IN PREDICTING ACCIDENTS PY - 1985 SP - 46 p. AB - The purpose of the present research was to establish relationships between traffic conflicts and accidents, and to identify expected and abnormal conflict rates given various circumstances. The data upon which the conclusions and recommendations are based were collected during the summer of 1982 at 46 signalized and unsignalized intersections in the greater Kansas City area. The conclusions are limited to daytime (0700 to 1800) and weekday (Monday-Thursday) traffic, and to dry pavement conditions. Accident/conflict ratios have been statistically determined for several types of collisions for each of four types of intersections (signalized high volume; signalized medium volume; unsignalized medium volume; unsignalized low volume). These ratios can be applied to comparable intersections to obtain an expects accident rate of a specific type after the appropriate conflict data are collected. Also, statistical procedures were developed to determine conflict rate values that could be considered "abnormally" high. Overall, traffic conflicts of certain types are good surrogates of accidents in that they produce estimates of average accident rates nearly as accurate, and just as precise, as those produced from historical accident data. Therefore, if there are insufficient accident data to produce an estimate, a conflicts study should be very helpful. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Forecasting KW - Intersections KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic conflicts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450653 AU - National Academy Press TI - INJURY IN AMERICA. A CONTINUING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM PY - 1985 SP - 164 p. AB - Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability in children and young adults. They destroy the health, liver, and livelihoods of millions of people, yet they receive scant attention, compared with diseases and other hazards. Injury is not an insoluble problem. Exciting opportunities to understand and prevent injuries and reduce their effects are available. By taking advantage of such opportunities, we can save or improve the lives of countless Americans who otherwise will die or become disabled because of injury. The committee found serious, but remediable, inadequacies in the understanding of and approach to injury as a health problem. The result of those inadequacies is that research efforts in injury are unfocused, lack continuity, and are undersupported. Many gaps exist in efforts to prevent and treat injury and deal with its aftermath. The committee found one recurrent theme in its examination of the current research effort on injury--the lack of a single coordinated focus of activity that would give visibility to this important public health issue and permit an organized program of effective action to address the problems. The second overriding problem the committee has identified is the lack of financial support for research on injury. The committee recognizes that competition for available dollars is already severe in this time of financial constraint, but contends that research on injury has been undersupported historically and that vast sums could be saved by a relatively small investment in this field. Chapter 1 of this report introduces the subject by defining and describing injury and the magnitude of the injury problem. Chapters 2 through 6 describe the state of knowledge of various facets of the injury problem and identify the kinds of research that are required. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the research funding and organizational arrangements for research and training related to injury. Appendix A contains some examples of the general research problems associated with injury control and the committee's recommendations for addressing them, and Appendix B contains brief biographies on the committee members. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266227 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399989 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shikari, Y A AU - Bernstein, H M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HISTORY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE DEVELOPMENT--LESSONS TO BE LEARNED PY - 1985 SP - 8 p. AB - The development of several automotive engines has been examined from a historical perspective, and important common technology and business-related factors affecting the successful development and introduction of a new technology into the marketplace have been identified. This paper is primarily targeted toward research planners and managers rather than design engineers and technology specialists. It, thus, focuses more on strategic aspects of research planning and ways of achieving successful market introduction than on in-depth analyses of cost/performance parameters. Eight specific engines are selected to cover a wide range of sizes, operating cycles, and successes/failures in the marketplace. Both currently available engines and those not yet commercialized have been included. Using the insights gained through an examination of automotive engine development histories, the paper provides a means to analyze similar technology's progress from concept to commerce via "experience curves." Finally, the impact of external forces on the development of advanced powerplants for automobiles is also addressed. KW - Automobile engines KW - Development KW - History KW - Marketing KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218499 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399991 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dale, J D AU - Wilson, J D AU - Santiago, J AU - Smy, P AU - Clements, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW TEMPERATURE STARTING OF DIESEL ENGINES USING TIMED SPARK DISCHARGE PY - 1985 SP - 10 p. AB - A timed high energy spark discharge system was used as an aid for low temperature starting of two single cylinder, and one multi-cylinder diesel engines. The tests were conducted by cold soaking the engines in a low temperature chamber in temperatures down to -55 deg C. An Arctic (AA) diesel fuel was used at these low temperatures while B(No. 2) fuel was used at warmer temperatures. When used in I.D.I. engines the timed spark discharge system produced more rapid starts and faster warm ups at lower temperatures and consumed equal or less electrical energy when compared to the factory fitted electric glow plugs. An in cylinder glow plug, which was fitted to a D.I. engine, but is not a factory option, produced more rapid starts than the timed spark discharge, but the timed spark system produced smoother running and consumed only one-half the electrical energy. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine cylinders KW - Glow plugs KW - Low temperature KW - Spark discharge KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218501 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399998 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Heavenrich, R M AU - Murrell, J D AU - Cheng, J P AU - Loos, S L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHT DUTY AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY... TRENDS THRU 1985 PY - 1985 SP - 39 p. AB - This, the thirteenth in a series of papers on trends in EPA fuel economy, covers both passenger cars and light trucks and concentrates on the current model year, 1985. It differs from previous papers in two ways: (1) Model years 1975, 1980 and 1985 are highlighted, with the model years in between these rarely discussed; and (2) The progress of the industry, as a whole, in improving fuel economy since 1975 is emphasized, and individual manufacturer data are de-emphasized. Conclusions are presented on the trends in fuel economy of the car and light truck fleets; the Domestic, European and Japanese market sectors; and various vehicle classes. KW - Automobiles KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel conservation KW - Light trucks KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399100 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - A POSITIVE PROGRAM TO PREVENT DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-25 AB - This article describes the "Know Your Driver" program to prevent drunk driving by rewarding good behavior and encouraging responsible decision-making. The program was initiated in Michigan and Indiana during the 1983 Holiday Season. Licensed establishments were asked if they would participate in a program aimed at making it socially acceptable for persons planning to drive to refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages altogether. The new "Know Your Driver" program incorporates suggestions which came from restaurant and bar owners who participated in the initial campaign. The new program involves participating sponsors who offer free nonalcoholic beverages to designated drivers within groups who come to drink and dine. The new program can also be used all year long. It is a bright, colorful, and upbeat program with a positive approach developed by the Alcohol Research Information Service. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Designated driver concept KW - Designated drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Holidays KW - Incentives KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218006 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399142 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Knapp, H AU - Lembke, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW LOW PRESSURE SINGLE POINT GASOLINE INJECTION SYSTEM PY - 1985 SP - p. 35-43 AB - The paper describes the second generation of Bosch single point injection systems. It is a low cost system and specifically designed for closed loop control. The system uses a fuel pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi) and will apply throttle angle/engine speed control. This type of control was already used in the very beginning of the fuel injection era but is now updated by closed loop and adaptive memory control. The throttle body, completely new designed as a module for most installation requirements, as well as characteristics of other new components such as ball type injector, throttle valve potentiometer and electric fuel pump will be described. Realized functions will be shown and test results on engines and cars will be given. KW - Design KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel injection KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Test results KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218031 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399145 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Shibuya, M AU - Kubota, Satoshi AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OPTIMUM CONTROL LOGIC FOR MANUAL TRANSMISSION PY - 1985 SP - p. 65-73 AB - A control logic for manual transmission has successfully been developed which can automatically determine optimum gear position for fuel economy based on the data obtained from driving force, vehicle speed and acceleration. Using this logic, a "Shift Advisory System" for heavy duty commercial vehicles with diesel engine has been developed and its excellent effects have been confirmed by evaluating running performance and fuel consumption performance of the vehicle operated in accordance with the instructions of the "Shift Advisory System". KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manual transmissions KW - Shift advisory system KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399081 AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - SAFER CYCLING--A PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MEASURES TO BE TAKEN PY - 1985 SP - 80 p. AB - The number of injured cyclists has increased since the middle of the 1970's. This mainly depends on the increase in cycle traffic. To break this trend measures are suggested in order to (1) increase the construction of cycle routes, (2) improve the conditions for the cycle traffic when mixed with motor traffic, (3) improve the standard of the cycle routes, (4) currently investigate the quality of the cycle network, (5) improve the visibility and lighting of cycles, (6) improve brakes and decrease injury risks of spokes and handlebars, (7) improve the education within the compulsory school and support the parents to train their children in cycling skills, (8) develop safety campaigns to improve the behaviour of cyclists and motorists, and increase the use of safety equipments among cyclists, (9) induce cycle safety moments in motor driver education and further training, (10) change some road rules, i.e. tighten the requirements on motorists at cycle crossings, and tighten the overtaking rules, (11) increase the surveillance of cycle traffic, (12) improve cycle helmets and increase their use, (13) coordinate, implement, and follow-up the cycle safety work by a central cycle safety council, and (14) develop a statistical system for safety analysis, and intensify the research on cycle safety measures. KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Brakes KW - Cyclists KW - Design KW - Education KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motor skills KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Training KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214532 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399134 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fellberg, M AU - Huber, J W AU - Duerr, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF DETROIT DIESEL ALLISON'S NEW GENERATION SERIES 53 ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - p. 103-121 AB - A new generation of turbocharged Series 53 engines known as the Silver 53's have recently been developed at Detroit Diesel Allison. The development program was aimed at improving performance, fuel economy, reliability and durability and reducing basic engine noise while minimizing external changes to the engines. This paper discusses the advanced technologies employed in order to achieve these objectives. The durability and reliability testing done to demonstrate that the objectives were met and an overview of evolutionary and significant product changes which Detroit Diesel Allison has implemented are also discussed. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Engine noise KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Noise KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399139 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bassi, A AU - Arcari, F AU - Perrone, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - C.E.M.--THE ALFA ROMEO ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM--DESIGN CONCEPTS--TRENDS FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1985 SP - p. 9-19 AB - This paper describes the CEM, an original electronic engine management system developed by Alfa Romeo which has the task of controlling fuel injection, ignition and other boundary functions. This system has been designed particularly for high specific power output engines, as typical Alfa Romeo engines are; hence it includes timed sequential fuel injection and a set of sensors and actuators that were chosen aiming in particular at fast engine response. The CEM system has been defined and tested on all the engines of the Alfa Romeo range; it has also made possible the development of new control techniques such as the modular engine. In order to improve the performance characteristics and to obtain additional control features a second generation CEM is now under development. The future system will use the spin-offs of studies now in progress on adaptive controls based on detection of the pressure cycles and ionization inside cylinders to achieve a direct control of combustion. This should enable the optimization of engine behaviour during its whole life. KW - Combustion KW - Design KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel injection KW - Ignition KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399355 AU - Ottoson, A-L AU - LOVSUND, P AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - SAFETY HARNESS-PROTECTIVE LEVEL FOR VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF BELTS AND SEATS T2 - RALLEYBALTEN SKYDDSNIVA VID OLIKA KOMBINATIONER AV BALTEN OCH STOLAR PY - 1985 SP - 54 p. AB - As a basis for a prospective modification of the present seat-belt regulation, the protective level of safety harnesses compared with three-point belts has been studied. Biomechanical tests were carried out with different combinations of belts and seats. The results showed that a three-point belt on a conventional seat offered the best protection at frontal impacts. The geometry of the safety harness (inverted Y-harness and four-point belt) induces the lap belt to slide over the iliac crest and the restraint effect will be on the abdomen (submarining). The shoulder straps expose the wearer's shoulders and back to high stresses (inverted Y-harness, four-point belt and six-point belt) at frontal impacts. Some solutions, which may result in an increase of the protective level on the system safety harness and racing-car seat are discussed in the report. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Biophysics KW - Frontal crashes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Regulations KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214753 ER - TY - SER AN - 00399128 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Okino, M AU - Okada, K AU - Abe, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ISUZU NEW 8.4L DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - A new series of 6 cylinder direct injection 8.4 liter diesel engines have been designed by Isuzu Motors Limited. Naturally aspirated, turbocharged and turbocharged-aftercooled versions, have been developed to meet the needs of 8 to 16 ton GVW commercial vehicles, as well as industrial and marine applications. These engines cover the range of 147-200 kw (195-270HP) output. The design objectives for these engines included such features as high output, better fuel economy, high reliability and durability, as well as minimum weight and cost. This paper deals with the design, development and performance aspects of these engines. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Durability KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel injection KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399075 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES JANUARY 1, 1985 TO MARCH 31, 1985 PY - 1985 SP - 30 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaigns conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the first quarter of 1985. Automobiles, jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motorscooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Engines KW - Helmets KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Jacks /automotive/ KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Rims KW - Scooters KW - Tires KW - Transmissions KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214527 ER - TY - SER AN - 00399146 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Decker, H AU - Gruber, H-U AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - KNOCK CONTROL OF GASOLINE ENGINES--A COMPARISON OF SOLUTIONS AND TENDENCIES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FUTURE EUROPEAN EMISSION LEGISLATION PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - The different demands with respect to electronic knock control in the USA, Japan and Europe are compared. Available systems to suit the special European requirements of turbo-charged and naturally aspirated engines are presented in detail. The influence of the new European emission standards currently under discussion and their effect on the requirements of such systems are considered. Alternative approaches for future systems are discussed. KW - Air quality management KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine knock KW - Europe KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gasoline engines KW - Japan KW - Legislation KW - Technology KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399098 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - PENDULUM SWINGS ON LEGAL DRINKING AGE PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-4 AB - This article reviews the case for a legal drinking age from the time of the repeal of Prohibition to the Surface Transportation Act of 1984. It points out how the impetus for lowering the drinking age had little or nothing to do with alcohol-related issues and how it was supported by leadership in the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Momentum for downward shifts in the drinking age began to decline apparently when data began coming in from states who had opted for lower drinking ages. No state lowered its legal age after mid-1973 and in 1976, Minnesota began to reverse the trend by raising its legal age from 18 to 19. The impetus for a national drinking-age law began in New Jersey. Under new national legislation, beginning October 1, 1986, any state which allows youth under 21 years of age to purchase beer, wine or distilled spirits will lose a part of its federal highway construction money. A list is provided showing the estimated loss of federal highway funds for non-21 states. KW - Federal aid KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - States KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1984 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399122 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Watson, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TURBOCHARGING DEVELOPMENTS ON VEHICLE DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - p. 49-66 AB - The performance of turbocharging systems on vehicle diesel engines has improved substantially in recent years but pressure continues for further developments to improve efficiency, boost at low speeds, flow range at high pressure ratio and response, with different emphasis for different engine applications. The performance of a range of system options is reviewed, including resonant intake, sequential turbocharging, variable geometry, two-stage (series) turbocharging, compounding (with or without engine insulation), Hyperbar, improved engine to turbine energy transfer, charge air cooling, electronic control as well as conventional turbomachine development. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399123 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Richeson, D A AU - Pearce, J F AU - HINKLE, S J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF AIR-TO-AIR CHARGE COOLING TO THE TWO-STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - p. 67-85 AB - The combustion and air system development of the air-to-air charge cooled two-stroke cycle diesel engine for the heavy-duty truck market is described. The conceptual modifications to the actual turbocharged-charge cooled diesel cycle are defined and supported by analytical modeling results and engine dynamometer development test results. Actual engine and vehicle performance are provided to demonstrate the significant achievement in fuel efficiency made via the optimizing scheme employed. KW - Air-to-air charge cooling KW - Cooling KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218022 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399101 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, DIMENSIONS OF CORPORATE POWER PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 28-38 AB - The World Health Organization (WHO) report on Alcoholic Beverages, Dimensions of Corporate Power, was suppressed from publication primarily due to the exertion of commercial pressure. This article publishes portions of the WHO report reprinted from "The Globe," an international magazine on alcohol and drug problems, published in Sweden. The original report was the work of two WHO researchers, John Cavanagh and Frederick Clairmonte. After certain parts of the report were made public through the press, the WHO decided to withhold the manuscript from publication. Although the WHO would make no official statement on their reason for withholding the manuscript from publication, it is widely believed that their decision resulted from pressures from certain special interests in the countries most frequently mentioned in the report. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Corporations KW - Documents KW - Market research KW - Publications KW - World Health Organization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218007 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399119 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Okazaki, Y AU - Matsudaira, N AU - Matsuda, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CERAMIC TURBINE WHEEL DEVELOPMENTS FOR MITSUBISHI TURBOCHARGER PY - 1985 SP - p. 21-29 AB - Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. is developing a ceramic turbine wheel to improve the response of the turbocharged engine. In this development, the Silicon Nitride Ceramic is considered most suitable for application to the turbocharger because of strength, reliability and adhesion to metal. This report introduces the development of the Silicon Nitride turbine wheel for a Mitsubishi turbocharger by showing the design strength and test results. Although further efforts for cost reduction are needed, the results of development demonstrated a satisfactory technical level and practical application in the near future is expected. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Silicon nitride KW - Strength of materials KW - Test results KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399127 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SCHITTLER, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MWM TBD 234 COMPACT HIGH-OUTPUT ENGINES FOR INSTALLATION IN HEAVY EQUIPMENT AND MILITARY VEHICLES PY - 1985 SP - p. 1-11 AB - Motoren-Werke Mannheim AG (MWM) has designed a new series of V-type engines incorporating 6, 8, 12 and 16 cylinders. By means of careful component optimization for higher firing pressures, to be explained on the basis of a few examples, it was possible to increase the standard vehicle output by 63% and the maximum output available for special vehicles by 100% while maintaining the external dimensions of the previous series. Consequently, the values achieved for output per volume as well as weight per HP make these engines suitable for many different uses in vehicles up to 1088 HP and a few examples will also be given. The low fuel consumption over the whole operating range is of particular importance in this connection. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Horsepower KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218025 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399144 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DeGrace, L G AU - BATA, G T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE BENDIX DEKA (TRADEMARK) FUEL INJECTOR SERIES--DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1985 SP - p. 57-63 AB - Electronic Fuel injection is the universal solution to the automotive fuel system problems of the 80's. Even low cost, base model vehicles will be featuring fuel injection as standard equipment. The continuing challenge for injection system designs is the cost reduction of the major components, including the injectors. Along with developments in other aspects of fuel injection, Bendix has conducted an especially intensive program over the past several years to develop significantly lower cost, high performance injectors for both single and multipoint applications. The results of these extended efforts are advanced, thin edged orifice and floating unitized armature designs. These next generation concepts are implemented in a new series of Bendix injectors merchandised under the trade name DEKA. KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Performance KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218032 ER - TY - SER AN - 00399133 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wade, W R AU - Idzikowski, T AU - Kukkonen, C A AU - Reams, L A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL CAPABILITIES FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - Capabilities of DI diesel engines for passenger cars were evaluated in a research program. Three experimental DI diesel engines, a naturally aspirated 2.4L four cylinder engine and a naturally aspirated and turbocharged 1.3L three cylinder engine, were designed, built and developed. Design parameters and calibrations were determined for optimized power and fuel economy at low emission levels. The effects of cylinder displacement and turbocharging were evaluated. Vehicle tests showed that the DI diesel engine provided an 11 to 13% improvement in fuel economy relative to the IDI diesel engine. The low mileage objectives assumed for the 1985 Federal emission standards were met at vehicle test weights up to 3125 lbs. KW - Air quality management KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel injection KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399080 AU - Waller, J A AU - Lexington Books TI - INJURY CONTROL. A GUIDE TO THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF TRAUMA PY - 1985 SP - 643 p. AB - This book attempts to familiarize readers with some of the newer conceptual approaches to analyzing injury producing situations and to bringing about prevention where possible and amelioration where prevention is not possible. Attention is given to injury on the highway as well as to injury in various other forms of transportation and in other settings, including home, recreation, work, and public places and institutions. The chapters have been grouped to examine injury in a variety of activity settings, to consider unique problems that plague particular population groups, and to examine the effectiveness of specific types of countermeasures. Where possible an examination is made of relevant similarities and dissimilarities of injury patterns between the North American cultural and environmental contexts and those of other parts of the world. KW - Causes KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Freight handling KW - Hauling KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Patterns KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214531 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399118 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Singer, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF A SUPERCHARGER VS. A TURBOCHARGER IN A SMALL DISPLACEMENT GASOLINE ENGINE APPLICATION PY - 1985 SP - p. 9-20 AB - Supercharging and turbocharging can improve engine power and vehicle performance by boosting the intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) above atmospheric pressure. This higher MAP results in increased charge densities which increase the maximum power available from the engine. A program to evaluate the overall system effects of supercharging and turbocharging has defined the differences and similarities between the two devices with regard to performance, emission control, fuel economy, and driveability. The conclusions arrived at were based on vehicle system comparison. A discussion on complexity, durability, packaging and noise and vibration is also included. In addition, the performance characteristics of six superchargers were documented from steady state dynamometer/airflow test bench data. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Driveability KW - Durability KW - Engine noise KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gasoline engines KW - Noise KW - Superchargers KW - Turbochargers KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399125 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rass, H D AU - Henriksen, C O AU - Nemazi, M AU - HINKLE, S J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SELECTION OF CHARGE AIR COOLING SYSTEM FOR TWO-STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - p. 95-106 AB - Air-to-air and air-to-water charge air cooling techniques significantly reduce charge air temperature; improving fuel economy and reducing NOx emission levels and cylinder temperatures of turbocharged two-stroke diesel engines. System selection is influenced by installation constraints, type of application, and cost considerations. Two new methods of charge air cooling as applied to on-highway diesel engines are described. The effects of environmental conditions and load factor on engine coolant and charge air temperature are analyzed. KW - Air quality management KW - Air-to-air charge cooling KW - Cooling KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399129 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BEHRENS, M AU - Elsbett, L AU - Elsbett, G AU - Elsbett, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELKO'S CONVERSION OF A 6 CYLINDER 11.6L TURBOCHARGED INTERCOOLED TRUCK ENGINE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSE PY - 1985 SP - p. 27-31 AB - The engine is a conversion of an engine produced by DAF and part of the work was sponsored by DAF. The work was carried out from the end of 1981 to the beginning of 1984. The purpose of the conversion was to: (a) increase torque and power without reducing durability; (b) optimize fuel consumption; (c) reduce cooling requirements; (d) improve combustion noise; (e) decrease emissions (NOx); and (f) make the engine suitable for alternative fuels such as e.g. vegetable oil. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Horsepower KW - Noise KW - Torque KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399096 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE DATA 1984-85 EDITION PY - 1985 SP - 366 p. AB - This statistical compilation of international motor vehicle data through 1983 includes production totals by manufacturers as well as by country. Since it is necessary to use different data sources from year to year, there are occasional differences in the number reported for various classes of vehicles from some countries. This is due to the lack of uniformity of definitions for certain vehicles. In such cases, car, truck and bus data vary from one source to another and, accordingly, in the year to year data reported. Although special efforts have been made to segregate vehicle assembly data from production data, the world totals for production may include some duplication since it is not possible for all countries to identify assemblies from production. The data in this report were supplied by foreign government agencies, trade associations, private services and the press. It should be noted that the basis on which the data are reported will vary. For example, vehicle output may be measured in terms of production, shipments, or factory sales. New vehicles sold may be measured in terms of retail sales or new registrations. Imports and exports are subject to problems of compilation and definition. As a result, data accuracies vary and international comparisons are, of course, affected by these discrepancies. KW - Data KW - Exports KW - Imports KW - Motor vehicles KW - Production KW - Sales KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214550 ER - TY - SER AN - 00399130 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Data, S E AU - Tomlinson, J L AU - Christenson, M R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ONAN L SERIES DIESEL ENGINE FAMILY PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - The Onan L Series engine family consists of three, four and six cylinder naturally aspirated models, as well as four and six cylinder turbocharged models. They are designed as in-line, water cooled engines capable of continuous operation up to 3600 rpm. These models employ an indirect injection combustion system and are currently available with power ratings from 19 kW (25 hp) to 90 kW (120 hp). This paper describes the basic engine design and highlights features which enable the L Series engines to offer broad application flexibility while maintaining durability, reliability, serviceability and performance. Specific examples of successful applications are given to illustrate how design features satisfy application requirements. The performance and mechanical development programs, including laboratory and field testing are discussed to exemplify the design validation methodology. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Indirect injection KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215775 ER - TY - SER AN - 00399132 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bird, G L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FORD 2.5 LITRE HIGH SPEED DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE--ITS PERFORMANCE AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - The FORD 2.5 Litre DI Engine entered volume production in January 1984, as the World's first high speed naturally aspirated direct injection diesel. Producing 52 KW at 4000 RPM the engine achieves a 15% fuel saving over indirect engines of similar size and rating. The direct injection engine is inherently less thermally active than pre-chamber engines and this, together with other design features, provides a power unit with extended durability for the medium van market. Based on controlled swirl air management, the otherwise conventional combustion system depends heavily on the fuel injection system for control throughout the speed load and temperature ranges. This paper describes the key elements of the design and performance development of the 2.5 litre DI engine, discusses the experience gained and examines the possibilities of a second generation of engines based on this system. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Durability KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel injection KW - High speed engines KW - High speed vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399137 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT AND DRIVELINE CONTROLS SP-609 PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Toyota's New Single-Chip Microcomputer Based Engine and Transmission Control System, T. Kawamura et al; C.E.M.--The Alfa Romeo Engine Management System--Design Concepts--Trends for the Future, A. Bassi et al; A Simple Engine Model for Idle Speed Control, T. Takahashi et al; High Integration Microcontroller Yields Total Vehicle Communication Solution, D. J. Arnett and M. J. Tucker; A New Low Pressure Single Point Gasoline Injection System, H. Knapp and M. Lembke; Soot Formation in a Multipoint-Fuel-Injected Spark-Ignited Engine, M. G. Kosowski; The Bendix DEKA Fuel Injector Series--Design and Performance, L. G. DeGrace and G. T. Bata; Optimum Control Logic for Manual Transmission, M. Shibuya and S. Kubota; Knock Control of Gasoline Engines--A Comparison of Solutions and Tendencies, with Special Reference to Future European Emission Legislation, H. Decker and H-U. Gruber. KW - Design KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine idling KW - Engine knock KW - Fly ash KW - Fuel injection KW - Gasoline engines KW - Idle speed KW - Manual transmissions KW - Microcomputers KW - Performance KW - Soot KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215986 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399105 JO - Journal of Biomechanics PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - LOCKETT, F J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BIOMECHANICS JUSTIFICATION FOR EMPIRICAL HEAD TOLERANCE CRITERIA PY - 1985 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 217-224 AB - Criticisms of existing tolerance criteria are assessed briefly in the context of their relevance and importance in the design of protective systems. A biomechanics analysis is given for head impact, with emphasis on the general form of derived tolerance criteria rather than on their detailed evaluation. Head materials are assumed to be inhomogeneous, nonlinear and viscoelastic, and related materials failure criteria are used to derive appropriate head injury criteria. It is shown that the Gadd Severity Index and the Head Injury Criterion are plausible and fundamentally correct forms of criteria, in contrast to criticisms which have appeared in the literature. The present analysis gives credibility to these empirical criteria, indicates their limitations and the assumptions upon which they are based, and enables them to be seen in the context of other proposed head tolerance criteria. KW - Biophysics KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218011 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399138 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kawamura, T AU - KAWAI, M AU - Aoki, K AU - TAMAKI, K AU - Sugawara, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOYOTA'S NEW SINGLE-CHIP MICROCOMPUTER BASED ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1985 SP - p. 1-8 AB - Toyota succeeded in the fall of 1984 in manufacturing a complex engine and transmission control system using a newly developed single-chip microcomputer. This microcomputer, equipped with an 8K-byte ROM (Read Only Memory) and a 256-byte RAM (Random Access Memory), a powerful real time processing function, and a high-speed optimum instruction set, is better suited for automobiles. Application of the latest CMOS technology has enabled lower power consumption and improved noise immunity. The new system, which includes a new function, the electronic spark advance with knock control in addition to the conventional sophisticated system, has greatly improved the performance and driveability of vehicles. The newly designed electronic control unit (ECU) has been greatly improved in reliability and has not changed in its size with the adoption of the highly integrated new microcomputer, which is due to the fact that it uses fewer LSIs (Large Scale Integrated circuits) than the conventional ECU, although it includes the great additional function. KW - Driveability KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine knock KW - Microcomputers KW - Reliability KW - Spark advance KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399140 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - TAKAHASHI, T AU - Ueno, T AU - Yamamoto, A AU - Sanbuichi, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SIMPLE ENGINE MODEL FOR IDLE SPEED CONTROL PY - 1985 SP - p. 21-28 AB - This paper describes a simple engine model at idling and it applies particularly to idle speed control. Through linearization in the neighborhood of the nominal operating points (650 rpm), the engine is expressed as a reduced-order constant coefficient state variable (2 state) model. It was produced through the system order-reduction method. The strategy for controlling idle speed uses the Linear Quadratic and Integral (LQI) optimal control theory. The tracking controller was designed using a state variable engine model, and the performance index was minimized. Since state variables are artificially introduced, they are not directly accessible. Therefore, they must be estimated in accordance with a stored dynamic model (i.e. observer), in which the engine dynamic behavior is estimated on the basis of a state variable model which represents the engine's internal states, in determining controlling values. Since the simple model-oriented LQI controlling method with state observer neither requires exact engine models nor any of the various sensors, the resulting controlling calculations are not particularly complicated. Therefore, it can be easily implemented in an onboard 8 bit microprocessor based system. From the experimental results, it was found that the controller can perform tracking with a higher response speed, even in the transient state where the engine is subjected to various torque disturbances. KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Engine idling KW - Idle speed KW - Mathematical models KW - Microprocessors KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218030 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399099 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - ONE SIZE FITS ALL...OR DOES IT? PY - 1985 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 9-12 AB - The purpose of this article is to make readers aware of the variety of approaches to prevention of alcohol abuse among young people under 21, especially high school teenagers. Stating that "one size does not fit all," it discusses the "Safe Rides" program, which saves lives but at the same time seems to condone drinking by those under the legal drinking age, the Students Against Driving Drunk (SADD) program, which receives a large share of their support from the liquor industry, and the "Safe Homes" program, which provides alcohol-free parties for teenagers. Legitimate questions are asked regarding the effectiveness of these programs and readers are encouraged to respond. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Effectiveness KW - Legal drinking age KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Safety programs KW - Students Against Drunk Driving KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218005 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399120 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Miyauchi, J AU - Kobayashi, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SILICON NITRIDE TURBINE ROTORS PY - 1985 SP - p. 31-35 AB - This paper describes fabrication of silicon nitride radial turbine wheels 90 mm in diameter. The wheels were hot spin tested without failure at turbine tip speeds up to 600 m/s. The reliability of shrink fit of metal shaft and ceramic wheel was demonstrated in a turbocharger test. Results of the hot spin test are discussed in relation to the nature of defects and compared with the analytic prediction using Weibull statistics and finite element analysis. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Finite element method KW - Reliability KW - Silicon nitride KW - Test results KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218019 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399121 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mikogami, T AU - Takeishi, K AU - AKIMOTO, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF TURBOCHARGER HEAT SOAK BACK PROPERTIES PY - 1985 SP - p. 37-47 AB - To cope with the possible heat soak phenomenon occuring in turbochargers, an analytical system has been developed making it possible to interpret the soak phenomenon so an effective quantitative improvement can be quickly determined. This system includes an input generator, which has been obtained by modeling, on the basis of the existing three-dimensional thermal conduction analysis, the physical form of each part of the turbocharger according to degree of its influence on the analysis, an iterative system of analysis and, output from which results can be consecutively estimated. This analytical system has been verified by comparison to bench test results. It can be expected that this system will become an effective means to improvement and development. KW - Heat soak KW - Simulation KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218020 ER - TY - SER AN - 00399141 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Arnett, D J AU - Tucker, M J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH INTEGRATION MICROCONTROLLER YIELDS TOTAL VEHICLE COMMUNICATION SOLUTION PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - Vehicle control needs are consistently increasing to meet customer performance and cost requirements. As a result, single processor systems have expanded to multiple controller solutions. With the advent of distributed processing, high speed efficient data communication methods are required. Intel's single device solution provides an innovative answer for these needs. This paper describes the architectural features of the Intel 8044 microcontroller and shows its strengths in a total networked vehicle powertrain control application, including: spark, transmission and road-to-surface traction control. KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel injection KW - Power trains KW - Spark advance KW - Traction KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215779 ER - TY - SER AN - 00399143 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kosowski, M G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOOT FORMATION IN A MULTIPOINT-FUEL-INJECTED SPARK-IGNITED ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - Higher levels of carbon in the oil of some multipoint-fuel-injected spark-ignited engines have been observed relative to carbureted and/or Throttle-Body-Injected (TBI) systems. These higher carbon levels could potentially shorten the oil change interval or cause engine wear. It has been theorized that carbon in the oil is caused by soot produced during the combustion process. Vehicle tests were run to show that this soot has no environmental impact. This paper discusses soot formation and how to minimize this formation by controlling injection parameters (direction, timing, method, and spray) and engine conditions (speed, load, coolant temperature, EGR rate, inlet air temperature, and spark advance). Effects on engine emissions and peak cylinder pressures are also addressed. KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Formations KW - Fuel injection KW - Minimization KW - Soot KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399116 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POWER BOOSTING PY - 1985 SP - 106 p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Results Obtained with Variable Turbine Entry Turbochargers on the IVECO 8140.21 DI Diesel Engine, R. Ellensohn; Comparison of a Supercharger vs. a Turbocharger in a Small Displacement Gasoline Engine Application, D. A. Singer; Ceramic Turbine Wheel Developments for Mitsubishi Turbocharger, Y. Okazaki et al; Development of Silicon Nitride Turbine Rotors, J. Miyauchi and Y. Kobayashi; Computer Analysis of Turbocharger Heat Soak Back Properties, T. Mikogami et al; Turbocharging Developments on Vehicle Diesel Engines, N. Watson; Application of Air-To-Air Charge Cooling to the Two-Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine, D. A. Richeson et al; A Parametric Study of the Exhaust Valve Requirements of High Output Truck Engines, S. J. Charlton and P. Pappas; Selection of Charge Air Cooling System for Two-Stroke Cycle Diesel Engines, H. D. Rass et al. KW - Air-to-air charge cooling KW - Ceramic materials KW - Cooling KW - Diesel engines KW - Engines KW - Exhaust valves KW - Gasoline engines KW - Rotors KW - Silicon nitride KW - Simulation KW - Superchargers KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399264 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1984 TO DECEMBER 31, 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 138 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during 1984. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Engines KW - Helmets KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Mobile homes KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Scooters KW - Tires KW - Transmissions KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399117 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ellensohn, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RESULTS OBTAINED WITH VARIABLE TURBINE ENTRY TURBOCHARGERS ON THE IVECO 8140.21 DI DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - p. 1-8 AB - With small, high-speed diesel engines with direct injection, significant fuel economy improvements can be achieved relative to IDI engines. The achievement of acceptable noise levels and performances close to gasoline engines does still pose some difficulties. Furthermore, the more stringent emission standards and the requirements of higher performance outputs for diesel engines pose often contrary demands in engine development. This paper presents some results of an investigation of turbocharging with a variable turbine entry turbocharger on the small, high-speed IVECO 8140.21 diesel engine with direct injection. KW - Air quality management KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine noise KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel injection KW - High speed engines KW - High speed vehicles KW - Noise KW - Turbochargers KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399124 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Charlton, S J AU - Pappas, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE EXHAUST VALVE REQUIREMENTS OF HIGH OUTPUT TRUCK ENGINES PY - 1985 SP - p. 87-94 AB - The paper presents the first phase of a research project to study the relationship between valve design parameters and the performance of turbocharged truck engines. The results discussed were produced by computer simulation of the diesel engine and its associated intercooler and turbocharger. Three aspects of exhaust valve design are studied: the rate of valve opening, the size of the exhaust valve in relation to the inlet valve and the timing of the exhaust valve opening event. Rate of exhaust valve opening is found to be an important influence on exhaust pulse energy and may provide a means of increasing low-speed boost. Valve area ratio had only a small effect on engine performance over the range studied, whereas the timing of exhaust valve opening proved to be an important parameter, having a significant effect on the thermal efficiency of the system. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Exhaust valves KW - Simulation KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218023 ER - TY - SER AN - 00399131 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - TAKEUCHI, K AU - Kubota, K AU - Konagai, M AU - Watanabe, M AU - Kihara, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE NEW ISUZU 2.5 LITER AND 2.8 LITER 4-CYLINDER DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1985 SP - n.p. AB - Isuzu Motors Limited has recently-developed 2.5 liter and 2.8 liter diesel engines to power Isuzu "ELF" trucks (payload 1-2 tons). These two engines are high fuel economy direct injection diesels featuring a square cavity combustion chamber and Bosch VE distributor type injection pump. To reduce the D.I. diesel engine noises, the combustion chamber, fuel injection system, and cylinder block construction have been improved. In addition, a vibration damping sheet oil pan, timing belt drive, and cylinder block cover are employed. The two diesel engines are small size, light weight, highly reliable engines to be successors to the 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4 liter Isuzu "C"-series diesel engines. To date, 2 million of these engines have been produced to power the Isuzu "ELF" trucks and other vehicles as well as a wide variety of industrial and marine applications. The basic engine specifications are: 4 cylinder, OHV, bore 93mm, stroke 92mm (2499CC), 102mm (2771CC), maximum power output (DIN) 50KW/3,600rpm (2.5L) and 57KW/3,600rpm (2.8L). KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cylinder blocks KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel injection KW - Noise KW - Reliability KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399082 AU - PETTERSSON, H-E AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - CONTROL OF ROAD USER BEHAVIOUR THROUGH ROAD ENVIRONMENT DESIGN. EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF THE PRE-CRASH PHASE AND THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS SAFETY MEASURES IN THE ROAD ENVIRONMENT PY - 1985 SP - 55 p. AB - The interaction between the main components of the road traffic system, the road user, the vehicle and the road, is examined within a psychological frame of reference described in terms of a general model of road user information processing. A summary is presented of a project aimed at developing and empirically testing a method for multi-disciplinary accident investigation. The collection and analysis of data were based on the information processing model previously mentioned. The method proved capable of producing descriptions of the pre-crash phase in terms of a breakdown in information processing by the road user. Empirical studies of the effect of three types of traffic engineering measures on driver behaviour are presented. A type of speed-reducing hump was tested in three residential areas. The humps proved effective in reducing drivers' choice of speed and the effect was demonstrated to persist over a period of two years. The effect of so-called "rumble strips" was tested in connection with the end of a motorway at a roundabout and on both sides of a temporary motorway approach designed as an S-bend. The effect was measured in terms of the drivers' choice of speeds and acceleration patterns. Both installations proved effective in these two types of action. The third type of measure studied consisted of warning devices used in connection with moving road works zones. The ordinary warning sign was compared with the use of a barrier (2.2 x 2.2 m) on wheels either towed by the vehicle constituting the road works zone or placed 50 m behind the vehicle. The effect of the different devices was measured in terms of the speed and the distance to the roadside chosen by drivers while passing the road works zone. The barrier placed 50 m behind the vehicle was judged to give the best effect on driver behaviour from the traffic safety aspect. KW - Barrier on wheels KW - Behavior KW - Crash investigation KW - Drivers KW - Empirical methods KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Multidisciplinary KW - Precrash factors KW - Precrash phase KW - Rumble strips KW - Speed control humps KW - Traffic engineering KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396158 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES APRIL 1, 1984 TO JUNE 30, 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 18 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during second quarter of 1984. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and ring are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Helmets KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Rims KW - Scooters KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396157 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES JANUARY 1, 1984 TO MARCH 31, 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 24 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during first quarter of 1984. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Helmets KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Rims KW - Scooters KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396281 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS SUPPLEMENTS 11 THROUGH 15--AMENDMENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS ISSUED DURING 1984 PY - 1985 SP - v.p. AB - These supplements to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations consist of the following: Supplement 11--amendments and interpretations issued during 1984 to standards number 120 and 302 and to Part 575; Supplement 12--amendments and interpretations issued during 1984 to standard number 208; Supplement 13--amendments and interpretations issued during 1984 to standard number 108; Supplement 14--amendments and interpretations issued during 1984 to standards number 101, 105-83, and 213 and to Parts 533 and 575; and Supplement 15-- amendments and interpretations issued during 1984 to standards number 109, 123, 204, and 209. KW - Amendments KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Interpretation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395718 AU - Japan Motor Industrial Federation, Incorporated TI - GUIDE TO THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 286 p. AB - This publication contains the following: an introductory section of color photographs of the 1984 models of Japanese automobiles, commercial vehicles and motorcycles; a list of automobile manufacturers with addresses and foreign affiliates; a general catalogue for 1984 showing representative models of passenger cars, commercial vehicles and motorcycles; a listing of specifications giving standard data for all vehicles manufactured by members of the Japan Motor Industrial Federation, Inc.; motor vehicle statistics of Japan (production, exports, registrations); and a directory of organizations and manufacturers. KW - Automobile industry KW - Catalogs KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Industries KW - Japan KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395717 AU - Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Incorporated TI - MOTOR VEHICLE STATISTICS OF JAPAN 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 34 p. AB - This publication gives statistics for the following: motor vehicles in use; new registrations; production; imports; exports; and motorcycles and motor scooters. KW - Exports KW - Imports KW - Japan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Scooters KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395306 AU - BARANCIK, J I AU - Fife, D AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DISCREPANCIES IN VEHICULAR CRASH INJURY REPORTING: NORTHEASTERN OHIO TRAUMA STUDY IV PY - 1985 SP - 15 p. AB - People injured in motor vehicle traffic crashes were identified from a population-representative incidence sample of hospital emergency department visits. Matched police reports of crashes were sought in official state records of motor vehicle traffic crashes. Of the emergency department cases, 55 percent had matched police reports. The frequency of matched reports was highest for drivers (74 percent), people transported to the hospital by emergency vehicle (69 percent), and those requiring hospital admission (74 percent). The frequency was lowest for people younger than 16 years (28 percent), people injured as occupants of vehicles other than passenger cars (24 percent), medicaid recipients (33 percent), and nonresidents of the study region (40 percent). Motor vehicle traffic injuries are undercounted in police-reported statistics. For many groups, police reporting is less than 50 percent of the cases identified through emergency departments. The likelihood that a case of motor vehicle traffic injury will have a matched police report depends on demographic, social, and crash factors as well as on injury severity. KW - Crash reports KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Police KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393619 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST OF OWNING AND OPERATING AUTOMOBILES AND VANS 1984 PY - 1985 SP - 20 p. AB - This report updates "The Cost of Owning and Operating Automobiles and Vans--1982." It traces selected vehicles in personal use and their costs through a 12-year lifetime of 120,000 miles using 1984 data. The user is cautioned against making direct comparisons between the costs reported in this and previous issues. The study methodology was changed prior to the 1982 study to reflect a longer vehicle life. In addition, improved data and changes in vehicle reliability and frequency of scheduled maintenance will make such comparisons misleading. As with earlier reports, costs are based on operation of typical vehicles in the Baltimore, Maryland suburbs. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379769 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - ASSISTING IN PROSECUTION PY - 1985 SP - 7 p. AB - This publication is a training reference manual for police officers. The responsibility of the police officer in the prosecution of violators is essentially that of assistance to the prosecutor. This assistance begins when the police officer first observes the violation in which enforcement action is taken. Successful prosecution will depend on how well the police officer observes, interviews the defendant and witnesses, gathers, preserves, and presents physical evidence, records facts, and testifies in court. This manual provides guidelines for the police officer. It contains information dealing with bringing traffic law violators to trial, legal aspects of prosecution, assistance from the prosecutor, case preparation, witnesses and physical evidence, and references to publications which may be of use. KW - Evidence KW - Guidelines KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal factors KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Prosecution KW - Statute cases KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violators KW - Training KW - Witnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451604 AU - McPherson, K AU - McKnight, A J AU - Oates, J F AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND PERFORMANCE TESTS FOR HEAVY VEHICLE OPERATORS: VOLUME II: LICENSE ADMINISTRATOR/EXAMINER MANUALS PY - 1984/12/31 SP - 192 p. AB - This report contains the materials making up the Truck Operator Qualifications Examination (TORQUE). These materials include: Truck Operator Road Test (TORT)--A measure of truck operator skill administered on streets and highways; Truck Operator Skill Test (TOST)--A measure of truck operator skill administered in an off-road environment; Truck Operator Manual (TOM)--A manual setting forth laws and practices for operation of trucks; Truck Operator Knowledge Examination (TOKE)--A 96-item multiple-choice test assessing knowledge of the information provided in the TOM; and Truck Operator Pretest (TOP)--A hands-on test of pretrip inspection and coupling/uncoupling of tractor-trailers. One additional test, the Truck Operator Defects Examination (TODE) consists of a series of 35mm transparencies and is, therefore, not included in this manual. KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Knowledge KW - Manuals KW - Motor skills KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451603 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Kelsey, S L AU - Edwards, M L AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND PERFORMANCE TESTS FOR HEAVY VEHICLE OPERATORS. VOLUME I: DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TEST PY - 1984/12/31 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes the development and evaluation of the Truck Operator Qualifications Examination (TORQUE) consisting of the following tests: Truck Operator Road Test (TORT); Truck Operator Skill Test (TOST); Truck Operator Manual (TOM); Truck Operator Knowledge Examination (TOKE): Truck Operator Pretest (TOP); and Truck Operator Defects Examination (TODE). The TOM and TOST evidenced sufficiently high reliability to permit their use as driver license tests. The reliability of the TORT was marginal. However, it was no lower than that of a conventional State road test and results on the TORT correlated significantly with results on the TOST, while scores on the conventional State road test did not. The measurement techniques employed in the TORT are recommended to improve the objectivity, reliability, and validity of road tests for heavy vehicle operators. KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Knowledge KW - Manuals KW - Motor skills KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269207 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396909 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - WAR ON ALCOHOL ABUSE SPREADS TO NEW FRONTS PY - 1984/12/24 SP - p. 63-64 AB - This article reviews briefly efforts to combat drunk driving and their success, warns of the possible backfiring of harsh penalties as more middle-class persons who can afford lawyers fight back hard in court, clogging the judicial system, and discusses the problem of alcohol abuse in aviation, boating, and rail transportation. It is pointed out that authorities are only beginning to realize the extent of alcohol abuse on planes, trains, and boats, and that it is hoped that some of the techniques that helped put the lid on alcohol-related traffic deaths will curtail the loss of life in these other forms of transportation. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Aviation KW - Boating KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Railroad crashes KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419724 AU - Saul, R A AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - State of the art dummy selection; volume two PY - 1984/12 IS - DOT HS 806 723 SP - 400P KW - Accident KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Crash test KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Injury prevention KW - Seat belt KW - Seat belts KW - Selection KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419723 AU - Saul, R A AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - State of the art dummy selection; volume one PY - 1984/12 IS - DOT HS 806 722 SP - 200P KW - Accident KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Crash test KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Injury prevention KW - Seat belt KW - Seat belts KW - Selection KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419619 AU - Mcpherson, K AU - Mcknight, A J AU - Oates, J F AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Development of knowledge and performance tests for heavy vehicle operators. volume 2: license administrator/ examiner manuals PY - 1984/12 IS - DOT HS 806 689 SP - 190P KW - Behavior KW - Communication KW - Communication KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving instructor KW - Driving instructors KW - Driving test KW - Driving tests KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Heavy vehicle driver KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Knowledge KW - Knowledge KW - Light commercial vehicle KW - Light vehicles KW - Management KW - Management KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419618 AU - Mcknight, A J AU - Kelsey, A J AU - Edwards, M L AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Development of knowledge and performance tests for heavy vehicle operators, volume 1: development and field test PY - 1984/12 IS - DOT HS 806 688 SP - 145P KW - Behavior KW - Communication KW - Communication KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving test KW - Driving tests KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Heavy vehicle driver KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Knowledge KW - Knowledge KW - Light commercial vehicle KW - Light vehicles KW - Usa KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187416 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495630 JO - Journal of Public Health Policy PB - Palgrave Macmillan AU - Wallack, L TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING: TOWARD A BROADER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA PY - 1984/12 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 471-496 AB - The results of public information mass media campaigns as a means for addressing alcohol-related problems have been disappointing. This article attempts to initiate discussion about the role of mass media in the prevention of drinking/driving that is based on a broader understanding of both alcohol problems and mass media. The first part of the article briefly reviews the level of the drunk driving problem, discusses the nature of the problem from a planning perspective, and reviews the results of past efforts to use mass media for addressing the problem at hand. The second part of the article reconsiders the role of mass media in four areas: as a change agent focused on the individual; as a mechanism for publicity; as a contributor to the broader message environment through television programming and advertising; and as a change agent focused on the larger system. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Mass media KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495724 AU - Green, P AU - Gillespie, T AU - Reifeis, S AU - Wei-Haas, L AU - Ottens, D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF STEERING EFFORT LEVELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/12 SP - 80 p. AB - Forty-five Ford Motor Company employees (43 men and 2 women), mostly managers, drove either a 1984 Ford Thunderbird Turbo-Coupe or a 1984 Ford LTD through 8 maneuvers. Maneuvers included: parallel parking, a low-speed slalom (7 mph), driving on a banked high-speed track (60 mph), driving in circles on a skid pad (25', 50', and 100' radii at 9, 14, and 20 mph, respectively), and two routes through residential neighborhoods in Dearborn, Michigan (at about 20 mph). During maneuvers the power steering assist level (and hence the steering effort required) was adjusted by an experimenter in the back seat to find the preferred level. It was found that: (1) drivers wanted the assist level to decrease with speed, about 20 mph per setting; (2) desired assist levels for the Thunderbird (a sports car) were about one setting lower than those for the LTD (a family car); (3) typically two or more settings were called "OK," with those settings being centered around the preferred setting; and (4) preferences for assist were correlated (but not significantly) with driver size (shoulder breadth), with bigger people wanting greater efforts. KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Maneuvering KW - Power steering KW - Sports cars KW - Steering KW - Subjective analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305783 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495627 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - McBoyle, M F AU - Schiller, W R AU - Hurt, A V AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MASSIVE GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING FOLLOWING BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA: AN UNUSUAL CASE PRESENTATION PY - 1984/12 VL - 24 IS - 12 SP - p. 1057-59 AB - Small bowel injuries following blunt abdominal trauma have been characterized by disruption of the bowel. With the advent of seatbelts, damage to the adjacent mesentery has also been reported. In this case report, an unusual presentation of damage to the small intestine was noted in that both the bowel wall and the mesentery were intact but two small areas of the mucosa had been disrupted, causing massive gastrointestinal bleeding. The sulfur colloid scan was useful in localizing the site of bleeding and the patient responded well to a segmental bowel resection followed by end-to-end anastomosis. KW - Abdomen KW - Blunt trauma KW - Case studies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492232 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES: MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 46.0 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/12 SP - 174 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. Testing was conducted on a 1981 baseline Volkswagen Rabbit L 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'lowered bumper', crabbed to 19 deg, at 46.0 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was November 9 1984 and the ambient temperature was 55 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492231 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 39.1 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/12 SP - 158 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. Testing was conducted on a 1981 diesel Volkswagen Rabbit L 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'lowered bumper', crabbed to 26 deg, at 39.1 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was October 26, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 79 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492233 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES: MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 38.8 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/12 SP - 157 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'lowered bumper', crabbed to 26 deg, at 38.8 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was November 20, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 79 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492222 AU - Klingberg, C L AU - O'Connel, JPO AU - Salzberg, P M AU - CHADWICK, J R AU - Paulsrude, S P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Washington Traffic Safety Commission TI - AN EVALUATION OF WASHINGTON STATE'S 1979 DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED (DWI) LAWS PY - 1984/12 SP - v.p. AB - In 1987 Washington passed legislation establishing per se definition of DWI as driving or being in physical control of a motor vehicle with a BAC of .10 or higher, a mandatory one day jail sentence for first-time DWI offenders and 7 days for repeat offenders and mandatory attendance at an alcohol Information School for all first offenders. Two investigations were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of these laws as a specific and a general deterrent to driving after drinking. Study 1 explored general effects by a time series analysis of monthly alcohol related accident data. In Study 2 specific deterrence effects were investigated by a pre-/post-legislation comparison of recidivism rates from samples of first, repeat, and non-DWI offenders. Study 1 showed that the law has initiated a general deterrence that resulted in a significant downturn in alcohol related accidents. Study 2 showed no evidence that the new laws were effective in dissuading convicted DWI offencders from repeating their offenses or reducing accident involvement. Deficiencies in the 'system' responsible for implementing the new laws may have limited the deterrence impact (Study 3). KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Penalties KW - Recidivism KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25685/DOT-HS-806-838.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491243 AU - SHAMS, T AU - Nguyen, T AU - Aghevli, B AU - Chi, M AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAIN AND CVS SIMULATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/12 SP - 105 p. AB - This report consists of three distinct parts. In Part I, a series of computer simulations using the Ward brain model (three dimensional finite elements), which employed two linear, elastic slightly compressible materials, was carried out with or without a small amount of slip. Another simulation using a simplified half cylindrical geometry to investigate further the effect of slip was performed. In Part II, a non-linear model is developed using finite element approach capable of large strain. The model was exercised for static loading on a flat sheet. The result was checked with published results by another method. The program was exercised to simulate gel-like material, and checked with the experimental results. In Part III, the CVS program was modified by adding a Lobdell Mechanical circuit to reflect the deformability. The model was tested for upper and lower torso with encouraging results. Finally, a brief literature survey was made on neck and femur deformability. KW - Brain KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00411383 AU - SHAMS, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAIN AND CVS SIMULATION PY - 1984/12 SP - 97 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brain KW - Crash injuries KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/226225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453184 AU - Coeymans, J E AU - CEA, J DE AU - Ortuzar, J D AU - Pontifical Catholic University, Santiago TI - EVALUATING TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PY - 1984/12 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper presents the main results of a 9 month pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of several traffic management measures over 2 of the most important arterial roads in Santiago, Chile. It is shown that in the case of a developing country--with different traffic compositions, driving habits, police enforcement, etc. than an industrialized nation--the implementation of traffic management schemes can yield very high social rates of return, even when considering extremely low values of time. The paper concludes proposing a simplified methodology which makes good use of several computer programs easily available. KW - Computer programs KW - Developing countries KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway traffic control KW - Methodology KW - Rate of return KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453185 AU - Fernandez, J E AU - CEA, J DE AU - Pontifical Catholic University, Santiago TI - COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR THE DESIGN OF TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS PY - 1984/12 SP - 31 p. AB - The main objective of this paper is to review the different methods proposed to solve the transportation network design problem. We therefore begin by analysing the nature of the problem and its possible applications; then we present the various mathematical formulations of the problem and the proposed methods for its solution. Finally we give a brief description of the computational experience obtained as a result of the application of these different methodologies. KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology KW - System design KW - Transportation KW - Transportation system design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452017 AU - CARLSSON, G AU - Norin, H AU - AB Volvo TI - EJECTION IN CRASH SITUATIONS OF CAR OCCUPANTS PY - 1984/12 SP - 10 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to spotlight the frequency and consequences of the ejection of vehicle occupants in a road accident. The analysis is based on road accident material compiled by the Volvo Road Accident Research Team (see background data). The analysis is followed by a presentation and study of international accident material concerning the car occupant ejection problem. KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452250 JO - JOURNAL OF POLICE SCIENCE AND ADMINISTRATION AU - Formby, W A AU - Smykla, J O AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS TOWARD DRINKING AND DRIVING: A SIMULATION OF CITIZEN AWARENESS PY - 1984/12 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 379-384 AB - The methodology is described and the results are discussed of a project to study public attitudes toward drunken drivers. Public opinion concerning drinking and driving was studied in the context of an experimental simulation of 22 incidences of role-playing drunks asking passersby for assistance in unlocking their car doors. The resulting data shows clearly that citizen response was in favor of helping the drunk unlock the car door. Since a consensus of negative opinion about drunk drivers is lacking, it is suggested that legislation to control drunk driving may be counterproductive. Many poeple may see themselves to be in a situation where they are drunk and driving. If citizens do not perceive driving under the influence of alcohol as a negative behavior worthy of their public and private concern, the impact of statutes regarding this problem will be effective only on those who are apprehended through traditional enforcement methods. KW - Attitudes KW - Community values KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Perception KW - Public opinion KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450933 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - TWO-TEMPERATURE VAPOR LOCK AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRIVEABILITY PERFORMANCE OF 1982 PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1984/12 SP - v.p. AB - The 1982 CRC High-Temperature Driveability Program was conducted at the US Army Proving Grounds near Yuma, Arizona, from September 20 through October 19, 1982, at nominal ambient temperatures of 70 deg F (21.1 deg C) and 95 deg F (35 deg C). CRC has conducted previous programs for the evaluation of vapor lock and hot start and driveability of 1971 and 1975 model passenger cars. Since 1975, vehicle designs have changed rapidly to meet more stringent exhaust emissions and fuel economy standards. These changes may effect vehicle high-temperature performance. The 1982 CRC High-Temperature Driveability Program investigated the effort of such changes on vapor lock performance of nineteen 1982 passenger vehicles at nominal temperatures of 70 deg F (21 deg C) and 95 deg F (35 deg C). The two-temperature vapor lock evaluation was used in updating ambient temperture corrections of volatility over a range of temperature from 70 deg F (21 deg C) to 95 deg F (35 deg C). Hot-start and driveability performance was evaluated at a nominal 95 deg F (35 deg C) temperature by two test procedures. A new city driveability procedure emphasized conditions that could cause performance problems encountered in heavy stop-and-go traffic after a period of temperature stabilization. Selected vehicles were also evaluated using the CRC Hot-Start and Driveability Procedure. KW - Automobiles KW - Driveability KW - High temperature KW - Hot start KW - Hot starts (Driving) KW - Stop and go KW - Stopping KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic congestion KW - Two-temperature vapor lock KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269175 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450236 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE HISTORY OF SEAT BELTS PY - 1984/12 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - p. 10-11 AB - This article briefly gives some historical facts about seat belts and their use from 1885, when the seat belt was used on horse-drawn vehicles to prevent ejection, to 1983, when the dual-spool retractor with manual lockup of lap belt retractor was introduced on the 1984 Corvette. KW - History KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269439 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450238 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAFETY BELTS: YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW PY - 1984/12 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article briefly reviews the past, present and future of seat belt utilization in the U. S. Improvements in seat belt design since the 1950's are discussed, along with legislative and regulatory actions which have had considerable effect on seat belt development and installation. Concluding remarks concern efforts to get people to use seat belts, pointing out that "discretionary users" are the target group. KW - Design KW - History KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269441 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450116 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Rosenfield, H N AU - National Safety Council TI - WHAT HAPPENED WITH SAFETY IN WASHINGTON IN 1984? PY - 1984/12 VL - 130 IS - 6 SP - p. 38-39 AB - This is a selective review of safety and occupational health activities of the 98th Congress, various federal departments, agencies and courts. Covered are: traffic safety including drunk driving (breath analysis, minimum drinking age) and passenger restraints (safety belts, airbags, child safety seats); congressional action on industrial safety including pipeline safety, maritime safety, construction safety, motor transportation (tandem trucks) and public safety (cigarettes and dams); executive and judicial action on Occpuational Safety and Health Administration standards (arsenic, asbestos, dust, ethylene oxide, farm workers, formaldehyde, railroads ships), National Institute for Occupational Safety Health, Environmental Protection Agency (coke oven emissions, EDB), Department of Human Resources and Nuclear Regulatory Commission; and political party Platforms. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Industries KW - Laws KW - Occupational safety KW - Passenger restraints KW - Public policy KW - Regulations KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450233 AU - Waller, P F AU - Council, F M AU - Hall, W L AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Governor's Highway Safety Program TI - POTENTIAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE USE OF LARGER TRUCKS ON NORTH CAROLINA HIGHWAYS PY - 1984/12 SP - 73 p. AB - Until the passage of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (STAA), North Carolina did not allow the use of twin trailers, 48-foot trailers, or 102-inch wide trailers as a matter of routine practice. With the advent of the STAA, all of these configurations must be allowed on the interstate system and certain designated routes. This change in practice elicited some concern regarding the safety of these larger configurations on North Carolina roads and highways, and the project reported in this publication was undertaken to examine potential problems that may arise in their use and how such problems may be minimized or avoided altogether. A survey was conducted of motor carriers who operate in the State and who were likely candidates for the use of the larger configurations. In addition, a very small group of drivers was interviewed. The motor carriers and the drivers provided information freely, and it is on the basis of their input, as well as on information gleaned from the literature and professional organizations, that this report is based. KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Interviewing KW - Laws KW - Length KW - Motor carriers KW - North Carolina KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 KW - Surveys KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450349 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-FRB IMPACT TEST OF A 1984 PONTIAC FIERO TO A FIXED LOAD MEASURING BARRIER AT 29.8 MPH PY - 1984/12 SP - 200 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with 1984 Pontiac Fiero 2-door at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was towed at 0 deg into the fixed load measuring barrier at 29.8 mph. Occupant responses of two dummies were measured. One Part 572 dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position. The test date was October 18, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 72 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450234 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - IT'S NOT THE FIRST COLLISION THAT HURTS...IT'S THE SECOND COLLISION PY - 1984/12 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - 6 p. AB - Every accident results in a multiple collision--the first occurs when the car smashes into something and the second occurs when the driver hits the steering wheel and the dashboard. There is always a second collision due to the law of inertia, which states that an object will keep moving in a straight line until something stops it. This article examines the difference in being stopped by the car's interior and being stopped by a seat belt--a difference that could mean life or death. KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450340 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART DUMMY SELECTION--VOLUME I PY - 1984/12 SP - 200 p. AB - Since the standardization of the Part 572 dummy, there has been considerable effort in the development of both dummy hardware and biomechanical information. This project was conducted to compare and evaluate the Part 572, APROD'81, and Hybrid III dummy hardware in frontal impacts; and to select a dummy for interim use in Agency research programs. The project consisted of three phases: calibration, dummy component evaluation, and dummy system evaluation. The dummy component evaluation results present a comparison of the dummies' components on the basis of biofidelity, temperature sensitivity, symmetry, repeatability, and durability. The dummy system evaluation results are presented for passenger three-point belt restraint, driver distributed load air cushion, and unrestrained driver environments. The report is presented in two volumes, with Volume II consisting of appendices. KW - Calibration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hardware KW - Repeatability KW - Research KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450237 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE MYTHICAL BELT TALES PY - 1984/12 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - p. 12-13 AB - This article takes the myths of ancient Greece and Rome, which taught some of the moral lessons of life in an entertaining way, and applies them to the commonplace and nonheroic act of using a seat belt when driving an automobile. The classics are compared with some classic excuses for leaving the belts on their take-up reels. KW - Education KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269440 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450235 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SEAT BELT LAWS FOLLOWING VEHICLE LANE CHOICE AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1984/12 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - p. 7-10 AB - In addressing the question of whether or not seat belt laws work, this article looks at the more than 30 nations that have adopted mandatory seat belt use laws. Items examined include the mandatory seat belt use requirements, the date the law took effect, the penalties for not wearing belts, and the degree of enforcement. Also reviewed are accident data before and after implementation of the law. Further discussion centers on three particular countries -- Australia, France, and Sweden. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Penalties KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450346 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-FRB IMPACT TEST OF A 1983 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY TO A FIXED LOAD MEASURING BARRIER AT 30.0 MPH PY - 1984/12 SP - 144 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with 1983 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was towed at 0 deg into the fixed load measuring barrier at 30.0 mph. Occupant responses of two dummies were measured. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Part 572 dummy was located in the front seating position. The test date was September 26, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 72 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450348 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-FRB IMPACT TEST OF A 1984 PONTIAC FIERO TO A FIXED LOAD MEASURING BARRIER AT 29.7 MPH PY - 1984/12 SP - 188 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with 1984 Pontiac Fiero 2-door at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was towed at 0 deg into the fixed load measuring barrier at 29.7 mph. Occupant responses of two dummies were measured. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Part 572 dummy was located in the right front seating position. The test date was October 11, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 58 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450341 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART DUMMY SELECTION--VOLUME II PY - 1984/12 SP - 400 p. AB - Since the standardization of the Part 572 dummy, there has been considerable effort in the development of both dummy hardware and biomechanical information. This project was conducted to compare and evaluate the Part 572, APROD'81, and Hybrid III dummy hardware in frontal impacts; and to select a dummy for interim use in Agency research programs. The project consisted of three phases: calibration, dummy component evaluation, and dummy system evaluation. The dummy component evaluation results present a comparison of the dummies' components on the basis of biofidelity, temperature sensitivity, symmetry, repeatability, and durability. The dummy system evaluation results are presented for passenger three-point belt restraint, driver distributed load air cushion, and unrestrained driver environments. The report is presented in two volumes, with Volume II consisting of appendices. KW - Calibration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hardware KW - Repeatability KW - Research KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00404415 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART DUMMY SELECTION PY - 1984/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Measuring instruments KW - Seat belts KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396554 AU - ADDANTE, E Y AU - CENTRAL TRANSPORTATION PLANNING STAFF AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - 1983 MBTA FARE-MIX SAMPLING PROGRAM: ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION SN - CTPS 48 PY - 1984/12 SP - 105 p. AB - Historically, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) has estimated daily and annual ridership by dividing collected revenue by an average fare. In 1981, various fare and system changes influenced the MBTA decision to institute a new program for estimating ridership--the average fare used to calculate the number of riders from revenue would now be determined by surveying a sample of actual ridership. Number of passengers boarding, the type of fare paid, and farebox revenue are recorded for selected bus routes, surface portions of the Green Line, and at selected rapid transit stations. Resulting data are processed and analyzed by the CTPS. This program has been in effect for three years. This report is an update of the previous CTPS technical reports addressing the subject. It pressents the 1983 survey results and analysis procedures and the two previous years' results. (Analysis and results of the 1981 and 1982 fare-mix surveys are available in CTPS Techincal reports 39 and 43.) This report describes the assumptions and methods used to design and administer a sampling program to determine the fare-mix and average fare for rapid transit, buses, and the surface Green Line. Information obtained from this program was used in conjunction with revenue data to determine the number of unlinked and linked trips made on rapid transit and surface routes in November 1983. KW - Data collection KW - Elasticity (Economics) KW - Fares KW - Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority KW - Pricing KW - Revenues KW - Ridership KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Umta section 8 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399275 AU - Department of Commerce TI - THE U.S. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, 1983 PY - 1984/12 SP - 105 p. AB - This report, which is the fourth in a series prepared in accordance with the Chrysler Loan Guarantee Act (1979), is an annual Executive Branch assessment of the economic condition of the U.S. automobile industry. The various chapters describe in detail the U.S. auto industry performance, the competitive status of the U.S. Auto industry, prospects of the U.S. industry through 1990, and the role of government policies toward the auto industry. Appendices describe the classification of automobiles by market segment, Japanese producers--anticipated product actions; vehicle classification--1985 sales forecast; and U.S. producers--anticipated product actions by size class. KW - Automobile industry KW - Classification KW - Competition KW - Economic conditions KW - Forecasting KW - Japan KW - Markets KW - Performance KW - Policy KW - Sales KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399346 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Robertson, H D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE APPLICATION OF PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS AT TRAFFIC-SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1984/12 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - p. 81-87 AB - This article describes Federal Highway Administration Research concentrated on the application of pedestrian signals at traffic-signalized intersections. The study was conducted to determine the nature and extent of the problems pedestrians experience at intersections both with and without pedestrian signals, to develop improved criteria and warrants for determining where pedestrian signals should or should not be used based on sound human factors and traffic engineering principles, and to develop practical guidelines that traffic engineers could use in applying the warrants. KW - Guidelines KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Research KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic engineering KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218141 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399041 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Eckart, R W AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - RETREADING IN THE FUTURE PY - 1984/12 VL - 116 IS - 12 SP - p. 26-29 AB - This article examines the future of the retreading industry. Truck retreading forecasts are very encouraging considering that some 13 million truck tire units were retreaded in 1983 and 1984--and will be even better with projections in the area of 13.8-14.5 million units. The exciting thing in truck retreading is the great acceptance and increase in radials by the trucking industry. The higher initial cost of the radial tire has proven to pay for itself in fuel savings as well as greater retreadability. Passenger retreading is currently of great concern. Pricing has become so competitive on new passenger radials that a retreaded radial is no longer 50 to 60 percent of the cost of a new tire but closer to 70 to 85 percent. Passenger retreaders who have not yet updated their equipment for radial retreading will most likely be out of business by the end of 1984. Passenger retreading is a sleeping giant--in-plant efficiencies must improve, production costs must be reduced, and marketing and selling must be tackled as never before. KW - Costs KW - Forecasting KW - Future growth KW - Marketing KW - Pricing KW - Production KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Retreaded tires KW - Tires KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396301 AU - RANNEY, T A AU - PERCHONOK, K AU - Pollack, L E AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR SPECIFIC ALCOHOL ACCIDENT TYPES AND PROBLEMS-VOLUME III: THE HEAVY TRUCK ALCOHOL PROBLEM PY - 1984/12 SP - 117 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of work conducted during 1979 pertaining to the scope and nature of the heavy truck alcohol problem. Included in a review of literature available at that time, a detailed examination of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), and an examination of prospective countermeasure concepts to address the problem. The search of literature and other informational sources revealed that rather little was available on the scope or nature of the drinking-driver problem among heavy truck drivers. Studies using police reports indicated that about two percent of the accident-involved truck drivers were alcohol-impaired while studies using blood tests and small samples indicated that 25-33 percent of fatally injured truck drivers had positive blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). Using FARS data from nine states where at least 80 percent of fatally-injured drivers are routinely tested for alcohol presence, 19 percent of the truck drivers had positive BACs. Regarding accident types, single-vehicle, road departure accidents, often at night, were found to be predominant for drinking truck drivers. Countermeasures examined include in-vehicle devices to monitor driving performance and provide feedback or warning information to the driver and deterrent approaches such as use of the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) regulatory structure to detect impaired drivers. Feasibility determination was limited because of the lack of appropriate data defining the problems and the specific individuals involved. Suggestions for future data collections are presented. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Edge lines KW - Effectiveness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highway curves KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personnel performance KW - Rear end crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25691/DOT-HS-806-651.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396284 AU - Hoxie, P AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF DRIVER INEXPERIENCE WITH AN AUTOMOBILE AS A FACTOR WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS PY - 1984/12 SP - 38 p. AB - This study addresses the statistical relationship between driver familiarity with vehicles and accident frequency. In 1981, 8.9 percent of all drivers in NASS-reported automobile accidents had less than 150 miles driving experience with the accident vehicle. Our best estimate of the share of driving done by this group is 1.5 percent. The study examined the NASS data for reporting bias and performed statistical tests to determine whether other factors explain the heightened risk. The study concluded that driving experience with the vehicle per se is an important factor influencing accident risk. The study suggests an inexpensive countermeasure and recommends that additional information which could be collected in NASS might lead to an even more cost-effective countermeasure. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Experience KW - Hazards KW - Knowledge KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle familiarity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33363/33363.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396299 AU - RANNEY, T A AU - Gawron, V J AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR SPECIFIC ALCOHOL ACCIDENT TYPES AND PROBLEMS-VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/12 SP - 34 p. AB - This report summarizes work conducted to investigate the feasibility of developing effective countermeasures directed at specific alcohol-related accidents or problems. In Phase I, literature and accident data were reviewed to determine the scope and magnitude of the driver-alcohol problem among vehicle drivers in general and heavy truck drivers in particular. Single vehicle accidents, head-on collisions, and to a lesser extent, rear-end collisions, were identified as alcohol collision types. In Phase II, prospective countermeasures were identified and evaluated according to their expected effectiveness, state of development, and potential for empirical evaluation. Roadway treatments were selected for evaluation in Phase III, which consisted of two experiments. Experiment I evaluated a simulated rumbling shoulder treatment combined with a simulated raised pavement marker. An instrumented vehicle driven over a closed-course was used. The results indicated strong and consistent effects of alcohol on driving performance, including increases in lane position errors and vehicle control variability. Effects of the rumbling treatments were positive although not strong. Experiment II used a driving simulator to evaluate continuous (standard and wide edgelines) and spot treatments for curves (herringbone patterned pavement markings, flashing beacons added to curve warning signs, chevron alignment signs, and post delineators). Alcohol effects were evident primarily on measures of tracking behavior and overall scenario performance. Edgeline presence improved tracking as well as overall performance. Wide edgelines were associated with additional, although non-significant benefits. The effects of spot treatments were relatively weak and equivocal. Based upon the results, recommendations for additional research and development are presented. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Edge lines KW - Effectiveness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highway curves KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personnel performance KW - Rear end crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25703/DOT-HS-806-649_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396311 AU - RANNEY, T A AU - Gawron, V J AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR SPECIFIC ALCOHOL ACCIDENT TYPES AND PROBLEMS-VOLUME IV: APPENDICES PY - 1984/12 SP - 70 p. AB - This report summarizes work conducted to investigate the feasibility of developing effective countermeasures directed at specific alcohol-related accidents or problems. In Phase I, literature and accident data were reviewed to determine the scope and magnitude of the driver-alcohol problem among vehicle drivers in general and heavy truck drivers in particular. Single vehicle accidents, head-on collisions, and to a lesser extent, rear-end collisions, were identified as alcohol collision types. In Phase II, prospective countermeasures were identified and evaluated according to their expected effectiveness, state of development, and potential for empirical evaluation. Roadway treatments were selected for evaluation in Phase III, which consisted of two experiments. Experiment I evaluated a simulated rumbling shoulder treatment combined with a simulated raised pavement marker. An instrumented vehicle driven over a closed-course was used. The results indicated strong and consistent effects of alcohol on driving performance, including increases in lane position errors and vehicle control variability. Effects of the rumbling treatments were positive although not strong. Experiment II used a driving simulator to evaluate continuous (standard and wide edgelines) and spot treatments for curves (herringbone patterned pavement markings, flashing beacons added to curve warning signs, chevron alignment signs, and post delineators). Alcohol effects were evident primarily on measures of tracking behavior and overall scenario performance. Edgeline presence improved tracking as well as overall performance. Wide edgelines were associated with additional, although non-significant benefits. The effects of spot treatments were relatively weak and equivocal. Based upon the results, recommendations for additional research and development are presented. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Edge lines KW - Effectiveness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highway curves KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personnel performance KW - Rear end crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25702/DOT-HS-806-671.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396314 AU - Cynecki, M J AU - Goryl, M E AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE INCIDENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILD SAFETY SEAT MISUSE PY - 1984/12 SP - 68 p. AB - This report presents the findings for a study on the misuse of child safety seats. Data were collected in 10 cities across the country at Hardee's Restaurants. Data collection involved observation of seat use and determination of factors associated with specific types of misuse. Misuse of safety seats was 64.6 percent for the 1,006 safety seats observed. Data was collected on toddler, infant and booster seats. For the 734 toddler seats observed, 40 percent of the children were not harnessed, 33 percent did not have the seat properly secured with the vehicle belt, and 85 percent of the tether-type seats were not tethered. Of the children not harnessed, almost all of those responsible (95 percent) were aware of this fact. The most common reason given was that the child slips out or takes off the harness. Nearly 80 percent of those not using the tether strap (when required) stated that they knew that the tether was required and indicated a strong resistance to the installation of a tether anchor. Approximately 75 percent of those incorrectly belting the seat to the vehicle did not realize the belt routing was incorrect. While a small number of safety seats were not belted, (7 percent), 75 percent of those with this misuse were aware of it. In addition, 71 percent of those facing infant seats forward, knew the seat was supposed to face the rear of the vehicle. The findings indicate that safety seats which are more comfortable for the child, easier to use, and have fewer opportunities of misuse, are more often used correctly. Several countermeasures are proposed to reduce misuse of safety seats. KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Rearward facing child seat KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Tether belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396300 AU - RANNEY, T A AU - Gawron, V J AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR SPECIFIC ALCOHOL ACCIDENT TYPES AND PROBLEMS-VOLUME II: GENERAL DRIVER ALCOHOL PROBLEM PY - 1984/12 SP - 215 p. AB - This report summarizes work conducted to investigate the feasibility of developing effective countermeasures directed at specific alcohol-related accidents or problems. In Phase I, literature and accident data were reviewed to determine the scope and magnitude of the driver-alcohol problem among vehicle drivers in general and heavy truck drivers in particular. Single vehicle accidents, head-on collisions, and to a lesser extent, rear-end collisions, were identified as alcohol collision types. In Phase II, prospective countermeasures were identified and evaluated according to their expected effectiveness, state of development, and potential for empirical evaluation. Roadway treatments were selected for evaluation in Phase III, which consisted of two experiments. Experiment I evaluated a simulated rumbling shoulder treatment combined with a simulated raised pavement marker. An instrumented vehicle driven over a closed-course was used. The results indicated strong and consistent effects of alcohol on driving performance, including increases in lane position errors and vehicle control variability. Effects of the rumbling treatments were positive although not strong. Experiment II used a driving simulator to evaluate continuous (standard and wide edgelines) and spot treatments for curves (herringbone patterned pavement markings, flashing beacons added to curve warning signs, chevron alignment signs, and post delineators). Alcohol effects were evident primarily on measures of tracking behavior and overall scenario performance. Edgeline presence improved tracking as well as overall performance. Wide edgelines were associated with additional, although non-significant benefits. The effects of spot treatments were relatively weak and equivocal. Based upon the results, recommendations for additional research and development are presented. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Edge lines KW - Effectiveness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highway curves KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personnel performance KW - Rear end crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25684/DOT-HS-806-650.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395980 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - CHAPMAN, R AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - SLASHING TIRES FOR SAFETY AND SAVINGS PY - 1984/12 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 2 p. AB - This article suggests a method of coping with winter roads and tire traction. The process is called siping and involves slashing tires, that is, making thin cuts across the tire all the way around. Tire engineers have been impressed with test results which show that on snow and ice, siped tires were better performers in terms of traction, braking, and cornering. Also tread life was increased. Siped tires are not only safer on roads that are icy, snow-packed, or filmed with water, they are also cost-effective even on dry roads. Now, molded sipes, a process done during manufacturing, are an almost standard part of tread designs, but are not as effective as siping, an after purchase process. Presently, tire-slashing machines are manufactured by Saf-Tee Siping and Grooving, Inc., the only manufacturer of after-purchase siping equipment. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driving KW - Equipment KW - Excavations KW - School buses KW - Siping /tires/ KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217406 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395982 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - National School Transportation Association TI - SAFETY LEGISLATION CONCERNING SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1984/12 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article provides a summary, which attempts to outline briefly, in layman terms, the more important regulations covering school bus design. This summary covers: strength of the basic structural cube; strength in case of side impact; strength in case of front or rear impact; strength of the joints; strength of seats; energy absorption seats; energy absorbing barriers; spacing of seats; warning lights and reflectors; stop arms; exterior paint; windshields and windows; emergency exits; gas tank protection; fire resistance of seats; brakes; and, other Federal requirements. The results of legislation are covered as follows: school bus safety; common causes of school bus fatalities; differences between small and big buses and why small buses require seat belts and large buses do not; how state safety requirements differ from Federal requirements; and manufacturers position on additional safety regulations. KW - Federal government KW - Legislation KW - Regulations KW - School buses KW - State government KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217408 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395962 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Gallagher, S S AU - Finison, K AU - Guyer, B AU - Goodenough, S AU - American Public Health Association TI - THE INCIDENCE OF INJURIES AMONG 87,000 MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: RESULTS OF THE 1980-81 STATEWIDE CHILDHOOD INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PY - 1984/12 VL - 74 IS - 12 SP - p. 1340 AB - This study describes the incidence of fatal and nonfatal injuries occurring in 87,022 Massachusetts children and adolescents during a one-year period. A surveillance system for injuries at 23 hospitals captured 93 percent of all discharges for ages 0-19 in the 14 communities under study. Sample data were collected on emergency room visits, hospital admissions, and deaths for all but a few causes of unintentional injuries. The overall incidence was 2,239 per 10,000. The true incidence rates are probably higher than those reported. The ratio of emergency room visits to admissions to deaths was 1,300 to 45 to 1. Injury rates varied considerably by age, sex, cause, and level of severity. Age-specific injury rates were lowest for infants and elementary school age children and highest for toddlers and adolescents. The overall ratio of male to female injury rates was 1.66 to 1. Injuries from falls, sports, and cutting and piercing instruments had a high incidence and low severity. Injuries from motor vehicles, burns, and drownings had lower incidence, but greater severity. Results provide evidence that both morbidity and mortality must be considered when determining priorities for injury prevention. Current prevention efforts must be expanded to target injuries of higher incidence and within the adolescent population. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hospitals KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - School children KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395983 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - National School Transportation Association TI - RESPONDING TO STUDENT DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE ON SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1984/12 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 25 AB - The Drug and Alcohol Education Section of the Pennsylvania Department of Education has been working toward the prevention of drug and alcohol abuse in the school setting by providing technical assistance for policy development, curriculum, and programs. Attempts have also been attempted to determine the extent of the abuse. One of the key places where drug and alcohol use is likely to happen is on the school bus. It is apparent through discussions with bus drivers and students that the use of chemical substances does occur on school buses and that the issue has not been properly addressed. The article summarizes: what are some problems incurred by not reporting incidents; what can you as a bus driver or transportation director do; and guidelines for developing a school bus policy on drugs and alcohol. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drugs KW - Policy making KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217409 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395834 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - THE LAW AND YOUR CAR PY - 1984/12 VL - 161 IS - 12 SP - 3 p. AB - Authorities in the 50 states were surveyed on various questions involving cars and the law. Answers differed from state to state. Examples of questions asked are: How much over the speed limit do state police allow you to drive? Can you sue if your car is damaged by a pothole? Can you hold a driver's license in more than one state? Altogether there are twelve questions and answers. KW - Data collection KW - Highway law KW - Laws KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395958 JO - WORKING WOMAN AU - GUTHRIE, J AU - Hal Publications, Incorporated TI - CARS OF THE FUTURE. NEW DIGITAL DASHBOARDS ARE JUST THE BEGINNING! LOOK FORWARD TO KEYLESS ENTRY SYSTEMS, VOICE-ACTIVATED RADIOS, NAVIGATION BY SATELLITE AND EVEN AN ELECTRONIC ATLAS PY - 1984/12 SP - 2 p. AB - The car of the future will include digital dashboards, keyless entry systems, voice actuated radios, navigation by satellite and electronic atlases. Renault has recently demonstrated a voice recognition car as well as developing a four cylinder turbocharged aluminum engine. This is in line with a recent Delphi forecast of industry opinion which envisions increased use of four cylinder engines and turbochargers. Onboard computers or microprocessors are and will be used to gather operating information which the computer then integrates to maximize vehicle operations. Computers will also be used to operate antilock braking systems (ABS). Digital dashboards are being developed, but there is some debate on instrument visibility. Various concept cars include vehicles with satellite navigation systems allowing communication with NAVSTAR with information then displayed on video maps (which can also include numerous frames of points of interest) as well as keyless entry systems permitting entry into the vehicle without door handles. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Artificial satellites KW - Automobile engines KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computers KW - Cylinders KW - Door handles KW - Door operating mechanisms KW - Instrument panels KW - Instrumentation KW - Microprocessors KW - Navigation KW - Prototypes KW - Traffic signal hardware KW - Turbochargers KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217388 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395963 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Robertson, L S AU - American Public Health Association TI - AUTOMOBILE SAFETY REGULATION: REBUTTAL AND NEW DATA PY - 1984/12 VL - 74 IS - 12 SP - p. 1390 AB - A respecification of the regression model applied to additional data results in an estimate of about 45,000 lives preserved by regulations during 1975-78, similar to my previous estimates, and 105,000 lives 1975-1982. The model allows for introduction of new regulations after 1968 and increased compliance. This result is similar to estimates obtained by several investigators using a variety of methods. KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Regression analysis KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395964 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Orr, L O AU - American Public Health Association TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMOBILE SAFETY REGULATION: EVIDENCE FROM THE FARS DATA PY - 1984/12 VL - 74 IS - 12 SP - p. 1384 AB - In a paper published in the August 1981 issue of this Journal, Leon Robertson attempts to measure the effects of the vehicle safety and occupant protection standards implemented in the 1960s. Data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System are used. Additional statistical analysis with these data reveals a multicollinearity problem that makes the prediction of the effects of regulation uncertain. There is also bias in regression results due to the inappropriate inclusion of truck data in the regressions. Regressions on the car data reveal a lifesaving effect of regulation that, at best, is one-fourth the value reported by Robertson. KW - Automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Regression analysis KW - Regulations KW - Restraint systems KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395478 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Csere, C AU - Sherman, D AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - TIRES TIMES TWO PY - 1984/12 VL - 30 IS - 6 SP - p. 102-108 AB - A battery of eight performance tests were conducted to determine the best high-performance tires. They included the following: roadholding and 70-to-0-mph braking; maneuverability and combined braking and cornering; wet cornering, wet braking and road-course runs; and wet maneuverability. In addition to these objective tests, the tires were also tested subjectively. The test results are discussed conclusions drawn from the test results are presented. KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Friction KW - Maneuverability KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Road holding KW - Steering KW - Tires KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399036 AU - Raub, R A AU - Illinois Department of Law Enforcement TI - REMOVAL OF ROOF-MOUNTED EMERGENCY LIGHTING FROM POLICE PATROL VEHICLES: AN EVALUATION PY - 1984/11/19 SP - 22 p. AB - In 1982, based on a study of fuel use and accidents, the Illinois Department of Law Enforcement began a test of removing roof-mounted emergency lights from police patrol vehicles. This test consisted of 120 vehicles, one-half with and one-half without roof-mounted lights. The vehicles were issued in pairs to officers who had similar patrols in rural areas. After six months, fuel economy, accidents and productivity of the officers were compared. Significant improvements were found for those officers driving vehicles without roof-lights. More vehicles without roof-mounted lights were placed in service in early 1983. This study compares 208 vehicles with and without roof-mounted lights for a period from April 1982 through January 1984. The officers drove these vehicles more than five and one half million miles. Prior to obtaining these cars, all officers had similar driving records. The results show that those officers driving vehicles without roof-mounted lights obtained seven percent better fuel mileage, had 25 percent better productivity in speed enforcement (but not in enforcement overall), and were involved in 65 percent fewer accidents per million vehicle miles. All results are statistically significant. The findings suggest that removing roof-mounted lights from police vehicles that patrol rural areas reduces fuel and accident costs and improves productivity. KW - Crash rates KW - Fuel conservation KW - Police vehicles KW - Productivity KW - Removal KW - Roof-mounted emergency lights KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Vehicle lighting systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214487 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451745 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - Decker, M D AU - Dewey, M J AU - Hutcheson, R H AU - Schaffner, W AU - American Medical Association TI - THE USE AND EFFICACY OF CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICES. THE TENNESSEE EXPERIENCE, 1982 AND 1983 PY - 1984/11/09 VL - 252 IS - 18 SP - 5 p. AB - The Tennessee Child Passenger Protection Act, mandating the use of child restraint devices for children younger than 4 years, took effect in 1978. In the years 1978 through 1983, eighty-one children younger than 4 years died in Tennessee traffic accidents: only two were in child restraint devices. During this period, as child restraint device use rose from 8% to more than 30%, the number of deaths among children younger than 4 years declined more than 50%. Analysis of supplemental accident reports filed in investigations of motor vehicle accidents involving children younger than 4 years during 1982 and 1983 showed that child restraint devices are highly effective in preventing death and in preventing or reducing injury. Children not in child restraint devices were 11 times more likely to die in an accident than children in child restraint devices. Children traveling in the arms of an adult were exposed to a risk of injury or death comparable to that of children left entirely unrestrained. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compulsory KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - State government KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451744 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - American Medical Association TI - BLESS THE SEATS AND THE CHILDREN: THE PHYSICIAN AND THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS PY - 1984/11/09 VL - 252 IS - 18 SP - 2 p. AB - Since the nation's first child-restraint legislation, the Tennessee Child Protection Act, was implemented in January 1978, 49 states have enacted similar laws. In each state, pediatricians and other physicians have played a key role in lobbying for this effort. This heartening experience should stimulate physicians of all specialties to consider extending these laws to protect older children and adults from the carnage witnessed daily on our streets and highways. The remarkable dividends resulting from the Tennessee law, as reported in this issue (p 2571) by Decker et al, document the merit of physician participation in safety legislation. Thus, we will review the Tennessee experience as a guide for future, inevitable legislative struggles. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compulsory KW - Legislation KW - Physicians KW - State government KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395835 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - ANOTHER LITTLE DRINK... PY - 1984/11/03 VL - 166 IS - 4277 SP - p. 14-17 AB - This article reports the results of a series of tests on the Alcolmeter model S-D2. This is a hand-held breath-testing device which gives a direct digital read-out and is available for purchase by the general public. It was concluded that, properly interpreted, the Alcolmeter can make a useful contribution to road safety. A reading of 30 mg/100 ml must be taken as a warning sign to stop drinking. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Availability KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Supply KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396315 AU - MENTZER, S G AU - Automated Sciences Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFICIENT COMPUTATION OF HEAD INJURY CRITERION (HIC) VALUES PY - 1984/11/01 SP - 19 p. AB - This report describes the methodology and the associated computer program for efficient computation of the maximum Head Injury Criterion (HIC) value of a resultant head acceleration time series. The method exploits the monotonicities within the HIC function to find the global maximum with a branch and bound scheme. The FORTRAN77 program which uses this method, HICOP, has been implemented in the NHTSA VAX 11/780 environment. HICOP is between 15 and 120 times faster (in CPU time) than previous exhaustive search methods. The modifications and FORTRAN code necessary to create both a generalized HICOP program for other environments and a reduced storage version suitable for microcomputer applications are supplied. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Microcomputers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213910 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495583 JO - Research in Brief PB - National Institute of Justice AU - National Institute of Justice TI - JAILING DRUNK DRIVERS: IMPACT ON THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM PY - 1984/11 SP - 4 p. AB - Since 1981, more than 30 States have enacted legislation directed at drunk driving control, most often by prescribing severe sanctions such as mandatory confinement. To gauge the impact of tougher sanctions on the criminal justice system, the National Institute of Justice researchers examined the effects of mandatory confinement for drunk driving in jurisdictions in Washington, Tennessee, Ohio, and Minnesota. This Brief summarizes the report on the research. It describes the key findings and recommendations for legislators, county administrators, and judges considering mandatory confinement of drunk drivers and for criminal justice personnel responsible for implementing such requirements. Selected operational issues are also highlighted. KW - Arrests KW - Convictions KW - Crimes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact studies KW - Incarceration KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Prisons KW - Recommendations KW - Sanctions KW - States KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492229 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 45.9 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/11 SP - 159 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. Testing was conducted on a 1981 diesel Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'altered profile', crabbed to 19 deg, at 45.9 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was October 1, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 58 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492230 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 46.0 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/11 SP - 158 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. Testing was conducted on a 1981 diesel Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was structurally unmodified but contained additional padding on the driver's side door, the left rear quarter panel and the left rear side header. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'altered profile', crabbed to 19 deg, at 46.0 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was October 8 1984 and the ambient temperature was 72 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452218 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - WATANABE, Y AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATIONS OF BIAS-PLY MOTORCYCLE TIRES SUBJECT TO INFLATION PRESSURE PY - 1984/11 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - p. 113-128 AB - The finite element model previously formulated to represent a bias-ply motorcycle tire is improved for more accurate orthotropic stiffness values. Efforts are centered on accurate mapping of the cord angle from an actual tire to the finite element model. Using this improved finite element model, the deformations of the bias-ply motorcycle tire subject to inflation pressure are analyzed. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Inflation KW - Motorcycles KW - Tire cords KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270612 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452244 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Westman, J A AU - Morrow, G AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - MOPED INJURIES IN CHILDREN PY - 1984/11 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - p. 820-822 AB - Moped injuries are an important cause of traffic-related injuries in children. An attempt was made to define the epidemiology as well as the nature and severity of injuries sustained in 88 moped-related accidents. Bicycle injuries among children (579) were used as a control. The patients with moped injuries were younger than expected (mean 12.8 years with a minimum legal driving age of 14 years in the study area). Among 26 hospital admissions due to moped accidents, there were 11 admissions to the intensive care unit, demonstrating the severe nature of the injuries. Fifty percent of the patients had orthopaedic injuries and 46% had neurologic injuries. These injuries resulted in an average length of hospitalization of 8.5 days (intensive care unit admissions lasted an average of 14.6 days). Recommendations are made to aid pediatricians in the counseling of patients and parents. KW - Children KW - Counseling KW - Cyclists KW - Epidemiology KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Moped drivers KW - Parents KW - Physicians KW - Recommendations KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270629 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452219 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - KARNOPP, D AU - Margolis, D AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - ADAPTIVE SUSPENSION CONCEPTS FOR ROAD VEHICLES PY - 1984/11 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - p. 145-160 AB - Most vehicle suspensions are composed of passive spring and damper devices, although improved suspension performance is possible if an active system is used to control forces or relative velocities. The complexity, power requirements, and cost of fully active suspensions have restricted their use. Various partially active suspensions have been proposed and suspensions with slow load levelers and variable dampers are in widespread use. Here we analyze a class of basically passive suspensions the parameters of which can be varied actively in response to various measured signals on the vehicle. These suspensions can come close to optimal performance with simpler means than many of the active or semi-active schemes previously proposed. KW - Absorbents KW - Active suspension systems KW - Analysis KW - Optimization KW - Passive absorbers KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270613 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450127 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Tsuto, T AU - Ino, Y AU - Abe, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST VIBRATION AND NOISE IN PASSENGER CAR WITH THREE-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1984/11 IS - 15 SP - p. 78-87 AB - Amid the growing market demand for fuel-efficient motor vehicles, the demand for diesel engines has been expanding even in the field of small-sized popular motor vehicles as the power plant for passenger cars, not to speak of trucks, thanks to the vibration and noise prevention technology which has made great strides in recent years, in addition to the diesel engine's inherent fuel economy. Under these circumstances, recently we at DAIHATSU have developed the Type CL diesel engine, the smallest three-cylinder, one-liter, diesel engine ever produced in the world (hereinafter referred to as Type CL engine). This newly developed engine has been mounted on our "New Charade" which is classified as a minicar. The Type CL engine is a swirl chamber type diesel engine with a displacement of 993 cc. It is not only a high-performance diesel engine capable of delivering a maximum output of 27 KW and a maximum torque of 60 Nm, but also one in which the greatest efforts have been exterted to reduce vibration and noise levels. This paper describes some of the problems we encountered and the improvements we have made in our pursuit of effective control methods of vibration and noise in a three-cylinder diesel-powered passenger car, in connection with vibration and noise characteristics of the three-cylinder diesel engine as the source thereof as well as their control measures taken at the engine side and the anti-vibration and noise-insulating measures taken at the vehicle body side. KW - Automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Fuel consumption KW - Insulating materials KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Vibrators KW - Vibrators (Electricity) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450124 JO - SEARCH AU - General Motors Corporation TI - SOUND JUDGEMENT NOW POSSIBLE IN VEHICLE ACOUSTIC DESIGN PY - 1984/11 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - A short-history is given and the present efforts are described of General Motors' research in vehicle interior design to bring acoustic analysis into the early slopes of vehicle design. A decade ago GMR (General Motors Research) developed acoustic finite element modeling which identified potential "boom" noise problems. Three years ago, a structural system model was developed to help identify the the specific noise sources which caused the "boom." The latter model could provide vibration response of body surfaces during actual vehicle operating condition. The structural model yoked to the acoustic model is effective in the gross noise-making low frequency range which accounts for the vast mojority of problems encountered in basic structural design. It is thus a fundamental tool for design engineers. The model's first application was in the design phase of GM's new-sized van, the 1985 Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari. This has demonstrated that boom noise problems can be virtually eliminated from new vehicle designs and the overall low frequency noise level reduced. This has led to researchers formalizing a computer-aided procedure for structural-acoustic design which will make structural acoustic design far easier for the engineer with little or no background in acoustics. KW - Acoustics KW - Computer aided design KW - Failure KW - Failure lines KW - Finite element method KW - Interior KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Noise control KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450205 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Noguchi, H AU - Fujita, Y AU - SAKAI, H AU - Kanesaka, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - A NEW TYPE OF MILLER CYCLE GASOLINE ENGINE (2ND REPORT--PERFORMANCE OF SUPERCHARGED ENGINE) PY - 1984/11 IS - 15 SP - p. 62-66 AB - This paper deals with a new type of Miller cycle gasoline engine which is installed with an intake control rotary valve, and presents the experimental investigation on the test engine which was undertaken to examine the capacity of supercharging as well as fuel economy in the application of the new system to small-sized gasoline engines. The first prototype engine did not attain a significant increase in power, as it was unable to fully utilize its anti-knock capacity, one of the most advantageous characteristics of the Miller system. This was mainly due to the deterioration of combustion. This paper discusses the results of the supercharging test of the engine which is equipped with a kind of swirl intensifying throttle plates and a more powerful ignition system for improved combustion, as well as the results of a test on reducing the geometrical ratio. The improvement of combustion was marked, and led the test engine to attain the brake mean effective pressure of 15.5 bar at relatively low boost pressure of 1.25 bar at 2000 rpm. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Combustion KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Control valves KW - Engine knock KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gasoline engines KW - Superchargers KW - Supercharging KW - Swirl KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269419 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450129 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Bauer, R L AU - Public Health Service TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND MINOR TRANQUILIZERS: A REVIEW PY - 1984/11 VL - 99 IS - 6 SP - p. 572-574 AB - Minor tranquilizers, including the benzodiazepines, have been found to impair driving skills such as hand-eye coordination and reaction time. Several studies have also demonstrated an association between minor tranquilizer use and traffic accidents; however, the association may be due entirely to more frequent alcohol use or to the underlying anxiety found in users of minor tranquilizers. Whichever the case, patients taking minor tranquilizers do have higher accident rates. It is recommended that physicians emphasize the possible risks of driving while using these medicines, particularly if used with alcohol. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Benzodiazepines KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Physicians KW - Psychological aspects KW - Reaction time KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450215 JO - Traffic Safety Newsletter PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERRENT EFFECTS OF ROADBLOCKS ON DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1984/11 VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - p. 7-17 AB - The study was designed to determine the extent to which roadblocks (or "sobriety checkpoints") change public perceptions of the enforcement of drunk driving laws and behavior related to drinking and driving. Two areas with active roadblock programs were studied: (1) Montgomery County in Maryland and (2) Kent and Sussex Counties in Delaware. Montgomery County was also compared to adjacent Fairfax County, Virginia, which has had a few unpublicized roadblocks, but has a much higher drunk driving arrest rate than Montgomery. The Delaware counties were compared to seven counties on the nearby Maryland Eastern Shore, where roadblocks have not been held. The data were collected via a telephone survey. Results indicated that roadblocks are highly visible. They were the most frequently mentioned activity when respondents in the four areas were asked if they knew about any nearby activities designed to deal with the problem of drunk driving. More than three quarters of Montgomery County and Delaware respondents were aware of roadblocks in their county. In areas both with and without active roadblock programs, respondents tended to identify the area with roadblocks as the place where drunk drivers would be more likely to be arrested. The limited evidence from self-reported behavioral measures does not indicate that the roadblocks have changed the drinking and driving behavior of the respondents. Further research is needed. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public opinion KW - Roadblocks KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269426 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450204 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Inoue, T AU - Nakanishi, K AU - Matsushita, S AU - Okumura, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - EFFECTS OF HELICAL PORT WITH SWIRL CONTROL VALVE ON THE COMBUSTION AND PERFORMANCE OF S.I. ENGINE PY - 1984/11 IS - 15 SP - p. 54-61 AB - A helical port with swirl control valve (SCV) has been developed to satisfy two inconsistent requirements of achieving sufficient swirl generation to improve the combustion and still maintaining high volumetric efficiency. Their effects on combustion were confirmed in a single cylinder engine using high speed flame photography and cylinder pressure diagram analysis which has demonstrated faster combustion. As a result of a hot wire anemometer study, the differences in gas motion were clarified between two helical port with and without SCV, and more active movement of the center of swirl was measured in the case of helical port with SCV which suggests generation of higher turbulence in the cylinder. KW - Combustion KW - Control valves KW - Engine performance KW - Helical port KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Swirl KW - Turbulence KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450126 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - FURUHAMA, S AU - Sasaki, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - EFFECT OF OIL PROPERTIES ON PISTON FRICTIONAL FORCES PY - 1984/11 IS - 15 SP - p. 68-76 AB - New devices for the measurement of piston frictional forces with floating liner methods have been developed in small engines. Using these devices, it was concluded that the effects of multi-grade oils on the piston friction reduction and oil film formation were small because of oil viscosity shear down, and effects of friction modifiers were also small. KW - Friction KW - Friction forces KW - Measuring instruments KW - Modifiers KW - Multigrade oils KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Properties of materials KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450222 AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Pettis, L C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1982 (VERSION NOVEMBER 9, 1984) PY - 1984/11 SP - 122 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1982. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, 87.7% of the FARS medium and heavy trucks were found to be correctly classified. The 4,718 vehicles found to be medium and heavy trucks were divided into 1,265 straight trucks and 3,434 tractors. Of the latter, 3,290 were combination vehicles. KW - Data KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Medium trucks KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265995 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399376 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DIMMING GLARE PY - 1984/11 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - p. 24-25 AB - Driving at night calls for better vision and more caution than daytime motoring. At night it is difficult to distinguish shapes and sizes, difficult to judge distances, and color perception is severely curtailed. This article discusses the causes of night vision problems and offers some advice on how to avoid or minimize these problems. KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Night visibility KW - Night vision KW - Perception KW - Peripheral vision KW - Smoking KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399092 AU - Cosby, P J AU - Landrum, J W AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State TI - THE MISSISSIPPI DRUNK DRIVER: A PROFILE OF DUI OFFENDERS PY - 1984/11 SP - 27 p. AB - This study was designed to look at drinking behavior as well as arrest records and to incorporate sociodemographic data, accident involvement, and other pertinent information to provide a general profile of one group of Mississippi DUI offenders. Improvement of deterrence programs may lie in the identification of subgroups of DUI offenders and the design of programs aimed specifically at these subgroups. This report is intended to be a first step in determining the extent of drinking problems and involvement in law violations among Mississippi DUI offenders. The purposes of the study are (1) to describe demographic, behavioral, and arrest characteristics of a group of DUI offenders and (2) to determine if the group was homogeneous or if there was a segment of chronic offenders that caused a disproportionate share of problems. The report consists of six main sections. First is a background of how the study evolved followed by a methodology section stating how data were collected and used. The next section presents a comparison of the study group to the county in which the arrests occurred and to the Mississippi population in terms of age, sex, race, education, occupation, income, and marital status. The fourth section provides a description of behavioral characteristics of the group including classification of problem and non-problem drinkers, recidivism, accident rates, scores on Mortimer-Filkins Questionnaires, and blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The fifth section provides an in-depth report on arrests. A discussion of the types of arrests and their relationship to demographic and behavioral characteristics is presented. The final section consists of a summary of the report and some conclusions and implications for future research and policy. KW - Arrests KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Mississippi KW - Profiles KW - Recidivism KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214545 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399368 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Smith, R A AU - Hingson, R W AU - Morelock, S AU - Heeren, T AU - Mucatel, M AU - Mangione, T AU - Scotch, N AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - LEGISLATION RAISING THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE IN MASSACHUSETTS FROM 18 TO 20: EFFECT ON 16 AND 17 YEAR-OLDS PY - 1984/11 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - p. 534-539 AB - The 1979 Massachusetts law raising the legal drinking age from 18 to 20 is examined--the effects on the drinking, drinking and driving, and nonfatal and fatal crash involvement of 16-17 yr-olds, teenagers immediately younger than those targeted by the law. Data from Massachusetts are compared with those from New York State, where the drinking age remained at 18. A total of 3 yr of survey data from the two states and 6 yr of data from the Department of Transportation's Fatal Accident Reporting System provide for pre- and postlaw comparisons. The findings suggest that raising the drinking age had minimal effects on the drinking behavior of Massachusetts teenagers. Although there was a significant reduction in nonfatal crashes in Massachusetts compared with New York, no decline in single-vehicle nighttime fatal crashes or in overall fatal crashes was observed. It is suggested that changes in the drinking age may offer some reduction in teenage driving after drinking and traffic crash involvement, but that teenage drinking and driving after drinking remain serious problems even in states that raise their drinking ages. KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Impacts KW - Increase KW - Legal drinking age KW - Night KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399375 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - NO-CUT WINDSHIELDS PY - 1984/11 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - p. 10-12 AB - Details of tests involving new types of windshield construction were described in papers presented to the Society of Automotive Engineers during a session of the 1984 SAE International Congress and Exposition held in Detroit. The authors of one of the papers, E. Philip Doolittle, Thomas B. Horton and H.P. (Bert) Blom traced the history of windshield construction and safety from the infancy of the automobile to the 1980's. They covered sheet glass, laminated glass and high puncture resistance (HPR) laminated glass. HPR windshields are further discussed especially considering the possibility of lacerative injuries still existing in relation to shattering of the inner glass layer and includes information on testing of new designs. Finally, in another paper, Ian S. Jones, Howard S. Stein and John J. O'Neil detailed the Maryland State Police test program relating to the Securiflex Inner Guard windshield. KW - High puncture resistance KW - History KW - Injuries KW - Laceration KW - Nonshattering glass KW - Police vehicles KW - Testing KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399358 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Meier, S E AU - Brigham, T A AU - Handel, G AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK ON LEGALLY INTOXICATED DRIVERS PY - 1984/11 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - p. 528-533 AB - College-aged patrons leaving a drinking establishment were given feedback about their blood alcohol level (BAL): 24 were administered a Breathalyzer and were then read a statement on the consequences of driving with their BAL; 21 were shown a large chart and had to determine their own BAL from their weight and number of drinks consumed; and 21 were given no feedback. The two feedback groups were later collapsed. The subjects were also followed unobtrusively to determine whether they drove away from the premises. A total of 24 of the feedback subjects (47%) were legally intoxicated, but 83% of this group nonetheless drove after learning that they were legally intoxicated. In addition, when self-reports of consumption were compared with Breathalyzer BALs, a correlation of .82 was obtained. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Customers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399273 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Vogel-Sprott, M AU - Barrett, P AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - AGE, DRINKING HABITS AND THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL PY - 1984/11 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - p. 517-521 AB - Some explanations for the common observation that older persons drink less alcohol than younger persons were tested in a sample of 41 men social drinkers aged 19-63. Subjects reported their drinking habits and performed balance beam and bead-stringing tasks under a moderate dose of alcohol (.72 ml absolute alcohol/kg). Self-reports of dose (ml absolute alcohol/kg) on a typical social occasion, and hourly dose (which controlled for individual differences in the duration of these occasions) were found to decline linearly with age. Alcohol absorption and elimination rates in the sample were not significantly related to age. The Ponderal Index (an estimate of percentage of body water in body weight) was negatively correlated with age and with peak blood alcohol levels (BALs). Older subjects had proportionately less body water (i.e., a smaller volume for distribution of alcohol) and obtained higher BALs. When individual differences in BAL were controlled for, the amount of alcohol-induced impairment in task performance was still found to increase significantly with age. This evidence was considered to suggest that a reduction in the volume of distribution for alcohol and an intensified behavioral effect of alcohol may operate jointly to cause older persons to reduce their dose of alcohol on social drinking occasions. KW - Age KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Impaired drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396297 AU - Johnson, A K AU - Knapton, D A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT MOTION DURING A ROLLOVER CRASH PY - 1984/11 SP - 10 p. AB - In 1982 nine thousand fatalities occurred from accidents in which motor vehicles rolled over. Despite this number of fatalities, little information exists about occupant dynamics during rollover. Most of the information presented in this paper is derived from full-scale crash tests to evaluate highway appurtenances, such as guardrails, during which the vehicles rolled over. In some of these tests, high-speed, on-board cameras recorded dummy motion. These films show the violence of the occupant's motion during rollover. Analysis of the films established which body segments of the dummy occupant impacted the various parts of the vehicle's interior. Dummy impact velocities and ejection have also been studied. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamics KW - Ejection KW - Impact tests KW - Motion KW - Rollover crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213893 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396892 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - 4-WAY STOP SIGNS CUT ACCIDENT RATE 58% AT RURAL INTERSECTIONS PY - 1984/11 VL - 54 IS - 11 SP - p. 23-24 AB - Accident rates declined by an average of 50% at 10 rural Michigan intersections following a replacement of 2-way stop signs with 4-way stop signs. This article reports the results of a study which compared data for each of these intersections prior to and following the switch to 4-way stop signs. The data included: accident experience (accident rates and costs), vehicle operating costs, travel time, fuel consumption, and vehicle emissions. KW - Accident costs KW - Before and after studies KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Exhaust gases KW - Four way stop signs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multiway stop signs KW - Operating costs KW - Rural areas KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399034 AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - Preusser, D F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - DRIVING BEHAVIOR OF LICENSED AND UNLICENSED TEENAGERS PY - 1984/11 SP - 23 p. AB - A questionnaire survey of high school students in seven states was conducted in 1983 to determine teenagers' access to cars and their amount and type of driving. Considerable illegal driving was reported by unlicensed drivers, both those with learners permits and those without. Licensed drivers have ready access to cars with the majority owning one. In each area surveyed, more than one-third of the license holders reported that they usually drive to school; in Orange County, California, and rural Colorado, nearly two-thirds do so. One-third of male licensed drivers and 14% of the females said they drove more than 70 miles per hour once a week or more. One-quarter of male licensed drivers and 11% of the females said they drove after drinking once a week or more. More than 40% of males and females who had held licenses for at least two years reported having had one or more crashes. Earning lower average high school grades was associated with car ownership, high weekly mileage, speeding, driving after drinking, and having traffic tickets and crashes. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobile ownership KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Mileage KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396286 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT PROMOTION PROGRAM FOR HEADQUARTERS EMPLOYEES PY - 1984/11 SP - 35 p. AB - Approximately 3,000 cars park at the Department of Transportation Headquarters facilities each day. During December 1982, safety belt use by occupants of these cars stood at 23%. Six months later, belt use had risen to over 60%. More than 40 previous non-belt users reported that they were spared death or serious injury because they were wearing belts at the time of a highway crash. This paper describes the DOT program and should serve as an aid to other governmental agencies who wish to promote the use of belts by their employees. KW - Employee participation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213885 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395843 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - JAIL FOR DWIS? NORTH CAROLINA HAS A BETTER IDEA PY - 1984/11 VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 6 p. AB - Instead of occupying jail cells at public expense, convicted drunk drivers in North Carolina are working to pay back society on community service projects. The Safe Roads Act, which came into effect in North Carolina in October 1983, spells out five levels of punishment for convicted violators. Levels 1 and 2 apply when "grossly aggravating factors" are present and call for mandatory jail terms ranging from seven days to two years plus heavy fines. Levels 3 through 5 apply when no grossly aggravating factors are present. Judges have the option in these cases of sentencing the offender to from 24 to 72 hours in jail, or to an equal number of hours of community service. This article describes some of the various county programs which oversee these community service projects. These projects attempt to utilize the offenders' special skills, and the chief goal of the projects is to reform the violator. KW - Community service projects KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395846 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - CALIFORNIA FLEXES ITS MUSCLE AGAINST DRUNKEN DRIVERS PY - 1984/11 VL - 48 IS - 11 SP - p. 76-81 AB - The U.S. Supreme Court and the California high court have recently handed down important decisions upholding the constitutionality of the state's tough drunk driving law; the law is being effectively enforced, and California's highway death toll is being reduced as a result. This article reviews significant cases which have tested the constitutionality of California's drunk driving law. KW - California KW - Constitutional law KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395959 AU - Sivak, M AU - Conn, L S AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - DRIVER EYE FIXATIONS AND THE OPTIMAL LOCATIONS FOR AUTOMOBILE BRAKE LIGHTS PY - 1984/11 SP - 54 p. AB - This study evaluated the distributions of driver eye fixations when following other vehicles. The aim was to describe the areas of the forward field of view that are most frequently fixated. Such information is important for selecting optimal locations for automobile brake lights: The brake lights that are closer to eye fixations are likely to result in shorter driver reaction times than brake lights farther away from the fixations. A head-mounted, corneal-reflection device was used to monitor eye fixations. The data were collected during daylight hours in slow-speed urban traffic. A total of 5,172 eye fixations were analyzed for three different lead cars. Furthermore, the frequency of the eye fixations was low in the neighborhood of the standard low-mounted brake lights. The results provide a possible behavioral explanation for the accident reductions obtained with high-mounted brake lights in previous field studies. Furthermore, high-mounted brake lights located at the edges of the vehicle might be even closer to eye fixations than a center high-mounted brake light. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eye fixations KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - High mounting KW - Reaction time KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear signals KW - Rear windows KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Vision KW - Windows (Vehicles) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213630 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395832 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Reynolds, M A AU - American Automobile Association TI - THE BATTLE AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING: HOW ARE WE DOING? PY - 1984/11 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - p. 2b-2c AB - This article reviews the progress made in the Washington Metropolitan area in its battle against drunk driving. Police statistics from the area's six major jurisdictions reveal that between 1981 and 1983, drunk driving arrests in the area increased 21 percent. During the same period, alcohol-related fatalities dropped 16 percent. The decrease in alcohol's involvement in traffic fatalities, however, is far less encouraging. In 1981, 46 percent of all fatal accidents in the area were alcohol-related; in 1983, alcohol still was involved in 42 percent of all fatal accidents, a decline of only four percent. KW - Arrests KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395842 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - PROGRESS IN TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS MARKS 10TH INTERNATIONAL FORUM PY - 1984/11 VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 9 p. AB - Since 1975, the National Safety Council's Traffic Records Committee has sponsored an annual forum to help those responsible deal with the complex problems of gathering, sorting, and recording traffic data. The 10th International Forum on Traffic Records Systems met August 20-23 at the Americana Dutch Resort Hotel, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. This article reviews the forum proceedings. Opening remarks by the National Safety Council's president, T.C. Gilchrest, were followed by welcoming remarks from Bill Amidon, president of the Central Florida Safety Council, and Leonard R. Mellon, executive director of the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles. Other speakers stressed the critical need for effective records systems, the need to be able to use data files across state lines, the federal aspects of traffic records, and the need for computerized systems for more efficient data processing. KW - Information processing KW - Microcomputers KW - Records management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395833 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Schuessler, R AU - American Automobile Association TI - THE EYES HAVE IT...OR DO THEY? PY - 1984/11 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - Inadequate vision is a cause of traffic accidents. Also, people with perfectly adequate daylight vision, at night, may become inadequate to the driving task. This article reviews certain facts about vision, giving definitions of visual acuity, peripheral vision, depth perception, and night vision. Concluding remarks describe what happens to a person's vision as he grows older. Cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal disorders are the most common causes of visual field loss--and they are all commonly associated with aging. KW - Age KW - Depth perception KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Eye KW - Glaucoma KW - Night vision KW - Peripheral vision KW - Retinal sensitivity KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395475 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - NEW YORK'S MANDATORY SEAT-BELT LAW MAY START A TREND, AS STATE LEGISLATURES TRY TO LOWER--THE BODY COUNT ON THE HIGHWAY PY - 1984/11 VL - 49 IS - 11 SP - p. 663-666 AB - The article discusses three initiatives to reduce the toll from car crashes: mandatory seat belt laws; air bags; and crackdowns against drunk drivers. The success or otherwise of seat belt laws in other countries are reviewed. Seat belt laws have increased belt usage rates in all countries. The key factor influencing success is enforcement. The protection offered by air bags is discussed. Air bags offer good protection in a frontal crash. However, they must be replaced after they deploy. Standard and optional air bag systems developed by car companies are discussed. Spurred by the potential loss of federal highway funds and by citizens groups, state legislatures are acting with proposals to deal with drunk driving. The North Dakota experience (drunk driving law went into effect in July 1983) is described. Other programs to control drunk driving are also discussed. KW - Air bags KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395472 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Wilsnack, R W AU - Wilsnack, S C AU - Klassen, A D AU - American Public Health Association TI - WOMEN'S DRINKING AND DRINKING PROBLEMS: PATTERNS FROM A 1981 NATIONAL SURVEY PY - 1984/11 VL - 74 IS - 11 SP - 8 p. AB - A 1981 national survey of women's drinking interviewed 917 women in the general population, stratified on the basis of screening interviews to include 500 moderate-to-heavy drinkers. The survey found no evidence of any major recent increase in women's drinking, and no evidence of unusually heavy drinking among working wives. Adverse drinking consequences and episodes of extreme drinking were most common among women aged 21-34; women who were unmarried, divorced or separated, or cohabiting; and women with frequent drinkers as spouses or companions. Alcohol-related behavior problems and symptoms of alcohol dependence were closely related to levels of alcohol consumption. Among women averaging one ounce or more of ethanol per day, 45 percent had driven while intoxicated in the past year, and 36 percent reported memory lapses while drinking. Women at this consumption level were also more likely to report experiences with depression (61 percent). Women with extremely high consumption levels were more likely to have histories of obstetrical and gynecological problems. Some women with alcohol-related problems reported periods of temporary abstention, a pattern not studied heretofore. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Females KW - Health KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395339 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - MISCELLANEOUS RAMBLINGS WITH THE EDITOR PY - 1984/11 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - p. 35-38 AB - The editor covers the 55 mph speed limit, the Cumberford Martinique, GM Electric Steering, new AMC Jeeps, a newer Panther sports car, a revamped Chrysler van, a new Lotus badge, 4-wheel-drive fever in Europe, Ferrari's use of the GTO name on the new 308-derived race car, and the Ford Motor Company's idea of using HR- or SR-tires instead of the VR radials that it currently fits to some of its performance models. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Automobile industry KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395350 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Lindsley, E F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - AUTO-LUBE FOR OUTBOARDS PY - 1984/11 VL - 225 IS - 5 SP - p. 104-105 AB - Four manufacturers of outboard engines now offer engines with automatic oil injection. The systems eliminate the bother of premixing oil with gasoline. Each system matches oil-gasoline ratios to engine, but each does the job differently. This article provides a description of each of the four systems and a chart listing their similarities and differences. KW - Automatic oil injection KW - Outboard motors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394320 AU - Brick, J M AU - Edmonds, H J AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN OF THE NEW YORK STATE SEAT BELT USAGE SURVEY PY - 1984/11 SP - 70 p. AB - This report describes the sample design for the survey of the seat belt usage rate in New York State. It explains the sampling of areas of land in the State and roads within these sampled areas which makes it possible to obtain estimates of the usage rate across the State. The sampling across time of day and day of week is discussed in conjunction with the sampling of locations. The sample design is a multistage one with frequent use of stratification and clustering. Procedures for processing the data so that estimates of the usage rate and an estimate of its reliability are presented. Cost models employed in the design are provided and methods to analyze the survey results to improve some of the estimated parameters are proposed. KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Information processing KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Reliability KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212385 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395349 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Keebler, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - NOW: SKID-CONTROL BRAKES--STEERABLE STOPPING IN RAIN OR SNOW PY - 1984/11 VL - 225 IS - 5 SP - p. 79-82 AB - Anti-lock braking systems are an engineering solution to a major driving problem. Electronic four-wheel anti-lock braking systems automatically modulate the braking effect when the pedal is pushed hard. Without wheel lockup, tires can take full advantage of whatever traction is available from the road surface. As a result, the car can be steered even during a panic stop; there is no tendency to spin; and stopping distances are reduced. This article reports on interviews with the brake-system experts of leading car manufacturers concerning which of the three anti-lock systems they are using, and how their systems work. Test drives of 1985 models with four-wheel anti-lock braking systems, which have been introduced by Ford and Mercedes-Benz, are reported. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Braking KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes-benz KW - Motor reactions KW - Panic brake application KW - Performance KW - Spinning KW - Steering KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395474 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - O'Rourke, P J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - CARS AND CANDIDATES PY - 1984/11 VL - 30 IS - 5 SP - p. 74-77 AB - Questions were sent to Mr. Reagan's campaign headquarters and to the Democratic candidate Mr. Mondale. Their answers to the questions are presented together with commentaries on them. The questions asked covered the 55-mph speed limit, the passive restraint safety system, the infrastructure, gasoline tax, exhaust emissions, and trade barriers on imported cars. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Gasoline KW - Infrastructure KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Tariffs KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395477 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - National Glass Association TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTIONS PY - 1984/11 VL - 34 IS - 11 SP - p. 26-31 AB - This article discusses the case for and against Periodic Motor Vehicle Inspection (PMVI) programs. Some argue that driver safety is in jeopardy without these inspections and that efficiently operated programs can be cost effective. Others hold that eliminating the program does not make the roads less safe but rids the state of an expensive and ineffective program. The concern over the programs have been sparked by an increasing number of states that have repealed their safety inspection programs. Currently only 21 states require safety inspections. The arguments for repealing PMVI programs has intensified the National Glass Association's concern over the consequences of such moves. The opinions of state administrators and trade association members are presented. An attempt is now being made to resolve the conflict over the effectiveness of PMVI programs. It is hoped that large-scale study by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) will determine the effectiveness of state motor vehicle safety inspections in reducing highway accidents, injuries and deaths and in limiting the number of defective or unsafe vehicles on the highways. The experiences of several of the states with successful programs are recounted. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Effectiveness KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394319 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGING ISSUES. NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY SYMPOSIUM. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/11 SP - 38 p. AB - This publication provides a summary of the National Highway Safety Symposium which was held in Williamsburg, Virginia, February 28 through March 1, 1984. Contents include a summary of opening remarks by Peter Griskivich, a summary of the keynote address by Diane K. Steed, a report on each of the four topics covered at the symposium, a summary of closing remarks, and a list of participants. The four topics covered were: the Role of the Private Sector in Identifying and Implementing State and/or Local Highway Safety Programs; Momentum and Self-Sufficiency of Programs; Emergency Medical Services; and Commercial Vehicle Safety Issues. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Implementation KW - Private enterprise KW - Public participation KW - Safety programs KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394326 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RISK OF FATAL INJURY IN VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT SIZE PY - 1984/11 SP - 15 p. AB - This paper reports the results of a study to establish and quantify the relative risk of fatal injury to drivers of specific classes of vehicles as a function of vehicle size. The major accomplishment of this study is the establishment of relative risk factors for drivers of different classes of vehicles which reflect the real life situation and are not based on questionable assumptions. Among the findings are the following: the risk for drivers of minicompacts is 10 times larger than for drivers of full size cars, whose risk is also 10 times higher than for drivers of large trucks; and in vehicle to vehicle collisions among passenger cars, the risk of a driver fatality between the smallest and the largest of the five classes of passenger cars is as large as 14 to 1 in favor of the largest class. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Risk assessment KW - Small car KW - Statistical analysis KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395473 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Fife, D AU - Ginsburg, M AU - Boynton, W AU - American Public Health Association TI - THE ROLE OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES IN CAUSING CERTAIN INJURIES PY - 1984/11 VL - 74 IS - 11 SP - 2 p. AB - Hospital discharge data from Rhode Island were used to assess the role of motor vehicle crashes in causing several types of serious injuries. Motor vehicle crashes were the cause of injury for approximately two-thirds of patients hospitalized with injuries to the chest organs, liver, and spleen, and approximately one-third of those with traumatic pneumothorax or hemothorax, and injuries to the head, kidney, intestine, distal femur, pelvis, and patella. KW - Abdomen KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Pelvis KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395340 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - BRAKING FOR THE BAD TIMES PY - 1984/11 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - Mercedes-Benz is introducing an anti-lock braking system as standard equipment on the 1985 S-class cars (the 300SD, 380SE, 500SEL and 500SEC) and optional on the 190 E and D. The anti-lock braking system senses any wheel slowing too quickly during braking, then its computer system modulates the brake fluid pressure through a system of hydraulic valves to momentarily reduce braking forces. This gets the wheel moving again, while maintaining maximum braking force on each wheel. Mercedes-Benz is also introducing a novel exhaust-particulate trap on California turbodiesels. KW - Air quality management KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fail safe KW - Fail safe systems KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes-benz KW - Particulates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395239 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ARTICULATED BUSES PY - 1984/11 SP - 147 p. AB - This handbook provides guidance for evaluating, purchasing and deploying articulated buses, relating the experience which U.S. transit agencies have had with this equipment and suggesting methods for analyzing the economic implications of various articulated bus service strategies. Since the first artics was purchased for U.S. service in 1976, over 1500 have been acquired by about 30 operating agencies. The two primary reasons for using them are to carry the same number of passengers at lower cost and to increase route capacity. Chapter I introduces the Handbook, describing uses to which artics are put and the equipment options. Chapter II offers guidance on how a transit agency can determine if artics are proper for its services. Chapter III gives practical tips on identifying routes which are good artic opportunities. Chapter IV introduces Artic bus maintenance considerations and the preparations which must be made to keep the equipment in good operating order. Chapter V covers other startup issues. Chapter VI discusses how artic operation is different from standard transit buses. Chapter VII covers performance of artics. Chapter VIII shows, through worksheets, unit cost tables for economics of deploying artics on particular routes. KW - Articulated buses KW - Bus routes KW - Bus services KW - Bus transit KW - Implementation KW - Maintainability KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Planning KW - Productivity KW - Quality of service KW - Reliability KW - Scheduling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399363 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--COLLISION OF DEQUEEN, ARKANSAS, POLICE DEPARTMENT PATROL CAR AND TERRELL TRUCKING, INC., TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER, U.S. ROUTE 71, ASHDOWN, ARKANSAS, JULY 5, 1984 PY - 1984/10/30 SP - 43 p. AB - About 8:40 a.m., central daylight time, on July 5, 1984, a northbound tractor-semitrailer jackknifed and struck a southbound police patrol car on two-lane U.S. Route 71 about 1 mile south of Ashdown, Arkansas. The patrol car was destroyed, and the four police officers inside were killed. The truck was damaged moderately; the truckdriver was injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the driver of the tractor-semitrailer combination to maintain a proper interval from the preceding automobile which required a sudden brake application to avoid a collision with the preceding automobile when it slowed unexpectedly, and resulted in his tractor jackknifing and entering the oncoming traffic lane. Contributing to the accident were the improperly adjusted service brakes on both the tractor and semitrailer. KW - Braking KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Interstate transportation KW - Jackknifing KW - Pavements KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214762 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395348 JO - Fortune Magazine PB - Time Incorporated AU - Time Incorporated TI - AN AIR BAG THAT COULD CRASH THE COST BARRIER PY - 1984/10/29 VL - 110 IS - 9 SP - p. 89 AB - Breed Corporation, a privately owned New Jersey defense contractor, has developed an easy-to-install air bag that could cost as little as fifty dollars. The Breed air bag is a simple mechanical system consisting of three parts: a sensor, the bag, and an inflator. It can be packed compactly, sold in an auto parts store, and installed with four screws. Automakers need only leave a cavity in the steering wheel. Bags for the passenger side would have to be in the dashboard and would cost about one hundred dollars. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration expects to install Breed bags in at least 100 police cars by summer 1985 for testing over a period of about two years. KW - Air bags KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Technological innovations KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399378 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - RAILROAD/HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--COLLISION OF AMTRAK PASSENGER TRAIN NO. 301 ON ILLINOIS CENTRAL GULF RAILROAD WITH MMS TERMINALS, INC., DELIVERY TRUCK, WILMINGTON, ILLINOIS, JULY 28, 1983 PY - 1984/10/16 SP - 28 p. AB - About 9:48 a.m., c.d.t., on July 28, 1983, Amtrak train No. 301, operating on the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad, collided with a Marquette Motor Service Terminals, Inc., delivery truck at the New River Road railroad/highway grade crossing about 1 mile north of Wilmington, Illinois. The locomotive unit and all three cars of the train were derailed, and the truck and its lading were destroyed. Two train crewmembers, the truckdriver, and 18 train passengers were injured. Total damage was estimated to be $584,000. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was the failure of the truckdriver for undetermined reasons to perceive the crossbuck warning signs, the flashing light signals, the approaching train, or the whistle of the approaching train and to stop his vehicle short of the tracks at the railroad/highway grade crossing. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Derailments KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Grade crossing accidents KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Passenger trains KW - Perception KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warning devices KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451743 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - Maull, K I AU - Kinning, L S AU - Hickman, J K AU - American Medical Association TI - CULPABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF HOSPITALIZED INJURED ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVERS. A PROSPECTIVE STUDY PY - 1984/10/12 VL - 252 IS - 14 SP - 4 p. AB - During the three-year period ending October 1982, driver records, crash reports, and blood alcohol concentrations were correlated for 56 alcohol-impaired drivers injured seriously enough to warrant hospital admission. Blood alcohol concentration levels exceeded 0.15 vol% in all patients. Despite a high level of suspicion of alcohol involvement and assessment of culpability by the law enforcement officer at the scene, there were no convictions for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) among this problem-drinker population. Injury seems to offer additional protection from enforcement of DUI statutes and, if the patient survives his injuries, allows the offender to resume driving without interdiction. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash records KW - Culpability KW - Driver records KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492228 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 38.9 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/10 SP - 159 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. In addition, 4 pole tests will be conducted. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'altered profile', crabbed to 26 deg, at 38.9 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was September 19 1984 and the ambient temperature was 73 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492223 AU - Falkowski, C L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Minnesota Department of Human Services AU - Minnesota Department of Public Safety TI - THE IMPACT OF TWO-DAY JAIL SENTENCES FOR DRUNK DRIVERS IN HENNEPIN COUNTY, MINNESOTA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/10 SP - 80 p. AB - An analysis is reported of the impact of 2-day sentences for first-time DWI (driving while intoxicated) offenders, a judicial policy which began in Hennepin County, Minnesota in January, 1982. In spite of the fact that the two day jail sentences are voluntarily imposed by the municipal judges, there is a high degree of judicial compliance. Even after 2 years and a large turnover of judges, roughly 82% of first-time DWI offenders are sentenced to serve 2 days in jail. There has not been an increase in the number of DWI trials held. Coincidentaly, there has been a statistically significant average monthly reduction of 35 night-time injury accidents in Hennepin County. This is a 20% reduction when compared to the pre-policy monthly average. Such is not the case in neighboring Ramsey County where a similar jail policy did not exist during the time periods considered. In Hennepin, the adoption of the policy was accompanied by a marked increase in DWI arrests. Overall, the experience in Hennepin County has been positive and may have important implications for other jurisdictions considering changes in their DWI policies. KW - Courts KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact studies KW - Jails KW - Penalties KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492227 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 38.9 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/10 SP - 176 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. In addition, 4 pole tests will be conducted. Testing was conducted on a 1982 diesel Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was structurally unmodified but contained additional padding on the driver's side door, the left rear quarter panel and the left rear side header. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'lowered stiffness', crabbed to 26 deg, at 38.9 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was September 13 1984 and the ambient temperature was 78 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452259 JO - Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine PB - Aerospace Medical Association AU - Helleur, C AU - Gracovetsky, S AU - Farfan, H AU - Aerospace Medical Association TI - TOLERANCE OF THE HUMAN CERVICAL SPINE TO HIGH ACCELERATION: A MODELLING APPROACH PY - 1984/10 VL - 55 IS - 10 SP - p. 903-909 AB - A sagittal plane mathematical model for the cervical spine has been used to simulate the neck's response to loads due to high acceleration. The model is capable of simulating the muscular response of the cervical spine and the stress distribution between the joint levels. In order to obtain conservative estimates of the maximum acceleration that the neck can support, the neck was simulated using the assumption that the inertial load is supported primarily by the muscles. It was found that accelerations of up to 30 g can be supported with the appropriate posture and direction of acceleration. Estimates were also obtained using experimental results to approximate the role that the ligaments of the spine play in supporting the load. It was found that accelerations of up to 40 g can be supported for the appropriate posture and acceleration direction. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Mathematical models KW - Neck KW - Spinal column KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270642 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452368 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - TRAYFORD, R S AU - Doughty, B W AU - WOOLDRIDGE, M J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FUEL SAVING AND OTHER BENEFITS OF DYNAMIC ADVISORY SPEEDS ON A MULTI-LANE ARTERIAL ROAD PY - 1984/10 VL - 18A IS - 5-6 SP - p. 421-429 AB - Current traffic control systems which customarily give no direct information to the driver could benefit by the addition of dynamic advisory speed signs. Such signs, first introduced in the 1950s, can enable drivers to pass through successive green signals and give reduced fuel consumption, stops, travel time, emissions, noise and accidents. To attempt to quantify these reductions, a discrete vehicle simulation using program MULTSIM has been run on a 6 km idealized road and also on 2.3km of the multi-lane arterial, Military Road, Sydney. Typically, with all drivers complying, fuel savings of the order of 10% and a halving of stops have been predicted. Travel time reductions and fuel savings depend on the coordination speed. Higher coordination speeds favour travel time savings over fuel consumption reductions, whilst lower coordination speeds favour fuel savings. Operation near the minimum fuel consumption speed is desirable. Traffic management could benefit from the change in shape of platoons. This should allow more stringent signal timing in adaptively controlled networks, giving greater flexibility for operational designs. KW - Advisory speed KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic control KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Simulation KW - Speed control KW - Stopping KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270674 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452275 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Chafetz, M AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - TRAINING IN INTERVENTION PROCEDURES: A PREVENTION PROGRAM PY - 1984/10 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 17-19 AB - This article describes a program developed by the Health Education Foundation called TIPS, "Training in Intervention Procedures for Servers of Alcohol." The objective of the TIPS program is to educate servers of alcohol in the skills needed to reduce the incidence of drunkenness and thereby reduce the incidence of alcohol-related accidents or injury by patrons who consume alcohol in a licensee's establishment. Trainers and trainees are subjected to rigorous testing to ensure (1) that the training program meets high quality standards and (2) that the trainees attain the training objectives as measured by affidavit of the certified trainer and by a machine-scored examination. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Certification KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Intervention KW - Restaurants KW - Safety programs KW - Servers of alcohol KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270657 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452366 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - TRAYFORD, R S AU - Doughty, B W AU - Touw, JW van der AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FUEL ECONOMY INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC ADVISORY SPEEDS FROM AN EXPERIMENT IN ARTERIAL TRAFFIC PY - 1984/10 VL - 18A IS - 5-6 SP - p. 415-419 AB - A single instrumented car was randomly passed through a fixed time cycle, signalized intersection. An on-board computer was used to calculate dynamic advisory speeds at fixed points on the road. Experiments have shown significant reductions in stop rate and fuel consumption related to the quality of the speed information given to the driver. The importance of approach and intersection geometry is discussed, together with the effect of driver behaviour. KW - Advisory speed KW - Behavior KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Experiments KW - Fuel conservation KW - Geometry KW - Intersections KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Speed control KW - Stopping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270673 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452258 JO - Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine PB - Aerospace Medical Association AU - Modell, H I AU - Baumgardner, F W AU - Aerospace Medical Association TI - INFLUENCE OF THE CHEST WALL ON REGIONAL INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE DURING ACCELERATION (+GZ) STRESS PY - 1984/10 VL - 55 IS - 10 SP - p. 896-902 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of altered chest wall compliance, chest wall shape, and G-suit abdominal bladder inflation on regional intrapleural pressure (Ppl) during +Gz stress. Experiments were conducted in two species (9 dogs, 10 pigs) so that data relating to a spectrum of chest wall characteristics could be obtained. Anesthetized animals were exposed to +Gz levels ranging from 1 to +5 Gz. Regional Ppl was monitored at 2-4 sites during spontaneous breathing with and without G-suit abdominal bladder inflation and after removal of active chest wall muscular tone by sacrificing the animal. In the dog, Ppl became more negative in the upper and middle thoracic regions with +Gz stress (-1.63 and -1.66 cm H2O times G to the minus 1, respectively), but, in the lower thorax, Ppl increased slightly (0.05 cm H2O times G to the minus 1). When active muscular tone was removed, the rate of Ppl change increased in the upper thorax (-2.55 cm H2O times G to the minus 1), but not in more dependent regions. In the pig, Ppl became more negative with +Gz stress (upper= -3.3; middle= -1.99; lower= -2.16 cm H2O times G to the minus 1), and, without active muscular tone, the rate of Ppl change tended to increase in all regions (upper= -4.3; middle= -3.47; lower= -2.97 cm H2O times G to the minus 1). With G-suit application in both species, Ppl increased toward or exceeded control values at all levels. Results indicate that chest wall characteristics play a significant role in determining regional Ppl during +Gz stress. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Biodynamics KW - Chest wall KW - Experiments KW - Laboratory animals KW - Pressure KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270641 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452274 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - THE ECONOMY AND ITS EFFECT ON DRINKING/DRIVING PY - 1984/10 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 3-15 AB - This paper reviews available evidence about the effects of economic conditions on alcohol-impaired driving. Discussed here are effects of economic conditions on health indicators, alcohol consumption, the incidence of motor vehicle crashes, and incidence of alcohol-impaired driving. A model of potential effects of economic conditions on alcohol-related traffic crashes is suggested, and recommendations for further research are presented. KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk driving KW - Econometric models KW - Economic conditions KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Public health KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450137 AU - Jones, I S AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - TRUCK AIR BRAKES--CURRENT STANDARDS AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1984/10 SP - 22 p. AB - This paper provides an overview of the problems associated with heavy truck air brakes. Overall truck accident experience is examined, and an assessment made of the effect that improved braking could have on reducing accident frequency. The controversial Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 121 brake standard is reviewed together with the maintenance and reliability problems that led to its rescission. Current brake technology is discussed and the stopping distances that can be expected from trucks are theoretically and experimentally evaluated. The effect that out-of-adjustment brakes have on these stopping distances is assessed. Finally, improvements that can be expected from new brake technology are reviewed, and the feasibility and practicality of a new brake safety standard discussed in relation to European brake regulations. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Air brakes KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stopping distances KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450628 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-FRB IMPACT TEST OF A 1983 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY TO A FIXED LOAD MEASURING BARRIER AT 29.7 MPH PY - 1984/10 SP - 197 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with 1983 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was towed at 0 deg into the fixed load measuring barrier at 29.7 mph. Occupant responses of two dummies were measured. One Part 572 dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position. The test date was October 4, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 72 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450208 AU - Stewart, J R AU - Rodgman, E A AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - COMPARISONS OF NCAP CRASH TEST RESULTS WITH DRIVER INJURY RATES IN HIGHWAY CRASHES PY - 1984/10 SP - 33 p. AB - The distributions of injuries occurring to drivers of recent model year cars involved in highway crashes are compared with the injury rates predicted by the NCAP crash test results. Fatality rates, fatal and serious injury rates, and moderate through fatal injury rates are compared with five different crashworthiness indices derived from the crash test results. Comparisons are also made under varying crash conditions ranging from drivers wearing and not wearing safety belts in all types of crashes, to belted drivers only involved in moderate to high speed frontal impact crashes. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatalities KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265979 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450226 JO - Collision PB - Info--Quest, Incorporated AU - Info--Quest, Incorporated TI - WHERE ARE WE GOING? PY - 1984/10 VL - 8 IS - 7 SP - 4 p. AB - This article looks at the future of the American automobile industry and what it will mean for the auto body repair shop. The following questions are addressed: What sort of car will you be working on in the year 2000? Will automobiles continue to be the main form of U.S. transportation? Will there be more cars or fewer cars on the road by the year 2000? Are cars going to have more accidents? What fuel will cars be using by the year 2000? Is the number of imported cars in your shop going to increase by the year 2000? Which countries will dominate the auto industry in the year 2000? What changes can you expect in the auto industry by the year 2000? What difference does world trade make on your shop floor? Why should you worry about trade deficits? What's the role of government going to be in the world auto industry? Isn't the U.S. government meddling too much in the auto industry? KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Change KW - Competition KW - Deficits KW - Federal government KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuels KW - Future growth KW - International trade KW - Markets KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Repair shops KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States KW - World trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399258 AU - Bell, L AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIRBAG SENSOR DEMONSTRATION TEST 1978 DODGE DIPLOMAT INTO A FIXED BARRIER AT 9.0 AND 29.6 MPH PY - 1984/10 SP - 43 p. AB - This test report documents two tests that were conducted to assess the performance of the Romeo-Kojyo airbag deployment sensors. Testing was conducted on a 1978 Dodge Diplomat 2-door hardtop at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted into a fixed, rigid barrier at 9.0 mph and then at 29.6 mph. The test date was September 14, 1984. KW - Air bags KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Sensors KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214676 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399089 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Sumner, R AU - Hill, D AU - Shapiro, S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SEGMENT PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT VALUES FOR COST ALLOCATION ON URBAN ARTERIAL ROADS PY - 1984/10 VL - 18A IS - 5-6 SP - p. 399-406 AB - This paper describes a method of calculating Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) values between consecutive signalized intersections on urban arterial roads. These values are cumulative over the length of road between intersections and reflect the vehicle-hours of road utilization that are added when large commercial vehicles are introduced into the traffic stream. The technique involves collecting data on the dynamic performance of vehicles and simulating their flow using the enhanced version of the NETSIM traffic simulation model. The resulting PCE values vary from unity, for small cars, to 1.6 for heavy trucks. These results can be used to allocate highway costs to individual vehicle types, according to their vehicle hour usage of urban arterial roads. KW - Arterial highways KW - Automobiles by type KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Highways KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Streets KW - Traffic simulation KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218000 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399352 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Faber, M M AU - Hoppe, S E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - CORRELATES OF SEAT BELT USE IN NEW PARENTS PY - 1984/10 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 19-21 AB - As an adjunct to a child auto safety education project, data were collected by Parent Educators during in-person interviews with new mothers in their hospital rooms. The postpartum contact took place in one county and three hospitals. This paper focuses on information from 751 mothers, 621 (82.7%) of whom received education and loaner child restraints and 130 of whom received education only. It first describes the mothers in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, seat belt use of self and husband, and other health and safety behavior. Then, the relationship between various factors and mother's reported use of a seat belt are examined. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Correlation analysis KW - Demographics KW - Families KW - Health KW - Hospitals KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Parents KW - Safety education KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399252 AU - Paul, D AU - Basu, S AU - SMITH, L AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EASE OF DIAGNOSIS AND REPAIR OF NEW CARS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/10 SP - 125 p. AB - This study assessed the feasibility of developing automotive repairability ratings based on ease of diagnosis and ease of repair of cars by make and model. The study provided information on the degree to which current vehicles are equipped with computerized diagnostic equipment, the types of systems which can be diagnosed by such equipment, and the degree to which current vehicles can be rated on this information. To accomplish the objective of the study, the contractor: (1) identified and analyzed ease of diagnosis features; (2) identified the diagnostic equipment and instruments used by automotive service establishments in conjunction with the diagnostic features identified; (3) developed a cost structure; and (4) documented its findings. A total of 17 cars (14 American and 3 Japanese) were studied. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Information processing KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214670 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399088 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - WIGAN, M R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BICYCLE OWNERSHIP USE AND EXPOSURE: PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVITY PATTERNS IN MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA PY - 1984/10 VL - 18A IS - 5-6 SP - p. 379-398 AB - The users of bicycles are usually assumed to be children. The data collected in transportation studies is, therefore, of great value as it is sufficiently extensive to be used for a broader analysis of this question than would ever be possible in a special bicycle survey. Most bicycle surveys are aimed closely at schools, so that the concentrated traffic to move to and from schools can be used to pinpoint other origins and destinations of these journeys. This paper reports a systematic analysis of bicycle access, usage and exposure for households of different compositions and people of different ages, based on transport survey home interview data for Melbourne (Australia) in 1978. Time profiles of involvement in cycling and other modes are presented for Melbourne, and comparisons are drawn with similar results from Adelaide. A key feature of this analysis is the decomposition of "trip rates" into participation rates and the corresponding activity rates (i.e. trips) of those who participate at all in the specified mode or activity. This technique is shown to have considerable potential. KW - Age KW - Australia KW - Bicycles KW - Crash exposure KW - Data collection KW - Exposure KW - Interviewing KW - Origin and destination KW - Surveys KW - Travel KW - Trip KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399043 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - SPECIAL INVESTIGATIVE UNITS: SURVEYS ON INSURANCE COMPANY USE OF SIUS FOR FRAUD INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1984/10 SP - 32 p. AB - This report summarizes findings from three studies conducted by the All-Industry Research Advisory Council (AIRAC) from mid-1982 to early 1984 pertaining to the use and operations of Special Investigative Units (SIUs) in the property-casualty insurance industry. The studies focused on the growth of the SIU concept in recent years, how the units are organized and staffed, types of fraudulent cases investigated, program costs, savings in claim costs and legal implications. All indications point to the fact that SIUs are facing a big challenge. Each year criminals, especially those operating in organized crime, devise new and more sophisticated ways of defrauding the insurance industry and its policyholders. Two of the most common frauds that are prime targets of SIUs are fraudulent auto theft and property arson. Other types of fraud that claims officials estimate account for millions of dollars in claims include fraudulent bodily injury and collision claims, auto arsons and fraudulent homeowner theft claims. KW - Arson KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Fire causes KW - Fraud KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Legal factors KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Special investigative units KW - Theft KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396155 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT 1984 TRAFFIC FATALITIES (JANUARY-JUNE) PY - 1984/10 SP - 40 p. AB - This report presents estimates of traffic fatality statistics for the first half of 1984 and compares them to similar estimates for 1983 and 1980. The purpose of this report is to make these statistics available as quickly as possible. As a result, it does not analyze or interpret the observed changes. All statistics were obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data files, which contain information on each fatal traffic accident reported in the United States. All 1984 fatal accidents reported to FARS as of August 20, 1984 were used to compile this report. At that time, the number of cases on file for the first six months of 1984 accounted for 87 percent of the expected total number of cases, based on preliminary state reports. To account for the cases not yet on file, all 1984 counts were extrapolated to the expected totals on a month by month basis. The trend in annual fatalities, from January, 1975 to August, 1984, is displayed in Figure 1. Figure 2 combines fatality counts and travel estimates to present the trend in the fatality rate over the same period of time. The first six tables in the report present some selected estimates for the first half of 1984, while the remaining tables provide a comparison of the 1984 estimates to the corresponding counts during the same period in 1983 and 1980. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395826 AU - Williams, A F AU - Peat, M A AU - Crouch, D J AU - Wells, J K AU - Finkle, B S AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DRUGS IN FATALLY INJURED YOUNG MALE DRIVERS PY - 1984/10 SP - 25 p. AB - One or more drugs were detected in 81 percent of 440 male drivers, aged 15-34, killed in motor vehicle crashes in California; two or more drugs were detected in 43 percent. Alcohol, the most frequently found drug, was detected in 70 percent of the drivers; marijuana was found in 37 percent, and cocaine in 11 percent. Each of 24 other drugs was detected in fewer than 5 percent. Except for alcohol, drugs were infrequently found alone; typically, they were found in combination with high blood alcohol concentrations. The causal role of drugs in crashes was assessed by comparing drivers with and without drugs in terms of their responsibility for the crash. Alcohol was associated with increased crash responsibility; the role of other drugs could not be adequately determined. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cocaine KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Marijuana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213498 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394739 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Robertson, L S AU - American Public Health Association TI - INSURANCE INCENTIVES AND SEAT BELT USE PY - 1984/10 VL - 74 IS - 10 SP - 2 p. AB - In 1983, Nationwide Insurance Company increased compensation payments for its clients injured or killed in a motor vehicle crash while using a seat belt. A survey of belt use was undertaken in the month after all those so insured had been informed of the change. Belt use by drivers insured by Nationwide was not significantly different from that of drivers insured by other companies. The incentive appears to have had no apparent effect on belt use. KW - Compensation KW - Employee compensation KW - Incentives KW - Insurance KW - Manual safety belts KW - Psychological aspects KW - Rewards KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216740 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395480 JO - Carolina Highways PB - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - WARD, D AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation TI - HOW'S YOUR ACCIDENT IQ? PY - 1984/10 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - p. 24-26 AB - Action that may be taken by bystanders at the scene of an accident may determine whether victims live or die. Such actions are reviewed and recommendations are made. An estimated 20 per cent of deaths and a substantial number of permanent disabilities can be prevented through proper care and handling of the accident victim during the first sixty minutes following injury. A cardinal principle of emergency medical care is: do no further harm. To protect against unintentional mishandling and to prepare for such possibilities, it is recommended that one does the following: take a first-aid course from the local Red Cross, Heart Association or Fire Department; obtain and keep a card (from the American Trauma Society) that summarizes the six actions that should be taken at an accident scene; and carry a good first-aid kit. A quick examination of injured persons is essential to determine if an unconscious person is breathing and if there is severe bleeding. It is important to ensure that professional help arrives soon. It is important to shut off the ignitions of all vehicles involved in an accident. A cardinal rule is to never move the patient unless his life is threatened. The danger of fire or explosion at the scene of an accident must be recognized. Finally, it is important that all people involved in the accident are accounted for. KW - Bleeding KW - Crash victims KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Fires KW - First aid KW - Traffic crashes KW - Unconsciousness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395715 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Haake, S H AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - THE TWIN TRAILER CONTROVERSY PY - 1984/10 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - p. 521-531 AB - This article reviews the background, litigation, and legislation having to do with the continuing war over restrictions on the size of trucks allowed on the nation's highways. On one side of the controversy, the trucking industry and its supporters have pushed for the relaxation of state-imposed restrictions and the adoption of uniform regulations for the sake of economic efficiency; their opponents, an unlikely alliance of public interest groups and state highway officials, have fought for the retention of individual state rights to tailor highway regulations to local conditions in the interest of traffic safety. This controversy has resulted, finally, in federal preemption of this traditional area of state authority by the enacting of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act. What remains to be seen is to what extent preemption will translate into genuine federal administrative control of truck size regulation and to what extent, in actual practice, the federal government will continue to defer to the states. KW - Controversy KW - Economics KW - Federal government KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Litigation KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - State government KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217225 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395451 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - BELT LAW FIGHT HEATS UP FOR FY '85 PY - 1984/10 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - p. 11-12 AB - Officials within the student transportation industry believe that mandatory seat belts in school buses are only a matter of time. The Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association is pushing to get states to enact seat belt usage laws in lieu of air bags requirements. To date, 49 states require young children to be secured in special restraints in motor vehicles. These seat belt laws, it is felt, will extend to student transportation as well. It is noted that child restraint activists have close ties to the school bus belt issue. Student transportation professionals and manufacturers may deal with this situation in different ways. The school bus industry can treat the seat belt push as an opportunity to focus on what it believes to be truly substantial life-savers such as driver training. KW - Automobile industry KW - Child restraint systems KW - Driver training KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395347 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE ELASTOMERS PY - 1984/10 VL - 116 IS - 10 SP - p. 17-22 AB - This article reports the results of a survey of the major U.S. automobile manufacturers and their suppliers on trends they see in the technology of rubber and rubberlike materials for automotive use in 1985 and beyond. They see a demand for automobile quality and efficiency, including component quality and performance. Those questioned about trends for rubber components in underhood use stressed the increasing use of aramid-type fibers for added temperature resistance and strength in hoses and belting, and the use of fluorocarbons to improve performance and lengthen life of components such as shaft seals, O-rings, gaskets, pollution control equipment, valve stem, transmission and pump seals, carburetor needle valve tips, and diaphragms for carburetors and fuel pumps, and most especially, fluorocarbons in hose components that must resist the deteriorating properties of, for example, (oxidized) sour gasoline. Also mentioned were specialty nitrile materials for gasket, seal and O-ring formulation that exhibit higher resistance to petroleum-based products and very high heat resistance as well. KW - Automobiles KW - Belts KW - Carburetors KW - Cyanides KW - Durability KW - Elastomers KW - Fluorocarbons KW - Fuel pumps KW - Gaskets KW - Hoses KW - Manual safety belts KW - Nitriles KW - O-rings KW - Performance KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Rubber KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature resistance KW - Thermal resistance KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217038 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395457 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - NEW CARS. TESTING AND OSCAR PY - 1984/10 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - p. 12-13 AB - New car designs must undergo extensive testing before engineering concepts can be converted into production realities. Testing is done with the aid of the latest technical apparatus and under the most favorable scientific conditions to identify and measure points of weakness and strength. This article describes the latest technologically advanced testing equipment which is a mobile research system that provides for faster and more accurate engineering development. Called OSCAR (On-Site Computer-Aided Research), the system consists of car-mounted sensors which provide data to a 256K memory computer installed in a GMC van. The system enables instantaneous determination of how the test car is operating and what changes are required to meet performance specification. It is expected that OSCAR will reduce engineering development time and costs on prototype passenger cars. OSCAR's 16 on-board sensors monitor a broad spectrum of data: crankshaft position, spark timing, battery voltage, air inlet pressure and temperature, engine oil pressure and sump temperature, throttle position, vehicle yaw, speed, and steering wheel position. OSCAR also includes a complete weather station, measures temperature, pressure, dewpoint, wind direction and velocity. KW - Development KW - Information processing KW - Monitoring KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Prototypes KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Sensors KW - Specifications KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395459 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - NEW CARS. INTEGRAL SAFETY PY - 1984/10 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - p. 8-11 AB - The continuing safety efforts of vehicle manufacturers involve 3 major objectives: reliability, controllability, and crashworthiness. Product reliability is based on years of experience in engineering, testing and production, and the safety, performance and service of cars in the hands of owners. Controllability built into cars is under continuous evaluation by engineering staffs. Crashworthiness includes the means to protect the occupants in a car as well as the structure integrity of the vehicle itself. Test practices, technological limitations and practical considerations in each of these areas are discussed. Vehicle design and styling are also discussed. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Crashworthiness KW - Reliability KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395461 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Mason, A P AU - McBay, A J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ETHANOL, MARIJUANA, AND OTHER DRUG USE IN 600 DRIVERS KILLED IN SINGLE-VEHICLE CRASHES IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1978-1981 PY - 1984/10 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 40 p. AB - Although the use of ethanol, marijuana, and other drugs may be detrimental to driving safety, this has been established by direct epidemiological evidence only for ethanol. In this study, the incidences of detection of ethanol (and other volatile substances), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), barbiturates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine, opiates, and phencyclidine were determined in an inclusive population of 600 verified single-vehicle operator fatalities that occurred in North Carolina in 1978 to 1981. The incidence of detection of amphetamines and methaqualone were determined for drivers accepted for study during the first two years (n = 340) and the last year (n = 260), respectively. Blood concentrations of 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (9-carboxy-THC) were determined in THC positive drivers. EMIT cannabinoid assays were performed on blood specimens from all drivers accepted for study during the third year, and the feasibility of using the EMIT cannabinoid assay as a screening method for cannabinoids in forensic blood specimens was investigated. The incidence of detection of ethanol (79.3%) was far greater than the incidences determined for THC (7.8%), methaqualone (6.2%), and barbiturates (3.0%). Other drugs were detected rarely, or were not detected. Blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) were usually high; 85.5% of the drivers whose bloods contained ethanol and 67.8% of all drivers had BECs greater than or equal to 1.0 g/L. Drug concentrations were usually within or were below accepted therapeutic or active ranges. Only a small number of drivers could have been impaired by drugs, and most of them had high BECs. Multiple drug use (discounting ethanol) was comparatively rare. Ethanol was the only drug tested for that appears to have a significantly adverse effect on driving safety. KW - Amphetamines KW - Barbiturates KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethanol KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395462 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Christmore, D S AU - Kelly, R C AU - Doshier, L A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - IMPROVED RECOVERY AND STABILITY OF ETHANOL IN AUTOMATED HEADSPACE ANALYSIS PY - 1984/10 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - Solutions are reported here for two problems in automated headspace gas chromatographic analysis for ethanol. The first is the catalytic oxidation of ethanol by oxyhemoglobin, a process that is limited only by the amount of oxygen in the sealed vessel. This reaction is prevented by the addition of sodium dithionite. The other problem, the lack of a suitable salting-out agent, led to the selection of ammonium sulfate, which improved recovery of ethanol as well as enhancing method precision. A procedure incorporating these improvements is described. KW - Automated head space analysis KW - Ethanol KW - Gas chromatography KW - Recovery KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394318 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER. TO PROMOTE OBSERVANCE OF NATIONAL DRUNK & DRUGGED DRIVER AWARENESS WEEK PY - 1984/10 SP - n.p. AB - This guide provides a list of activities and news media efforts which could be used to celebrate National Drunk & Drugged Driver Awareness Week. Some of the suggestions are short-term activities such as a public forum or local radio announcements, while others are long-term activities such as a local task force or alcohol education programs with regular evaluation to ensure that they meet community needs. KW - Awareness KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Mass media KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395449 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - THE SEAT BELT TUG OF WAR PY - 1984/10 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - p. 40-42 AB - This guide to help transportation professionals assess the strength opposing sides, lists the pros and cons in the seat belt debate. Listed among the pros are the following: the next generation demands the best possible protection; teaching kids to buckle up on buses will get them to buckle up more in the car; studies that "prove" compartmentalization are flawed; real-world data show that higher belt use saves lives; charges that belts endanger young anatomies are not true; new school bus design is well-suited for belts. Among the cons are listed the following: the school bus industry has the best safety record in transportation; other bus design improvements are more cost-effective than safety belts; studies show that compartmentalization is better; driver training is more cost effective than seat belts; there is no guarantee that exuberant students will wear belts; seat belts can be dangerous to young bodies; and belts on school buses are too costly. KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver training KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety education KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395458 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE WINTER GAMES. GO FOR THE GOLD PY - 1984/10 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 7 p. AB - The finer points in training and preparing for winter driving conditions are reviewed. Vehicle maintenance and preparation are essential. Battery checks, fluid reservoir checks, and windshield wiper checks are also essential. Supplies should be packed in a trunk along with common tools in case of a break down. Tips are given on parking and taking off smoothly. Visibility problems, traction problems, skidding, and "getting stuck" are also discussed. KW - Driving KW - Skidding KW - Traction KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Visibility KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394738 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Spain, D M AU - Fox, R I AU - Marcus, A AU - American Public Health Association TI - EVALUATION OF HOSPITAL CARE IN ONE TRAUMA CARE SYSTEM PY - 1984/10 VL - 74 IS - 10 SP - 4 p. AB - To evaluate the effectiveness of the trauma care system in the Hudson Valley Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Region, (with no designated regional trauma care center) 421 consecutive trauma autopsy reports for 1979-80 were analyzed. Of the 421 trauma patients, 194 died at the scene (DAS), most from vehicular accidents. The remaining 227 patients were triaged into the EMS system. Ninety-five were dead on arrival (DOA) at medical facilities; of 132 (31 percent) who arrived alive at hospitals, 35 died in emergency rooms and 97 died later as inpatients. Nearly 60 percent of the deaths involved brain injuries. A panel of five physician-evaluators examined the pathologist's analysis of those deaths considered to have been possibly preventable and concluded that 10 deaths (7.6 percent) of in-hospital cases were preventable. The study showed the need for primary prevention of accidents to decrease the number of victims (46 percent) who died at the scene and those (23 percent) who were dead on arrival at hospitals. KW - Autopsies KW - Crash victims KW - Death rate KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Medical services KW - Pathology KW - Post mortem KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216739 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395324 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - WARNING: ANIMAL/VEHICLE CROSSING PY - 1984/10 VL - 130 IS - 4 SP - p. 60 AB - This article describes a warning device marketed by the Sav-A-Life Corporation of New York. This device fits on the bumper of most vehicles and produces an ultra-sonic sound to warn animals that a vehicle is approaching. The warning system consists of two small bullet-shaped devices that are easily attached. When a car is moving more than 30 mph, air flowing through the devices creates a "whistle" with a frequency of 16,000 to 20,000 hz. This signal, which animals can hear 400 yards away, causes them to freeze in their tracks and is effective on all animals except cattle, sheep and camels. The signal cannot be heard by humans or pets riding in the car. KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Animals KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Deer KW - Deer guards KW - Warning devices KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217019 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395463 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - BIASOTTI, A A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE ROLE OF THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST IN THE APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL TESTS FOR ALCOHOL IN TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PY - 1984/10 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 9 p. AB - The role and ethical responsibilities of the forensic scientist are reviewed. The context of this discussion includes the application and support of chemical tests for alcohol statutes in the United States adversary system of justice. The goal of this review is to stimulate awareness among the various participants (that is, scientist, prosecutor, defense counsel, judges, and law enforcement officials) in traffic law enforcement situations. Their mutual understanding and cooperation is essential to the effective and efficient use of chemical test procedures. The relative scientific weight that should be given to blood, breath, and urine tests for alcohol is presented. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Ethics KW - Forensic medicine KW - Personnel KW - Testing KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395713 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Henk, W A AU - Stahl, N A AU - King, J R AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - THE READABILITY OF STATE DRIVERS' MANUALS PY - 1984/10 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - p. 507-519 AB - All 50 states require driver license applicants to demonstrate their readiness for the road by passing both a conceptual and an applied driving test. In large measure, these tests assess how well the applicant has learned and mastered key concepts outlined in the drivers' manual. Since the reading and studying of the state drivers' manual prior to the actual examination typically constitutes the only intensive exposure many individuals ever have to traffic safety and driving rules, it is imperative that the concepts be presented as effectively as possible. This article reports on recent research to determine the readability levels of state drivers' manuals currently in use. The findings help identify manuals whose level of reading difficulty exceed the literacy attainment of the general populace, indicating the need for further examination and possible revision. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver manuals KW - Driver training KW - Driving tests KW - Legibility KW - Readability KW - States KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217223 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395460 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - NEW CARS. CONVERTING CONCEPTS INTO PRODUCTION REALITIES PY - 1984/10 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - p. 14-17 AB - Through extensive conversions of existing facilities, American car manufacturers are converting engineering, styling and research concepts into production realities. The GM20 facility, the latest of these to assemble cars, is described in this article. These facilities also show improved integration of worker and workplace. The training of employees is also emphasized. Examples of improved technology to aid employees and improve the quality of the product are described. The team build concept to move cars through the assembly process is described. Other examples described are as follows: Automatic welding system which guarantees that crucial welds on exhaust systems are perfect; docks where supplies are received under a just-in-time system thus eliminating costly inventory buildups; and the automatic guided vehicle system (AGVS) which carries chassis assemblies and engines through the build process and then merge with the conveyors to marry those parts to the bodies. The latest technology is used to check GM20 vehicles when they actually come off the line. In the test roll area, computerized systems and employees contribute towards the dynamic vehicle test and a quality vehicle. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automatic welding KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Conveyors KW - Industrial engineering KW - Manufacturing KW - Production KW - Technology KW - Training KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395450 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - COMEAU, L F AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - THE REAL PROBLEM PY - 1984/10 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - p. 35-38 AB - The article urges that before we install seat belts in school buses, we attack the problem outside the bus by the following actions: improve the school bus chassis design to give drivers a better line of vision to the student; provide driver training programs for all school bus drivers; utilize the latest safety devices available to the school bus market; and improve ridership safety curricula and improve ridership safety instruction techniques. It is noted that data show that the real danger lurks outside the bus, and not inside. It is more important to save lives than to prevent injuries and financial resources should be used to accomplish first the former. KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Driver training KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Ridership KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395714 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Vanstrum, R C AU - Landen, J C AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - THE DARK SIDE OF DRIVING PY - 1984/10 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - p. 491-505 AB - In the midst of an overall fatality decrease, another trend has gone largely unnoticed--the upswing in the percentage of nighttime accidents. Night has always been more dangerous than day for road users and now it appears it is becoming increasingly so. This article examines data from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) on nighttime accidents with respect to driver age, single vehicle involvement, pedestrian fatalities, multiple vehicle involvement, and vehicle type. Examination of the factors that play a role in nighttime accident and fatality causation reveals that those which predominate at night are alcohol, inadequate visibility, and driver fatigue. Recommendations are made concerning various countermeasures to effectively deal with these accident causes. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Night KW - Night visibility KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395452 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - HYPOTHERMIA PY - 1984/10 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - p. 18-21 AB - The nature of hypothermia is explained, the ways in which heat is lost from the body are summarized, and ways of counteracting this loss are described. Body heat may be lost by radiation, conduction, evaporation, and convection. Most of the radiated heat lost is via the head. A helmet will keep this loss to a minimum. Conduction loss may be minimized by wearing gloves when handling metal, and by avoiding exposure of bare skin to fluids such as gasoline. Evaporation heat loss occurs on the skin and in the lungs. The moisture loss must be aided by the wearing of several layers of clothing rather than one single layer. Thus moisture can escape into the outer layers rather than be trapped and freeze next to the skin. Convection heat loss is also minimized by the wearing of several layers of clothing. In addition, motorcyclists are urged to eat well, drink hot liquids, and avoid exposure by wearing windproof layers of clothing. KW - Heat loss KW - Helmets KW - Hypothermia KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217092 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395716 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - NEWMAN, PWG AU - Kenworthy, J R AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - THE USE AND ABUSE OF DRIVING CYCLE RESEARCH: CLARIFYING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAFFIC CONGESTION, ENERGY AND EMISSIONS PY - 1984/10 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - p. 615-635 AB - Today all new cars are tested on one of three or four internationally recognized driving cycles and various policy conclusions on energy conservation and emissions have been based on this research. As with any scientific technique, it is important to recognize the limitations as well as the value in the data obtained from the method, and more importantly, in the conclusions drawn. This article presents the uses and abuses of driving cycle research. It suggests the kinds of conclusions that can be inferred from data collection using an instrumented vehicle and the kinds that cannot be inferred. KW - Data collection KW - Energy conservation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highway traffic control KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation policy KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395738 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATCHING DIESEL FUEL QUALITY TO DIESEL ENGINE REQUIREMENTS SP-577 PY - 1984/10 SP - 40 p. AB - This publication contains discussions and papers presented at a panel discussion which addressed the subject of matching diesel fuel quality with diesel engine requirements. The panel consisted of engine manufacturers, fuel producers, a fuel additive supplier, and a user of both diesel vehicles and diesel fuel. The contents of this publication reveal much about the modern day requirements of diesel engines and how diesel fuel quality affects these requirements. The difficulties in producing good-quality diesel fuel are also made clear, as is the role of additives in improving diesel fuel quality. KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Fuel additives KW - Production KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394723 JO - Rider PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - KUNZ, M AU - TL Enterprises, Incorporated TI - WET-WEATHER RIDING PY - 1984/10 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - This article, written for motorcyclists, offers a close-up on wet-weather treading--on the tire and the road. It covers traction, tread patterns and grooving, wet pavement conditions, wet-weather riding techniques, easing up on rear braking, lane markers, manhole covers, railroad crossings, raingrooves, tire life, and psychology. KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Moisture content KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Rolling contact KW - Tire grip KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Tread braking KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216726 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393895 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Fox, C AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - IF YOU CAN'T STAND UP, STAND OUT PY - 1984/10 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - This article reports the results of tests conducted on six state-of-the-art wheelchairs, ranging in price from $1125 to $1405. This new generation of high-tech, lightweight chairs make the older pressed-steel Everest and Jenkins (E and J) wheelchairs obsolete. The tests, while admittedly very subjective, were conducted by a team of wheelchair riders which included outstanding wheelchair designers and athletes. The following models are reported on: Quickie 2; the Bair Chair; Quickie; Lightning Premier (E and J); the Rolls 500; and the Quadra. Two of these models, the Quickie 2 and the Quadra, had folding frames. All of the models had quick-release wheels, adjustable axle location (both vertical and longitudinal), adjustable back height, and precision-type sealed wheel bearings. KW - Design KW - Lightweight materials KW - Performance KW - Prices KW - Psychological tests KW - Subjective tests KW - Technological innovations KW - Test results KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450369 AU - Chenier, T C AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - MOTORCYCLIST FATALITIES AND THE REPEAL OF MANDATORY HELMET WEARING LAWS PY - 1984/09/25 SP - 27 p. AB - One study reported in the literature concluded that the repel of mandatory helmet wearing laws for motorcyclists by various states in the United States was followed by a near 40% increase in motorcyclist fatalities in those states. Another study indicated an essentially zero effect. The present study was performed to determine more definitively than hitherto the influence on motorcyclist fatalities of the repeal of mandatory helmet wearing laws. This was done by examining 32,324 motorcyclist fatalities coded in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for the period 1975-1982. For each of the 26 states which repealed (or weakened) their mandatory helmet wearing laws, the ratio of post-repeal fatalities to pre-repeal fatalities was calculated and compared to the same ratio for the states which did not change their helmet wearing laws. In this way, the effect of repeal was estimated for each of these 26 states. Rather consistent effects were found -- after repeal, motorcyclist fatalities increased more in the states which repealed their laws than in those which did not in 24 cases out of 26, the average effect being (28 plus or minus 4%). It is therefore concluded that repeals of mandatory helmet wearing laws for motorcyclists were followed by a substantial increase in motorcyclist fatalities. This provides a clear-cut example of a case in which legislative changes pertaining to the mandatory use of safety eqiupment were followed by changes in safety in the expected direction. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Repeal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399377 AU - United States Senate TI - OVERSIGHT OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1984/09/19 SP - 44 p. AB - This is a presentation of a hearing before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. It includes statements and questions on: occupant crash protection and testing, safety belts, drinking and driving, alcohol and drug abuse programs, child safety seats, computerized traffic record systems, safety defects and recalls, bumper protection, treadwear ratings, passive restraints and air bags in detail (Breed Air Bag), and compliance testing of motor vehicle safety equipment. KW - Air bags KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Bumpers KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Hearings KW - Information processing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Records management KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety programs KW - Testing KW - Tire treads KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety education KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395950 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY--DEFICIENCIES IN ENFORCEMENT, JUDICIAL, AND TREATMENT PROGRAMS RELATED TO REPEAT OFFENDER DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1984/09/18 SP - 99 p. AB - In 1983, 42,600 Americans died in 38,000 fatal motor vehicle crashes. Alcohol abuse was involved in 53 percent of these accidents. Of the approximately 773,000 drunk driving convictions each year, an estimated 30 percent are of "repeat offenders." The National Transportation Safety Board here documents a variety of weaknesses in the law enforcement, judicial, and treatment systems which contribute to the persistence of the "repeat offender" drunk driver problem, and recommends steps to be taken by States, judicial training organizations, the Veterans Administration, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fifty-one detailed case histories of repeat offenders are presented. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Case studies KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Recommendations KW - Repeat offenders KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213620 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393922 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SEAT BELT USE LAWS: WHAT TO EXPECT. SPECIAL ISSUE PY - 1984/09/08 VL - 19 IS - 14 SP - 11 p. AB - This special issue of "Status Report" reviews evidence about the effects of mandatory seat belt laws on belt use rates and on occupant deaths and injuries in Canada and other countries. The following articles are included: Canadian Laws Increase Belt Use--Mixed Results in Reducing Deaths; Enforcement Key to Seat Belt Law Effectiveness; Summary of Facts About Seat Belt Use Laws; Belt Use Rates Vary Widely in Canadian Cities; Seat Belt Laws Successful in Great Britain and Australia; DOT Report Underscores Importance of Vigorous Enforcement; Without Enforcement, U.S. Belt Laws Fail to Increase Use; and Outlook for Seat Belt Laws in the U.S. KW - Australia KW - Canada KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - States KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - United Kingdom KW - United States KW - Utilization UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1914.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395968 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--COLLISION OF G&D AUTO SALES, INC., TOW TRUCK TOWING AUTOMOBILE, BRANCH MOTOR EXPRESS, COMPANY TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER, TOWN OF REHOBOTH SCHOOL BUS, REHOBOTH, MASSACHUSETTS, JANUARY 10, 1984 PY - 1984/09/05 SP - 33 p. AB - At 11:45 a.m., on January 10, 1984, a G & D Auto Sales, Inc., tow truck was turning right from the company's driveway onto westbound State Route 44 in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, when the rear-facing passenger car in tow, a 1981 Oldsmobile, was struck by an eastbound tractor-semitrailer operated by Branch Motor Express Company. The 76, 950-pound tractor-semitrailer continued eastbound, crossed the centerline of the damp, two-lane, two-way roadway, and struck the left front of a westbound Town of Rehoboth schoolbus carrying 15 students, ages 5 and 6. The 1979 schoolbus overturned and came to rest on its roof off the roadway. The driver of the tractor-semitrailer, the driver of the schoolbus, and one student were killed; 12 students were injured. The driver of the tow truck was not injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable causes of the accident were (a) unsecured steering axle wheels of the vehicle being towed by the rear, (b) excursion of the towed vehicle over the highway centerline into the path of the oncoming tractor-semitrailer, (c) loss of directional control by the driver of the tractor-semitrailer, and (d) entry of the uncontrolled tractor-semitrailer into the opposing traffic lane where it struck the schoolbus. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - School buses KW - Tow service car KW - Towing vehicles KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395844 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--ACTIVITY BUS/TRACTOR-CARGO TANK SEMITRAILER COLLISION ON STATE ROUTE 61, NEAR DEVERS, TEXAS, DECEMBER 23, 1983 PY - 1984/09/05 SP - 32 p. AB - About 7:40 p.m., central standard time, on December 23, 1983, a southbound activity bus suddenly veered leftward, crossed the centerline of State Route 61, a 2-lane, 2-way highway, and struck head on a northbound tractor cargo tank semitrailer near Devers, Texas. The tractor cargo tank semitrailer penetrated from 5.5 to 6.5 feet into the passenger compartment of the 1970 former schoolbus. The busdriver and all 21 passengers aboard were ejected through the front opening created in the collision. The truckdriver, the busdriver, and eight bus passengers were killed. Thirteen other bus passengers were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the loss of control of the activity bus following the deflation and subsequent blowout of the left front tire due to a nail puncture. Contributing to the severity of the injuries was the less rigid construction of the 1970 former schoolbus when compared to schoolbuses built after April 1977 which meet minimum Federal requirements for crashworthiness and occupant protection. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Blowouts KW - Buses KW - Crash reports KW - Ejection KW - Frontal crashes KW - School buses KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623528 AU - Transportation Safety Institute TI - COMMUNITY SAFETY BELT PROGRAM MANAGEMENT: COURSE MATERIALS PY - 1984/09 SP - v.p. AB - This loose-leaf notebook contains materials for the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT's) Occupant Protection Program Management Course. These materials are organized in the following sections: How to Plan a Comprehensive Community Occupant Protection Program; Issue Paper: The Case for the Development and Implementation of Local Community Safety Belt Promotion Programs; Comprehensive Community Occupant Protection Programs of DOT/NHTSA: Windham Program Action Plan and Suffolk County Program Action Plan; April 1984 Status Report; NHTSA's Child Passenger Safety Efforts; 19-City Safety Belt and Child Safety Seat Use Observation Survey; Motivation of Restraint System Usage Among Specific Target Groups; A Guide to Audiovisual and Print Materials; Sample News Release/Information on Jackson, Mississippi Program; The Profit in Safety Belts: An Introduction to an Employer's Program; Development of Industry-Based Strategies for Motivating Seat Belt Use; Public Health Strategies in Occupant Protection; Safety Belt Use Policy Statements; School Bus/Safety Belts Issue Materials; Administrative Evaluation Materials; Typical Questions Used in Knowledge and Attitude Surveys; and Guidelines for Conducting Observational Surveys. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Child restraint systems KW - Community action programs KW - Courses KW - Data collection KW - Employers KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Management KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Programs KW - Promotion KW - Public health KW - Safety education KW - School buses KW - Strategy KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495611 AU - Montague, R B AU - Hampton Institute AU - Department of Transportation TI - THE INTRODUCTION OF CHILD SAFETY SEAT LEGISLATION IN VIRGINIA: TYPES AND LEVELS OF COMMUNITY RESPONSE AND EFFECTS ON AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT STATISTICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/09 SP - 95 p. AB - In 1983 Virginia legislated child safety seat use for children under four years of age riding in motor vehicles. This project explored two major issues: legislative impact on changes in accident statistics for the year immediately following legislation, and community responses to such legislation. The analysis of accident statistics determined changes in death and injury rates for the target age group versus all age groups state-wide and regionally, and explored accident characteristics and correlates for young children injured in accidents. The analysis of community response involved a case study of support programs developed through one community's hospital task force, and a framework for measuring differential community reponses to such a mandate. Vehicular casualty rates for children 0-4 dropped 16.5% while rising 15.8% for all age groups from 1982 to 1983, a pattern consistent across substate regions. The rate of young children injured in vehicle accidents but protected by child safety seats rose 71.6% (to 24.2%) over the same period. A case study of the documentation and cross-validated evaluation data from one Virginia community illustrates an effective hospital/community response to legislative change. A conceptual framework for measuring community support for child safety seats is presented. KW - Case studies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Hospitals KW - Impact studies KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Public relations KW - Statistics KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305658 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495612 JO - Journal of Public Health Policy PB - Palgrave Macmillan AU - Adrian, M TI - INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN ALCOHOL PRODUCTION, TRADE AND CONSUMPTION, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS, 1970-1977 PY - 1984/09 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 344-367 AB - The intent of this study was to produce updated statistics on worldwide trends in alcohol production, trade and consumption. Statistics were selected from existing data banks maintained by international government organizations and marketing boards, and supplemented by statistics published by individual countries, in order to select the most satisfactory statistical series in terms of data consistency and time period covered. The nature of the data used and some of the problems encountered will be described. In addition, global trends in total and per capita production, trade and consumption of alcohol, by alcohol type, as well as some differences in terms of geographic areas, economic systems and alcoholic beverage preferences will be described. Finally, the worldwide relationship between levels of alcohol consumption and deaths due to liver cirrhosis will be discussed, and there will be a description of how these results can be used as indicators of the level of alcohol-related problems in specific countries. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Death rate KW - Earth KW - Fatalities KW - Market research KW - Production KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492226 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 46.4 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/09 SP - 157 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. In addition, 4 pole tests will be conducted. Testing was conducted on a 1981 baseline Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'lowered stiffness', crabbed to 19 deg, at 46.4 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was July 13, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 79 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492236 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES: CAR-TO-POLE SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 45 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT INTO A FIXED RIGID POLE AT 20.1 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/09 SP - 150 p. AB - This test report documents a pole crash test conducted under NHTSA Contract DTNH-82-A-08401, Task Oorder SRL 92 entitled, "Side Impact Aggressivensess Attributes". Testing was conducted on a 1981 diesel Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was towed into a fixed, rigid pole, crabbed to 45 deg, at 20.1 mph. The impact point was 26.5 inches forward of the vehicle wheelbase centerline. Vehicle accelerations were measured, along with occupant responses of two side impact dummies. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was July 6, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 74 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Rigid KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492237 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES: CAR-TO-POLE SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 45 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING 1977 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT INTO A FIXED RIGID POLE AT 25.0 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/09 SP - 148 p. AB - This test report documents a pole crash test conducted under NHTSA Contract DTNH-82-A-08401, Task Oorder SRL 92 entitled, "Side Impact Aggressivensess Attributes". Testing was conducted on a 1977 diesel Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was structurally modified to the level designated "optimized" and also contained additional padding on the driver door and the left rear occupant wall. The test vehicle was towed into a fixed, rigid pole, crabbed to 45 deg, at 25.0 mph. The impact point was 9.0 inches forward of the vehicle wheelbase centerline. Vehicle accelerations were measured, along with occupant responses of two side impact dummies. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was August 16 1984 and the ambient temperature was 82 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Rigid KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490318 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - OCCUPANT RESTRAINT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR NEW YORK STATE PY - 1984/09 AB - This is an outline of the activities which must be planned and made operational to successfully implement the New York State Occupant Restraint Law of 1984. A problem statement is given and the problem solution is described. Details of the operational plan are described as well program evaluation. Appendices describe details of the impact evaluaion plan. New York Occupant Restraint Law (1984) and the proposed state and local occupant restraint programs FY 1985 are presented. A progress report is included. KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Occupant restraint KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452226 JO - Hazard Prevention PB - System Safety Society, Incorporated AU - Rossini, D AU - System Safety Society, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOBILE SEAT BELTS: WHEN ARE THEY EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING INJURY? PY - 1984/09 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - p. 20-24 AB - Athough it is universally conceded that automobile seat belts are generally beneficial, there exists substantial disagreement as to the specific parameters which determine the outcome in a given accident. The problem is of considerable interest in civil litigation involving a personal injury claim by an unbelted individual. In many jurisdictions, the award to the claimant is reduced by the extent to which his injury would have been reduced if he had been belted. Such determinations are based upon varying concepts including: contributory negligence, assumption of risk, and violation of the law in those states where seat belt usage is mandated. In a majority of cases where definitive crash information is available, the question of injury mitigation if the belt had been worn can be resolved to a reasonable degree of engineering certainty. However, the confidence of such a determination is enhanced where a physical examination of the vehicle is possible. In those instances where an expert no longer has access to the vehicle, he can rely on photographs, but the quality of his opinion is often dependent on the quality of his photographic evidence. Without photography, the questions often cannot be resolved. However, at the lower speeds, a fair evaluation can often be made in spite of this limitation. KW - Awards KW - Evidence KW - Expert evidence KW - Expert testimony KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Laws KW - Litigation KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mitigation KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Personal injury KW - Photographs KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452251 AU - Reif, D N AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - SOBRIETY CHECKLANES: DETERRENCE TO DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1984/09 SP - v.p. AB - This paper presents the results of a survey of all states and the District of Columbia by the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning on the use of temporary sobriety checklanes for the deterrence of drunk driving. The following questions were asked: (1) What has been your state's experience with sobriety checklanes and how long and to what extent were they used; (2) What court cases do you cite in support of sobriety checklanes; (3) What court cases have been generated as a result of your state conducting sobriety checklanes; (4) Do you follow a set of guidelines for implementation of these sobriety checklanes; (5) What is the primary objective of your sobriety checklanes and have you seen an increase or decrease in drunk driving arrests; (6) Have any studies been undertaken to determine the effectiveness of sobriety checklanes in your state; (7) Have sobriety checklanes reduced alcohol related crashes; and (8) What has been the public opinion on the issue of sobriety checklanes in your state and is this based upon a scientific study. KW - Arrests KW - Data collection KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Legal factors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269232 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452238 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Aprahamian, C AU - Thompson, B M AU - Darin, J C AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - RECOMMENDED HELMET REMOVAL TECHNIQUES IN A CERVICAL SPINE INJURED PATIENT PY - 1984/09 VL - 24 IS - 9 SP - p. 841-842 AB - Helmet removal techniques in the absence of C-spine injuries have been developed and promulgated. Utilizing a cadaver model, these techniques were demonstrated to adversely affect pre-existing C-spine injury. Removal of helmets with cast cutters is recommended. KW - Cadavers KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Recommendations KW - Removal KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270627 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452252 JO - Injury PB - Elsevier AU - Rouse, T AU - Collin, J AU - Daar, A AU - Wright (John) and Sons, Limited TI - ISOLATED INJURY TO THE INTESTINE FROM BLUNT ABDOMINAL INJURY PY - 1984/09 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - p. 131-133 AB - Isolated injury to the intestine due to blunt abdominal trauma is an uncommon event. Since the haemodynamic disturbance which accompanies injury of the liver or spleen is absent the initial symptoms and signs may be very slight, or obscured by injuries of the abdominal wall, musculoskeletal or nervous systems. We present four traffic accident cases which illustrate pitfalls in management. A high index of suspicion is essential if morbidity and mortality are to be reduced to a minimum. Abdominal radiography and peritoneal lavage are useful aids when diagnosis is in doubt. KW - Abdomen KW - Ejection KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452037 AU - Willke, D AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE INTERIOR STIFFNESS MEASUREMENT PY - 1984/09 SP - v.p. AB - A study was done to catalog the stiffness characteristics of door areas, A-pillars, B-pillars, and roof rails of several vehicles. Dynamic component tests were performed on the door interiors and various upper interior structures using rigid thoracic and head impactors. Static crush tests were done on the door exteriors. Results of these tests are presented. Injury potentials were estimated by repeating these tests using a SID thorax impactor and a Part 572 head impactor. These potentials were then correlated to the measured stiffness characteristics. The results of these correlations are presented and discussed. Head to A-pillar impacts were also performed on the HYGE sled using Citation and Rabbit sled bucks and a full Part 572 dummy. In addition, thoracic component tests were done as part of a preliminary study to examine the effect of lowering the hood profile of the striking vehicle. Results and observations from these tests are presented. KW - Doors KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Roofs KW - Sled tests KW - Stiffness KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451729 AU - Ervin, R D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - ISSUES RELATED TO THE USAGE OF A TILT TABLE FOR MEASURING THE ROLL STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK COMBINATIONS PY - 1984/09 SP - 20 p. AB - Issues related to the technical suitability and practicality of using a tilt table device for measuring the roll stability of heavy duty commercial vehicles are discussed. The technical literature citing the use of tilt tables in research elsewhere in the world is referenced in examining the attractiveness of tilt table applications in the U.S. The conceptual design of a tilt table constructed to meet domestic needs is presented. KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tilt tables KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266862 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451740 JO - Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Shanfield, S B AU - Swain, B J AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - DEATH OF ADULT CHILDREN IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1984/09 VL - 172 IS - 9 SP - p. 533-538 AB - The loss of adult children after traffic accidents is relatively common. Bereavement under these circumstances, however, has been little studied. Forty predominantly midlife parents (20 men and 20 women) of predominantly young adult children (27 men and 13 women) who died in traffic accidents were studied 25.6 months after the death. The parents completed the Symptom Checklist 90, the Beck Depression Inventory, and a Bereavement Questionnaire which sought information about the parent, the child, the rest of the family, and the relationship between them. It was found that the parents continued to grieve intensely and had higher then expected levels of psychiatric symptoms as well as increased health complaints. Some parents were more at risk for problems in the bereavement period. Those with unstable families who had ambivalent relationships with their children and whose children were perceived to have had problems at the time of the accident, had more guilt and increased psychiatric symptoms. Parents who had prior bereavement experiences seem to have been protected from higher levels of distress. Additionally, being a mother, losing a daughter, losing children born earlier in the birth order, and losing children in single car, single driver accidents seems to portend a more difficult bereavement. This is an important area for further study. KW - Bereavement KW - Correlation analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Health KW - Mental disorders KW - Parents KW - Psychiatric abnormalities KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450354 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPEATABILITY OF PERFORMANCE OF THE SIX-YEAR-OLD CHILD TEST DUMMIES PY - 1984/09 SP - 378 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to review the technical drawings of the SA106C six-year-old child dummy for adequacy of detailed specifications, to inspect the four dummies to make certain that their fabrication conformed to the technical drawings, and to determine, in replicate tests, the levels and variability of performance measurements obtained in calibration tests and simulated impact tests. Following dummy inspection, they were tested in a series of static and dynamic component tests in accordance with the test procedures specified in the Part 572 Subparts B and C. A series of 30 whole-dummy performance tests was then conducted on a HYGE accelerator sled with each dummy tested in a sequence of three replicate runs in three different child restraint configurations. The sled test configurations consisted of a child booster seat with lap and torso straps, a standard three-point automobile restraint harness, and a lap belt only configuration. The sled impact velocity was 30 mph. The primary measures of dummy sled test performance analyzed with the statistical methods were: (1) head peak resultant accelerations, (2) chest peak resultant accelerations, (3) femur peak loads, (4) head peak forward displacements, and (5) knee peak forward displacements. An analysis of the absolute deviations of the data points from the overall means demonstrated that the dummy performance variations were generally within an acceptable level. In addition, performance comparison overlay time-history graphs are presented for direct comparisons. KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance tests KW - Repeatability KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sled tests KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450240 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE EVER-CHANGING INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY--EVOLUTION AND REVOLUTION PY - 1984/09 VL - 15 IS - 2-3 SP - 45 p. AB - This special issue of the UMTRI Research Review contains summaries of the 21 major presentations at a three-day automotive forum at the University of Michigan Management Briefing Seminar held in August 1984 in Traverse City, Michigan. These addresses examine, from several viewpoints, the scope and pace of change in the automotive industry--in patterns of competition, in sourcing, materials, design techniques, production and assembly processes, work organization, management procedures, quality control concepts, marketing strategies, and labor relations. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Design methods KW - Labor relations KW - Management KW - Marketing KW - Materials KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402746 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE OCCUPANT PROTECTION : AN ISSUE FOR HEALTH EDUCATORS PY - 1984/09 SP - p. 27-62 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education and training KW - Public opinion KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399251 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIRBAG DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. PHASE III PY - 1984/09 SP - v.p. AB - Driving and Barrier Tests were performed to determine acceleration levels required to cause an accidental deployment of a Romeo-Kojyo airbag system and a Breed Corporation Mechanical Airbag System sensor. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bags KW - Demonstration projects KW - Impact tests KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399039 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - MICHIGAN PUBLIC OPINION TOWARD MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS INSPECTION PY - 1984/09 SP - 56 p. AB - To facilitate planning for a motor vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance program in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties, the Transportation Research Institute carried out a statewide mail survey of Michigan drivers. A total of 685 questionnaires was received which was 80.7 percent of the eligible respondents. More than half of the respondents (56 percent) were favorable to setting up an emissions inspection program in the three counties. This was true both in the three affected counties and in the rest of the state. When the potential federal economic sanctions were explained to the respondents, the proportion supporting the program was increased to 68 percent, while 20 percent, were opposed and 12 percent were uncertain. As for program features, respondents tended to favor an owner choice between an annual exhaust emissions test and an annual certified tune-up, and they strongly favored a registration enforcement method over a sticker enforcement method. Questions on misuse of pollution control equipment indicate that over 10 percent had removed a catalytic converter and over 8 percent made use of leaded gasoline in unleaded vehicles at least occasionally. This was more prevalent among the half of the sample who usually perform their own maintenance. KW - Catalytic converters KW - Data collection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Michigan KW - Misfueling KW - Motor vehicles KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Tampering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395961 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - OCTANE REQUIREMENT INCREASE OF 1982 MODEL CARS PY - 1984/09 SP - v.p. AB - The experimental details are described and the results are discussed of studies of octane requirement increase (ORI) which are the result of the use of unleaded fuel and catalytic converters. ORI was determined for 115 cars of the 1982 model year operated on unleaded gasoline. The mean ORI for the cars at 15,000 miles and with full-boiling range unleaded (FBRU) fuels as well as with full boiling range high sensitivity unleaded (FBRSU) fuels were determined. The ORI with primary reference fuels (PRF) was also determined. Compared with 1981 models, the mean ORI for all cars in the 1982 program with FBRU fuels was 0.2 lower on a RON (Research Octane Number) basis and 0.3 MON (Motor Octane Number) lower. In general, the mean ORI with FBRU fuel exhibits a slight downward trend for 1975 through 1982 model cars. ORI decreases about 0.3 to 0.4 octane number per octane number increase of initial requirements; this relationship is statistically significant. KW - Automobiles KW - Model year KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Octane requirement increase KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215947 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395954 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - TAKING ON THE DRUNK DRIVER. TIPS FOR ALCOHOL SERVERS PY - 1984/09 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - p. 10-14 AB - This report describes the program, Training in Intervention Procedures for Servers of Alcohol (TIPS), which focuses on the people who serve alcohol to drivers. The program is designed to train servers of alcohol to recognize signs of impending intoxication. They can then prevent the person from becoming more intoxicated and act before that person gets behind the wheel of a vehicle. The key to the success of the program is management support. Bar and restaurant managers must stand behind waiters, waitresses and bartenders who act to discourage customers from driving drunk. Pilot programs have revealed that waiters and bartenders are interested in preventing customers from putting themselves and others in potentially dangerous situations. TIPS programs for servers usually last 6 hours. The program has found support from insurance industry organizations, alcoholic beverage companies and associations, hotel chains, drug companies, and from tire and car manufacturers. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Automobile industry KW - Drinking establishments KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hotels KW - Insurance industry KW - Restaurants KW - Retail trade KW - Servers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395976 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Stutts, J C AU - Hunter, W W AU - Campbell, B J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THREE STUDIES EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INCENTIVES FOR INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE PY - 1984/09 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 9-20 AB - Three studies evaluating the use of modest economic incentives to increase safety belt usage are reviewed. Safety belt education and incentive programs were conducted at Chapel Hill High School, at the North Carolina headquarters for Blue Cross and Blue Shield, and in the combined Chapel Hill/Carrboro community. At each site shoulder belt usage data were collected before, during, and after the incentive campaign for evaluating program effectiveness. Results showed substantial increases in belt use at each site. At the high school, overall restraint use increased from a baseline average of 24% to a 64% average over the month-long incentive phase, dropping back to 43% during follow-up. For Blue Cross and Blue Shield, usage increased from an 11% baseline rate to 63% during incentives, then back to 28% during follow-up. In the Chapel Hill/Carrboro community campaign, overall restraint use increased from a baseline average of 24% to a peak value of 41% near the end of the 6-month incentive phase, declining only to an average of 37% through 8 months of follow-up data collection. KW - Before and after studies KW - Economic factors KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217402 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395830 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Haddon, W AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - OBJECTIVE: SAVING LIVES. INSURERS WORK FOR SAFER HIGHWAYS PY - 1984/09 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - p. 2-6 AB - This article reviews the role played by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in the finding and publicizing of ways to reduce the losses resulting from crashes on the nation's highways. IIHS research concentrates on areas of high potential payoff in terms of reducing the losses on the highways. It maintains continuity, following up and developing leads from post studies rather than skipping from one popular target to another. IIHS first completes its work, then publicizes it, and handles thousands of specific requests annually from insurers, government officials, private individuals and others. Specific areas where IIHS has helped lead the way to advances in highway and motor vehicle safety are pointed out in this article. KW - Highway safety KW - Insurance industry KW - Losses KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395977 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Geller, E S AU - Bigelow, B E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CORPORATE INCENTIVE PROGRAMS FOR MOTIVATING SAFETY BELT USE: A REVIEW PY - 1984/09 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 21-38 AB - Several field studies are reviewed that evaluated the impact of various incentive-based programs to motivate safety belt use among employees of four industrial plants in Southwest Virginia. The results of initial programs provoked important research questions that were targeted in subsequent program development and evaluation. For example, initial incentive strategies produced substantial increases in safety belt wearing at each industrial site with minimal costs, but these programs had dramatic differential impact on blue-collar vs. white-collar employees. Blue-collar workers were much less apt than white-collar workers to participate in a safety belt incentive program; therefore, subsequent research efforts were directed toward understanding these differences and developing a program to effect substantial increases in safety belt use among blue-collar employees. Innovative techniques were applied to study the impact of repeated interventions on the safety belt use of individuals and to evaluate response generalization (i.e., the use of safety belts at times when rewards for belt wearing are not available) and response maintenance (i.e., the continual use of safety belts after a safety belt incentive program is terminated). KW - Blue collar workers KW - Corporations KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Impact studies KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Personnel KW - Utilization KW - White collar workers KW - Working class UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217403 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395831 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - KEEPING CARS SAFE AFTER AN ACCIDENT PY - 1984/09 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - p. 7-9 AB - Repair of unibody cars has become a matter of growing public interest as high-technology vehicles have proliferated on American highways. At issue is how to repair damaged unibody cars cost-effectively and ensure that they are safe to drive. The Inter-Industry Conference of Auto Collision Repair (I-CAR), an organization of insurers, auto makers, auto repairers and related industries, began in 1979 to promote more effective repair of unibody cars. Its method is to upgrade the repair and diagnostic skills of body shop workers and to train insurance adjusters to assess accurately damage and repair work on unibody cars. Training courses typically consist of nine three-hour sessions offered at night. Courses are being developed for inexperienced technicians, in addition to the veterans that current I-CAR courses are designed for. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Insurance industry KW - Loss and damage KW - Repairing KW - Training KW - Unibody construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394725 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Irving, R R AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - METALS BRING NEW PROPERTIES TO MATERIALS COMPETITION PY - 1984/09 VL - 164 IS - 9 SP - p. 59-62 AB - This article reviews high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, aluminum, magnesium and powder metals, new casting techniques and discusses their properties and cost effectiveness. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile industry KW - Casting KW - Coatings KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Downsizing KW - Fiber metallurgy KW - Fibers KW - High strength steel KW - Magnesium KW - Materials KW - Metallurgy KW - Powder metallurgy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394311 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Cowie, G O AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD & COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD (1984 MODEL YEAR) BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME-VI-1984 DOMESTIC MODELS PY - 1984/09 SP - 402 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicles bumpers for 1982, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced under the 5 MPH Standard and those produced under the 2 and 1/2 MPH Standard. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212377 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394729 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE DRIVE IS ON TO SET A STANDARD MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ACROSS THE COUNTRY PY - 1984/09 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 7-9 AB - This article focuses on one aspect of the minimum drinking age across the country to 21. As of September 1984, 23 states have a minimum drinking age of 21. Four of those states have raised the minimum age to 21 since January 1984. Some of the facts that proved important to those who have encouraged this change in the national drinking age are examined, as well as some of the common questions that are raised. KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Incentives KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - State government KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395343 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES: PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1981-1983 MODELS PY - 1984/09 SP - 30 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report presents the frequency of claims for injuries to occupants of 1981, 1982, and 1983 model year passenger cars, vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. Claim frequency results are shown separately for all medical claims and for those claims for which the medical losses exceeded $250, $500, and $1,000. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Medical costs KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394307 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Cowie, G O AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD & COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD (1984 MODEL YEAR) BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME II-1982 BUMPER STANDARD PY - 1984/09 SP - 393 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicles bumpers for 1982, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced under the 5 MPH Standard and those produced under the 2 and 1/2 MPH Standard. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395305 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - FACTS ABOUT THE ADDITIONAL BRAKE LIGHT ON NEW CARS PY - 1984/09 SP - 2 p. AB - The U.S. Secretary of Transportation has ordered that all cars manufactured on or after September 1, 1985, are to be equipped with an additional brake light mounted high on the rear of the vehicle, either inside or outside the rear window. Use of the additional brake light is expected to reduce rear-end collisions by as much as 50 percent. Research by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety played an important part in this decision. KW - Additional brake lights KW - Automobiles KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - High mounting KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213055 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395741 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Blixt, C A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROLE OF THE ENGINEER IN PRODUCT LIABILITY LITIGATION PY - 1984/09 SP - p. 7-12 AB - This article outlines the engineer's role in the litigation process from the point at which the designer first begins his design work through each stage of the design and litigation process. It includes a discussion of the creation of documents by engineers, the considerations engineers should have in balancing alternative design considerations and includes a brief discussion of the engineer's testimony by deposition and at trial. KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Engineers KW - Industrial engineering KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Production KW - Testimony UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219022 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395744 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Carey, W R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A CORPORATE PRODUCT QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM PY - 1984/09 SP - p. 29-33 AB - This paper outlines what a large company is doing on a corporate staff basis to help combat Product Liability problems. Eaton Corporation is multi-national and serves a variety of markets. The extensive and complex line of products dictates the need for a well organized, corporate Product Assurance Program. The program is made up of five thrusts: 1) Corporate Policy, 2) Guidelines, 3) Divisional Committees, 4) Surveys and 5) Training. Utilizing a product development project, the implementation of several elements of Product Quality Assurance are explained. The program was designed for flexibility and emphasizes the chairman's motto to "DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME, EVERY TIME." KW - Corporations KW - Industrial engineering KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Policy KW - Production KW - Quality assurance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395739 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRODUCT LIABILITY AND QUALITY SP-586 PY - 1984/09 SP - 48 p. AB - This publication contains papers to help those involved in engineering avoid unfavorable product liability awards. The authors interpret the new Uniform Product Liability Act. They provide guidelines for engineers to follow in documenting the safety considerations given to their designs. They provide guidelines to follow when answering questions under deposition. One author clearly explains the relationship of the engineer to his defense attorney and the plaintiff attorney. Responsible engineers will find these papers a must if they are to minimize the product liability costs for their company. KW - Attorneys KW - Defense KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Engineers KW - Guidelines KW - Industrial engineering KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Production KW - Prosecution KW - Testimony KW - Uniform product liability act UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213419 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394741 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - COUNTERSTEERING. BY ANY OTHER NAME STILL RESPONDS THE SAME PY - 1984/09 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 18-21 AB - This article is an attempt to teach inexperienced motorcycle drivers how to countersteer, or push steer, to get out of harm's way in an emergency. The article is illustrated. KW - Countersteering KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Emergency procedures KW - Motorcyclists KW - Reaction time KW - Steering KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216742 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394722 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Gilbert, J AU - American Automobile Association TI - ALL-SEASON TIRES PY - 1984/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article describes the new all-season or all-weather tire. These offer the improved traction characteristics of the old soft compound, while still delivering the mileage of the hard-compound premium tires. KW - All season tires KW - Chemical compounds KW - Compounds KW - Rolling contact KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216725 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394724 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Williams, D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - HOW A HEALTHIER WORKFORCE CAN CUT AUTO COSTS PY - 1984/09 VL - 164 IS - 9 SP - p. 77-78 AB - This article describes the variety of programs that General Motors has under way to cut medical expenses: screening for high blood pressure, alcoholic rehabilitation program, cancer screening program, and a stop-smoking program. KW - Alcoholism KW - Costs KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Health KW - Health care KW - Labor force KW - Medical costs KW - Medical services KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216727 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395742 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Lux, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS ON LITIGATION AVOIDANCE PY - 1984/09 SP - p. 13-19 AB - It is generally understood that engineers can do some things to help prevent product liability lawsuits. However, it is not so well understood that very likely the best way to prevent lawsuits is at the engineering stage. This paper reviews conventional activities of that type and describes a general philosophy that if the engineer works to prevent the accident, he will be making the most effective contribution. In addition, the paper presents a new viewpoint concerning "trade-offs" between safety and product effectiveness. The paper suggests that trade-offs are not even appropriate things to consider, but that the engineering effort must be to raise product effectiveness and safety--both--to successfully higher levels. The tension, for example, between cost and safety will never disappear. The engineer's response must be to raise the level of safety without increasing product cost and reducing product cost without sacrificing safety. That is the real engineering objective. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Core density KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Density KW - Effectiveness KW - Engineers KW - Industrial engineering KW - Legal factors KW - Litigation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Production KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395743 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Dawson, J R AU - Binder, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HOW TO AVOID (OR WIN) PRODUCTS LITIGATION PY - 1984/09 SP - p. 21-28 AB - The designer of products which can cause serious personal injury should be aware that the law of products liability imposes responsibilities which go beyond the normal expectations of professional care and competency. In addition, the successful defense of a design in a products liability trial often hinges upon the quality and thoroughness of the documentary record maintained of the design process. A practical understanding of the products liability system will enable the designer to take effective measures to decrease the number of products liability actions and increase the likelihood of winning the suits which are brought. KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Engineers KW - Industrial engineering KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394306 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Cowie, G O AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD & COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD (1984 MODEL YEAR) BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME I-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/09 SP - 207 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicles bumpers for 1982, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced under the 5 MPH Standard and those produced under the 2 and 1/2 MPH Standard. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394309 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Cowie, G O AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD & COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD (1984 MODEL YEAR) BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME IV-1983 DOMESTIC MODELS PY - 1984/09 SP - 418 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicles bumpers for 1982, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced under the 5 MPH Standard and those produced under the 2 and 1/2 MPH Standard. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212375 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394720 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Warrington, J L AU - American Automobile Association TI - EMERGENCY MEDICINE COMES TO LIFE PY - 1984/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 2d-2e AB - This article describes the Arlington, Virginia's emergency medical services: All the physicians are board-certified in emergency medicine and ambulance crews are given advance training. The accident victim today has a 50 to 60 percent better chance of surviving than he did 20 years ago. KW - Ambulances KW - Crash victims KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Medical services KW - Physicians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216723 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394740 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ADVICE FOR WALKERS AND NON-WALKERS ALIKE OR TO PUT IT ANOTHER WAY: WATCH OUT! PY - 1984/09 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 1-5 AB - This article, based on information provided by the American Automobile Association presents a few questions and answers on pedestrian accidents, a problem that kills 8000-9000 Americans each year. The answers are given for both the pedestrians and the drivers. KW - Drivers KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216741 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394742 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - MOVING QUICKLY PY - 1984/09 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 13 AB - This one-page article explains how General Motors became the first automaker to say it was making the high-mounted stop lights (required by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on all new cars beginning with the 1986 model year) available on a number of its cars far in advance of the U.S. Government regulations. The design of this center high-mounted lamp is included. KW - Center high mounted stop lamps KW - General Motors Corporation KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Rear end crashes KW - Retrofitting KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216743 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394721 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Berg, D AU - American Automobile Association TI - BUILDING SAFETY CONSCIOUSNESS PY - 1984/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 4-6 AB - This article describes how AAA helps schools and parents teach children traffic safety. The organization has developed a mosaic of programs tailored from preschoolers to teen drivers on topics ranging from how to cross a street to the effects of alcohol. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - American Automobile Association KW - Child safety KW - Parents KW - Preschool children KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395476 AU - GREEN, J A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - ADAAS, A CROSS-REFERENCE GUIDE TO FARS DATA SETS IN ADAAS FOR 1975-1983 PY - 1984/09 SP - 76 p. AB - This guide to variable names (i.e., information elements) in the FARS data sets available through the UMTRI's Transportation Data Center covers the nine-year period 1975 to 1983. It includes a cross-reference listing of all major words used in the names of variables for the nine-year period. KW - Bibliographies KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes (Locators) KW - Information systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394316 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Cowie, G O AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD & COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD (1984 MODEL YEAR) BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 BUMPER STANDARD PY - 1984/09 SP - 116 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicles bumpers for 1982, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced under the 5 MPH Standard and those produced under the 2 and 1/2 MPH Standard. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395740 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Weber, B R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRODUCT LIABILITY--SOME OUNCES OF PREVENTION PY - 1984/09 SP - p. 1-5 AB - The responsibility of design and/or manufacturing engineers in the performance of their work to minimize the possibility of becoming involved in a product liability suit is discussed from the viewpoint of a professional engineer, not an attorney. Procedures for fully documenting design and production data are discussed with suggested chronological steps for recording and filing information applicable to an original design of a product and subsequent changes made therein. The scope of the paper encompasses discussion of the necessity for accurate and complete documentation, safety considerations, conduct of an engineer when his deposition is being taken and his relationship to his attorney. Emphasized is the vital importance of documentation to the corporation's attorney when he is preparing the defense against a lawsuit. KW - Attorneys KW - Defense KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Engineers KW - Industrial engineering KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Prevention KW - Production KW - Prosecution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395745 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Libertiny, G Z AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REVIEW OF THE UNIFORM PRODUCT LIABILITY ACT PY - 1984/09 SP - p. 35-40 AB - The Uniform Product Liability Act attempts to present one unified cause of action for injuries to persons and damage to property caused by products. While no state has adopted the complete text of the Act, it is indicative as a way of thinking and possible future trends. It is a valuable reading for practicing engineers. Within the scope of this paper the summary of the Act is given. KW - Industrial engineering KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Production KW - Uniform product liability act UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395448 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Scoles, P AU - Fine, E W AU - Steer, R A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND DRINKING PATTERNS OF HIGH-RISK DRIVERS NEVER APPREHENDED FOR DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED PY - 1984/09 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - p. 411-416 AB - In a study of 124 high-risk drivers, almost 50% of the drivers had a severe problem with alcohol and were driving without a valid license. The findings indicate that high-risk drivers, not identified as drinking drivers, are as potentially a threat to public health as those individuals arrested for driving while intoxicated. It is recommended that intervention programs for high-risk drivers cannot ignore alcohol education and, where appropriate, alcohol treatment as an identifiable programmatic strategy. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Personality KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394719 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Reynolds, M A AU - American Automobile Association TI - EASING THE PAIN OF DISASTER IS ROLE OF TODAY'S INSURANCE PY - 1984/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 2b-2c AB - This short article reviews, with the help of case stories, AAA's auto, homeowners, and life insurance programs. Insurance tips are also given. KW - American Automobile Association KW - Automobile insurance KW - Insurance KW - Insurance industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395454 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - AIR BAGS: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF DELAY PY - 1984/09 SP - 10 p. AB - In 1952, the first of a series of patents was filed for automatic air bags to protect occupants in vehicle crashes. In 1968 prototype development of air bags became advanced enough to initiate federal government interest. However, except for a few Mercedes Benz models, air bags are not available to car buyers today. Events which have delayed making air bags available are listed chronologically in this report. The events listed here span a period from March 1967 (the National Traffic Safety Agency and the National Highway Safety Agency tell the Senate that automatic restraints will be mandated as soon as technology permits) to July 1984 (Department of Transportation orders all new 1990 model cars to be equipped with automatic restraints unless two thirds of the U.S. population is covered by state laws requiring seat belt use by 1989; ten percent of all 1987 model cars, 25% of 1988 model cars, and 40% of 1989 models must be equipped with automatic restraints). KW - Air bags KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395724 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BMCS NATIONAL ROADSIDE INSPECTION, OCTOBER 25-27, 1983 PY - 1984/09 SP - 9 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS), assisted by State law enforcement officials, conducted roadside vehicle inspections at 42 sites in 26 States during October 25-27, 1983. The Essential Elements Examination (EEE) procedure was followed to detect those violations and defects most often identified as causing or contributing to the severity of truck accidents. During this 3-day activity 4,430 vehicles were inspected and 1,368 drivers and/or vehicles placed out of service. Of the 4,430 inspections, 51 percent (2,254) had vehicle violations and 24 percent (1,073) had out-of-service vehicle violations. Of all out-of-service defects discovered, 65 percent (924) were defects in the braking systems. KW - Brakes KW - Crash causes KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Out of service KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394308 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Cowie, G O AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD & COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD (1984 MODEL YEAR BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME III-1982 IMPORTED MODELS PY - 1984/09 SP - 129 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicles bumpers for 1982, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced under the 5 MPH Standard and those produced under the 2 and 1/2 MPH Standard. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394310 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Cowie, G O AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD & COST ESTIMATES OF POST-STANDARD (1984 MODEL YEAR) BUMPERS FOR COST EVALUATION OF THE 1982 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME V-1983 IMPORTED MODELS PY - 1984/09 SP - 125 p. AB - The consumer cost effects resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 was determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicles bumpers for 1982, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced under the 5 MPH Standard and those produced under the 2 and 1/2 MPH Standard. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393900 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Rosenfield, H N AU - National Safety Council TI - NEWS FROM CAPITOL HILL PY - 1984/09 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - Recent activity on Capitol Hill is reported for four traffic safety areas: drunk driving and the minimum drinking age; passive restraints; breath tests; and sobriety checkpoints. Concerning drunk driving and the minimum drinking age: A bill recently passed by Congress provides both a "carrot" and a "stick" to state governments--incentive grants if they enact mandatory minimum sentences for drunk driving; the withholding of funds if they fail to raise their drinking ages to 21. Concerning passive restraints: The new standard issued by the Department of Transportation calls for a phase-in of passive restraints on all new vehicles by September 1989 unless two-thirds of the population are covered by buckle-up laws. Concerning breath tests: The Supreme Court sustained the constitutionality of breath tests for suspected drunk drivers even if the samples are not saved. Concerning sobriety checkpoints: The National Transportation Safety Board has endorsed the use of sobriety checkpoints and on-the-spot license revocations as potential ways to deter drunk driving. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Deterrents KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal aid KW - Federal government KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393902 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - EXPERTS CONCLUDE: LICENSE LIFTING DETERS DWIS BETTER THAN JAIL SENTENCES PY - 1984/09 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - Nearly 50 U.S. and Canadian scientists and other experts participated in the first North American Conference on Alcohol and Highway Safety, which met at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, June 12-14, 1984. The participants concluded that revoking a drunk driver's license is a more effective deterrent to future violations than sending him to jail or forcing him to attend driver improvement classes. This article reports on the conference, quoting from the following participants: Ralph K. Jones, president of the Mid-America Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan Dr. Thomas B. Turner, dean emeritus of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and conference chairman; Dr. Robert F. Borkenstein, professor of forensic studies at Indiana University; Dr. Frank A. Haight, professor of statistics and transportation at Pennsylvania State University; Dr. Julian A. Waller, professor of medicine at the University of Vermont; Dr. Gerald J.S. Wilde, professor of psychology at Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Dr. H. Lawrence Ross, chairman of the sociology department and adjunct professor of law at the Univerisity of New Mexico; and Richard J. Bonnie, professor of law and director of the Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy at the University of Virginia. KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrents KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Revocation KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394042 AU - Brindle, L R AU - Cranfield Institute of Technology TI - THE INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE TIRE CHARACTERISTICS ON DRIVER OPINION PY - 1984/09 SP - 9 p. AB - An introduction to vehicle steering response dynamics is followed by a discussion of the influence of pneumatic tires on driver subjective ratings concerning vehicle steering and handling characteristics. An empirical study investigating driver sensitivity to the effects of low profile radial-ply and standard radial-ply tires is described. It was found that the subjective ratings of ordinary drivers could be systematically related to objective measures of vehicle directional response. Most important in affecting favourable ratings were short lateral acceleration and yaw rate response times and higher levels of control gain for these parameters. Low profile radial tires were rated relatively more favourably than standard radials mainly in respect of a combination of steering "feel," stability on dual carriageways, and roadholding on straight roads and on freeways. In contrast, standard radial tires received relatively higher ratings concerning the amount of steering return strength and the degree of comfort experienced on rural roads. Future research directions discussed include investigating the effect of these directional response parameters on driver behaviour. Also, discussed was the need for a systematic investigation of "steering esthetics," where there would be concern for a wide range of influences on driver feedback through the vehicle's steering system. Included would be steering torque, the amount of "work done" in steering, gains and response times for lateral acceleration and yaw rate, and the linearity of response for all of these parameters. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Behavior KW - Comfort KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic tire KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rural highways KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Tires KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393915 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Brinkman, C P AU - SMITH, S A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1984/09 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - p. 48-53 AB - This article discusses the principal findings of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study to identify safety problems on two-lane rural highways in the United States and to determine the cost-effectiveness of possible highway-related solutions to those problems. The emphasis of the study was to provide general guidance for investing highway safety funds for two-lane rural highways in future years. An extensive literature review was conducted and existing accident data bases were analyzed to provide current information on the safety performance of two-lane rural highways and the potential benefits of highway improvements or accident countermeasures. The entire two-lane rural highway system was considered as were the range of safety improvements that ordinarily would be considered for use on the system. Although the emphasis of the study was on safety, operational characteristics also were considered. The study should provide the means for designing a two-lane rural highway system that is more integrated, consistent, and safe in light of current and forecasted economic constraints. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393901 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Bufe, N AU - National Safety Council TI - WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY? PY - 1984/09 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - The National Safety Council's Highway Traffic Safety Division, in March 1983, began a process to determine what emerging trends would affect traffic safety throughout the nation in the 1990s and beyond. Based on these emerging trends, the 10 technical committees of the division were asked to identify implications for the future in highway traffic safety for which we should begin now to plan. This article takes a look at some of the emerging trends identified and their implications in following four areas: demographics, vehicles, economy, and energy. This sample demonstrates the technique of future research and indicates how important it is for "preactive" rather than reactive planning. An example of reactive planning is found in the current funding of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Funds for NHTSA have been cut drastically and the major portion of what is left is being expended on two programs (alcohol and drug abuse and occupant restraints) to the neglect of other programs that are just as critical now as when they first appeared. Several of these neglected programs are identified in this article. KW - Demographics KW - Economics KW - Energy KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216312 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393855 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Cohen, L AU - Mannion, T AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - AUXILIARY HIGHWAY PATROL IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PY - 1984/09 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - p. 39-41 AB - This article narrates the success of Auxiliary Highway Patrol Unit 2, formed in May 1979 as a special command by the New York Police Department's Auxiliary Forces section in cooperation with the department's Brooklyn-based Highway Patrol Unit 2. The support that Auxiliary Highway 2 provides its sworn counterpart illustrates how, with proper planning and supervision, any large department with a well-established auxiliary arm can enhance the functions of its highway commands. KW - Auxiliary police KW - Crimes KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - New York (New York) KW - Police patrol KW - Training KW - Urban areas KW - Vandalism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211771 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393856 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Hanrahan, L P AU - Dally, K A AU - Anderson, H A AU - Kanarek, M S AU - Rankin, J AU - American Public Health Association TI - FORMALDEHYDE VAPOR IN MOBILE HOMES: A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY OF CONCENTRATIONS AND IRRITANT EFFECTS PY - 1984/09 VL - 74 IS - 9 SP - 2 p. AB - Sixty-five Wisconsin mobile home households volunteered for an assessment of indoor formaldehyde gas. Sixty-one teenage and adult occupants completed health questionnaires. Formaldehyde concentrations ranged from less than 0.10 to 0.80 ppm, with the risk of ocular discomfort showing a positive dose-response relationship. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Eye KW - Formaldehyde KW - Irritants KW - Mobile homes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394040 JO - Home & Away (Indianapolis Edition) PB - Automobile Association of America AU - Adams, T AU - Chicago Motor Club TI - SMART CARS TO PARK ON AMERICAN DRIVEWAYS PY - 1984/09 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - p. 18-19 AB - Innovations in automobile technology that can be expected in the next few years are described. These include computerized transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT), voice warnings, CRT and television screens, and radar braking. With computerized transmission, the computer will take constant readings of the engine speed, transmission speed and the demand for acceleration, and decide when to shift to higher or lower gear. Computers will be essential for CVT which will lack distinct gears but have infinitely variable gear ratios. Computerized transmission and CVT will both boost fuel economy. Cars with voice warnings are expected on the market in a few months. Voice warnings for oil pressure, temperature of engine coolant, and condition of the brake linings will be common. Television screens or CRTs (Cathode Ray Tube) could display content of the car owners manual or help with navigation. A true life-saver is expected with radar braking but the concept requires more developmental work. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Information processing KW - Innovation KW - Radar brakes KW - Speech KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design KW - Voice communication KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394044 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Chadda, H S AU - McGee, H W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - PEDESTRIAN CONSIDERATIONS IN HIGHWAY WORK ZONES PY - 1984/09 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - p. 14-18 AB - Guidelines for accommodating pedestrians in work zones are presented, which are based on field studies (at several work-zone sites) to identify current practices and deficiencies in pedestrian considerations and to develop guidelines for safe pedestrian accommodation in work-zone environments. Conditions for pedestrian accommodation are reviewed, and the types of pedestrian pathways (existing pathway, bypass, detour) and their requirements are listed. A checklist for pedestrian planning in work zones (planning considerations, information needs, pedestrian pathway considerations, sidewalk closure and blockage, pedestrian protection, inspection and maintenance) is provided. KW - Closures KW - Inspection KW - Lane closure KW - Maintenance KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning KW - Road construction KW - Sidewalks KW - Walkways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393914 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Galambos, C F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE SAFETY PY - 1984/09 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - p. 41-47 AB - Highway bridges are a vital link in the Nation's transportation network. Occasionally, however, a bridge collapses or must be closed for safety reasons, lessening the public's confidence and raising some penetrating questions about the safety of the Nation's bridges. The most recent example of a bridge collapse was the June 1983 failure of the Mianus River Bridge in Connecticut, which caused three deaths and resulted in untold expense, traffic delays, and detours. This sudden, unexpected catastrophic failure, surprising even to the bridge engineering community, was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board. This article generally discusses the safety of public highway bridges. KW - Bridges KW - Collapse KW - Failure KW - Highway bridges KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393916 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Viner, J G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLICATIONS OF SMALL PASSENGER CARS ON ROADSIDE SAFETY PY - 1984/09 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - p. 54-62 AB - The safety implications of passenger car downsizing are of much current interest. Vehicle-vehicle collisions and vehicle-roadside accidents are the two major accident modes that may be affected by passenger car downsizing. This article reviews the roadside fatal accident problem and the implications of passenger vehicle downsizing on major kinds of roadside fatal accidents. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Downsizing KW - Fatalities KW - Guardrails KW - Lighting columns KW - Median barriers KW - Overturning KW - Roadside KW - Sign supports KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Small car KW - Utility poles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393891 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - AUTO INSURANCE: HOW IT WORKS. WHICH COMPANIES ARE BEST. WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO NO-FAULT PY - 1984/09 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - 14 p. AB - This article on automobile insurance is directed to consumers. It consists of three parts. Part 1 discusses how auto insurance works, giving an overview of the seven coverages the consumer is most likely to encounter--liability, medical payments, wage loss, substitute service, uninsured motorist, collision, and comprehensive. Part 2 discusses which companies are best, giving the results of a survey of more than 69,000 Consumer Reports subscribers who had filed at least one claim in the preceding three years with one of the rated companies. Part 3 discusses no-fault insurance. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Consumers KW - Coverage KW - Data collection KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Loss and damage claims KW - No fault insurance KW - Ratings KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393897 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - National Glass Association TI - GREAT GAS GIVEAWAY PY - 1984/09 VL - 34 IS - 9 SP - 3 p. AB - Claim statistics and interviews with people in the insurance and glass industries confirm that the cost of glass claims in Massachusetts has been escalating faster than can be explained by inflation and claim frequency and that gasoline giveaways, gifts for referral business and inaccurate billings by glass dealers are costing the insurance system untold millions of dollars. The sum paid by insurance companies on glass claims has jumped 65 percent between 1979 and 1982, and the cost of the average glass claim has increased 52 percent. At the same time, glass claim frequency has only gone up 4 percent, and the cost of the best-selling windshield including labor has increased only 26.7 percent. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Fraud KW - Glass KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211783 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394221 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Smith, D C AU - Wrigley, A AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - MATERIALS '85: PLASTIC DOORS AND HOOD ON A LIMO? THAT'S JUST ONE OF MANY INNOVATIONS PY - 1984/09 VL - 20 IS - 9 SP - 5 p. AB - This article describes some new materials and innovations in new vehicles for the 1980's. Cadillac's first front-drive limousine built off a De Ville Coupe, uses sheet moulding compound (SMC) plastic for hood and rear doors and contributes to a 1,200 lb weight reduction from the '84 model. SMC has long been used for small parts but rarely for major body panels. High strength steel (HSS) and aluminum are taking a bigger share of the original-equipment radiator and wheel markets. The driveshaft on carryover Ford Econoline fullsize vans switches to plastic composite construction. Other metals such as zinc and magnesium also have important new applications. Polycarbonate/polyesters are being used for bumpers. Other new plastic applications include soft front and rear fascias on Chrysler H-cars; urethane jounce bumpers, reinforced reaction-injection-moulded (RRIM) urethane fascia; etc. A dramatic new plastics application is the injection-moulded gas tank on Volkswagen of America. Sheet metal manifolds have been used to replace a cast iron unit in the Oldsmobile Calais. The quest for rust-free cars has led to precoated steel gains on some Chevys. KW - Aluminum KW - Bumpers KW - Composite construction KW - High strength steel KW - Magnesium KW - Materials KW - Plastics KW - Sheet molding compounds KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216463 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394055 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Watt, W W AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE ABC'S OF AUTO PARTS PY - 1984/09 VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - p. 21-23 AB - Information is presented that would be helpful to the consumer in obtaining the best buys and the best services. Replacement parts are made by different types of companies: original equipment manufacturers; replacement parts manufacturers; and manufacturers who make rebuilt parts. Their respective prices and guarantees are discussed. The parts retailers include mass merchandisers, car dealerships, auto-parts stores, mail-order catalogs, and wrecking yards. Comparison shopping is also discussed. The importance of insuring that one buys the right auto parts is emphasized. KW - Automobile parts industry KW - Automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Industries KW - Parts KW - Retail trade KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394220 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - HLDI INJURY AND COLLISION LOSS EXPERIENCE PY - 1984/09 SP - 8 p. AB - The recent insurance injury and collision loss experience of passenger cars are tabulated. The data are grouped according to four car body styles: station wagons, 4-door models, 2-door models, and sports and specialty models. Injury losses are presented in terms of frequencies of insurance claims filed under Personal Injury Protection (PIP) coverage. Collision losses are presented in terms of average loss payments per insured vehicles. Definitions of terms used are included. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Injuries KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212305 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393853 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Stoica, T L AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - VISABARS ON STATE POLICE CARS PY - 1984/09 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - 4 p. AB - During 1981, the Illinois Department of Law Enforcement conducted research that concluded that fuel consumption by patrol vehicles could be reduced by not equipping vehicles with roof-mounted light bars, that these cars had a lower incidence of accidents than marked cars, and that the average cost of repairing damages resulting from an accident involving a vehicle with light bars was more than twice that for a vehicle without such lights. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Illinois KW - Light bars KW - Police vehicles KW - Productivity KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Safety factors KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211769 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393854 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Shields, P M AU - Bertling, K R AU - Marshall, P AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - FUEL ECONOMY THROUGH DRIVER AWARENESS: THE TEXAS DPS EXPERIMENT PY - 1984/09 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - 2 p. AB - As a result of research into the area of fuel economy, the Department of Energy (DOE) developed the Department of Energy Conservation Awareness Program (DECAT) and made it available to governmental agencies and private industry in an attempt to promote fuel conservation awareness. Four different patrol districts from the Texas DPS (three experimental groups and one control group) were selected to implement a driver awareness conservation program of the DECAT type to see whether it would have any significant impact upon fuel economy in a large police organization. Based on the results of this study, it can be stated with confidence that the implementation of driver awareness programs can improve fuel economy in the highway setting, that the programs are most effective when continued reinforcement in the form of supervisory monitoring is employed, and that implementation of an ongoing program of this type can have a beneficial impact on a department in that substantial decreases in fuel expenditures can be realized. KW - Awareness KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel conservation KW - Mileage KW - Police KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394045 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Pretty, R L AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - DETECTION OF CONGESTION ON AN URBAN FREEWAY FOR THE PURPOSE OF ACCESS CONTROL PY - 1984/09 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - p. 43-47 AB - This article considers the South East Freeway in Brisbane, Australia as an example where congestion occurs regularly especially in the morning peak period, and recommends closure of two ramps together with the use of variable-message direction signs. The development of the conditions for closure of the ramps is detailed. It is shown that Newell's merging principle of entering vehicles taking over priority in congested conditions applies regularly on the inbound South East Freeway. This leads to a future departure system-optimized flow pattern in the corridor. The recommended solution to this specific case is to activate variable-message direction signs to encourage ramp motorists to divert and then to physically close the ramp for as long as congested conditions remain on the ramp. Closure has fewer operating problems than metering and is generally preferred. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Closures KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Freeways KW - Lane closure KW - Ramps KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393857 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - CHRISTOFFEL, T AU - American Public Health Association TI - USING ROADBLOCKS TO REDUCE DRUNK DRIVING: PUBLIC HEALTH OR LAW AND ORDER? PY - 1984/09 VL - 74 IS - 9 SP - 3 p. AB - Drunk drivers are a major threat to public health. The number of motor vehicle deaths involving alcohol in the United States over the past decade totals 250,000--over four times the number of US deaths during the Vietnam War. Drunk drivers also cause about 2,000 injuries each day, of which one-tenth are serious. Motor vehicle injuries are the leading cause of death for all Americans between the ages of 5 and 35 years, and intoxicated drivers play a most prominent role in this traffic carnage: over half of all fatal motor vehicle crashes are alcohol-related. This article addresses this problem and advocates the use of drunk-driver roadblocks as one way of dealing with this major public health problem. KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Penalties KW - Public health KW - Roadblocks KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393899 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Stewart, P T AU - National Safety Council TI - MAKE IT CLICK FOR SAFETY--BUT NOT ON SCHOOL BUSES! PY - 1984/09 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - The director of school transportation for the West Virginia Department of Education presents his argument against requiring seat belts on school buses. He draws attention to the current safety features of school buses as required by the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and to the lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of seat belts on buses. He believes that some who are emotionally wrought by concern for protecting children are led by false reasoning to believe seat belts are necessary on school buses. He concludes that, rather than spending large sums for seat belts, scare funds are better spent on effective driver training and improved vehicle maintenance. KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Emotions KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fund allocations KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - School buses KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394056 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Caldwell, D AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE NEW RULING ON PASSIVE RESTRAINTS PY - 1984/09 VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - p. 26-28 AB - Under the new DOT ruling, airbags, automatic seat belts or impact-absorbing interiors will be phased in so that after September 1989 all cars built for sale in the U.S. will be equipped with passive restraints. A timetable has been set for passenger car manufacturers to comply with DOT ruling. For consumers, the ruling will mean higher car prices as the trade-off for safer cars. The level of protection consumers may expect is discussed. Airbags alone offer the least protection against fatal injuries; airbags offer the most protection only when combined with lap/shoulder belts. Passive interiors are described and it is noted that the success of an interior in preventing injury and death is dependent on the overall design of the car. KW - Air bags KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Crash cushions KW - Interior KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Prices KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451810 JO - Canadian Medical Association Journal PB - Canadian Medical Association AU - Kerwin, A J AU - Canadian Medical Association TI - SUDDEN DEATH WHILE DRIVING PY - 1984/08/15 VL - 131 IS - 4 SP - p. 312-314 AB - Sudden death of cardiac origin in drivers of motor vehicles has been perceived to be a danger to other drivers, passengers, pedestrians and property, and in provinces other than Ontario people with a history of cardiac disease are not permitted to hold a commercial driver's licence. An examination of the literature indicates that injury or death of others occurs rarely when someone dies while driving. It is postulated that drivers who have a myocardial infarction experience warning symptoms, which allows them to take action to prevent a serious accident. It is suggested that a history of heart disease should not necessarily prevent people from holding a commercial driver's licence. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Heart KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Sudden death KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396526 JO - AutoWeek PB - Crain Automotive Group AU - Nickele, M AU - Crain Consumer Group TI - 30-MPH CRASH SAFETY ORDERED PY - 1984/08/06 VL - 34 IS - 32 SP - p. 5 AB - Automobile manufacturers have been ordered to install automatic protection (in up to 30-MPH crashes) for front-seat occupants of all cars sold in the U.S. beginning with the 1987 model year. Protection will have to be installed in 10% of the cars made for 1987, 25% of the cars made for 1988, 40% in 1989, and 100% in 1990. However this passive restraint law will not take effect if states governing two thirds of the national population pass mandatory seat belt laws by April 1, 1989. General Motors, Chrysler, and American Motors Corporation have said that they will push for passage of seat belt laws by states soon enough to stop the 1987 model year requirements. A provision of the passive restraint law prohibits motorists from suing automakers for punitive damages where the law requires belt use if they are in a crash but did not use them. This provision has been strongly criticized by consumer advocates. Brief comments are made regarding the ways in which U.S. auto makers will deal with the 30-MPH crash safety standard. KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Automobile industry KW - Crashes KW - Front seat occupants KW - Loss and damage KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495613 JO - Archives of Ophthalmology PB - American Medical Association AU - Tallman, C B AU - American Medical Association TI - BIOPTIC TELESCOPIC SPECTACLE: A HAZARD FOR OPERATING A MOTOR VEHICLE? (LETTER TO THE EDITOR AND REPLY) PY - 1984/08 VL - 102 SP - p. 1119-20 AB - This letter was written in response to an article entitled "Bioptic Telescopic Spectacle Is a Hazard for Operating a Motor Vehicle" which appeared in the Archives of Ophthalmology, Volume 101, pp 1907-1908, Dec. 1983. The author of the article was G. Fonda, who also replies to this letter. In the letter, C.B. Tallman, M.D., states his opinion that, when a waiver for impaired vision for a visually handicapped person to receive a driver's license is not allowed, the bioptic telescope becomes not only an aid to driving, but a necessity to pass the driver's test. The criteria he uses before sending a letter to the Registry of Motor Vehicles suggesting that a person be examined for a driver's license wearing his bioptic glasses are as follows: (1) the individual feels comfortable driving with his reduced acuity (without the bioptic); (2) stable visual acuity; (3) relatively young age; and (4) that the individual wear the bioptic telescope for three months before attempting to drive using the telescope. He cautions that it is unreasonable for a sighted person to wear the telescope and expect to be a fair judge of how a visually handicapped person would adjust to such a device, as it requires motivation and persistence and a real need for rehabilitation before a person could adapt to some of the visual problems presented by the bioptic telescope in an active skill area such as driving. In reply, G. Fonda refutes this opinion, stating that a driver with normal vision can be used fairly to judge the bioptic telescopic spectacle because both the small magnified area and the area blinded to traffic while changing fixation to read the road sign are the same as seen through the telescope, whether the vision is 20/20 or 20/200. He lists 12 reasons why a driver should not be permitted to pass the visual requirements to drive a motor vehicle looking through a telescope. KW - Bioptic telescopic lenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Lenses (Optics) KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492235 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES: CAR-TO-POLE SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 45 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT INTO A FIXED RIGID POLE AT 19.95 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 167 p. AB - This test report documents a pole crash test conducted under NHTSA Contract DTNH-82-A-08401, Task Oorder SRL 92 entitled, "Side Impact Aggressivensess Attributes". Testing was conducted on a 1981 diesel Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was towed into a fixed, rigid pole, crabbed to 45 deg, at 19.95 mph. The impact point was 34.5 inches forward of the vehicle wheelbase centerline. Vehicle accelerations were measured, along with occupant responses of two side impact dummies. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was June 29, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 68 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Rigid KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453183 AU - Ortuzar, J D AU - Fernandez, J E AU - Pontifical Catholic University, Santiago TI - ON THE STABILITY OF DISCRETE CHOICE MODELS IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS PY - 1984/08 SP - 13 p. AB - A crucial debate exists among transportation scientists and practitioners as to whether or not models developed for a given situation can be used with confidence (after minor adjustments) in a different one, i.e., the stability or transferability issue, both temporal and/or across different cultures. In this paper the same model structure is used with two different data sets--one gathered in 1975 for a suburban corridor in Leeds, England, and the other gathered in 1981 for an urban corridor in Santiago, Chile. The attributes considered are travel times and costs, and socio-economic variables of each individual's household. It was found that multinomial logit models were not transferable between different cultural settings. KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Logits KW - Mathematical models KW - Multinomial logits KW - Transferability KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452280 AU - Campbell, J D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRUCK SPRAY SUPPRESSION DEVICES PY - 1984/08 SP - 21 p. AB - A methodology for measuring the effectiveness of spray suppression devices on heavy trucks is discussed. An instrumentation system concept is described which would permit field measurements of the apparent contrast of an object, viewed through a spray cloud, separate from the confounding influence of veiling luminance due to uncontrolled ambient lighting conditions. Both transmissivity and scattered light measurements are considered; advantages and disadvantages of each and problems in their application are discussed. An expanded beam laser transmissometer is described which has potential advantages over the simple narrow-beam laser transmissometer commonly used to measure truck spray density. Provided here are results of laboratory experiments conducted to define hardware requirements for the expanded beam laser transmissometer scheme and for instrumentation to make scattered light measurements, using a modulated laser beam to illuminate the spray cloud. KW - Effectiveness KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Light scattering KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Measuring instruments KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452232 JO - Annals of Emergency Medicine PB - American College of Emergency Physicians AU - Majernick, T G AU - West, J C AU - Snover, W AU - Brotman, S AU - American College of Emergency Physicians TI - INTESTINAL EVISCERATION RESULTING FROM A MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT PY - 1984/08 VL - 13 IS - 8 SP - p. 633-635 AB - Presented is the case of a motor vehicle accident (MVA) victim with hypotension and evisceration of small intestine. Vigorous resuscitation in the emergency department was required, after which a portion of small bowel was resected at laparotomy. Evisceration secondary to trauma in an MVA is a rare injury. Significant blood loss occurs. Although abdominal sepsis did not occur in our case, this is a complication for which the patient must be monitored closely. KW - Case studies KW - Crash victims KW - Hypotension KW - Injuries KW - Intestinal evisceration KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452279 AU - Frincke, K AU - RATZ, M AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - CALIFORNIA DRIVER SURVEY: THE HABITS AND OPINIONS OF DRIVERS ON SELECTED TRAFFIC SAFETY RELATED ISSUES PY - 1984/08 SP - 24 p. AB - Five thousand six hundred thirty-one California drivers responded to a 10-item questionnaire dealing with driver opinion, exposure (mileage), seat belt use, and socioeconomic indicators. Respondents indicated strong support for provisional licensing of young drivers and for proof of auto insurance before car licensure, but strong opposition to expansion of mail-in license renewal to include all drivers, regardless of prior driving record. Opinions varied somewhat at different levels of respondents' education or prior driving records. Tabulations are presented on respondents' driving exposure, frequency of seat belt use, and such socioeconomic indicators as education level, year of vehicle driven most often, employment status, whether respondent usually drove a four-cylinder car, and whether respondent was a housewife. Some of the driving exposure and socioeconomic items were similar to questions on the 1975 California Driver Survey. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobile insurance KW - California KW - Data collection KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Education KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mileage KW - Provisional licensing KW - Questionnaires KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267291 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452241 JO - ROYAL SOCIETY OF HEALTH JOURNAL PB - RSH House AU - Jinadu, M K AU - Royal Society of Health TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY--A CASE OF OYO STATE OF NIGERIA PY - 1984/08 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - p. 153-156 AB - In this paper morbidity and mortality data from motor vehicle accidents (MVA) or road traffic accidents (RTA) as known in the West and other epidemiological variables of the MVA in Oyo State of Nigeria, between 1979 to 1982, were studied. Population exposure to severe MVA during the period was 34/100,000 of which 7.4 per the same population died. Over two-thirds of the MVA occur among children and young adults. More accidents occur during the Christmas and Easter periods of the year and weekends. There were no seasonal variations in the pattern of the accidents. Commercial vehicles were responsible for a significant proportion of the accidents. The primary causes of the MVA were the drivers who lacked proper driving education, who were often impatient on the wheels, inexperienced and drunk. KW - Children KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash causes KW - Developing countries KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Personnel performance KW - Population KW - Traffic crashes KW - Weekends KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270628 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452237 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Luna, G K AU - MAIER, R V AU - Sowder, L AU - Copass, M K AU - Oreskovich, M R AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE INFLUENCE OF ETHANOL INTOXICATION ON OUTCOME OF INJURED MOTORCYCLISTS PY - 1984/08 VL - 24 IS - 8 SP - p. 695-700 AB - Previous reports have failed to demonstrate a statistically significant adverse effect of acute ethanol intoxication in the well-resuscitated trauma patient. In the present study the prevalence of acute alcohol intoxication and its effect on outcome was analyzed in a homogenous population of young, previously healthy motorcycle accident victims (N = 134). The incidence of intoxication was 25%. The intoxicated cyclists were at fault for the accident 50% more often than the nonintoxicated cyclists and were found to wear helmets one third as frequently. Furthermore, the protective effect of helmet use as seen in the nonintoxicated group was lost in the intoxicated group, who sustained head injuries twice as frequently. Only patients with critical head injuries died and, although the ISS levels of those dying were similar in the two groups, the mortality following the critical head injury was twice as high among intoxicated patients (80 vs. 43%). Overall, the intoxicated group had a fourfold increased mortality rate. Thus, although intoxicated motorcyclists comprised 25% of the total population, they represent a mere 9% of the helmet-wearing population, and, in contrast, 39% of the severely head-injured victims and a majority (57%) of the mortality rate. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk driving KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270626 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451728 JO - Archives of Disease in Childhood PB - British Medical Association AU - Sunderland, R AU - British Medical Association TI - DYING YOUNG IN TRAFFIC PY - 1984/08 VL - 59 SP - p. 754-757 AB - There were 469 unnatural deaths among the Sheffield child population between 1947 and 1979, 226 of which were caused by traffic accidents. The annual incidence of these traffic accidents has risen steadily since the early 1960s with boys being consistently more vulnerable. Fatal accidents were disproportionately higher among socially deprived families and in poorer areas of the city. The environment rather than the child may be "accident prone" and there is an urgent need for safer play areas in deprived areas. KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Playgrounds KW - Safety KW - Social factors KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450128 AU - McLean, A J AU - Clark, M S AU - Dorsch, M AU - HOLUBOWYCZ, O T AU - McCaul, K A AU - University of Adelaide TI - RANDOM BREATH TESTING IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: EFFECTS ON DRINK-DRIVING, ACCIDENTS AND CASUALTIES PY - 1984/08 SP - v.p. AB - Random breath alcohol testing (RBT) by the police was introduced in South Australia in October 1981 for a trial period of three years. Changes in attitudes to drink-driving, in blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of the general driving population, in the characteristics of accidents and the BACs of road accident casualties were measured to determine the effectiveness of the RBT programme in the Adelaide metropolitan area. 30,000 drivers were sampled in three roadside breath alcohol surveys conducted in early 1981, 1982 and 1983. There was an initial reduction in the proportion of drivers above the legal BAC limit of 0.08 after RBT started. A year later this effect was no longer obvious. The proportion of drivers who had been drinking was also reduced initially, and was still low a year later. The attitudes of drivers to drink-driving were consistent with their self-reported drinking behaviour but were not good predictors of their actual drink-driving behaviour. No adequate information was available on the involvement of alcohol in accidents. RBT units were located on main roads. The proportion of late night single vehicle crashes on back streets doubled after the Introduction of RBT. The BAC distribution of all road accident casualties was constant from 1979 through 1983, with the exception of 1981 when there was a reduction in the proportion of drivers having a BAC below 0.15. This change was most marked at the end of 1981, after RBT had started. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact studies KW - Measurement KW - Random sampling KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450135 AU - WIGAN, M R AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY HELMETS: STANDARDS AND ENFORCEMENT PY - 1984/08 SP - 11 p. AB - Motorcycle helmet standards in Australia have been developed by the SAA. Until the mid-1970's these standards were effectively based on the British Standards then current. In 1974 AS 1698-1974 was issued, based largely on the text of the US ANSI Z90.1-1971. The technology of helmets has improved rapidly, with extensive innovation, especially in the last 4 to 5 years. These design changes, and the changes in emphasis brought by the wide (and later legally mandated) use of helmets on the road, have led to new problems. The research basis for a significant part of the phrasing of most helmet standards (not only the Australian), is very limited, and the significant shortfall of continuing Australian field investigations and research on helmets and their performance has slowed the rate of adaption of the Australian Standard to the substantially new designs that have rapidly become commonplace in helmets designed around the world. A number of these issues have been publicly highlighted in early 1984, in particular in connection with the now-universal legal mandatory backing in Australia of AS 1698 at the point of sale and also for use on the road. KW - Design KW - Helmets KW - Law enforcement KW - Mandatory use KW - Motorcyclists KW - Quality of work KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450134 AU - Lay, M G AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - LINKS BETWEEN DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND ROAD SAFETY AND DESIGN PY - 1984/08 SP - 23 p. AB - The paper is composite of a number of talks given to groups interested, but not directly involved, in the human aspects of road safety. It explores the inter-relationship between human factors, road safety and traffic engineering. It makes the point that motorists when they drive and traffic engineers when they design are each trying to satisfy a set of often diverse objectives. Only the road safety engineer can be rather single minded in his planning. A particular lesson put by the paper is that drivers are human beings and therefore likely to attempt to optimise their own gains, make mistakes and hold attitudes other than those that designers and policy makers might find reasonable. This could only be accommodated through careful and thoughtful design and a strong duty of care to the errant population. The paper discusses why people drive, how they drive, their characteristics as drivers, traffic, roads, safety, costs, people other than drivers and planning. KW - Behavior KW - Costs KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Pedestrians KW - Relationships KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399090 AU - Calvin, R M AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - SEAT BELT USAGE IN COUNTRIES WITH BELT LAWS. A STATUS REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 13 p. AB - In July 1984, two major events drew widespread public attention to the issue of seat belt usage in the United States. On July 11, the U.S. Department of Transportation ruled that if states containing two-thirds of the population enact seat belt laws by April 1, 1989, installation of automatic ("passive") crash protection devices will not be required in new cars. On July 12, Governor Cuomo of New York, the nation's second most populous state, signed America's first state law requiring the use of seat belts in passenger cars, to take effect December 1. The effect of seat belt use laws in foreign countries is an important factor in evaluating the potential effects of such laws in the United States. In recognition of the need for information on belt usage experience in countries with seat belt laws, the Highway Users Federation compiled this report. It is based on the latest data available from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Transport Canada, and other sources where indicated. KW - Effectiveness KW - Foreign KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396904 AU - SPAULDING, P AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Department of Transportation TI - NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS. ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 250 p. AB - This report is a summary of selected national transportation statistics from a wide variety of government and private sources. Included are cost, inventory, and performance data describing the passenger and cargo operations of the following modes: air carrier, general aviation, automobile, bus, truck, local transit, rail, water, oil pipeline, and gas pipeline. The report includes basic descriptors of U.S. transportation, such as operating revenues and expenses, number of vehicles and employees, vehicle miles and passenger miles, etc. A supplementary section includes Transportation and the Economy and Energy in Transportation. Energy in Transportation is divided into four parts: Energy Consumption, Energy Transport, Energy Intensiveness, and Energy Supply and Demand. Also included are the operating costs of automobiles of different sizes. In this edition, the selected data cover the period 1971 through 1981/1982. KW - Air transportation KW - Automobiles KW - Aviation KW - Buses KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Economics KW - Energy KW - Inventory KW - Operating costs KW - Operating revenues KW - Passenger miles KW - Performance KW - Pipelines KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Statistics KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Transportation KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214380 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396498 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Muller, A AU - Reutzel, T J AU - American Public Health Association TI - WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR REDUCTION IN FATALITY RISK: EXPLORATORY SURVEY PY - 1984/08 VL - 74 IS - 8 SP - p. 808-811 AB - Willingness to pay surveys represent one method for measuring the benefit of health and life saving programs. However, the reliability and validity of survey responses to questions concerning the reduction of fatality or injury risks have been questioned. The results of a survey of 77 senior year undergraduate students show that reasonable appearing and consistent responses to willingness to pay questions on car crash protection can be obtained. However, the implied value of life was over 100 times greater for an unidentified life than for the respondent's own life. Also, no relationship was found between willingness to pay responses and variables reflecting respondent's rational considerations. These paradoxical results seem to be due to the mistaken assumptions that people employ rational considerations when responding to willingness to pay questions and that they are capable of matching their responses with the functional relationship (proportionality) underlying implied value of life calculations. KW - Benefits KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Injuries KW - Lifesaving KW - Pavements KW - Risk assessment KW - Surveys KW - Value of life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217664 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395824 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - THOMPSON, A G AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - OPTIMAL AND SUBOPTIMAL LINEAR ACTIVE SUSPENSIONS FOR ROAD VEHICLES PY - 1984/08 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - p. 61-72 AB - By employing acceleration feedback a body spring of stiffness may be incorporated in an active suspension design without loss of optimality. Furthermore, as a practical simplification the necessary body position feedback may be measured relative to the axle rather than to the road. This entails only a slight loss in performance and results in a suboptimal system with a simplified feedback structure. The effects of the performance index weighting factors on the eigenvalues of the optimal system are discussed. KW - Design KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Stiffness KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395828 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Blaauw, G J AU - GODTHELP, H AU - Milgram, P AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - OPTIMAL CONTROL MODEL APPLICATIONS AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS WITH RESPECT TO CAR DRIVING PY - 1984/08 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - p. 93-111 AB - The well-known optimal control model has been applied only rarely to car driving, although its structure suits the modelling demands of driving by allowing for a multitask application and providing possibilities for the evaluation of driving in terms of supervisory control. Two series of Supervisory Driver Model predictions are stated for lateral position control in a straight driving scenario with disturbances generated internally by the driver. The first series of model calculations predicts lateral position variations and the time that a driver's vision can be occluded during the observation and control of different combinations of display variables (lateral position, lateral speed, yaw rate, lateral acceleration and yaw acceleration). The second series of predictions concerns two extreme sets of display variables in relation to driving speed and driving experience. Model predictions for the observation and control of all display variables give occlusion times which correspond with data from instrumented car studies with experienced drivers. However, with exclusive observation and control of the lateral position cue, predicted occlusion times are less than found in experimental results of inexperienced drivers. It is suggested that inexperienced drivers are also controlling yaw rate and/or both acceleration cues. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Driving KW - Experience KW - Forecasting KW - Knowledge KW - Lateral position KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395725 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Mohan, D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ACCIDENTAL DEATH AND DISABILITY IN INDIA: A STOCKTAKING PY - 1984/08 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 279-288 AB - Studies on accidental death and disability are not common in the low income countries and accurate data are difficult to obtain. In this paper data from official sources and spot studies of small populations in India have been used to extrapolate for the whole country to get an estimate of the magnitude of the problem. The results indicate that injuries in India may be as much of a health problem for individuals 5 yrs old and above as in the high income countries. KW - Data KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - India KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394734 AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Stutts, J C AU - Hamilton, E G AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - A FURTHER LOOK AT UTILITY VEHICLE ROLLOVERS PY - 1984/08 SP - 78 p. AB - The focus of this study is the rollover accident and injury experience of drivers of utility vehicles, half-ton pickup trucks and passenger cars. This study is a follow-up on a previous study by Reinfurt et al, 1981 on the same subject. In this earlier work, statewide police-reported accident data from North Carolina (1973-1978) and Maryland (1974-1978) was utilized along with national data from FARS (Fatal Accident Reporting System) for 1978-1979. As the results were so very consistent between North Carolina and Maryland, this follow-up study uses data only from North Carolina crashes for the period 1979-1982. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Location KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Time KW - Traffic speed KW - Utility vehicles UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Further84.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395722 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Hedlund, J AU - ARNOLD, R AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - Partyka, S AU - Hoxie, P AU - Skinner, D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE 1982 TRAFFIC FATALITY DECREASE PY - 1984/08 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 247-261 AB - United States traffic fatalities dropped dramatically from 49,301 in 1981 to an estimated 43,721 in 1982. Fatalities are at their lowest level in 20 yrs, and fatalities per mile of travel are the lowest ever recorded. A decrease of similar magnitude occurred only in 1974, when the oil crisis, the national 55 mph speed limit, and depressed economic conditions disrupted the nation's driving habits. In 1982 the potential explanations are more difficult to observe and test. This paper examines several factors which may have contributed to the 1982 changes, including alcohol programs, occupant restraint use, demographic shifts, economic conditions, and travel patterns. Each factor's effect is assessed, though available data do not permit precise quantification. Implications of these findings for 1983 and beyond are discussed. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Demographics KW - Economic conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety programs KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety education KW - Travel patterns KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395471 AU - National Alcoholic Beverage Control Assn, Inc TI - A COMPILATION OF DRAM SHOPS STATUTES AND JUDICIAL RULINGS PY - 1984/08 SP - 86 p. AB - This publication is the fourth annual compilation of current dram shop statutes and relevant court cases interpreting those laws. In addition, court decisions on the common law liability of the server of alcoholic beverages are cited or summarized, where applicable. Highlights of 1984 activity are: Concerning Statutes--Though the legislatures of more than 20 states considered bills dealing with alcohol server liability, no new statutes were adopted during 1984; Concerning Litigation--The major judicial decisions of 1983-84 focused on the liability of social hosts, i.e., those noncommercial servers of alcoholic beverages whose guests become intoxicated and later cause injury. The significant decision was rendered in New Jersey, where the state Supreme Court held that social hosts who directly serve adult guests can be held liable for injury. This case represents a departure from rulings in other states. Just prior to the publication of this 1984 edition, the Wisconsin Supreme Court issued a major decision in two cases involving tavern owner liability. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Common law KW - Courts KW - Laws KW - Liability KW - Litigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213191 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395723 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Mekky, A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN RICH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF LIBYA PY - 1984/08 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 263-277 AB - Libya is a rich developing country which suffers the consequences of explosions in both human and vehicle population. This has been accompanied by a heavy toll of deaths. In 1977, road accidents were the cause of 10% of all deaths and 62% of male deaths in the age group 15-25. The rates-per hundred million veh km-of fatalities, injuries and accidents (1980) were 35,202 and 416 respectively. The pedestrian fatality and casualty rates (1977) were high (20,134/100,000 population) especially among the old males over 64(89,384/100,000 population). In the age group 20-24, casualty rate of drivers was 1256/100,000 driver (1977). Accidents were severe as well. Between 1970-80 accident severity index was increasing with time and almost doubled by the end of the period reaching 13. Road accidents in Libya do not only represent an important social problem but also an economic one. In 1978, accidents cost the country about $160 million. The factors which affect accident rates and severity are divided into behavioural and structural ones and investigated. There is room for improving traffic safety in Libya. A comprehensive traffic safety program is urgently needed. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Developing countries KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Population growth KW - Safety programs KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394743 AU - O'Day, J AU - Wolfe, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - SEAT BELT OBSERVATIONS IN MICHIGAN--AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 1983 PY - 1984/08 SP - 73 p. AB - To measure the extent of restraint usage by occupants of vehicles using Michigan roads, a state-wide observation survey was carried out at 217 signalized intersections in 32 of Michigan's 83 counties. Over 30 days in August and September of 1983 two field investigators observed 13,812 vehicles containing almost 20,000 occupants. The survey was conducted on all seven days of the week and during the twelve daylight hours from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. In addition to observing seat belt usage for each occupant, the field investigators recorded the vehicle type and license number and the sex and estimated age of each occupant. Overall the data showed that 14.4 percent of drivers and 13.8 percent of all occupants were restrained. About 55 percent of the children under four were using child restraint devices (although not always correctly), indicating considerable compliance with Michigan's mandatory child restraint law. A supplementary survey of child restraint devices in 60 parking lots did not obtain sufficient numbers of observations for meaningful analysis. Therefore these data are not included in the report. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Highways KW - Laws and legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212692 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395721 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RIGHT-TURN-ON-RED LAWS AND MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE PY - 1984/08 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 241-245 AB - Alternative analyses of data previously published by Zador et al. confirm that adoption of right-turn-on-red laws increased by about 18% the frequency of all right-turning crashes at all signalized intersections in the jurisdictions that adopted such laws. From a review of the available literature it is estimated that approximately 80% of all signalized intersections where motorists are allowed to turn right on red all right-turning crashes increase by about 23%, pedestrian crashes by about 60%, and bicyclist crashes by about 100%. KW - Bicycles KW - Crash rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Right turn on red KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217227 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393822 JO - 50 Plus PB - Whitney Communications Corporation AU - Kiester, E AU - Whitney Communications Corporation TI - DRIVEN! PY - 1984/08 VL - 24 IS - 8 SP - p. 31-33 AB - This article tells how Mrs. Madalin, President of the local chapter of RID-USA (Remove Intoxicated Drivers) in Corpus Christi, Texas, convinced the City Council to pass a bill to ban drinking while driving. Mrs. Madalin lost a son to a drunken driver, and during her leadership the RID chapter has managed significant achievements. The last page of this article includes an insert explaining how Mrs. Madalin got involved. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Legislation KW - Local government KW - Public participation KW - Remove intoxicated drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211745 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393889 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Stone, J R AU - Tidwell, J E AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - DRIVING WHILE IMPAIRED: AN ITE WORKSHOP PY - 1984/08 VL - 54 IS - 8 SP - p. 40-44 AB - The North Carolina Division of the Southern Section of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) developed and presented a two-day workshop in May 1983 entitled "Transportation Issues in the Drunk Driver Problem." The workshop was cosponsored by the North Carolina Department of Transportation and the Governor's Highway Safety Program. The objective was to increase ITE members' awareness of the DWI problems and efforts to solve it. After listening to the various issues involved in the drunk driving problem as presented by a distinguished group of speakers, the workshop participants met in small groups to identify approaches in highway design, public transit, signalization, and other innovative actions that can help mitigate the drunk driving problem. The results of this successful workshop are presented in this article with the author's belief that they will prove valuable to ITE. KW - Awareness KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway design KW - Problem solving KW - Public transit KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signals KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211777 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393832 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS. PART IX: CHRYSLER HEATED AIR AND EVAPORATIVE SYSTEMS PY - 1984/08 VL - 162 IS - 2 SP - p. 31-34 AB - This article looks at the heated air inlet used on Chrysler four-cylinder engines with carburetors or throttle body injection (TBI), and at the evaporative emission systems used on all 1977-83 Chryslers. An insert is included: "2.6-liter hot starting problems". KW - Air quality management KW - Carburetors KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Engines KW - Evaporative emission control KW - Evaporative emissions KW - Four-cylinder engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Heated air systems KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211755 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393890 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - BERNARD, R G AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - DEATH ZONES OR SEAT BELTS--WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT PY - 1984/08 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article calls attention to the disproportionate emphasis on the school bus seat belt safety issue to the neglect of the far more hazardous situation found in the loading and unloading zone. Too many children are being killed by vehicles passing a stopped school bus as well as by the school bus itself. This article calls for a tabling of the seat belt issue until the problem of the death zone of loading and unloading areas is dealt with adequately. KW - Child safety KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Loading and unloading KW - Manual safety belts KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck loading facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393823 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - Zola, D E AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - TAKING THE SHATTER OUT OF GLASS PY - 1984/08 VL - 20 IS - 8 SP - p. 44-45 AB - Current antilacerative glass design adds a 1-or 2-layer coating of plastic like film to the interior surface of a standard high-penetration-resistant (HPR) windshield, made up of a layer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) sandwiched between two layers of glass. Although it is not clear yet if either will be mass-marketed in the U.S., there now are two leading ways to construct windshields to prevent face cuts during accidents: Saint-Gobin adds a single inner-surface coating, Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. (LOF) adds two. GM is utilizing the Libbey-Owens-Ford glass on all its Cadillac Seville Elegante models built after June 1, 1984 and plans to offer the LOF design on all 1985 Cadillac Sevilles and some subcompact J-cars. KW - Antilacerative glass KW - Face KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Glass KW - Injuries KW - Plastic coatings KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211746 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393888 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - INDUSTRY NEWS: AMA RELEASES STATEMENT ON SEAT BELTS PY - 1984/08 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - p. 5-8 AB - This article comments upon current industry news items having to do with transportation and safety. Among those items mentioned are the following: the American Medical Association endorsement of the recent DOT mandate for air bags in automobiles and also supporting seat belts for all motor vehicles; the future for bus manufacturing as viewed by Delmer C. Keas, new owner of Superior Bus manufacturing plant; 1984 Operation Lifesaver Symposium on rail safety; the New York seat belt law, with a question as to whether school buses will be included in the future; the 20th Annual Conference of the Georgia Association for Pupil Transportation; a newly released study on the future for diesel fuels; and a statement by the National Safety Council defending NHTSA seat belt comments. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Conferences KW - Diesel fuels KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manufacturing KW - New York (State) KW - Railroad transportation KW - School buses KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211776 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393830 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - COMPLETED PASSES PY - 1984/08 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 8 p. AB - This article gives driving tips on passing. First it lists the conditions under which you should not pass another vehicle, then explains the "how-to" of passing. KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Passing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211753 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393831 JO - Motor AU - Zino, K AU - Hearst Books TI - EDITOR'S REPORT: AIR BAGS: 15 YEARS OF ARGUMENTS, WITH NO END IN SIGHT PY - 1984/08 VL - 162 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - This editorial narrates the story of airbags and passive restraints from 1969 when the government first proposed that auto makers install air bags, to mid-July 1984, when the Secretary of Transportation announced a regulation that would require the installation of passive restraints--either air bags or automatic safety belts--on 10 percent of all cars sold after September 1, 1986; 25 percent of new cars sold after September 1, 1987; 40 percent after September 1, 1988; and finally on all cars sold after September 1, 1989. Lawyers for the National Association of Independent Insurers have already filed suit in a federal court claiming that the decision was illegal. The editorial concludes that the federal government should lead the fight for mandatory belt use laws and not leave it to the states, the insurance companies should stop litigating and start building incentives into their policies to encourage belt use, and the automobile industry should start designing more passive safety devices into their cars. KW - Air bags KW - Automobile industry KW - Federal government KW - Insurance industry KW - Legislation KW - Litigation KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211754 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393610 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - HOW GOOD ARE THOSE NEW SMALL VANS? PY - 1984/08 VL - 49 IS - 8 SP - p. 443-453 AB - This article discusses what small vans have to offer and small van safety performance, then gives the results of road tests on the following models: Plymouth Voyager SE; Toyota Van Deluxe; Volkswagen Vanagon GL; and Dodge Colt Vista (a four-door station wagon). Facts and figures are given for the following: dimensions; weight and tires; engine and gearing; fuel economy; braking; and interior noise. Ratings from poor to excellent are given for engine and transmission, handling and braking, comfort and convenience. KW - Braking KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Driving KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel conservation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Noise KW - Performance tests KW - Ratings KW - Road tests KW - Size KW - Small vans KW - Station wagons KW - Vans KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393608 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING LAWS ANNOTATED. ANNUAL SUPPLEMENT 1983 PY - 1984/08 SP - 89 p. AB - This Supplement makes information in Driver Licensing Laws Annotated (1980) (DLLA) current as of January 1, 1983, by reflecting all relevant 1980, 1981, and 1982 State legislation. The Supplement is designed for use in updating the information presented in the main volume of DLLA. It augments, but does not replace, the statutory annotations shown. It utilizes an identical numbering and caption system, but thereafter contains only a report on State laws adopted, amended, or repealed prior to January 1, 1983, which would in any way alter the original annotation. If a particular section or subsection in the main volume is not shown in this Supplement, it means that there were no changes in the State laws pertaining to it, and the annotation in the main volume is current as of January 1, 1983. If a State adopted a law duplicating a Uniform Vehicle Code section, or if a law was amended to achieve such conformity, only a brief statement indicating the current comparative status is made. Generally, a law which appears in a State's motor vehicle and traffic code for the first time is referred to in this Supplement as having been "adopted." If a law was amended, the Supplement often employs italics to indicate new language, and brackets to indicate deleted language. Such italicized and bracketed language is not necessarily quoted verbatim from the text of the State law, however. Rather, it is a device used in an attempt to present the substance of a revision as clearly and concisely as possible. On the other hand, material that is quoted verbatim is shown either within quotation marks or in an indented "block quote" form. KW - Driver licensing KW - Laws KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393621 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Sears, G AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - MAINTENANCE TIPS THAT IMPROVE GAS MILEAGE PY - 1984/08 VL - 225 IS - 2 SP - p. 80-82 AB - To determine which minor maintenance defects are most important to keep a car's fuel mileage up to par, a series of ten separate tests was run on an mpg-gauge-equipped test car. The tests showed that defects having to do with ignition timing and spark plugs cause significant mpg loss, ranging from 14 to 25 percent. Other defects showed only minor losses in fuel economy, with one exception, which was an increase in fuel economy when tires were inflated above the recommended specs. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Fuel conservation KW - Ignition timing KW - Inflation KW - Spark plugs KW - Testing KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211711 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393642 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - THE SEAT BELT TUG OF WAR: AUTO MAKERS PULL FOR STATE LAWS PY - 1984/08 VL - 54 IS - 8 SP - 4 p. AB - Transportation Secretary Elizabeth Dole has ordered airbags or automatic seat belts to be installed in cars, beginning with some 1987 models and ending with 100% of 1990 models. The rule would be void, however, if states accounting for two-thirds of the population approve mandatory belt laws by April 1989. General Motors supports the passage of mandatory belt laws and is also redesigning its automobiles to make them more crashworthy. The Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association also supports state safety belt use laws. New York has become the first state to pass a safety belt law. Thirty-nine bills to require safety belt use had been considered in 17 states as of the date this article was written. Mandatory use laws are working in Great Britain. The Highway Users Federation estimates that if every state required belt use and enforced the requirement, more than 12,200 lives a year would be saved, and there would be 330,700 fewer disabling injuries. KW - Automobile industry KW - Fatalities KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393076 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES 1983-1984 PY - 1984/08 SP - 43 p. AB - This report summarizes the activities, programs and expenditures which States undertook in 1983. It describes the legislative changes which took place throughout the nation and includes a sampling of projects which States implemented to reduce their drunk driving accidents. These projects encompass enforcement, education, technology and innovative financing, and are noteworthy either for their originality, their statistical impact or for their comprehensiveness. Also included in this report (in the Appendix) are a series of charts and tables depicting the distribution of federal funds over the years, current fiscal allocations for prevention activities, and the amount and nature of the legislative change which has been afoot. KW - Communities KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Financing KW - Fund allocations KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393077 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: OCCUPANT PROTECTION 1983-1984 PY - 1984/08 SP - 65 p. AB - The report summarizes the activities and expenditures which the States undertook in the past and propose to undertake in FY 1984 to improve safety belt and child safety seat usage. It addresses the State legislative activities--past, current, and future outlook--directed toward improved vehicle occupant protection through increased safety belt/child safety seat usage. The status of judicial activity concerning the "seat belt defense" is summarized. The report includes a description of past efforts by the States and important observations and trends which have become evident during the past year. It also includes descriptions of selected State projects that are considered to be noteworthy. It provides a national overview of the State programs planned for FY 1984 and describes selected State projects planned. Charts and tables depict the distribution of Federal funds over the years in support of State activities to increase safety belt/child safety seat usage. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communities KW - Fund allocations KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - States KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393081 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: MOTORCYCLE SAFETY 1983-1984 PY - 1984/08 SP - 51 p. AB - This report summarizes the efforts of the States and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the utilization of Section 402 funds for the development, planning and implementation of motorcycle safety programs. It discusses the motorcycle accident problem, the elements of a comprehensive State Motorcycle Safety Program, and available documentation of program effectiveness. It also discusses State obligation of funds by fiscal year for implementation of motorcycle safety activities and noteworthy examples of current and planned 402 State projects. KW - Communities KW - Effectiveness KW - Fund allocations KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety programs KW - States KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393080 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS) 1983-1984 PY - 1984/08 SP - v.p. AB - This report examines the current status and considers the future of the NHTSA emergency medical services (EMS) program based on consideration of State legislative and regulatory activities and as indicated by individual and collective State decisions regarding the allocation of their Section 402 highway safety funds to EMS. Section II of the report contains an assessment of the States' commitments to develop EMS systems for highway safety in accordance with NHTSA guidelines, as indicated by their progress in enacting appropriate State EMS statutes and regulations. There is discussion of the effect of the establishment of national EMS voluntary standards/guidelines as substitutes for NHTSA EMS guidelines, and the effect that this change will have on State EMS legislation and regulations. Section III contains an assessment of the commitment of the Federal and State NHTSA highway safety program managers to assist States to develop EMS systems for highway safety as indicated by past and present Section 402 funding priorities and trends. Section IV contains material on the applications of FY 1984 Section 402 funding to EMS projects. KW - Communities KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Fund allocations KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Safety programs KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393078 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES 1983-1984 PY - 1984/08 SP - 33 p. AB - This report summarizes the obligations and activities of the State outlining past accomplishments as well as future plans for FY 1984 to increase the effectiveness of PTS. It addresses legislative action taken by States in relation to the 55 mph speed limit and briefly comments on legislation enacted to aid in the enforcement and prosecution of traffic violations. It includes a selective listing of noteworthy State and local traffic safety programs and provides an overview of FY 1984 PTS funding charts and tables depicting the level of funds allocated to States to support PTS activities. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Communities KW - Effectiveness KW - Fund allocations KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Safety programs KW - States KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393079 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: TRAFFIC RECORDS 1983-1984 PY - 1984/08 SP - 11 p. AB - This report summarizes the efforts of the States and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the utilization of section 402 funds in the development, planning, and implementation of Traffic Records programs. It describes the present activity in the Traffic Records area, including a description of noteworthy projects relating to State Traffic Records. KW - Communities KW - Fund allocations KW - Records management KW - States KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208010 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392787 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hampton, B AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR DRIVING VISION PY - 1984/08 VL - 161 IS - 8 SP - 3 p. AB - This article explains what "mental set" is--a kind of mental block that results in a "short circuit" between the eyes and the brain--and how to eliminate it and improve vision. Night driving hazards are also covered, and an insert reviews visual exercises for drivers. KW - Depth perception KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Peripheral vision KW - Psychological aspects KW - Vision KW - Vision characteristics KW - Visual perception KW - Visual stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211159 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392786 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Magazines TI - SILENCING SPARK KNOCK PY - 1984/08 VL - 161 IS - 8 SP - p. 51-54 AB - Spark knock is the result of either preignition or excessive chamber heat and steps can be taken to eliminate both. This article explains how to check sparkplugs, ignition timing, the centrifugal advance weights, engine overheating, exhaust gas recirculation, vacuum leaks, and carbon accumulation. KW - Carbon KW - Engine knock KW - Engine timing KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Ignition timing KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Overheating KW - Pre-ignition KW - Repairing KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Spark plugs KW - Vacuum KW - Valve timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394043 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--COLLAPSE OF A SUSPENDED SPAN OF INTERSTATE ROUTE 95 HIGHWAY BRIDGE OVER THE MIANUS RIVER, GREENWICH, CONNECTICUT, JUNE 28, 1983 PY - 1984/07/19 SP - 111 p. AB - At 1:30 a.m., e.d.t., on June 28, 1983, a 100-foot-long suspended span between piers 20 and 21 of the eastbound traffic lanes of the Interstate Route 95 highway bridge over the Mianus River in Greenwich, Connecticut, collapsed and fell 70 feet into the river below. Two tractor-semitrailers and two automobiles plunged into the void in the bridge and were destroyed by impact from the fall. Three vehicle occupants died, and three received serious injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the collapse of the Mianus River bridge span was the undetected lateral displacement of the hangers of the pin and hanger suspension assembly in the southeast corner of the span by corrosion-induced forces due to deficiencies in the State of Connecticut's bridge safety inspection and bridge maintenance program. KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Corrosion KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Failure KW - Fatalities KW - Hangers KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Structural supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394993 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--TRAILWAYS LINES, INC., BUS/E.A. HOLDER, INC., TRUCK, REAR END COLLISION AND BUS RUN-OFF-BRIDGE, U.S. ROUTE 59, NEAR LIVINGSTON, TEXAS, NOVEMBER 30, 1983 PY - 1984/07/12 SP - 23 p. AB - About 5:15 a.m. on November 30, 1983, a Trailways Lines, Inc., intercity bus traveling in the right lane of southbound U.S. 59 about 5 miles north of Livingston, Texas, struck the rear of an unloaded tractor-flatbed semitrailer operated by E.A. Holder, Inc. The bus then veered across the left southbound lane, crashed through a bridge guardrail, and vaulted to a creekbank 26 feet below the bridge deck. It was dark, the weather was cloudy, and there was no roadside lighting. The pavement of the four-lane, divided highway was dry. The truck had turned right onto southbound U.S. 59 about 927 feet before the accident site and according to postaccident tests had accelerated to about 42 mph when it was struck in the rear by the southbound bus. Six of the 11 bus passengers were killed; 5 bus passengers and the bus driver sustained moderate to severe injuries during the accident. The truckdriver later reported that he was injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the busdriver's lack of alertness, possibly due to fatigue, which resulted in his failure to recognize that he was overtaking a slower-moving truck until it was too late to avoid impact. Contributing to the severity of the crash was the excessive speed of the bus. KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Injuries KW - Rear end crashes KW - Speeding KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452173 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS. AMENDMENT TO FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 208. PASSENGER CAR FRONT SEAT OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1984/07/11 SP - v.p. AB - In October 1983, the Department of Transportation published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) which proposed several alternative amendments to FMVSS No. 208, Occupant Crash Protection. The Preliminary Regulatory Impact Analysis (PRIA) accompanying the NPRM discussed the uncertainty involved in determining the effectiveness of restraint systems, safety benefits, insurance savings/costs, as well as consumer and other costs that could be anticipated under various alternatives and solicited comments on this subject. In response to the NPRM, over 7,800 commenters offered their views about various aspects of the proposed rulemaking, including the automobile manufacturers, insurance companies, consumer groups, and other interested parties. In May 1984, the Department published a Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (SNPRM) asking for comments on four additional alternatives, as well as other issues. There were over 130 comments to the SNPRM. In preparation for this rulemaking, the Department of Transportation conducted comprehensive analyses of pertinent comments and of all accident data and other material available in its files. On the basis of these analyses, the agency sought to determine the effects on benefits and costs of the proposed alternatives to improve passenger car occupant protection. While many of the uncertainties still remain, notably the uncertainty surroudning the precise level of potential usage of automatic belts, the summary data in this report are based on the best currently available estimates. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389942 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Boulder, City of, Colorado AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - PROCEEDINGS--FOURTH ANNUAL PEDESTRIAN CONFERENCE, PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MEETING SEPTEMBER 20-21, PEDESTRIAN DESIGN MEETING SEPTEMBER 22-23, 1983 PY - 1984/07 SP - 341 p. AB - Pedestrian safety and design issues were the subjects jointly discussed at the Fourth Annual Pedestrian Conference held in Boulder, Colorado, September 20-23, 1983. The conference was divided into two 2-day meetings. The Pedestrian Safety Meeting was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and coordinated by Public Technology, Inc., an international information transfer and technology exchange organization. The Pedestrian Design Meeting was sponsored by the City of Boulder's Transportation Division and co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation and the College of Design and Planning, University of Colorado. The conference had two basic objectives: to disseminate tested engineering, education, and enforcement techniques to reduce the incidence of pedestrian accidents, and to present a variety of approaches utilized in the United States, Canada and Europe to create visually attractive, functional, and highly used urban pedestrian spaces. These proceedings present the findings, workshop presentations, case studies, design techniques and overall summaries of the meetings. (Author) KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Information dissemination KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495890 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE-IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES. MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT L AT 39.3 MPH PY - 1984/07 SP - 158 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate The side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness,' 'Altered Profile' and 'Lowered Bumper.' In addition, 4 pole tests will be conducted. Testing was conducted on a 1981 baseline Volkswagen Rabbit L 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'Lowered Stiffness,' crabbed to 26 deg, at 39.3 mph. Occupant responses of 2 side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one dummy was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was June 21, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 79 deg F. KW - Aggression KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle tests KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452256 JO - Southern Medical Association PB - Southern Medical Association AU - Powers, J S AU - Spickard, A AU - Southern Medical Association TI - MICHIGAN ALCOHOLISM SCREENING TEST TO DIAGNOSE EARLY ALCOHOLISM IN A GENERAL PRACTICE PY - 1984/07 VL - 77 IS - 7 SP - p. 852-856 AB - General medical patients can be easily screened for alcohol dependence on a routine basis. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) is a 24-item yes-no questionnaire concerning alcohol-related behavior. When it was included in the history self-administered to new patients in an internal medicine faculty-resident outpatient practice, it uncovered unsuspected alcohol dependence. The combined questionnaire (health history plus MAST) was given to 351 consecutive new outpatients. Thirteen (4%) were found to have positive MAST scores (greater than 7), indicating alcohol dependence. Nine patients were in the mild dependence range (7 to 20), two in the moderate range (20 to 30), and two in the severe range (30 to 53). All patients with significant MAST scores had complaints related to active drinking. The MAST score directed the physicians' therapeutic efforts in nine of 13 patients; in four the significant MAST score was ignored. The MAST is useful to detect unsuspected alcohol dependence in office practice. When used by faculty and residents trained in recognizing alcohol-related behavior, the test will properly direct therapeutic and rehabilitative efforts for those patients with the primary diagnosis of alcohol dependence. KW - Alcoholism KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Michigan KW - Patients KW - Questionnaires KW - Screenings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452197 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 DODGE 400 AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/07 SP - 175 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of fifteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1982 Dodge 400 2-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was June 15, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 63 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267185 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451726 JO - Medical Association of Georgia. Journal PB - Medical Association of Georgia AU - Weston, W AU - Levi, S AU - Medical Association of Georgia TI - CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY IN GEORGIA PY - 1984/07 VL - 73 IS - 7 SP - p. 461-465 AB - The authors describe the public's awareness of the educational effort which led up to passage of the state of Georgia's mandatory child seat law, and they review basic considerations and preventive strategies to protect children in automobiles. Covered are: epidemiologic considerations; clinical application; program approaches to increased usage (education and law); and physician intervention (role in education). KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compulsory KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Georgia KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Physicians KW - Publicity KW - Restraint systems KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270340 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450144 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Beirness, D J AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - SOCIAL DRINKERS' ESTIMATES OF BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION: HYPOTHESES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ROAD SAFETY PY - 1984/07 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 3-9 AB - The inherent value of per se statutes in enhancing the enforcement and sanctioning functions of the law is severely compromised by its ineffectiveness in reducing the incidence of drinking-driving or alcohol-related accidents. It would appear that the general public has great difficulty complying with the law. As illustrated in this paper and many others, social drinkers have a demonstrated inability to determine their own BAC with any degree of accuracy. The point at which alcohol consumption produces a state of intoxication that the law defines as being unsafe to operate a vehicle remains ambiguous and indefinite to most people. Subjective estimates of BAC are open to considerable error, some of which may lead people to the erroneous conclusion that they are capable of operating a motor vehicle safely and legally when, in fact, their BAC may exceed the statutory limit. This evidence indicates a need for new, innovative programs to enhance compliance with per se statutes or, at least, to provide the mechanisms whereby compliance is possible. We must concede the fact that drinking and driving are inexorably linked phenomena and take measures to ensure that the alcohol consumption of drivers does not exceed the limits specified by law. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Compliance KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimating KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intoxication KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450146 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Beshai, N AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - CALIFORNIA DUI LAW: ONE YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1984/07 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 11-19 AB - The results are reported of a study to assess the impact of the new driving under the influence (DUI) law (1982) on problem driving behavior in Canada. Problem driving is reflected by rates of arrest for driving under the influence, drunk driving conviction, and alcohol-related traffic accidents. A quasi-experimental pre-post multiple variable design was employed. The design allowed for before and after comparisons for each variable. Statistical analyses were conducted comparing problem driving behavior data from 1981 with similar data from 1982. Person correlation analysis was employed to investigate relationships among variables expressing changes in problem driving behavior. Tables are used to compare 1981 and 1982 data. The results of the study support the hypothesis that drinking driving behavior improved consequent to implementation of the DUI law. Alcohol-involved accidents were significantly lower in 1982. Also, drunk driving convictions were significantly higher in 1982 than in 1981. The enforcement of the DUI law had an impact on the Municipal Court System. A study of the Los Angeles Municipal Courts indicates that group C misdemeanor filings in the County driving 1982 were 1.8% greater than in 1981. Jury trials for group C misdemeanor cases increased by 24% in 1982. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Convictions KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Problem drivers KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450136 AU - Andreassend, D C AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND ADVERTISING SIGNS PY - 1984/07 SP - 9 p. AB - This report is a review of published literature to date on the question of advertising signs and accidents to ascertain if there have been any more studies than those conducted twenty years ago. The question is perennial and "safety" is an oft used escape for refusing signs. There are no uniform requirements for advertising signs in Australia. The few published studies on the effects of signs on accidents have relied on correlations and/or subjectively assigned accident causes. From the published material there is no definitive evidence to say that, in general, advertising signs it is probable that considerations of aesthetics and visual clutter will be more important than any safety effects. The report is provided to summarise current views on the subject. It does not advance any new data. KW - Advertising KW - Aesthetics KW - Crash causes KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Signs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visual intrusions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450223 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Segel, L AU - Winkler, C B AU - Ervin, R D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRACKING AND STABILITY OF MULTI-UNIT TRUCK COMBINATIONS PY - 1984/07 SP - 54 p. AB - This report presents pertinent information for developing truck combinations that possess improved tracking and greater dynamic stability. It examines how geometric parameters and tire characteristics influence conflicting performance requirements for tracking and articulation stability. It also explores the benefits of kinematically steered wheels on full trailers. Trailer wheels that steer in response to draw bar angles are shown to provide good tracking in selected designs, but such a steering arrangement tends to reduce articulation stability. The analysis indicates that, at highway speeds, rapid steering efforts (such as required in a sudden maneuver to avoid an unexpected obstacle) can lead to amplified motions of full trailers equipped with steering arrangements designed to provide excellent low-speed tracking. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Kinematics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Tires KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450133 AU - ARMOUR, M AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - A DESCRIPTION OF CASUALTY ACCIDENTS ON AUSTRALIAN RURAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1984/07 SP - 24 p. AB - The paper uses the mass accident data kept by State Authorities to provide a description of casualty accidents on rural highways. The data used was from six States; Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia and Queensland. The accidents are described in terms of their type, severity, time and location. A table combining the data from the States is provided but this should be treated with caution because of the different procedures and definitions used in the different States. The paper concluded that over half of casualty accidents on rural highways were single vehicle accidents and that this proportion increased at night. Trucks were under-represented in single vehicle accidents. About 11% of rural, casualty accidents resulted in a fatality. High severity levels were associated with accidents involving vehicle travelling in opposite directions and accidents involving trucks. The predominant accident location was mid-block overtaking manoeuvres were involved in about 10% of rural, casualty accidents and trucks were over-represented in overtaking accidents. KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Rural highways KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399253 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUMPER TESTS OF A 1979 FORD LTD RETROFITTED WITH ROMEO-KOJYO AND BREED ALL MECHANICAL AIR BAG SENSOR SYSTEMS PY - 1984/07 SP - 81 p. AB - This test report documents the three bumper tests conducted on a 1979 Ford LTD 4-door Sedan. Testing was conducted on June 8, 1984 and June 11, 1984. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate firing velocity levels of a retrofitted Romeo-Kojyo air bag sensor system and a Breed All Mechanical air bag sensor system. The test velocities were 5.1 mph, 7.1 mph and 9.1 mph. KW - Air bags KW - Impact tests KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396603 AU - Campbell, B J AU - MARCHETTI, L M AU - Gemming, M G AU - Hunter, W W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - COMMUNITY SEAT BELT INCENTIVE PROGRAMS. A GUIDEBOOK PY - 1984/07 SP - 33 p. AB - This guidebook tells how to conduct a safety belt promotion similar to the "Seat Belts Pay Off" campaign in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, a university town of about 50,000. The six month campaign had three ingredients: (1) lots of publicity; (2) prizes given at random to persons buckled up; and (3) weekly measurements of safety belt use. Pre-campaign belt use was 24%. Belt use increased steadily, reaching 41% the final week. Once the contest ended, belt use slipped but has stayed at 36%--a substantial net gain involving several thousand drivers. Local accident experience showed that in crashes an extra 200 people were buckled up during the six months, over and beyond what was projected from baseline data. KW - Effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Community84.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214139 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396517 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Kuperstein, I S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DETERMINATION OF CAUSE OF DAMAGE TO AN AUTOMOBILE PY - 1984/07 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - p. 923-929 AB - Two cases in which there was unusual damage sustained by vehicles during a collision sequence are presented and discussed. The specific causes of the vehicular damage are identified, and the relationship between the analysis of the damage and the stated sequence of events is presented. An accurate understanding of the actual events that occurred in the collision sequences was obtained through the photographic and collision deformation analyses conducted. KW - Automobiles KW - Causes KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Loss and damage KW - Photographs KW - Research KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396516 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Kirk, D J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO DOCUMENTING EVIDENCE FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1984/07 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - p. 806-815 AB - Accident investigators have not had a consistent method of viewing accidents to gather the necessary information to allow other forensic scientists, particularly those who specialize in reconstructing accidents, to render as accurate and complete an opinion as possible. This paper presents a step-by-step procedure for examining and documenting the accident scene for both rural and urban accidents, as well as impacts to the exterior of the vehicle and interior damage caused by secondary occupant impacts. Diagrams of camera angles and scene configurations are also shown, along with a detailed description of how to use them to record accident data. A check list for accident data for reconstruction is also presented. KW - Building sites KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Forensic medicine KW - Forensic science KW - Location KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396521 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Bonsall, P AU - Montgomery, F AU - JONES, C AU - Printerhall Limited TI - DERIVING THE CONSTANCY OF TRAFFIC FLOW COMPOSITION FROM VEHICLE REGISTRATION DATA PY - 1984/07 VL - 25 IS - 7-8 SP - p. 386-391 AB - Using time-series records of vehicle registrations observed passing given points in an urban network, we are able to show the extent to which the flow on given links is made up of the same vehicles day after day. Despite some unexpectedly serious problems over the accuracy of roadside observation of registration plates, we are also able to demonstrate how the probability of reappearance of an individual vehicle varies with the time of day when it was first observed, with the time period between observations and with the characteristics of the route being monitored. When these data are compared with more conventional estimates of variability in individuals' travel behaviour and route choice derived from journey logs and from individuals' statements as to the variability in their travel arrangements, it is immediately clear that both of these techniques seriously underestimate the true extent of variability. The paper includes discussion of the consequences of this underestimation and of the potential role of accurately determined measures of variability in survey design, traffic management practice and assignment modelling. KW - Data collection KW - Highway traffic control KW - License plates KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Roadside KW - Route choice KW - Surveys KW - Time series KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel behavior KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396522 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Boyle, A J AU - WRIGHT, C C AU - Printerhall Limited TI - ACCIDENT MIGRATION: A REJOINDER PY - 1984/07 VL - 25 IS - 7-8 SP - p. 392 AB - The authors of a study on accident migration respond to criticisms of their study published in a previous issue of the journal. Three points were made in the criticism: (1) the hypothesis put forward by the authors to explain the results of the study were not convincing and hence the findings were unrealistic; (2) the statistical analysis was not robust; and (3) the migration effect was more likely to have been caused by bias in the data. With regard to the hypothesis, the authors point out that the criticisms are based on misconceptions. With regard to the analysis of the results, the authors note that the significance levels quoted in the paper were very conservative. The authors point out that they would welcome constructive suggestions as to how bias could have occurred. Comments made by the critic on the authors' response to the criticism are also included. KW - Accident migration KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Crashes KW - Research KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396505 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, COLLISION COVERAGES. AN ANALYSIS OF SALVAGE CREDITS 1977 THROUGH 1982 MODEL YEAR CARS PY - 1984/07 SP - 9 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report summarizes trends in the frequency with which crash damaged new cars were sold for salvage since 1977. The results are based on the frequency of salvage credits paid under collision coverage for 1977-82 model year passenger cars. Salvage credits occur when the estimated collision repair cost exceeds the replacement value of the car, less its salvage value. This study was prompted by concerns that more recent model year cars are more likely to be declared total losses and sold as salvage than were earlier models. It was found that the percentages of collision coverage claims with salvage credits have increased somewhat for the 1977 through 1982 models. The overall percentage of collision coverage claims with salvage credit for cars in their first two years remained below five percent for all six model years. The relationship between car size and salvage rates is pronounced: smaller cars have approximately double the percentage of collision coverage claims with salvage credits than do larger cars. The changing exposure by car size is reflected by changes in the overall salvage rates. Increasing numbers of small cars, for example, increase the overall salvage rate. Salvage rates do not vary substantially by body style. It is not possible to determine whether crash damaged unibody cars are more likely to be salvaged than cars with separate frames because unibody cars are all smaller than cars with frames, and size has a pronounced effect on the frequency of salvage. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Compact automobiles KW - Costs KW - Insurance claims KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Sales KW - Salvage KW - Small car KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396288 AU - MERRILL, B AU - Sleet, D A AU - Control Data Corporation AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - SAFETY BELT USE AND HEALTH. AN ANALYSIS OF CONTROL DATA CORPORATION'S EMPLOYEE POPULATION PY - 1984/07 SP - 104 p. AB - Few corporate-based health promotion programs address motor vehicle crashes as a major preventable cause of death and disability for employees. This report examines safety belt use of employees at Control Data Corporation, its relationship to other health behaviors, and the potential cost-savings from increasing safety belt use among employees. Survey data were collected on employee health status, health risks, and health care claims from 1982-1983. Safety belt users reported higher productivity, fewer sick days, fewer chronic conditions and better overall health practices than non-users. Participants in StayWell (a health promotion program) reported higher safety belt use than employees at control sites. A significant number of workers who completed two or more risk profiles reported improving their safety belt use from four to eight percent. Projected annual cost-savings to the corporation from the increase ranged from $9,210 to $38,785. Recommendations are made for further research on health risk appraisal, the interaction between safety belt use, other health habits and health care claims, and the need for automobile occupant protection programs in worksite settings. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Employee participation KW - Health KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396893 AU - PAINE, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE POLITICS OF SAFETY PY - 1984/07 SP - 4 p. AB - Following a summary of background information dealing with occupant protection and actions with respect to regulations on enforcement, this article points out that protecting passengers goes beyond technology or laws; it is the attitude of people, and not the equipment in cars, that needs to be modified. If self-indulgent whims for speed and power could be downplayed, while a respect for life and health was fostered--along with a sense of responsibility for ourselves and each other--automobile safety might become as big a selling point as style. Car users of all ages need to take time to examine their own ideas and feelings on the issue of in-the-car safety, and decide what they can do to make improvements. The remainder of this article is devoted to: Classroom activities; Resources to help develop a teaching unit about automobile safety; and Children's reading materials about transportation safety. KW - Attitudes KW - Education KW - Laws KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395966 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Grimm, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - RESTRAINT USE LAWS BY COUNTRY, AS OF AUGUST, 1984 PY - 1984/07 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-7 AB - Thirty-three countries now have laws requiring adults to use seat belts, whereas, in the U.S., only the state of New York has such a law. The table presented here summarizes what is available from the literature on the subject. Readers should consult the referenced reports to make their own assessments of the research projects and findings on use rates and fatality reductions. Much of the information in the table was taken from reports prepared by the American Seat Belt Council and by Birmingham University. While most countries with laws on mandatory belt use first applied the requirement to adults and have since been adding requirements for children, states in the U.S. have begun in the opposite manner. Forty-nine states (all but Wyoming) and the District of Columbia have or soon will have a law mandating the restraint of children. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Foreign KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395951 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - PROCEEDINGS--FOURTH ANNUAL PEDESTRIAN CONFERENCE, PART 1-PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MEETING, SEPTEMBER 20-21, 1983 PY - 1984/07 SP - 119 p. AB - This conference was designed to disseminate information on tested engineering, education and enforcement techniques to reduce the incidence of pedestrian accidents, and to present a variety of approaches utilized in the U.S., Canada and Europe to create visually attractive, functional, and highly used urban pedestrian spaces. This publication presents the findings, workshop presentations, case studies, design techniques and overall summaries of the meetings. The conference was divided into two 2-day meetings: The Pedestrian Safety Meeting, and The Pedestrian Design Meeting. The Pedestrian Safety Meeting covered guidelines for successful pedestrian safety programs and included workshop summaries of manual and computer accident typing (MAT and CAT), street crossing education programs, priority accessible networks (accessibility for the elderly and handicapped), education and engineering initiatives for school area safety programs, and childhood safety education. Special topics covered included safety belts, and pedestrian/alcohol programs. Case studies of comprehensive programs at the local level were also covered. The keynote address was on public liability implications of pedestrian accidents. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Child safety KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Law enforcement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Safety education KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395952 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Boulder, City of, Colorado AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - PROCEEDINGS--FOURTH ANNUAL PEDESTRIAN CONFERENCE, PART 2-PEDESTRIAN DESIGN MEETING, SEPTEMBER 22-23, 1983 PY - 1984/07 SP - 217 p. AB - This conference was designed to disseminate information on tested engineering, education and enforcement techniques to reduce the incidence of pedestrian accidents, and to present a variety of approaches utilized in the U.S., Canada and Europe to create visually attractive, functional, and highly used urban pedestrian spaces. The conference was divided into two 2-day meetings: The Pedestrian Safety Meeting and the Pedestrian Design Meeting. The second part of the conference, the Pedestrian Design Meeting considered case studies from Europe, Canada, and the U.S. and described design techniques: Downtown San Francisco, Marketing Pedestrianism (use of computers); combined tactile electronic pedestrian guidance system for the visually impaired person in the outdoor and indoor spaces; and urban animation. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Information processing KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213622 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395967 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF CHILD SAFETY SEATS IN AUTOMOBILE COLLISIONS PY - 1984/07 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-12 AB - An UMTRI field study of crashes involving young children found evidence that child safety seats are effective when properly used. But the study also found that young children are injured when the child seat is not securely installed, the child is not securely harnessed in it, or the restrained child is struck by an unrestrained adult or older child. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217394 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395363 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Maeda, Y AU - Shimomura, Y AU - Nakada, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A THREE-PIECE OIL RING FOR DIESEL ENGINES OF PASSENGER CARS PY - 1984/07 IS - 14 SP - p. 18-23 AB - A three-piece type oil ring for diesel engines of passenger cars has been developed. Engine endurance tests indicated that the engine oil consumption depended on the wear of the contact part between the side rail and the spacer expander of the oil ring. The wear problem was solved through optimizing the plating thickness and the contact part area of the ring. The ring developed here shows high potential for engine oil consumption control and was introduced in Toyota '83 model cars. KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - Oil consumption KW - Oil rings KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395345 AU - Western Highway Institute TI - WHI CRITIQUE: LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES OPERATIONAL TEST. CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (MARCH, 1984) PY - 1984/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This document is a critique by the Western Highway Institute of the report on longer combination vehicles (LCVs) operational test conducted by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for the Federal Highway Administration's national intercity truck route network study. Background deficiencies and salient details of the Caltrans test are documented. This critique found the Caltrans report not uniformly unfavorable, but uniformly oblivious to the real world of LCV operations. It was concluded that, as a submission to the federal study of LCVs, it adds little to current knowledge. KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Reports KW - Reviews KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213110 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395360 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - MOT REPORT PY - 1984/07 IS - 14 SP - p. 100-105 AB - This is an introduction to the purpose and contents of the MOT Report appearing in the JSAE Review from No. 14 on. The Ministry of Transport of Japan (MOT) plans to publish regularly in the Report information on automotive standards and certification systems, past, present and future, enforced by MOT with a view to making the various administrative policies pertaining to automotive technology and related activities in Japan widely known to people abroad concerned with automobiles. More concretely speaking, it is expected that the Report will describe the trend of safety regulations, exhaust emission and noise regulations and other automotive standards and certification systems for automobiles, the amendments of laws, cabinet orders, ministerial ordinances and notifications concerned, the results of research and studies, and the long-term policies regarding the standards and certification systems. MOT hopes that this Report will help our foreign readers to gain a better understanding of the contents of the administrative activities and policies pertaining to the automotive technology in Japan. KW - Administration KW - Automobiles KW - Certification KW - Exhaust gases KW - Japan KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Policy KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217051 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395361 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Horike, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - OUTLINE OF CAR ASSEMBLING TECHNOLOGY PY - 1984/07 IS - 14 SP - p. 51-61 AB - Assembling technology is confronted with a number of issues requiring solution. For instance, better manufacturing equipment, methods and systems need to be developed that will facilitate more efficient production of higher quality vehicles, while at the same time making it possible to cope with the diversification and rapid changes being made in the vehicle structure. Moreover, steps should be taken to compensate for the shortage of skilled workers, to eliminate variations in quality due to the human factor and to improve productivity. In this paper, the current status of car assembling technology is discussed together with future directions and issues. Assembly processes are defined here as including the installation of trim parts on the painted body and the mounting of assemblies such as the engine and axles. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Future policies KW - Japan KW - Policy KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394718 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - CRIME LOSSES IN PROPERTY-CASUALTY INSURANCE PY - 1984/07 SP - 40 p. AB - This study of the size and characteristics of insured crime losses in the United States is based on insured loss data gathered by property-casualty insurance companies and reported to the Insurance Services Office (ISO). ISO consolidated insurer data on all losses during 1979-81 to focus on the problem of crime. Major findings are as follows: (1) Crime-related losses are conservatively estimated to account for 12.1% of all insured property-casualty industry losses during the three year period 1979-81; (2) Excluding commercial auto crime losses, known crime losses increased 43.4% from $3.97 billion in 1979 to $5.70 billion in 1981 in the United States; (3) The homeowners multiperil insurance line accounted for the largest share of crime losses; (4) The private passenger auto physical damage line accounted for the second largest source of insured crime losses during the period; (5) Together the homeowners multiperil, other personal lines and private passenger auto insurance lines accounted for 64.4% of all insured crime losses during the three year period; (6) Looking at the distribution of crime losses by type of crime, in 1981, home and business theft accounted for $2.39 billion, or nearly 40% of overall losses; (7) Focusing on those losses which can be pinpointed by state, identifiable crime losses accounted for 7.0% of countrywide property-casualty industry insured losses during 1979, 8.3% in 1980, and 8.5% in 1981; (8) There were noticeable variations in the patterns of crime loss on a regional basis in the United States; (9) For 1979-81, insured crime losses averaged $62 per household annually in the United States; (10) The degree of unemployment and the size of the 21-44 year old population relative to total population were found to be significant factors in crime loss variations among states. KW - Costs KW - Crimes KW - Insurance KW - Insurance industry KW - Loss and damage KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicles KW - Property KW - Property damage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212657 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394730 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Robeson, M D AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - EDITORIAL: THE PUBLIC'S CHANGING SAFETY ATTITUDE PY - 1984/07 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - p. 331-332 AB - This short article focuses on changing public attitudes in ways that offer promise of greater progress in traffic safety. The article considers drunk driving, child-safety seats, seat belt utilization, the 55 mph speed limit, and defensive driving courses. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Child restraint systems KW - Defensive drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws and legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216733 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394731 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Statter, B D AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - A CRITIQUE OF THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY COST ALLOCATION STUDY'S TRAFFIC ANALYSIS PY - 1984/07 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - p. 345-360 AB - This article examines problems with the HCAS's traffic analysis; in particular the development of 1977 base vehicle counts and miles traveled for trucks, and the traffic forecasts to 1985. The methodology and assumptions used in the HCAS has serious flaws that overestimated the number of miles traveled for combination vehicles with weights greater than 75,000 pounds and underestimated the 70-75,000 and 50-70,000 pound weight groups. Specifically, this article provides an analysis of how the 1977 base vehicle counts and mileage traveled were developed. It discusses reasons why HCAS vehicle miles and counts are not realistic and are biased against heavy trucks. Finally, it looks at the manner in which the inflated vehicle miles and counts compounded by DOT's new consumption methodology, based on misuse of the 1960 AASHO Road Test, substantially overstated cost responsibility of heavy trucks. KW - Analysis KW - Federal highway cost allocation study KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway user taxation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Trucks KW - User charges KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216734 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395334 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - BERGER, L R AU - Saunders, S AU - Armitage, K AU - Schauer, L AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - PROMOTING THE USE OF CAR SAFETY DEVICES FOR INFANTS: AN INTENSIVE HEALTH EDUCATION APPROACH PY - 1984/07 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-19 AB - Efforts to promote the use of infant car seats through health education techniques have been disappointing when strict criteria for evaluation are used. Low-income families were targeted and were provided with educational sessions in the prenatal, postdelivery, and infant follow-up periods. Free car seats were given to 179 clients. Base-line and follow-up observations were performed at 4 months after delivery. The proportion of correctly restrained infants increased from 9% to 38%. The number of infants who were lap held decreased from 38% to 18%. The proportion of clients who had an approved car seat but who were using it incorrectly increased from 11% to 23%. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394992 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - O'Day, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - EVALUATION REPORT ON THE 1979-1983 OAKLAND COUNTY ALCOHOL ENFORCEMENT/EDUCATION PROJECT PY - 1984/07 SP - 65 p. AB - UMTRI research study evaluated the effects of the Oakland County Alcohol Enforcement/Education Program conducted from 1979 through 1983. Several activities in the Oakland County Program were undertaken for the purpose of reducing the rate of alcohol-related traffic accidents: police training, deployment of extra patrol cars, and public information efforts. The evaluation study, which compared the 1980-1983 period with a baseline period of 1978-1979, employed measurements that included numbers of arrests for drunken driving, percentage of the driving population aware of the increased enforcement efforts, and rates of alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related accidents within Oakland and in other large Michigan counties. Findings of the evaluation study showed that the annual drunk driving arrest rate nearly doubled, and that public awareness of the drinking-driving problem and stepped-up enforcement greatly increased. Analyses of traffic accident data showed no substantial pre- and post-program difference between the rates of alcohol-related accidents in Oakland County and the average of other large Michigan counties. The study findings offer no evidence in support of the theory that increased enforcement and public education at these program levels reduce the incidence of alcohol-related traffic accidents. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Arrests KW - Awareness KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212849 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395362 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Ishigaki, H AU - Okamoto, I AU - Nakagawa, N AU - Arima, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - ANALYSIS OF GROWING AND DISAPPEARING BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE DEFLECTION IN PRESS FORMING OF LARGE-SIZED AUTOBODY PANELS PY - 1984/07 IS - 14 SP - p. 30-39 AB - The forming severity of large-sized autobody panels is assessed not only on the basis of the fracture, but also by the surface deflection which is a surface defect concave or convex to expected normal shape. For avoiding the surface deflection, the fitting behavior of the die to the panel, and fittability of material are investigated. The material properties constituting the fittability are mainly the yield point, the strain-hardening coefficient in the range of small strain and sometimes the n-value, the normal plastic anisotropy (r-value) corresponding to the deformation state. The shape of the blankholder surface strongly affects the growing behavior of the surface deflection, and the step draw greatly affects the decreasing behavior of the surface deflection. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Deflection KW - Dies KW - Forming KW - Machine tools KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Panels KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217053 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394732 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - PENDAKUR, V S AU - Pyplacz, B AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - URBAN TRAFFIC NOISE ABATEMENT PY - 1984/07 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - p. 471-486 AB - This article reports on an analysis of both the real and perceived traffic noise and the effectiveness of noise abatement barriers on both sides of a chosen section of Boundary Road in Vancouver, B.C. Its objectives include: (1) identification of traffic noise problems in the urban planning context; (2) analysis of real and perceived noise levels; (3) examination of noise abatement techniques and assessment of their relative effectiveness; (4) evaluation of the traffic noise on Boundary Road based on accepted standards; and (5) consequent planning implications. KW - Abatement KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - City planning KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Pollution control KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394717 AU - CHESHER, G AU - Bird, K AU - Crawford, J AU - DAUNCEY, H AU - Nikias, N AU - Stramarcos, A AU - New South Wales Drug and Alcohol Authority TI - FURTHER STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF CANNABIS AND ALCOHOL: ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS PY - 1984/07 SP - 83 p. AB - This report contains 7 chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) The effects of alcohol and of THC administered by mouth and by smoking on human skills performance: a dose-response relationship study using the same battery of tests; (3) An estimation of the potency ratio of alcohol and cannabis; (4) Cannabis smoking: cigarette and water pipe compared; (5) The development of a microprocessor based automated system of tests of human psychomotor and cognitive performance; (6) A preliminary look at computers as a tool in performance testing; and (7) Drugs and brain damage. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Drugs KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Marijuana KW - Motor skills KW - Performance tests KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Psychomotor performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212656 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393829 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Campane, J O AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF DRUNK DRIVER ROADBLOCKS PY - 1984/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 24-31 AB - The U.S. Supreme Court has not considered the constitutional propriety of DWI roadblocks. Some lower courts find that they impose unreasonable fourth amendment seizures, while others uphold such roadblocks when they embody specific protections against unnecessary invasions of privacy. In 1983, State supreme courts in Arizona, Massachusetts, and Kansas examined this issue. This article reviews these and other decisions on recent DWI roadblock cases. It then provides an analysis of a specific procedure for the development of a lawful DWI roadblock program. KW - Constitutional law KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal action KW - Legal factors KW - Roadblocks KW - State laws KW - U.S. Supreme Court UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394214 AU - Perkins, D D AU - Cynecki, M J AU - Goryl, M E AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE IN THE TRAFFIC POPULATION. ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 100 p. AB - This report presents findings from four independent studies on occupant restraint use for various segments of the traffic population. Field observations, collected in 19 U.S. cities from November, 1982 through December, 1983, are basis for this report. The four studies and their findings are as follows: (1) Driver Safety Belt Use: A total of 146,305 drivers stopped for traffic signals were observed during the 14 month period. 14.0 percent were observed to wear safety belts. (2) Passenger Safety Belt and Child Safety Seat Use: findings from this study are based on 114,470 passengers observed at shopping mall entrances and exits. For infants and toddlers, child safety seat usage was observed to be 60.4 and 37.8 percent, respectively. The percent of subteens wearing safety belts was observed to be 8.6 percent while teens and adults were observed wearing safety belts in 7.0 and 10.5 percent of the observations, respectively. (3) Safety Seat Installation Characteristics: Observations were recorded on a total of 3,518 child safety seats in vehicles parked at shopping malls and 83.3 percent were observed in the toddler mode. Seat belts were installed incorrectly in approximately 34 percent of toddler seat observations. For toddler seat that required tethering and belting, tethers were not used or used incorrectly in approximately 80 percent of the observations. (4) Helmet Use by Operators and Passengers of Motorcycles and Mopeds: Driver and passenger helmet use was observed to be 66.6 and 61.2 percent, respectively, for 21,414 motorcycle observations. Moped observations totalled 1,793 and helmet use among drivers and passengers was observed to be 34.7 and 26.2 percent, respectively. KW - Adolescents KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drivers KW - Facilities KW - Helmets KW - Installation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcyclists KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passengers KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety seats KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212298 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393918 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Swant, F T AU - Abrams, L G AU - Bozak, D J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE WASHINGTON STATE PATROL HEAVY TRUCK INSPECTION PROGRAM PY - 1984/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 17-31 AB - Defective equipment contributes to between 7 and 16% of heavy truck accidents, with defective brakes being the largest contributor. In January 1980, the Washington State Patrol (WSP) began a program to inspect heavy trucks. The WSP's Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Section assigned five two-man inspection teams to three weigh stations on Interstate 5, the main north-south route through the most populated region of the State. Over the 18 months of the program, the five teams inspected 18,803 heavy trucks and placed 11,085 out of service for equipment violations. Brake adjustment violations (34.4%) and brake component violations (17.8%) were the major violation categories. Data collected through the inspection process were analyzed to see if a downward trend in the proportion of trucks with defects occurred during the course of the program. Heavy truck accident data were also analyzed to see if defect-involved accidents declined after program implementation. The accident data analysis compared data before and during the program, defect-involved and nondefect-involved accidents, and Washington with two other states. Both brake defect and nondefect accidents declined in Washington over the period of the program. In addition, both types of accidents declined during the same time period in the two comparison states, suggesting a general decline in truck accidents. Therefore, it could not be concluded that Washington's decline in brake defect accidents resulted from the inspection program. Although the inspection data showed a significant decline in the percentage of intrastate trucks with brake component defects, this could not be considered conclusive evidence of program impact because of possible sampling bias. Suggestions are offered for other states that have inspection programs. KW - Brakes KW - Data analysis KW - Defects KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393826 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Abruzzese, L AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - US OFFICIALS LEAN TOWARD END OF RESTRAINTS PY - 1984/07 VL - 164 IS - 7 SP - p. 23-24 AB - Trade Representative William Block's blunt attack on big bonuses paid to American auto executives has rekindled the debate over voluntary restriction on Japanese exports to the U.S. In this interview Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige adds his tentative agreement, dismisses assertions that ending restrictions would result in an explosion of new models that could push Japanese market share from its present 22 percent to as much as 40 percent, says the quotas were never meant to be long-term, is against U.S. government involvement, and stresses his strong consumer interest in lifting the restrictions. KW - Consumers KW - Federal government KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - International trade KW - Japan KW - Quotas KW - Restrictions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211749 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393828 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - AMA STILL FINDING FAULT WITH NO-FAULT INSURANCE PY - 1984/07 VL - 38 IS - 7 SP - p. 28-29 AB - This very short article explains how insurance works and then explains why no-fault insurance can be an expensive nightmare for motorcyclists. It reviews some of the successful lobbying efforts by the AMA to keep motorcyclists out of no-fault legislation. KW - Lobbying KW - Motorcyclists KW - No fault insurance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211751 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393896 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Griffin, L AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - ELLIPSOIDS, PARABOLOIDS, AND HOMOFOCALS PY - 1984/07 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 5 p. AB - This article reviews the revolution in automobile lighting that has been taking place since the publication in January 1983 of a report, prepared by the Modern Engineering Service Company of Warren, Michigan, on current lighting needs, technology, availability, related business factors, and future goals. This report was commissioned by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under pressure from manufacturers and has played a large role in shaping NHTSA's new attitude. Among the new lighting systems described are Ford's Continental Mark VII aerodynamic headlights with plastic lenses and replaceable halogen bulbs, and Cibie's ellipsoidal headlight. Mention is also made of the increasing interest in headlight washers. KW - Design KW - Future concepts KW - Headlamps KW - Headlight washers KW - Innovation KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211782 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394026 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - McCord, J AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DRUNKEN DRIVERS IN LONGITUDINAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1984/07 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - p. 316-320 AB - The lives of men convicted for driving while intoxicated (DWI) were compared with those of other men who spent their childhoods in the same neighborhoods. The comparisons were based on interviews, questionnaires and agency records. Although not distinguishable by their age at first conviction, the men convicted for DWI were more likely to have been convicted for serious crimes. They were also more likely to be alcoholics. As children, they were less likely to have appeared to be insecure or dependent. During adolescence, those who would later be convicted for DWI were more likely to have parents who were inconsiderate and aggressive, and who fought with one another. The men convicted for drunken driving seemed independent and relatively self-confident, both during early childhood and in middle age. Their history of antisocial behavior belies a view that these men have inadvertently risked the safety of others during an unaccustomed lapse in self-control. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Children KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Parents KW - Psychological aspects KW - Social factors KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393917 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Sali, G J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BOISE SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROJECT PY - 1984/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 7-15 AB - Boise, Idaho, implemented a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) in October 1979. Prior to that time, Boise typically had one of the worst accident rates in the State. The objective of the program was to reduce the number of injury accidents occurring in Boise. The program included both enforcement and media influences to deter accidents. An impact evaluation was done to determine what reductions had occurred during the first 22 months of implementation. A multivariate time series design was used, and a comparison group was selected. The Box-Jenkins technique was employed. The analysis identified a statistically significant reduction of 14 injury accidents per month for Boise. This represents a 17% reduction over the base period. No significant reduction occurred in the comparison group. An estimated $1,600,000 in accident costs were avoided while the total program cost was $788,000. Both traditional enforcement and media influences were determined to be essential elements of this successful program. Improved coordination and communication with other local agencies is also believed to be a significant contributor to the program. KW - Accident costs KW - Coordination KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Mass media KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety KW - Selective traffic enforcement program KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393894 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - O'Rourke, P J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - INTELLECTUAL VICTORY PY - 1984/07 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 7 p. AB - As a promotion effort, AMC/Jeep gave new Cherokees to eight teams of automotive writers and sent them on a trip from Canada to Mexico. A point system determined the winner. In this article, the author describes the trip which he made along with two companions, former Monkee Michael Nesmith and an AMC observer, manager of international public relations Jacques Poisson. The team came in last, an accomplishment which will be readily understood after reading this article. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Marketing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211780 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393615 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ARE YOU PUTTING ME ON? A SHORT QUIZ ON SAFETY BELTS AND CHILD RESTRAINTS PY - 1984/07 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - This short quiz on safety belts and child restraints is designed to present some informative, and perhaps surprising, facts to those who will take it. Most of the questions require a true or false response. Each answer is accompanied by an explanation. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211706 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393617 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - A DIFFERENT VIEW PY - 1984/07 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 16-19 AB - With today's small cars (compact, subcompact, and mini-cars) there is concern for the safety of driver and passengers. Most highways were designed for safe stopping and passing with old, standard-size vehicles where the driver's eye height was about 45 inches above the ground. Driver eye height for small cars ranges from 36 to 41 inches. To make up for this lower outlook, small car drivers must pay close attention to traffic and conditions above and around them. This article provides photographs of small car safety problems and gives tips for dealing with them. Small car drivers are cautioned to always wear safety belts. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Eye height KW - Eye location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Small car KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211708 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393616 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS ARE ALMOST HERE PY - 1984/07 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 20-21 AB - Anti-lock brake systems are being installed on some of the more expensive ($20,000 plus) 1985 American-model cars. They have been long in coming because of their high cost and strict product liability laws. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in this article, and the Lucas Girling SCS (Stop Control System) anti-locking braking system for front-wheel-drive cars is described. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Costs KW - Front wheel drive KW - Liability KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211707 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393629 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - WINTER, D AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - THE ROBOT GROWTH CURVE IS SAGGING PY - 1984/07 VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 3 p. AB - The U.S. robot industry is falling short of its projected growth. A projected two-billion dollar industry by 1990, the robot industry is now predicted to be only a one-billion dollar industry by 1990. This article discusses possible reasons for this shortfall. One reason appears to be that domestic markets in Japan, Sweden, Norway, France, and West Germany are too small to satisfy the huge sales appetites of their own robotmakers. The result will be an estimated 25% to 30% import penetration of the U.S., bringing intense competition. This article concludes with a list of some of the characteristics that the successful companies of the future will share. KW - Competition KW - Imports KW - Markets KW - Robotics KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211718 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393626 JO - ASTM Standardization News PB - ASTM International AU - HODGES, H C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - NEW DIRECTIONS FOR TESTING VEHICLE/TIRE SYSTEMS PY - 1984/07 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - p. 28-30 AB - The legendary responsibility of tires for actions beyond their control exists only because current tire testing standards allow them to exist. The new direction for testing vehicle/tire systems must expand the scope of testing to ensure that tire/vehicle performance is measurably predictable. In the future, the driver should be left with the sole responsibility for unpredictable tire/vehicle system performance. Specific areas examined in this article are high speed testing, treadwear testing, braking tests, and the liability of "unmeasured" tire performance. KW - Braking performance KW - Durability tests KW - High speed tests KW - Liability KW - Performance tests KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211715 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392456 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Savell, L AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - PROACTIVE DALLAS PROGRAMS CURB TRAFFIC DEATHS PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 55-57 AB - The Dallas Police Department, through intensified general traffic law enforcement and a stepped-up DWI enforcement program, has witnessed a steady decline in the number of traffic deaths over the past three years. There were 67 fewer fatalities in 1982 than in 1981, and 85 fewer in 1983. Credit for this success rests primarily in four areas: the cooperation of officers throughout the department in ticketing traffic violators, the hard work of a well-trained DWI enforcement squad, news media coverage of the projects, and a sincere commitment from top administration to bring the traffic death problem under control. KW - Administration KW - Countermeasures KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211013 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392458 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Powers, L AU - National Safety Council TI - NONE FOR THE ROAD. MISSOURI'S BIGGEST BEER WHOLESALER CAMPAIGNS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1984/07 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-15 AB - Efforts to deal with the drinking and driving problem are being directed at the person who drives after drinking to excess. Moderation has become the key concept. Jerry Clinton, president of Grey Eagle Distributors, Inc., the largest wholesaler of beer in Missouri is a firm believer in moderation. About a year and a half ago Clinton and his company launched "None for the Road," a major effort to educate drinkers in the St. Louis area about alcohol and driving. As Clinton says, "The underpinning of any social change is an informed population. Our customers have to change. By changing, our community will become safer." KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211015 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392784 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Morgan, D J AU - National Safety Council TI - SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN ROBOT WELDING OPERATIONS PY - 1984/07 VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - p. 54-56 AB - Planning the safety system for a robot welding operation requires a review of issues that affect both employee and equipment safety. The safety criteria are developed from examining the following areas: codes and standards; layout and facilities; guarding; controls; process; procedures; training; and plant requirements. KW - Robots KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Training KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392452 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - TAYLOR, D AU - Durham, N C AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ROADBLOCKS: ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 45 AB - Captains Taylor and Durham of the Fairfax City Police Department, Fairfax, Virginia refute an article in the April 1984 "Police Chief" by Chief Carroll Buracker of Fairfax County, who seems to have missed the point that the purpose of roadblocks is not only to instill in the public a fear of arrest, but to dramatize that drunk driving is unacceptable and anti-social behavior. Chief Buracker's concern that roadblocks were not cost effective is questioned in view of the fact that a minute expenditure in Fairfax City has resulted in almost universal public acclaim, a tremendous amount of public attention to the problem of the drunken driver, and a marked decline in alcohol-related accidents in Fairfax City. In summary, it is stated that Fairfax City roadblocks have been effective so far and that the Fairfax County Circuit Court has upheld them as constitutional. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roadblocks KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392454 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Passidomo, J A AU - McEwen, H R AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - NEW YORK STATE'S STOP-DWI PROGRAM PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 50-51 AB - In November 1981, New York State's Special Traffic Options Program for Driving While Intoxicated (STOP-DWI) was enacted with legislation that provides for the establishment of county-based alcohol and highway safety programs. Two significant changes were brought about by the program: (1) Judges no longer impose fines at their discretion--minimum and maximum fines for DWI are now set, and (2) the newly established fine structure channels fines collected from alcohol-related convictions back to the county in which the conviction occurred, making a significant amount of money available to New York counties for the development of their STOP-DWI programs. This article continues with an explanation of how the STOP-DWI program works and what its results have been. KW - Countermeasures KW - Counties KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Financing KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211011 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392268 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Grabow, J D AU - Offord, K P AU - Rieder, M E AU - American Public Health Association TI - THE COST OF HEAD TRAUMA IN OLMSTED COUNTY, MINNESOTA, 1970-74 PY - 1984/07 VL - 74 IS - 7 SP - p. 710-712 AB - A study of the total cost of head injury in Olmsted County, Minnesota, with the costs projected to the United States population, revealed that the annual cost for head trauma in the US can be estimated at approximately $12.5 billion using a 6 per cent discount rate. The nonmedical costs accounted for more than 92 percent ($11.5 billion) of the total cost, while direct medical costs amounted to $1.0 billion. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Medical costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392278 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Fladseth, L A AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - OPERATION C.A.R.E.'S ROLE IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REDUCTION PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 58-59 AB - Operation C.A.R.E. (Combined Accident Reduction Effort) is the only national program designed to draw all state level law enforcement agencies together to achieve the common goal of traffic accident reduction. The Operation is committed to accident reduction by focusing on three principal traffic safety program areas: alcohol enforcement; occupant protection; and 55 mph compliance. At it's national conference in 1984, Operation C.A.R.E. endorsed 5 resolutions: standardized field sobriety testing; permissive use of sobriety checkpoints; support of mandatory safety belt use legislation; support and promotion of All-American Buckle-up week; and tribute to the Columbia Broadcasting Company for airing the TV special, "License to Kill." The philosophies underlying C.A.R.E. are public awareness and the use of enforcement sanctions. Operation C.A.R.E. is a national program and every state can participate. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Alcohol tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392459 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Kinch, B AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW WE SUCCEEDED IN ELIMINATING OUR DRUNK DRIVING PROBLEM PY - 1984/07 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - p. 16-17 AB - As Bob Kinch sees it, the drinking and driving problem in America was eliminated long ago by a clever and insidious scheme on the part of the American people in which they effectively masked the whole issue behind a screen of complex and confusing yet simply taught attitudes. What we have is an "attitude problem," and the prevailing attitude is, "It won't happen to me!" For those who sincerely believe, in opposition to prevailing trends, that drinking and driving does constitute a serious problem in America, Kinch suggests that they continue to support all efforts now underway to deal with the issue, and go one step further by beginning to address the basic issue of public attitude. KW - Attitudes KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392281 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Barker, T AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - POLICE PURSUIT DRIVING: THE NEED FOR POLICY PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 71-72 AB - The results of studies of police pursuits and their consequences are briefly discussed, and it is observed that because police administrators have a duty to ensure the safety of officers, violators and the public, they must provide written policies that contain explicit guidelines on when to initiate, continue and terminate pursuits. The police value system sets a high premium on maintaining respect for the law and an officer must use sound judgement in striking a balance between apprehension of the violator and the risks involved. A written policy must provide the criteria and procedures to be followed in making this judgement. The policy must accurately define the scope of police behavior, and address the key questions: when to pursue, what to do during pursuit, and when to abandon pursuit. The policy should make it explicit that the initial decision to pursue should be a difficult one for the officer. Other considerations that should temper that decision are noted. Pursuit procedures that should be followed if circumstances dictate such pursuit are also listed. KW - Criteria KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Policy KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210905 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392448 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Vaughn, J R AU - Klein, S AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ARREST DRUNK DRIVING: A COMPREHENSIVE COOPERATIVE APPROACH PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 32-34 AB - This article describes the "Arrest Drunk Driving" program developed by the cities of Clearwater and Largo, Florida. The two local police departments reviewed what other cities had done and how successful they were, then developed their own strategy of combined enforcement and public information. With financial assistance from the state and federal government, the program got under way in 1983, with an announcement to the public at a press conference on September 29, 1983. The six enforcement strategies being used to "Arrest Drunk Driving" are: special training, patrols at high-priority locations, use of detection cues, roadside sobriety tests, traffic safety checkpoints, and streamlined processing. The public information effort began with the press conference during which enforcement strategies were described, and continued with follow-up publicity in the news media and the distribution of public information materials (bumper stickers, posters, etc.). Local public interest and business groups were encouraged to help spread the word. The initial success of the program has encouraged other jurisdictions to join or form their own programs. KW - Arrests KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Florida KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211005 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392455 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Carso, M P AU - Hoffman, H J AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ALCOHOL SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PLANNING PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 52-54 AB - The Missouri State Highway Patrol Alcohol Selective Traffic Enforcement Planning (STEP) Program was designed to reduce the drunk driving traffic accident problem in the State of Missouri, and evidence to date indicates it has been successful. In addition, the program was developed under severe resource constraints that required the use of relatively sophisticated planning and evaluation methodologies. The key characteristics of this program were: (1) The heavy reliance on participatory planning and decision-making between field and central command and control units within the organizational structure; (2) the use of research staff and data analysis to support both the planning process and the evaluation of the program; and (3) the emphasis on evaluation of the program from an efficiency and effectiveness perspective. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Missouri KW - Planning KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211012 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392446 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Fazo, V AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - KEEPING DRUNK DRIVERS OFF THE ROADS PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 18-19 AB - Tougher state laws are helping to get drunk drivers off the roads. Nevertheless, drunk driving continues to be one of the nation's most serious public health and safety problems. Part of this is due to the skill of defense attorneys, who readily admit that a trial does not necessarily determine who is right or wrong, but merely who wins. The fact that an attorney can win an acquittal for a client who is not innocent reinforces the attitude that it is not so bad to drive after having a few drinks. The responsibility of the law enforcement officer is to dispel this notion by making his case so strong that a defense attorney cannot weaken it. This article gives suggestions on how the officer can do this. Subjects specifically covered include the validity of the stop, the field sobriety test, probable cause to arrest, and chemical tests. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Police KW - Prosecution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392460 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - TRAFFIC PROBLEMS IN AN ISLAND PARADISE: PUERTO RICO SEMINAR FACES THE ISSUES PY - 1984/07 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - A three-day traffic safety seminar was held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, April 10-12, 1984. Jointly sponsored by the Puerto Rico Traffic Safety Commission and Volvo North America Corporation, the meeting was called to discuss the major traffic safety issues facing the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in four specific areas: alcohol, seat belt use, child restraints, and pedestrian safety. This article discusses presentations made at the seminar by the following people: Rafael Faria, Puerto Rico's Secretary of Transportation and Public Works; Bjorn Ahlstrom, President and Chief Executive Officer of Volvo North America Corporation; Timothy McCarthy, Director of Federal Liaison in the Government Affairs Division of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association; Charles F. Livingston, Executive Director of the National Commission Against Drunk Driving and formerly Associate Administrator of Traffic Safety Programs for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and Richard L. Tippie, Manager of the Highway Traffic Safety Department of the National Safety Council. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Puerto Rico KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392271 JO - Road Rider PB - Fancy Publications Incorporated AU - Stermer, B AU - Aviation News Corporation TI - A FUNNY THING HAPPENED TO ME ON MY WAY UP THE ROAD OR: THE 6 STAGES OF CRASHING PY - 1984/07 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - p. 46-49 AB - This article describes six stages of crashing in order to answer the question, "what's crashing like?" The author uses his own motorcycle accident to provide examples. These are the six stages: First Stage--Jeez, it happened so fast--this is the crash itself; Second Stage--Are you all right--this is the anger and resentment stage; Third Stage--Oh my bike; Fourth Stage--Macho man performance; Fifth Stage--Pain; Sixth Stage--Shucks, low whistles, wow--this is the realization of what might have happened. A seventh stage (grasp/choke/boinnng) may occur upon discovering what the damage is going to cost you to repair. KW - Psychological aspects KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392279 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - DWI UPDATE PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 60-61 AB - To ensure traffic safety, it is necessary that police agencies analyze the problem, monitor traffic data, educate the public, and enforce traffic laws. Enforcement is the most visible means of promoting safety, but first the police administrator must ensure that the public is informed of new regulations through the news media. A specified time period may be designated in which warnings are issued. Long-term traffic educational programs should be established in the school systems. Community programming on cable television is also effective. A successful two-front traffic safety campaign mounted by the Honolulu Police Department is described. Other successful programs are also described: The Illinois "Project Graduation" to convince teenagers that there are alternatives to drinking parties during the graduation period; roadside safety checks to remove the alcohol-impaired driver from the highways; and a letter writing campaign directed towards tavern owners. New legislative steps taken to enhance New York's efforts to stop drunk driving are also described. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Police KW - Publicity KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210903 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392450 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Rockel, H C AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - 3 p. AB - In Maryland, many improvements have been made in the state's efforts to combat the drunk driving problem and one of the enforcement programs has been sobriety checkpoints. This article attempts to answer some of the many questions that have arisen over this use of the checkpoint enforcement strategy. Among these questions are the following: Is the drunk driving problem serious enough to justify the use of sobriety checkpoints? Does the sobriety checkpoint strategy work? Are attitudes about drunk driving changing? What is the current status of court cases involving the use of checkpoints? Does the use of this enforcement technique have value over a longer period of time, after the public becomes accustomed to its use? KW - Attitudes KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Maryland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sobriety checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211007 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392457 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - NOW YOU SEE IT! NEW TAILLIGHT REQUIREMENT AIMS TO CUT REAR COLLISIONS PY - 1984/07 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - A federal regulation was recently enacted which will require automakers to put a "third eye" high on the rear deck of all passenger vehicles manufactured after September 1, 1985. This "third eye" is a third, high-mounted taillight which is effective in reducing rear-end collisions by as much as 50 percent. Solid evidence of the effectiveness of the third taillight has been gathered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration which commissioned outside agencies to test the hypothesis. Three separate studies were conducted to prove unequivocally that the "third eye" can significantly reduce human and economic losses caused by rear-end collisions. These studies are discussed in this article. KW - Effectiveness KW - Field studies KW - High mounting KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Taillamps KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211014 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392272 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - Rasor, R AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - 55: THE AMA'S POSITION PY - 1984/07 VL - 38 IS - 7 SP - p. 24-26 AB - After explaining the reasons behind the American Motorcyclist Association's (AMA) stand on the 55 mph speed limit, the official AMA stand is summarized in the following four points: (1) It is the position of the AMA that the role of establishing speed laws has traditionally been that of state governments; (2) The only legitimate role of the federal government is to assist the states in developing realistic speed limits appropriate for the highways and driving population to which state laws are applied; (3) A single maximum speed limit is not appropriate for a transportation environment as diverse as that of the United States; and (4) The AMA also believes that individual state legislatures, agencies and law-enforcement organizations are best suited to decide and enforce speed laws for the citizens of their states. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Federal government KW - Governments KW - Jurisdiction KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Public opinion KW - Speed limits KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392280 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Sparks, R L AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS FOR RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 65-67 AB - A specialized training course to satisfy highway patrol needs called First-On-Scene Radiological Response Training for Law Enforcement Personnel (FOS-LE) is described. The course is limited to a maximum of 18 participants per class. The first 3 days of the 4-day course consist of classroom instruction and field training. The fourth day is devoted to emergency response field exercises. The course was designed to provide officers with basic understanding of radiation protection, methods of prevention of contamination spread from an accident scene, ability to use radiation detection equipment, and basic decontamination procedures. The course attempts to eliminate the mystery associated with radiation and impart a better understanding of it. The biological effects and hazards of exposure are taught as also the ability to identify the presence of radioactive materials (RAM) in a vehicle as well as radioactive material markings. Hands-on experience with respirators, gamma monitoring exercises, and staged scenarios involving RAM transported by motor vehicles are included. A field exercise involving a high-level radiation source is included in the course. A radiation monitoring kit is issued to each participant. A spin-off of this course is one designed for firefighters. KW - Crashes KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Emergency response KW - Hazardous materials KW - Marking KW - Monitoring KW - Police KW - Radioactive materials KW - Respirators KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210904 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392282 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - MANAK, J P AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF POLICE FAILURE TO WEAR SEAT BELTS PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 73 AB - Many police departments in the United States recognize the value of seat belts in avoiding and mitigating injury to department personnel and others as a result of service-connected automobile accidents. They also recognize the need to enforce such regulations, policies or guidelines through appropriate disciplinary procedures where necessary. However, in many police departments, safety belt use is still only "recommended," and legal actions have been filed against police officers, the chief of police, or the local government because an employee was injured in a traffic accident. An Issue Paper by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) which could be used by law enforcement agencies as a guide for protecting personnel, agencies and local governments from legal action is briefly summarized. The paper examines current law with respect to the liability issues mentioned, and examines the best practices and procedures with respect to rules, regulations, policies and guidelines that can be adopted and enforced by police departments to avoid liabilities. KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Liabilities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Police KW - Regulations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392447 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Steed, D K AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ATTACKING DWI: THE NHTSA APPROACH PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 30-31 AB - The administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Diane Steed, outlines the NHTSA approach toward getting the drunk driver off the road. This approach emphasizes six major points: Deterring the many drunk drivers who are never caught, rather than merely dealing with the few who are; Encouraging communities to accept program responsibility; Coordinating such local and state functions as licensing, enforcement, prosecution, adjudication, education/treatment, and public information; Making convicted drunk drivers pay the costs of community programs; Generating community and political support; and Initiating long-term public education programs aimed at changing societal attitudes about drinking and driving. Ten "targets of opportunity" were chosen in June of 1982 to develop and track special programs based on the six-point concept. By choosing these target communities, NHTSA hopes to create successful models for other communities and states to follow. In the remainder of this article, Mrs. Steed discusses the information obtained so far from the "target of opportunity" program and describes her personal experience of accompanying a patrolman in his pursuit of drunk drivers. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Programs KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392449 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Cowart, G B AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - AVOID THE 13 PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 35-37 AB - The annual "Avoid the 13" anti-drunk driving campaign, sponsored by the Law Enforcement Executive Council of Santa Clara County, California and funded by the Central Counties Safety Council, a chapter of the National Safety Council, now has over 2,000 police officers participating during the 18-day campaign over the Christmas and New Year's holiday period. During the campaign, all participating agencies supplement their DWI patrols by adding officers on overtime, adjusting schedules and encouraging patrol officers to be especially diligent. During the 1983-84 campaign, the Santa Clara County Jail was severely overcrowded and a refurbished bus became the DWI jail annex for prisoner processing. Despite jail overcrowding, the campaign committee wanted the public to know that there would be "room at the inn" for those who had not gotten the no drunk driving message. This article continues with a discussion of 1983-84 campaign results, the community relations efforts, interaction with community groups, corporate coverage, and Care Cab. KW - California KW - Communities KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Police patrol KW - Public relations KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211006 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392451 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Deitch, L I AU - Thompson, L N AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - THE SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT: A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO DWI DETERRENCE PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 42-44 AB - The Highway Patrol Bureau of the Arizona Department of Public Safety has accepted alcohol involvement in statewide accidents as a direct challenge to its stated mission of providing for the safety and well-being of motorists on the state's highways. In 1982 the patrol began to address the problem through the development of a proactive program combining the use of specialized DWI patrols with sobriety checkpoints. This article reports the results of these enforcement efforts and the legal challenges which occurred. In conclusion it is stated that future use of sobriety checkpoints by law enforcement as a general deterrence measure is contingent upon the following procedural steps: provision of a statistical justification for the location of proposed checkpoints to establish a compelling need; use of a standardized operational plan to ensure that all motorists are given equal treatment any time they are stopped without probable cause; and evaluation of the impact of checkpoints upon the accident profile of both the actual location and the entire region (local or statewide). KW - Arizona KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Sobriety checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211008 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392453 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Studdard, R C AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - TESTING THE IMPAIRED DRIVER PY - 1984/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 48-49 AB - The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) trains field officers to recognize drivers impaired by other drugs as well as alcohol. The core of the LAPD training program is their standard field sobriety test battery (FST) that enables an officer at roadside not only to detect impairment but also to determine the exact cause of the impairment in many cases. The FST battery includes seven test procedures which are described in this article. Since the drug evaluation training program was initiated, LAPD has experienced an increase in DWI-drug arrests and a decrease in the amount of time officers spend in court. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Arrests KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211010 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392234 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Dunne, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - THE INCREDIBLE SHRINKING HEADLIGHT PY - 1984/07 VL - 225 IS - 1 SP - p. 42-43 AB - There is an impending explosion in shapes, sizes, bulbs, reflectors and efficiencies. Among coming developments are: a low-beam headlight no bigger than a business credit card, dual rectangular lamps smaller than today's standard, more lamps with removeable bulbs, standard lamps capped with special lenses that blend in with the car's fender shape, and ultra-wide lenses that give cars a "slit-eye" appearance in front. These new lamps are in various stages of development, from prototype to fully developped, and awaiting approval from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Fuel conservation KW - Headlamps KW - Lamps KW - Lenses (Excluding soils) KW - Lenses (Geology) KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - New systems KW - Removeable bulbs KW - Shape KW - Shape factor KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390951 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1981 PY - 1984/07 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is a report on activities under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 as Amended, the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972 as Amended, and the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. It covers the period January 1 through December 31, 1981. Contents are presented under the following headings: Introduction; Saving Lives; Avoiding Accidents; Fuel Economy; Enforcement; Consumer Activities; and Support for Motor Vehicle Safety. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - Energy Policy and Conservation Act KW - Fuel conservation KW - Helmets KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle information and cost savings act KW - National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 KW - Safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390952 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1981 PY - 1984/07 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is a report on activities under the Highway Safety Act of 1966. It covers the period January 1 through December 31, 1981. The contents are presented under the following headings: Introduction; Highway safety program activities; Support for motor vehicle safety; Highway safety within the Federal Highway Administration; FHWA Section 402 program accomplishment; Highway related standards and federal agency roads; and Section 403 accomplishments. KW - Development KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety act KW - Improvements KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450636 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - FATALITY RISK FOR BELTED DRIVERS VERSUS CAR MASS PY - 1984/06/28 SP - 40 p. AB - This study was performed to determine how the likelihood of a belted driver being killed in a single car crash depends on the mass of the car. This was done by applying the pedestrian fatality exposure approach to the subset of fatalities in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for which the driver was coded as using a shoulder belt and/or a lap belt. Combining the 1975 through 1982 data provided a sufficiently large population of belted drivers to perform the analysis. In the exposure approach used, the number of car drivers killed in single car crashes is divided by the number of non-occupant fatalities (pedestrians or motorcyclists) associated with the same group of cars. The ratio is interpreted to reflect the physical effect of car mass, essentially independent of driver behavior effects. In the present application, car mass effects for belted drivers were determined by considering the number of belted drivers killed divided by the number of non occupants killed in crashes involving cars whose drivers were coded in the FARS files as being belted. Because the belt use of surviving drivers is, to some extent, self reported, it is considered that the data given in the report should not be used to estimate the effectiveness of seat belts in preventing fatalities. The results are presented as graphical and analytical comparisons of fatality likelihood versus car mass for belted and unbelted drivers. It is concluded that the effect of car mass on relative driver fatality likelihood is essentially the same for belted and unbelted drivers (for example, the present analysis gives that a belted driver in a 900 kg car is 2.3 times as likely to be killed in a single car crash as is the belted driver in an 1800 kg car. The corresponding ratio determined here for unbelted drivers is 2.4). As a consequence of this conclusion, the relative effectiveness of seat belts in preventing driver fatalities is similar for cars of different masses. KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450367 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - HUMAN BEHAVIOR FEEDBACK AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1984/06/28 SP - 40 p. AB - Prior approaches to understanding traffic safety may be conveniently placed into three categories: "engineering," meaning that physical changes to the system are considered without addressing possible induced user change; "economic" (or "danger compensation"), meaning that users adjust behavior so that actual safety benefits are less than expected; and "risk homeostasis," meaning that users adjust behavior to reestablish prior levels of risk taking. In the present paper, a general human behavior feedback model is formulated in which each of these approaches is included as a special case. In addition, the new model incorporates responses outside the range encompassed by the prior approaches. A "human behavior feedback parameter," f, is associated with each of 28 cases in the technical literature of actual change compared to calculated change; 15 are changes expected to increase safety (e.g., studded tires), and provide examples of the following outcomes: safety increased even more than expected; safety increased but less than expected; no safety increase; perverse effect -- change led to safety decrease. The other 13 cases are changes expected to reduce safety but made for other reasons (e.g. replacing larger by smaller cars), and provide examples of the following outcomes: perverse effect -- the change actually increased safety; no safety reduction; safety reduced, but less than expected. It is concluded that human behavior feedback is a pervasive phenomenon in traffic systems which may greatly influence the outcome of safety measures. In some cases it may even generate effects opposite in sign to those intended. It is recommended that estimates of potential benefits of safety measures should always include clear explicit discussion on what assumptions are made, and why regarding human behavior feedback. KW - Behavior KW - Effectiveness KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Interchanges KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392248 JO - Automotive News PB - Crain Communications, Incorporated AU - Kahn, H AU - Marketing Sciences, Incorporated TI - PASSIVE-RESTRAINT FIGHT HEADING FOR THE WIRE PY - 1984/06/18 SP - 2 p. AB - This article reviews the 17 alternatives outlined by the government to meet the remand given by the U.S. Supreme Court, when it rejected about a year ago the rescission ordered by former NHTSA Administrator Raymond A. Peck. It then describes the position of the insurance industry and automobile manufacturers. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobile industry KW - Insurance industry KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Regulation KW - Rule making KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210879 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392249 JO - Automotive News Detroit Extra PB - Marketing Sciences, Incorporated AU - McCosh, D AU - Marketing Sciences, Incorporated TI - AUTO MAKERS LIGHT INTO THE FUTURE PY - 1984/06/18 SP - 3 p. AB - Federal approval in 1983 of Ford Motor Company's Mark VII European-style wraparound headlight has opened technological floodgates in the car-lighting business. New proposals range from smaller versions of the familiar sealed beam, through variations of the European-style "composite" system that encloses a separate bulb in an optical housing, to far-out exotics such as gas-discharge, arc lights and systems that would put as many as ten lamps across the front of the family car. This article reviews these systems in the domestic market and in Europe. KW - Automobile industry KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Composite headlights KW - Europe KW - Halogens KW - Headlamps KW - Replaceable bulbs KW - Sealed beam headlights KW - Technology KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210880 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392245 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - CRASH COURSE IN SAFETY PY - 1984/06/16 VL - 166 IS - 4257 SP - p. 42-44 AB - After giving a brief review of automobile safety research both in the U.S. and in Great Britain, this article focuses on Britain's Transport and Road Research Laboratory Crashworthiness Ratings. This program aims to educate the public about test results and to create competition among car makers. The rating is based on three TRRL standard crash test procedures--a 36-37 mph frontal impact of the car with a barrier angled at 30 degrees, a 22 mph impact by a barrier representing a car hitting the side at the driver's position, and a series of impacts in which objects representing occupants' heads, knees and legs hit various points within the car as they would during an accident. There is a total of 40 measurements, used to produce an "all--round" estimate of the results of a crash, to avoid having a car's rating distorted by just one or two aspects of its performance. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Impact tests KW - Ratings KW - Safety engineering KW - Testing KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392241 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - RESTRICTED DRIVING REDUCES CRASH DEATHS; MAJORITY OF TEENAGERS DO NOT OPPOSE RESTRICTIONS PY - 1984/06/09 VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - 7 p. AB - This special issue of Status Report highlights the initial findings of a new, nationwide survey of high school students' views on a number of topics related to driving, including how restrictions--particularly curfew laws and delayed licensure age--affect decisions to obtain licenses, driving amounts and times, and general lifestyles (e.g., ability to hold jobs, attend social activities). The survey results are in some cases surprising, and they have important implications for the consideration of driving restrictions in all states. KW - Curfew KW - Data collection KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver restriction KW - Fatalities KW - High schools KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Students KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic delays UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1910.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452176 AU - Hidlebaugh, T A AU - Richman, L A AU - Ebon Research Systems AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTIVATION OF RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE AMONG SPECIFIC TARGET GROUPS OF DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS PY - 1984/06/06 SP - 99 p. AB - A series of motivational materials were developed for use with four specific target groups: (1) Parents of children under age 5; (2) Predrivers, ages 12 to 16; (3) Teenage drivers and passengers, ages 16 to 19; and (4) High risk transitional male drivers, ages 19 to 24. Both print and oral materials were developed for use with these target groups. Some materials are applicable to more than one group, and many may be used in combination. The materials included the following: (1) Prenatal/Parenting Class Presentation; (2) Pamphlet for parents, "If You Love Me"; (3) Pamphlet for Parents from physicians, "Your Physician Cares"; (4) "Talking Points" for health care professionals; (5) Predriver discussion presentation; (6) Skits for teens; (7) Pamphlet, "On or Off the Field" for predrivers, teens, and high risk drivers; (8) Mailing insert, "Let's Get It On" for teens and high risk drivers; (9) "Teen Talk" presentation for teenagers; and (10) Talk Show for all groups with primary emphasis for high risk drivers. Concepts based on a previous study were utilized in creating effective messages and approaches identified as applicable for each target group. These materials may be used within networks for each target group. KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Information dissemination KW - Knowledge KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392232 JO - AutoWeek PB - Crain Automotive Group AU - Lankard, T AU - Crain Consumer Group TI - FORD GETS SUED OVER AIR BAG IT DIDN'T HAVE PY - 1984/06/04 VL - 34 IS - 23 SP - p. 18 AB - This article relates a law suit charging the Ford Motor Company with "the design, manufacture and/or assembly" of a vehicle "in a defective condition because of the lack of structural integrity of the passenger compartment and front end (and) due to the failure... to provide and/or offer air bags as a passive restraint. The suit was settled out of court, and the evidence gathered by the plaintiff's attorney was sealed by the judge at Ford's request. KW - Air bags KW - Evidence KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Legal action KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Passive restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490307 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Institute of Standards and Technology TI - TESTING OF POLICE TRAFFIC RADAR DEVICES TO THE MODEL PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLICE TRAFFIC RADAR DEVICES. VOLUME II. TEST DATA PY - 1984/06 SP - v.p. AB - This is the second to two documents prepared to present the results of the police traffic radar testing program. Twenty four radar devices were tested for conformance to the minimum requirements of the Model Specifications for Police Traffic Radar Devices. This volume reports test data for each of the 24 radar devices tested. The Model Performance Specifications for Police Traffic Radar Devices used for this testing program were developed by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards. Details of the testing laboratories and the test reports are summarized. Radar device identification and test results are tabulated. KW - Performance KW - Police traffic services KW - Radar devices KW - Specifications KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300001 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495689 JO - Highway Safety Facts PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - LARGE TRUCKS IN FATAL ACCIDENTS PY - 1984/06 SP - 6 p. AB - This note describes the role of large trucks in fatal accidents. Most results are based on data from the 1983 Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) file. Large trucks are defined as all trucks weighing 26,000 lbs. or more and all "cab only" units. An estimated 4,150 large trucks were involved in 3,930 fatal accidents during 1983. In these accidents, 4,700 persons died: 800 were occupants of large trucks, 468 were either pedestrians or bicyclists, and 3,432 were occupants of other vehicles, mostly passenger vehicles. Further statistics are presented by location of these accidents (Interstate, U.S. Routes, State Routes, or County & Local), single vehicle accidents, multivehicle accidents, posted speed limit, time of day, nonoccupant fatalities, point of impact (front, side, rear, or other), and driver fatalities by type of vehicle in collisions with large trucks. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Location KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490322 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - REPORT OF THE THIRD ANNUAL STOP-DWI CONFERENCE. NIAGARA HOTEL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, MAY 16-18, 1984 PY - 1984/06 SP - 97 p. AB - This is a report of the successfull Third Annual Conference, the theme of which was "Maintaining Momentum." The theme was chosen as an expression of the dedication to retain the successes of the first two years of program activity. During these years, alcohol-related accidents were at an all time low. Participation in the Conference was expanded to include not only New York but New Jersey, Massachusetts, Ohio, Vermont and Pennsylvania as well as Ontario and Quebec. The Conference was designed to serve as a forum on problems and achievements of all the jurisdictions including issues such as the 21-year purchase age and border crossings. KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452239 AU - Wilson, R J AU - Transport Canada TI - A NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1984/06 SP - 150 p. AB - The methodology is detailed, the results are discussed, and the conclusions and recommendations are presented of a survey to obtain normative data on Canadian drivers, to identify predictors, of impaired driving, to suggest approaches to countermeasure development, and to assess attitudes toward proposed amendments to the Criminal Code on impaired driving by the Department of Justice. The results indicate that Canadian drivers are highly concerned about impaired driving although this finding might be somewhat biased by social desirability. They also view impaired driving as a relatively serious crime, approximately equal in seriousness to arson and assault. Multivariate analysis were performed to predict drink-driving and impaired driving. The single best predictor of both criteria was alcohol consumption, followed by a negative attitude toward DWI enforcement. A number of recommendations are presented which relate to the following: increased enforcement; increased spot-check programs; educational countermeasures directed toward young persons; implementation and evaluation of alternate sanctions to jail sentences such as community service orders. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Forecasting KW - Households KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Line relocation KW - Lines of track KW - Penalties KW - Recommendations KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Safety programs KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452198 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NHTSA MODIFIED VOLKSWAGEN RABBITS MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1977 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 45.8 MPH PY - 1984/06 SP - v.p. AB - This test report documents the repeat of a crash test conducted under NHTSA Contract DTNH22-82-A-08401, Task Order SRL 26 entitled "Side Impact Evaluation", the purpose of which was to evaluate the NHTSA's Modified Volkswagen Rabbits. Testing was conducted on a 1977 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback with structural modification designated as Optimized at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 19 deg, at 45.8 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was May 29, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 50 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399245 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Siegel, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL/SAFETY PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG NUMBER 8 PY - 1984/06 SP - 154 p. AB - The Alcohol/Safety Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on alcohol and highway safety. It lists materials produced for campaigns along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Catalogs KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214664 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396502 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - COMBUSTION MODELLING IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1984/06 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - The modelling techniques available for the simulation of engine combustion are described. Combined with the recent publication of CAD techniques for predicting the performance of other engine systems, the work indicates how such combustion modelling can assist in the computer design analysis of a complete engine. KW - Combustion KW - Computer aided design KW - Engine performance KW - Simulation KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396900 AU - MACDONALD, W A AU - Hoffmann, E R AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - DRIVERS' AWARENESS OF TRAFFIC SIGN INFORMATION PY - 1984/06 SP - 88 p. AB - Field and laboratory experiments were carried out to validate a method of measuring drivers' level of awareness of traffic sign information under normal driving conditions. The reliability and sensitivity of the experimental measure (RSI-the level of reported sign information) were sufficient to show significant effects of factors such as type of sign, sign "action potential", sign background complexity and sign conspicuity; the dominant factor was sign action potential. Inexperienced drivers exhibited a significantly higher level of RSI (mean of .39) than experienced drivers (mean of .26). Sign legibility was poorer in the laboratory and this significantly decreased the level of RSI for verbal signs, relative to field levels of RSI. Also, the effects of sign conspicuity were greater in the laboratory. Nevertheless, there was a high level of agreement between laboratory and field results, both in absolute levels of RSI and in the patterns of influence of the various independent variables. Future use of the laboratory method is recommended. KW - Awareness KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Legibility KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396894 AU - General Electric Corporate Research & Development AU - Department of Energy AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory TI - HYBRID VEHICLE PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - n.p. AB - This report summarizes the activities on the Hybrid Vehicle Program. The program objectives and the vehicle specifications are reviewed. The Hybrid Vehicle has been designed so that maximum use can be made of existing production components with a minimum compromise to program goals. This report presents the program status as of the February 9-10 Hardware Test Review and includes discussions of the vehicle subsystem, the hybrid propulsion subsystem, the battery subsystem, and the test mule programs. Other program aspects included are quality assurance and support equipment. KW - Electric batteries KW - Energy conservation KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Quality assurance KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215980 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396503 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - INDEPENDENT TRANSPORTATION FOR THE PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED PY - 1984/06 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - p. 39-41 AB - As the physically handicapped population has increased, society has become more responsive to the integration of these groups into the social mainstream. This integration has been made possible in part by the efforts of design professionals. Designers have already demonstrated their responsibility by creating products and environmental spaces which have eliminated many of the barriers encountered in the everyday lives of the handicapped. KW - Adaptive equipment (Disabled persons) KW - Critical approach speed KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Persons with disabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217669 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396504 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - ALTERNATIVE TO GASOLINE ENGINES PY - 1984/06 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - p. 78-79 AB - General Motor's current alternative power plant development programs involving the electric vehicle, the gas turbine, and the stratified charge engine are summarized in this article. GM continues work on a 2-passenger, commuter-type electric vehicle powered by a zinc-nickel oxide battery pack which provides electrical power to a direct-current motor equipped with solid state controls. The critical problem in this program is the battery and so far not all battery performance targets have been met. The majority of GM's current gas turbine development work is being conducted with a 85.75 kw, 150 kg engine. A smaller turbine under development is rated at 45 kw and has an estimated weight of 125 kg. The gas turbine engine has many advantages (can operate on a variety of fuels; has low emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen), but a major draw back is its low fuel economy. In 1981 GM demonstrated a turbine engine fueled by powdered coal. Although it has been shown that powdered coal can successfully power a turbine engine, more developmental work needs to be done before such an engine could become a reality. Currently, GM is also studying two direct-injection stratified charge (DISC) concepts--an early injection version and a late injection version, both of which show potential for a fuel efficiency rivalling that of today's passenger car diesel engine. Ford's latest project is an AFV (alternative fuel vehicle) which operates on methane, ethanol or methanol. Ford's development of a propane option for heavy and medium duty trucks and an R&D program on plastic engines by its Special Vehicle Operations (SVO) are also briefly described. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Development KW - Direct injection engines KW - Electric vehicles KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Gas turbines KW - Gasoline engines KW - Plastic engines KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Turbine engines KW - Zinc nickel oxide batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396525 AU - Shelton, E M AU - National Institute for Petroleum & Energy Research AU - American Petroleum Institute AU - Department of Energy TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, 1983-84 PY - 1984/06 SP - 61 p. AB - Analytical data for 1,795 samples of motor gasoline were collected from service stations throughout the country and were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, chemical companies, and research institutes. The data were submitted to the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Oklahoma for study, necessary calculations, and compilation under a cooperative agreement between the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). The samples represent the products of 72 companies, large and small, which manufacture and supply gasoline. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts into which the country is divided. A map included in this report shows marketing areas, districts, and sampling locations. The report also includes charts indicating the trends of selected properties of motor fuels since 1959. Twelve octane distribution percent charts for areas 1,2,3, and 4 for unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 90.0, unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 90.0 and above, and leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 93.0 grades of gasoline are presented in this report. The antiknock (octane) index (R+M)/2 averages of gasoline sold in this country were 87.3 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.3 for unleaded 90.0 and above, and 88.8 for leaded below 93.0 grades of gasoline. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Chemical analysis KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Marketing KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Sampling KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396604 AU - Lacey, J H AU - POPKIN, C L AU - Stewart, J R AU - Rodgman, E A AU - Havener, T N AU - Jones, D E AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE NORTH CAROLINA SAFE ROADS ACT OF 1983. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 21 p. AB - In June, 1983, the North Carolina General Assembly enacted the Safe Roads Act which made sweeping revisions to North Carolina's drunk driving law. It was intended to deter persons from Driving While Impaired (DWI) by imposing more certain and uniformly severe sanctions on those arrested for and convicted of DWI. This paper is a summary of findings of a preliminary study of the impact of the new law on various aspects of the DWI control system and of its impact on highway safety. Two potential problem areas in the implementation of the new law became apparent during the study: First, mandatory jail terms, which are often served on weekends, may lead to potential jail overcrowding on weekends; and second, the more complex and lengthy paperwork associated with processing cases through the court system is taxing the manpower resources of Clerks of Court. KW - Arrests KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - North Carolina KW - Sanctions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396507 AU - Stein, H AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - FLEET EXPERIENCE WITH DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES--PRELIMINARY RESULTS PY - 1984/06 SP - 26 p. AB - Past research in Canada, Finland, Sweden and the United States has indicated that daytime running lights (DRLs)--lights on during daylight hours--can reduce the frequency of daytime multiple vehicle crashes. In this study, over 2,000 passenger cars, vans, and pickup trucks in three fleets were modified to operate with DRLs. An inexpensive relay was installed on these vehicles to automatically turn on their front parking lights and rear tail lights with vehicle ignition. In addition, a bulb with a substantially higher intensity minor filament was installed in the front parking light. The crash experience of these vehicles was compared to similar but unmodified vehicles in the fleets. Preliminary results indicate that the daytime multiple vehicle crash rate, relevant to DRL, was 22 percent lower for the modified vehicles. Also, daytime multiple vehicle crashes were a smaller percentage of all of the crashes of modified vehicles than of standard vehicles. Right-angle crashes were most affected for passenger cars; and crashes of vehicles traveling in the same direction were most affected for vans and pickups. Nonequipped standard vehicles were also more often struck in multiple vehicle collisions than were DRL vehicles indicating another benefit of the increased conspicuity of the DRL-equipped vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Days KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Running lights KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214048 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395825 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Alexander, R H AU - Pons, P T AU - Krischer, J AU - HUNT, P AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE EFFECT OF ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT AND SOPHISTICATED HOSPITAL SYSTEMS ON MOTOR VEHICLE MORTALITY PY - 1984/06 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 486-490 AB - A mileage population death index (MPDI) was devised to compare the death rate from motor vehicle trauma in Florida counties. The MPDI was defined as the average death rate per one hundred million miles driven divided by the population of the particular county times 100,000. The resultant MPDI was correlated with the presence in a county of basic life support only and advanced life support. In addition, counties with large metropolitan hospitals which might possibly classify as Level I institutions were compared with other counties. A low MPDI was found to be highly correlated with the presence of an ALS system (p=0.001). Counties with hospitals which might qualify as Level I also had a significantly lower MPDI (p=0.04). We conclude that the presence of advanced life support and a sophisticated hospital is correlated with a significantly lower motor vehicle mortality. KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Hospitals KW - Life support systems KW - Mortality KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395014 AU - Williams, A F AU - Preusser, D F AU - LUND, A K AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - TEENAGE DRIVER LICENSING IN RELATION TO STATE LAWS PY - 1984/06 SP - 30 p. AB - Previous studies have shown that delaying licensure reduces motor vehicle injuries. This study examined the relationship between licensing laws and the timing of obtaining drivers licenses. The states studied have various laws, including minimum licensing ages of 15, 16, and 17; minimum learners permit ages of 15 and 16; and teenage night driving curfews. A questionnaire survey of 52,304 students was conducted in 75 high schools during the spring of 1983. The schools were selected from Orange County, California; rural Colorado; and most or all of Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, and New York. The results indicated that the minimum age of licensure has obvious strong effects in delaying licensure. Setting the learners permit age later also apparently delays licensure. The night driving curfew in New York State (9 p.m. - 5 a.m.) is seen by students as a factor in their decisions to delay obtaining licenses; Louisiana's 11 p.m. - 5 a.m. curfew has a much smaller effect, if any. KW - Age KW - California KW - Colorado KW - Curfew KW - Data collection KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving KW - Graduated licensing KW - Laws KW - Louisiana KW - Michigan KW - Mississippi KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Night driving KW - Permits KW - Questionnaires KW - Regulation KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395000 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Thien, WMA AU - ROGMANS, WHJ AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - TESTING CHILD RESISTANT PACKAGING FOR ACCESS BY INFANTS AND THE ELDERLY PY - 1984/06 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 185-190 AB - Accidental poisoning of young children by household products and medicines remains a serious problem in many countries. Child resistant packaging, i.e. packages of which the opening and closing mechanism requires manipulation and/or forces beyond the limits of children's exertions, has been developed to counter this problem. It is important to standardise field trials of such packaging to ensure adequate protection for the population at risk (the inquisitive and ingenious youngsters), while permitting access by adults. Testing variables which were studied were the age boundaries of the child panel and of the adult panel. Tests were conducted on four types of child resistant reclosable containers; two of the push-and-turn type, two of the squeeze-and-turn type. Inclusion of children between 24 and 41 months old in the test panel did not significantly affect the proportion of subjects who were able to gain access to the containers. However, the inclusion of adults, in the age-range 60-75 yr, in the test was found to provide the best safeguard against overcomplex and difficult packaging coming on to the market. Any standardised tests need to take into account the finding that in a testing situation most of the children between 42 and 51 months do not use their teeth. In normal situations nevertheless, children of one-two years old, the age group in which most of the poisoning accidents happen, frequently resort to using their teeth when they are unable to open containers by hand. KW - Packaging KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394997 AU - BRINDLE, R E AU - ARRB Group Limited AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - TOWN PLANNING AND ROAD SAFETY. A REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND PRACTICE PY - 1984/06 SP - 88 p. AB - This is the Final Report of a project (IRRD No. 605759) which involved a critical review of Australian and overseas urban planning practice aimed at road safety improvements, based on direct contact with urban local government authorities and planning bodies and an extensive literature search. The Report summarises the sources of information, then outlines the recommended planning practices found in key Australian, Swedish and South African guidelines. The extent of actual application of these principles is then discussed. The effectiveness of the measures was of principal interest, and so reports of monitoring and evaluation were particularly sought. It became evident that there is much opinion on this subject, less real action, and very little proof or demonstrated justification. It was concluded that there are opportunities for reductions in accidents through the more familiar planning measures (town centre pedestrian schemes, urban structure plans, the introduction of segregated bicycle routes into existing cities, etc), but these are limited or are unlikely to be cost-effective in the Australian context. However, there is scope for significant improvement to safety in local areas, where up to one third of urban casualties occur and planning action can have a direct influence. Research is recommended to obtain basic information on the nature and geographic distribution of accidents, and the potential for town planning countermeasures. Other specific studies are suggested. A bibliography is included, and several more detailed background reports are referred to. KW - Australia KW - Bibliographies KW - City planning KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - South Africa KW - State of the art studies KW - Sweden KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394315 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Siegel, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG NUMBER 6 PY - 1984/06 SP - 116 p. AB - The "Occupant Protection Public Information Materials Catalog" is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on adult and child restraint systems. It lists materials produced for campaigns, along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Catalogs KW - Child restraint systems KW - Documents KW - Information dissemination KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Publications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394303 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW TO PLAN A COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY OCCUPANT PROTECTION PROGRAM PY - 1984/06 SP - 47 p. AB - This document, designed to help community organizations in planning a comprehensive occupant protection program, outlines a suggested series of steps to be taken in the process from the time of defining community need, through the development of a written plan of action which documents the support, commitment, and programs of various sectors of the community, including its community leaders, agencies, and organizations. It also covers goal and objective development, and contains sample program and evaluation plans that may be helpful in plan development. KW - Communities KW - Community action programs KW - Community support KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Planning KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212369 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394999 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Hedlund, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - COMMENTS ON HAUER'S APPROACH TO STATISTICAL INFERENCE PY - 1984/06 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - p. 163-166 AB - Hauer's ideas on the proper use of statistical inference in safety countermeasure evaluation are discussed and some problems are pointed out. In two interesting papers (1983a, 1983b) Professor Hauer sets out and illustrates his firm ideas on the proper use of statistics in evaluating highway safety countermeasures. The first paper argues against the routine application of classical hypothesis testing methods and recommends instead that a Bayesian approach using the likelihood function be adopted. The second paper illustrates his approach through the analysis of alcohol program data. Hauer's methods seem to raise as many questions as they answer. These comments suggest some difficulties with his approach. KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395352 JO - NATIONAL SHERIFF AU - Searcy, B AU - National Sheriffs' Association TI - POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES. THE FUTURE IS NOW PY - 1984/06 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - p. 54-57 AB - Following a brief review of motor vehicle accident fatality statistics, this article discusses the current importance and magnitude of police traffic services (PTS) in the national highway safety program. PTS projects comprise the single largest component of state Highway Safety Plans (HSPs). In fiscal year 1983 HSPs accounted for approximately 65 percent of all federal highway safety dollars. A discussion of barriers to the implementation and continued application of basic PTS measures is followed by a discussion of the substantial impediments faced by the law enforcement manager in trying to achieve long range success in the PTS area. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the Police Traffic Services Division of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has begun implementing a long range plan for encouraging and assisting management improvements in PTS. KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Police traffic services KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395304 AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Stein, H AU - Shapiro, S AU - TARNOFF, P AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - PRC Voorhees Company TI - THE EFFECT OF SIGNAL TIMING ON TRAFFIC FLOW AND CRASHES AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1984/06 SP - 29 p. AB - The relationship of the timing of the traffic signal clearance intervals (yellow phase plus red in all directions) to traffic flow, and crash rates at signalized intersections was examined. Specially designed traffic data logging devices provided data on the presence and speed of vehicles, and signal timing for 91 signalized intersections throughout the United States. Results showed that intersections with more adequate clearance intervals had substantially fewer rear-end and right-angle crashes than those with less adequate clearance intervals. The observed flow of traffic through the intersections after yellow onset was largely unaffected by variation in the lengths of clearance intervals, thus the proportion of drivers exposed to cross-street traffic decreased as the clearance interval lengths increased. Ideally, clearance intervals should be long enough to allow slower traffic approaching the intersection to cross before the cross-street traffic starts. However of the intersections in this study, the group with the highest average crash rate also had the slowest average crossing speeds, the widest cross streets, and the shortest and least adequate clearance intervals. Crash increases associated with deficient clearance intervals may be caused by abrupt stops by drivers who are reluctant to traverse wide cross streets with traffic waiting to start-up and by vehicles unable to clear the intersection under cross-street red protection. KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Crash rates KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395307 AU - LUND, A K AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DRIVER RECORDS AND CRASH PREDICTION PY - 1984/06 SP - 4 p. AB - No method currently exists to predict with accuracy the crash involvement of individuals, even when crash records are augmented by other variables such as age and sex. As mentioned earlier, one factor in this low level of predictability is the huge variation in police accident reporting procedures. However, even with better measures of crash experience, the predictive accuracy for individuals would remain low. Some researchers have suggested that even the best predictive variables theoretically could explain no more than 10 to 15 percent of the variation in three-year crash experience because of the large size of the random component in individual crash likelihood. This is not to say that there are not identifiable groups of drivers with elevated crash risk. Problem drivers with very deviant records are several times more likely to crash than other drivers, and barring them from driving will eliminate some crashes. However, these people account for such a small segment of the problem that preventing them from driving can have little direct effect on overall crash totals. Thus, for actions such as license suspension or revocation to be effective in reducing highway crashes, they must serve as effective deterrents to other drivers. Whether they are effective as deterrents has yet to be determined. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Deterrents KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver records KW - Forecasting KW - Problem drivers KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394215 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES COLLISION COVERAGES. INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1984 MODELS PY - 1984/06 SP - 25 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results of the collision coverage loss experience of 1984 model year passenger cars during their first months of availability. The principal findings are as follows: 1984 models continue to show large variations in collision loss experience among individual cars. Claim frequencies ranged from 5.1 to 17.3 claims per 100 insured vehicle years, average loss payments per claim were from about $1,000 to more than $2,200, and average loss payments per insured vehicle year were from less than $60 to nearly $350; Even among cars of the same size class and body style, there were large variations in the collision coverage loss experience of individual vehicle series; and Small sports and specialty models had the worst collision coverage loss results and station wagons the best. Generally, four-door models had better results than corresponding two-door models and bigger cars had better results than smaller ones. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Compact automobiles KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Small car KW - Sports cars KW - Station wagons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394218 AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - USER-SIDE SUBSIDIES FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED IN LAWRENCE, MASSACHUSETTS PY - 1984/06 SP - 218 p. AB - Funding provided by the Service and Methods Demonstration (SMD) Program of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, was used to subsidize the bus, taxicab, and wheelchair lift-equipped van travel of elderly and handicapped residents of Lawrence, Massachusetts, in a program that began in July 1978. Eligible persons registering for the program could buy tickets that allowed them to make a cab journey at half the normal fare, or to ride the bus for one cent instead of the fifteen-cent fare paid by elderly non-participants in the program. Most of the subsidized lift-equipped van rides cost participants $2.50, one-third of the price billed by the service provider. The program produced positive outcomes for the people registering for it as well as for the taxi industry. Project use grew steadily from the outset and resulted in modest increases in mobility for the registrants, who tended to come from the most mobility-disadvantaged segments of the eligible population. The taxicab element of the program was continued under local sponsorship after the termination of demonstration funding. The lift-equipped van element was terminated during the demonstration by the withdrawal of the single service provider, but was reinstated in the post-demonstration phase under local sponsorship. The bus element of the program was not continued beyond the cessation of federal funding, largely because of administrative and institutional considerations. KW - Aged KW - Bus transportation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Mobility KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Taxicabs KW - User side subsidies KW - Vans KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393640 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - KVALSETH, T O AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE INTERACTION OF DRIVING SPEED, STEERING DIFFICULTY AND LATERAL TOLERANCE: SOME COMMENTS PY - 1984/06 VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - p. 701-703 AB - In the recent paper by Bottoms (1983), some information-theory notions were used during the modelling of the task of driving an agricultural tractor. While the contribution of the paper and its principal findings are not questioned, the inappropriate use of information theory is discussed in the present note. KW - Driving KW - Information theory KW - Lateral movement KW - Mathematical models KW - Speed KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211722 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393639 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Croisant, P T AU - Boileau, R A AU - Taylor & Francis TI - EFFECT OF PEDAL RATE, BRAKE LOAD AND POWER ON METABOLIC RESPONSES TO BICYCLE ERGOMETER WORK PY - 1984/06 VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - p. 691-700 AB - In earlier investigations of the energy cost of bicycle ergometer work, pedal rate and brake load have been varied simultaneously while maintaining a constant power, thus confounding the effects of these factors. A two-way factorial design was used to isolate the effects of rate and load upon metabolic responses during ergometer work while also determining any interaction of effects (a power effect). Nine men performed bicycle ergometer tests at five pedal rates (20-100 r.p.m.) with five brake loads at each rate (0-4 kp). Steady-state V02 was found to be a quadratic function of pedal rate when brake load was held constant, and to be a quadratic function of brake load when pedal rate was held constant. There was a significant interaction between the effects of rate and load which resulted in a shifting of the most efficient rate-load combination as the power changed. Significant differences (10-29%) were found between rate-load combinations at a constant power. It was concluded that the energy cost of bicycle ergometer work is not linearly related to the work output, but rather depends on the rate and force with which the work is accomplished. KW - Braking KW - Cyclists KW - Energy consumption KW - Ergonomics KW - Interaction KW - Loads KW - Metabolism KW - Pedalling KW - Rates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211721 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393625 JO - Transportation Research Part B: Methodological PB - Elsevier AU - Rogers, K J AU - TRAYFORD, R S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - GRADE MEASUREMENT WITH AN INSTRUMENTED CAR PY - 1984/06 VL - 18B IS - 3 SP - p. 247-254 AB - Grade information may be needed for route surveys and is important when fuel consumption is studied. An instrumented car was used to measure acceleration along the road surface by double differentiating accumulated pulses generated off the drive train. A second acceleration measure included the component due to gravity relative to the car body. The difference between these acceleration measures contains grade information but is also influenced by suspension dynamics and pitch of the car body. The effect of suspension dynamics was removed by filtering which limited the minimum wavelength to 160m. The effect of pitch was removed by a correction based on acceleration, jerk and the square of vehicle speed. The correction was computed from data collected on a level airfield runway. The method is verified for a high capacity arterial road. Grade is measured to within 0.001 rad (95% confidence limits). Elevation derived from the grade data was consistent with road construction drawings to the same limits. KW - Arterial highways KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Grade profile KW - Measurement KW - Route surveying KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393083 AU - American Association of Retired Persons AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFE RIDES FOR LONG LIVES. LEADER'S GUIDE PY - 1984/06 SP - 29 p. AB - The "Safe Rides for Long Lives" program was designed to encourage older adults to wear safety belts. Thirty-four million registered drivers are age 55 and over; that is 24 percent of all drivers. In general, they are safe drivers. However, the years and miles of accident-free driving have created a false sense of security. Too many believe "It can't happen to me." Yet, all too often, unbelted older adults are the victims of traffic accidents. Almost 20 percent of motor vehicle fatalities are persons 55 and older. Each year more than 25,000 older drivers and passengers suffer serious injuries needlessly. "Safe Rides for Long Lives" exposes the myths and fallacies people believe and provides facts that are difficult to ignore. The message is "Buckle up for yourself and those you love." The program features an 11 minute 35mm slide presentation with cassette tape. It is accompanied by this Leader's Guide, the Automobile Safety Belt Fact Book, reproducible handouts for participants and a participant brochure. KW - Aged drivers KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208013 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392275 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Fast, C AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - A MISLEADING SAFETY RECORD PY - 1984/06 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - School bus safety is reviewed and reasons are given why large buses should have seat belts. Although school buses have a good safety record, it would be misleading to claim that they are the safest vehicles on the road. It is noted that 50% of all fatal school bus accidents occur on field trips. School bus deaths have been dramatically reduced by their increased structural integrity since the implementation of the 1977 federal standards. However, it is the seat belt that is responsible for the reduction of thousands of injuries. Also, it is noted, the school years are the best time to educate children to wear seat belts. For over 30 years, scientists have known the dual value of seat belts on school buses: for injury protection, and for training in the habitual use of seat belts. Collision tests with school buses conducted during 16 years establish the value of passenger protection of lap belts when used with the high back seats. Certain facts regarding seat belts are listed. These relate to the cost of seat belts, their usage rate, insurance, driver responsibility, and the establishment of standards for seat belts. KW - Children KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - School buses KW - Standards KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210899 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392276 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - YEAGER, A AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - THE MEDICAL CASE FOR SEAT BELTS ON SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1984/06 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - It is the opinion of physicians that school buses should have seat belts. Although the seats on older buses were not able to support seat belts, research has shown that seat belts attached to the better anchored, higher back, well-padded seat would provide substantial additional protection to the child passengers. Either by misunderstanding or by design, many recent studies are being misquoted and have contributed to the misinformation currently being circulated to oppose the installation of seat belts in school buses. Legislation requiring seat belts on newly manufactured school buses is being supported by physicians. Retrofitting of school buses is not recommended. KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Physicians KW - Research KW - Retrofitting KW - School buses KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392262 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - EVALUATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE RECORDS AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON DRIVER ACCIDENTS AND CONVICTIONS PY - 1984/06 SP - 90 p. AB - The adequacy of state motor vehicle records (MVR) as a source of information about the driving performance of individual motorists was measured in a study of a sample of 30,000 auto accidents drawn from the claim files of 66 participating insurance companies in 37 states. The selection procedures are described, as are also, the scope of the research, methodology, and the weighting of data. The findings are presented regarding variation in accident reporting by type of accident, and the effect of accident severity on reporting. State variations in recording accidents, the effects of rules governing accident reporting and posting of information on MVRs are discussed. The impact of law enforcement activity on accident reporting and conviction rates (state variations in police arrival; insurer information on police arrival and tickets issued; state variations in tickets issued and conviction rates; variations in accidents, tickets and convictions by police) is covered. Analysis of other factors that might affect accident reporting and motor vehicle record keeping in states not included in the MVR system are also discussed. KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Driver performance KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Police KW - Tickets KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207373 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392269 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - WINTER, D AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - MACHINE VISION: HOT NEW TECHNOLOGY GIVES U.S. AUTOMAKERS AN EDGE PY - 1984/06 VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 3 p. AB - Computerized vision-imaging systems are being used to perform a multitude of tasks in the automotive manufacturing process. They are making robots "see" and inspecting parts faster and more precisely than any human ever could. Hundreds of machine vision systems are already in place at auto manufacturing facilities around the world, and the U.S. Big Three in particular vow to double applications in the next several years. Among reasons for their eagerness are: better process control, defect inspection at increased rates, robot guidance, inspection compatible with new production techniques, and the falling price along with greater accuracy of machine vision compared to human labor. KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Inspection KW - Machine vision KW - Manufacturing KW - Process control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210895 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392267 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE BAR CODES TAKE OFF PY - 1984/06 VL - 164 IS - 6 SP - p. 57-59 AB - Bar codes are being used in the auto industry now and their rate of use is expected to increase tremendously in the coming years. The Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) Bar Code Project Team is spearheading the industry's greatly expanded thrust into bar coding by slowly and methodically getting industry agreement on several bar code items. A standard label has tentatively been approved by this project team. The bar coding system will involve suppliers as well as the auto companies and will offer a variety of benefits. KW - Automobile industry KW - Bar codes KW - Benefits KW - Labeling KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210893 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392771 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - COMPUTERISED CARS PY - 1984/06 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - p. 6-11 AB - This article focuses on the latest developments in automobile electronics. These developments are causing dramatic changes in automobile design, both interior and exterior. Reviewed here are Ford's Continental Concept 100, Buick's Quester and General Motors Aero 2000. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronic equipment KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Information processing KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392773 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Loring, M AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - MOTORISTS VS. LIVESTOCK. WHO'S TO BLAME IN CASE OF A COLLISION? PY - 1984/06 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - p. 148-149 AB - Every year numerous accidents involving motor vehicles and straying livestock occurs on the highways in California. One key question in such accidents concerns the responsibilities of the motorist and the livestock owner for damages and injuries. An accident between a motor vehicle and livestock is covered in the California Agricultural Code providing no presumption or inference of negligence on behalf of the owner or the person in possession of such livestock. Thus, in California as in many other states, it may be necessary for the motorist to show that the animal owner was negligent in allowing his livestock to stray. This article covers a number of ways the motorist and/or passenger can show the court that the livestock owner was negligent. KW - California KW - Legal responsibility KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Livestock KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Negligence KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392274 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - QUEST FOR SAFETY PY - 1984/06 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This abridgement of a presentation made at the National PTA Legislative Conference, Washington, D.C. in March 1984, examines the issues of school bus safety and seat belts, and suggests that money for seat belts could be better spent in other areas. The history of the establishment of standards for the construction and operation of school buses is briefly reviewed. Early tests revealed that seat structures contributed the greatest to passenger injuries. Both belted and unbelted passengers were severely injured. Subsequent research and testing revealed that a high-back, well-padded, properly spaced seat would provide adequate passenger protection without the use of seat belts. Thus, there has been a reduction in fatalities inside the bus since such seats were installed in 1977. Body strength and protection for school buses have further been achieved through the NHTSA regulation FMVSS 220, "Body Rollover Protection", and FMVSS 221, Bus Body Joint Strength". A case is described where a 1983 model school bus overturned and reports indicated that pupils in certain seats could not have survived had they been belted to the seat. The 121 Brake Standard is quoted as an example of a standard adverse to both the safety and economy of the school bus. A plea is made that interested parties weigh all evidence before insisting upon expenditure of millions of dollars for seat belts. Areas in school bus safety which require attention are listed: bus operator training; pupil safety training; elimination of traffic hazards on school bus routes; conviction of motorists who pass school buses; extending school bus services; vehicle inspection and maintenance. KW - Brakes KW - Driver training KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Injuries KW - Inspection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passengers KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392772 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CHP SMASHES BUMP-AND-SUE RING PY - 1984/06 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - p. 56-61 AB - This article relates the CHP's crackdown on auto crash fakers and related auto insurance fraud. This crackdown has been successful in winning convictions of several big shots in the alleged conspiracy in Southern California and now two major insurance companies, State Farm Mutual and Allstate are sueing them under federal racketeering laws. The article also tells how the CHP's MAIT (Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Team) sometimes help prove that a car accident was, in fact, murder. KW - Convictions KW - Crash investigation KW - Crimes KW - Fraud KW - Insurance industry KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Police KW - Racketeering KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392277 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - COMEAU, L F AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SCHOOL BUS SAFETY: THE NEXT STEP PY - 1984/06 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - p. 28-29 AB - Although death and injury statistics are declining dramatically, the question is asked if more can be done to improve the record. Studies show that school bus driver training programs have contributed to the significant drop in school bus accidents. However, examination of current fatalities indicate a need for alternative safety education programs, or a greater emphasis on current programs. The application of management theories to this problem is considered. Strong commitment to objectives on the part of all who are involved, the rewards of success, and a capacity to exercise creativity in the solution of problems are emphasized. KW - Driver training KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Safety education KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210901 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392252 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - BRAKING IS A "10" PY - 1984/06 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-12 AB - This short article focuses on motorcycle braking which is a critical skill, basic to one's chance of survival. You must learn so use both brakes at the same time and the best way to learn proper braking is in a class under the close supervision of a qualified instructor. Furthermore, you should practice braking skills every month, with at least one other person around in case you dump the motorcycle and get hurt. KW - Braking KW - Braking performance KW - Driver education KW - Motorcyclists KW - Skidding KW - Wheel lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392253 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Alsup, T S AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - HOW I BECAME ONE OF THEM PY - 1984/06 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-9 AB - Lieutenant Alsup describes how he became an accident statistic--even though he considers himself a good driver: he was on vacation with his brother, drove a bit too fast and too long, and was fatigued. There were no serious injuries but it took a week to fix the car. Now, he does not push himself so hard! KW - Crash causes KW - Crash victims KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Psychological aspects KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Turn signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210884 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392256 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ALL-SEASONS COOLANT PY - 1984/06 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-27 AB - After explaining the need for a good cooling system and how it works, this article focuses on cooling system maintenance. Twenty-six photos illustrate the step-by-step maintenance program. KW - Automobiles KW - Coolants KW - Cooling systems KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392250 JO - Modern Tire Dealer PB - Bill Communications (Akron) Incorporated AU - Orme, T AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - NHTSA GIVES APPROVAL TO COMPUTERIZED REGISTRATION PY - 1984/06 VL - 65 IS - 7 SP - 2 p. AB - Applying principles of "equitable interpretation," the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has agreed to allow independent tire dealers to use computer registration to meet the requirements of the February 3, 1984, final rule on voluntary tire registration. This means that an independent dealer or distributor who (1) registers tires by computer; (2) attaches a computer-printed invoice containing all the information necessary for registration to a blank, standardized registration form; and (3) furnishes the two documents to the customer when the tires are purchased; fully satisfies the tire registration amendment. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Federal government KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Grading (By size) KW - Information processing KW - Registrations KW - Regulations KW - Tires KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210881 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392230 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gordon, D A AU - McGee, H W AU - Hooper, K G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS IMPACTING HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATIONS PY - 1984/06 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-16 AB - Highway design standards should be reviewed periodically and modified as necessary to reflect changing highway conditions and findings from research on driver behavior. Recently, smaller and lighter vehicles have become prevalent on the road. Also, a larger proportion of women and older persons are driving. Female drivers now comprise approximately 50 percent of licensed drivers, and because women generally are shorter than men, the change in the composite eye height distribution may affect highway design standards. The percentage of drivers 60 years and older has increased during the past 40 years from 5 to over 15 percent. Because older drivers, tend to react more slowly than younger drivers, requirements for sight distance at intersections and railroad crossings may have to be increased. Older drivers also tend to have poor night vision, implying a need for increased night luminance of overhead guide signs. This article discusses the findings and recommendations of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study to analyze the driver components of highway design standards. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Behavior KW - Design standards KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Night vision KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210861 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392243 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS--PART VIII: CHRYSLER VENTURI VACUUM EGR PY - 1984/06 VL - 161 IS - 6 SP - 5 p. AB - In this article, the Chrysler venturi vacuum EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) system, used on six- and eight-cylinder engines since 1973, is described. Then, the article explains how to troubleshoot the system's problems. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vacuum KW - Vacuum apparatus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210874 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391790 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - O'Rourke, P J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - A COOL AND LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BICYCLE MENACE AND AN EXAMINATION OF THE ACTIONS NECESSARY TO LICENSE, REGULATE, OR ABOLISH ENTIRELY THIS DREADFUL PERIL ON OUR ROADS PY - 1984/06 VL - 29 IS - 12 SP - p. 64-65 AB - It is noted that bicycle riding has increased everywhere in the U.S. and the author points out why the ungainly geometry and primitive mechanicals of the bicycle dictate that it should be removed from the streets. The principal arguments against bicycle use are listed (they are childish; undignified; unsafe; unAmerican; unfair; good exercise; the dislikeable kind of people who are bicycle riders.) The lack of licensing regulations, taxation, examinations, insurance, and speed control for bicycle riders is pointed out. However, it is noted, nothing may be done about them. KW - Bicycles KW - Cyclists KW - Licenses KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391811 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USAGE. LESSON PLANS AND INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE PY - 1984/06 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains an instructor's guide and lesson plans designed to encourage safety belt usage among three major groups: the public at large, police recruits, and veteran (in-service) police personnel. Although some of the material is generic in nature and thus can be used for each type of audience, other topics are designed with one particular group in mind. The presentations are broken into 12 modules and 21 sub-modules. Each module can stand alone in respect to its particular subject matter, allowing the instructor to choose the modules he deems necessary for each particular group. Lectures can be developed for time periods from five minutes to over an hour by manipulating the modules. The lesson plans incorporate the use of films, which are available through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and overhead transparencies, the artwork for which are included with the modules. KW - Education KW - Governments KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Police KW - Public KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208828 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392254 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - HEAVY DRINKER OR LIGHT DRINKER? PY - 1984/06 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 7 p. AB - This article attempts to show how complicated it is to predict what the effects of drinking alcohol are--whatever the intake is--and to convince the reader to use the bottle and the car keys at different times. The article includes a BAL (blood alcohol level) chart. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210885 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392255 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Hagan, R AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - AEROSPACE TRICKS FOR BETTER AUTO MILEAGE AND A MORE STABLE VEHICLE PY - 1984/06 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-19 AB - Aerodynamics is the study of the movement of air around a given shape. Channeling that movement around shapes in a certain pattern is called airflow management. One of the first products of airflow management was the wing. Automakers in Detroit are beginning to use the same tools and techniques aircraft engineers have already refined to make new cars more fuel-efficient than ever before. This article briefly reviews what is being done now. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aerospace engineering KW - Aerospace technology KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile industry KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel conservation KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391821 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Lodge, J E AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW TO PROTECT ROBOT MAINTENANCE WORKERS PY - 1984/06 VL - 129 IS - 6 SP - p. 48-51 AB - This article addresses the problem of protecting robot maintenance workers. Safety professionals, when determining necessary safeguarding measures, are urged to look beyond the individual robot and at the complete "Robot System." They are also reminded of the fact that maintenance and repair on a robot system may require that the power be "on." The article goes on to examine hazard types, hazard sources, accident experience, maintenance safeguarding, and system hazard analysis procedures. In conclusion, emphasis is placed on the extreme importance of training thoroughly all personnel responsible for the maintenance of a particular robot system. Such training and refresher training is deemed essential because different safeguarding methods or procedures may be used within a single plant for maintaining different robot systems. KW - Hazards KW - Maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Robots KW - Safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391369 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Hearst Magazines TI - GET READY FOR A NEW KIND OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION PY - 1984/06 VL - 161 IS - 6 SP - 6 p. AB - This article describes a new transmission system, the continuously variable transmission (CVT). CVTs are already installed in the Volvo 340 series--which is not sold in the United States yet. Fiat and Ford of Germany worked together on the design of a CVT, and Ford plans to manufacture CVTs for Fiat. General Motors is also experimenting with a CVT for its small Opel Corsa and Nova Models. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396156 AU - HENDERSON, N H AU - VERVE AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRETEST AND REFINEMENT OF ITEMS FOR ALCOHOL HIGHWAY SAFETY SURVEYS PY - 1984/05/30 SP - v.p. AB - This study summarizes the procedures employed in pre-testing a set of alcohol-highway safety questionnaire items. The procedures included conducting a set of focus groups and a series of telephone interviews on several forms of the questionnaires. The purpose of the project was to test various forms of the questionnaire items for use on continuing surveys for understanding, interpretability, and response variability. Administration time and degree of response difficulty were also measured. General Findings: Respondents are able to define terms such as "drunk driving", "drinking and driving", and "alcohol impaired driving," but the meanings are not universal. Respondents have some difficulty forecasting probabilities and need probes to delimit answers. When respondents are told, at the beginning of the phone call, that they have been randomly selected and the specific sponsor of the study (e.g. NHTSA), they are more likely to answer a variety of sensitive issues re: drinking and driving. Participant response time on the various forms ranged from a low of 10 minutes to answer 34 questions to a high of 13 minutes to answer 47 questions. The forms are entitled: "General Deterrence" (34 Questions); "Public Information and Education Emphasis Form" (Note: Option 1-without additional questions =35 questions; Option 2-with additional questions =47 questions); "General Deterrence and Public Information/Education Emphasis Form" (44 Questions). A reference set of questions entitled: "Core Questions" is included with a total of 35 questions. KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Telephone UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25708/DOT-HS-806-619.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396608 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - RAILROAD ACCIDENT REPORT--REAR-END COLLISION OF SEABOARD SYSTEM RAILROAD FREIGHT TRAINS EXTRA 8051 NORTH AND EXTRA 1751 NORTH, SULLIVAN, INDIANA, SEPTEMBER 14, 1983 PY - 1984/05/15 SP - 53 p. AB - At 5:32 a.m., c.d.t, on September 14, 1983, Seaboard System Railroad train Extra 1751 North moved onto the main track from the north end of the siding at Sullivan, Indiana, and proceeded northward. About 5:37 a.m., after Extra 1751 North had attained a speed of approximately 18 mph and had traveled 1,939 feet beyond the siding switch, Seaboard train Extra 8051 North, moving about 35 mph, overtook and struck the rear caboose of Extra 1751 North. The impact derailed 2 cars and 2 cabooses of Extra 1751 North and 3 locomotive units and 25 cars of Extra 8051 North. The two crewmembers in the rear caboose of Extra 1751 North were killed, and three crewmembers on Extra 8051 North were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of both head-end crewmembers of Extra 8051 North to remain alert due to the use of alcohol on duty, which resulted in their failure to observe the speed restrictions imposed by the governing wayside signals and to control the movement of the train accordingly. Contributing to the cause of the accident was the lack of an alerting device on the locomotive which would have stopped the train in the event the operator failed to respond to the alarm, and the lack of a requirement for the head-end crew to communicate the wayside signal aspects to the rear-end crew. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Crash causes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Railroad crashes KW - Rear end crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391714 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT: FUN ON WHEELS PY - 1984/05/10 VL - 56 IS - 10 SP - p. 50-58 AB - Pointing out that despite continuing high unemployment and tight money, Americans continue to spend big for leisure-time equipment, this article continues with a description of the latest available recreational equipment. For fun around the neighborhood, there is the new roller skate with wear-resistant plastic wheels, and Velcro fasteners. There are now 15-speed bicycles featuring innovative drive mechanisms and high-strength composite materials. Today's mopeds and motorcycles are more powerful but lighter-weight designs that adhere to stringent safety rules. For the rugged outdoorsman, the mobility offered by four-wheel drive vehicles is opening up much more of the wilderness to exploration. Finally, compact versions of muscle cars and convertibles are back on the road, along with an innovative minivan. Electronics plays an important role in these vehicles, especially with engine management and stereo options. KW - Bicycles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Convertibles (Automobiles) KW - Electronics KW - Four wheel drive KW - Minivans KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Skating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396285 AU - SLOVIC, P AU - Schwalm, N D AU - Perceptronics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTION OF RISK APPROACHES DESIGNED TO INCREASE SAFETY BELT USAGE PY - 1984/05/02 SP - v.p. AB - The study was done to develop three messages designed to increase safety belt usage. Based on a previous study (Schwalm and Slovic, 1982), twelve written messages that were designed to encourage seat belt use (via different "perception of risk" themes) were developed and presented to subjects. These messages were evaluated by the subjects and questionnaire responses were obtained. Analyses of the questionnaire data formed the basis for selecting six messages, which were developed further into six animatic equivalent TV "spots." These spots were then tested by a well-known market research firm on over 2,000 subjects. Behavioral and attitude data were collected and analyzed, and formed the basis for the development, production and delivery of three 30-second broadcast quality master TV spots for further field testing and use in an upcoming safety belt campaign. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Market research KW - Perception KW - Risk assessment KW - Television KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391787 AU - LUND, A K AU - Williams, A F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POST-LICENSURE DRIVER TRAINING: A REVIEW OF DEFENSIVE DRIVING COURSE LITERATURE PY - 1984/05/02 SP - 25 p. AB - The Defensive Driving Course, like other post-licensure driver training programs, is intended to reduce the rate of motor vehicle crashes among those who take the course. A review of the literature revealed 16 reports of studies of the effects of DDC. About a third of these studies provided methodologically strong tests of DDC, another third only weak, variously flawed tests, and the others were inadequate to test whether DDC had any effect. Only among the inadequate and weak tests were there large, positive effects of DDC. In the scientifically rigorous tests, DDC had no effect on crashes and decreased the frequency of traffic violations only slightly. The failure of violation reductions to be translated into crash reductions may indicate that the violation reduction is an artifact of traffic record procedures or that the changes in driver behavior, if real, were insufficient to modify individual crash likelihoods. In either event, the best scientific evidence indicates that DDC does not decrease the likelihood of motor vehicle crashes. KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394227 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY: STATISTICAL REVIEW OF ALCOHOL-INVOLVED AVIATION ACCIDENTS PY - 1984/05/01 SP - 27 p. AB - During the years 1975-1981, more than 10 percent of the toxicological tests on deceased pilots were positive for alcohol. However, no pilot of a U.S. certificated air carrier operated under 14 CFR 121 was found to have a positive alcohol test since at least 1964. Toxicological tests were positive for alcohol in 6.4 percent of the tests taken from fatally injured scheduled 14 CFR 135 (commuter) pilots and in 7.4 percent of fatally injured pilots in nonscheduled 14 CFR 135 (on demand air taxi) operations. In general aviation, 10.5 percent of toxicological tests on fatally injured pilots were positive for alcohol. The extent to which alcohol is involved in nonfatal accidents is not known because there is no Federal authority to test surviving pilots for alcohol. Positive toxicological tests were obtained from pilots of all certificate levels and all levels of flight-time, indicating that experience cannot and does not compensate for the performance degradation caused by alcohol. KW - Air KW - Air pilots KW - Air taxi service KW - Airline pilots KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Aviation KW - Crashes KW - Performance KW - Safety and security KW - Statistics KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452006 AU - Egilsrud, P E AU - Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HIGHWAY TUNNEL FIRES PY - 1984/05 SP - 136 p. AB - This study investigates steps that can be taken to reduce the risk, damage, and fatalities from fires in existing and future highway tunnels and the effect of unrestricted transit of hazardous materials through them. The history of highway tunnel fires is examined to discover the design and operating features bearing on ignition, spread, detection, alarm transmission, response, control, resulting damage, and survivability aspects. Major domestic highway tunnel operators are interviewed concerning tunnel fires and their responses tabulated and compared. The procedures and results of several tunnel fire tests are examined and their recommendations evaluated in light of historical evidence and operating experience concerning tunnel fires. A risk analysis for unrestricted transit of hazardous materials through a reference tunnel is performed and applied to 35 tunnels included in the study. Qualitative assessments of the effects of traffic, tunnel design, and operations on this risk are made. Comprehensive design and operating recommendations for prevention, detection, alarm, notification, control, extinguishment, suppression, and survival are developed. A ventilation system with a fire/emergency operating mode designed to provide motorists trapped in a tunnel fire with optimal escape potential is described and its inclusion in future vehicular tunnels recommended. KW - Fatalities KW - Fire fighting KW - Fires KW - Hazardous materials KW - Loss and damage KW - Risk analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnel fire control KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452225 JO - Journal of School Health PB - American School Health Association AU - Wechsler, H AU - Rohman, M AU - Kotch, J B AU - Idelson, R K AU - American School Health Association TI - ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG USE AND AUTOMOBILE SAFETY: A SURVEY OF BOSTON-AREA TEEN-AGERS PY - 1984/05 VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - p. 201-203 AB - To provide educators with information regarding students' behaviors and beliefs about drinking, drug use and driving, the authors surveyed a stratified random sample of approximately 2,000 seventh and 10th graders in the Boston area in the spring of 1982. The focus of the present paper is on those students who might be most at risk for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or marijuana. Therefore, the analysis presented here is limited to 623 students who were 16 years of age or older at the time of the survey. About half of the students in this age group used alcohol (63%) or marijuana (44%) and as many as 18% had used other illicit drugs during the 1982 school year. While most current drinkers (72%) drank not more than three times a month, nearly half (46%) of the current marijuana users smoked at least once a week. A substantial proportion of students combined drug and/or alcohol use with driving. Between 43% and 50% had been a passenger with a driver who was under the influence of alcohol or marijuana at least once since the beginning of the school year. Many students did not appear to be aware of the dangers involved in driving under the influence of alcohol or marijuana and about one out of four believed they could use alcohol and other drugs responsibly. Both students' behaviors and beliefs regarding drinking, drug use and driving were significantly related to the extent of their involvement with alcohol and other drugs. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Marijuana KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270615 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451725 JO - Choice. Journal of the Australian Consumers Assn PB - Australian Consumers' Association AU - Australian Consumers' Association TI - CHILD CAR RESTRAINTS PY - 1984/05 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 8 p. AB - This is a consumer affairs report on child restraints. Comment is made on the significance of the Standards Association of Australia testing and approval program --and that this approval is a guarantee of quality. Choice buyers purchased and tested five bassinet restraints, four child seats, 11 booster cushions and 11 harnesses. Since all except four bassinet restraints and one harness had SAA approval for safety in crashes, testing was carried out on practicality, comfort and useability. Also considered were the instructions supplied and comparisons of the difficulty of installation and moving the restraint from one car to another. Final results are presented in five tables, one for each type of restraint, in rank order, as well as a number of comments based on testing and cost. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Australia KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Product information KW - Products KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451724 JO - Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Soderstrom, C A AU - Carson, S L AU - Cowley, R A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG VEHICULAR OCCUPANTS INJURED IN CRASHES PY - 1984/05 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - p. 269-271 AB - Admission blood alcohol levels (BAL) were obtained in 111 adult passenger/driver pairs injured in vehicular crashes. Drinking patterns were studied, including the influence of the sex of the occupants on alcohol consumption. Alcohol was not a factor in 44 of the crashes. In 48 of 62 crashes (77%), the driver was either the sole drinker or had a higher BAL than the passenger. In five crashes, the passenger was the only drinker. Female drivers were drinking 40% of the time, compared to 60% of male drivers. Overall, 77.4% of the drinking drivers had a BAL of greater than or equal to 100 mg/100 ml. When vehicular occupants were of the same sex, as opposed to both sexes, the drivers drank more frequently (62.9% vs 43.9%). In 13 of 14 cases of a drinking male driver transporting a female passenger, the female passenger had not been drinking or had done so to a lesser degree. The data indicate that educational efforts should be directed at discouraging passengers from riding with drinking drivers. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Automobiles KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Passengers KW - Safety programs KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450337 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIRBAG DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PY - 1984/05 SP - 81 p. AB - Sled tests were performed using a driver-only airbag system in conjunction with seat belts to determine injury criteria using 50th percentile dummy. KW - Air bags KW - Demonstration projects KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399241 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING EXAMINER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM PY - 1984/05 SP - 101 p. AB - This training program which was developed to meet the minimum knowledge requirements identified in the core subject matter of the "Driver Licensing Examiner Certification Program" (NHTSA and AAMVA) is designed to facilitate adoption of the "Basic Training Program for Driver License Examiners" (Technical Education Research Center) by states wishing to conduct an accredited training course. The various chapters of this book start with an orientation which describes the organization and background of driver licensing and continues with chapters on Principles and Standards; Compacts, Agencies, and the Uniform Vehicle Code; Public Contact and Examiner Conduct; Duties of the Examiner; and Driver Licensing Laws; Conducting Examinations; Driver Licensing Procedures; and Reports and Procedures. KW - Certification KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving examiners KW - Standards KW - Training KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396154 AU - Waller, P F AU - Li, L K AU - Stewart, J R AU - Ma, J M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PERCEPTION OF RISK MESSAGES ON OBSERVED SAFETY BELT USAGE PY - 1984/05 SP - 147 p. AB - This study examined the effect of carefully developed safety belt messages on observed belt usage. Subjects were divided into six groups, including two control groups, with different groups receiving different messages and/or treatments. All subjects appeared for three different sessions. Questionnaires asking about attitudes and behaviors in relation to various health problems and practices were administered at all meetings, but the message was presented only at the second meeting. Between the second and third meetings, subjects made a number of telephone call-ins and heard their specific message repeated. One group experienced a delay between the end of the telephone call-ins and the final meeting. Observations were made of belt usage as subjects arrived at and left the meetings. The overall findings were disappointing in that there was no observable effect of the messages on observed safety belt usage. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in observed belt usage as a function of age, race, or sex. Observed belt usage was associated with greater reported frequency of eye examinations but was not related to other reported health maintenance behaviors. "Saturation" of the message via telephone calls to listen to the message did not lead to increases in belt usage. On the basis of this study it cannot be concluded that brief messages on the effects of safety belt usage and the risk of motor vehicle injury, combined with follow-up messages via telephone, lead to increases in observed belt usage. KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Evaluation83.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213776 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396520 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - O'Day, J AU - Scott, R E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CORRECTED FINDINGS ON INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH EJECTED AND NON-EJECTED OCCUPANTS PY - 1984/05 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - p. 9-12 AB - The results of re-analysis of data from a study of 98 "matched pair" cases (in which there were but two passengers, both in the front seat and only one of whom was ejected) are reported. The error in the initial analysis was a consequence of a shortcut coding convention used in the program. Tables of the retabulated data are presented. It is concluded, once more on the basis of the results, that although there were indeed persons who remain inside the vehicle who are fatally injured when those ejected are not, ejected persons are much more likely to be killed (and much less likely to be uninjured) than those who remain inside the same vehicle. KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396519 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DEVELOPING AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR MEASURING ROAD ROUGHNESS. AN INTERVIEW WITH THOMAS D GILLESPIE PY - 1984/05 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - p. 1-8 AB - UMTRI represented the U.S. in an international study that correlated various methods of measuring road roughness, selected a standard method, and developed an international index of road roughness. Here the Technical Director of the project, Dr. Thomas D. Gillespie, discusses the work. KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - International compacts KW - Measurement KW - Roughness KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217683 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396506 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - WINTER, D AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - U.S. SMALL CARS: SINK OR SWIM? PY - 1984/05 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 7 p. AB - Despite recent developments, U.S. carmakers will not abandon a large market by halting small-car production from their U.S. plants. Thus, GM maintains that despite appearances, it intends to remain very much a small-car producer as time goes by. Evidence shows that in the future U.S. automakers will place far greater emphasis on stateside manufacturing solutions aimed at putting small-car production into the black and rely less on political and economic relief to protect their flanks. It is expected that very soon GM and its domestic competitors will cut down the cost advantage of Japanese cars. This will be done by discarding outmoded assembly-line philosophy, adopting new car building methodologies, lengthening cost-justification and return on investment horizons for capital expenditures, offering greater variety of models and options, emphasizing safety and corrosion-resistance, developing and implementing new technology and software faster than the Japanese, and improving management-union relationship to better utilize human resources. It is believed that 25% of the subcompact's cost can be eliminated with highly automated plants and forcing technology improvements through the supplier chain. Computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacture (CAM) and the entire concept of integrating product design, engineering and manufacturing assisted by computers offers the best opportunity for major cost reductions in producing cars regardless of size. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Costs KW - Domestic cars KW - Domestic transportation KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Labor relations KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Policy KW - Small car KW - Software KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396524 AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ON UTAH HIGHWAYS 1983 PY - 1984/05 SP - v.p. AB - Tables are presented of the data collected of the annual average daily traffic volumes on road sections of varying lengths on State Highways, Federal-Aid Primary Highways not on the State System, Federal-Aid Urban Local Highways, and Federal-Aid Secondary Local Highways. The data were collected by the following: continuously operated permanent automatic traffic recording stations; permanent urban control stations counted one week per month; seasonal control stations counted for a one week period four times per year; approximately 1,000 short-time counts for HPMS (Highway Performance Monitoring Systems); traffic counting machines; and manual vehicle classification counts. The publication also includes a tabulation of automatic recorder data by months which shows data from all permanently located traffic machines: average traffic by day of week for each month; average weekday traffic by months; average day of week traffic by months; percentage the average day is of the average weekday; and percentage the monthly daily average is of the yearly daily average. KW - Analysis KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Automatic traffic recording KW - Federal aid highways KW - Seasonal traffic pattern KW - Seasons KW - Secondary roads KW - State highways KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban highways KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394996 AU - PREM, H AU - Good, M C AU - Melbourne University, Australia AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - MOTORCYCLE RIDER SKILLS ASSESSMENT PY - 1984/05 SP - 391 p. AB - To determine the differences between the control strategies of skilled and less-skilled riders as they control the lateral and longitudinal motion of a motorcycle, a study of motorcycle handling skills and their assessment was carried out. For the experiments, an instrumented motorcycle was developed which allowed the recording of the various rider/cycle control and response variables while skill tests were being conducted. Riders with a range of riding skills performed a standard skill test and an alternative skill test on the instrumented motorcycle. The experimental data were extensively examined and differences in the control behaviour over the range of riding skills were identified and quantified. A theoretical model was developed describing how less-skilled riders may control the lateral motion of their motorcycle. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395010 AU - Preusser, D F AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DRIVER LICENSING AGE AND LIFESTYLES OF 16 YEAR OLDS PY - 1984/05 SP - 21 p. AB - Michigan, New Jersey, and New York have greatly different rates of 16 year old driver licensure. The effects of licensure rate differences on 16 year old lifestyles were assessed by surveying 15 and 16 year olds in New York, Michigan, and New Jersey. Michigan 16 year olds reported the highest rates of licensure (56 percent) and driving. New York (14 percent licensed) and New Jersey (2 percent licensed) had much lower rates. Teenagers in Michigan reported greater decreases in use of bicycles and reliance on parents and relatives for transportation from age 15 to 16, compared to New York and New Jersey. For the most part, the differences in 16 year old licensure and mobility were not reflected in lifestyle differences. Although the likelihood of 16 year olds doing family errands in the states with higher licensure rates increased greatly, there were no other signs of reduced teenage activity as a result of lower licensure rates. Going to parties and holding paying jobs increased for 16 year olds more in the states with lower licensure rates, although the latter effect may have been due to economic conditions rather than licensure. Other lifestyle characteristics, such as studying, watching TV, reading for pleasure, dating, and shopping were not affected by licensure differences. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Driver licensing KW - Life styles KW - Michigan KW - Mobility KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212873 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395365 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Post, K AU - Kent, J H AU - Tomlin, J AU - Carruthers, N AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION MODELLING BY POWER DEMAND AND A COMPARISON WITH OTHER MODELS PY - 1984/05 VL - 18A IS - 3 SP - p. 191-213 AB - Part 1 describes a fuel consumption model based upon the instantaneous power demand experienced by a vehicle, which has been developed from chassis dynamometer experiments on 177 in-use Australian vehicles. When applied to an individual vehicle, the model provides aggregate fuel consumption estimates for on-road driving which are within 2% of the actual measured fuel usage. Emission rate models for hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides which are of the same form as the fuel consumption model are also presented. The vehicle model can be applied in any traffic situation provided on-road power demand is known. On-road instantaneous power demand is derived from the vehicle's mass, drag, velocity, acceleration and road gradient. In the first part 1929 km and 2778 links of traffic driving pattern data for both urban and non-urban trips are presented. Correlations between the link power and traffic parameters are presented and it is shown that vehicle link fuel consumption and emissions can be accurately calculated from vehicle mass, engine capacity, link average velocity, link average positive inertial power, link altitude change and link trip time. In the non-urban case, link power, and hence fuel consumption and emissions, are not dependent upon positive inertial power. In Part 2 the instantaneous vehicle power demand model is used to develop fuel usage input information to evaluate a simple average velocity model and an elemental model. The performance of these two models is compared with that of the on-road power method by "driving" all three models over 2281 links and 956 km of recorded on-road velocity, acceleration and gradient data. It is shown that all three models can be made to perform well for long trips. The elemental model, however, suffers from an inability to adequately describe the fuel usage of different stop-start manoeuvres and requires some calibration in order to account for cruise speed fluctuations. For short trips, 3.5 km length or less, the on-road power demand method is superior. Under these conditions, both the simple link averaged velocity and elemental models are unable to adequately describe the fuel usage relating to inertial power demands. It is shown that for short trips, inertial power demand does not correlate with average velocity and may range from near zero to up to twice the total trip averaged power. KW - Accuracy KW - Estimates KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Inertial power demand KW - Mathematical models KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217056 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395009 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Goldberg, J L AU - Goldberg, J AU - LEVY, P S AU - Finnegan, R AU - Petrucelli, E AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MEASURING THE SEVERITY OF INJURY: THE VALIDITY OF THE REVISED ESTIMATED SURVIVAL PROBABILITY INDEX PY - 1984/05 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - p. 420-427 AB - This study examines the validity of the Revised Estimated Survival Probability (RESP) index in a set of trauma patients admitted to three hospitals. For each patient four different severity indices were computed: 1) RESP derived from in-hospital assigned International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes; 2) RESP based on written face sheet discharge diagnoses; 3) RESP based on a full review of the medical record; and 4) Injury Severity Score (ISS) based on full review of the medical record. These four severity indices were then correlated with six measures of outcome or construct validity, including mortality, duration of hospitalization, intubation or tracheostomy performed, ambulance transport to hospital, admission to the intensive care unit, and ventilatory assistance received. The results indicate that for every validity measure examined, the ISS index was superior to the RESP index, regardless of the abstraction procedure. However, the RESP index was independently associated with mortality, length of hospitalization, and ventilatory assistance even after adjusting for the ISS. In addition, the performance of the RESP index improved dramatically as the quality of information improved. Last, strong evidence is presented which questions the utility of calculating any type of severity index using data from computerized discharge abstracts without careful quality control measures. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - International classification of diseases KW - Mortality KW - Severity KW - Survival KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395364 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - MAHALEL, D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - APPRAISAL OF TRAFFIC STREAM FRICTION PY - 1984/05 VL - 18A IS - 3 SP - p. 225-230 AB - This paper presents a simulation model to evaluate the quality of traffic flow. The evaluation is based on counts of the number of potential speed changes on a stretch of road and the estimated number of times a vehicle is limited in changing lanes. In order to describe the behaviour of the traffic flow process, two models were developed. One model describes vehicle arrival patterns on a road cross section; the other model, vehicle speeds. The stochastic process of speed is described as an autoregression process, whereas vehicle arrivals are presented as a Markovian process. Simulation results indicate an increase in traffic stream friction with an increase in vehicle-speed standard deviation and a reduction in average speed. The dependence of vehicle arrivals in adjacent lanes seems to increase the amount of friction in each lane. The simulation model developed enables a comparison of the quality of traffic flow at different sites, as well as a before-and-after study of any particular site. KW - Arrival patterns KW - Autoregression processes KW - Markov processes KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic stream UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394998 AU - United States Senate TI - ALCOHOL ABUSE, ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ABUSE AMENDMENTS OF 1984 PY - 1984/05 SP - 41 p. AB - This Report from the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate, refers to Senate bill S.2615. It reports favorably thereon with amendments and recommends that the bill as amended passes. Contents of this report are as follows: summary of the bill; background and need for legislation; hearings; committee views; votes in committee; cost estimate; regulatory impact statement; family fairness statement; section-by-section summary; and changes in existing law. S.2615 extends the authorizations for federal activities relating to alcohol and drug programs for research, information dissemination, prevention and technical assistance to the States. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Amendments KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drugs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Hearings KW - Laws KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395012 AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - Preusser, D F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - NIGHT DRIVING CURFEWS IN NEW YORK AND LOUISIANA: RESULTS OF A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY PY - 1984/05 SP - 20 p. AB - New York and Louisiana, two states having night driving curfews, were included in a questionnaire survey of high school students conducted in 1983. Most students in these states knew about their curfew law. In both states the majority of licensed drivers said they had violated the curfew, but the majority claimed to have violated the curfew no more than twice. Students do not believe that the police enforce curfew restrictions vigorously, but many parents require their children to obey the law. New York students were more knowledgeable than Louisiana students about the restrictions, and there was more evidence in New York than Louisiana of reduced driving resulting from the curfew. These findings are consistent with results of an earlier study that found curfews in both of these states reduced crashes but estimated crash reductions during curfew hours were greater in New York (62 percent) than in Louisiana (25 percent). KW - Adolescents KW - Curfew KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Laws KW - Louisiana KW - New York (State) KW - Night driving KW - Parents KW - Questionnaires KW - Regulation KW - Restrictions KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394213 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM 1982. AN OVERVIEW OF U.S. TRAFFIC FATAL ACCIDENT AND FATALITY DATA COLLECTED IN FARS FOR THE YEAR 1982 PY - 1984/05 SP - 104 p. AB - Significant statistics on fatal accidents in the U.S. in 1982 are presented in this report which describes the collection of data by the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and highlights facts on safety belt usage, alcohol involvement, fatality reduction and other characteristics. The eleven chapters of the book cover the following areas: Fatality Reduction 1980-1982 (fatality trends, demographic factors, sex, vehicle occupant fatalities, location, day and time); Alcohol and Safety Belts (alcohol, restraint use, day and time, age, safety belts); Fatality Profile (fatal accident characteristics); State Statistics; Accidents (collisions, highway and environment); vehicles (passenger cars, motorcycles, light trucks, medium tracks, heavy trucks, school buses); Occupants (motorcycle riders); Non Occupants (pedestrians pedalcyclists, others); Puerto Rico; Selected Comparisons 1975-1982 (total fatalities, fatalities per vehicle mile travelled, fatality per licensed driver, driver age); classifications (persons by injury severity, vehicles by damage severity, accidents by injury severity, accidents by damage severity, accidents by number of vehicles involved, accidents by first harmful event, accidents by location, motor vehicle classifications). Definitions used in FARS are included in a glossary. Forms used for reporting 1982 accidents are appended. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20920/PB98158421.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393622 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Amick, D R AU - Marshall, P B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE BONNEVILLE COUNTY DUI ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM (PROJECT SAFETY) PY - 1984/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 7-21 AB - Project Safety is a comprehensive Driving under the Influence (DUI) accident prevention program implemented in Bonneville County, Idaho, in October 1979. It provides an integrated systems approach to the drinking driver problem by the enhancement of treatment, sentencing and parole, and rehabilitation processes. DUI enforcement teams were added to the Bonneville County Sheriff's Office and the Idaho Falls City Police Department. A public information component was also developed. Specific personnel were assigned system liaison responsibilities. An impact evaluation was done for the first 15 months of the project. A before-after analysis, which included two comparison locations, used an alcohol proxy measure (nighttime fatal and injury accidents occurring between 8:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m.) to identify reductions in alcohol-related accidents. There was a reduction of 4.6 alcohol proxy accidents per month (64 total) during the study period. Reductions did not occur in alcohol proxy accidents in the comparison counties, although all study counties were similar with respect to the direction of daytime accident trends. State alcohol proxy accidents remained stable during the program period. An estimated $1,000,000 in fatal and injury accident costs (the study excluded property-damage-only accidents) were avoided during the program period, compared to total project costs of $312,471. KW - Accident costs KW - Before and after studies KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Prevention KW - Project costs KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393624 AU - Jones, I S AU - Mohan, D AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - HEAD IMPACT TOLERANCE: CORRELATION BETWEEN DUMMY IMPACTS AND ACTUAL HEAD INJURIES PY - 1984/05 SP - 32 p. AB - Forty-seven tests were run in which a baseball was pitched at an anthropometric dummy head at speeds of between 95 and 100 mph. Impact configurations included impacts to the front and side of the head with direct and indirect impacts. Tests were run with an unprotected dummy head and with the head protected with various helmets including baseball, football, hockey, bicycle, and motorcycle helmets. Head accelerations were measured for each test and maximum accelerations and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) values computed. The values of maximum acceleration and HIC for the tests to the unprotected dummy head were then correlated with actual injuries received by professional baseball players (without helmets) hit by fast pitches. Head accelerations and HIC values for helmeted tests are also compared to the results for the unprotected head to determine the relative effectiveness of each helmet design in attenuating impact. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Attenuation (Physics) KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393623 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CLASSIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATALITIES PY - 1984/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 23-33 AB - Surrogate measures for alcohol involvement in fatalities are used because blood alcohol content (BAC) is not well reported in general. In addition, determination of alcohol consumption in the absence of BAC testing is often subjective and, therefore, less reliable. This study presents a methodology for solving the problem of determining alcohol-involved fatalities. The objectives were to: (1) develop an appropriate surrogate measure for alcohol-involved fatalities using statistical methods; (2) use the surrogate to classify those fatalities for which alcohol involvement is unknown; and (3) estimate total national alcohol-involved fatalities for 1976-1981. An alcohol-involved fatal accident was defined as one in which an active participant in the accident had a known BAC equal to or greater than 0.05. Multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) was used on the known cases to develop functions for classifying the unknown fatal accidents and fatalities. Box-Jenkins time series analysis was used to model the estimated total alcohol-involved fatalities from 1976-1981. Nationally, an annual increase of approximately 100 alcohol-involved fatalities per month occurred during 1976-1981. The proportion of alcohol-involved fatalities increased slightly from 68% to 72% during the same period. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Classification KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical models KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211713 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392917 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Guillot, E AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BUS TRANSIT INTERFACE WITH LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT IN WESTERN CANADA PY - 1984/05 VL - 18A IS - 3 SP - p. 231-241 AB - New light rail service usually calls for routing feeder buses at the outer rail stations. This implies early service planning for revisions to an existing bus network--Part I analyzes bus or trolley revisions in conditions. It briefly reviews bus reroutings in conditions. Itr briefly reviews bus rerouthings in South Calgary and how they differ from Edmonton. A new light rail line also warrants physical planning at rail stations chosen for modal interface. Levels of feeder service partly determine scale and layout of the stations' fixed facilities. Part II mostly describes elements integrated with rail station platforms in South Calgary. It also presents new station area plans at the end of Northeast Edmonton line. Part (III) compares park'n ride lot options preferred by Edmonton and Calgary, or so far stiudied in Vancouver. It analyzes access mode split for Edmonton and Calgary outer stations. KW - Bus routes KW - Calgary (Canada) KW - Canada KW - Edmonton (Canada) KW - Feeder buses KW - Intermodal transfer KW - Light rail transit KW - Park and ride KW - Railroad stations KW - Station design KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392462 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWENTIETH FISITA CONGRESS, THE AUTOMOTIVE FUTURE, VOLUME 1, AUSTRIA, 6-11 MAY 1984 PY - 1984/05 SP - 224 p. AB - This volume of papers presented at the Twentieth Fisita Congress on May 6-11, 1984, contains papers 845000 through 845023. Papers presented in a language other than English are not translated. For abstracts of individual papers (English language only) see HS-037 419 through HS-037 430. KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207540 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392472 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chou, C C AU - Lim, G G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEHICLE DECELERATION PULSE CHARACTERIZATION BY HARMONIC ANALYSIS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.171 AB - A technique for vehicle deceleration characterization by harmonic analysis is presented. The objective of this pulse shape analysis is to provide a backbone curve for a crashing vehicle which not only preserves significant vehicle response information, but also is representative of the deceleration that is experienced by a vehicle during a frontal barrier crash test. The technique improves some of the other techniques available in the literature as it is more generally applicable and can be systematically applied to any deceleration data. Applications of the method have been made to a number of barrier crashes of different carlines with various structural design configurations. The method has demonstrated the capability of reproducing crush characteristics of vehicles of identical structure, reflecting the characteristics due to velocity effect, and differentiating pulses of vehicles with different structural configurations. The reconstructed pulse can be used (1) for determining the energy-crush relationship for studying energy absorption of body structures/components and (2) as an input forcing function to an occupant mathematical simulation model for investigating the combined system performance of the vehicle structure and occupant restraint during the design phase. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deceleration KW - Frontal crashes KW - Harmonics KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupant restraint KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211937 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392473 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NEWCOMB, T P AU - Spurr, R T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE AS AN INDICATOR OF STRESS DURING DRIVING PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.191 AB - The galvanic skin response (GSR) was measured under various circumstances and it was found that GSR gave a quantitative indication of driver reaction and is particularly informative in that it gives a response of otherwise subliminal stimuli. The response is also outside the driver's control and is therefore not affected by his subjective prejudices. Data were obtained for various traffic situations and conditions, different road layouts and when drivers were entering major roads and motorways or changing lanes. Results and their implications are discussed. KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Galvanic skin response KW - Human subject testing KW - Reaction time KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211938 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392488 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fukushima, N AU - Iida, M AU - Hidaka, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMOTIVE SHOCK ABSORBER THAT IMPROVES RIDING COMFORT WITHOUT IMPAIRING STEERING STABILITY PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.218 AB - In order to further improve both vehicle vibration and riding comfort, it is necessary to put the damping force of the shock absorbers to effective use. In this study, the operating range of the shock absorber piston stroke and velocity was first measured under each of the various driving conditions, and damping force requirements were studied. It was found, as a result, that if damping characteristics dependent not only on piston velocity but also on piston stroke could be provided, then high levels in regard to such factors as handling performance, riding comfort, ride harshness and road holding could be achieved. Next, in order to produce this damping characteristic, a shock absorber was developed that takes advantage of a phenomenon in which it takes a certain amount of time for a vortex to occur in the hydraulic fluid. Through the appropriate setting of damping characteristics in this vortex-type shock absorber, riding comfort on smooth roads can be improved while the other factors are maintained at the same level as in the conventional shock absorber. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Development KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Riding qualities KW - Shock absorbers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211952 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392491 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gentile, A AU - MANGIALARDI, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DYNAMIC STEERING MULTIAXLE VEHICLES: INFLUENCE OF AXLE-NUMBERS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.253 AB - By means of a mathematical model, the authors have analyzed the directional behaviour of multiaxle skid-steering vehicles: for a given class of such vehicles they have performed a parametric study on the influence of the axles number on the vehicle's performances. It has been found that an increase of the number of axles greatly influences the directional behaviour and that both the power required by each wheel and the wear of its tyre are unequally distributed among the various axles and the two sides of the vehicle. Finally, the three axle vehicle has been found to be the one requiring the minimum engine power. KW - Axles KW - Directional response KW - Directivity pattern KW - Mathematical models KW - Multiaxle vehicles KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211955 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392565 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Millar, G H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONICS FOR OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.248 AB - Use of electronics in off-road machinery will continue to expand. Electronic technology will speed improvements in productivity for farming, construction, forestry and mining. Applications of electronics to these products will proceed on a different course and at a different pace than those of consumer, manufacturing, automotive and on-highway products. Off-road production equipment customers demand that electronics provide easily recognized and cost-effective improvements. The most critical of their demands will be reliable performance in widely varying and often severe environments. Future off-road equipment electronics will be developed with increased focus on basic machine tasks. They will integrate multiple systems and interactively share information. Tractive machinery and implements will share data and provide reconfigurable instrumentation and controls which match the equipment to specific tasks. Integrated electronics will build on the capabilities of each part of the machine--engine, power train, hydraulics--and improve the working interface between the machine, the operator and the work site. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Construction equipment KW - Electronics KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392566 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Godthelp, J AU - Blaauw, G J AU - Milgram, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SUPERVISORY BEHAVIOUR IN AUTOMOBILE DRIVING: NEW APPROACHES IN MODELLING VEHICLE CONTROL PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.255 AB - Two methods for modelling driving performance as a supervisory task are presented. The first is based on a preview-predictor model, which is used to predict how long a driver can neglect lateral position errors and thus behave in a supervisory, open loop mode. On the basis of this approach the so-called Time-to-Line-Crossing (TLC) concept was developed. At each moment TLC represents the spare time before the automobile will reach either edge of the lane, assuming a fixed steering strategy. The second way of modelling driving is based on the optimal control model (OCM). This model predicts vehicle control based on the driver's internal estimations of perceptual variables like lateral position, lateral speed, etc. The increase in the uncertainty of these internal estimations during the temporary absence of the perceptual variables is used to predict driver's spare time. The value of both models was tested in an experiment in which subjects drove under conditions with temporary occlusion of visual input at different speed levels. Subjects' self-chosen occlusion times could be explained very well by both models. Suggestions are given as to how these models can be applied to evaluate vehicle characteristics as well as road geometrics. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Personnel performance KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392584 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MORIMOTO, M AU - SUGIYAMA, K AU - TSUCHIDA, T AU - Hamada, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TENDENCIES OF DESIGN POLICIES FOR JAPANESE PASSENGER CARS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.189 AB - When establishing a new design policy for passenger cars, it is essential to investigate the tendencies of past design policies and resultant achievements reflected on actual cars. Our study has been focused on the quantitative analysis of these tendencies with the aid of various multivariate analysis method. Our investigation covers the past 18 years, from the mid-1960s when motorization was established in Japan until 1982. During this period more than one overall model change was carried out for 19 kinds and 70 models of Japanese passenger cars. As a result, it has been confirmed that design policies vary greatly among makers though they are quite sensitive to social factors such as oil crisis. Actual cars, however, have not always been so directly affected by an intensive innovation effort in design policies. KW - Automobile industry KW - Japan KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Policy KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211987 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392585 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Knecht, W AU - Hakimifard, D AU - Carletta, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A HYDROGEN ENGINE FOR HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.205 AB - The usage of hydrogen in road vehicle engines is unlikely to be introduced on a large scale before the 21st century. This is partly due to the fact that the on-board hydrogen storage is technically still not satisfactorily solved. Also on a cost basis the use of hydrogen is currently not competitive with the application of fossil based fuels and the respective infrastructure for fuel distribution is not available. The subject of this paper is the development of a hydrogen fuelled engine within the scope of a project where a liquid hydrogen carrier was to be used; the MTH-system was presented in several publications. In this paper, results obtained during the development of a heavy truck engine from a diesel engine to a hydrogen fuelled s.i. version are presented. KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydrogen KW - Liquid hydrogen KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211988 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392469 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lundberg, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF COLD OPERABILITY OF DIESEL FUELS AND VEHICLES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.104 AB - Traditionally, the cold operability of diesel vehicles has in very low temperatures been guaranteed by high-quality special fuels. This means increasing costs and decreasing yields from crude oil for an oil refiner. With the increase in use of diesel fuel, its properties are altered. The most significant alteration is the increase of specific gravity and viscosity. The use of de-waxing processes and flow improvers is also increased. Cold tests were carried out on six diesel-powered vehicles using Finnish diesel fuels. The cold operability of a conventional fuel system is within the CFPP range. In a well-designed system, the lower operability limit is some 6 deg C below the CFPP. Using extra equipment to warm the fuel, it is possible to lower the cold operability limit 10-15 deg C below the CFPP. In this case, the limit is reached because of fuel pumpability. KW - Cold filter plugging point KW - Diesel fuels KW - Diesel trucks KW - Low temperature KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211934 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392477 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stojek, D AU - Stwiorok, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VALVE TIMING WITH VARIABLE OVERLAP CONTROL PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.8 AB - A twin cam engine with separate camshafts for inlet and exhaust valve operation provides the possibility of altering the relative angular position of the two camshafts on the running engine (variable overlap) and thereby achieving better engine torque characteristics, improved part load fuel consumption and also reduced emissions. This paper presents the test results of changing the valve timing and valve overlap and describes the concept of a prototype twin cam engine with programmed computer controlled variable overlap. KW - Camshafts KW - Control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Overlap KW - Prototypes KW - Timing KW - Torque KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211941 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392484 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Watson, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TURBOCHARGED SPARK IGNITION ENGINE SIMULATION PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.129 AB - A detailed simulation of a turbocharged spark-ignition engine is presented. The model is based on the "control volume" concept, yet includes pressure wave action effects in manifold pipes. Each cylinder is considered as a thermodynamic control volume. Manifolds are considered as pipes bounded by volumes (which may be small enough to represent pipe junctions). The program is of modular form, hence any number of cylinders may be specified, along with pipes, turbocharger, waste-gate, EGR system and throttle in almost any arrangement. Energy mass flow and gas dynamic equations are solved in a quasi-steady manner at 1 deg crank angle steps. The accuracy of the simulation is illustrated over a wide range of speed and load, by comparison with detailed test results, from an Audi 200T engine. The utility of the model is shown by predicting the effect of design changes aimed at improving low engine speed boost pressure and turbocharger response, plus boost control at higher speeds. KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Forecasting KW - Simulation KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211948 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392555 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - FURUHAMA, S AU - Sasaki, S AU - Kojima, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PISTON FRICTION FORCE AND PISTON RING OIL FILM THICKNESS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.19 AB - The variation of the instantaneous piston frictional force and the piston ring oil film thickness was studied by experiment and theoretical analyses. The following was found: (1) A diagram of frictional force against crank angle shows not only friction loss but also oil film formation. Effects of multi-grade oil and friction modifier on the friction reduction and on the engine durability were examined. (2) Measured friction loss corresponds qualitatively with hydrodynamic theory, but does not quantitatively because of oil starvation and for other unknown reasons. This discrepancy depends on the engine size. (3) Measured piston ring oil film thickness corresponds approximately with theoretical values, if oil is sufficiently supplied. In practice, however, the piston rings prevent the supply of oil respectively. Ring inclination against the cylinder wall changes with time and also with the peripheral position. KW - Experiments KW - Friction KW - Friction forces KW - Friction losses KW - Multigrade oils KW - Oil additives KW - Oil film thickness KW - Oil spills KW - Piston rings KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Theory KW - Thickness KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211959 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392562 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Riffe, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTINUOUSLY ANNEALED HOT ROLLED DUAL PHASE STEEL (PROCESSING-PROPERTIES-APPLICATIONS) PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.176 AB - A microalloyed steel is heated by continuous annealing and then quenched to produce a microstructure consisting of 75-85% by volume of ferrite with the remainder being predominantly martensite. The resulting steel is called "dual phase" because of its twin constituents--ferrite and martensite. The continuous annealing process is contrasted with the "as-rolled" process to demonstrate that the former is the preferred production means. The resulting basic properties are then discussed with the intention of maximizing their influence in applications where the important attributes are strength, fatigue life, and machinability. Eight years after its introduction in the United States, applications for dual phase steel are being matched to its unique properties. The components examined are bumpers, wheels, and several mechanical components. KW - Annealing KW - Dual phase steel KW - Processing KW - Properties of materials KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211966 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392569 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ivens, J AU - Lawser, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL TEST TRACK METHODS OF ESTIMATING VEHICLE TRACTIVE RESISTANCE PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.312 AB - Recently a suitable torque transducer became available which enables simultaneous measurement of torque and speed at each driven wheel. These were experimentally applied to two compact FWD vehicles for trials on a very long flat track. The object was to identify the various elements of tractive resistance; one significant advantage was that drive line losses could be measured which improved the accuracy of rolling resistance and drag coefficient estimates. The test procedure combined both drive and coastdown modes so that the results could be compared. The data analysis technique treated the ambient wind velocity component as an unknown, and was so organised as to permit testing with higher wind speeds than usual. The effect of front wheel toe setting on tractive resistance, and therefore on fuel economy, was identified. Fair correlation of drag coefficient with wind tunnel results was demonstrated. KW - Accuracy KW - Data analysis KW - Drag KW - Front wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Rolling resistance KW - Test procedures KW - Torque KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211973 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392581 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Frederiksen, P AU - Nielsen, O B AU - Pedersen, P S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INJECTION OF METHANOL AT LOW PRESSURE IN D.I. DUAL-FUEL ENGINES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.139 AB - This paper describes an experimental investigation of direct injection of Methanol at low pressures in a dual fuel engine. The main purpose of the investigation was to find the maximum possible substitution of diesel oil by methanol, the engine efficiencies and emissions. The timing and rate of injection of the diesel oil and of the methanol were varied systematically. Strategies for load control of the dual fuel engine and effects of increased intake pressure and temperature were also investigated. Methanol was injected into the combustion chamber of a single cylinder experimental D.I. engine through an electronically governed nozzle at pressures ranging from 5 to 8 bars. Referring to lower calorific values, 77 percent of the diesel oil could be substituted by methanol at 20 deg C in-take air temperature. At 53 deg C intake air temperature, maximum substitution was as high as 85 percent. Shaft power was increased by 36 percent, when changing the engine from conventional diesel to the dual-fuel concept. Engine efficiency was improved by 14 percent (from 0.29 to 0.33) at full load. KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Direct injection engines KW - Dual fueling KW - Fuel injection KW - Methanol KW - Pressure KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392782 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Riffle, J B AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - INSURANCE COMMUNICATIONS: THE BOTTOM-LINE BENEFITS PY - 1984/05 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-14 AB - Communication programs of the Insurance Information Institute are designed to provide substantial contributions to the bottom-line results of member companies by reducing losses, encouraging adequate levels of coverage, and helping insurers to stay informed on developments affecting the industry. This article examines four major areas--drunk driving, crime, unisex rating and consumer education--at which major Institute efforts have been directed. KW - Benefits KW - Consumers KW - Crimes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Insurance industry KW - Unisex insurance rating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392779 AU - MERCER, G W AU - Ministry of Attorney General TI - THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DRIVING WHILE IMPAIRED CHARGES, POLICE VISIBILITY, AND ALCOHOL-RELATED CASUALTY TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, DECEMBER 1977-DECEMBER 1980 PY - 1984/05 SP - 10 p. AB - The results of this study show that: (1) The frequency of Driving While Impaired charges in no way relates to a reduction of Alcohol-related casualty traffic accidents; (2) The frequency of Driving While Impaired charges does not particularly relate to police drinking-driving roadcheck activities as measured by vehicles checked by BATmobile teams; and (3) Police visibility as measured by BATmobile roadcheck activity relates significantly to a reduction of alcohol-related casualty traffic accidents in the month the checks are carried out and continues to relate to a reduction in these accidents in the following month. The probable explanation for the reduction of alcohol-related casualty traffic accidents being related to increased police visibility is that the potential drinking driver's fear of apprehension is increased by the police presence and thus that driver does not drink and drive and consequently avoids alcohol-related accidents. From these findings it is recommended that police resources should be directed toward high visibility roadcheck activities in order to reduce alcohol-related traffic casualties. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Safety KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392463 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Nakagawa, Y AU - Takagi, Y AU - Itoh, T AU - IIJIMA, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LASER SHADOWGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF KNOCKING IN S.I. ENGINE PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.9 AB - High-speed laser shadowgraph cinematography synchronized with measurement of the pressure in the combustion chamber was employed in order to observe the location and magnitude of autoignition that causes cylinder gas oscillation. The use of a laser light source enabled the exposure time to be set at 0.8 microseconds with a high film speed of 30,000 f.p.s.. An image processing system was also used to determine the exact location of autoignited gases. The results clarified that the location of autoignition varied cycle-by-cycle. In some cycles it occurred in the vicinity of the cylinder wall, in some cycles it originated in the middle of the end gas and just in front of the propagating flame. It was also made clear that the occurrence of autoignition at a traceknock spark timing did not always bring about an oscillation in the chamber gases in case where the speed of the autoignited gas did not exceed a certain value. KW - Engine knock KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Photography KW - Shadow photography KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392465 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gruden, D AU - Richter, H AU - Wurster, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMBUSTION CHAMBER INVESTIGATIONS AT PORSCHE--PAVING THE WAY FOR THE 4-VALVE ENGINE PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.41 AB - The combustion process plays an important role in the transformation of the chemical fuel energy into mechanical work. It mainly depends on the combustion chamber configuration. Today's mathematical models and theoretical knowledge being unable of furnishing realistic forecasts on the combustion process with all its effects, such information is mostly obtained through experimental investigations. The experience acquired by Porsche throughout the last decade on a single-cylinder research engine are being used to realize optimum combustion conditions for each engine according to the development targets. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Configuration KW - Design KW - Development KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211930 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392481 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bassoli, C AU - Bodritti, G AU - CORNETTI, G M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMBUSTION CHAMBERS FOR HIGH COMPRESSION RATIO D.I. DIESEL PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.99 AB - In direct injection diesel engines having a unit displacement less than 1 liter, the use of high compression ratios (19/20 instead of 16/17) is mandatory for solving cold smoke problems and reducing HC/NOx emissions. The increase of compression ratio however is associated to the increase of black smoke and specific fuel consumption. On the basis of systematic measurements of the main combustion quantities and 2-D computations of the air motion and spray development inside the cylinder, a re-entrant high compression ratio chamber was defined. Experimental results in terms of fuel consumption, black smoke and gaseous emissions are presented. The optimum squish-to-swirl ratio is discussed. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211945 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392483 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Monaghan, M L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A WALL WETTING DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.112 AB - A description of the main features and current status of the CDI, Controlled Direct Injection System, is given. A 2.5 liter turbocharged CDI engine is compared with its production IDI equivalent by means of vehicle tests. The vehicles, identical saloon cars, were compared on as-installed basis and, as nearly as possible, on an equal performance basis. Results are presented covering fuel consumption and emissions with European and U.S. fuels over a number of different driving cycles. Drive-by, idle and internal noise levels were recorded. Starting tests were carried out to compare starting, smoke at start and cold idle. An analysis of the cost differences between the CDI and its IDI equivalent is presented. KW - Costs KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211947 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392558 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DOBOVISEK, Z AU - Cernej, A AU - Filipovic, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE INFLUENCE OF FUEL COMPRESSIBILITY AND HEATING VALUE CHANGES ON INJECTION PARAMETERS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.88 AB - The paper briefly reviews the change of injection parameters when converting to methylfuel in diesel engine operation. Brief consideration is given to the effects that increased alcohol fuel compressibility, as well as its lower heating value, may have on fuelling, injection rate, injection pressure and injection duration. KW - Compressibility KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Methanol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211962 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392560 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Anisits, F AU - Schwarzbauer, G AU - Kratochwill, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENTS FOR REDUCTION OF POLLUTION OF PASSENGER CAR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.107 AB - With the introduction of tougher emission regulations, the diesel engine reaches long-term its limit for use in passenger cars, without the further development of emission regulation systems. Starting from the current state of technology, various problems and their associated solutions with the development involved are discussed. These solutions should enable the leading position of the diesel engine as the most economical prime mover of passenger automobiles to be continued. KW - Air quality management KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211964 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392574 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KECMAN, D AU - Kecman, I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICROCOMPUTERS IN THE DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF VEHICLE STRUCTURES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.71 AB - A very rapid technological development and low price of microcomputers and their periferals have opened new possibilities to solve a variety of technical problems, some of which are related to vehicle structures. After a brief review of the main properties of modern microcomputers, the paper presents a series of programs that can be utilised at various stages of the design, analysis, production and testing of vehicle structures. The programs include: numerical definition of complex curves and surfaces common in body design, analysis of the 2 and 3-dimensional frameworks and rotary symmetric shells, section optimisation from the safety point of view, data base management, and test data processing. Possibilities of test data acquisition and control of test rigs are also demonstrated. KW - Data collection KW - Data management KW - Information processing KW - Microcomputers KW - Optimization KW - Structural analysis KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211977 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392576 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Michelberger, P AU - Keresztes, A AU - BOKOR, J AU - Variaki, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DYNAMIC MODELLING OF COMMERCIAL ROAD VEHICLE STRUCTURES FROM TEST DATA PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.96 AB - The paper discusses the identification of multivariable models for air suspension bus structures using the measured stress response arising from stochastic road profile excitation. The vehicle and noise transfer matrices are identified from the time history of measured data. Applying a special parametrization of the transfer matrices, the modal characteristics can also be directly computed. Models were identified at various selected road categories, road profile variances and speed levels, thus the random vibration analysis of the vehicle can be performed for the whole range of operation. The identified models can be used to determine the global dynamic characteristics of the vehicle for arbitrary road profile excitations and speed levels within the examined range. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211979 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392266 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - WATSON, P AU - Hill, S J AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - FUTURE TRENDS IN COMPONENT DESIGN PY - 1984/05 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 278-290 AB - Component design methods have changed radically in recent years. This is due to a complex mixture of economic factors, pressure from competing technologies and the availability of new design approaches using computers. This paper describes why and how one component supplier is using and developing modern design evaluation methods. Particular emphasis is concentrated on designing components against their true service requirements, using a "fitness for purpose" approach. A case study of recent work on the development of cheaper, lighter forged steel connecting rods is given to illustrate the power of modern design techniques. The paper looks to the future, identifying a trend towards closer co-operation in design between vehicle manufacturers and component suppliers, to use limited resources most effectively. The development of the current design techniques to exploit synergies between adjacent components--the "systems" approach--is also considered. The paper also considers that future component design is likely to be much more rationalised than in the past, with effort being applied effectively. KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided design KW - Connecting devices KW - Fasteners KW - Rods KW - Steel KW - Suppliers KW - Systems analysis KW - Technology KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392552 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWENTIETH FISITA CONGRESS, THE AUTOMOTIVE FUTURE, VOLUME 3, AUSTRIA, 6-11 MAY 1984 PY - 1984/05 SP - 332 p. AB - This volume of papers presented at the Twentieth Fisita Congress on May 6-11, 1984, contains papers 845065 through 845068, 845070 through 845075, 845077 through 845085, 845087 through 845091, and 845093 through 845106. Papers presented in a language other than English are not translated. For abstracts of individual papers (English language only) see HS-037 450 through HS-037 466. KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392586 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWENTIETH FISITA CONGRESS, THE AUTOMOTIVE FUTURE, VOLUME 5, AUSTRIA, 6-11 MAY 1984 PY - 1984/05 SP - 148 p. AB - This volume contains abstracts of papers presented at the Twentieth Fisita Congress on May 6-11, 1984. All abstracts appear in English, French and German. KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207618 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392485 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Colyer, C C AU - Sheahan, T J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE OILS FOR USE WITH ALTERNATE FUELS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.163 AB - Alternate fuels may be required to supplement future gasoline and diesel fuel supplies in spite of today's temporary excess of crude oil. A decade of lead time may be required to successfully bring these alternate fuels to the market place. It is prudent to utilize available prototype alternate fuels to determine the future engine oil performance requirements to provide optimum engine durability with these fuels. This paper reviews engine oil requirements for alternate fuels both for the short and long term. Included are: (1) alcohols (ethanol and methanol) as partial additions, as well as neat, in both gasoline and diesel engine fuels; (2) diesel fuels from vegetable oils; and (3) fuels from tar sands, shale oil and coal. Tailoring the engine oil for optimum performance with a given type of fuel extends engine life. Fuel additives can play a major role to enhance the performance of the fuel itself. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Coal KW - Engine oils KW - Ethanol KW - Gasohol KW - Methanol KW - Performance KW - Shale oil KW - Tar sands KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211949 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392487 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mizuguchi, M AU - Chikamori, S AU - Suda, T AU - Kobayashi, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONIC-CONTROLLED SUSPENSION (ECS) PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.209 AB - While setting the spring constant and the damping coefficient to small values provide a car with good, soft riding comfort on well-paved roads, it causes poor road-holding characteristics on rough roads and large attitude variations during cornering, acceleration and deceleration. Moreover, it compromises the accident avoidance performance and the high speed directional stability. We have overcome these problems by developing the ELECTRONIC-CONTROLLED SUSPENSION (ECS) which normally responds softly but increases the spring constant and the damping coefficient automatically when running at high speed, cornering, accelerating or decelerating. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Deceleration KW - Electronic control KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Riding qualities KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392492 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - HARADA, H AU - SHIMIZU, H AU - Sugitani, T AU - Gomi, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SIMULATION OF VEHICLE BRAKE PERFORMANCE ON BRAKE DYNAMOMETER PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.325 AB - At an early stage of developments, brake performances are usually obtained from a simulation using a brake dynamometer. However the brake parts on the dynamometer will not operate at exactly the same temperature as that fitted to a road vehicle, because the cooling factors are different. Also the load on the brakes on the dynamometer is different from the actual load. The effects of temperature and load on brake performance were investigated and it was found that over a considerably wide range the frictional coefficients of brake materials are only minimally affected by the cooling factors and load. Brake performances calculated from the experimental data obtained from dynamometer tests using different line pressures and velocities as parameters show good coincidence with the actual road test results, so the simulations can be used to effectively estimate brake performance at planning stage of the vehicle. KW - Brakes KW - Dynamometers KW - Loads KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211956 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392554 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - LUCAS, G G AU - Hughes, J AU - Manias, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE APPLICATION OF A MICROPROCESSOR TO ENGINE CYLINDER DISABLEMENT PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.10 AB - The use of the throttle valve in the intake of the spark ignition engine is one reason for the lower part load efficiency of this engine when compared with the compression ignition engine. The need for the throttle valve can be avoided by the disablement of individual cylinders. A microprocessor is being used to operate on the fuel injection to the inlet ports as a means to disable the cylinders. It is being programmed such that the cylinders disabled, cycle by cycle, can be varied in order to keep all the cylinders hot and to minimise the amplitude of the vibrations of the power unit on its mountings. Further, the number of cylinders disabled, cycle by cycle, can be varied in order to provide a fine control of engine power output. The control system is described and the results of the experimental test work are presented. The paper also contains the theoretical modelling of the dynamics of the power unit on its mountings excited by the range of forcing torques expected from an engine with disabled cylinders. A six degree of freedom model is being used. KW - Control systems KW - Engine cylinder disablement KW - Engine cylinders KW - Mathematical models KW - Microprocessors KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211958 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392556 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Quilici, J-F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ATTEMPT TO CHARACTERIZE FUTURE MICROCARS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.56 AB - Microcars can be defined as: enclosed and wheel supported vehicles, stable at standstill and (i) lighter than Japanese K-class, kerb weight under 400g and (ii) 2-seaters compatible with suburban traffic. After notice of significant past and present designs, the environment, function and anatomy of microcars are examined and compared to light Japanese cars and leaning 3-wheelers. Considerations about dynamic data: starting, braking and transverse accelerations; tire and air resistances; and safety, allow gross evaluation of dimensions, of positioning track and drive (FWD, 3-wheeler), of power and transmission choice (CVT, energy storage), of brake location and suspension and/or steering specific design. KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Microautomobiles KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392578 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Vogt, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SANDWICH FOR THE BODY STRUCTURE PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.111 AB - An investigation was conducted into the feasibility of sandwich utilisation for car bodies. In order to establish the basis of flexibility to sandwich material compositions, a classification of the body structure into primary and secondary functions is described and analytical methods are discussed. Various sandwich test specimens have been investigated for structural design, manufacturing feasibility, surface treatment possibilities and some engineering tests. The influence to the overall body strength and crash energy absorption capability is discussed. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Crashworthiness KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Sandwich construction KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211981 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392580 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Packwood, J AU - Aurora, B R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD TO THE DESIGN OF THE FRONT DOOR OF A LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.131 AB - The paper describes the development and application of a relatively fine mesh model, analysed using MSC NASTRAN, to predict absolute values of deflections which correlated closely to the mean measured deflections of the actual door. The model has proved valuable in identifying and correcting at the pre-production stage the problem of the front door fit conditions. The paper then discusses the application of the model for structural analysis using strain energy techniques. The resulting design gives 21% reduction in deflection and stress at critical points with only 3% increase in mass. This contributed to significant savings in proto-type testing and in addition, provided more efficient use of the material in the structure. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Doors KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Prototype tests KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211983 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392582 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bockelmann, W W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MODULAR CARBURETOR CONCEPT FOR A WIDE PROFILE OF REQUIREMENTS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.143 AB - The requirements a modern carburetor concept has to comply with and the approaches to solve the problems involved will be described by the example of the Pierburg 2E-carburetor. The development goal of the Pierburg 2E-carburetor was to provide the engineers of the development operations of the car manufacturers with a modular system for mixture formation which complies with the requirements of the present and the development priorities of future vehicle and engine concepts with a favorable cost/benefit ratio. The application of the modular technology will be particularly referred to by means of an example of carburetor versions, means for controlling the idle air and fuel flow and starter modules. Further focal points are reductions of the idle fuel consumption, the deceleration cut-off and the engine simulating settings and tests. KW - Carburetors KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211985 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392265 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Snowdon, J M AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - FUTURE VEHICLE DESIGN AND COMMERCIAL SUCCESS PY - 1984/05 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 271-277 AB - There is undoubtedly a future for motor vehicles. But how will vehicle design develop? Many factors will influence future design, and among them the influence of competitive pressure will tend to encourage the continued assertion by manufacturers of the distinctive identities of their products. Steadily improving standards across the broad spectrum of vehicle design will demand new means of asserting character or identity. Particular ingenuity will be required both to find and design new facets of product distinction and to break the technological barriers which might stall progress in a particular direction. KW - Competition KW - Design standards KW - Industries KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392570 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWENTIETH FISITA CONGRESS, THE AUTOMOTIVE FUTURE, VOLUME 4, AUSTRIA, 6-11 MAY 1984 PY - 1984/05 SP - 240 p. AB - This volume of papers presented at the Twentieth Fisita Congress on May 6-11, 1984, contains papers 845107 through 845126, 845037, 845128, 845131, 845132, and 845134 through 845140. Papers presented in a language other than English are not translated. For abstracts of individual papers (English language only) see HS-037 468 through HS-037 482. KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207617 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392464 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Engels, H R AU - Pirault, J-P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME EXPERIENCE WITH HIGH COMPRESSION RATIO COMPACT SPARK IGNITED COMBUSTION CHAMBERS PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.32 AB - A review is made of the part and full load behaviour of several high compression ratio compact combustion chambers. Comparisons are made with current moderate compression ratio quiescent and fast burn combustion chambers. Typical vehicle fuel consumptions are projected for the various chamber types at similar vehicle performance and emission levels. Measured vehicle results with experimental combustion systems are indicated. The underlying reasons for the part load fuel consumption improvements of both high compression compact and fast burn open chambers are examined in terms of burn rate and friction. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211929 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392480 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sato, G T AU - Tanabe, H AU - Sorihashi, T AU - Fujimoto, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TRANSIENT GAS JET PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.91 AB - This paper presents the experimental study on the characteristics of a transient gas jet. Helium was injected instantaneously into a quiescent atmosphere with constant pressure. The distributions of instantaneous static pressure, radial and axial velocities and concentration at measuring points in the jet, which is obtained by the statistical data processing, are discussed to explain a transient mixture formation in the jet. The analogy between this jet and a diesel spray as for this mixture formation are also discussed by using these results. KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Diesel fuel spray KW - Diesel fuels KW - Experiments KW - Fuel injection KW - Helium KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Static pressure KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transient gas jet KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211944 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392482 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ferrari, G AU - Nuti, M AU - Casci, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL LOADING IN A HIGH PERFORMANCE AIR-COOLED DIESEL ENGINE FOR SMALL VAN PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.105 AB - The paper mainly deals with the heat transfer and thermal loading problems faced during the development of an high specific output IDI Diesel engine, suitable for a small van. Boundary conditions and heat transfer coefficients of the engine head were obtained from experimental measurements and a Finite Element Method model was developed to analyze temperature distribution in the head. The results of calculations and experimental tests led to an optimized solution for the cooling system based on air and oil passages in the hottest zone of the head. KW - Air cooling KW - Cooling systems KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Finite element method KW - Heat transfer KW - High performance KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Performance KW - Temperature KW - Temperature distribution KW - Thermal loads KW - Thermal stresses KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211946 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392557 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schuring, D J AU - Woehrle, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOWARD AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR MEASURING ENERGY LOSS OF TIRES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.63 AB - A brief discussion of the physical concept of tire energy loss and its relation to automobile performance is followed by a general definition of tire rolling loss. The effects of bearing losses, load, pressure, speed, road surface texture and other important factors on rolling loss are explained, and conclusions are drawn with respect to a fair representation of these factors in a generally accepted procedure for measuring tire rolling loss. General test requirements are outlined, and suggestions are made for a unified international test procedure. KW - Dissipation KW - International KW - International standards KW - Measurement KW - Rolling resistance KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Tires KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211961 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392559 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lestz, S S AU - Geyer, S M AU - Jacobus, M J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.96 AB - Results comparing fuel efficiency, pressure development history, gas phase emissions, and particulate biological activity for several nonpetroleum-based fuels with a standard number two diesel fuel oil baseline are presented. In addition, a correlation based on ignition delay is presented which appears to more reliably reflect the combustion performance for these nonpetroleum fuels than does the cetane index. In this single-cylinder engine study, it was found that none of the fuels investigated showed a marked difference in fuel efficiency when compared to diesel fuel oil. The same was not generally true for the exhaust emissions, where differences were found in the gas-phase as well as the particulate emissions. Most notable were the changes in the oxides of nitrogen and in the particulate generation rates. The oxides of nitrogen were fuel dependent as was the mass rate of particulate production and its soluble organic fraction. For each fuel, the mass rate of particulate generated turned out to be linearly dependent on the rate of fuel consumption. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211963 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392575 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bigliani, U AU - Giacometti, G AU - Ponsetti, F AU - Vipiana, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN INTEGRATED EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY TO DESIGN MODERN CABS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.88 AB - The need to optimize the design of the commercial vehicle's cab requires an accurate evaluation about structural performance and weight, driving comfort, vehicle aerodynamics, and visibility and cab space layouts. The actual Computer Aided Engineering development process allows an integrated design of the cab and vehicle as a system. The CAE approach involves experimental and analytical modelling activities in a coordinate process to define and evaluate from the earliest design phase: the loads and the boundary conditions entering the system; the behaviour of the components, subassemblies or entire product, in the nominal or extrapolated environment; and the performance and the expected operating life for prescribed mission. Target of the paper is to show through some practical and representative examples how it is possible by interation on mathematical models and with guided experimental tests to approach the different fields to obtain the required characteristics. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Comfort KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Computer aided design KW - Design KW - Layout KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Space KW - Structural analysis KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211978 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392577 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MATOLCSY, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRESS-CONCENTRATION IN THE JOINTS OF BUS FRAMES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.104 AB - In Hungary, the bus frames are built up from thin-walled, rectangular mild steel tubes, which are jointed by welding. In the joints of bus frame, 3 or 6 (sometimes more) tubes are set up forming sophisticated geometrical configurations. Service experiences show that the fatigue fracture of bus frames generally are initiated by the stress concentration in the joints. In the computer stress and strength analysis of bus frames only the nominal stresses can be determined in the lattice rods and an other step of the calculation is to analyse the stress concentration in the joints. A wide-range test program has been carried out to examine the stress distributions in the joints of thin-walled rectangular tubes, to determine the stress concentrations. For this purpose we are trying to use the Finite Element Method (FEM) in computer calculations; we are measuring the stress distributions by strain-gauges and comparing these results to the calculations and also fatigue tests are going on with the basic material, welded plates as well as welded joints. The stress concentration also can be defined on the basis of fatigue strength results. KW - Buses KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Frames KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211980 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392466 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ENOMOTO, Y AU - FURUHAMA, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT OF THE INSTANTANEOUS SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND HEAT LOSS OF GASOLINE ENGINE COMBUSTION CHAMBER PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.56 AB - The authors, from a viewpoint of heat transfer, found in a steady state as well as in an unsteady state the temperature distribution in a thin film thermocouple to determine the requirements of thin film thermocouple component materials, dimensions and their way of insulation, etc., for a higher precisions measuring, and such requirements were also verified through experiments. In particular, it was known that errors in measuring will be minimum if the thermocouple body material is the same as the measuring point material in thermophysical properties. The authors also developed a means to manufacture thin film thermocouples to measure the surface temperature and instantaneous heat flux of the cylinder liner wall where the piston and the piston rings slide. This was not possible in the past. This report covers a high precision measurement, and the heat loss in cycle of 4-stroke water-cooled gasoline engine known by applying the above measuring method to the piston and cylinder liner. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Gasoline engines KW - Heat loss KW - Measurement KW - Surface temperature KW - Thermocouples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211931 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392468 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Veselinovic, B AU - Knezevic, M AU - Jevtic, J AU - Borak, D J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME ASPECTS OF LIGHT DUTY HIGHSPEED DIESEL ENGINE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.96 AB - One of the main dilemmas, designers of light duty high speed diesel engines have been faced with when making choice of concept, is whether to decide on smaller cylinder volume and increased number of cylinders or vice versa. Our experience and realised performances with IMR S54V engine, and also some other recent experiences, show that the former choice offers more chances for optimum commercial vehicles drive. In the course of engine development particular attention has been paid to make optimisation in accordance with expected engine operating conditions in service. Operating conditions and velocity of achievement of engine optimum operating state upon starting are two out of a number of service requirements that have beem specially dealt with in this paper. Full optimisation of volumetric and mechanical efficiencies, two of the basic fields with engines of this class, allowed the achievement of very good engine performances. KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - High speed engines KW - High speed vehicles KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211933 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392476 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reddi, K S AU - Mathur, H B AU - Babu, MKG AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALDEHYDE EMISSIONS OF A METHANOL FUELED SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.1 AB - Methanol, as one of the attractive alternative liquid fuels for spark ignition engines possesses a strong potential of lower exhaust emissions of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons in comparison to gasoline. However, increased aldehyde emissions is a specific disadvantage for methanol's use in spark ignition engines. Experimental investigations relating to the influence of several engine operating parameters and also the effect of mixture preparation methods are reported in this paper. A statistically derived correlation between aldehyde emissions and exhaust gas temperature is described. KW - Aldehydes KW - Exhaust gases KW - Methanol KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211940 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392478 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BECK, N J AU - Weseloh, W E AU - Barkhimer, R L AU - Johnson, W P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CRIDEC-A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO HIGH-PERFORMANCE, ALL ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION FOR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.69 AB - CRIDEC is an advanced-concept, high-performance fuel injection system utilizing a common-rail, intensifier, and direct-electronic control. The combination of a single-solenoid, ball-poppet valve, pressure intensifier, and accumulator-type nozzle, offers precise, all-electronic control with very high pressure capability at all engine speeds. This unique system gives performance and control flexibility that is difficult to attain with conventional systems. When appropriately tailored to the engine and combustion system, significant improvements in fuel economy and low exhaust emissions are possible. By taking full advantage of electronics, microcomputers, and by eliminating conventional mechanical cams, levers, and governors, the hydromechanical components are greatly simplified. These same features allow scaling for application to engines of all sizes and speeds. KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - High performance KW - Microcomputers KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211942 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392561 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tsurui, M AU - Takato, M AU - Nakata, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVEMENT ON ACCELERATED PAINT FILM WEATHERING TEST METHOD PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.159 AB - One of the major problems of current accelerated weathering methods is difficulty of reproducing the results of in-use exposure. This paper reports a microanalytic method used to improve that reproducibility. For that purpose, electron-microscopic observations were performed of coating surface degradations caused by various accelerated weathering methods and those induced by outdoor exposures, along with those of in-use car panels, thereby identifying differences in film degradation forms. The accelerated weathering tests demonstrated the effects that the wavelength distribution of radiation, temperature, water feeding procedure, etc. had on loss of gloss, fading, and film surface degradation forms, especially a great effect of ultraviolet light on such failures. It was based on analytic results of such environmental factors that the accelerated testing conditions including wavelength distribution of the radiation, water feeding, temperature, etc. were improved, thus making possible better evaluation and prediction of gloss retention life of solid coatings. KW - Accelerated weathering KW - Automobile bodies KW - Microanalysis KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Paint KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392563 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kuroyanagi, J AU - Hattori, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF AUTOMOBILE POWERTRAIN PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.215 AB - As an innovative transmission which is more fuel/power efficient and easier to operate, several types of "automatic" transmission or clutch have been developed by automotive manufacturers using a mechanical gear-type transmission with a dry clutch by the combination with microcomputer-controlled actuators. We have been developing, with favorable test results obtained so far, a full automatic gear-type transmission, with its production manual transmission used, by incorporating its newly designed hydraulic clutch and transmission actuators for attainment of optimum transmission function control. This paper outlines its working system and clutch control mechanism. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Electronic control KW - Microcomputers KW - Technological innovations KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211967 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392571 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SEPPEN, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW METHOD TO DETERMINE FLOW PHENOMENA IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.17 AB - The in-cylinder airflow has a large effect on the characteristics of a piston engine. In order to determine these flow phenomena both a mathematical model and an anemometer were developed. The compressionstroke of an i.c. engine was simulated two- and three-dimensionally with commercially available finite-difference flow programs. The initial values for this simulation were calculated through the use of a zero dimensional swirl model of the intake stroke. The swirl coefficient, needed for this calculation, was both measured on a stationary flowrig and calculated from a simulation of the airflow through the inletport. The results of the model calculations were checked with an electric discharge anemometer (EDA). EDA was developed in such a way that the air velocity is measured as a three-dimensional vector. The physical background of EDA was thoroughly investigated. Validation measurements were carried out in a motored Otto engine and a direct injection diesel engine, both motored and fired. The method developed shows considerable potential as an R and D and design tool. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Anemometry KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Flow KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Mathematical models KW - Otto cycle engines KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392573 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stringer, I A AU - BULLOCK, K J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REGENERATIVE ROAD LOAD SIMULATOR PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.58 AB - The design, control and performance of a versatile regenerative road load simulator for laboratory use is described. The arrangement of the unit provides two separate controllable dynamometers for testing a wide range of conventional, electrical and hybrid propulsion systems and transmission components. A hydrostatic pump-motor set forms one dynamometer; this will absorb or supply a maximum torque of 410 N.m, and up to 70 kW of tailshaft power at speeds from zero to 3000 r/min. The second dynamometer, which can also simulate the behaviour of small to medium sized IC engines, is a Ward Leonard motor-generator set capable of absorbing or supplying up to 150 N.m to 3000 r/min, then 56 kW up to 6000 r/min. Components of this dynamometer can also be set up as a battery simulator to supply or absorb power for electrical components of any hybrid or electric transmission system under test. In this mode the mechanical power is absorbed or supplied by the hydrostatic dynamometer. The two dynamometers can be used concurrently to evaluate such components as axle differentials and epicyclic gear boxes, in which case a separate prime mover is required. Regenerative capabilities in this mode will depend on the power absorbing capacity of the prime mover chosen. The performance of the simulator with a test automatic transmission fitted, when evaluated using the Federal DHEW Urban Driving Schedule velocity-time history, was found to be satisfactory. KW - Design KW - Dynamometers KW - Laboratory equipment KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Testing equipment KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392470 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kobayashi, A AU - Endo, S AU - Someya, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF THE COMBUSTION PHENOMENA UNDER THE COLD STARTING CONDITION AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF COLD STARTABILITY BY A PROGRAMMED CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.112 AB - Fuel injection timing retardation for reducing exhaust emission of direct injection diesel engines prolongs the period to complete cold starting. Engine speed at this period varies through some accelerating and faltering stages and a longer faltering stage increases the cold starting period. Engine speed variation during cold starting is determined by the difference between engine friction and the torque generated by combustion. So the frictional losses of piston and crankshaft were studied first and engine overall friction was calculated through combustion torque and instantaneous engine speed. As for the combustion, cylinder pressure was measured for each cylinder and, in relation with the dynamic fuel injection timing and engine speed, the variation of combustion characteristics during cold start was investigated. An improvement of cold start was shown by application of afterheat of a sheathed type glow plug and an electronic fuel injection timing control device. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Friction losses KW - Timers KW - Timing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211935 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392471 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Emori, R I AU - Nakajima, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ROLE OF TRUCKS IN MIXED TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.163 AB - Once trucks are involved in an accident, the results are very serious in many cases. Trucks are bound more to be "accident sellers" than to be "accident buyers" in mixed traffic. This paper analyzes and reconstructs several truck-involved accidents and suggests countermeasures to prevent the accidents. In-depth case studies depict particular characteristics of trucks and truck drivers which largely contribute to accidents. The paper proposes that every driver must be educated and familiarized with different characteristics of other types of vehicles and defensive techniques of driving be developed in mixed traffic where large trucks, passenger cars, motorcycles and others share common roads. The approach is also to be applied to pedestrians and children. They should be experienced with blind areas when in the driver's seat, and then should know how to appeal themselves to the drivers. KW - Case studies KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Defensive drivers KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211936 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392474 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Finta, L AU - Laszlo, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TESTING OF LIGHT REFLECTION IN BUS WINDSHIELD PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.197 AB - From windshields of current buses during night traffic, either their own interior or surrounding lights may reflect as gleam or keyed image reflected in the driver's eye disturbing and deteriorating his visual performance. The authors are concerned with research of these characteristics of windshields. In environments free from disturbing light-sources, traffic illumination was produced and reflection lights were measured in the windshield to determine deteriorated proportion of visual performance. They worked out several methods for measuring reflection of light in the windshield: first a light density instrument was installed on a computer-controlled moving support measuring in polar-, then it was fixed on a program-controlled robot measuring in rectangular-coordinate. According to the results received to date by analyzing of bright blind density, visible in real and also virtual planes, one has to take into consideration the adaptation and physiological characteristics of the visual organ in addition to the person's psychological facilities. KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eye KW - Glare KW - Night KW - Physiological aspects KW - Psychological aspects KW - Reflection KW - Vision KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211939 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392489 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Richardson, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADAPTIVE SUSPENSION DAMPING PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.224 AB - As the dynamic performance of suspension systems has progressively improved over the years, the search for the "ideal" form of shock absorber damping characteristic has intensified. The conventional, velocity conscious, shock absorber deals competently with a wide range of operating requirements, but it is doubtful whether a single, fixed "ideal" setting is achievable as, for example, similar suspension velocities can be associated with different damping requirements. An obvious route to improve discrimination is to sense further inputs and combine these via microprocessor logic to control an adjustable valve in the shock absorber. Thus the damping force is better able to adapt to the prevailing conditions. The possible systems to achieve this adaptive concept can be fairly simple or very complex and the challenge to the engineer is to develop cost effective systems, correctly tuned to the particular class of vehicle which demonstrate a recognisable benefit to the customer. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Development KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Shock absorbers KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211953 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392490 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SWEATMAN, P AU - MAI, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ARTICULATED VEHICLE STABILITY--THE ROLE OF VEHICLE DESIGN PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.241 AB - Heavy vehicles with high centres of gravity are prone to rollover accidents. For a given height and width, stability is affected by suspension design. In articulated vehicles, the matching of the tractor and trailer suspensions, as well as the degree of coupling between tractor and trailer, affects the stability of the combination. A number of loaded articulated combinations with high centres of gravity were tested on a specially-constructed tilt deck. Parameters including lateral load transfer at each axle group, deflections of the sprung and unsprung parts of the suspensions, movement at the fifth wheel coupling and torsional deflection of the chassis were measured up to the point of first wheel lift. A computer model of the rollover process was also developed. The effects of suspensions, couplings, tyres and chassis on the rollover limit are discussed. Suspensions have the greatest effect, causing the lateral acceleration at rollover to vary from .36 g to .45 g among the range of vehicles tested. Proposals for a standard test of stability are discussed. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Suspension systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211954 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392567 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - NORDMARK, S AU - Lidstrom, M AU - Palmkvist, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOVING BASE DRIVING SIMULATOR WITH WIDE ANGLE VISUAL SYSTEM PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.266 AB - An advanced driving simulator has been completed at the Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute. A moving base system with three degrees of freedom (lateral motion, roll and pitch) is used to simulate inertia forces up to 0.4 g. The visual system consists of three TV-projections with screens in front of the driver covering 120 degrees horizontally. The road picture is generated purely by electronic means and offers flexibility in different layouts of the road and lighting conditions. The theoretical model is fairly complex and describes a vehicle with four wheels. Tire characteristics are nonlinear and the model also includes compliances in the steering system and the suspensions, which is very important to obtain correct handling qualities. The performance of the whole system is measured and compared with field test data, obtained under similar conditions. Different areas of use are described and the advantages and shortcomings are discussed. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Driving simulators KW - Moving base KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211971 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392568 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mochizuki, T AU - Kurihara, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VIBRATION GENERATED BY ROAD TRAFFIC PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.285 AB - The problem of vibration generated by road traffic in Japan has become increasingly a serious problem as the result of the rapid growth of Japanese economy which has created the active circulation of goods and a living environment where the housings are built very close to the road traffic. The aim of this paper is to find out the effective solutions to solve such existing problems by extracting hypothetical factors which are believed to affect the cause of such vibrations. This paper tries to determine the influential factors among such hypotheses through surveys on the actual conditions. As a result of the analysis, it has been proven that the most influential factors in causing vibration are: the number of heavy vehicles and the irregularities of the road-surface followed by the characteristics of the foundation and the surface structures of the road. KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Japan KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211972 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392583 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Adams, T G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARISON OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE USING METHANOL OR DISSOCIATED METHANOL AS THE FUEL PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.151 AB - Methanol will react in the presence of a catalyst and decompose into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This is an endothermic reaction in which the lower heating value of the reformed gas is about 20% greater than liquid methanol. Since the reformed gas is hydrogen rich it has the potential to increase the engines brake thermal efficiency and reduce exhaust emission compared to liquid methanol. To explore this possibility a series of dynamometer engine test were conducted to compare the performance of a 100% dissociated methanol fueled engine to a liquid methanol fueled engine. The combustion characteristics of dissociated methanol are similar to pure hydrogen. The low ignition energy requirements resulted in pre-ignition and severe backfires at the mid and high speed--load test points. Data obtained at the low speed-low load points, the area of greatest interest, show some reduction in exhaust emissions and improvements in brake thermal efficiency. Additional testing and/or theoretical analysis is required to determine if the improvements in fuel economy and reduction in exhaust emissions offset the potential problems, complexity and costs of a dissociation reactor system. KW - Backfiring KW - Braking performance KW - Dissociation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrogen KW - Methanol KW - Performance tests KW - Pre-ignition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392475 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWENTIETH FISITA CONGRESS, THE AUTOMOTIVE FUTURE, VOLUME 2, AUSTRIA, 6-11 MAY 1984 PY - 1984/05 SP - 344 p. AB - This volume of papers presented at the Twentieth Fisita Congress on May 6-11, 1984, contains papers 845024 through 845036 and papers 845038 through 845064. Papers presented in a language other than English are not translated. For abstracts of individual papers (English language only) see HS-037 432 through HS-037 448. KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393004 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINEERING KNOW-HOW IN ENGINE DESIGN: A NEW LOOK AT THE BASICS PY - 1984/05 SP - 48 p. AB - During the mid 70's and early 80's engine manufacturers have developed more fuel efficient engines, and reduced exhaust emission. These new designs have helped the United States cut its use of imported petroleum. Many of these new designs incorporate exotic features like microprocessors, catalytic converters, and new ignitions. What about the basic engine and its components? How have they changed over the past 20 to 30 years? The Milwaukee Section of SAE is pleased to present the Thirty-First Annual Lecture Series, "A New Look at the Basics". The papers contained in this special publication all relate to the common engine, its theory of combustion, and its components. KW - Combustion KW - Engine components KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207941 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392467 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PHOTOGRAPHIC AND IMAGE ANALYSIS STUDIES OF DIESEL SPRAY AND FLAME WITH A RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE AND A D.I. DIESEL ENGINE (INTERPRETATION AND CONCEPTUAL IMAGE) PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 1.76 AB - Some conceptual image of a diesel spray flame and its combustion promotion is shown based on the various interpretations of the enormous data obtained in our laboratory in these several years, on the flame temperature measurement by the two color method, the composition analysis by gas sampling, as well as the focus shadow photography, back illuminated photography and luminous photography by a high speed camera, on the diesel spray flame created in a large scale Rapid Compression Machine and a D-I engine. KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuel spray KW - Diesel fuels KW - Direct injection engines KW - Flame temperature KW - Flames KW - Fuel injection KW - Image analysis KW - Image processing KW - Photography KW - Rapid compression machine KW - Shadow photography KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211932 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392479 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Inoue, T AU - YAMADA, T AU - Shindo, K AU - Yamada, M AU - Imai, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SIMULATION OF DIESEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING A HYBRID COMPUTER PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.84 AB - The importance of diesel injection system simulation as a design tool is widely recognized and various models have been developed. But most of the simulations are implemented with digital computers. A new simulation model using digital-analog hybrid computer has been developed. The objective of this simulation is to optimize the injection system design with minimum time by interactive method. The hybrid computer meets this requirement. One of the main features of this model is the introduction of a simple equation about the bulk modulus of elasticity of fuel oil. It is expressed as a function of the oil pressure and the volume ratio of bubble to fluid. This paper describes the detail of the modeling and the programming of this simulation for hybrid computer, comparison between calculation and experiments and some examples of application to the actual diesel injection system. KW - Computer programming KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211943 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392486 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bernstein, L S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EUROPEAN AUTOMOTIVE FUELS FOR THE 80'S AND 90'S PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 2.177 AB - Assuming that the rise in the cost of crude oil during the remainder of this century is roughly in line with inflation, essentially all of Europe's transportation fuel will be petroleum derived. However, shifts in environmental regulations and in the relative demand for the various petroleum fuels may cause significant changes in transportation fuel quality. If lead-free gasoline is required, its octane quality should be set to minimize the total energy required for transportation. The relative increase in the demand for transportation distillate will lead to a higher fraction of conversion distillates in these products, and a general lowering of cetane quality. Optimization of the diesel engine-fuel system around the available cetane quality would be desirable. While synthetic fuels are unlikely to be available in significant quantities in Europe in the next 20 years, they will continue to be studied intently by all involved in transportation. Methanol appears to be the most attractive synthetic fuel for Europe. Use of methanol to extend gasoline or diesel fuel is possible, but use of neat methanol in modified Otto cycle engines seems more attractive. Raising the vapor pressure of methanol with suitable primers can overcome some of the difficulties encountered with pure methanol. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Cetane number KW - Demand KW - Europe KW - Methanol KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211950 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392553 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - PAYRI, F AU - Desantes, J M AU - Boada, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CALCULATION MODEL FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF A VARIABLE DISTRIBUTION (REDUCTION OF THE PUMP-LOSSES) PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.1-3.9 AB - The possibility exists of adopting variable valve timings to reduce pump-losses in spark-ignition engines. With this method, engine load regulation can be achieved mainly by acting over the total time that the inlet valve remains open, and eliminating the throttle valve in an ideal case. The timing diagram (total opening valve and angular phase) should depend on the engine speed and load desired in each moment. The mechanical system for the proposed regulation system is a four-bar mechanism, which is now in a stage of final adjustment for a monocylinder engine. In order to get the valve timing, a calculation model for the inlet and exhaust processes has been developed and is presented in this article, as well as the results obtained. KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Pumping loss KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Valve timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211957 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392564 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kirejczyk, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE HYDROMECHANICAL TRANSMISSION FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BY SIMULATION STUDIES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 3.224 AB - This paper presents a continuously variable hydromechanical transmission--CVHT. This is a three range split power CVHT with an automatic control system. This transmission consists of a base for a mathematical model comprising engine, CVHT and vehicle. The mathematical model takes into account hydraulic pressure losses and flow losses in the transmission as well as inertia of the engine and the vehicle. This model is submitted to the computer simulation considering various load conditions and input signals. The results, shown in the form of graphs, allow to state that CVHT makes new solution of the problem of the engine operating condition optimization and further development may bring significant profits. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Engine performance KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211968 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392572 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Aita, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ASPECTS OF COMPOUND PRODUCTION OF DIESEL AND OTTO ENGINES FOR PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.25 AB - In the new engine factory of BMW Motoren Gesellschaft m.b.h. in Steyr, the manufacturing equipment was planned and realised for the production of both Diesel and Otto (i.e. Gasoline or Petrol) engines for passenger cars in form of a compound production system. Various aspects of compound production are presented with examples of the plant and the subsequent experience gained with it. A cost analysis comparison is presented between a production system using separate facilities and a compound production system. An essential requirement for the realisation of the concept was the harmonisation of the development aims for both Diesel and Otto engines. The resulting semi-flexible manufacturing system enables the production of both engine types on a continuous basis. This system makes it possible to cater for changing customer demands whilst retaining the cost benefits. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Diesel engines KW - Manufacturing KW - Otto cycle engines KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392579 JO - Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers, Incorporated PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Landgraf, R W AU - Conle, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRENDS IN ASSURING THE MECHANICAL DURABILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE STRUCTURES PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 4.124 AB - Significant progress in materials and structures research leading to improved analytical and experimental capabilities for evaluating the mechanical durability of automotive structures is reviewed. Recent experiences in incorporating modern fatigue analysis methodology in easily used computer-based formats are then presented. This is followed by a general discussion of the application of design aids at various points in the product development cycle with emphasis on future trends and needs. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Development KW - Durability KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Materials KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391786 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Bare, B K AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY. VISIBILITY? DO YOU ALWAYS HAVE IT? PY - 1984/05 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - p. 52-55 AB - This article focuses on some points that a motorcycle rider should consider before, and on setting out to ride. These include a pre-ride check of oil level, lights, the rear drive chain, and protective clothing including the helmet. It is important to ensure visibility with clothing, head lights (daytime), and to avoid other drivers' blind spots. It is also important that the motorcyclist is able to see and identify hazards. Watch out for intersections and unexpected conditions. Wobbles, skids, and the encountering of animals are discussed. For safety and comfort, the motorcycle rider and passenger must act as a team. Advice is also given on group riding. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Skids KW - Visibility KW - Wobble UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210671 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391785 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A MOTORCYCLE PASSENGER PY - 1984/05 VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - p. 10-13 AB - The article points out that second riders on motorcycles are co-riders, co-pilots or navigators but not passengers in the conventional sense. Points to remember when riding 2-up are noted. For safe operation of the vehicle, its gross vehicle weight should not be exceeded. Gross axle load ratings should be determined as should be the loads on the front rear wheels. The chain must be well-lubricated and clean. The tire pressure must be increased and the springs will require additional preloading. The second rider should wear protective clothing, should be cautioned about riding maneuvers, and be instructed on safe and correct riding posture. KW - Axle loads KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Highway safety KW - Inflation KW - Lubrication KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391788 AU - Moskowitz, H AU - BURNS, M M AU - Williams, A F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SKILLS PERFORMANCE AT LOW BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS PY - 1984/05 SP - 16 p. AB - The effect of low blood alcohol concentrations (BAC's) on driving skills performance was examined experimentally. Ten moderate drinkers were tested on divided-attention and information processing tasks at BAC's of 0.000%, 0.015%, 0.030%, 0.045%, and 0.060%. All response measures showed evidence of impairment beginning at 0.015% and increasing impairment with increasing BAC's. Thus, there is no evidence that low or very low BAC's improve performance on driving-related skills, as has sometimes been suggested. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Comprehension KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Human information processing KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392228 AU - Miller, D E AU - Peterson, E A AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - COMPARISON OF CRT ANTIREFLECTION FILTERS PY - 1984/05 SP - 36 p. AB - This report describes two experiments examining the effects of various CRT screen treatments on reflectance and user performance. In the first experiment, physical measurements were taken of the light emitted and reflected from the screen of a popular video terminal. Measurements were taken for both normal and reverse polarity when the tube face was bare. Similarly, measurements were taken when the screen was covered with either a micromesh or plastic filter. Measurements were taken at the center and upper-right corner of the screen. At the center point there were no significant differences in reflectance due to polarity, but differences due to screen filters were significant. (The micromesh filter was particularly effective in reducing reflectance.) For the corner point there were no significant differences in reflectance due to either polarity or filter. The second experiment was a human performance test concerning the same six treatment conditions and terminal as were used in the first experiment. Six university students were asked to count how often the character-pair "3W" occurred within a block of text shown on the screen. Except for normal polarity leading to shorter search times, neither the filter nor polarity changes had statistically significant effects on search times or errors. There was, however, a tendency for the plastic filter to lead to poorer performance (longer search times, more errors). KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Engineering KW - Ergonomics KW - Filters KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Lighting KW - Psychological aspects KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Video display terminals KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391797 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - Winn, G L AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - RATE THE STATES. WHO CARES ABOUT MOTORCYCLE SAFETY... AND WHO DOESN'T PY - 1984/05 SP - p. 22-25 AB - An attempt is made to identify the elements of a good state motorcycle safety program and to show how each state ranks against the standard. The first element of an outstanding program is rider education and programs like those offered by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation significantly reduce the number of motorcycle accidents. Fifteen states have adopted self-funding training proposals. A measure of the effectiveness of the rider training programs is the number of motorcyclists actually taking the training. Rhode Island, with 16% of the motorcycling population taking the program, was the winner. It is noted that tough motorcyclist licensing laws are among the best ways to screen out unqualified motorcyclists. Every state except Alabama, Idaho, Mississippi and West Virginia has a law requiring motorcyclists to have a special license. Another test of a state's commitment to motorcycle safety programs is the amount of money it spends in that area. The states were ranked on points awarded for each of these aspects and the maximum number that could be scored was 22. The highest score was for South Dakota with 19. A score of 13 or more was awarded an "A"; 8-12 points was a "B" and 3-7 points were awarded "C." KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcyclists KW - Ranking KW - Ranking (Statistics) KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391836 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, THEFT COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1983 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, 1982 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST TWO YEARS, 1981 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST THREE YEARS PY - 1984/05 SP - 50 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1981, 1982, and 1983 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Statistics KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391798 JO - Motor AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Books TI - EMISSION CONTROLS. PART VII: CHRYSLER EGR AND HEATED-AIR INLET PY - 1984/05 VL - 161 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - Of the three categories of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems in Chrysler Corporation engines, two are discussed here: the ported vacuum and the three-stage systems. The Chrysler heated-air inlet system is also described. The ported vacuum is simple in its setup and consists of four components. Troubleshooting the system is also described. The three-stage EGR system is more complex. It provides more flow when the engine is fully warmed and the throttle is open, but provides less EGR at reduced temperature and throttle opening, when engine performance would suffer under greater EGR flow. The article describes the testing and servicing of the heated-air inlet system used on 6- and 8-cylinder Chrysler engines. KW - Air intakes KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Level of service KW - Service KW - Testing KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210677 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391827 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Pockrass, R M AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - MANAGING HAZARDOUS ROADBLOCKS PY - 1984/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - p. 20-23 AB - Criminals fleeing from the police in motor vehicles have a number of options when they are confronted by a roadblock. Depending on the circumstances and on the skill and nerve of the driver, the suspects may take evasive action, try to break through the blockade, or resort to firearms. By viewing the roadblocks as a form of ambush, police can more safely and effectively cope with this type of incident. A basic knowledge of the military concepts of surprise, cover, and fields of fire can also be an aid to police charged with stopping a vehicle driven by armed and dangerous persons. Finally, the ambush formations of the L and V types are offered as tactical alternatives. KW - Police KW - Roadblocks KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392242 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Cipullo, E J AU - Bosco, J AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - SAFETYRAMA. TEACHING OUR CHILDREN ABOUT DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1984/05 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - p. 1-4 AB - This article describes "Safetyrama," a program designed to educate children kindergarten through second grade on traffic safety and the effects of driving while intoxicated. This program, instituted in 127 classrooms throughout Nassau County, Long Island, New York, increases a student's sensitivity to the meanings of the regulatory traffic signs they see on the streets. Without leaving the classroom, students role play the parts of trucks, cars, bicycles, and even police officers. The program does not stop at the elementary school level. At the high school level, an intensive driving while intoxicated (DWI) program starts, which includes slide film presentations of car crashes, broken bodies, morgue scenes, arrests, and methods of survival. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Child safety KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High schools KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210873 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391784 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE HO HUM BOREDOM FACTOR PY - 1984/05 VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - 9 p. AB - The dangers of driving long distances for long hours on ill-planned journeys are pointed out, and practical ways of avoiding fatigue and monotony on the road and assuring safety are noted. Planning the trip with no more than two hours of driving between stops is important. Walking or light exercise during stops and pre-scheduled night stops are also important. Maintaining the correct heat/cold air conditioning, correct driving posture, avoiding eyestrain are other factors to be considered. Varying speed will help break the monotony and hypnotizing effect, and a second driver will help avoid fatigue. Passengers can help keep the driver alert and help in navigation. Alcohol should always be avoided by the driver, and so must heavy meals. Radios are important for solo drivers. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alertness KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Intercity travel KW - Long distance travel KW - Monitoring KW - Monotony KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210669 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391373 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Carrico, L R AU - National Safety Council TI - THREE KEYS TO ROBOT SAFETY: TRAINING, DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1984/05 VL - 129 IS - 5 SP - p. 81-85 AB - To design and implement a safe and productive robotic application effectively, personnel must be formally trained as to the robot's type, specifications, control system, features, and input/output structure. This provides them with the appropriate information needed during the design phase. They should be totally aware of their own facility's safety requirements, OSHAct standards, and the manufacturer's safety features available on the equipment. This knowledge then must be used in the design of the perimeter guarding and remote interface panels to be used in the application. The key factor of a successful and safe application is the proper indoctrination and training of all involved personnel. Finally, refresher seminars should be provided to keep all involved personnel up-to-date. KW - Design KW - Implementation KW - Occupational safety KW - Robotics KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety practices KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210466 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391325 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - LEADED GASOLINE: IS THE END IN SIGHT? PY - 1984/05 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - p. 285-287 AB - The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will propose a near-total ban on leaded gasoline to take effect in 1986 or 1987, and is promoting programs to limit the impact of fuel-switching (misfueling) i.e. the improper use of leaded fuel in cars that should use unleaded. This article considers what effect the new rules have on the average motorist and if the ban will hurt a vintage auto? The history of leaded gasoline usage is briefly reviewed, and comments are made on EPA's review of health effects data related to lead. Although the health evidence alone might justify EPA's new proposals, a cost-benefit analysis shows large economic benefits from the ban. It is noted that using leaded fuel in a modern car designed for unleaded gasoline can be very expensive. The environmental costs of fuel-switching are also severe. The EPA ban on leaded fuel will prevent fuel-switching but it cannot undo the damage already done to catalysts by past misfueling. Solutions to the problem are discussed. Enforcement of the law prohibiting gasoline retailers from misfueling a car will be tightened. The main focus of EPA's efforts will be in pressing state and local government to check for filler-type tampering and lead in tailpipes during routine vehicle inspections. It is noted that EPA's proposals could make low-cost leaded gasoline disappear from the market but motorists with vintage cars might still be able to buy it at a price. KW - Catalysts KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Health KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Misfueling KW - Motor vehicles KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vintage cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210433 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391326 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Cerullo, B AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - ENGINE SWAPPING--SHOP TIPS FROM A PRO PY - 1984/05 VL - 224 IS - 5 SP - p. 123-125 AB - This article tells how to assess the necessity for an engine replacement, how to remove and replace the engine, and where to shop for the engine. Engines could very often be saved by repairing one or more of their components such as valves, camshaft, timing chain, or crankshaft. The importance of planning and preparation for engine removal and replacement is emphasized. It is also important to study the factory shop manual for the particular make and model of the car and to have the correct tools. The various steps in the actual removal and replacement of the engine are detailed. KW - Automobile engines KW - Manuals KW - Removal KW - Repairing KW - Replacing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391358 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Spalt, S W AU - National Safety Council TI - CHAPEL HILL'S DRIVE-A-TEEN: MORE THAN A RIDE HOME PY - 1984/05 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - This article gives the background on Drive-a-Teen, which began operation in 1980 as an emergency transportation service for students who were unable to drive because of their own or their friends drinking. Three years later it has expanded into peer education, as student members help other teens learn the truth about drinking and driving. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Parents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210458 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391688 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - 1983 TRAFFIC DEATHS: THE DOWNWARD TREND CONTINUES PY - 1984/05 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - p. 18-22 AB - This article reports on U.S. traffic fatalities for 1983 as determined by the National Safety Council. The 1983 total is estimated at 44,300, a 4 percent decrease from 1982. The month recording the highest number of fatalities during 1983 was July with 4,320; the lowest number, 2,840, occurred in February. The mileage death rate in 1983 is indicated to be 2.73 (deaths per 100 million vehicle miles of travel). This rate is a 6 percent decrease from the 1982 rate of 2.89. Other items reported include injuries, factors affecting motor vehicle deaths, regional changes, urban-rural fatality experience, deaths by type of accident, deaths by age of victim, and state and city experience. KW - Age KW - Cities KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Mileage death rate KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210622 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391359 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - AN ENGINEERING PROFESSOR SAYS: PAVEMENT MARKERS PREVENT CRASHES--IF THEY ARE RATIONALLY USED PY - 1984/05 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - p. 10-11 AB - The rise in the number of night accidents has spurred the Federal Highway Administration to launch a research program aimed generally at finding out why this is so and what can be done about it. This article describes one part of this research effort which centers on the use of accident data to try to determine how much good, if any, various markings do on two-lane rural highways. This includes post-mounted reflective signs, used to outline highway edges, and raised pavement markers (RPMs), imbedded in the pavement, and also used to outline edges and centerlines of highways. Based on what's been studied so far it is thought that the rational, proper, well thought-out use of RPMs can easily cut accidents in half, and quite possibly eliminate nearly all delineation-related accidents. KW - Center lines KW - Edge lines KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised separators KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflective signs KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210459 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391698 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Fife, D AU - BARANCIK, J I AU - Chatterjee, B F AU - American Public Health Association TI - NORTHEASTERN OHIO TRAUMA STUDY: II. INJURY RATES BY AGE, SEX, AND CAUSE PY - 1984/05 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - p. 473-478 AB - Using a 1977 sample of emergency department visits in five northeastern Ohio counties, population-based injury rates are tabulated by age, sex, and cause. Case fatality ratios are estimated by comparing these injury rates with population-based mortality rates for 1976-1978. For all age and sex groups, injuries are a major cause of emergency department visits. Falls, striking, cuts, and motor vehicle crashes are the leading causes of injury. Case fatality ratios for motor vehicle crash injuries are considerably higher than those for non-transport injuries. Injury rates and case fatality ratios for males exceed those for females except among the elderly. With increasing age, injury rates decline but the fraction of injuries leading to hospital admission or to fatality rises sharply. KW - Age KW - Causes KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210631 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391687 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Del'Marmol, J J AU - National Safety Council TI - THE UNRESTRAINED CHILD: PRELUDE TO TRAGEDY PY - 1984/05 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article examines reasons why children ride unrestrained in automobiles and concludes that, in essence, it is because their parents have not been victimized by the tragedy of a human collision, and consequently do not see a need for seat belts. Laws, such as that passed by the California Legislature which became effective January 1, 1983, and mandates the use of seat belts for all children under 4 years of age, are seen as necessary to achieve reduced injury and fatality rates. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Laws KW - Parents KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210621 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391699 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Iglewicz, R AU - Rosenman, K D AU - Iglewicz, B AU - O'LEARY, K AU - Hockemeier, R AU - American Public Health Association TI - ELEVATED LEVELS OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE PATIENT COMPARTMENT OF AMBULANCES PY - 1984/05 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - p. 511-512 AB - Six hundred and ninety New Jersey ambulances were monitored for carbon monoxide (CO); 27 percent had CO levels of 10 ppm or more greater than ambient air in the breathing zone of the patient. Twenty-nine of these ambulances had levels of at least 35 ppm greater than ambient air. Results indicate that a CO exposure problem exists in ambulances. KW - Ambulances KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391683 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - JOURNAL STUDY FINDS: PROHIBITION BACKFIRES--"DRY" AREAS HAVE MORE ALCOHOL-RELATED DEATHS PY - 1984/05 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - Several papers from the Summer and Fall 1983 issues of the "Journal of Safety Research" are reviewed. One article concludes that the prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages on a county-by-county basis may actually lead to more drinking-driving fatalities by compelling those who want to drink to travel longer distances to adjacent counties where alcohol is available. Another article describes the use of computer simulation to evaluate various techniques of preventing drunk drinking. Another article describes a two-part study of the effect of mail-in driver license renewals on subsequent driving records. The final article reviewed describes a study on the relationship between alcohol availability and fatal motor vehicle accidents. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver records KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legislation KW - Prevention KW - Prohibitions KW - Simulation KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390950 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES. PHASE ONE PY - 1984/05 SP - 50 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to present the proposed system of police traffic services (PTS) performance measures. This is essentially a research report detailing how the measurement system was developed and presenting the set of goals, objectives and measures to be tested in Phase Two. It is divided into six sections. Following the introduction is a review of the purpose of goals, objectives and measures and the need to evaluate operational performance. The third section presents a revised listing of goals and objectives for PTS. The fourth section of this report is the actual presentation of the candidate performance measures. In addition to that presentation, the nature of measures is discussed, along with their attributes and the different forms that they can take; the limitations of measures is also discussed. The fifth section of the report explains how the proposed goal-objective-measure system will work. At this point, the use of qualitative, as well as quantitative, measures is covered. Also discussed in this section is the need to have a flexible system that can easily be modified to meet local needs and conditions. The final section of the report contains specific recommendations concerning the next steps for the project. KW - Performance evaluations KW - Police traffic services KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387796 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF OCCUPANT AND VEHICLE KINEMATICS PY - 1984/05 SP - 172 p. AB - The purpose of this special publication is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of mathematical modeling of human kinematics in crash environments and of the use of these models for improving vehicle occupant and pedestrian safety. It is also to detail the various techniques used by individual practitioners in processing and displaying the test results. These papers represent the culmination of modeling workshops held in 1983 and 1984 for the purpose of identifying the on-going effort in developing and using kinematic models by the government, industry, educational, and special purpose research institutions. The existence and use of these models and the ever-increasing reliance on them by managements for guidance, makes it important that the strengths and weaknesses of these modeling systems be recognized and taken into account. The emphasis of the papers in this publication is on the general architecture of available models, their gross complexities, and comparative capabilities. By themselves, the models are of little utility. However, if used with intelligence, they can be of immense assistance for understanding the human kinematics in crash situations, improving the design of components and optimizing their location and orientation in vehicles. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Human factors KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - State of the art studies KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391360 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - INJURIES ARE MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM; LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH TO AGE 45 PY - 1984/04/27 VL - 19 IS - 7 SP - 11 p. AB - This special issue of Status Report presents highlights from The Injury Fact Book, a new and comprehensive statistical analysis of the many kinds of injuries by cause, age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, urbanization, geography, time, and other factors. Written by Susan P. Baker, Brian O'Neill, and Ronald S. Karpf, The Injury Fact Book contains commentary on the wide variations in injury incidence and includes detailed information on the groups of people at greatest risk of injury. It identifies strategies for protecting people from injuries, gives examples of their successful application, and points out the need for their use in other cases. Most of the data on which The Injury Fact Book's analyses are based were collected by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Age KW - Causes KW - Gender KW - Geography KW - Injuries KW - Race KW - Risk analysis KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time KW - Urbanization UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1907.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399257 AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH SURVIVABILITY ANALYSIS COMPUTER STUDY PY - 1984/04/25 SP - 127 p. AB - This report documents the findings of a four month study in which a "Crash Survivability Envelope" was derived for three basic vehicle sizes. The computer programs used in this study are enhanced versions of two programs previously written by Fitzpatrick Engineering for NHTSA. The programs are DRACR for the driver and PAC for the right front passenger. The enhancements made to the programs were primarily the addition of a three-point belt restraint system to each program. Survivability limits for various occupant sizes, crash modes, and vehicle sizes are presented for both the driver and front seat passenger when restrained by a seat belt and air bag and by an air bag only. KW - Air bags KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Crash phase KW - Crash survivability KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Survival KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452220 AU - United States Senate TI - AUTOMOBILE ODOMETER MODIFICATION PY - 1984/04/12 SP - 47 p. AB - This document represents a hearing before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation of the United States Senate, 98th Congress, Second Session on S. 1407-to protect purchasers of used automobiles from fraudulent practices associated with automobile odometer modifications, and for other purposes. Witnesses include: Joan Claybrook (Public Citizen); C.C. Gunn (National Automobile Dealers Association); John L. Sullivan (Nebraska New Car Dealers Association); Pat Fagan (Wisconsin Automobile and Truck Dealers Association); and Diane Steed (NHTSA). KW - Committees KW - Consumers KW - Fraud KW - Hearings KW - Oedometers KW - U.S. Senate KW - United States Congress KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392783 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--VALLEY SUPPLY COMPANY TRUCK TOWING FARM PLOW/ANCHOR MOTOR FREIGHT INC. CAR-CARRIER TRUCK/NEW YORK STATE ASSOCIATION FOR RETARDED CHILDREN BUS, COLLISIONS AND FIRE, STATE ROUTE 8, NEAR HOLMESVILLE, NEW YORK, APRIL 5, 1983 PY - 1984/04/03 SP - 34 p. AB - On April 5, 1983, a 2-ton flatbed truck, loaded with one farm plow and towing another farm plow, was traveling southbound on a two-lane, two-way rural highway near Holmesville, New York. An adult passenger bus, with 20 persons on board, was following the flatbed truck at a distance of about 100 feet. As both vehicles entered a 3,820-foot-radius right curve, the towed plow suddenly separated from its hitch attachments and veered left into the opposing northbound traffic lane. A northbound tractor car-carrier semitrailer struck the plow, rupturing the tractor's left front tire. As a result, the driver lost control of the vehicle, and the vehicle veered left across the highway centerline and collided head-on with the bus. The busdriver and four bus passengers were killed. The truckdriver of the car carrier and nine bus passengers were hospitalized with various degrees of injury. Six bus passengers were treated and released. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the towing of a farm plow on a highway at a speed which did not permit the farm plow to track properly behind the flatbed truck and the use of an unapproved tow hitch device. Contributing to the cause was the failure to use safety chains to preclude vehicle separation in the event of a tow hitch failure. Contributing to the severity of injuries of some of the bus passengers was the lack of effective occupant protection from secondary impacts with interior surfaces. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Buses KW - Crash causes KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Rural highways KW - Towing devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391799 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY--DETERRENCE OF DRUNK DRIVING: THE ROLE OF SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS AND ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE REVOCATIONS PY - 1984/04/03 SP - 63 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board has reviewed recent national and international efforts to control drunk driving and has concluded that "general deterrence" programs afford the most promising approach for the short-term reduction in alcohol-related deaths and injuries on our highways. Further, upon consideration of the information presented in this report, the Safety Board believes that the sobriety checkpoint and administrative license revocation procedures are potentially effective deterrents that warrant broader application by the States. The National Safety Board, therefore, recommended that sobriety checkpoints and administrative license revocations become an integral part of a State's comprehensive alcohol and highway safety program. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Deterrents KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207061 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391125 JO - AAA Newsletter PB - New York State Automobile Association AU - New York State Automobile Association TI - WHY NEW YORK'S DRINKING AGE MUST BE RAISED TO 21 PY - 1984/04/02 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - Statistical evidence shows that alcohol-related accidents involving young adult drivers are a grave problem that demands special attention. This article examines alcohol-related traffic accidents and young drivers, alcohol's impact on young adults, and the traffic safety benefits of 21-year-old drinking age. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legal action KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legislation KW - New York (State) KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490306 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Institute of Standards and Technology TI - TESTING OF POLICE TRAFFIC RADAR DEVICES TO THE MODEL PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLICE TRAFFIC RADAR DEVICES. VOLUME I. TEST PROGRAM SUMMARY PY - 1984/04 SP - 23 p. AB - This is the first of two documents presenting the results of the police traffic radar testing program. Twenty four radar devices were tested for conformance to the minimum requirements of the Model Performance Specifications for Police Traffic Radar Devices. This volume provides an overview of the police traffic radar testing program. Requirements of the model specifications are discussed. The test results are presented and discussed. A Consumer Products List of radar devices which were found to be in full compliance with the model performance requirements is provided. It is noted that the model performance specifications development and the radar device testing program have led to a definitive improvement in the radar units that will be available in the future. KW - Compliance KW - Police traffic services KW - Radar devices KW - Specifications KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495565 AU - Mullowney, W L AU - Davis, T D AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF RIGHT TURN ON RED IN NEW JERSEY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 71 p. AB - This study was conducted to measure the effects Right Turn on Red (RTOR) had on delay and accidents at signalized intersections in New Jersey. Since its implementation in January 1977, stopped vehicles saved an average of 3.0 seconds/vehicle and approach vehicles saved an average of 1.4 seconds/vehicle. Five percent of the pedestrians were delayed in some manner by RTOR vehicles. The accidents were studied by comparing the change in accidents at test intersections which allowed RTOR at all approaches with the change in accidents at control intersections which prohibited RTOR. RTOR caused a significant increase in accidents at intersections which involved a state highway. During the period 1978-1981, approximately 3,000 accidents/year were caused by the allowance of RTOR. No change in accidents was found at intersections involving only county and/or local roads over the same time period. KW - Costs KW - Local street KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Right turn on red KW - Road user costs KW - Signalized intersections KW - State highways KW - Streets KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel budgets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452195 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/04 SP - 163 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was March 7, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 19 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267183 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452362 JO - ASME Transactions PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Clapp, T G AU - Eberhardt, A C AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - SPECTRAL CORRELATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO EVALUATE NOISE AND SAFETY TRADEOFFS IN TIRE/PAVEMENT INTERACTION PY - 1984/04 VL - 106 IS - 2 SP - p. 258-262 AB - Relationships between pavement surface geometry, truck tire sound, and skid number are investigated to provide an understanding of the tire/pavement interaction mechanism. Correlation techniques are used to determine the relationship between each pair of the three parameters. Results show 1) the relationship between pavement profile and truck tire sound as a function of frequency, 2) a positive relationship between pavement profile spectral amplitudes, and pavement skid number, and 3) no significant relationship existing between truck tire sound and skid number. KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270670 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452257 JO - Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine PB - Aerospace Medical Association AU - Rowe, K W AU - BROOKS, C J AU - Aerospace Medical Association TI - HEAD AND NECK INJURIES IN CANADIAN FORCES EJECTIONS PY - 1984/04 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - p. 313-315 AB - This paper reviews the head and neck injuries experienced by Canadian Forces Aircrew who ejected while wearing the DH41-2 helmet during the period from 1 January 1972 through 31 July 1982. Pre and post-ejection factors, including a review of helmet performance, are presented. KW - Ejection KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452196 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 HONDA CIVIC AT 33.4 MPH PY - 1984/04 SP - 174 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1982 Honda Civic 4-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.4 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was March 16, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 40 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267184 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452247 JO - Australian Family Physician PB - Australian College of General Practitioners AU - McVey, I L AU - Royal Australian College of General Practitioners TI - ADVICE ON THE MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF ATTENDANCE AT ROAD ACCIDENTS PY - 1984/04 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 2 p. AB - There is no strict legal obligation to render aid at the scene of an accident but in (rightly) doing so, one risks medicolegal consequences. An appropriate principle would be: A person is liable if he or she undertakes to perform a voluntary act and performs it improperly but not if he or she neglects to perform it. No liability attaches to an error of judgement. The fear of litigation over negligence should never deter a medical practitioner from giving assistance in an emergency. The practitioner at an accident must observe the usual professional requirements: the "duty of care" must be discharged by avoiding unreasonable risk, foreseeing the potential of the treatment and maintaining the standard of conduct of one's comparable peers. The doctor may not withdraw his care from the patient until it is possible to do so without increasing the risk to the patient or until he or she can do no more for the patient. (Thus, the best management is to arrange for rapid transfer to appropriate and adequate facilities). KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Emergency procedures KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Medical services KW - Physicians KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270631 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452248 JO - Australian Family Physician PB - Australian College of General Practitioners AU - McDermott, F T AU - Royal Australian College of General Practitioners TI - WHY PEDAL CYCLISTS SHOULD WEAR SAFETY HELMETS PY - 1984/04 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 284-285 AB - The safety of motor vehicle occupants has been improved dramatically by legislation compelling the wearing of seat belts; protection of motor cyclists against head injury has followed the mandatory wearing of a safety helmet. Bicyclists have been relatively ignored, which is especially regrettable when two thirds of bicycle casualties are school children. Helmets are worn by approximately 25 percent of adult bicyclists using arterial roads but by less than five percent of school children. KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - School children UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452249 JO - Australian Family Physician PB - Australian College of General Practitioners AU - Bouvier, R AU - Royal Australian College of General Practitioners TI - BICYCLE ACCIDENTS IN CHILDHOOD. SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE ASPECTS PY - 1984/04 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 287-289 AB - In this paper, the increasing rate of bicycle accidents, the injuries which result from the accidents, and the social factors that contribute to such accidents are briefly reviewed. The general practitioners role and some other preventive aspects of childhood bicycle accidents are presented. The engineering, enforcement and educational aspects are reviewed to point out factors about the rider, the machine and the environment which contribute to accidents and injuries. When taking the history of an accident injury, the general practitioner can discern factors about the patient and environment which contributed to the accident, and by counseling, help prevent similar accidents. Helmets are an injury preventive measure in accidents: parents must be encouraged to buy them and children must be persuaded to wear them. KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Parents KW - Physicians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270633 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452363 JO - ASME Transactions PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Brach, R AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - IDENTIFICATION OF VEHICLE AND COLLISION IMPACT PARAMETERS FROM CRASH TESTS PY - 1984/04 VL - 106 IS - 2 SP - p. 263-269 AB - In the mid 1970s a group of 12 staged and instrumented automobile collisions was conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. These were two-vehicle collisions with a variety of initial speeds, vehicle orientations, and vehicle size mixes. Initial speeds were controlled and velocity components including angular velocities at separation were measured. At about the same time, development of the classic theory of impact of rigid bodies to planar vehicle collisions was taking place. Users of classic theory heretofore had neglected the existence of a moment between impacting bodies. Inclusion of a moment and introduction of a moment coefficient of restitution allows the formulation of a planar collision model consisting of six algebraic equations relating the six initial velocity components of the two vehicles to their six final velocity components. The model contains collision geometry, vehicle geometry, vehicle inertial properties, and three coefficients. These coefficients are the classic coefficient of restitution, a friction coefficient, and the newly defined moment coefficient. This paper discusses the application of the theory of least squares to fit the experimentally determined velocity components to the six equations of the vehicle collision model. The usual approach using the theory of least squares is to set to zero the partial derivatives of the sum of squares taken with respect to the unknowns. The original model equations can be added as constraints through the use of Lagrange multipliers. A set of 15 nonlinear algebraic equations results. This approach was tried unsuccessfully. Direct numerical minimization of the sum of squares using gradient projection techniques proved to be far superior. Solutions are obtained for the staged collisions. Results provide insight into velocity changes and their relationships to energy dissipation, the coefficients of restitution and friction and other collision parameters. The capability of calculating velocity changes of colliding vehicles should prove complementary to detailed finite element studies of vehicle crush properties. KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Coefficient of restitution KW - Coefficients KW - Crashes KW - Dissipation KW - Equations KW - Geometry KW - Impact tests KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Mathematical models KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Testing KW - Velocity changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452194 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 NISSAN SENTRA AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/04 SP - 173 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1982 Nissan Sentra 2-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was March 2, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 30 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267182 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396501 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - O'Neill, B AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - RECENT TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH DEATHS PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 29-32 AB - Motor vehicle related deaths declined about 20% from early 1981 through the middle of 1983 even though vehicle miles traveled (VMT) increased. Drunken-driving crack-downs have been widely credited for much of this reduction. At the national level, however, deaths in the types of crashes in which alcohol is a leading causal factor did not decline at a greater rate than deaths in other crash types in which alcohol plays a much lesser role. Passenger vehicle occupant, pedestrian, bicyclist, and motorcyclist deaths all declined in parallel, as did urban and rural crashes, and daytime and nighttime crashes. Economic trends and motor vehicle death rates are related, and the poor state of the economy was an important factor in the 1981-1983 decline in motor vehicle related deaths. The causal mechanisms underlying the relationship between the state of the economy and motor vehicle deaths are not yet resolved. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217667 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396500 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Wintemute, G J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - MOTOR VEHICLE-RELATED MORTALITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. PART II: INTRA AND INTERREGIONAL VARIATIONS PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 27-28 AB - Part I of this paper presented an overall view of the relationship between motor vehicle-related mortality rates and socioeconomic development, as measured by commonly available indices (1) (WIN). Correlations between the two were either surprisingly weak or nonexistent, although a strong relationship was found between per capita gross national product (GNP) and the reported percentage of all injury deaths which were attributable to motor vehicles. This paper extends those findings by presenting a detailed analysis of the Americas, and a comparison between the Americas and Asia. KW - Economic development KW - Fatalities KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217666 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396515 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Messmer, J M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MASSIVE HEAD TRAUMA AS A CAUSE OF INTRAVASCULAR AIR PY - 1984/04 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - p. 418-424 AB - Three examples (one an accident fatality) of intravascular air caused by massive head trauma are presented. The basic types of air embolism are discussed and the pathophysiology in the three cases is offered. The association should be recognized to avoid misinterpretation of the radiographs. KW - Air embolism KW - Autopsies KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Pathology KW - Physiological aspects KW - Post mortem KW - X rays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395965 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - RYAN, B E AU - SEGARS, L B AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - THE FIRST OFFENDER: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? THE SAN DIEGO COUNTY EXPERIENCE UNDER NEW LAW PY - 1984/04 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 13-20 AB - As alcohol program responses to first offenders are directly predicated on a variety of factors that are not within alcohol programs control, local agencies must acquire an understanding of the overall DUI system. Even though state laws may be structured to distill out the "pure" first offender for referral to programs, local arrest and local adjudication practices or reporting practices may in fact mitigate against the intent of the laws. Having at minimum identified the specific characteristics of the first offenders being referred to programs, alcohol programs can then structure services to meet the specific needs of the majority of the population. In San Diego County the process of analyzing the DUI system and collecting descriptive data on the participants resulted in a philosophical approach that was contrary to the prevailing view of the local alcohol service providers. Service providers typically believe that the vast majority of the DUI population are serious problem drinkers, that DUI programs should promote life-long abstinence, and that discussion about "responsible" drinking are inappropriate. The San Diego findings require that providers include discussion of varying drinking styles and strategies for modifying drinking behavior that are not limited to abstinence. This is based on the assessment of the behaviors and problems of the majority of the population entering programs. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Needs assessment KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violators KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395847 JO - Rhode Island Medical Journal PB - Rhode Island Medical Association AU - Nakabayashi, K AU - Aronson, S C AU - Siegel, M AU - Sturner, W Q AU - Aronson, S M AU - Rhode Island Medical Association TI - TRAFFIC FATALITIES IN RHODE ISLAND: PART II THE TIMING OF ACCIDENTS AND THE ROLE OF MARITAL STATUS, ALCOHOL, AND PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS PY - 1984/04 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - p. 171-178 AB - The epidemiologic characteristics of traffic fatalities in Rhode Island for the years 1977-1982 are summarized as a series of papers appearing in this Journal. A total of 766 traffic deaths constitutes the basis for these reports. This paper identifies some of the measurable risk factors associated with these traffic fatalities and provides a quantitative framework within which these identified risks are distributed in the population of Rhode Island. A review of records provided by the Office of the Medical Examiner revealed information concerning the following variables, each of which was examined further for nonrandom distribution: time of fatal accident (month, day, hour), marital status of victim, blood alcohol concentration and detection of illicit drugs in the victim, and type of vehicle. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drugs KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Marital status KW - Rhode Island KW - Risk assessment KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395979 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Kadell, D J AU - Peck, R C AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE ALCOHOL REEXAMINATION PROGRAM FOR DRIVERS WITH TWO MAJOR TRAFFIC OFFENSES PY - 1984/04 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 3-12 AB - The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a reexamination for drivers who had accumulated two "major violations" in a three year period, but who were not otherwise treated by the California Department of Motor Vehicles. Major violations comprise the most serious violations, including driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs and reckless driving violations. Because major violations often involve alcohol even when the conviction is for a nonDUI offense, the reexamination was designed to evaluate the role of alcohol and to deter subsequent impaired driving through the diagnostic reexamination process and the imposition of license controls. Based on the sample estimate of accidents prevented, the reexamination was projected to be cost-beneficial. Comparisons of drivers receiving various actions suggest that license suspension would be a more effective countermeasure. Those major convictions without evidence of alcohol involvement were associated with as high an accident risk level as those with evidence of alcohol involvement. This equivalence of risk levels is an argument for a blanket countermeasure program rather than for countermeasures tailored on the basis of a diagnosis of alcohol involvement. KW - Alcohols KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driving KW - Driving tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Probation KW - Reckless drivers KW - Reexamination KW - Risk assessment KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic violators KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217405 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395978 JO - TRAFFIC RESEARCH REPORT PB - SAFETY STANDARDS BRANCH LAND TRANSPORT DIVISION AU - WHITE, W T AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - DEFECTS IN NEW ZEALAND VEHICLES--IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ANNUAL TESTING OF NEW CARS PY - 1984/04 IS - 32 SP - 79 p. AB - This is a data exploratory report. It is the first in a planned series of three Traffic Research Reports, all oriented towards estimating the effects of a reduction in the frequency of vehicle inspection. Written records of 21,229 Warrant of Fitness Inspections of private cars were analysed. Most (16,530) of the inspections were made at Levin over a 13 month period. This report explains in detail how the study was conducted. Some basic methodologies have been developed for use in later papers. The analysis suggested that large increases in the failure rates will occur if the inspection frequency for vehicles of any age is changed from once every six months to once yearly. Since the benefits for gone by altering the inspection frequency are very difficult to quantify in absolute terms, the findings of this study have not produced optimal inspection intervals. Three scenarios were examined, representing progressively more benefit lost per unit cost saved. An attempt was made to quantify the relationship between the diagnoses made by the automotive surveyors and the relative probability of injury accident involvement (roadworthiness score). The implications of three or four scenarios in terms of safety and cost benefit will be explored further in future papers. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Failure KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Injuries KW - Inspection KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Time intervals KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394322 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD SEAT RETENTION TESTS PY - 1984/04 SP - 14 p. AB - Static tests and two sled tests were performed using a Century 200 child seat mounted in the rear center position of a 1982 Plymouth Gran Fury using General Motors seat belts. These tests were performed to determine whether the belt will hold the child seat under various load conditions. The purpose of the static tests was to determine the most failure prone belt/buckle interface angle and to determine belt/buckle interaction under low G load conditions. The first sled test was to determine whether a retention problem exists under high G load conditions when the belt/buckle is installed at the previously determined angle. Since no retention problem was found, a second test was performed to verify the results of the first test. KW - Anchorages KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Child restraint systems KW - Load factor KW - Manual safety belts KW - Retention KW - Sled tests KW - Static tests KW - Tether belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394304 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Hale, A AU - Preusser, D F AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSPICUITY FOR PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS: DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM, DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1984/04 SP - 128 p. AB - A field experiment was conducted to determine the extent of conspicuity enhancement provided pedestrians and bicyclists at night by various commercially available retroreflective materials and lights. The conspicuous materials were designed to be worn or carried by the pedestrians and bicyclists. Detection and recognition distances for the various experimental and baseline conditions were determined using subjects driving instrumented vehicles over a predetermined course on a real-world roadway system. Field experimenters were used to model the conspicuity-enhancing materials employing natural motion associated with walking and bicycling. The detection and recognition data collected for the experimental treatment are compared to respective baseline or untreated conditions and are interpreted in terms of various indices of "sufficient conspicuity." KW - Clothing KW - Countermeasures KW - Cyclists KW - Field studies KW - Night KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Visibility UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25692/DOT-HS-806-563.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395008 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Martin, T D AU - Flynn, T C AU - Rowlands, B J AU - Ward, R E AU - Fischer, R P AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - BLUNT CARDIAC RUPTURE PY - 1984/04 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - p. 287-289 AB - Blunt injury to the heart ranges from contusion to disruption. This report comprises 14 patients seen during a 6-year period with cardiac rupture secondary to blunt trauma. Eight patients were injured in automobile accidents, two patients were injured in auto-pedestrian accidents, two were kicked in the chest by ungulates, and two sustained falls. Cardiac tamponade was suspected in ten patients. Five patients presented with prehospital cardiac arrest or arrested shortly after arrival. All underwent emergency department thoracotomy without survival. Two patients expired in the operating room during attempted cardiac repair; both had significant extracardiac injury. Seven patients survived, three had right atrial injuries, three had right ventricular injuries, and one had a left atrial injury. Cardiopulmonary bypass was not required for repair of the surviving patients. There were no significant complications from the cardiac repair. The history of significant force dispersed over a relatively small area of the precordium as in a kicking injury from an animal or steering wheel impact should alert the physician to possible cardiac rupture. Cardiac rupture should be considered in patients who present with signs of cardiac tamponade or persistent thoracic bleeding after blunt trauma. KW - Fatalities KW - Heart KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395303 AU - Sadler, D D AU - Perrine, M W AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - THE LONG-TERM TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPACT OF A PILOT ALCOHOL ABUSE TREATMENT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO LICENSE SUSPENSIONS VOLUME 2 OF AN EVALUATION OF THE CALIFORNIA DRUNK DRIVING COUNTERMEASURE SYSTEM PY - 1984/04 SP - 139 p. AB - One of the more persistent recent issues in dealing with the problem of drunk driving concerns the relative effectiveness of two different countermeasure approaches: license action versus treatment. This study is concerned with the relative long-range effectiveness of these two different countermeasure approaches for repeat offenders, as measured in terms of traffic safety variables: 1) the traditional approach of imposing mandatory license actions for repeat offenders, and 2) the relatively new approach consisting of participation in a drunk driving program in lieu of receiving a license action. For this study, driver records of a substantial number of convicted DUI involved in a quasi-experimental design in 1975, have been analyzed recently using the intervening four years as the exposure period for various types of accidents and convictions to occur. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - California KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Long term KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Probation KW - Safety programs KW - Suspensions KW - Time duration KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395719 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY TRENDS. TOTALS AND RATES PY - 1984/04 SP - 8 p. AB - This is one of a bimonthly series of brief reports on highway traffic fatality trends in the United States. The data are from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). FARS has now accumulated over nine years of data on fatal highway accidents. It can provide an indication of effects that are relatively stable, those that are seasonal, and those that vary over the years. Each issue of this publication will contain a single presentation of one aspect of these effects. The purpose is merely to show the trends rather than to analyze or explain them. The aspect examined in this issue is totals and rates. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Rural areas KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394305 AU - Hale, A AU - Zeidler, P AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND PROGRAMS FOR PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST CONSPICUITY PY - 1984/04 SP - 76 p. AB - This report reviews literature bearing upon the problem of pedestrian and bicyclist conspicuity, and discusses the activities and accomplishments of various programs conducted to enhance the conspicuity of pedestrians and bicyclists. KW - Cyclists KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety programs KW - Visibility UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25686/DOT-HS-806-564.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395013 AU - Shapiro, R G AU - Williams, A F AU - Preusser, D F AU - LUND, A K AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - NEW YORK'S BELT USE REGULATION FOR LEARNERS PERMIT HOLDERS PY - 1984/04 SP - 9 p. AB - In 1983 the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles in New York State established an administrative requirement that learners permit holders use seat belts. Subsequent to the regulation, observations were made of the belt use of permit holders and of other drivers traveling at the same sites and times at three different locations in New York. Permit holder use rates exceeded those of other drivers at two locations (39 vs. 7 percent; 32 vs. 12 percent), but not at the third (6 vs. 6 percent). The extent to which the regulation has affected use rates cannot be determined definitively without appropriate comparison samples of learners permit holders not required to use belts. However, if the regulation has increased use rates, these rates are still quite low. KW - Graduated licensing KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Permits KW - Regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393898 AU - Dowling, A M AU - McCartt, A T AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - TWO YEARS OF ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE UNDER STOP-DWI: DECEMBER 1981-NOVEMBER 1983 PY - 1984/04 SP - 67 p. AB - This report examined accident experience in New York State prior to and following the inception of the STOP-DWI Program. Analyses of surrogates of alcohol and non-alcohol-related accidents support the hypothesis that alcohol-related accidents have decreased more than non-alcohol-related accidents. This pattern occurred statewide and in most counties. Several alternative hypotheses where examined as possible explanations for this phenomenon. The unemployment rate appears to explain some of the decline in surrogates of alcohol-related crashes. Although demographic shifts may be a factor, this cannot be adequately explored until reliable population data are available. Finally, STOP-DWI also emerges as a likely causal factor in reducing alcohol-related crashes. The final report of the impact evaluation will be issued in March 1985 and will more fully explore the significance of the accident reduction and identify the causes for the decline. KW - Demographics KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Unemployment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394057 JO - Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation PB - American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine AU - Sivak, M AU - Hill, C S AU - Henson, D L AU - Butler, B P AU - Silber, S M AU - Olson, P L AU - American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine TI - IMPROVED DRIVING PERFORMANCE FOLLOWING PERCEPTUAL TRAINING IN PERSONS WITH BRAIN DAMAGE PY - 1984/04 VL - 65 SP - p. 163-167 AB - This study investigated (1) the modifiability of perceptual deficits by simple paper-and-pencil exercises, and (2) the effects of such exercises on driving performance. Eight subjects with acquired brain damage were given 8 to 10 hours of perceptual training. The training was preceded and followed by repeated evaluations of perceptual skills and in-traffic driving performance. Results indicated that (1) perceptual skills improved following such training, (2) the training was associated with improved driving performance, and (3) the degree of driving-performance improvement was directly related to the degree of improvement of perceptual skills. KW - Brain KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392789 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - UMTRI BIBLIOGRAPHY 1966-1983 PY - 1984/04 SP - 208 p. AB - This bibliography includes references to contract reports, journal articles, dissertations, and conference presentations produced by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) research staff as well as by members of other academic departments and research units of the University whose work has been associated with UMTRI. References are arranged by broad program areas: General Literature; Accident Data Analysis; Occupant Injuries and Protection: Field Experience; Biomechanics and Restraint System Performance: Experiment and Simulation; Emergency Medical Services; Human Characteristics and Exposure; Alcohol and Drugs; Driver-Vehicle Systems; Vehicle Dynamics; Roads and Traffic; Highway Safety Program Management; Law and Policy Analysis; Transportation Systems; Automotive Industry; and Marine Systems. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Automobile industry KW - Bibliographies KW - Biophysics KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Drugs KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Human factors KW - Human machine systems KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Occupant restraint KW - Policy analysis KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Transportation systems KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207786 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391824 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISSUES RELATING TO NATIONAL POLICY ON MOTORIST INFORMATION AND ROADSIDE AMENITIES PY - 1984/04 IS - 275 SP - 25 p. AB - The three papers that comprise this circular were presented at the Sixty-First Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board in January 1982. They document the pervasiveness of motorists' needs for information about travel-related services and facilities, and the extent to which existing or planned travel information systems are responding to these needs. Taken together, these papers suggest measures that can be taken to bring the level of information services into closer parity with the service levels achieved for the safety, economy and convenience of the highway system. In this series of papers, Woodrow Rankin views motorist information in terms of its traffic engineering aspects and history. Dr. Ross Netherton evaluates motorist information needs, and reviews the policy that is reflected in Federal-aid highway law to assure the adequacy of motorist information systems and the options for implementing that policy. Edward Kussy considers these options in terms of the constitutional and other legal protection of the freedom of speech as they have most recently been applied to the regulation of billboards and solicitation of funds in highway safety rest areas. KW - Driver information systems KW - History KW - Laws KW - Policy KW - Roadside advertising KW - Roadside rest areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391837 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Frith, W J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ADOPTION OF RIGHT TURN ON RED--EFFECTS ON INJURY ACCIDENTS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. A COMMENT ON ZADOR, MOSHMAN AND MARCUS PY - 1984/04 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - p. 75-76 AB - Zador, Moshman and Marcus estimated an increase in right-turn accidents of 21% following the adoption of right turn on red. However, their study contained property damage only accidents, as well as injury accidents, and the change in injury accidents was not reported. An insignificant decrease (-0.7%) in accidents involving incapacitating injury was reported, however. It is suggested that Zador et al. report on the change in injury accidents in their sample. KW - Injuries KW - Right turn on red KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210697 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391321 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - McKinnon, D J AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ROUNDABOUTS PY - 1984/04 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - p. 10-12 AB - This article is reprinted from a British journal ("Drive Alive") in an effort to help American drivers adjust to, and cope with situations such as traffic circles (roundabouts) in the United Kingdom. The traffic circle is treated as a complicated intersection ("junction" in British parlance) and basic approach and preparation for it remain the same: check the mirror, signal your intention, and start the manoeuver. A "hazard drill" is described which can be employed for the safe negotiation of the traffic circle. The hazard drill is defined as a series of actions which when correctly applied will result in the vehicle being placed in the correct position on the road, travelling at the correct speed, in the correct gear, without prejudice to other road users. Diagrams are used to illustrate entry points, vehicle position, and exits. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210429 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391377 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - A DIALOGUE WITH TERRY WHITESELL PY - 1984/04 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 5 p. AB - In this interview, Terry Whitesell, Vice-President of marketing for the Wayne Corporation, focuses on his company's bus seat belt installation. It is a belt attachment to the seat structure, the seat being specially reinforced and designed to be able to take the impact forces generated within the seat belt if there is an impact and if there is pressure put on that belt. Mr Whitesell also briefly addresses market size and safety engineering. KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety standards KW - School buses KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210470 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391315 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Keating-Edh, B AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - AIRBAGS: ARE THEY HELP OR HINDRANCE? PY - 1984/04 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - p. 34-35 AB - The rescinding of the passive restraint rule is urged and the reasons for doing so are set forth. A 1978 consumer survey found only 14.4% of motorists favored mandatory installation of airbags. The public was also unaware that airbags increase the cost of a new car by $200; to be completely effective, seatbelts would need to be worn in conjunction with airbags; and the system would not be reusable after initial deployment. It was found that evidence of deaths in airbag equipped cars had been suppressed. Airbags may not always deploy and manual belts, where worn, are more effective and far less costly. The reasons why insurance companies appear to be the main proponents of a mandated passive restraint rule are also considered. KW - Air bags KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210423 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391317 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - BELTS SAVE 475 LIVES PY - 1984/04 VL - 166 IS - 4249 SP - p. 7 AB - This brief news item reports that, according to estimates from the Department of Transport in Great Britain, the lives of more than 475 drivers and passengers have been saved through the wearing of seat belts. According to new figures, compulsory seat belt wearing by front seat occupants has reduced deaths and serious injuries by between 20 and 25 percent and cut injuries by 13 percent. One of seat belt wearing's biggest supporters, Dr. Murray MacKay, of the University of Birmingham's Accident Research Unit, is now campaigning for the fitting of rear belts. KW - Fatalities KW - Front seats KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seats KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - United Kingdom KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210425 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391691 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - NEW YORK SCHOOL DISTRICTS SAY "YES" TO SEAT BELTS PY - 1984/04 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - p. 30-32 AB - While the school bus seat belt controversy continues and camps form on either side of the issue, two New York school districts have made their own decision. Greenburgh Central School District pioneered the idea, originally requiring seat belts only on buses owned by the district. Later, when the district started handling all pupil transportation, within two years all of the district's buses had seat belts. Ardsley Union Free School District, which contracts all of its pupil transportation, adopted the seat belt policy in spring 1983, making it effective for the 1983-84 school year. The successes and failures of these two districts to increase utilization of the belts and to maintain them are discussed in this article. Also included are comments from Gary Zeh, president of Haverstraw Transit, who recently conducted an on-sight appraisal of the Greenburgh Central School District fleet of seat belt equipped school buses. KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Manual safety belts KW - School buses KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210625 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391684 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Fraser, L M AU - Martin, J W AU - McCormick, H E AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - A NEW TEST FOR SEALS: HIGH TEMPERATURE RESILIENCE PY - 1984/04 VL - 116 IS - 4 SP - p. 44-49 AB - This paper describes the modification of the Yerzley Oscillograph specifically for measuring the resilience of Zero Blow-By Seals. The modified screening tests proved to be an efficient means of evaluating effects of compounding variables such as differences in the base polymer or filler loading, fuel, fuel additives, and engine oil on the resilience of seals at various temperatures. Correlation with dynamometer performance suggests resilience of about 40 percent at engine operating temperature required for the elastomer seal to perform properly. KW - Measurement KW - Modifications KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210618 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391323 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - LOOK FOR THEM PY - 1984/04 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - p. 22-23 AB - The cultivation is urged of a driver attitude respectful of all other drivers including motorcyclists and which would contribute to driving safety for everybody. Driver Cooperation in traffic and vehicle operation according to the laws, with courtesy and common sense are essential factors in highway safety. A special attempt must be made to look out for motorcyclists. The greatest disrespect between vehicles occurs at intersections where almost 40% of all motorcycle accidents occur. The 4-wheeled vehicle is at fault in 70% of these accidents, while the 4-wheeler and 2-wheeler shared the blame in 2%. The primary error is found to be failure to yield right of way. Care is also required at intersections such as driveways, alleys, traffic circles, and entrance and exit ramps. Following distance is another area which requires attention from motorcyclists and motorists. Passing and lane changing also require a great deal of respect between motorists and motorcyclists. The correct interpretation of a cycle riders intentions is an area which requires attention. Pot holes and railroad tracks which are minor problems for motorists can become major hazards for 2-wheeled vehicles. The motorists must be aware of how the motorcyclist prepares for these hazards and accommodate such maneuvers. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Intersections KW - Lane changing KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passing KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Prevention KW - Railroad tracks KW - Safety KW - Signaling KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210431 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391324 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - VACUUM READING PY - 1984/04 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - p. 24-27 AB - The vacuum gauge which can help diagnose engine problems from sticking valves, poor rings, bad carburetor adjustments to leaky head gaskets is described. Since specific engine problems effect manifold vacuum in certain ways, a vacuum gauge can be used to accurately diagnose the condition of an engine by measuring the amount and condition of the vacuum. To provide this measure and condition report, the vacuum must be hooked up correctly. This article describes how the gauge should be used. The cranking vacuum test and other tests are described. It is noted that the best way to keep a constant check on the engine's performance is to install a permanent dash-mounted vacuum gauge. KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine performance KW - Gaskets KW - Head gaskets KW - Measuring instruments KW - Testing equipment KW - Vacuum gages KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210432 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391294 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAFETY IN THE RAIN PY - 1984/04 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - 9 p. AB - This article provides drivers with information helpful in preparing them and their cars for spring, which begins looking much like winter and changes frequently between stormy and sunny, wet and dry, cold and warm. It deals with such matters as general vehicle maintenance, car cleanliness, windshield wipers and washers, and tires. Attention is then focused on the driver with advice for driving in spring snowstorms with their wet and slushy conditions, in rain with its tricky driving conditions, and in fog with its dangerous effects on visibility. Cautions are also offered concerning hydroplaning, skidding, and potholes. KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fog KW - Hydroplaning KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Rain KW - Skidding KW - Snow KW - Spring breakup KW - Storms KW - Thaw KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391368 AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - HUMAN FACTORS AND ROAD SAFETY: OVERVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE PY - 1984/04 SP - 19 p. AB - This report presents a brief overview of the research performed at the Human Factors Division of The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute within the last seven years. The research has dealt with the following topics: vehicle headlighting, vehicle rear lighting and signaling, legibility of traffic signs and license plates, driving-test development, stopping sight distance, drivers with disabilities, elderly drivers, driver seated position, vehicle displays and controls, windshield damage and safety, conspicuity of vehicles, epidemiology of accidents, and theoretical issues. KW - Aged drivers KW - Disabled drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Epidemiology KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Instrument panels KW - Legibility KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Research KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signs KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206734 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391376 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - FINALLY: A LIGHTWEIGHT CNG SYSTEM PY - 1984/04 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - p. 36-39 AB - This article describes a composite aluminum cylinder for vehicles powered by compressed natural gas. This cylinder weighs fifty percent less than existing steel cylinders, which improves fuel mileage, reduces vehicle suspension overloading, and alleviates installation handling problems. CNG Cylinder Corporation, the maker of this cylinder, has conducted extensive safety tests. KW - Aluminum KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Costs KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuel tanks KW - Fuels KW - Lightweight materials KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210469 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391697 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - ASK FOR A HAND, GET AN ARM PY - 1984/04 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - In the 1978-79 school year, the state of North Carolina had about nine fatalities involving pupils being struck by the front of the bus. North Carolina made an extensive study of pupil transportation to reduce this fatality rate. Out of this study came two state mandates: One for an eight mirror system to increase driver visibility, and the other for a new device called a crossing control arm to be attached to the front of school buses. Excellent results have been obtained, and North Carolina is now specifying walking arms on the front of all school buses purchased after June 1, 1983. The device is manufactured by Specialty Manufacturing Company, Inc. KW - Fatalities KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210630 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391322 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SMALLER OUTSIDE SAFER INSIDE PY - 1984/04 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - p. 16-17 AB - With increasing technological knowledge and computer modeling techniques, it has been possible to redesign full-size luxury cars that are smaller on the outside yet just as safe if not safer inside as their larger forerunners. These cars are more aerodynamically designed, retain their interior roominess, and have rear suspensions which enhance ride, reducing road and tire disturbances. They also have a forward mounted gas tank and improved braking on rough roads. It is emphasized that when test driving one of these cars, one should do so under conditions that duplicate one's normal driving conditions. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Brakes KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210430 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391372 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - KLIJNHOUT, J J AU - Printerhall Limited TI - MOTORWAY CONTROL AND SIGNALLING: THE TEST OF TIME PY - 1984/04 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article describes the existing Motorway Control and Signalling System then discusses the results of the evaluation study and briefly gives the consequences for the Motorway and Tunnel Control and Signalling System. KW - Control systems KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Netherlands KW - Signal systems KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Tunnel traffic operations KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210465 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391301 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Andrews, A M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - A NEW SHIFT IN ON-BOARD COMPUTERS PY - 1984/04 VL - 164 IS - 4 SP - p. 36-37 AB - The electronic control of hydraulics in automatic transmissions and the engineering competition between Japan, Europe and the United States are discussed. Electronically-controlled automatic transmission in Japanese cars and an electronic-shift-points controller in Renault's automatic gearbox are described. A diagram is used to illustrate the layout of Renault's electronically-controlled automatic transmission. It is noted that using electronics and transducers, the control sector assures the selection of, and provides the means for changing gears in response to both the vehicle operating conditions and the wishes of the driver. The automatic transmission's control system, and the organization of the microcomputer's electronic circuitry is described. It is predicted that most cars on the road will have electronically-controlled transmissions by 1995. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Competition KW - Electronic control KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Hydraulic transmissions KW - Minicomputers KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391709 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - FIRST-TIME BUYER'S GUIDE TO USED CARS PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 3-9 AB - This article provides advice to anyone preparing to purchase a used car. Following a discussion of costs and financing, attention is focused on where to shop and how to inspect a used car. A checklist of "Tips for Inspecting a Used Car" is provided. The checklist covers the body and chassis, the engine, the test drive, checks to be made after the driving test, and evaluating the inspection. Concluding remarks concern making the deal and what to do if you end up with a lemon. KW - Costs KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210633 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391690 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Combs, H L AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - TO BELT OR NOT TO BELT PY - 1984/04 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - The article is composed of statements by several pupil transportation experts who express their views on the controversial seat belt issue for Class I school buses. These experts include: Hanford L. Combs, Research Consultant, School Transportation Systems, Inc.; Ray Westmoreland, President, National Association for Pupil Transportation (NAPT); Tony Miller, Consultant, Pupil Transportation Consulting and Management Services; Dan Snyder, President, New York School Bus Contractors Association; Ron Kinney, President, California Association of School Transportation Officials (CASTO); Karen Finkel, Executive Director, National School Transportation Association; and Pat Odell, President, National Association of State Directors for Pupil Transportation Services (NASDPTS). KW - Manual safety belts KW - School buses KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391293 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Mullins, P J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - CATALYST THREAT HANGS OVER EUROPE PY - 1984/04 VL - 164 IS - 4 SP - p. 43-44 AB - Individual European countries are proposing sweeping changes to auto emissions regulations. Switzerland has already applied standards equivalent to 1983 U.S. federal emissions regulations and Sweden has indicated an intention to do so. West Germany has recently amended its hard line on an across-the-board U.S.-spec emissions standard and will offer car buyers a choice of buying a car with U.S.-spec emissions equipment or a car without a catalytic converter designed according to the less stringent EEC-spec. This double standard was apparently made to appease other Common Market countries. Ford of Europe feels that most of the fuel savings gained in the last decade would be wiped out by requiring catalytic converters, and consider that a better way to go would be lean burn engines. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalytic converters KW - Europe KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lean fuel engine KW - Lean fuel mixtures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210409 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391316 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Gutterman, J AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - A LOOK AT CAR ARBITRATION PY - 1984/04 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - p. 25-27 AB - Arbitration is a legal process in which two or more people agree to permit a third person to decide a dispute between them. Auto Line is the Better Business Bureau's arbitration program established in 1978 to settle disputes between consumers and certain automobile manufacturers which have pledged in advance to arbitrate complaints about their products and repairs if mediation efforts fail. Using an actual case of arbitration, this article describes in detail the procedure followed, selecting arbitrators, preparing the case, and what happens when the consumer wins. KW - Arbitration KW - Automobile industry KW - Complaints KW - Consumers KW - Industries KW - Legal action UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391379 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES: INJURY CLAIM FREQUENCIES FOR VOLKSWAGEN RABBITS WITH AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL SEAT BELTS 1981 AND 1982 MODELS PY - 1984/04 SP - 10 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report compares the frequency of claims for injuries to occupants of 1981 and 1982 model year VW Rabbits that were sold with automatic and manual seat belts to determine the extent to which the higher belt use in Rabbits with automatic belts results in improved insurance injury claim experience. The results are based on personal injury protection and collision coverage loss experience for September 1980 through September 1983. The principal findings are: (1) The overall frequency of claims for occupant injuries in VW Rabbits with automatic seat belts was 14 percent lower than for comparable Rabbits with manual belts. Virtually all of the difference was in the frequency of injuries in crashes for which a collision coverage claim was also made. Such crashes are more likely to be frontal; (2) Comparable reductions were found in the frequency of injuries with medical losses exceeding $250, $500, and $1,000. In each of these categories of medical loss, most of the reductions were in the frequency of injury claims in crashes with an associated collision coverage claim; (3) The reductions in overall injury claim frequencies for VW Rabbits with automatic belts were somewhat greater among the two-door models than the four-door models; and (4) The percentage of all collision coverage claims for VW Rabbits with associated personal injury protection claims was consistently lower for cars with automatic belts than for those with manual belts when the collision damage was between $1,001 and $6,000. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206748 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391686 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - PROPOSED RECOMMENDED PRACTICE. DISPLAYS FOR METERED FREEWAY ENTRANCE RAMPS PY - 1984/04 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-18 AB - The ITE developed a Recommended Practice for Ramp Metering Displays in 1976. Subsequently, Committee 4M-11 was charged with the task of reviewing present state-of-the-art and updating that Recommended Practice in a move toward greater uniformity. Drawing upon the experience and variations identified in 23 operational projects, this report represents the best agreement achievable in pursuit of the elusive goal of uniform displays for the unsophisticated motorist. KW - Displays KW - Freeway ramps KW - Information display systems KW - Ramp metering KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Recommendations KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210620 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391154 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Lauck, K E AU - National Safety Council TI - SAFEGUARDING INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS PY - 1984/04 VL - 129 IS - 4 SP - p. 63-67 AB - This article considers approaches to safeguarding as it applies to those who will be required to teach, service, and work side-by-side with robots. Injury experience associated with automation indicates that the greatest risk occurs when the routine of the equipment cycle is interrupted because of a mislocated or jammed part, or when a component fails to function the way it is intended. General Motors Robotics Council established a safety work group which developed safety guidelines for robot installations, automatic safety system technologies, and a robot incident reporting system. The General Motors Robot Safety Standards (included as an insert with this article) are general performance standards as they apply to all types of robots, such as those with lifting capacities of only a few pounds and those with the ability to lift a ton. The standards deal with robot installations and the interface of personnel with robots. Following a discussion of these standards, comments are made on special applications hazards and the importance of employee training. KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Personnel KW - Risk assessment KW - Robots KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390723 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Fales, E AU - Hearst Magazines TI - THE 10 SCARIEST PLACES TO DRIVE PY - 1984/04 VL - 161 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - Over 100 experts and cross country drivers were asked where the worst places to drive in America are. By this survey, the following 10 places were identified: New York, Boston, the District of Columbia, Dallas, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, Houston, and Hartford. Reasons for the hazards of driving in these cities are given along with the particular freeways or expressways where the dangers exist. Inserts with this article are: What drivers say about other places; the safest cities to drive in; and Popular Mechanics editors pick their "favorites" (worst places to drive). KW - Cities KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Expressways KW - Freeways KW - Hazards KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391147 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - SEAT BELTS & PASSIVE RESTRAINTS: SAFETY BY CHOICE OR DESIGN PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article briefly discusses the pros and cons of the continuing debate on forced government safety regulations for both manufacturers and drivers. Among those safety devices referred to are seat belts, air bags, and automatic shoulder harnesses. In conclusion it is stated that many highway deaths and injuries can be prevented or eliminated when effective automatic protection is provided in all vehicles. Until that happens, however, seat belt usage is the best protection the driver has. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391148 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - PROTECTING YOUR CAR FROM THE ELEMENTS--IT PAYS TO DO IT RIGHT PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 16-18 AB - This article explains how to preserve your car by keeping it clean, waxed, rustproofed, and preferably garaged, especially during bad weather. It reviews the right ways and the wrong ways of accomplishing these protective steps. KW - Automobiles KW - Cleaning KW - Painting KW - Preservation KW - Rust prevention KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Waxes KW - Weatherproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210316 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390869 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - TOMERLIN, J AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - BUMPER CROP PY - 1984/04 VL - 35 IS - 8 SP - p. 57-58 AB - This article reviews the history of the 5 mph bumpers and reviews the Department of Transportation's decision to roll the standard back to 2.5 mph. Opinions of insurance companies, automobile manufacturers, and the general public are stated. At this time, consumers will have a chance to choose between the two types of bumpers because some manufacturers have elected to go with the new 2.5 mph bumper, while others have stayed with 5 mph. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Impact tests KW - Insurance industry KW - Regulations KW - Testing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391151 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - DRIVING FOR A LIVING PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 27-29 AB - Nearly 3 million people earn their living by driving trucks, buses, taxicabs, or cars. The major drawback to a driving career, however, is the danger of having an accident. A person who chooses a driving career must have the necessary skills and temperaments to survive. This article reviews job requirements and qualifications for truck drivers, bus drivers, route drivers, and taxicab drivers. KW - Bus drivers KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Qualifications KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Route drivers KW - Specifications KW - Taxicab drivers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390876 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - LEWIS, F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - WHY THE BOOM IN COPPER-CORE PLUGS? PY - 1984/04 VL - 224 IS - 4 SP - p. 110-112 AB - This article describes copper-core spark plugs: the insulator nose is longer to reduce fouling at low speeds, and center electrode contains copper, which dissipates heat better at high speeds. All the major suppliers have copper-core spark plugs, and they are original equipment in many new cars. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Copper KW - Fouling (Naval architecture) KW - Insulating materials KW - Insulators KW - Small car KW - Spark plugs KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210155 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391146 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FUELS: READY AND WAITING PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 10-11 AB - This article reviews alternative energy fuels such as: gasogens, methane, hydrogen and alcohol. Electric cars and solar power are mentioned. KW - Alcohols KW - Alternate fuels KW - Electric vehicles KW - Gasogens KW - Hydrogen KW - Methane KW - Solar energy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391149 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - CAR ADS: APPEALING TO BUYERS' NEEDS AND WANTS PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 19-21 AB - A car's image is a major factor in buying decisions, studies show, because only a minority of buyers are truly interested in technical matters. So car advertisers are in the business of creating, reinforcing, adding to, and changing images. With the help of social scientists, advertisers have identified many needs and wants that they can promise to fulfill in their ads. The most commonly used list of wants is the following: Comfort, freedom from pain and danger, superiority, companionship of the opposite sex, welfare of loved ones, social approval, and to live longer. KW - Advertising KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Needs assessment KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391150 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - A SHORT COURSE ON TIRE BUYING... TO SET YOUR WHEELS SPINNING PY - 1984/04 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 24-26 AB - This article explains the differences between bias ply, bias belted, radial and snow tires. It then offers advice on what kind of tires to select according to your driving needs, reviews tire ratings, and gives tire buying tips both for new tires and used ones. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Purchasing KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Ratings KW - Retreaded tires KW - Snow tires KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390722 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Sears, B AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TURBOCHARGER MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PY - 1984/04 VL - 161 IS - 4 SP - p. 37-40 AB - This article provides information on turbocharger maintenance and repair. A few simple rules are given for increasing the service life of a turbocharger: (1) Keep the engine oil clean and change it often; (2) Install an oil temperature gauge and stay off the gas pedal until the engine's oil temperature is up to 85 deg C; (3) If the oil temperature approaches 125 deg C, install an oil cooler that is thermostatically controlled to keep the oil temperature near 110 deg C; and (4) Allow the engine to idle for a minute or so before shutting it down. Other information in this article relates to troubleshooting, excessive oil consumption, servicing the turbocharger, and waste gate service. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - Oil consumption KW - Repairing KW - Service life KW - Temperature control KW - Troubleshooting KW - Turbochargers KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390724 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - PM ANSWERS THE MOST-ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT MOTOR OIL PY - 1984/04 VL - 161 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - The subject of motor oil evokes more questions from car and light truck owners than any other automotive subject. This article gives answers to some of the most-asked questions. An insert with this article, entitled Mail-Order Oil Analysis, tells where individuals can obtain kits for taking oil samples and send these samples for analysis. KW - Analysis KW - Engine oils KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oil additives KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210025 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387902 JO - RAIL INTERNATIONAL AU - JONES, C R AU - International Railway Congress Association TI - FURTHER REDUCTIONS IN COST OF OVERHEAD LINE EQUIPMENT ON BRITISH RAILWAYS PY - 1984/04 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-26 AB - The search for improved performance, greater economies and reduction in maintenance costs of overhead line equipment is a continuous process. An account is given in this paper of a further number of developments unertaken by British Railways that demonstrate the progress being made in achieving these objectives. The integration of various computerised systems into a fully integrated system covering all aspects of electrification activities has only just began but progress to date has been most rewarding. The use of new technology and materials has given the opportunity to improve designs and systems of inspection of the completed overhead catenary system. Finally advanced technology has been applied to maintenance equipment thus improving performance of staff during normal and emergency maintenance periods. KW - British Rail KW - Catenaries (Railroads) KW - Computer programs KW - Cost control KW - Maintenance practices KW - Railroad electrification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208864 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387789 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - AUTOMATED VEHICLE TRACKING: THE FIRST STEP TOWARD THE FACTORY OF THE FUTURE PY - 1984/04 VL - 164 IS - 4 SP - p. 52-53 AB - Using two different approaches, General Motors and Ford are implementing electronic vehicle tracking systems which could lay the foundation for fully automated assembly plants. At the very least, these tracking systems are expected to improve productivity and quality, and reduce inventory. Ford uses a bar code for tracking, while General Motors is committed to transponders. These bar codes and transponders could have even further application down the road, providing useful information to dealers on warranty claims, recalls, and repair histories. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Inventory control KW - Productivity KW - Quality control KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387725 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA PREVENTION GUIDE. THE BEST PREVENTION: MODEL ALCOHOL AND DRUG EDUCATION PROGRAM PY - 1984/04 SP - 404 p. AB - This guide has been developed for school administrators, parents, teachers and community groups who are interested in developing effective alcohol and drug abuse prevention programs for elementary and secondary schools. It attempts to describe a comprehensive approach to school-based alcohol and drug abuse prevention, and to relate prevention activities to highway safety issues. There are five chapters, each focusing on a different but related approach. Chapter 1 describes classroom education and teacher training, Chapter 2 describes parent education, Chapter 3 describes community approaches, Chapter 4 describes two types of early intervention, and Chapter 5 describes the need for clear and realistic school policies regarding alcohol and drug use abuse, and provides guidelines for policy development. Sample materials and forms from each model prevention approach are included with this guide. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Community action programs KW - Drugs KW - Education KW - Guidelines KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Parents KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - School children KW - Teachers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394313 AU - Gallo, P W AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOCUMENTATION OF NEW YORK STATE REGULATION REQUIRING DRIVERS WITH LEARNER'S PERMITS TO USE SAFETY BELTS PY - 1984/03/16 SP - 43 p. AB - New York State recently enacted a regulation that motor vehicle drivers with learner's permits use safety belts while operating a motor vehicle. The regulation is of special interest because it is the first of its kind in the United States. This report documents the procedures involved in enacting and implementing the new safety belt regulation. The body of the report describes the regulation, its administrative and legal history, the publicity surrounding its enactment, changes in enforcement and road test procedures, plans for evaluating the regulation's impact, prospects for further mandatory belt use requirements in New York State, and the potential for other states to enact similar regulations. Appendices include a list of contracts with New York State officials, a more detailed analysis of the legal basis for enacting similar regulations in other states, and a compilation of documents related to the enactment and implementation of the regulation in New York State. KW - Driver licensing KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452221 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - STATUS OF AUTOMATIC CRASH PROTECTION PY - 1984/03/15 SP - 256 p. AB - This document represents a hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance of the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the United States House of Representatives, 98th Congress, Second Session (1984). The purpose of the hearing was to explore how best to get this technology into the marketplace and to the American public. Despite the major disincentives to automatic crash protection created by the regulatory decisions in the past, three are seeing hints of progress today. For example, Mercedes-Benz is currently marketing the only cars with airbags that can be bought in this country, and Ford Motor Company has recently taken an important step and signed a contract to supply 5,000 cars with airbags to the Government. Through this contract, the General Services Administration has made an important contribution to public safety, as has Ford. Additionally, it appears that important advances are being made in the area of retrofit. Romeo Kojyo is retrofitting airbags in police fleets across the Nation under a contract from NHTSA. Breed Corporation, a long-time supplier of automatic crash protection parts, is developing an airbag retrofit system that, if fully developed, could be an inexpensive way to allow consumers the option of choosing safety. In the State of California, Senator Diane Watson, chairperson of the Health Subcommittee, has introduced a bill to require that all vehicles bought by the State government be equipped with airbags. Other witnesses included are Mr. Roger Maugh, the director of automotive safety for Ford; Mr. David Romeo, president of Romeo Kojyo, Mr. David Martin, director of automotive safety engineering in General Motors Corporation; Mr. Allen Breed, president of the Breed Corporation and Mr. Karl-Heinz Faber, vice president, product compliance and service for Mercedes-Benz of North America. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Breed corporation KW - Committees KW - Contours KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Federal government agencies KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Hearings KW - Laws KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes-benz KW - Retrofitting KW - U.S. House of Representatives KW - United States Congress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450368 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - INVOLVEMENT RATE IN TWO-CAR CRASHES VERSUS DRIVER AGE AND CAR MASS OF EACH INVOLVED CAR PY - 1984/03/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This work was performed to investigate how the likelihood of a two-car crash depends on the driver age and car mass for each of the two involved cars, and also to examine the special case of cars of similar mass crashing into each other. This work uses data on 108,044 cars involved in police reported two-car crashes occurring in New York State in 1971 and 1972. The data reflect the mix of cars on the roads at that time, so that most of the involved cars were made in the 1960's. The data were fitted to a four variable model, the four variables being the driver age (in three categories) and car mass (in five categories) for each of the two involved cars. Car registrations are used to estimate exposure. The special case of crashes between cars of similar mass is considered because of prior results on driver injuries in such crashes. The model, which reproduces well the main effects in the data, indicates that each driver-car combination may be considered to have a propensity to be involved in two-car crashes that depends on driver age and car mass. The model shows that small cars are less likely to be involved in two-car crashes than are large cars. "Small-small" crashes (that is, a 900 kg car crashing into another 900 kg car) are found to be 0.3 times as likely as "big-big" crashes (an 1800 kg car crashing into another 1800 kg car), assuming equal numbers of cars driven by drivers of the same age. Combining the present results with an earlier finding that a driver in a small-small crash is 2.3 times as likely to be seriously injured or killed as is a driver in a big-big crash gives that small-small crashes seriously injure or kill about 70% as many drivers as big-big crashes when normalized for numbers of cars and driver age. That is, it is concluded that small-small crashes produce 30% fewer injuries and fatalities than do big-big crashes. Many factors might contribute to accident rate depending on car size. However, the magnitude of the effects found can be interpreted as evidence of driver behavior feedback; that is, the drivers of smaller cars may be taking more care because of greater concern regarding the consequences of a crash. Such driver behavior feedback contributes to "more dangerous" small-small crashes being, paradoxically, associated with less driver injury and fatality than "less dangerous" big-big crashes. KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Injuries KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419134 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - The development and use of the pads (passenger/ driver simulation) computer program PY - 1984/03 IS - DOT HS 806 898 SP - 159P KW - Accident KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Passenger KW - Passengers KW - Seat belt KW - Seat belts KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186932 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495628 JO - Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine PB - Royal Society of Medicine Press AU - Vernon, S A AU - Yorston, D B AU - Royal Society of Medicine Press TI - INCIDENCE OF OCULAR INJURIES FROM ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AFTER INTRODUCTION OF SEAT BELT LEGISLATION PY - 1984/03 VL - 77 IS - 3 SP - p. 198-200 AB - A prospective study was performed to characterize any change in the pattern of ocular injuries following the introduction of compulsory front seat belt wear on 1 February 1983. During a 24-week period in 1981 (1 February to 31 July), 24 patients with eye and adnexal injuries as a result of motor car road traffic accidents (RTAs) were seen at the Bristol Eye Hospital: 12 of these patients required emergency surgery. In the identical period two years later (1 February to 31 July 1983), only 6 patients suffered ocular injury from RTAs: 3 of these required emergency surgery. All patients in the latter series obeying the legislation on seat belt use were injured by flying glass, indicating a possible change in pattern of injury. The decrease in incidence of ocular injuries from RTAs between the two series was shown to be statistically significant. The compulsory fitting of laminated glass to all new cars in Great Britain and Europe is strongly advised. KW - Eye KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Nonshattering glass KW - Utilization KW - Windows KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463100 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF THE PADS (PASSENGER/DRIVER SIMULATION) COMPUTER PROGRAM PY - 1984/03 SP - 253 p. AB - The PADS computer program provides the user with a fast and efficient means to obtain good approximations of occupant response in frontal collisions. The input requirements for the program are not extensive and the post-processing programs allow easy interpretation of PADS program output. The PADS program is well suited for preliminary investigations of the effect of vehicle design changes on occupant response. A large number of runs can be made quickly to determine what changes would be most promising. Such a study could then be followed by a limited study using a more sophisticated program, such as the CAL-3D Crash Victim Simulator, or by a test program. KW - Computer programs KW - Frontal crashes KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453662 AU - Campbell, B J AU - Hunter, W W AU - Gemming, M G AU - Steward, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - THE USE OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND PUBLIC EDUCATION TO INCREASE SEAT BELT USE IN A COMMUNITY - FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/03 SP - v.p. AB - In view of previous research which has demonstrated the effectiveness of economic incentives in increasing belt use, HSRC designed a campaign centered around the idea of giving out incentives for belt wearing. This was done in conjunction with an extensive public education effort. The six-month incentive effort covered the communities of Chapel Hill and Carrboro, North Carolina, and was entitled "Seat Belts Pay Off." The title reflected both the educational and economic themes. The approach was to stop vehicles at random and to give all belted vehicle occupants a small prize (and a chance for a large cash prize). The rationale was that cash or prize incentives, in combination with extensive public education, would more effectively induce belt wearing than the latter alone. This is because the prizes would service as a reinforcement or reward for belt wearers, and serve as an incentive to buckle up for those who might know of the contest but had not been stopped. This approach was designed to make people think about buckling up often enough to encourage a regular belt use habit to develop. The authors believe it is feasible to administer incentive programs to increase seat belt use, and that these programs can vary greatly in scope, target audience and procedure, and still be successful. However, some limitations should be considered. In order for a community wide program to be successful, enough incentives must be available, in some reasonable combination of number and magnitude, such as to create the perception of a reasonable chance of winning. Project "visibility" must be high enough to keep people thinking about the effort. Project publicity must be extensive. This points to the use of a variety of media, as well as interpersonal "networking" to "get the word out" to all segments of the community. In order for belt use to become habitual, continuous reminders and reinforcement need to be present. Thus, those planning a project of this nature need to assess the target population in question (including size, sub-groups, etc). Once the community makeup has been determined, one can assess the chances of obtaining the necessary publicity and incentives in light of the size and heterogeneity of that target population. To that end, perhaps the best recommendation would be to seek the heavy involvement of a media group. As in the case of this project, this can help immeasurably in obtaining incentives and giving the project intensive publicity. The present scheme seemed to work rather well in a community of 50,000, but a different scale of operation might be necessary in a larger urban area. (Author) KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452193 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 DODGE OMNI AT 34.3 MPH PY - 1984/03 SP - 171 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Dodge Omni 2-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 19 deg, at 34.3 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was February 16, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 46 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452175 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1982 PY - 1984/03 SP - 48 p. AB - This is the fourth report on traffic accident statistics in the United States from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). It is designed to provide basic information on a representative sample of police-reported accidents in the U.S. NASS is based solely on police-reported accidents. For 1982, 8,718 such accidents were investigated by NASS. While fewer than half of all motor vehicle accidents are reported to the police, almost all of the more serious crashes are reported: those in which there is significant personal injury or major property damage. Since the majority of accidents not reported to the police involved no (or only very minor) injury, this report focuses on those accidents reported by the police. Investigators can determine the circumstances and outcome of most accidents that are reported to police, thereby providing detailed information that is important to safety research. The purpose of this report is to present to the reader some estimates of the accident experience on the nation's highways. With well over 200 data elements for each of the 8,700 accidents investigated in 1982, the possible number of tabulations showing the relationship between two or three variables is much larger than can or should be presented in a report of this kind. The information presented in this report is based on investigations of accidents that took place in 1982. In some cases (which are identified) these data are combined with data from 3,413 crashes investigated in 1979; 2,973 crashes investigated in 1980; and 5,986 crashes investigated in 1981. NASS and the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) provide the most detailed information that is available on national traffic accidents. Both programs are operated by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA). NASS data are used to identify traffic safety problems, and to support research, development, and evaluation of motor vehicle and highway safety countermeasures. Appendix 4 shows the number of accidents investigated from 1979 through 1982, and the primary national estimates derived from them. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Development KW - Estimating KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452192 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 19 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 PLYMOUTH HORIZON AT 34.4 MPH PY - 1984/03 SP - 176 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Plymouth Horizon 4-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 19 deg, at 34.4 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was February 9, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 46 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452186 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1980 AMC CONCORD AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1984/03 SP - 175 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of thirteen crash tests to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1980 AMC Concord 4-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was February 23, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 58 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399114 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM 1983. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE U.S. IN 1983 PY - 1984/03 SP - 110 p. AB - The Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) gathers data on the most severe traffic accidents that occur each year--those that result in loss of human life. It supplies the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) with information that is invaluable to its mission of reducing the number of traffic accidents and the losses that result from them. Data for 1983 show that 42,584 men, women and children died in motor vehicle traffic accidents. This is a 3.1 percent decline from the 1982 death toll and a 16.7 percent decline from the 1980 death toll. Contents of the report are presented in the following categories: (I) Fatality Reduction 1980-1983, Fatality Trends, Demographic Factors, Sex, Vehicle Occupant Fatalities, Location, Day and Time; (II) Alcohol and Safety Belts; (III) Fatality Profile; (IV) State Statistics (includes Puerto Rico); (V) Accidents, Collisions, Highway and Environment; (VI) Vehicles; (VII) Occupants and Motorcycle Riders; (VIII) Nonoccupants (Pedestrians, Pedalcyclists, etc.); (IX) Selected Comparisons; and (X) Classifications. A Glossary is provided and Appendices contain 1983 Coding Forms, Sample Order Blank, and Cross Reference to Previous FARS Reports. An Index to Figures and Tables by FARS Coding Elements is also provided. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33365/33365.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214577 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399353 JO - Journal of Clinical Psychology PB - Clinical Psychology Publishing Company, Inc AU - Zung, B J AU - Clinical Psychology Publishing Company, Inc TI - CORRELATES OF THE MICHIGAN ALCOHOLISM SCREENING TEST (MAST) AMONG DWI OFFENDERS PY - 1984/03 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - p. 607-612 AB - Examined are the relationship between scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI) and Locus of Control Scale (LOC) in a selected sample of 156 apprehended drunken drivers. About 90% were identified as problem drinkers on the MAST, and 15% were screened by the PSI as requiring more intensive psychological assessment. Scores on the MAST were independent of LOC, but positively related to results on PSI scales that assess antisocial acting-out and neurotic anxiety and also to general maladjustment (mean scale elevation). A weighted composite of three PSI scales was related significantly to MAST scores, but explained only a modest proportion of variance in them. The MAST and PSI can be used to supplement one another in screening DWI offenders. KW - Control systems KW - Correlation analysis KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Locus of control scale KW - Measurement KW - Michigan alcoholism screening test KW - Psychological screening inventory KW - Screenings KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399074 AU - Allen, R W AU - Weir, D H AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF MAN-IN-THE-LOOP PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR CRASH AVOIDANCE RESEARCH PY - 1984/03 SP - 185 p. AB - Driving is a complex activity involving factors associated with the driver, vehicle, and road/traffic environment. This report reviews performance analysis and measurement technology that can be used to further understand the role driver, vehicle, and environmental factors play in accident causation, and ultimately the extent to which vehicles can be designed to maximize accident avoidance capability. Vehicle based accident avoidance countermeasures can allow the driver to detect hazards sooner, thus providing more time for evasive action as well as permitting more effective evasive maneuvering. Review of analytical and experimental procedure for analyzing accident avoidance performance of the driver/vehicle system is the main thrust of this work. Discussion of accident taxonomies and driver behavior are provided as introductory material. Generic hazards that lead to accidents are presented in Section II along with important independent and dependant variables associated with the driver, vehicle, and road/traffic environment. Analytical and experimental research approaches are also summarized including considerations for assessing their applicability to given research problems. Simulator and instrumented vehicle testing are the primary experimental techniques considered here, and key considerations and approaches are reviewed in Section III. Performance measures and procedural considerations are also discussed. Tradeoff considerations in the use of simulator vs. instrumented vehicle techniques are presented in Section IV along with an example research problem involving traffic conflict scenarios. Several appendixes provide more detail on accident taxonomies, conflict models, driver/vehicle analytical models, site visits made during the project, and test course apparatus useful in instrumented vehicle testing. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Driver performance KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Human machine systems KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Personnel performance KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396282 AU - Gusakov, I AU - RICE, R S AU - PUGLIESE, S M AU - GALGANSKI, R AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF METHODS TO INVESTIGATE TRUCK TIRE WET TRACTION PY - 1984/03 SP - v.p. AB - This report contains the results of experimental investigations of heavy truck tire wet traction performance. The purposes of this program were to evaluate means by which this performance can be measured and to extend the data base of information on such performance, as affected by several construction, condition, and operational variables. A survey of facilities and test techniques for use in the study is briefly discussed. The three approaches that were selected for testing in a round-robin series--the UMTRI mobile tire dynamometer, the Calspan TIRF machine, and a truck deceleration technique--are described in the framework of a comprehensive test plan for measuring wet braking and cornering traction characteristics. Test results, covering the effects of tire construction and tread design, speed, and surface skid number as measured by the three methods, are presented and compared. These results, which are given in terms of normalized longitudinal traction coefficients (NFX, for peak and slide) and lateral coefficient (NFY) are supplemented with TIRF-measured data on the influences of inflation pressure, wear pattern, water depth, and load variations on the values of the coefficients. It is concluded that the mobile dynamometer and the indoor facility generate more reliable data than does the truck deceleration method. Details of all activities on the program, including all information on each test run, are on file at Calspan. KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Design KW - Dynamometers KW - Inflation KW - Moisture content KW - Performance tests KW - Steering KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Trucks KW - Wear KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215962 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396902 JO - Pharmacopsychiatria PB - Georg Thieme Verlag AU - WILLUMEIT, H-P AU - OTT, H AU - Neubert, W AU - Georg Thieme Verlag TI - ALCOHOL INTERACTION OF LORMETAZEPAM, MEPINDOLOL SULPHATE AND DIAZEPAM MEASURED BY PERFORMANCE ON THE DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1984/03 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 36-43 AB - Sixteen healthy volunteers of a mean age of 26.4 years took part in a driving simulator test in an eightfold crossover study under double-blind conditions. The additional influence of alcohol was tested acutely after a single administration of 2 mg lormetazepam, a new, highly effective derivative from the benzodiazepine class, 10 mg mepindolol sulphate, a new betablocker without sedating properties, and 10 mg diazepam. All drugs were compared with placebo and the test was performed 1, 2 and 3 hours after oral intake. The aim was to investigate particularly the risks relevant in road traffic caused by simultaneous intake of these substances with alcohol. For this purpose, besides the driving simulator, an accurate reaction test (WDG) and self-rating scales were used, the latter in order to assess subjective stress and anxiety levels. Lormetazepam, due to its strong sedating property, showed a reduction in driving performance and an increase in reaction time and pulse rate as compared with placebo, and these effects were highly potentiated by alcohol. Mepindolol sulphate expectedly reduced pulse rate when compared with placebo, otherwise there were no significant differences. Diazepam, when compared with placebo, like lometazepam caused a reduction in driving performance and reaction capacity and an increase in pulse rate, but intensity and duration of this effect were less than with lormetazepam and did not reach statistical significance. No significant potentiating effects were observed after the additional application of alcohol. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Anxiety KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Heart rate KW - Human subject testing KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychotropic agents KW - Pulse rate KW - Reaction time KW - Risk assessment KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217862 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396903 JO - Pennsylvania Medicine PB - Pennsylvania Medical Society AU - Egli, H J AU - Pennsylvania Medical Society TI - ASSISTANCE FOR HANDICAPPED DRIVERS PY - 1984/03 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - p. 40-46 AB - According to a June 1978 report by the U.S. Department of Transportation, in the urban population there are 7,440,000 transportation handicapped people five years of age or older, representing 5 percent of the total urban population and 12.1 percent of urban households. This paper is intended to provide information for this specific population group. It discusses options and opportunities available to them to enhance their mobility and independence by becoming licensed drivers. Topics covered include: vehicle selection; vehicle operation; driver licensing; special tags indicating handicapped drivers; parking placards; adaptive equipment, including special vehicle modifications for paraplegics; guidelines for buying an automobile; vans and large sedans; insurance; rented vehicles; problems outside the vehicle; equipment maintenance; driving tips; auditory and visual problems; and travel information. KW - Adaptive equipment (Disabled persons) KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Equipment KW - Hearing impaired persons KW - Impaired drivers KW - License plates KW - Mobility KW - Paraplegics KW - Parking cards KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Purchasing KW - Rental cars KW - Selecting KW - Smart cards KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217863 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395006 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - McSwain, N E AU - Petrucelli, E AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET NONUSAGE PY - 1984/03 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - p. 233-236 AB - Thirty-five states repealed or altered mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation since May 1976. In-depth evaluation of the impact of the change has been reported from four states. The results reveal significant decreases in helmet usage and significant increases in head injury and deaths. In one state (Kansas) there was also an increase in the accident rate. Evaluation of the financial impact reveals up to 200% increase in medical costs and a significant increase in days of disability. Repeal of mandatory helmet legislation is extremely costly in any parameter measured. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Health care KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Medical costs KW - Motorcyclists KW - Repeal KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395011 AU - Williams, A F AU - Preusser, D F AU - LUND, A K AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' VIEWS OF LAWS RESTRICTING TEENAGE DRIVING PY - 1984/03 SP - 15 p. AB - Substantial reductions in motor vehicle injuries can be achieved by raising the minimum licensing age or instituting night driving curfews for beginning drivers. A questionnaire survey of public high school students' views on restricting teenage driving was conducted in the following states: California, Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, and New York. The results indicated the following: (a) Slightly less than half felt there should be some restrictions on teenage driving. (b) The majority thought that restrictions on teenage drivers that did not apply to all drivers were bad, and slightly more favored a seat belt use law for all drivers rather than one applying to teenagers only. (c) In general, high school students preferred the age that they could obtain licenses in their own states as the minimum age for obtaining licenses, whether that age was 15, 16, or 17. (d) Teenagers in states with night driving curfews were more likely to favor curfew laws, but more than half of those in states without curfews expressed some support for such laws. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - California KW - Colorado KW - Curfew KW - Data collection KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving KW - Louisiana KW - Michigan KW - Mississippi KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Night driving KW - Questionnaires KW - Regulation KW - Restrictions KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212874 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395358 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Matsuoka, H AU - KAWAMURA, H AU - Toeda, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CERAMIC PRE-COMBUSTION CHAMBER PY - 1984/03 IS - 13 SP - p. 32-39 AB - A pre-combustion chamber (hot plug) made of silicon nitride ceramics has been developed. The hot plug is a component of the combustion chamber of swirl chamber diesel engines, and is subjected to the severest thermal load of all the diesel engine operating components. Unlike metal hot plugs, the ceramic hot plug requires a unique design approach to match the characteristics of ceramic materials. That is, a soft engine mounting is necessary to avoid the concentration of mechanical stress resulting from the high Young's Modulus of the ceramic and control of temperature distribution is also required to reduce thermal stress. Due to the heat insulating construction, the ceramic hot plug permits the combustion performance to be improved at low speed and load, resulting in improved noise and startability. Ceramic hot plugs are already being produced for diesel passenger cars. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine noise KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Hot plugs KW - Noise KW - Precombustion diesel engines KW - Startability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217049 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395359 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Fujieda, M AU - Oyama, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT MIXTURE TRANSPORT IN INTAKE MANIFOLD FOR CARBURETED ENGINE PY - 1984/03 IS - 13 SP - p. 18-25 AB - The transient mixture transport for carbureted engine was studied with a numerical model. The change of pressure, the transport delay of fuel and the change of air-fuel ratio in intake manifold during throttle opening were investigated. A new fuel compensation method was clarified for the constant mixture strength. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Carburetors KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Manifolds KW - Mathematical models KW - Throttles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217050 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395007 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Munoz, E AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - ECONOMIC COSTS OF TRAUMA, UNITED STATES, 1982 PY - 1984/03 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - p. 237-244 AB - The economic costs of trauma to the United States were analyzed by taking latest available data from United States Vital Statistics and using models to convert to dollar costs for trauma fatalities and nonfatalities. Trauma cost the nation approximately $61.025 billion dollars in fiscal 1982 (1977 figures indexed to 1982 dollars). This included $19.278 billion for direct costs (treatment related) and $41.746 billion in indirect costs (forgone earnings). The largest single category by group was indirect costs (forgone earnings) for male fatalities ($26.635 billion). The next largest was direct costs (treatment related) for male nonfatalities ($12.145 billion.) This disease is currently responsible in economic costs (1982 dollars) for 6.9% of health care expenditures and 2.3% of the United States gross national product (GNP). KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Fatalities KW - Gross national product KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Medical costs KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395355 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - MORITA, A AU - Takagi, S AU - Kawasaki, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - APPLICATION OF INDUCTION HARDENING DUCTILE CAST IRON GEARS PY - 1984/03 IS - 13 SP - p. 84-90 AB - There have been increasing numbers of cases where steel components have been replaced by ductile cast iron components in automobiles. To further promote the use of cast iron, however, it is necessary to increase the strength and wear resistance of ductile cast iron. From this viewpoint, we adopted such measures as employing planetary ring gears for automatic transmissions and applying induction hardening to ductile cast iron. This paper reports the progress on solving the problems of distortion during induction hardening. Using the method of experimental design, we could find the primary factor among the complex interrelated factors causing distortion. By concentrating on this primary factor and studying the dynamic mechanism of distortion, we were able to discover an effective means of taking the outside cooling jacket. KW - Cast iron KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Gears KW - Induction hardening KW - Metal hardening KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394312 AU - Chu, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPATIBILITY OF COMFORT/CONVENIENCE WITH CRASH PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS PY - 1984/03 SP - 55 p. AB - The seat belt usage rates in the U.S. are extremely low. One reason given for non-use of belt system is the belts are uncomfortable to wear. A "comfort zone" has been proposed which would define acceptable belt "fit" for the 5th, 50th and 95th percentile occupants in the preferred driver seating positions. The report investigates the effect of belt fit as defined by the "comfort zone" on the crash performance of the belt system. Fifty sled tests were performed on a 1981 Chevrolet Citation to determine the relationship between belt positions for various size occupants and seating positions versus crash performance of the belt system. The test results show that positioning the shoulder belt within the comfort zone does not degrade the crash performance of the belt system. KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance tests KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395354 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Koike, S AU - Ohira, K AU - Watanabe, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - REMARKABLE PROGRESS OF POWDER METAL TECHNOLOGY IN FIELD OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES PY - 1984/03 IS - 13 SP - p. 92-101 AB - Due to the unique methods and outstanding productivity of powder metallurgy (PM), it has already become firmly established as a field in metal processing technologies and in recent years has shown ever greater growth. Particularly in automobiles where many sintered machine parts are used together with sintered bearing parts, the increased use of PM parts, which require less machining, is expected to significantly reduce the base price of automobiles. Furthermore, high-strength PM products that could not be obtained through previous methods are becoming more and more common, and in the future the percentage of PM parts used in automobiles is expected to increase even further. This paper describes several advances made in powder metallurgy and future trends while giving some examples of the current use of PM parts in automobile engines. KW - Automobile engines KW - Engine components KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217045 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395356 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Niisawa, J AU - Tomioka, N AU - Yi, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - ANALYTICAL METHOD OF RIGIDITIES OF THIN WALLED BEAMS WITH SPOT WELDING JOINTS AND ITS APPLICATION TO TORSION PROBLEMS PY - 1984/03 IS - 13 SP - p. 76-83 AB - In this paper, the elastic properties of the spot welding joints in the transmission of the shearing forces are discussed first, and then the method of introducing elastic properties of spot welding joints into the structural analysis of thin walled beams is developed. This method is based on the sear flow theory. As an application of this analytical method, in the latter half of this paper, we solved the torsion problems of thin walled beams with welding joints. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Beams KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Shear forces KW - Shear stress KW - Spot welding KW - Structural analysis KW - Thin walls KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217047 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395357 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Matsuoka, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF MEASURED ACTUAL TORQUE TO SERVICE STRENGTH EVALUATION OF DRIVELINE PY - 1984/03 IS - 13 SP - p. 49-53 AB - Recently, the reduction of the gear ratio of the driveline (hereinafter called "high gearing") has become popular as a means of improving the fuel consumption of passenger vehicles. Generally, an overtop on the manual transmission and the adjustment of the gear ratio of the final gear are means adopted for this purpose. According to the running performance diagram of the engine, if the gear ratio of the driveline is reduced in this manner, input torque to the manual transmission can be expected to be increased during cruising, and this could be hard on the gears and bearings. When driving in the field, however, it is not easy to estimate the frequency of the actual torque because such driving includes various driving conditions besides cruising. Moreover, the severity of the operation environment must be evaluated not only with actual input torque but also the actual operation frequency of each gear shift position. Accordingly, the measurement of actual torque under various driving conditions is indispensable in examining the strength and durability of the driveline. This report describes methods of measuring and analyzing actual torque and presents a method of determining the criteria for test driveline durability of the manual transmission. KW - Automobiles KW - Drivelines KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Durability KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gear reduction KW - Manual transmissions KW - Measurement KW - Reduction gears KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393903 AU - California Department of Transportation TI - LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES. OPERATIONAL TEST PY - 1984/03 SP - 70 p. AB - Sections 138 and 415 of the 1982 Surface Transportation Assistance Act require the Federal Highway Administration to report to Congress "on the benefits and costs--of a national intercity truck route network for--longer combination--vehicles". To help determine how well these longer combination vehicles (LCV's) could operate over today's roadways, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) volunteered to conduct an actual over-the-road, operational test of three LCV combinations. This report describes the Caltrans observations of the operational tests of Triple Trailers, Rocky Mountain Doubles, and Turnpike Doubles. Each combination was operated over essentially the same 1,200-plus mile route, allowing both observations of each combination and a direct comparison between the combinations. The report covers the observations in the areas of: freeway interchanges, open-road travel, urban traffic (including arterials and intersections), narrow lanes, two-lane roads, other freeway facilities such as rest areas and scales, off-trucking, speed on grades, braking, acceleration, travel during rain and wind, noise generation, and fuel economy. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Double trailers KW - Fuel conservation KW - Grades KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Rainfall KW - Road tests KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Triple trailers KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393618 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Larson, T D AU - Rao, K AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BREAKING OUT FOR TRANSPORTATION PROGRESS: POLICY RESPONSES TO INVESTMENT STALEMATE PY - 1984/03 VL - 18A IS - 2 SP - p. 141-149 AB - Recent literature has given extensive treatment to the infrastructure problems in the U.S., including that faced by our transportation facilities. The thrust of this paper is that such problems are often the result of a stalemate in the policy-making process. Three cases are described to illustrate this stalemate: (1) Pennsylvania DOT in the later 1970s; (2) locks and dams on the U.S. inland waterways; and (3) the Interstate Highway System and related policies on vehicular size, payloads, and user charges. Drawing from these cases, a simple model of infrastructure investment process is presented. Key inputs to this process are improved management, high ethical standards, greater attention to public perception, and creative involvement in the political process. KW - Case studies KW - Infrastructure KW - Investments KW - Management KW - Policy KW - Policy making KW - Politics KW - Public participation KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211709 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393627 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - MCSHANE, M P AU - KOSHI, M AU - LUNDIN, O AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PUBLIC POLICY TOWARD THE AUTOMOBILE: A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT JAPAN AND SWEDEN PY - 1984/03 VL - 18A IS - 2 SP - p. 97-109 AB - This article compares two different national approaches to regulation and promotion of the automobile. It examines how the problem was perceived, what styles of intervention developed, and how implementation of seemingly standardized solutions differed. Japan tended to view the private automobile as a socially expensive luxury until quite recently. Some features of its policy response, e.g. low spending on roads, high motor vehicle taxes, flow from this outlook. Other aspects, such as the effective mass public safety campaigns, and the coordination between industrial and regulatory policies flow from Japan's social and cultural patterns. Sweden's policies are aimed at "civilizing" the car, not restricting it. They tended to develop in a relatively straightforward manner on the basis of an underlying social consensus, as contrasted with the adversarial approach common in the U.S. KW - Automobiles KW - Japan KW - Public policy KW - Regulations KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211716 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393628 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Vuchic, V R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE AUTO VERSUS TRANSIT CONTROVERSY: TOWARD A RATIONAL SYNTHESIS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION POLICY PY - 1984/03 VL - 18A IS - 2 SP - p. 125-133 AB - Considerable portion of academic literature on urban transportation has been supportive of policies which resulted in extensive urban freeway construction, but highly critical of public investments in transit. This paper challenges these views and points out many flaws in their basic arguments. Criticism of rail transit is particularly emotionally biased and it is in direct conflict with real world trends: the number of cities in the United States and other countries which have constructed rail transit as a key element of their viability has steadily increased in the last two decades. For solution of the present serious urban transportation problems, there should be a rational policy which recognizes capabilities of different modes and leads to their optimal coordination in a multimodal system. KW - Controversy KW - Private transportation KW - Public transit KW - Rapid transit KW - Transportation policy KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393073 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE 1983 TRAFFIC FATALITIES EARLY ASSESSMENT PY - 1984/03 SP - 71 p. AB - This report presents preliminary estimates of 1983 national traffic fatalities. All statistics were obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). Through an extrapolation procedure, the overall estimate of total traffic fatalities for 1983 has been rounded to 42,500. The purpose of this report is to present traffic fatality trend data for both the long and the short term, to produce timely preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities for 1983, and to identify and discuss broad changes from previous years. No attempt is made to interpret the changes found or to identify the specific events that may have contributed to these changes, as the annual FARS report for 1983 will provide an opportunity to assess these changes based on more complete accident and exposure data. KW - Estimates KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392263 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORISTS' IMPRESSION OF THE HOV SIGNS ON I-66 FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/03 SP - 15 p. AB - The public's familiarity with and understanding of the HOV (high occupancy vehicle) variable message sign on the 10-mile segment of Interstate 66 between the 495 Capital Beltway and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge in Arlington, Virginia was studied. The study determined the effectiveness of the public educational program in reaching users of the facility, the motorists understanding of the HOV abbreviation, and any other means that would promote familiarity and understanding of the sign. The first phase of the study comprised a questionnaire survey of motorists and residents adjacent to I 66. The second phase was a follow-up survey of motorists using I 66. It was found that almost all motorists know what the abbreviation meant although the media advertising campaign did not reach as many as it should have. A continuation of the publicity was considered necessary. There was also concern over the inadequacy of the HOV information available to tourists and out-of-state drivers. It was recommended that increased use be made of the diamond lane marking symbols such as those shown in the MUTCD (Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices), and that the HOV sign should be included in the MUTCD. KW - Data collection KW - Diamond markings KW - Diamonds KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Media KW - Publicity KW - Road markings KW - Surveys KW - Traffic marking KW - Variable message signs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36537/84-R29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391800 JO - Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Duff, G W AU - Siek, R F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW YORK STATE POLICE CONTROLLED ACCESS HIGHWAY TASK FORCE PY - 1984/03 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 5-26 AB - The Controlled Access Highway Task Force of 135 New York State Police patrolled 600 miles of Interstate Highway as part of a grant from the Governor's Traffic Safety Committee funded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The objectives of the grant were to reduce accidents and highway speed and to investigate enforcement techniques. Trooper and patrol vehicle performance indicators, speed surveys, and accident and injury frequency data were collected during a baseline and three experimental periods. Three types of patrol vehicle visibility (marked, an even mixture of marked and unmarked, and unmarked) were randomly assigned to 18 nominal 10-mile and 18 nominal 20-mile highway segments across New York State using a 3 x 2 factorial design. In addition, the three visibility strategies were assigned at random to three experimental periods using a cross-over design. Finally, a quasi-experimental design with the New York Thruway as a comparison was used to analyze accident frequency. The results of the program indicate that highway speeds were reduced during the program. Unmarked and an even mixture of marked and unmarked patrol vehicles showed better speed enforcement tendencies than exclusive use of marked patrol vehicles. Accident frequency was reduced by an average of 22 accidents per month during the first experimental period for the 600 miles of Interstate highway patrolled. Although accident frequency reductions were also experienced during the second and third experimental periods, these were not statistically significant. In addition, the 18 nominal 20-mile segments had a statistically significant reduction in average accident frequency during the first and third experimental periods of 12 and 10 accidents per month, respectively. No statistically significant reductions in accident frequency were observed on the 18 nominal 10-mile highway segments. It was found that both the nominal 10- and 20-mile highway segments experienced accident frequency reductions during the first experimental period when patrolled exclusively by marked and an even mixture of marked and unmarked patrol vehicles. Finally, it was determined by correlation analysis that highway segments where more patrol time was dedicated to a segment and arrest activity was higher experienced lower accident frequency. KW - Crash rates KW - Freeways KW - Patrol KW - Police vehicles KW - Safety KW - Speed control KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392247 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - CHRISTOFFEL, T AU - American Public Health Association TI - THE SUPREME COURT AND AIRBAGS PY - 1984/03 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - p. 269-270 AB - In 1969, the Department of Transportation proposed a standard requiring passive restraint systems in automobiles. Nevertheless, 15 years and 60 rulemaking notices later, no such requirement is in effect. In a June 1983 decision, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers v. State Farm Mutual, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the U.S. Department of Transportation to further consider a passive restraint requirement for automobiles, thus writing the later chapter in a protracted regulatory dispute. This article takes us through the ramifications of the passive restraint requirement which, in the Court's own words, has been "imposed, amended, rescinded, reimposed, and now rescinded again." KW - Air bags KW - Federal government KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Regulations KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210878 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391792 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF THE MICHIGAN MANDATORY CHILD-RESTRAINT LAW PY - 1984/03 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - p. 6-8 AB - A Michigan law that became effective April 1, 1982, requires children under age four to be restrained by an approved child restraint device when riding in a passenger car. Children under age one must be secured in a child seat. But children between ages one and four may be restrained by an adult seat belt, provided they are in a rear seat. To evaluate the effects of the new law (and of a related public information program conducted in early 1982), the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning sponsored a 1983 UMTRI study of restraint use and occupant injuries in all traffic accidents occurring in Michigan during the 60-month period of January, 1978, through December, 1982. Briefly described here are the methods and findings of that study. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Publicity KW - Rear seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391781 AU - Transport Canada TI - ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 1983 PY - 1984/03 SP - v.p. AB - This Annual Report presents the Director's Report (which describes the role of the Directorate and the significant events and issues of 1982/83) and reviews the development of countermeasures, motor vehicle regulations, motor vehicle investigations, motor vehicle test center, and programming administration. The chapter on countermeasures discusses impaired driving, the results of the 1981 surveys of alcohol use, seat belts, vehicle safety standards, daytime running lights, improved occupant-protection criteria, and reports and publications. The chapter on vehicle regulations covers automotive safety engineering, regulations enforcement, and energy and emissions engineering. The chapter on motor vehicle investigations considers public complaint recalls, defects investigation, and collision evaluation. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Complaints KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Days KW - Defects KW - Driver impairment KW - Energy KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laboratories KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Running lights KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208826 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391791 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - O'Day, J AU - Scott, R E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - MYTHS AND REALITIES OF SEAT BELT USE PY - 1984/03 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - p. 1-5 AB - The results of analyses of accident data covering hundreds of thousands of automotive accidents are presented and discussed. The discussion focuses on the relation of seat belt use to the probability of (a) being knocked unconscious, (b) of being thrown from car, and (c) of being trapped in a burning or submerged car. It is shown that occupants who use seat belts are more likely to be conscious after an accident than those who do not use them. It was also found that about one percent of all occupants were ejected and that 20 to 30 percent of all ejected occupants receive fatal injuries compared to 0.5 percent of all occupants who remained in their car. Data also indicate that the use of seat belts helps occupants to remain conscious and thus be able to remove themselves from a car that is leaking fuel or has begun to burn. Similarly, immersion-associated fatalities include a significantly lower percentage of seat belt users than is evident from the total population of fatally injured occupants. KW - Benefits KW - Crash analysis KW - Disadvantage KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Manual safety belts KW - Submerged conditions KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons KW - Unconsciousness KW - Underwater structures KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391810 AU - Trinkoff, A M AU - Teret, S P AU - Rattiner, J L AU - Baker, S P AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENLISTING HEALTH DEPARTMENTS IN HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1984/03 SP - 52 p. AB - This report documents the manner and degree of health agency involvement in motor vehicle injury prevention activities. It describes not only the existing cooperative activities between state highway safety and health agencies, but also the perceived barriers which must be overcome to promote increased interagency cooperation. This information is presented to encourage the development and expansion of these important cooperative efforts. Information was obtained by interviewing state personnel from 36 states. Highway safety personnel were interviewed in 27 states with nine states chosen for each of the following three content areas: (1) occupant restraints, (2) motorcycle helmet laws and emergency medical services, and (3) alcohol program activities and 55 mile per hour speed limit laws. Health department personnel in nine states were interviewed in regard to their agency's injury prevention programs. In addition, one state in each group was selected for an on site, in-depth study of its activities. Highway safety and health department cooperative efforts are compiled and described for each topic along with a brief summary of historical development in that program area. The characteristics of interagency relationships, including cooperative efforts, perceived barriers to cooperation, health agency priorities, and networks are examined. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Cooperation KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Interagency relations KW - Laws KW - Occupant restraint KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25677/DOT-HS-806-531.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391313 AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - AIR BAGS: A MATTER OF LIFE OR DEATH PY - 1984/03 SP - 9 p. AB - This pamphlet holds that air bags can save more lives and prevent more injuries than any other auto safety device known today. It presents opinions that it considers to be false and counteracts them with known facts. The following opinions are listed as fictitious: air bags can inflate inadvertently; they have not been adequately tested; they are unnecessary; they only work in one kind of crash; sodium azide which inflates the air bags is hazardous; they are hazardous to children in crashes; car buyers do not want them; and they are expensive. KW - Air bags KW - Costs KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391365 AU - Campbell, B J AU - Hunter, W W AU - Gemming, M G AU - Stewart, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE USE OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND PUBLIC EDUCATION TO INCREASE SEAT BELT USE IN A COMMUNITY PY - 1984/03 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes a campaign, designed by the Highway Safety Research Center, University of North Carolina, centered around the idea of giving out incentives for belt wearing. The campaign was entitled "Seat Belts Pay Off". The approach was to stop vehicles at random and to give all belted occupants a small prize and a chance for a large cash prize. This approach was designed to make people think about buckling up often enough to encourage a regular belt use habit to develop. From a baseline use rate of about 24 percent, belt use grew steadily and peaked at 41 percent during the last week of the campaign. So far, 2 months past the end of the incentive phase, weekly belt use rates have declined to an average of 36 percent. KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - North Carolina KW - Psychological aspects KW - Public opinion KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208811 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391306 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE SOLO CRASH PY - 1984/03 VL - 17 IS - 10 SP - 8 p. AB - This article examines the reasons for single vehicle accidents (referred to as solo accidents), the factors and circumstances surrounding these accidents, and what can be done by individual drivers to keep their cars on the road instead of against a tree. As shown by the examples cited, far more ofter than not, the primary cause of single vehicle accidents is some mistake of the driver--speeding on a curve, fatigue, driving under the influence of alcohol, carelessness and inattention, and the like. Other factors contribute, but the driver's mistake is foremost. And since the driver is at fault, these accidents should be all the more preventable. KW - Behavior KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210419 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391295 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - CHILD SAFETY SEATS SAVE LIVES PY - 1984/03 VL - 17 IS - 10 SP - p. 10-11 AB - The California Highway Patrol prepared this summary of incidents in which a child safety seat was instrumental in preventing a death or in reducing the severity of injury to the user. These 13 case histories represent the initial factual California data illustrating the value of such seats. KW - Case studies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210411 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391307 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - CARBON MONOXIDE: TOO OFTEN A KILLER PY - 1984/03 VL - 17 IS - 10 SP - p. 9 AB - Recently, two individuals became snowbound in their vehicle and died of carbon monoxide poisoning after leaving the engine running to provide warmth through their heater. From a detailed journal they kept, it is apparent that they took the precaution of rolling a window down slightly and getting out occasionally to ensure that the vehicle's exhaust pipe was not blocked by snow. And yet they perished. To avoid such a tragedy this article provides facts to be aware of concerning the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning and what can be done to minimize the danger. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Carbon monoxide poisoning KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Perception KW - Prevention KW - Recognition KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Stranded motorists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391363 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - A COMPARISON OF INJURY AMONG SEVERAL TAD VEHICLE DEFORMATION SCALES AND DEFINITION OF A 10 POINT OVERALL SCALE PY - 1984/03 SP - v.p. AB - This paper describes characteristics of the vehicle deformation scale known as the TAD Scale, and the conversion of that seven-point scale into a ten-point scale. It appears that the ten-point scale accounts for more injury variance than the seven-point scale, and therefore, may be more useful as a control variable in the study of such things as car size, belts, or other crash injury related variables. KW - Crash data KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Injury classification KW - Manual safety belts KW - North Carolina KW - Traffic crashes KW - Variables KW - Vehicle deformation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208809 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391318 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Nellius, D AU - American Automobile Association TI - WHEN AN ACCIDENT HAPPENS... PY - 1984/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 2d-2e AB - This article addresses the following questions: What happens to you in a collision? What happens to your body? To your mind? How can you limit the impact? What can your family do to help? Dr. Bruce Smoller, a Bethesda psychiatrist and orthopedic surgeon, who has treated many accident victims and recently was one himself, provides some answers to these questions. KW - Crash victims KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210426 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391319 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Bonneville, G AU - American Automobile Association TI - SAFETY TRAINING FOR THE YOUNG PY - 1984/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-5 AB - This article describes the AAA's Preschool Children in Traffic Program, which was introduced in 1976 and was designed with the unique characteristics of the preschool child in mind. It consists of a series of five illustrated booklets aimed specifically at preschoolers and their parents. The primary objectives of the program are to cut down on "dart-out" behavior, to teach youngsters not to run suddenly into the street, and to help them develop safe pedestrian habits. The program emphasizes learning by doing and the repetition of adult-guided activities. KW - Preschool children KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210427 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391300 JO - Modern Tire Dealer PB - Bill Communications (Akron) Incorporated AU - Orme, T AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - NHTSA ISSUES FINAL RULE FOR VOLUNTARY TIRE REGISTRATION PY - 1984/03 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued the permanent final rule for voluntary tire registration February 8, 1984 and the rule becomes effective 45 days from that date. This final rule makes only minor changes to the interim rule issued in 1983. NHTSA has included the stipulation that independent tire dealers fill in their names and addresses as well as tire identification numbers on all registration forms. It also includes the provision for voluntary tire registration of the Motor Vehicle Safety and Cost Savings Authorization Act of 1982 which calls for NHTSA to evaluate the effectiveness of voluntary tire registration 2 years from the date of the bill, which would be October 15, 1984. If voluntary registration is unsuccessful, NHTSA can order a return to mandatory registration. The minor changes to the registration form in the final rule are listed. Objections raised by the National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association (NTDRA) are discussed. NHTSA cites the need for dealer-specific information to evaluate the effectiveness of voluntary tire registration and recall campaigns. NHTSA also requires manufacturers to maintain records of tires sold by individual independent dealers. NHTSA's responses to other questions raised about voluntary tire registration are also noted. KW - Compliance KW - Identifying number KW - Industries KW - Laws KW - Sales KW - Tire dealers KW - Tire registration KW - Tires KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210414 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391320 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Anderson, H H AU - American Automobile Association TI - AIRBAGS OR SAFETY BELTS? PY - 1984/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 9-10 AB - This article looks at the problem of determining whether or not to mandate safety-belt use or to install automatic occupant-protection systems in vehicles. Part of the problem is that both safety belts and airbags are quite effective--but in different kinds of accidents. The one advantage airbags have over conventional lap-and-shoulder belts is that they remain out of the way and out of sight until they are actually required in an accident. But a major concern with airbags is cost, which is very speculative, ranging from estimates of a couple of hundred to over a thousand dollars. At the present time three options are being considered: an amendment of FMVSS 208 to require only airbags or only automatic belts; retention of FMVSS 208 requirements with new dates established for installation of passive restraints; or rescission of the FMVSS 208 requirements with the justification for that action. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Costs KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391364 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - SAFETY BELT INJURY REDUCTION RELATED TO CRASH SEVERITY AND FRONT SEATED POSITION PY - 1984/03 SP - n.p. AB - This paper describes a study on the use of a newly derived ten-point deformation rating scale as a control variable in the examination of belt effectiveness in reducing injury among passenger car drivers and right front passengers. KW - Crash data KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Injury classification KW - Manual safety belts KW - North Carolina KW - Right front passengers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Variables KW - Vehicle deformation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208810 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391305 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - MAIER, W AU - Printerhall Limited TI - A QUEUEING MODEL FOR A ROADSIDE INTERVIEW STATION PY - 1984/03 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 126-128 AB - During a traffic investigation, traffic engineers often use roadside interview stations in order to interview a sample of vehicle drivers. As a result, long queues sometimes develop. The traffic engineer has therefore to design and organise the interview station so that the queueing space is sufficient and so that the delay to vehicles does not increase unreasonably. A diagram is presented to show both an interview station which allows vehicles not selected for interview to pass by unimpeded and an interview station without this possibility. Overtaking within the interview station is not possible. In this paper analytic solutions are derived for the expected queue characteristics. KW - Drivers KW - Interviewing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Passing KW - Queuing KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391374 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Craib, D F AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - NEW DEMANDS ON INSURERS. GEARING UP FOR THE NEXT 10 YEARS PY - 1984/03 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 2-8 AB - During the last ten years, insurers have faced rapid growth in the worldwide market, and an accelerating rate of change in nearly every aspect of the business, from technology to investment practices. These changes have made the way insurance companies are managed more crucial than ever and managers must plan more carefully than ever, set strategic goals and work towards them, and learn to anticipate change and profit from it. KW - Insurance industry KW - Management KW - Multinationals KW - Planning KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210467 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391375 JO - INSURANCE REVIEW AU - Detwiler, R M AU - Smith (Philo) and Company, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL ON THE HIGHWAY. BATTLE PLAN TO CHANGE A NATION'S THINKING PY - 1984/03 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 28-33 AB - The Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, created on April 14, 1982, was directed to raise public awareness of the problem, to persuade states and communities to attack the problem systematically, using the most advanced and effective methods available, and to generate public support for greater enforcement of drunk driving laws. This article reviews several of the basic problems identified by the Commission, and steps that have been taken at the state and local levels to implement the Commission's recommendations. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Community values KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving KW - Psychological aspects KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Social values KW - State government KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210468 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390870 JO - National School Bus Report PB - National School Transportation Association AU - Seiff, H AU - National Assn of School Bus Contract Operators TI - FUEL-SAVING DEVICES. DO THEY WORK? PY - 1984/03 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-23 AB - This article reviews several ways you can test fuel saving devices in your own school bus fleet. The Society of Automotive Engineers has set up two excellent and accurate test procedures, and the article describes two other tests that are reasonably accurate. KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel-saving devices KW - School buses KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390871 JO - Automotive Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - HERTZ CALCULATES CAR OWNERSHIP AND OPERATING COST PY - 1984/03 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 10 p. AB - The Hertz Corporation presents guidelines to calculate automobile ownership costs and operating expenses. These guidelines are applicable to new, used, owned or leased cars. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Fixed costs KW - Leasing KW - Operating costs KW - Used vehicle industry KW - Variable costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390450 AU - Abramson, P A AU - Yedlin, M AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF 1981 AND 1982 INSURANCE CLAIMS TO DETERMINE EFFECT OF 1981 AND 1982 BUMPERS ON CRASH DAMAGE PY - 1984/03 SP - 252 p. AB - The effectiveness of the crash-protecting automobile bumpers required by the 1980-1982 5 mph version of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 215--Exterior Protection, Passenger Cars--was evaluated through an analysis of insurance claims filed with the State Farm Insurance Company. Claims for one-year-old 1981 and 1982 vehicles were analyzed and compared to a previous analysis of 1980 claims. Several factors influencing bumper performance were studied including: bumper design, bumper materials, bumper manufacturers, criteria used to identify bumper involved claims, market class, and impact point. An additional series of experiments compared data obtained from State Farm with claim data available from ADP Collision Estimating Services. The comparisons were intended to identify factors which might influence the interpretation of findings from the State Farm sample. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Bumpers KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391153 JO - Applied Ergonomics PB - Elsevier AU - Edwards, M AU - Butterworth Scientific Limited TI - ROBOTS IN INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW PY - 1984/03 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 45-53 AB - Although the introduction of robots into manufacturing technology is a relatively recent phenomenon, there are indications that a rapid increase in the numbers of robots employed in industry is already taking place. Robots may be found in a wide variety of settings, performing a wide range of functions. These functions may be characterised in terms of whether the robot manipulates a tool or handles a workpiece. The human tasks associated with all robot installations are programming and maintenance. Other tasks vary depending on the particular robot application but are likely to fall into one of four categories. The use of robots has implications for safety and it is apparent that greater emphasis than hitherto must be laid on the design and implementation of procedures to ensure safety. KW - Industrial robots KW - Manufacturing KW - Robots KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390412 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Behne, T A AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - LIM PLASTIC TIRE READY FOR PRODUCTION PY - 1984/03 VL - 164 IS - 3 SP - p. 50-51 AB - An Austrian firm, LIM Kunststoff-Technologie GmbH, has consolidated the liquid injection molding (LIM) technology, and is going to set up a pilot plant this year (1984) to produce enough tires for comprehensive testing. This article presents an interview with Richard Marchiando, director of LIM Kunststoff-Technologie. He discusses the production process, the economic impact, preliminary testing, tire characteristics and performance, and short term company objectives. KW - Economic impacts KW - Injection molding KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Production KW - Technological innovations KW - Testing KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390460 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Menko, F L AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF SILICONE ELASTOMERS PY - 1984/03 VL - 116 IS - 3 SP - p. 21-24 AB - The decreasing cost differential between silicone rubbers and high performance organic elastomers, combined with the development of stronger and tougher silicone rubbers has led to their increasing use in automotive applications. Silicone rubber applications are classified into 3 major categories: fabricated rubber parts, formed in place RTV gaskets, and electronic encapsulants and coatings. High volume parts are injection-molded of liquid silicone rubber, and high-green-strength silicone rubber permits coolant hose be produced on the same equipment used for organic rubber hose. Liquid silicone rubber (LSR) parts can be produced for as little as half the cost of conventionally molded silicone rubber and often at lower cost than with an organic rubber. Formed-in-place gaskets have proven to cut costs and improve reliability and serviceability; thus, reducing inventory and helping control application. Studies have shown that silicone elastoplastic conformal coatings are the best materials to provide thin-film protection of electronic engine control modules because of their high-temperature performance. KW - Automobiles KW - Coatings KW - Costs KW - Elastomers KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Encapsulation KW - Formed-in-place KW - Gaskets KW - Liquid silicone rubber KW - Liquids KW - Performance KW - Rubber KW - Rubber compounds KW - Silicon compounds KW - Silicone rubber KW - Silicones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209878 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390720 JO - NTDRA Dealer News PB - National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association AU - Janicki, E AU - National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association TI - THE COMPUTERIZED CAR IS HERE PY - 1984/03 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - The auto industry is fast approaching the Space Age. The use of computers has skyrocketed in the past two years and the day is not too far off when pushbuttons will take over the car's entire instrument panel. The author of this article discusses the Space Age innovations he found already featured in some autos and a few that are expected to be in production in the next few years. Among these innovations are "Voice Alert" systems, an electronic navigation system, radar braking, theft-deterrent systems, an alcohol-ignition interlock system to prevent alcohol-impaired drivers from starting the car, and pushbutton control of all the common electrical controls. KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Computers KW - Electronic control KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Instrument panels KW - Pushbuttons KW - Radar braking KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390897 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - CAN DETROIT COMBAT AUTO THEFT? PY - 1984/03 VL - 164 IS - 3 SP - p. 29 AB - The Motor Vehicle Theft Enforcement Act of 1983, which will probably be enacted in 1984, is being touted as an effective solution to the overwhelming problem of automobile theft. This bill, officially labeled HR 3939, will require the automakers to emboss, engrave, or otherwise permanently mark additional components with the VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) on certain high-theft or "target" vehicles. Auto companies are willing to go along with this proposed law, but are cynical about its effectiveness. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Deterrence KW - Federal government KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Theft KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Vehicle identification numbers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210163 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390425 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Berk, N AU - National Safety Council TI - A LOOK AT WHAT'S CONTAINED IN THE NEW STATE CHILD RESTRAINT LAWS PY - 1984/03 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - p. 10-13 AB - By the end of January 1984, 43 States and the District of Columbia had laws requiring the use of child restraints. This article describes these laws, pointing out various differences. Looking ahead, preliminary analysis indicates that a number of states that do not now have child restraint laws will be actively pursuing passage of such measures in 1984. Other states that already have child restraint laws on the books, are considering amendments to their laws in 1984. In addition to legislative actions, a number of private-sector organizations have also taken exemplary steps to promote the use of child restraints. An example cited in this article is GEICO Insurance Company which now offers its policyholders in the District of Columbia, Virginia, and Maryland the opportunity to purchase a child restraint seat for $20, which is $40 below retail, and return the seat when no longer needed for a refund of the $20. The USAA Group is also making child restraint seats available to policyholders for $20. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Insurance industry KW - Laws KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209870 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390738 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Smolinski, R A AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - A DRINKING EXPERIENCE PY - 1984/03 VL - 17 IS - 10 SP - p. 12-13 AB - This article describes what could happen to unwary individuals who could be driving after a few drinks while they judge themselves to be sober and "in very good shape." An imaginary situation is used to illustrate the point. Thus, such an individual could be stopped by a police officer for momentarily crossing the white line and be administered the field sobriety test. He could then be taken to the police station for a blood alcohol test which could very well give a result of 0.11. This would then result in being booked into a cell for the night and the car impounded. If the individual is a member of the armed forces this could lead to further disciplinary action, revoking of privileges at the base, and official reports by the Armed Forces Police. It may be necessary to retain a lawyer. The case could then end with a payment of $300 in fines and $120 in court costs, and a year's probation. If it is a first offense, it could only be recorded as a misdemeanor. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Misdemeanor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390947 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY. PROFESSIONAL PAPERS ON STATE AND FEDERAL DRIVER LICENSING PROGRAMS PY - 1984/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This publication contains papers presented at the 15th Annual Institute on Motor Vehicle and Traffic Law held August 7-11, 1983 in Boulder, Colorado. These papers are as follows: The Iowa Administrative Revocation Program, Shepard, G.W.; Prehearing License Revocation of Drinking Drivers--The Minnesota Experience, Watne, J.A.; Administrative Procedure Issues Involved in the Summary Suspension of Driver Licenses for Driving While Intoxicated, Reese, J.H.; The National Driver Register, and a Discussion of Alcohol Incentive Grants to States, Latchaw, J.; The National Driver Register, Hatch, C.; Minnesota's Drinking and Driving Laws, Swanson, M.; Recent Developments in the Law Affecting Police, Reeder, R.H.; and a Review of Constitutional Issues Associated With the Use of Roadblocks for Driver License and Sobriety Checks, Hugel, D.H. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - National Driver Register KW - Police KW - Revocation KW - Roadblocks KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390427 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - CLARK'S FORKLIFT RESTRAINT SYSTEM--PROVIDING OCCUPANT PROTECTION FOR THE INDUSTRIAL OFF-THE-ROAD DRIVER PY - 1984/03 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 5 p. AB - The industrial truck division of Clark Equipment Company, the nations's largest manufacturer of forklifts, has launched an eight million dollar program to provide restraint protection to workers using Clark forklifts. In September 1983 the company announced that it would retrofit, free of charge, all its existing forklifts, models C300 and C500 in the 2,000 to 10,000 pound capacity range, now in use with seat belts and winged seat attachment designed to prevent forklift drivers from being ejected and injured in the event of an overturn. In addition, the company offered royalty-free use of its restraint design to other manufacturers of forklifts and, of course, all new Clark forklifts would also have the restraint system. The remainder of this article describes the extensive analysis and testing conducted by Clark engineers and outside consultants, which resulted in a workable design. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Design KW - Ejection KW - Fork lifts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Overturning KW - Restraint systems KW - Retrofitting KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209872 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390429 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - MAKING THE BIG SWITCH PY - 1984/03 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This article describes how Paul Bates, the supervisor of transportation for Illinois' largest school district owned and operated fleet, presented to the Board a long-range plan to convert all buses to diesel power. The School Board listened to his reasons, including improved fuel consumption and extended life of a diesel engine, and approved his conversion plan. Bates credits careful bus specification writing for the success he has obtained in the past two years. In addition to the bus specification, he paid attention to the fuel, installing an 8,000-gallon tank and using a mixture of No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuel, plus additives, in order to insure that the fuel was properly mixed and monitored. KW - Conversion KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Life span KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209874 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390426 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Tyson, W AU - National Safety Council TI - WYOMING TEENS DISCOVER DRINKING, DRIVING AND YOU PY - 1984/03 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-15 AB - The Wyoming Safety Council and the Wyoming Highway Patrol developed a plan to combat the problem of teenage traffic fatalities due to driving under the influence of alcohol. Their plan involved presenting the National Safety Council's two-hour alcohol supplement to the Defensive Driving Course, entitled "Drinking, Driving, and You," to all high school seniors during the coming school year. This article presents their plan of action, including a survey to determine whether there was sufficient interest on the part of school administrators to go ahead with the project, and their accomplishments during the 1982-1983 school year. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209871 ER -