TY - RPRT AN - 00579871 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING AWARENESS WEEK, DECEMBER 7-13, 1991 PY - 1991/08 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Drunk driving KW - Education and training KW - Prevention KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00619129 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - DIMASI, F AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - Gabler, H C AU - Marcus, J H AU - Government Printing Office TI - SIMULATED HEAD IMPACTS WITH UPPER INTERIOR STRUCTURES USING RIGID AND ANATOMIC BRAIN MODELS PY - 1991/08 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - p. 20-31 AB - This article first describes modeling and analysis of head impacts with rigid upper interior structures of the passenger compartment of an automobile and compares results with laboratory test measurements. Such models can demonstrate the capacity of a well-defined model to accurately replicate dynamic response and can predict levels of injury mitigation obtainable from structural modifications, such as padding. Such models can also estimate physical quantities (e.g., detailed stress/strain patterns) known to affect the functional capacity of brain tissue. To provide estimates of such quantities, a first-generation anatomic brain model was developed to estimate strains induced in the brain as a result of typical head impacts sustained in automotive collisions. The brain model is viewed as the first step in a complicated process, leading toward the ability to assess soft-tissue injuries, and to the development of an expanded head-injury criterion that addresses specific forms of brain injuries known to result from automobile crashes. KW - Anatomy KW - Brain KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Head tests KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Rigid surfacings KW - Simulation KW - Structural materials KW - Surfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364473 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00619127 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - FAIGIN, B M AU - Government Printing Office TI - THE COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE INJURIES PY - 1991/08 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - p. 2-10 AB - This paper describes the results of a report to Congress, "Cost of Injury in the United States" (October 1989). The research for this report, funded by the National Highway Safety Administration, Office of Research and Development, was performed by the Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, under the direction of Dorothy P. Rice; and the Injury Prevention Center, The Johns Hopkins University, under the direction of Ellen J. MacKenzie. The report documents the costs and incidence of injury for 1985 by cause, age, and gender. The causes of injury identified were motor vehicle accidents, falls, firearms, poisonings, fires and burns, drownings, and other causes. The author focuses on the findings for motor vehicle injuries, comparing these with other causes of injury. The total lifetime cost of injury from all causes was $158 billion in 1985, with motor vehicles - single most costly category - accounting for $49 billion. Motor vehicle fatalities represented 35 percent of total injury fatalities, 22 percent of hospitalized injuries, and 9 percent of non-hospitalized injuries. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury classification KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364471 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00619130 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Perel, M AU - Government Printing Office TI - EVALUATION OF THE CONSPICUITY OF DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS PY - 1991/08 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-37 AB - In both Scandinavia and Canada, Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) have been required for use on all motor vehicles to improve their conspicuity and to reduce crashes. To help evaluate the possible benefits of using DRLs in the United States, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored research to quantify the relationship between vehicle detectability and DRL intensity over a range of ambient light levels characteristic of the U.S. environment. The results showed that 1,600 candela was the minimum DRL intensity needed to significantly improve vehicle detectability under ambient light levels below 4,000 footcandles of horizontal illuminance. Under brighter conditions, DRL effectiveness was greatly diminished. KW - Ambience KW - Canada KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Environment KW - Safety KW - Scandinavia KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364474 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00616376 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Walz, M C TI - ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1991/08 SP - 3 p. AB - In 1983, Virginia raised the Minimum Drinking Age (MDA) for consumption of beer from 18 to 19 years of age, with a provision allowing those who were previously of legal drinking age to continue to purchase beer. Prior to the passage of this law, persons 18 years of age were permitted to purchase beer for on premises consumption only. Two years later, the legal age for consuming beer was increased to 21, with a similar grandfather clause. Throughout this period the legal age for consumption of wine and liquor remained 21. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration was asked to evaluate the effects of these changes as part of Virginia's effort to assess its progress in combatting drunk driving. Findings are that these increases in Virginia's minimum drinking age have been associated with an estimated 19% reduction in fatal crashes involving drivers in affected age groups, and produced an estimated savings of 153 lives since 1984. Included in this Research Note are an explanation of the analytic method employed, statistical results, and futher discussion of the results. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Beer KW - Change KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impacts KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Statistics KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615643 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRONE RADAR OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/08 SP - 12 p. AB - Police executives at Traffic Safety Summit I asked DOT/NHTSA to develop operational guidelines for the use of drone radar. Specifically, they requested that NHTSA develop guidelines on how States might use drone radar strategies in compliance with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations and policy. Drone radar is the unconventional use of police traffic radar in either an attended or unattended mode for speed deterrent purposes. Except for a few specifically authorized test programs, the FCC had previously prohibited the use of unattended drone radar operations unless the reflected radar signal served some purpose, such as activating signs and warning devices. Based upon a review of the NHTSA guidelines, the FCC has revised their policy and now will permit law enforcement agencies to use attended or unattended radar units, without the requirement that the return signal be used for a specific purpose. This approval is contingent upon a police department's adherence to the limited and controlled use as recommended in the NHTSA proposal. This report contains guidelines and recommendations for police departments to use in establishing departmental policy on the use of drone radar. The document contains background information on speeding and speed enforcement. Specific guidelines are offered for the use of drone radar as a speed deterrent tool. Lastly, a model policy is presented that can be adopted by individual police departments. KW - Deterrence KW - Drone aircraft KW - Drone radar KW - Guidelines KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Radar KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103685 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Police Allocation Manual: Determination of the Number and Allocation of Personnel for Police Traffic Services for State-Wide Agencies. PAM Version 4.0 PY - 1991/07 SP - 120p AB - The Police Allocation Manual (PAM) is designed to be used by state and provincial law enforcement agencies, or divisions within those agencies, whose mission includes the delivery of police traffic services. It is anticipated that the Manual will provide both immediate and long-range benefits. Version 4.0 of the Police Allocation Manual consists of four chapters and one appendix. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the purposes and use of the Manual and Chapter 2 describes the staffing and allocation model. Chapter 3 contains eight worksheets, each with instructions, which provide a step-by-step process for determining staffing levels. Chapter 4 contains one worksheet for determining staffing levels. Chapter 4 contains one worksheet for determining staff allocation over several geographic areas or time periods. Appendix A contains a supplemental worksheet that can be used to expand on the material presented in Worksheet 5 in Chapter 3. KW - Budgeting KW - Data collection KW - Law enforcement personnel KW - Manuals KW - Police departments KW - Police operations KW - Police patrol KW - Resource allocation KW - State highway departments KW - Traffic patrol UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19500/19517/PB2002107508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721310 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LAW ENFORCEMENT PUBLIC INFORMATION: A GUIDE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATORS FOR SUCCESSFUL MEDIA RELATIONS, EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES AND UNIT IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1991/07 SP - 62 p. AB - This guide contains information to help law enforcement administrators pursue a successful public information program--forming a unit or organizational function and developing effective strategies and media relations. Explanations of different types of media, roles of law enforcement agencies, on-scene incidents, and development of news releases and conferences are discussed in depth. Many public information campaigns are highlighted with explanations on how to incorporate them into a particular locality. The development of proactive public service announcements (PSAs) is also included along with an overview of current NHTSA Idea Samplers addressing various areas. This manual was designed as a resource tool for law enforcement administrators to use in establishing and evaluating their public affairs program. Any agency, regardless of size, can use this manual and its concepts. KW - Government agencies KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement and criminal justice personnel KW - Mass media KW - Public information programs KW - Public relations KW - Public service announcements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719498 AU - Datta, T K AU - Guzek, P AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USE IN 19 U.S. CITIES. 1990 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1991/07 SP - 86 p. AB - This study continued to monitor the use of occupant restraint systems and motorcycle/moped helmet use in 19 U.S. cities during 1990. A total of 84,022 observations of automobile drivers indicated an overall driver safety belt use rate of 49.0%. The driver safety belt use rate in areas that have mandatory use laws was 61.8% for female drivers and 48.0% for male drivers. Whereas in areas with no use laws, driver safety belt use rate was 42.8% for female drivers and 30.0% for male drivers. The passenger observation indicated that 68.2% of the infants, 74.5% of the toddlers, 51.2% of the subteens, 26.0% of the teens and 43.7% of the adults were restrained. Child safety seats were observed being used for 82.6% of the infant and 84.7% of the toddler passengers. Correct toddler safety seat installation was recorded at a rate of 85.2%. In areas with motorcycle helmet use laws 96.4% of the operators and 94.4% of the passengers used helmets. Helmet use in areas with no helmet use laws was 37.0% for operators and 31.7% for passengers. Automobiles equipped with automatic belt systems had an overall driver belt use rate of 78.8%. The motorized shoulder belt system that could not be disconnected displayed the highest use rate of 97.2%. The lowest automatic system use rate of 64.9% was observed from the 3-point nonmotorized system. KW - Adolescents KW - Adults KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Helmets KW - Infants KW - Laws KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Motorcycle passengers KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passenger restraints KW - Passengers KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716832 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - GULLBERG, R G AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROADSIDE AND SUBSEQUENT EVIDENTIAL BREATH ALCOHOL RESULTS AND THEIR FORENSIC SIGNIFICANCE PY - 1991/07 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 311-317 AB - Breath alcohol measurements for forensic purposes are typically not made at the time of a driving incident but at some later time. Therefore, the magnitude of variation in breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) following the time of arrest is of concern. The use of roadside preliminary breath test (PBT) instruments can provide data on BrAC closer to the time of a driving incident and allow for comparison with later evidential analysis. This retrospective study evaluates two distributions (N = 968): differences between PBT results and the first evidential breath test (PBT-BrAC1) and differences between two (duplicate) evidential breath alcohol tests (BrAC1-BrAC2). The two distributions were shown to vary from each other and from the normal with statistical significance (p<.05). The PBT-BrAC1 distribution had greater variability (SD = .025) than the BrAC1-BrAC2 distribution (SD = .010). An important result was that the PBT was equal to (within duplicate sampling variability) or greater than BrAC1 in approximately 85.5% of the cases. The remaining 14.5% could not be explained by sampling variability within the duplicate test distribution. The variability in both distributions typically exceeds the normally accepted alcohol elimination rates. The conclusion is that differences between roadside and subsequent evidential breath results cannot be attributed solely to absorption or elimination kinetics. Intra-individual breath sample differences can be large and thus obscure the accurate evaluation of absorption and elimination rates. Breath tests conducted within approximately 2 hours of driving will reflect, within experimental uncertainty, the BrAC at the time of driving. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Evidence KW - Forensic medicine KW - Random breath tests KW - Roadside KW - Time KW - Time factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625520 AU - HAGEDORN, A V AU - Pritz, H B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CHEST DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/07 SP - 75 p. AB - The External Peripheral Instrument for Deformation Measurement (EPIDM), also known as the chest band, was evaluated in order to determine its effectiveness for producing the cross sectional shape of the chest during safety testing. The standard 16-gage chest band was evaluated and a 37-gage chest band prototype was then procured for comparison. The two chest bands were tested in static and dynamic conditions in order to ascertain the impact of additional strain gages on the performance of the device. The results of these tests reveal that the 37-gage chest band is capable of reproducing complex shapes as may be encountered in vehicle safety testing, while the standard 16-gage chest band lacks enough gages for accurate shape reconstruction. KW - Accuracy KW - Chest band (37-gage) KW - Chest injuries KW - Crash injury research KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic conditions KW - Dynamics KW - Injuries KW - Measurement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prototype tests KW - Static conditions KW - Statics KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625507 AU - WILLKE, D T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID AND EUROSID-1. VOLUME II: ANALYSIS OF THE SID AND BIOSID SIDE IMPACT CRASH TESTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/07 SP - 79 p. AB - In July 1989, the NHTSA initiated a project to evaluate the BioSID and compare its dynamic responses with those of the SID. This comparison was conducted in two phases. The first phase was a series of side impact sled simulations with a variety of padded loading surfaces. These sled tests were conducted with each of three dummies - SID, BioSID, and EuroSID-1. The second phase of the project compared crash test responses of the BioSID and SID. Additional evaluations included the repeatability and reproducibility of the BioSID's response and the durability of the production version dummy. The BioSID's dynamic responses were also compared to the International Standards Organization's recommendations for side impact dummies. Finally preliminary calibration requirements for the BioSID were established. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - Dummies KW - Durability KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625517 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF AFTERMARKET LININGS ON LIGHT VEHICLE BRAKING PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/07 SP - 66 p. AB - A two-phase study was conducted to determine the effect on the braking performance of light vehicles of installing aftermarket brake linings. In Phase I approximately 300 in-use vehicles (passenger cars and pickup trucks) were rented from consumers and tested to determine their braking efficiency (ability to utilize available tire/road friction without wheel lockup). Although these measurements did not indicate any difference in the mean braking efficiencies of the vehicles equipped with aftermarket (AM) and original equipment (OE) linings, the number of vehicles with AM linings in the sample was relatively small. The second phase of the study involved tests on four instrumented vehicles each of which were equipped with various sets of AM linings. Fifteen different front lining formulations and nineteen different rear lining formulations were evaluated, although not every formulation was tested on all four vehicles. OE linings were also tested on each vehicle to provide baseline data. After burnishing each set of linings, measurements were made of braking efficiency as well as fade resistance (loss of effectiveness as brake temperature increases). The results of Phase II indicate that there are AM linings on the market that degrade braking efficiency, cause the rear wheels to lock before the fronts and reduce fade resistance below the OE level. KW - Aftermarket brake linings KW - Automobiles KW - Braking performance KW - Measurement KW - Pickup trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634180 AU - ZUBY, D S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID AND EUROSID-1. VOLUME 3: BIOSID CALIBRATION DATA ANALYSIS PY - 1991/07 SP - 92 p. AB - In July 1989, the NHTSA initiated a project to evaluate the BioSID and compare its dynamic reponses with those of the SID. This comparison was conducted in two phases. The first phase was a series of side impact sled simulations with a variety of padded loading surfaces. These sled tests were conducted with each of three dummies - SID, BioSID, and EuroSID-1. The second phase of the project compared crash test responses of the BioSID and SID. Additional evaluations included the repeatability and reproducibility of the BioSID's response and the durability of the production version dummy. The BioSID's dynamic responses were also compared to the International Standards Organization's recommendations for side-impact dummies. Finally, preliminary calibration requirements for the BioSID were established. The final report describes procedures and results of the tests and analyses conducted as part of the project. The report is divided into six volumes which each describe a different aspect of the project. This volume presents the analysis of the calibration data for the BioSID. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - Dummies KW - Durability KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - International Standards Organization KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634179 AU - ZUBY, D S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID AND EUROSID-1. VOLUME 1: PADDED WALL COMPARISON TESTS BIOSID, EUROSID, AND SID PY - 1991/07 SP - 45 p. AB - In July 1989, the NHTSA initiated a project to evaluate the BioSID and compare its dynamic responses with those of the SID. This comparison was conducted in two phases. The first phase was a series of side impact sled simulations with a variety of padded loading surfaces. These sled tests were conducted with each of three dummies - SID, BioSid, and EuroSID-1. The second phase of the project compared crash test responses of the BioSID and SID. Additional evaluations included the repeatability and reproducibility of the BioSID's response and the durability of the production version dummy. The BioSID's dynamic responses were also compared to the International Standards Organization's recommendation for side impact dummies. Finally, preliminary calibration requirements for the BioSID were established. The final report describes procedures and results of the tests and analyses conducted as part of the project. The report is divided into six volumes which each describe a different aspect of the project. This volume concerns padded wall comparison tests. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Dummies KW - Durability KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - International Standards Organization KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634181 AU - ZUBY, D S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID AND EUROSID-1. VOLUME 4: BIOSID REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY PY - 1991/07 SP - 71 p. AB - In July 1989, NHTSA initiated a project to evaluate the BioSID and compare its dynamic responses with those of the SID. This comparison was conducted in two phases. The first phase was a series of side impact sled simulations with a variety of padded loading surfaces. These sled tests were conducted with each of three dummies - SID, BioSID, and EuroSID-1. The second phase of the project compared crash test responses of the BioSID and SID. Additional evaluations included the repeatability and reproducibility of the BioSID's response and the durability of the production version dummy. The BioSID's dynamic responses were also compared to the International Standards Organization's recommendations for side impact dummies. Finally, preliminary calibration requirements for the BioSID were established. The final report describes procedures and results of the tests and analyses conducted as part of the project. This volume concerns repeatability and reproducibility. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Dummies KW - Durability KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - International Standards Organization KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634182 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID AND EUROSID-1. VOLUME 6: COMPARISONS OF THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF BIOSID S/N 01 AND 02 TO THE ISO GUIDELINES FOR SIDE IMPACT DUMMY RESPONSE PY - 1991/07 SP - 29 p. AB - In July 1989, the NHTSA initiated a project to evaluate the BioSID and compare its dynamic responses with those of the SID. This comparison was conducted in two phases. The first phase was a series of side impact sled simulations with a variety of padded loading surfaces. These sled tests were conducted with each of three dummies - SID, BioSID, and EuroSID-1. The second phase of the project compared crash test responses of the BioSID and SID. Additional evaluations included the repeatability and reproducibility of the BioSID's response and durability of the production version dummy. The BioSID's dynamic responses were also compared to the ISO's recommendations for side impact dummies. Finally, preliminary calibration requirements for the BioSID were established. The final report describes procedures and results of the tests and analyses conducted as part of the project. This volume compares the dynamic response of the BioSID to ISO guidelines. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Dummies KW - Durability KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - International Standards Organization KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623552 AU - DRUMMOND, A E AU - Ozanne-Smith, J AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - THE BEHAVIOUR AND CRASH INVOLVEMENT RISK OF CHILD PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS: A TRAFFIC EXPOSURE STUDY SN - 0 73226 0018 9 PY - 1991/07 SP - 101 p. AB - This study of child pedestrians and bicyclists has focussed on traffic behaviours, exposure on roads (and on footpaths in the case of bicyclists) and the nature and extent of the injury problem for these groups. The risk of crash involvement was estimated for both pedestrians and bicyclists by combining exposure data from this study with comparable police reported accident data. Extensive results are reported in each area, viz. behaviour, exposure and risk of crash involvement. The report concludes by making a number of recommendations on research related issues. KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash reports KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pedestrians KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623539 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - FACTS, 1991 EDITION PY - 1991/07 SP - n.p. AB - Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among Americans 1-34 years old. Fatal crashes occur more often during some times of the day, week, and year than at other times. They involve some age groups more than others. They involve males more often than females. This edition of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Facts highlights such comparisons, based on analysis of data from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Fatal Accident Reporting System. Included in this packet are Facts Sheets covering the following: General Facts; Alcohol; Bicycles; Children; Elderly; Motorcycles; Passenger Vehicles - Occupant Deaths; Pedestrians; Roadside Hazards; State by State - Number and Type of Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths; Teenagers; Tractor-Trailers; Vehicle Size; Child Restraint Laws; DUI/DWI Laws; Helmet Use Laws; Safety Belt Laws; and Young Driver Laws. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Bicycles KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Per se laws KW - Roadside KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623554 AU - Haque, O AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - UNEMPLOYMENT AND ROAD FATALITIES SN - 0 7306 1373 9 PY - 1991/07 SP - 34 p. AB - This report demonstrates that economic activity as represented by unemployment has a marked effect on the level of road fatalities, after controlling for the amount of fuel sold (a proxy for motor vehicle travel) and some important road safety countermeasure initiatives. The model developed in this paper also helps to evaluate the effectiveness of major road safety initiatives such as compulsory seat-belt wearing in motor vehicles; a package of drink driving reduction measures; the 1989/90 road safety initiatives; and travel reduction due to the 1974 oil embargo combined with the reduced rural speed limit and the 1980 oil price rise. The influence of each of these factors on the total road fatalities has been measured by an econometric method. It shows that the number of persons unemployed has a close negative association with the number of road fatalities in Victoria for the period from 1966-1990. It also provides evidence of the effectiveness of some major road safety initiatives in Victoria. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Econometric models KW - Effectiveness KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fatalities KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety programs KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Unemployment KW - Utilization KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623527 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - EFFECT OF GASOLINE OCTANE QUALITY ON VEHICLE ACCELERATION PERFORMANCE PY - 1991/07 SP - 80 p. AB - A study was conducted under the auspices of the Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) to assess the potential effects of gasoline octane quality on vehicle acceleration performance. Twelve participating laboratories, representing both the oil and the automotive industries, tested a total of 182 vehicles as part of the 1989 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey. The vehicles consisted of 78 with electronic knock control systems and 104 without. All testing was performed using the 1989/1990 CRC FBRU fuel series. The results showed that acceleration performance of vehicles with knock sensors was significantly affected by gasoline octane quality. Octane effects on acceleration performance were most pronounced at maximum-throttle (detent) conditions and at octane levels below the vehicles' octane requirements; however, some knock-sensor vehicles did show improved acceleration performance with fuels at octane levels above the octane number requirement. Acceleration performance in non-knock-sensor vehicles was unaffected by octane quality. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Electronic control KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Motor vehicles KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Performance KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623553 AU - Morgan, M AU - Peberdy, J AU - ROGERSON, P AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - BICYCLE HELMET USAGE RATES IN VICTORIA: 1990 - 1991 AND OTHER BICYCLE SAFETY FACTORS SN - 0 7306 1381 X PY - 1991/07 SP - 80 p. AB - Legislation making it compulsory for all cyclists to wear an approved bicycle helmet while riding in public places came into effect in Victoria on 1 July 1990. This report documents changes in helmet usage by students cycling to school, adult commuter cyclists and recreational cyclists over the period March 1990 to March 1991. There are two parts. The first, based on large sample surveys conducted in March 1990 and March 1991, updates annual figures on helmet usage published previously (Wise, 1989), and provides data on the use of other bicycle safety factors, such as helmet fastening and conspicuity in 1991. The second part uses additional data from small sample surveys conducted in July and November 1990 to assess the more immediate effect of the legislation. The initial response to the legislation was an increase in helmet wearing in all places by all groups of cyclists. There was also an increase in helmet carrying rate. The number of cyclists observed was approximately 15% lower, possibly due to a combination of changes in community activity due to the recession plus people stopping riding due to the need to wear helmets. Trends in helmet wearing after July were positive except for cyclists at secondary school sites in Melbourne. Carrying rate was higher than wearing rate for females at these sites. KW - Before and after studies KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Helmets KW - Impacts KW - Legislation KW - Safety factors KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization KW - Victoria (Australia) KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623557 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1990 CRC OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT SURVEY PY - 1991/07 SP - 160 p. AB - An annual statistical survey of octane number requirements of current model vehicles is conducted by the Coordinating Research Council, Inc. Test data have been obtained by seventeen companies on 356 1990 vehicles including passenger cars and light-duty trucks and vans, of which 169 were equipped with knock sensors. Octane number requirements were determined by testing at maximum-throttle conditions, as well as at part-throttle, with three unleaded fuel series of varying sensitivities. Requirements are expressed as the (R+M)/2 octane number, Research octane number, and Motor octane number of the reference fuel producing knock which was recurrent and repeatable at the lowest audible level. Estimated octane number requirements for the total vehicles are weighted in proportion to the 1990 vehicle model production and/or sales figures. The octane number requirements of 1990 models with average sensitivity unleaded fuels were 85.4 (R+M)/2 octane numbers at the 50% satisfaction level, and 89.2 (R+M)/2 octane numbers at the 90% satisfaction level. Comparison with previous Surveys are made in this report. KW - Automobiles KW - Engine knock KW - Light trucks KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Sensors KW - Testing KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622667 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF MINICARS RSV INTO 50% LEFT OFFSET FRONTAL BARRIER PY - 1991/07 SP - 55 p. AB - One 50% left offset frontal barrier impact test was conducted to determine the structural integrity of the test vehicle. This test was conducted on a Minicars RSV, VIN A1035, at the Vehicle Research and Test Center in East Liberty, Ohio, on July 1, 1991. The ambient temperature was 86 deg F and the impact speed was 49.8 mph. KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Speed KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural integrity KW - Temperature KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622664 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SAFETY OF ONBOARD REFUELING VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS PY - 1991/07 SP - v.p. AB - Onboard refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) systems are contained within the vehicle and their function is to capture fuel vapors which occur during vehicle refueling, to store the vapors, and to meter them into the engine for combustion. In 1988 and 1989, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which has the responsibility for assessing the safety of these systems, indicated that it believed ORVR systems would increase safety risks. In 1991, after passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, the NHTSA Administrator advised the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator of continuing safety concerns and stated that NHTSA would continue its assessment of ORVR safety. Further, the Administrator indicated that NHTSA would provide EPA a report, documenting its findings. The purpose of this report is to establish NHTSA's consultation position concerning onboard safety, in accordance with statutory direction, to be used by EPA in its rulemaking deliberations concerning ORVR safety. KW - Assessments KW - Hazards KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Refueling KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vapor recovery systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00584669 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF AFTERMARKET LININGS ON LIGHT VEHICLE BRAKING PERFORMANCE PY - 1991/07 SP - 56 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Evaluation KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622657 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUDDEN IMPACT: AN OCCUPANT PROTECTION FACT BOOK PY - 1991/07 SP - 28 p. AB - This occupant protection Fact Book discusses what happens during an automobile collision and how safety belts, child restraints, and air bags protect drivers and passengers. The section on safety belts examines automatic safety belts, manual safety belts, emergency-locking retractors, and the correct way to wear a safety belt. The section on child restraints discusses the three basic categories of child safety seats (infant safety seats, toddler safety seats, and safety booster seats) and how to use them correctly, as well as when a child is ready for a regular safety belt and how to use a regular safety belt for a child when no other devices are available. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363037 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620519 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Lucker, G W AU - Kruzich, D J AU - Holt, M T AU - Gold, J D AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - THE PREVALENCE OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR AMONG U.S. ARMY DWI OFFENDERS PY - 1991/07 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 318-320 AB - This study compares arrest records for three groups of male soldiers. The first group of 76 had been arrested for DWI, completed a 5-day, in-patient evaluation/education program and were subsequently re-arrested, all within the period from January 1985 through December 1987. The second group of 76 was composed of a random sample, matched by age and ethnicity who had completed the 5-day program following a DWI but had not been re-arrested. The third group was a control group of 76, matched by age and ethnicity, but with no record of DWI, who were randomly selected from the same military units as the initial two groups. Soldiers with one DWI had significantly more arrests than did soldiers in the control group; soldiers with two DWI arrests had significantly more arrests than either of the other groups. The data indicate that soldiers apprehended for DWI are more likely than non-arrestees to be arrested for a wide variety of antisocial behaviors. KW - Antisocial personality disorder KW - Arrests KW - Drunk driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620523 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Kelsey, T W AU - Jenkins, P L AU - American Public Health Association TI - FARM TRACTORS AND MANDATORY ROLL-OVER PROTECTION RETROFITS: POTENTIAL COSTS OF THE POLICY IN NEW YORK PY - 1991/07 VL - 81 IS - 7 SP - p. 921-923 AB - Tractor roll-overs are the leading cause of fatal farm accidents, accounting for more than one-fourth of all agriculturally related deaths. Most of these deaths could be prevented if the tractors were equipped with roll-over protective structures (ROPS). This study estimates the number of tractors in New York without ROPS, projects their retirement, and then estimates the number of lives which would be saved if ROPS were retrofitted on old tractors. The basic costs associated with mandating ROPS are calculated from these estimates. The minimum economic cost of mandating ROPS is $511,136 per life saved for the retrofits, and an additional $253,254 per life saved for every $1 million spent annually on enforcement. It is concluded that a policy mandating ROPS on all tractors would be expensive, but should be considered with particular attention to the need for and cost effectiveness of enforcement. KW - Agricultural vehicles KW - Costs KW - Farm tractors KW - Farm vehicles KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Protection KW - Protective devices KW - Retrofitting KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364905 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620521 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED RELATIVE RISK OF FATAL DRIVER INJURIES IN RELATION TO DRIVER AGE AND SEX PY - 1991/07 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 302-310 AB - The relative risks of fatal crash involvement at various blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were examined using data on fatal driver injuries from the Fatal Accident Reporting System in conjunction with driver exposure data from the second national roadside breath-testing survey. Based on driver fatalities in single-vehicle crashes, it was estimated that each 0.02 percentage increase in the BAC of a driver with non-zero BAC nearly doubles the risk of being in a fatal crash. Crash risk was found to increase with increasing BAC among all of the six age and sex groups studied. At BACs in the 0.05-0.09 percent range, the likelihood of a crash was at least nine times greater than at zero BAC for all age groups. Younger drivers with BACs in the 0.05-0.09 range had higher relative risks than older drivers, and females had higher relative risks than males. At very high BACs (at or above 0.15 percent), the risk of crashing was 300 to 600 times the risk at zero or near-zero BACs. These relative risk estimates are considerably higher than estimated in other studies, but other studies have based their estimates on all crashes rather than single-vehicle crashes only. In this study relative risks were also lower when based on driver fatalities in all crashes. However, when plausible assumptions were made about the BAC distributions of other participants in multiple-vehicle crashes (whose actual BAC is often unknown), the relative risks based on the maximum BAC of the crash participants were nearly as high as those estimated in single-vehicle crashes. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364903 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620522 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - LUND, A K AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - CHANGES IN THE INCIDENCE OF ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING IN THE UNITED STATES, 1973-1986 PY - 1991/07 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 293-301 AB - Studies of motor vehicle fatality data have indicated that alcohol involvement in fatal crashes has declined substantially in the United States since 1980. To determine the actual incidence of alcohol-impaired drivers on U.S. roads, a national roadside survey using portable breath-testing devices was carried out in 32 localities in the spring of 1986. The same sampling design and survey procedures used in a 1973 national roadside survey were followed as much as possible. The 1986 survey found 3.1% of the late-night weekend drivers to have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10% of more, compared to 4.9% of drivers in 1973. Similarly, 8.3% of the 1986 drivers were at or above 0.05% BAC, compared to 13.5% in 1973. The data indicate that the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving on weekend nights has fallen by one-third or more in the United States since 1973 and that the decline affected most population subgroups. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Decreases KW - Drunk driving KW - Incidence rates KW - Night KW - Roadside KW - Surveys KW - United States KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579295 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1990 TRAFFIC FATALITY FACTS: FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES IN 1990 PY - 1991/07 SP - 11 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/337764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00578721 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY: MDB-TO-CAR LEFT SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 27resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A GENERAL MOTORS LR PY - 1991/07 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Mathematical models KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00576480 AU - Grace, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CARBON MONOXIDE MONITOR FOR AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER COMPARTMENT PY - 1991/07 SP - 8 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Detectors KW - Exhaust gases KW - Motors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615603 AU - Grace, R AU - GUZMAN, A AU - Portnoff, M AU - Purta, D AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - CARBON MONOXIDE MONITOR FOR AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER COMPARTMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/07 SP - 78 p. AB - This document reports the results of the study conducted by the Carnegie Mellon Research Institute (CMRI) to evaluate its recently developed metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor technology for applications in the automobile environment. The specific use of this technology is for a low-cost carbon monoxide (CO) monitor to be placed in the automobile compartment to protect the driver and passengers. The approach followed in this study was first, to define the physical and chemical characteristics of the vehicle's compartment and the surrounding environment; second, to evaluate the effects of these environments on the MOS sensor performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and stability. The comparison of the chemical environment with MOS sensor data previously collected by CMRI, revealed the feasibility of this technology for CO monitoring in cars and other highway vehicles. Preliminary designs of the sensor chip, filter and electronics are presented in this document. KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Interior KW - Sensors KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356662 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610827 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Curry, J R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY-BELT CAMPAIGN TIGHTENS ACROSS AMERICA PY - 1991/07 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - p. 6-9 AB - It is noted that in the Unted States, it was only after safety belt laws became effective that the safety belt user curve turned upward in 1984. A major campaign was launched this summer to increase the use rate by 70% by 1992. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has joined forces with the National Safety Council and other private sector organizations to form a coalition to accomplish this objective. Highway patrols, sheriff's, and municipal police agencies of the country are being asked to accept key responsibilities for overall success of the program. Experience in Canada is described where national use rate is 80%, and in several provinces, 90%. KW - Canada KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358527 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610828 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ARE WORK ZONES ACTUALLY DEATH ZONES? PY - 1991/07 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - p. 10-13 AB - California Department of Transportation's efforts in the area of work zone traffic safety is noted. Caltrans has created a special task force to re-examine the state's work zone safety policies. Among the recommendations in the task force's report is a call for stricter enforcement of traffic regulations in work zones. States throughout the country are turning to the police to help make work zones safer. Experience in Wisconsin, Missouri, and California is described. In most work zone fatal accidents, vehicles collide with fixed objects such as barriers. Work zone traffic control costs up to 25% of the total costs of a project. The National Research Council's Strategic Highway Research Program will begin tests on various devices designed to make work zones safer. The devices are designed to either to protect workers from intruding vehicles or to give drivers clear warning messages. KW - Construction safety KW - Fatalities KW - Safety equipment KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358528 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610830 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Geyer, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHO'S FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE FOR? PY - 1991/07 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-22 AB - Many automakers are now offering four-wheel or all-wheel drive vehicles which offer independent power to each wheel. The added power provides greater stability, traction and cornering ability. While all-wheel drive operates automatically, four-wheel drive functions on demand via a control switch within the car. While manufacturers maintain that four-wheel/allwheel drives provide peace of mind to the safety conscious, critics claim their advantages benefit only a small segment of the public. This article discusses the pros and cons of these vehicles. It is noted that the costs of four-wheel drive vehicles may outweigh their benefits. Consumers are further taxed by the operating expenses. The 4x4 systems, it is claimed, cost four to five times more than rear-wheel drives to repair and maintain. KW - All wheel drive KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Four wheel drive KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358530 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610832 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MORE TAXES OR TOLLS? PY - 1991/07 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - p. 29 AB - Responses to a recent survey on toll roads are presented, and readers views on toll road issues, mainly safety, are discussed in this article. Nearly all responses agreed that toll booths do indeed present dangerous situations. Changes in toll booth design are suggested, as well as toll collection locations. The question of reader willingness to pay higher gasoline taxes for new toll-free roads is also discussed. KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Gasoline KW - Highway safety KW - Surveys KW - Taxation KW - Toll collection KW - Toll plazas KW - Toll roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358532 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610829 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUNK DRIVING: NOT WHAT IT USED TO BE. WASHINGTON WORLD PY - 1991/07 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-15 AB - Statistics are quoted that show that in four groups for teenagers and yound adults, the perentage of alcohol related traffic fatalities dropped between 1982 and 1989. The number of actual alcohol related traffic deaths decreased for those in the younger age groups, and the drivers in fatal crashes who were alcohol impaired dropped as well. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's action to require air bags in motor vehicle front seats or automatic safety belts is discussed. Under the regulation, 20% of passenger trucks manufactured after Septemter 1 1994 must be equipped with air bags or automatic belts. Incentives are provided to install air bags instead of automatic bags. A senate bill which forces the auto industry to sharply increase fuel economy is also discussed. KW - Adolescents KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358529 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610831 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Turner, D S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LAWSUITS CONFOUND HIGHWAY AGENCIES PY - 1991/07 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - p. 24-27 AB - It is noted that highway agencies have seen a spiralling increase in the number of law suits that allege the agencies caused or contributed to traffic accidents. The article discusses the nature of what is happening, and the issue of sovereign immunity. A questionnaire survey was made to assess the trend of sovereign immunity and tort suits in America. The number of states reporting full sovereign immunity had dropped to 16 by 1978, and by 1988, only 18% of the states reported having full sovereign immunity. Another trend was the shift to limited immunity. As states surrendered sovereign immunity, many tried to limit the number or type of suits, often in the form of a tort claims act. These acts typically established the ground upon which a suit might be brought. They provided a cap on the amount of award to a plaintiff, instituted a rigid claims procedure to discourage frivolous suits, or otherwise gave limited protection to the government and its employees. These and other related aspects are discussed. KW - Governments KW - Litigation KW - Sovereign immunity KW - Tort liability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744491 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM IN RADAR SPEED MEASUREMENT. INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL PY - 1991/06 SP - v.p. AB - This instructor's manual contains curricula materials and overhead slides to teach a basic training program in radar speed measurement. The eight units cover the following: Overview and Introduction; Speed Offenses and Speed Enforcement; Basic Principles of RADAR Speed Measurement; Legal and Operating Considerations; Operation of Specific RADAR Devices; Moot Court; Operation of Specific RADAR Instruments; and Course Summary. KW - Instruments for measuring speed or velocity KW - Legal factors KW - Measuring instruments KW - Radar KW - Speed measurement KW - Speed measuring devices KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608038 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Evans, Leonard AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRUCKING THE ROAD TO SAFETY PY - 1991/06 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - p. 10-13 AB - The article describes how a company's safe driving program has made a difference to the driving safety of its employees. Safety has been a prime concern at Wal-Mart, and it begins with the hiring process. The management chooses and trains members of the Driver Screening Committee to look for a driver with experience and a safe driving history. Safety continues with classroom training in defensive driving. The company teaches the National Safety Council's Professional Truck Driver course. Another way to improve safety is through the accident review system conducted at the accident scene. Details of this system are described. It is noted that the drivers from each dispatch office also have a voice in company procedures. The company also holds an annual Championship Driving Contest for collision-free drivers to test their skills. KW - Driver selection KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - Selection and appointment KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625493 AU - Apsler, R AU - Harding, W M AU - Social Science Research Enterprises AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESPONSIBLE ALCOHOL SERVICE PROGRAMS EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/06 SP - 129 p. AB - TEAM is a responsible alcohol service program developed for public assembly facilities. Its objectives are to promote responsible alcohol service, enhance safety and enjoyment of fans, reduce potential liability, and reduce alcohol-impaired driving. Case studies were conducted of TEAM programs in seven Major League Baseball facilities. The project staff attempted to collect from each facility: (1) data on food and alcohol sales and on alcohol-related incidents; (2) written TEAM assessments and alcohol policies; (3) anecdotal information dealing with the history, implementation, and impact of TEAM; and (4) survey data from employees and fans. Results of the study showed that TEAM had been adopted in spirit and actively implemented in each of the seven facilities. The program was relatively easy to implement and appeared to have contributed to a decline in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problem behavior. TEAM also produced general improvements in the facilities, including positive changes in the environment that are likely to attract more families, and better relations among different categories of staff. Recommendations included regular data collection by facilities as well as research designed to address limitations of the present study. Study findings are presented in this detailed research report and a summary report. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Case studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public assembly facilities KW - Public buildings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625491 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270 DEG MOVING POLE BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1986 FORD ESCORT 3-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1991/06 SP - 136 p. AB - Three 270 deg moving pole barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1986 Ford Escort 3-door hatchback, VIN 1FABP3199GW213996, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. The following three tests were conducted on the vehicle: Test No. 910510-1, DATE: 05/10/91, time: 1245, 15.0 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 9.4 in.; Test No. 910510-2, DATE: 05/10/91, time: 1337, 24.8 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 24.4 in.; Test No. 910510-3, DATE: 05/10/91, time: 1504, 35.0 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 55.2 in. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Damages KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Maximum cumulative crush KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625494 AU - Apsler, R AU - Harding, W M AU - Social Science Research Enterprises AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESPONSIBLE ALCOHOL SERVICE PROGRAMS EVALUATION SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1991/06 SP - 32 p. AB - TEAM is a responsible alcohol service program developed for public assembly facilities. Its objectives are to promote responsible alcohol service, enhance safety and enjoyment of fans, reduce potential liability, and reduce alcohol-impaired driving. Case studies were conducted of TEAM programs in seven Major League Baseball facilities. The project staff attempted to collect from each facility: (1) data on food and alcohol sales and on alcohol-related incidents; (2) written TEAM assessments and alcohol policies; (3) anecdotal information dealing with the history, implementation, and impact of TEAM; and (4) survey data from employees and fans. Results of the study showed that TEAM had been adopted in spirit and actively implemented in each of the seven facilities. The program was relatively easy to implement and appeared to have contributed to a decline in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problem behavior. TEAM also produced general improvements in the facilities, including positive changes in the environment that are likely to attract more families, and better relations among different categories of staff. Recommendations included regular data collection by facilities as well as research designed to address limitations of the present study. Study findings are presented in a detailed research report and this summary report. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Case studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public assembly facilities KW - Public buildings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626673 AU - Sullivan, K P AU - Blower, D AU - Pettis, L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, CODEBOOK 1988 (VERSION JUNE 28, 1991). SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1991/06 SP - 124 p. AB - This report provides weighted and unweighted one-way frequencies for all the vehicles in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1988. This file combines the coverage of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data with the detail of the Office of Motor Carriers (OMC) data. Where no OMC report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo weights, and lengths. Some sampling was done in selecting the cases for interview. Half the cases were sampled where the FARS body type and vehicle trailering variables indicated the vehicle was a straight truck or a tractor with one trailer. All other cases that could not be matched with an OMC report were selected for interview. The sampling has only a negligible effect on the accuracy of population estimates derived from the file. Tractors accounted for 70% of the power units. Tractors with twin trailers made up only 4.2% of the involvements. Only 23.3% of the accidents occurred on Interstate highways. Night and twilight comprised 38.5% of the accidents. This dataset has 5,467 cases, up 0.6% from 5,275 last year. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615604 AU - Sheridan, T B AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS OF DRIVER-VEHICLE INTERACTION IN THE IVHS ENVIRONMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/06 SP - 58 p. AB - This report is a critical review of human factors associated with proposed intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS). In particular, factors such as mental workload, driver errors, and warnings related to proposed introductions of advanced driver information systems (ADIS) and advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) are considered. Theoretical criteria and models capable of characterizing the experimental data and that are useful for planning experiments are reviewed. Driver-in-the-loop simulation experiments are proposed that would measure driver workload and performance changes, good or bad, under various IVHS configurations. The report is meant to be an overview of candidate approaches and considerations. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Driver workload KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623548 JO - Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Romano, P S AU - McLoughlin, E AU - Aspen Publishers, Incorporated TI - HELMET USE AND FATAL MOTORCYCLE INJURIES IN CALIFORNIA, 1987-1988 PY - 1991/06 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 21-37 AB - Motorcycle injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among adolescents and young adults. The authors linked data from two different sources, the Fatal Accident Reporting System and the Multiple Cause of Death (death certificate) file, describing all motorcyclist fatalities in California in 1987 and 1988. The utility of this linkage was compromised by inadequate reporting of helmet use and by the high proportion (40%) of death certificates that listed no specific injury types. Nonetheless, these data confirmed that helmet use protects against head injury. Several personal and environmental characteristics, including seating position and speed limit, were associated with the probability of helmet use. KW - California KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Speed limits KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623536 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1990 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1991/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1990. Included are the following: Introduction; Did You Know?--General Crash Statements; Cost of Traffic Crashes; Fatalities, North Dakota and National Rates; Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County 1988--Map; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Crashes by County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; North Dakota/Out-of-State Driver Involvement; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Crash Involvement by Age, Sex, and License of Driver; Fatality Blood Alcohol Concentration Levels; Traffic Violations/Convictions; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions - Fatal Crashes, Injury Crashes, and All Crashes; Type of Motor Vehicle Crashes; Reportable Crashes by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crashes by Object Struck, by Urban Population, and by Roadway; and Non-Traffic Crashes. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Non-traffic crashes KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Out of state KW - Population KW - Restraint systems KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623551 AU - Fildes, B N AU - RUMBOLD, G AU - Leening, A AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - SPEED BEHAVIOUR AND DRIVERS' ATTITUDE TO SPEEDING SN - 0-7326 0017 0 PY - 1991/06 SP - 98 p. AB - Four studies were undertaken at rural and urban road sites aimed at relating motorists' attitudes to speed with their actual on-road speed behaviour. Those travelling at excessively fast and slow travel speeds were of particular interest. Drivers' speeds were measured at each site and target vehicles were stopped at a set of traffic lights further along the road and asked to participate in a general road safety survey. Those who agreed pulled off into an off-road parking area and were questioned about a number of driver, vehicle, trip purpose, speed attitude, and accident history factors. Significant travel speed relationships were found at all sites for driver age, number of occupants, purpose of the trip, intended speed, safe speed, accident involvement and the total number of accidents. In addition, vehicle type, age, and whether the vehicle was towing or not was related to travel speed in rural areas, while amount of weekly travel was associated with travel speed in urban areas. A surprisingly high number of motorists at all speed levels did not believe it to be dangerous to travel 30 km/h above the posted speed limits and most thought the chance of being stopped by the police for speeding at these sites to be low. Multivariate analysis was also undertaken to examine the relative importance of (and important interactions between) the variables. While these findings provided some additional useful and novel information, care needs to be taken with these results because of the relatively small amount of variance explained and hence, predictive power (other factors and interactions are clearly important for a driver's speed decision on the road). The findings of the study point to a number of potential countermeasures against speeding and some additional research required in this area. KW - Age KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Research KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Speeding KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363394 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623523 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Loomis, D P AU - American Public Health Association TI - OCCUPATION, INDUSTRY, AND FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES IN 20 STATES, 1986-1987 PY - 1991/06 VL - 81 IS - 6 SP - p. 733-735 AB - Motor vehicles are a leading cause of injury on and off the job. To describe the occurrence of fatal motor vehicle crashes in the working-age population, a case-control study was conducted among persons 15-64 years old who died in 1986 or 1987 in any of 20 states reporting death certificate occupational data to the National Center for Health Statistics. Cases were occupants of motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) who died of injuries sustained in a crash (E810-E825, 9th revision International Classification of Diseases), and controls who died of any other cause. Transportation-related occupations had more than the expected number of deaths for men (odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.4 - 1.9) and women (odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.0 - 4.5), as did managerial occupations (odds ratio = 1.3 and 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.1 - 1.5 and 1.3 - 2.2 for men and women, respectively). Men in mining and oil drilling occupations and the wholesale trade industry also had excess crash deaths. Among women, additional excesses were observed among professional specialists and in several groups with few deaths, including agriculture, construction, and the military, whereas homemakers had markedly fewer vehicle crash deaths than expected. These findings encourage further investigation of this important safety hazard, but also call attention to a need for more detailed studies and improved data. KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Females KW - Males KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366385 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623549 JO - Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Max, W AU - MacKenzie, E J AU - Rice, D P AU - Aspen Publishers, Incorporated TI - HEAD INJURIES: COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES PY - 1991/06 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 76-91 AB - Head injuries are costly in terms of lives lost, productivity losses, and health care expenditures. This article develops an economic model that is used to estimate the lifetime cost of all head injuries sustained in 1985 that resulted in hospitalization or death. Included are the costs of medical services, productivity lost because of illness and disability, and mortality costs resulting from premature death. These estimates are presented by age, gender, and severity of injury. The cost of head injuries is compared with the cost of all injuries. The need for better data on the incidence, health care needs, and service utilization of head-injured persons is noted. KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Losses KW - Medical costs KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622669 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR LEFT SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 27 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A GENERAL MOTORS LRSV 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 38.7 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/06 SP - 176 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of Side Impact dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle left side impact crash test at an impact velocity in excess of the FMVSS 214 specifications. This test was conducted on a General Motors LRSV 4-door sedan at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 27 deg, at 38.7 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling 35 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 17.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One Biosid dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Part 572 F dummy was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was June 27, 1991, and the ambient temperature was 88 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Injuries KW - Pelvis KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622668 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR LEFT SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 27 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A CALSPAN RSV 5-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 38.9 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/06 SP - 176 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of Side Impact dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle left side impact crash test at an impact velocity in excess of the FMVSS 214 specifications. This test was conducted on a Calspan RSV 5-door hatchback at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 27 deg, at 38.9 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling 35 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 17.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One Biosid dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Part 572 F dummy was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was June 4, 1991, and the ambient temperature was 71 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Injuries KW - Pelvis KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00578723 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY: MDB-TO-CAR LEFT SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 27resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A CALSPAN RSV 5-DOO PY - 1991/06 SP - 176 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Mathematical models KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579195 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A HYUNDAI EXCEL INTO A 0resented FRONTAL POLE BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1991/06 SP - 144 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Hyundai automobile KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00616670 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - FAIGIN, B M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE INJURIES PY - 1991/06 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - p. 2-10 AB - This paper describes the results of a report to Congress, "Cost of Injury in the United States" (October 1989). The report documents the costs and incidence of injury for 1985 by cause, age, and gender. The causes of injury identified were motor vehicle accidents, falls, firearms, poisonings, fires and burns, drownings, and other causes. The author focuses on the findings for motor vehicle injuries, comparing these with other causes of injury. The total lifetime cost of injury from all causes was $158 billion in 1985, with motor vehicles--the single most costly category--accounting for $49 billion. Motor vehicle fatalities represented 35 percent of total injury fatalities, 22 percent of hospitalized injuries, and 9 percent of non-hospitalized injuries. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Guns KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Injury classification KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Poisons KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00576647 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY: MDB-TO-CAR LEFT SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 27resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A MINICARS RSV 3-DO PY - 1991/06 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Mathematical models KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611917 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY: PRIORITY PLAN, 1991-1993. REVISED JUNE 1991 PY - 1991/06 SP - 46 p. AB - This three-year plan details how the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) will implement the nation's highway safety policy as set forth by the President in the National Transportation Policy that was issued in the spring of 1990. The three-year plan provides milestones for the agency within seven functional areas that are the focus of its activities: motor vehicle safety, other motor vehicle initiatives, occupant protection, impaired drivers, other traffic safety programs, comprehensive highway safety programs, and technology and innovation. While the plan does not detail all activities of the agency, it does contain the major initiatives, goals, and ongoing programs that will have a significant role in achieving the agency's mission. KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Implementation KW - National transportation policies KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Planning KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356239 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608039 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Shapiro, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MORE POMP AND LESS CIRCUMSTANCE PY - 1991/06 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - p. 14-17 AB - The article describes how Maine's Department of Educational and Cultural Services began a special program to help schools and communities address problems of alcohol and other drugs. In 1980, the Department began promoting all-night, chemical-free graduation parties, the initiative being called Project Graduation. This has led to great improvement in teenage fatalities during Prom nights. Similar decreases are reported around the country, in states where Project Graduation has become active. Statistics show that drivers between 16 and 20 have twice as many fatal collisions per mile as older drivers, and three times as many when alcohol is involved. Business and celebrity support for the Graduation Project is discussed. If funds are low, schools must think of creative ways to support the Project. While drinking and driving are eliminated from prom night, their elimination from other nights is also important. Prom parties should be only one of many anti-drinking and driving projects. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Schools KW - Students UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608040 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AWAY FROM BARS, NOT BEHIND THEM PY - 1991/06 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - p. 20 AB - A presiding judge of the Quincy Division, Trial Court of Massachusetts is using his power to force drunk drivers who are repeat offenders to attend Alcoholics Anonymous. A survey of 'Traffic Safety' readers unanimously supports this action. Readers' comments on the procedure are presented. It is observed by some that jail, alternative sentencing, and required AA attendance are necessary components of treatment/sentencing. KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354126 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608043 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT FATALITY TOLL PY - 1991/06 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - p. 30 AB - Preliminary estimates are provided on accident statistics covering all accidents during 1990. Statistics are given for deaths, injuries, death rate, and costs. Specifically, statistics are provided on motor vehicle accidents, public nonmotor-vehicle accidents, home accidents, worker accidents, and work accidents. KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Mortality rates KW - Occupational safety KW - Personnel KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354129 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608041 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AMERICAN HIGHWAYS TAKE A TOLL PY - 1991/06 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - p. 22-25 AB - New transportation policy that calls for more toll roads is discussed, and it is pointed out how toll plazas are safety hazards. New toll road projects are underway in 21 states, but no attention has been focused on the safety risks of more toll collection barriers. Little research has been done to evaluate the impact of toll barriers on highway safety, but analyses indicate that the barriers do contribute to traffic accidents. Automatic vehicle identification (AVI) systems however, could eliminate the need for toll barriers, and could collect tolls automatically via elctronic chips or other devices mounted on passing vehicles. Projects where such technology is being studied or implemented include the North Tollway in Dallas, the New York and New Jersey Port Authority, the Oklahoma Turnpike, and the California Transportation Department. Numerous hurdles, however, must be overcome before toll barrers can be entirely eliminated. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Toll collection KW - Toll roads KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608042 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Jones, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COUNCIL'S NEW FLEET SECTION FILLS NEED PY - 1991/06 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - p. 27 AB - To address current safety concerns (37% of work-related deaths in the U.S. involved motor vehicles) and future regulations that affect fleet management, and safety the National Safety Council has established the Fleet Administrator Section. The latter will provide safety and regulatory assistance to fleet administrative personnel responsible for managing cars, vans, or light duty trucks driven by sales representatives and other administrative personnel, including fleet managers, risk managers, and loss control managers. Many fleet professionals have welcomed this new Section, and will look to it for help in accessing the risks involved with operating fleets, the education of fleet managers, and for information on industry concerns. KW - Corporations KW - Employers KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Highway safety KW - Industries KW - Management KW - Occupational safety KW - Personnel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608037 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Shuman, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ARE AMERICA'S BRIDGES FALLING DOWN? PY - 1991/06 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - p. 6-9 AB - The problems that plague America's bridges are pointed out, and it is noted that of 842 bridges under local jurisdiction in New York, 56% are deficient. By the end of the decade, it will cost about $1 billion to repair New York's bridges. In the United States, in an average year, about 150 bridges collapse, and a quarter of the half million rural bridges are structurally deficient. A Federal Highway Administration study found that nearly half the bridges in the United States should be repaired or replaced. In California, because of earthquake history, bridge safety is of particular concern. It is pointed out that increased investment in infrastructure will dramatically boost productivity levels, as is demonstrated by an examination of the economies of Japan and the United States. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Economic development KW - Highway safety KW - Infrastructure KW - Investments KW - Japan KW - Maintenance KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400235 AU - United States. Department of Transportation. Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - US Department of Transportation heavy truck safety plan PY - 1991/05 SP - 1 vol KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Activity report KW - Behavior KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver behaviour KW - Drivers KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicle driver KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Usa KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00989286 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL SAFETY PY - 1991/05 SP - 67 p. AB - This report reviews the problem of heavy vehicle speeding (in particular, speeding at greater than 65 mph) and speeding-related crash involvements. The report describes and assesses devices available to control truck speed, and addresses the question of whether the use of speed control devices by heavy trucks should be mandated. The report finds that, by all measures of crash involvement, speeding is not a significant factor in the crash picture of single-unit trucks. Thus, most of the report addresses combination-unit trucks, which present a more complex picture. Non-detectable radar studies show that highway speed limit compliance by combination-unit trucks is poor, but better than that of passenger vehicles. Most trucks that speed travel at just over the posted speed limit. Crash statistics indicate that speeding is generally less involved in combination-unit truck crashes than it is in passenger vehicle crashes. The report describes devices available to control truck speed, and ways that they are applied in commercial fleet settings. The report is supportive of fleet applications of speed-monitoring and speed-limiting devices, but concludes that there is not sufficient justification to consider requiring all heavy trucks to be so equipped. Problem size statistics suggest that the number of target crashes is low, e.g., approximately 30 fatal crash involvements per year for combination-unit trucks. This small crash problem size, together with uncertainties regarding the potential for crash reduction, suggest that the benefits of mandatory speed limitation are questionable. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Road speed governors KW - Speed control KW - Speeding KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/8183.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/755062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622661 AU - Howe, J G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF VASCAR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - v.p. AB - This study is part of an effort by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to determine the accuracy of the VASCAR-plus speed measurement device. VASCAR-plus is used extensively for speed law enforcement by state and local police. VASCAR-plus calculates average speed using the basic formula: Speed = Distance/Time. The VASCAR-plus manual claims an overall speed measurement accuracy of plus or minus 1%. This accuracy was recently challenged. This study determined the accuracy of VASCAR-plus time, distance, and speed measurements. Two VASCAR-plus units were electronically tripped (no human operator) to determine the timing accuracy. Six VASCAR certified officers participated in a study to determine VASCAR-plus distance measurement accuracy. Eight VASCAR certified officers participated in a series of studies to determine VASCAR-plus speed measurement accuracy. The results of these studies show that VASCAR-plus does not have an overall speed measurement accuracy of plus or minus 1%, but that a plus 2 mph upper 90th percentile tolerance limit (95% of the speed errors are less than plus 2 mph) is achievable when the speed measurement is 4 seconds in duration for stationary methods (angular and parking), and is 5 seconds in duration for moving methods (following and approaching from the rear). KW - Accuracy KW - Measuring instruments KW - Speed limits KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6867/706.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622634 AU - Klein, T M AU - Hertz, E AU - Borener, S AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - A COLLECTION OF RECENT ANALYSES OF VEHICLE WEIGHT AND SAFETY. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 21 p. AB - This report documents the results of an analysis of the effect of car weight on safety. The analysis encompassed a number of crash modes including fatality risk in single-vehicle nonrollover crashes, serious injury and fatality risk in car-to-car crashes, and serious injury risk in collisions of cars with medium/heavy trucks. This work was undertaken as part of an effort to study the long-term effects of the major reductions in passenger car weight of the 1970's and 1980's. Data from the State of Texas for accident years 1984 through 1987 and the State of Maryland for accident years 1984 through 1988 were used. The analysis employed logistic regression methods to model the (conditional) risk of serious injury as a function of a number of accident-level and person-level covariates. The findings of these analyses are as follows: In car-to-car crashes, the change in injury rate associated with the reduction in vehicle fleet weight from 3,700 to 2,700 pounds has been estimated from the Texas data to be an additional 14%. The Maryland data produced an estimated increase in the serious driver injury rate of 4% for the shift from a 3,700 to a 2,700 pound average fleet weight. The impact on fatal injuries was not statistically significant, possibly due to a paucity of state data for fatally injured drivers. In collisions involving cars and medium/heavy trucks, the change in the serious injury rate associated with the reduction in vehicle fleet weight from 3,700 to 2,700 pounds has been estimated from the Texas data to be an increase of approximately 11%. For single-vehicle nonrollover crashes, the change in fatal injury rate associated with the reduction in vehicle fleet weight from 3,700 to 2,700 pounds has been estimated from the Texas data to be an increase of approximately 10%. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Logistic regression analysis KW - Logistics KW - Maryland KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Texas KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622660 AU - Chrstos, J P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF STATIC ROLLOVER PROPENSITY MEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 114 p. AB - In support of the NHTSA's rulemaking activities on light vehicle rollover, the Vehicle Stability and Control Division of the Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC) performed in-laboratory static testing of numerous light trucks and passenger cars. This testing was to evaluate various rollover propensity measures, test devices and test procedures. The testing summarized in this report includes center of gravity height measurements, side pull testing and tilt table testing. The center of gravity height and side pull tests were aimed at examining test repeatability and the effects of passenger loading, fuel level and tire inflation pressure. The test matrix for these two types of measurements included 12 vehicles with a total of 49 different vehicle configurations. The data were supplemented with data on approximately 40 vehicles tested in a single configuration at System Technology, Inc. (STI). The tilt table testing was performed at the VRTC for 53 different vehicles in one loading configuration and 11 vehicles at GVWR loading. This report describes and contains error analyses for the test devices used at the VRTC. Error analyses of the STI center of gravity and side pull tests are also included. The VRTC and STI measurement data are presented and compared. Comparisons are also made between the VRTC and STI test devices. Finally, three different static rollover propensity measures (Static Stability Factor, Side Pull Ratio and Tilt Table Ratio) for 53 different vehicles are presented and compared. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Center of gravity KW - Errors KW - Height KW - Light trucks KW - Repeatability KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side pull KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Tilt tables KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626652 AU - Serafin, C AU - Williams, M AU - Paelke, G AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES OF FUTURE DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS PY - 1991/05 SP - 119 p. AB - This report describes advanced driver information systems that should appear in cars of the early 21st century, and proposes a systems engineering method for selecting the most beneficial systems. Systems (functions) of interest were cellular phone, navigation/route guidance, roadway hazard warning, traffic information, vehicle monitoring, entertainment, in-car signing, motorist services, and in-car offices. For each system, the reduction of accidents (59.3%), benefits to traffic operations (39.4%), and driver wants (0.5%) and needs (0.8%) were considered. The accident scores were based on the impact of features on causal factors of accidents (e.g., inattention, excessive speed, etc.). Benefits to traffic operations were estimated from changes in mode choice (e.g., use of public transportation), route choice, and traffic flow (e.g., eliminating peak congestion). Driver wants were based on a focus group study. Driver needs were assessed from the impact of each feature on driver behavior for three representative trip scenarios (work, personal business, and social/recreational). Using these schemes, features of each system were ranked from most to least beneficial. From this and other information, the first five systems listed above were chosen for further study. Features ranked as particularly beneficial provided information about roadway hazards (crash site, construction, railroad crossing), congestion traffic rules, freeway management, path control (e.g., headlight out), and trip planning. Information elements (specific units of information) were identified for these features and prioritized. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced systems KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Cellular telephones KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway operations KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Navigation KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Systems engineering KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623541 JO - SEARCH AU - Frost, L L AU - Brus, J AU - General Motors Corporation TI - GMR'S VISCOUS CRITERION IMPACTS SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1991/05 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-8 AB - More accurate predictions of auto crash injuries are now possible because of the Viscous Criterion, a new measure of impact injury developed by biomedical researchers at the General Motors Research Laboratories. With the Viscous Criterion, predictions can be made of injuries to organs such as the liver, spleen, heart, brain and spinal cord. This article discusses the development of the Viscous Criterion and how it has been used to guide and validate the development of the self-aligning steering wheel, to improve airbag safety, to improve the accuracy of side-impact studies, to improve our understanding of functional injuries, and to predict recovery from brain and spinal cord injuries. KW - Accuracy KW - Brain KW - Crash injury research KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Internal injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Soft tissue injuries KW - Spinal cord KW - Traffic crashes KW - Viscosity KW - Viscous criterion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622644 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY MATERIALS CATALOG, FISCAL YEAR 1991 PY - 1991/05 SP - 88 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Office of Traffic Safety Programs (TSP) provides national leadership and technical assistance to States and local communities in developing, implementing, evaluating, and disseminating information about highway safety programs. These programs are designed to support the mission of reducing traffic crashes and fatalities, injuries, and resulting property damage. In order to meet these responsibilities, NHTSA has developed strategic goals which are outlined in "Moving America Safely: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Priority Plan, 1991-1993". The public information and education materials described in this Catalog support these strategic goals. The Catalog provides annotations of materials available from NHTSA's Traffic Safety Programs Information Center. Items are directed at various age groups and sectors of society, and range in complexity from technical to general awareness. The Catalog is organized in six sections: Occupant Protection; Impaired Driving; Emergency Medical Services; Police Traffic Services; Motorcycle, Pedestrian & Bicycle Safety; and Miscellaneous. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Awareness KW - Bicycles KW - Catalogs KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Documents KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police KW - Publications KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622646 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1989 PY - 1991/05 SP - 64 p. AB - This is a report on activities under the Highway Safety Act of 1966, as amended, for the period January 1, 1989 through December 31, 1989. The report is divided into parts: Part One presents the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Part Two presents the activities of the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Enforcement KW - Highway Safety act KW - Implementation KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622670 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR LEFT SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 27 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A MINICARS RSV 3-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 39.0 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 235 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of Side Impact dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle left side impact crash test at an impact velocity in excess of the FMVSS 214 specifications. This test was conducted on a Minicars RSV 3-door hatchback at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 27 deg, at 39.0 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling 35 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 17.5 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One Biosid dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Part 572 F dummy was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was May 4, 1991, and the ambient temperature was 78 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Injuries KW - Pelvis KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622647 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1989 PY - 1991/05 SP - 57 p. AB - This is a report on activities under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, as amended, for the period January 1, 1989 through December 31, 1989. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) designed programs to yield a reduction in fatalities, injuries, and economic loss that result from motor vehicle accidents in the most effective and efficient manner. Resources were directed to those activities with the most realistic prospects of success and with the maximum safety gains per dollar invested. The report is organized as follows: Executive Summary: Looking Forward; Introduction; Statistical Summary; Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Observance of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Summary of Current Research Grants and Contracts; Research Activities Completed and Technological Progress; Enforcement Actions, Judicial Decisions, Settlements, or Pending Litigation; Consumer Activities; and Title I: Bumper Standards. A glossary is provided and there are two appendices: (A) Publications of the NHTSA and (B) Major Research and Grant Projects Performed for NHTSA Under Contracts Which Utilized FY 1989 Funds. KW - Bumpers KW - Consumer protection KW - Documents KW - Enforcement KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Motor vehicle information and cost savings act KW - National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620510 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MORE DOLLARS FOR SAFETY: TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT OFFERS BONUS PY - 1991/05 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - p. 18-19 AB - The proposed Department of Transportation budget for Fiscal Year 1992 includes sharp increases in funding for safety programs and research. The increases are a new "bonus" for state programs run jointly by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), with a requirement that states spend 10% of federal transportation money on safety. The joint NHTSA-FHWA Bonus program would create an $80 million fund in FY 1992 to encourage states to have effective safety programs by focusing on driver performance. This article briefly discusses how the states can qualify for bonus funds, other funding for safety in the proposed Surface Transportation Assistance Act, provisions of the Trauma Care Systems Planning and Development Act of 1990, and the drop in the 1990 traffic fatality rate. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Joint programs KW - Safety programs KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620518 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Willey, P AU - Falsetti, T AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INACCURACY OF HEIGHT INFORMATION ON DRIVER'S LICENSES PY - 1991/05 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - p. 813-819 AB - Height is an important variable in identification. In cases involving deceased individuals, height is measured directly on the corpse or estimated from the skeleton. This postmortem measurement or estimation is then compared with antemortem records, usually the driver's license. The accuracy of the license information, however, has been questioned. To assess the accuracy of driver's license information, volunteers' statures were measured, and then these figures were compared with those printed on the subjects' licenses. Even in our comparatively young, well-educated sample, the license height was significantly greater than the measured height. Some inaccuracies may be caused by failure to update license information when new licenses are issued, but some inaccuracies may be from personal deception. The implications of these results for forensic anthropology cases are discussed. KW - Accuracy KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Forensic medicine KW - Height UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620537 AU - HULL, M AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - DRIVER LICENCE REVIEW: FUNCTIONALLY IMPAIRED AND OLDER DRIVERS. DISCUSSION PAPER SN - 0 7306 1333 X PY - 1991/05 SP - 39 p. AB - Currently, licence retesting of older drivers may take the form of an on-road test, medical or vision evaluation. Each of these tests is expensive and, applied to all older drivers, little road safety benefit is likely to be derived. Concentration on older drivers obscures the more critical issue of drivers in general with functional impairments. A system of compulsory testing of older drivers would detect less than half the drivers with functional impairment. Such a system is inefficient. The compulsory or encouraged reporting of functional impairment, regardless of age by health professionals is recommended. KW - Aged drivers KW - Australia KW - Disabled drivers KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driving tests KW - Impaired drivers KW - Persons with disabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579265 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1991/05 SP - 67 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Truck and bus safety and regulatory reform act of KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/8183.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00575822 AU - Edwards, M L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF SELECTED NATIONWIDE SCHOOL BUS CRASH STATISTICS IN 1989 PY - 1991/05 SP - 22 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Children KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - School buses KW - School safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611918 AU - Edwards, M L AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF SELECTED NATIONWIDE SCHOOL BUS CRASH STATISTICS IN 1989. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 28 p. AB - Crashes involving vehicles used in the noncommercial transport of persons for either school related or private group transportation present a small, but important, portion of the nation's motor vehicle crash experience each year. However, in 1989, police-reported crashes involving vehicles used for these purposes represented less than 1% of total police-reported crashes. Further, of the 45,555 motor vehicle related fatalities occurring in 1989, only 33 involved occupants of vehicles used to provide such transportation. This report provides a detailed summary of the crash experience of these vehicles from a variety of sources. Data are provided on vehicle use, their total police-reported crash experience, and their fatal crash experience. Data are provided for the period 1977-1989. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25873/DOT-HS-807-734_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622641 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PY - 1991/04 SP - 16 p. AB - This booklet presents a summary of motorcycle safety and some of the problems that new riders can expect to face. Section headings are as follows: How Safe Is a Motorcycle?; The Developing Problem--Background; Causes of Motorcycle Crashes; Buying the Right Motorcycle; After You Buy, But Before You Drive; Protective Clothing and Equipment; Driving Tips; and Preventive Maintenance. KW - Crash causes KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Protective clothing KW - Purchasing KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716864 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT: 1990 MODELS: ONE YEAR RESULTS PY - 1991/04 SP - 8 p. AB - Detailed theft coverage results for all 1990 model year passenger cars with at least 8,000 insured vehicle years of exposure or 100 paid theft claims are presented. Also presented are similar results for 1990 model vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Passenger cars KW - Payment KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716863 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT: 1989 MODELS: TWO YEAR RESULTS PY - 1991/04 SP - 13 p. AB - The relative average theft coverage loss payments per insured vehicle year for 1989 model year passenger cars with the best and worst results during their first two years of availability are presented. Also presented are the relative theft coverage claim frequencies for 1989 model year passenger cars with the best and worst results during their first two years of availability, and detailed theft coverage results for all 1989 model year passenger cars with at least 8,000 insured vehicle years of exposure or 100 paid theft claims. KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Passenger cars KW - Payment KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716859 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: LOSS EXPERIENCE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE AND STANDARD MODELS: SELECTED 1988-90 CARS PY - 1991/04 SP - 17 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) special report presents comparative loss results for 22 selected 1988-90 vehicle series that were available with high performance models. In each case the high performance version includes a more powerful engine in addition to other special features. Loss results are presented separately for collision, injury, and theft coverages. It was found that, for both collision and theft coverages, insurance losses were significantly higher for high performance models than for models not equipped with high performance features. For personal injury protection coverages, however, high performance models did not experience higher injury claim frequencies. KW - High performance automobiles KW - Injuries KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Personal injury KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716862 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT: 1988 MODELS: THREE YEAR RESULTS PY - 1991/04 SP - 14 p. AB - The relative average theft coverage loss payments per insured vehicle year for 1988 model year passenger cars with the best and worst results during their first three years of availability are presented. Also presented are the relative theft coverage claim frequencies for 1988 model year passenger cars with the best and worst results during their first three years of availability, and detailed theft coverage results for all 1988 model year passenger cars with at least 8,000 insured vehicle years of exposure or 100 paid theft claims. KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Passenger cars KW - Payment KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453668 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623524 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Russell, M AU - Cooper, M L AU - Frone, M R AU - Welte, J W AU - American Public Health Association TI - ALCOHOL DRINKING PATTERNS AND BLOOD PRESSURE PY - 1991/04 VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - p. 452-457 AB - Although blood pressure tends to increase with average alcohol consumption, little is known about the effects of drinking patterns on blood pressure. Therefore the effects of average drinks per day and drinking pattern (defined as the independent and interactive effects of quantity and frequency) on blood pressure were compared. Data were obtained from a random sample survey of 1,635 household residents in Erie County, New York. Alcohol-blood pressure relationships were examined using multiple regression analyses that controlled for the potentially confounding influence of 13 additional risk factors for elevated blood pressure. Consistent with prior research, a positive relationship was found between average drinks per day and diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Analyses examining the effect of drinking pattern indicated that drinking frequency had a positive effect on both diastolic and systolic blood pressure, whereas drinking quantity did not affect either. Furthermore, there was little evidence that the frequency-by-quantity interaction affected blood pressure. Low average alcohol intake and low blood pressure were associated with infrequent drinking, rather than with frequent drinking of small amounts of alcohol. Results suggest that the standard practice of averaging alcohol consumption may obscure important effects of drinking frequency on health. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood pressure KW - Data collection KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Patterns KW - Quantities KW - Random sampling KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622639 AU - CLARKE, R M AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - Knipling, R R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - v.p. AB - This report highlights the potential gains to be achieved by working to upgrade the performance of truck brake systems. The report's principal conclusions are that: Brake system performance could play a contributing role in approximately one-third of all medium/heavy truck crashes. Many motor carriers do not adequately maintain their vehicle's braking systems. Changes in brake system design cannot totally compensate for these maintenance lapses. Improvements in brake system effectiveness can be achieved through brake system components that are less sensitive to adjustment; brake adjustment visual indicators; automatic slack adjusters; retarders, in those localities where their use would be appropriate; and higher capacity steering-axle brakes, assuming that an effective means of varying braking force at this axle, such as ABS, is also present. Reductions in the incidence of braking-induced loss-of-control can be achieved through eliminating the use of automatic front-wheel limiting valves; equipping truck tractors with bobtail proportioning valves; and equipping commercial vehicles with ABS. Brake system compatibility can be improved by adhering to recently published Agency brake system timing requirements; matching tractor and trailer brake systems in accordance with existing SAE compatibility guidelines; and developing a performance rating and labeling scheme for replacement brake linings and pneumatic valves. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Air brakes KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Axles KW - Brake capacity KW - Brake linings KW - Brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Compatibility KW - Components KW - Crashes KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Limiting valves KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Needs assessment KW - Performance KW - Pneumatic valves KW - Proportioning valves KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Steering KW - Steering-axle brakes KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Types of brakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622656 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Bishop, E W AU - Edwards, J M AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE BY HIGH RISK DRIVERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 176 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify groups of non-belt users who are most likely to become involved in highway crashes and 2) develop and test communication programs designed to increase safety belt use by one or more of these groups. The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase I, non-belt users who are over-involved in crashes were identified, documented and categorized into homogeneous groups. For each group, behavior modification programs and communication channels were identified. Phase I was completed with the determination that it would be feasible and cost-effective to implement programs to increase belt use in the following groups: Young Males (18-24), All Drinkers, Elderly (over 65), Unemployed Males, and Smokers. Phase I included extensive literature searches and analysis to identify groups and programs. The young male group was selected for Phase II because this group is at higher risk of crash than all other drivers and are reported consistently as non-belt users. A contest through a radio station targeted at this age group was selected as the medium for the buckle-up message. The program was called "Make It Click!" and was conducted at WKMX-FM, Dothan, Alabama. Drivers collected prizes if they were observed using safety belts in cars bearing a contest sticker. The message was widely heard by all age groups as determined by a survey of the listening area, but safety belt use as assessed by systematic observation did not increase. Follow-up research determined that the use of vehicle stickers was not popular with the target group and that the contest was viewed as too complicated for the modest size of the prizes. Recommendations for implementing future programs with high risk groups are provided. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - At-risk drivers KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - High risk drivers KW - Incentives KW - Literature reviews KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Promotion KW - Teenage drivers KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25885/DOT-HS-807-742.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622636 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Nalecz (Dr Andrzej G) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE ANIMATION SOFTWARE (VAS) TO ANIMATE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM VEHICLE HANDLING AND ROLLOVER SIMULATIONS AND TESTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 342 p. AB - Results from vehicle computer simulations usually take the form of numeric data or graphs. While these graphs provide the investigator with the insight into vehicle behavior, it may be difficult to use these graphs to assess complex vehicle motion. Computer based animation techniques can provide the user with a valid means of evaluating the vehicle overall motion, applicable environments and simulated maneuvers. This report describes the development and application of the Vehicle Animation Software (VAS) capable of animating the results from vehicle handling and rollover simulations and experimental tests. The computer simulations which can currently be animated using VAS include the IMIRS, ITRS and AVRM developed for NHTSA by Andrzej G. Nalecz and the University of Missouri-Columbia. The report includes the user's manual and technical report, and explains the required format for experimental data files which are to be animated. Animations produced by VAS software are suitable for presenting the results to audiences which are not acquainted with the technical details of the research but have an interest in the findings. KW - Animation KW - Computer animation KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363020 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620487 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE PROTECTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BICYCLISTS' HELMETS IN ACCIDENTS PY - 1991/04 VL - 23 IS - 2/3 SP - p. 119-131 AB - A study of the injuries sustained by 1,892 bicycle riders during accidents indicated that 432 of the bicyclists had been wearing a helmet and 64 of the latter group had sustained an impact to the helmet. The 64 helmets were evaluated in this project to relate the nature and severity of the impact they had sustained to the head injury experienced by the wearer. The protective performance of the helmet shells, impact absorbing liners, and retention systems were evaluated, and the severity of the impacts sustained by the helmets was simulated in the test laboratory. The simulation was performed by dropping sample helmets from progressively greater heights in a test apparatus until the damage observed on a sample helmet matched that observed on an accident damaged helmet. The severity observed in the simulated impacts was compared with the severity of test impacts prescribed in established helmet performance standards (ANSI 1984; Snell 1984; AS 1986). It was found that all of the impacts occurred against flat objects; a high proportion of helmets sustained more than one impact; most impacts occurred on areas of a helmet which were not tested during certification to a standard; and many impacts were more severe than those stipulated in performance standards. The predominant form of head injury recorded was low severity concussion--AIS-1, AIS-2, AIS-3. All serious head injuries occurred when the helmet came off the rider's head and collapsed due to a material defect or was struck predominantly below the rim. A high proportion of helmets worn by young riders had been misused, and many helmets displayed defects in the impact-absorbing liners. Recommendations have been made for improving helmet construction and altering current standards to reflect the conditions encountered in the field. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Defects KW - Design standards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Liners KW - Loss and damage KW - Misuse KW - Performance KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364885 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620511 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Wenner, J AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - THE LEMON LAW: (DON'T WAIT UNTIL YOU NEED IT TO READ IT!) PY - 1991/04 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - p. 69-70 AB - The purpose of "lemon" laws is to give new car buyers legal rights if their car turns out to be a dud. Although these statutes are commonplace, many consumers are not aware of the specifics. This article provides some facts on "lemon" laws, such as what they cover, the time period during which they are applicable, and what the requirements are for a vehicle to be considered a "lemon". Also discussed are the buyer's rights if the vehicle won't be replaced. KW - Consumer protection KW - Defects KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Purchasing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620482 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Dulles, W AU - AAA Potomac TI - A SAFE DRIVER'S GUIDE TO TRAILER TOWING PY - 1991/04 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - This article offers a few simple towing techniques for the occasional trailer user. They concern more effective use of your eyes, the use of mirrors, backing up, and turning. KW - Guidelines KW - Towing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00575757 AU - CLARKE, R M AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - Knipling, R R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1991/04 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611916 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1990 TRAFFIC FATALITIES, PRELIMINARY REPORT. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 44 p. AB - This report provides detailed preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities for 1990. The results are based on incomplete reporting but adjustments have been made to account for this. Trend data are presented for both traffic fatalities and fatality rate. An extensive set of estimates are provided at the national level together with summary statistics at the State and Regional level. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. All estimates are compared to the corresponding values for 1989, 1983, and 1980. KW - Crash rates KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356238 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00607460 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Kramer, J A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - JUDGE CALLS THE LAST SHOT PY - 1991/04 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - p. 10-13 AB - Experience in Massachusetts is described, and it noted that the typical drunk driver is not a social drinker who merely needs to be educated. Studies of first offenders convicted for drunk driving has shown that 82% of them were alcoholics or problem drinkers, and only 18% were social drinkers. Conventionally used driver-alcohol education basically geared to teach social drinkers how to limit their drinking is totally inappropirate for such a population. The necessity is pointed out of employing sentencing strategies that compel them to abstain from drinking altogether. The establishment is described of a private treatement program called Eastern Massachusetts Alcohol Program (EMAAP) to assist in this effort. The details are described of this coerced, intensive and monitored treatment program. The sentencing strategy employed is also described. The development of policies that tightly monitor drunk driver offenders on probation is urged. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Courts KW - Driver education KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Monitoring KW - Penalties KW - Probation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/353887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00607462 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUEL ECONOMY STUDY PY - 1991/04 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - p. 18 AB - The National Academy of Sciences' National Research Council will study the extent to which automotive fuel economy can be improved and still meet environmental and safety needs. The study will analyze both technological and economic issues. Its mandate is to look at fuel economy from a fresh perspective, objectively, in-depth and consistent with provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1990. The first phase of the study, which will be concluded in June, will provide estimates of fuel economy levels that are practical and feasible over the next decade. It will identify the technologies that could bring about those levels, and identify barriers to the rapid introduction of those technologies into the marketplace. The 1975 energy act and the fuel economy program it established are discussed. A U.S. Department of Health and Human Services report, 'Healthy People 2000,' is also discussed. KW - Environmental protection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/353889 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00607464 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Shuman, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRADITIONAL RED COLORS SAFETY PY - 1991/04 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-24 AB - It is noted that the color red, used for fire fighting equipment, is one of the least visible of vehicle colors. Optometrists note that, for its high visibility, lime yellow should be used by fire and rescue teams, as well as favored by trucks and car buyers. Lime yellow falls in the middle of the color spectrum between the wavelengths 510 and 570. At night, white is the most visible, but lime yellow stands out better against cloudy skies and snowy backdrops than does white. The color red is perceived as black at night. Also, people have particularly poor peripheral detection of red shades. These findings are supported by research. It is also pointed out that color is an underrated component of 'safety packages' that should also include sirens and flashing lights for fire and emergency vehicles. It is noted that the use of strobe lights should be monitored more carefully. KW - Automobiles KW - Color KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fire vehicles KW - Night visibility KW - Peripheral vision KW - Red KW - Strobes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/353891 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00607465 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TALKING MOBILE PY - 1991/04 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-28 AB - Concern is expressed about the increase of cellular phone customers, and legislation regarding their use is discussed. Several accidents involving drivers using car phones are noted. Some cellular phone manufacturers offer a 'hands free' option with which drivers can communicte via a microphone inside a vehicle, and the use of memory dialling is recommended. Voice activation dialling is advocated. It is noted laws requiring safety features on car phones might be in the best interest of the cellular telecommunications companies. Phone industry associations are encouraging vendors to sell only car telephones with a 'hands free' option. Some potential benefits of cellular car telephones in enhancing highway safety are also noted. KW - Car telephones KW - Cellular telephones KW - Highway safety KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/353892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00607461 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Geyer, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HAZMAT ON THE HIGHWAY PY - 1991/04 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-17 AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation has reported a greater than fourfold increase in highway hazmat incidents over the past 10 years. Recent legislative requirements that hazmat vehicles display placards identifying dangerous cargo is discussed. Noncompliance with this requirement is fairly common and can aggravate the handling of a spill. The Center for Hazardous Materials Research, which is a subsidiary of the University of Pittsburgh, is noted. The importance of first response, and the training of first responders are also noted. While the federal Department of Transportation regulations dont require chemical shippers and carriers to employ first response teams, some companies are providing emergency training to their employees to avoid potentially catastrophic hazmat incidents. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Labeling KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/353888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00607459 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Dabaco, K M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOSE OF REALITY HELPS DRIVERS SEE THE LIGHT PY - 1991/04 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - p. 6-9 AB - The article describes a defensive driving course that has been very successful with repeat offenders, It is noted that an overriding cause of highway fatalities is poor driving skills and traffic law knowledge. The defensive driving course project (DDC-ADD) is designed to address irresponsible behavior and its format is based on behavior modification principles developed by psychiatrist Glaser who founded reality therapy. The 8-hour course is divided into four units of instruction. It can be presented in one day, or in eight 1-hour, or four 2 hour sessions. Details of the various units are described. DDC-ADD concludes by evaluating behaviors and selecting the traits most effective in meeting the challenge of safe driving. This approach to the problem driver has received positive feedback from course participants and instructors alike. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Problem drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/353886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00607463 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROADBLOCKS: FOR OR AGAINST? PY - 1991/04 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - p. 20-21 AB - This is the report of a survey of "Traffic Safety" readers on the desirability of police roadblocks for stopping drunk drivers. From a readership of traffic safety professionals, 53% support the police checkpoints while 47% oppose them. This article discusses some points made by survey respondents. Supporters of the program note that roadblocks will help scare drunk drivers off the road, and that it is the equivalent of police speed checkpoints. Those who opposed the program claim roadblocks will be a threat to civil liberties, and could be used in a discriminatory manner. KW - Civil liberties KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Police KW - Roadblocks KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/353890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721312 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FISCAL YEAR 1989 ANNUAL EVALUATION REPORT SUMMARY: STATE AND COMMUNITY HIGHWAY SAFETY GRANT PROGRAM PY - 1991/03 SP - 52 p. AB - On September 9, 1966, the Highway Safety Act of 1966 (23 U.S.C. 401 et seq.) was enacted into law. This annual summary report presents a national overview of the projects conducted during FY 1989 under the State and Community Highway Safety Grant Program (Section 402) of that Act. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) provides formula funding, by means of this program, to the States and American territories to assist them in executing projects to meet goals in their annual Highway Safety Plans. The information from which this report was written was derived from individual State project report summaries provided by NHTSA's Regional Offices. The financial information provided represents those monies initially obligated to particular projects by each State at the beginning of the fiscal year. KW - Community action programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety act KW - Highway Safety Act 1966 KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619657 AU - Smith, M F AU - Furman, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FY 1987 SAFETY BELT USE LAW, STATE ENFORCEMENT GRANTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 285 p. AB - The report presents information and an evaluation of safety belt use law enforcement grants provided to 17 states through supplemental 403 grants during FY 1987. Elmira-type programs were to serve as a model in order to demonstrate that basic enforcement programs can work in a variety of settings. The 17 states initiated enforcement programs in over 100 communities, counties, or specific areas in the state. From the 82 sites providing at least some observation data, 55 appeared to experience an increase in safety belt use following their program, 22 sites experienced no change, and five suffered decrease. At least 58 sites could be identified as implementing Elmira-type enforcement programs. Of these 58 sites, 41 programs resulted in an increase in usage, 14 experienced no change, and three saw a decrease in usage. Results must be viewed cautiously. The vast majority of sites did not have control sites with which to compare results. Factors stemming from outside of the programs could have been responsible for some of the changes in safety belt use. The results do indicate that occupant restraint enforcement coupled with PI&E and officer training can lead to increases in safety belt use. KW - Behavior KW - Enforcement rate KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - States KW - User behavior UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25871/DOT-HS-807-715.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625488 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTO THEFT AND RECOVERY: EFFECTS OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1984. REPORT TO THE CONGRESS, MARCH 1991, APPENDIX 2 PY - 1991/03 SP - 58 p. AB - This is Appendix 2 to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) report to the Congress on the effects of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984. It contains a summary of docket comments to Docket No. 90-15, Notice 1, followed by a discussion of the same. The discussion covers theft and recovery data systems; theft motives; statistical interpretation of theft data; insufficient years of experience with marked parts; comparison of marked and unmarked carlines with high and low theft rate categories; theft experience of new and redesigned carlines; random assignment of vehicles for parts marking; vehicle age effects; antitheft device equipped cars; cost effectiveness of parts marking; and parts marking methodology. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data systems KW - Information systems KW - Marked parts (Motor vehicles) KW - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recovery KW - Security KW - Service life KW - Statistical analysis KW - Theft KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623513 AU - Christie, R AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - SMOKING AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE SN - 0 7306 1371 2 PY - 1991/03 SP - 25 p. AB - Literature which describes and/or attempts to explain the links between smoking and traffic accident (and violation) involvement is critically examined with a view to reaching conclusions as to the causative or associative mechanisms involved. The explanations put forward to account for the over-involvement of smokers in traffic accidents/violations fall under three major categories: physically-based, physiologically-based, and psychologically-based. These categories are employed as broad group headings for the review of the published literature. KW - Distraction KW - Guides to the literature KW - Irritants KW - Literature reviews KW - Physiological aspects KW - Psychological aspects KW - Smoking KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623546 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - TEENAGE DRIVERS PY - 1991/03 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure provides some statistics on the safety record of teenage drivers, followed by a discussion of the following topics with regard to teenage drivers: drinking and driving; night driving; what parents can do; motorcycles; and safety belt use. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Night KW - Parents KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623525 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Streff, F M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EVALUATIONS: DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND USE PY - 1991/03 VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 12 p. AB - Evaluation is a critical, often overlooked component in the development and implementation of traffic safety programs. This is especially true for community traffic safety efforts, which are generally operated with volunteer staffers and small budgets. Effective evaluation of traffic safety programs provides information necessary to help concentrate available resources where they will be most beneficial. Evaluation is also important for the formulation of policy affecting traffic safety. Policy makers require information provided through evaluation for both political and programmatic decision making. It is important to determine policy needs and the political environment surrounding existing or future policies. Such information is invaluable in the political process that surrounds policy formulation. Once policies have been established, evaluations provide information about policy effectiveness. This information is required to determine if policies have accomplished their desired goals and to determine if midcourse adjustments are neccessary for policies to achieve their full potential. Effectiveness evaluations also help to inform policy makers in other regions about the potential for policies to provide desired (or undesired) effects within their own region. Thus, evaluations can help to support the dissemination of useful policies, or halt the spread of harmful or unproductive policies in new regions. In order for evaluations to achieve their maximum potential, they must be designed with the specific needs of the program or policy being evaluated in mind. Rather than try to fully detail evaluation design, implementation, and use, a review of 3 evaluation programs conducted by the UMTRI Injury Analysis and Prevention division is used in this report to illustrate traffic safety evaluations in general. The 3 evaluations focus on (1) behavioral effects of Michigan's compulsory safety belt use law, (2) effects of increasing Michigan's speed limit on rural interstates (and other rural highways built to interstate standards) on crashes and crash injuries, and (3) the biannual telephone survey of public opinions and behaviors regarding traffic safety policy in Michigan. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Future policies KW - Injuries KW - Interstate highways KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Policy KW - Policy making KW - Public opinion KW - Rural highways KW - Safety programs KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622673 AU - Mace, D J AU - Heckard, R AU - Last Resource, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECT OF THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT ON TRAVEL SPEEDS AND RELATED CRASHES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 94 p. AB - Speed data from 11 states were analyzed to determine the effects of the increased MSL on travel speed and speed variance on 65 mph rural interstates and the spillover effects on 55 mph roads adjacent to them. Differential car/truck speeds, time of day and day of week effects were also examined. On 65 mph rural interstates, average speed increased almost 4 mph, 85th percentile speed increased almost 5 mph, and speed variance increased about 12%. The percent of vehicles exceeding 70 mph increased from 6% to 19%. These increases, which are larger than any trend before the increased MSL, occurred mainly between 1986 and 1988. Since 1988, only minor increases occurred. Increases in mean speed were slightly greater during daytime hours than during nighttime hours and greater on weekends than on weekdays, effects which appeared to be related to changes in the relative truck/car volumes. While a small spillover effect was observed on rural arterials adjacent to 65 mph interstates, the 0.8 mph increase was within the range of the general upward trend on all rural arterials in the 40 states with a 65 mph MSL. Speed changes on 55 mph interstates adjacent to 65 mph interstates were also within the range of trends existing before the increased MSL. Car speeds were 3.5 mph faster than truck speeds on interstates with a uniform 65 mph MSL while car speeds were 6 mph faster than truck speeds on interstates with a differential 65/55 mph limit. Car speeds were about 3 mph faster in states with a 65 mph limit for trucks than in states with a 55 mph limit for trucks. An analysis of accidents in rural interstate segments near 28 of the speed study sites indicated that the rates of injury accidents increased between 1986 and 1988. There were too few fatalities in these segments to draw definite conclusions about fatalities. The observed changes in accident rates could not be conclusively linked to the magnitude of changes in mean speed or percent of vehicles exceeding 70 mph. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Automobiles KW - Before and after studies KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Differential speed KW - Differentials (Gears) KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Interstate highways KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Night KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Speed distribution KW - Speed limits KW - Speed variance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Variance KW - Weekdays KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622651 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Arvin/Calspan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONTRIBUTIONS OF VEHICLE FACTORS AND ROADSIDE FEATURES TO ROLLOVER IN SINGLE-VEHICLE CRASHES--TASK 2 OF PROJECT "CRASH AVOIDANCE RESEARCH--STABILITY AND CONTROL". FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 115 p. AB - This exploratory study examined single-vehicle crashes from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS), to suggest how vehicle factors and roadside features interact in generating rollovers. Crashes were identified for a 1000-case sample stratified on vehicle stability factor (half the track width divided by center of gravity height) and wheelbase. Hard copies of the NASS cases were obtained and details of the crash dynamics and roadside features were recorded on a coding form by an experienced accident investigator. The data were then entered into an automated database. Due to the exploratory nature of the study and the small numbers in the subsamples, the data were analyzed in unweight form. Consequently, the study should be viewed as heuristic: the results cannot be generalized and taken as representative of the national population of cars and light trucks in accidents. Findings were: (1) Road features with the highest rollover rates of contacting vehicles were sideslopes and ditches; (2) Vehicle factors were related to overturn rates mainly with the most hazardous roadside features; (3) The combined data for the cars and light trucks of the sample indicate that the overturn rates were inversely related to the stability factors; the separate data did not have this general trend, but reliability of the stability factor data may have been a problem; (4) Wheelbase was inversely related to rollover rates; (5) When controlling for wheelbase and stability factor, light trucks had substantially higher overturn rates; and (6) Wheelbase and vehicle type were related to precrash vehicle modes (skidding, spinning, etc.), which in turn were related to rollover rates. Recommendations included the need for reliable stability factor data. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Ditches KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Precrash factors KW - Precrash phase KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side slopes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Skidding KW - Slopes KW - Spinning KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle type KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00583954 AU - Heydinger, G J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE DYNAMICS SIMULATION AND METRIC COMPUTATION FOR COMPARISON WITH ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1991/03 SP - 150 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamics KW - Handling characteristics KW - Rollover crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622640 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPERATION BUCKLE DOWN PY - 1991/03 SP - v.p. AB - Operation Buckle Down is a model enforcement program that identifies ways to enforce and promote both primary and secondary belt use laws. It was developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in cooperation with the International Association of Chiefs of Police to carry out the President's mandate to increase seatbelt use in the United States from the current 49% to 70% by 1992. This packet contains four pamphlets: An Introduction to Operation Buckle Down; Statistics; Model Program; and Seatbelt Myths & Facts. KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion KW - Statistics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363907 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620481 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - McKenna, P J AU - Welsh, David J AU - Martin, L W AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - PEDIATRIC BICYCLE TRAUMA PY - 1991/03 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 392-394 AB - Bicycle-related trauma is a serious pediatric problem. Serious injuries and even fatalities can occur, and care must be taken to avoid undertreating these patients. In an effort to further define the problem, 201 consecutive patients admitted for bicycle trauma were reviewed. The patients ranged in age from 3 to 16 years and 76% (153/201) were male. Head trauma was the most common admission diagnosis (99/201; 49%). Fourteen percent (28/201) were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and 23% (47/201) required an operative procedure. The average hospital stay was 3 days; however, patients who were admitted at least 24 hours after injury had an average hospital stay of 7 days. KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620534 AU - Jones, B AU - Oregon State Motor Vehicles Division TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROVISIONAL LICENSING IN OREGON: AN ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC SAFETY BENEFITS PY - 1991/03 SP - 45 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to evaluate the traffic safety effectiveness of Oregon's provisional licensing program which was created by the 1989 Oregon Legislature, and implemented in October, 1989. Provisional licensing imposes a set of special, more stringent requirements for obtaining and keeping a driver license, that apply to all drivers younger than 18. The study is based on analysis of records of 6,249 teenage drivers. Roughly half of them obtained a provisional license just after the October 1989 implementation. The other half obtained non-provisional licenses just prior to the implementation date. Some of the findings are as follows: (1) Drivers who were licensed under the provisional licensing program took more time to prepare for the road test and did not fail the road test as often as those licensed under the old licensing requirements; (2) Male drivers who were issued provisional licenses had approximately 16% fewer reported accidents in their first year of driving, when compared to male drivers with nonprovisional licenses, and this effect persists when differences in age, gender and school peer-group are taken into account; (3) Male drivers who were issued provisional licenses did not have fewer moving traffic violation convictions than male drivers with nonprovisional licenses, when differences in age, gender and other factors are taken into account; (4) Having a provisional license did not make a difference in accident and violation rates of female teenage drivers; and (5) Having a provisional license did not appear to make a difference in the rates of alcohol-related or major traffic violation convictions, for either sex. In general, it is reasonable to conclude that Oregon's provisional licensing program effectively and substantially reduces traffic accident rates among 16 and 17 year-old male novice drivers. KW - Benefits KW - Convictions KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Gender KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moving violations KW - Oregon KW - Provisional licensing KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620484 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Fritz, T AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - INCREASED AIR BAG INSTALLATION WILL RESULT IN FEWER DEATHS PY - 1991/03 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - p. 2 AB - Trends in air bag installation are examined briefly in this article. Projections by Jerry Ralph Curry, administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, show that air bags will save 2,400 lives and prevent 29,000 moderate to serious injuries over a six-year span from 1990 to the end of 1995. These projections were based on manufacturers' plans and safety agency research. KW - Air bags KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364882 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620483 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Rubin, H AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - STAGED AUTO ACCIDENTS: THE SAFEST WHITE-COLLAR CRIME? PART II PY - 1991/03 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-13 AB - The California Highway Patrol investigates cases of fraud involving staged auto accidents and has been responsible for the apprehension and prosecution of criminals involved in this white-collar crime. California Highway Patrol fraud investigators often cooperate with the FBI and Postal authorities, and exchange investigative expertise and experience. This exchange is available with other state agencies as well. This article discusses the case of Greeg Foshee who, between 1978 and 1988, bilked the insurance industry out of $8 million, and the case of Rick Scarano who, between 1979 and 1986, tapped the insurance industry for $1 million. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Fraud KW - Motor vehicles KW - Staged auto accidents KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579266 AU - Smith, M F AU - Furman, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FY 1987 SAFETY BELT USE LAW STATE ENFORCEMENT GRANTS PY - 1991/03 SP - 276 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Laws and legislation KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Traffic regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/337754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611085 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL EMPLOYEES BUCKLE UP PY - 1991/03 SP - 74 p. AB - The goal of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) over the next two years is to work with every public and private sector organization to increase safety belt use to more than 70%. Special emphasis will be directed to the Federal worksite to help implement this goal. Federal employees comprise one of the largest workforces in the nation, and, therefore, the Federal worksite provides an excellent opportunity for delivering traffic safety messages. In an effort to promote safety and increase safety belt use among Federal employees both on and off the worksite, NHTSA is providing assistance and resources through the Federal Employees Buckle Up Program to encourage traffic safety education and awareness programs for Federal employees. The goals of the Federal Employees Buckle Up Program are to achieve 70% safety belt use among Federal employees, and to encourage agencies to conduct on-going traffic safety programs focusing on the need for safety belts and the dangers of drinking and driving. This manual contains specific guidelines for applying the 70% PLUS Federal Employees Safety Belt Use Program. Tips are given on how to carry out the Buckle Up America! campaign and how to promote highway safety efforts. Also included are fact sheets, a list of state safety belt laws, a listing of written and audio/visual resources, helpful sample materials, and ready-to-use art work. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Awareness KW - Drunk driving KW - Government employees KW - Guidelines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Programs KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608674 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT TO CONGRESS ON TINTING OF MOTOR VEHICLE WINDOWS PY - 1991/03 SP - 68 p. AB - This report, prepared in response to a Congressional directive, addresses the topic of tinting of motor vehicle windows. It discusses current Federal standards concerning window light transmittance, State regulatory action, foreign regulatory action, traffic safety issues, and law enforcement issues. Also discussed are the benefits of tinted windows and the results of a survey of auto manufacturers concerning the window light transmittance of today's new vehicles. KW - Benefits KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Foreign KW - Law enforcement KW - Light transmission KW - Light transmittance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rear windows KW - Regulations KW - Side windows KW - States KW - Tinted glass KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Window glass KW - Windows (Vehicles) KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622653 AU - Hiltner, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEWBORN INFANT DUMMY DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 38 p. AB - Three dummies representing newborn infants were evaluated for use in testing infant automotive safety restraints. Two existing dummies were procured and one was developed for the purpose of this evaluation. The dimensions of each dummy were compared to the anthropometric and anthropomorphic characteristics of an approximately fiftieth percentile newborn infant. Repeated crash simulations on a HYGE sled were performed to study each dummy's response in rearward facing and car bed type safety restraints. KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Infants KW - Rearward facing child seat KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622649 AU - MENTZER, S G AU - Automated Sciences Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE SIMFIL PROGRAM: SIMULTANEOUS FILTERING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 61 p. AB - This report presents a low-pass motion filtering technique that simultaneously provides accurately filtered acceleration, velocity, and displacement signals corresponding to a given motion. This specialized filter was developed for sensitive vehicle crash modeling applications where applying standard low-pass digital filters to one of the three signals causes unacceptable distortions in one or both of the other two corresponding signals. This filter has been implemented in the SIMFIL program. SIMFIL separates out a baseline motion and performs a mirroring transformation to obtain a residual motion for which frequency domain filtering is equivalent in all three signal domains. A simultaneous DFT representation is used that is constrained to assure that the signal tail values in all three signal domains are maintained by the filter. The techniques used in SIMFIL are readily extendable to other applications that require simultaneously filtering a signal and some of its integrals and/or derivatives. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Digital filters KW - Filters KW - Low-pass filters KW - Research KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721309 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE HELMETS: THE FACTS OF LIFE PY - 1991/02 SP - 2 p. AB - This brochure presents the facts about motorcycle helmets. Stating that helmets are the most effective piece of safety equipment available to the motorcyclist, it lists the facts obtained from numerous studies on the effectiveness of helmets, presents information on helmet laws, and comments on the evidence that helmets save lives, don't cause injuries, don't impair hearing or vision, and protect at normal speeds. KW - Brochures KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622648 AU - Williams, S F AU - Knipling, R R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC SLACK ADJUSTERS FOR HEAVY VEHICLE AIR BRAKE SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - v.p. AB - This report reviews the problem of truck air brake adjustment and specifically the use of automatic slack adjusters (ASAs) to maintain proper brake adjustment on S-cam drum brakes. The report reviews the importance of proper brake adjustment for effective functioning of air brake systems. It describes methods of improving brake adjustment, with emphasis on ASAs. The report presents findings from a large field test of ASAs (with comparative data on manual slack adjusters; MSAs) used on heavy commercial vehicles. Project data indicated that the use of ASAs can be an efficient and effective means of maintaining brake adjustment. For the 36 ASA/fleet applications tested, the median percentage out-of-adjustment was 4.0%. The median number of out-of-adjustment observations per brake per 10,000 miles was 0.016. ASAs were, in general, significantly more effective than MSAs in similar application. The ASAs tested were models from the early to mid-1980s. There have been extensive design improvements since that time. Thus, the data presented here for these earlier ASA designs most likely understate the performance levels that can be expected from ASAs purchased today. However, in spite of the demonstrated effectiveness and reliability of ASAs, they operate in a hostile environment. On occasion, they fail to adjust brakes either because of a mechanical ASA failure or a failure in other parts of the foundation brakes. Thus, brake adjustments still need to be checked regularly. KW - Air brakes KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automatic slack adjusters KW - Brakes KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Manual slack adjusters KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reliability KW - Test results KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622638 AU - Snyder, M B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL LIMITS FOR DRIVERS: A REPORT ON THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND EXPECTED INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES TO NEW LIMITS. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1991/02 SP - 115 p. AB - This is the first of two reports in response to a congressional mandate to study the alcohol concentration at which a driver should be considered under the influence. Relevant findings from the work to date as well as initial conclusions and recommendations, are presented. This report is based on a review of scientific literature on the influence of BAC on driver performance and crashes, a review of existing legislation on BAC limits, and data collected on expected institutional response to alternative BAC limits - 0.08, 0.04, and 0.00 for the general driving public. The final report will take the information developed in all phases of this project and present conclusions and recommendations regarding the setting of specific BAC limits for the general driving public. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crashes KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Guides to the literature KW - Legislation KW - Literature reviews KW - Personnel performance KW - Recommendations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25901/DOT-HS-807-692.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622635 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD SAFETY SEAT REGISTRATION: THE CONSUMER VIEW. A QUALITATIVE REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 57 p. AB - This report discusses findings from qualitative research conducted for NHTSA by National Analysts with current users of car child safety seats regarding a possible recall registration card program. Two group depth interviews (focus groups) with nine participants each were conducted in each of two locations: Orange, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All participants own and currently use at least once a week a car child safety seat that was acquired new. One group in each location comprised users with below-college education and the other group with college graduates. After a general discussion concerning child safety seats and reasons for low return rates for warranty registration cards, participants were exposed to and asked to evaluate five alternative recall registration card designs. Participants in all four groups were unanimous in their support for a recall registration card program. Based on their reactions, a high recall registration response rate can be anticipated. Participants also indicated that they would be most likely to return a pre-addressed, postage-prepaid card with an uncluttered graphic design that clearly and succinctly communicates the benefits of recall registration, differentiates itself from a warranty registration card, and requires minimal time and effort on the participant's part. On the basis of these findings, an optimal card design was suggested. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - Interviewing KW - Recall campaigns KW - Registration card design KW - Registrations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620514 AU - Reed, M P AU - Schneider, L W AU - Saito, M AU - Kakishima, Y AU - Lee, N S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF AUTOMOTIVE SEATING DISCOMFORT AND SEAT DESIGN FACTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 200 p. AB - A study of automotive seating comfort and related design factors was conducted, utilizing subjective techniques of seat comfort assessment and objective measures of the seat/subject interaction. Eight male subjects evaluated two luxury and two sport seats during a short-term seating session and throughout a three-hour driving simulation. For the latter, subjects operated a static laboratory driving simulator with an interactive road-scene display, performing body-area discomfort evaluations at thirty-minute intervals. Cross-modality matching (CMM), a subjective assessment technique in which a stimulus is rated by matching to the level of another stimulus, was used during the long-term driving simulation to evaluate discomfort. Subject posture, muscle activity in the lower back and abdomen, and pressure levels at key support locations on the seat were monitored. In addition, a sonic digitizing system was used to record seat indentation contours and to characterize the subjects' spinal contours. KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Muscles KW - Posture KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362400 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620454 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Sjogren, H AU - Bjornstig, U AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - INJURIES TO THE ELDERLY IN THE TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT PY - 1991/02 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - p. 77-86 AB - Two hundred ninety-seven persons, all aged 60 or over (180 women, 117 men), injured in the traffic environment, and treated at the Regional Hospital in Umea, over a one-year period, were analysed. Injuries were grouped into three main categories: falls (52%), vehicle-associated events (44%), and "other" injury events (4%). In women, falls were a more common cause of injury than vehicle events, whilst in men there was a tendency for a converse relationship. Two-thirds of the falls involved slipping on ice and snow. Ice- and snow-related injuries (all categories) accounted for 37% of the total cost of all injuries in the elderly in the traffic environment. The main groups in the vehicle-associated injury category were cyclists (48%), car occupants (34%), other occupants (14%), and pedestrians (4%). Vehicle-associated injuries became more common with advancing age, resulted in the most severe and critical (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale greater than or equal to 4) injuries and the most fatalities, and cost (total and mean) more than falls. In conclusion, from the injury cost point of view, it is most important to prevent vehicle-associated injuries. However, when total frequencies are considered, falls deserve to be given just as much priority in injury prevention programs as vehicle-associated injuries, to make the traffic environment safer for this growing population. KW - Accident costs KW - Aged KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Snow and ice control KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364857 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620455 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - PLANATH, I AU - NILSSON, S AU - Cesari, D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FACIAL FRACTURE PROTECTION CRITERIA FOR THE HYBRID III LOAD SENSING FACE PY - 1991/02 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - p. 95-103 AB - A method for establishing protection criteria for the Hybrid III load sensing face has been developed. Impactor PMTO (Post Mortem Test Object) tests described by Welbourne, Ramet, and Zabreski (1989) were repeated with a Hybrid III dummy equipped with the load sensing face. The probability function for PMTO nasal fracture based on energy was used as a basis to determine protection criteria for nasal fracture measured by the load sensing face. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Face KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Impact loading KW - Impact loads KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364858 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620512 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Saperstein, R AU - Saperstein, D AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - AFTER AN AUTO ACCIDENT...WHICH TREATMENTS OR THERAPIES ARE RIGHT FOR YOU? PY - 1991/02 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-29 AB - When you have been injured in an accident, the best way to get the right treatment is to understand the wide variety of treatments available. Armed with this information, you can make responsible choices in receiving medical care so you can heal quickly and efficiently. This article provides a fairly comprehensive list of therapies used to treat accident injuries. Each is explained in detail and it is pointed out that healing results from combinations of therapy which change as the injury heals. KW - Choice models KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Injuries KW - Medical treatment KW - Medicine KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Physical therapy KW - Traffic crashes KW - Treatment KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620509 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REAR SEAT LAP/SHOULDER BELT RETROFIT KIT: REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1991/02 SP - 59 p. AB - This report describes what has occurred within the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) since the agency submitted the last rear seat lap/shoulder belt retrofit kit report to the Congress in June 1990. The agency is moving aggressively within the area where it believes its role lies, i.e., providing facts so that consumers can make an informed choice. It is working with the insurance industry so that the industry may pass along to consumers information about rear seat lap/shoulder belt retrofit kits and rear seat safety belt information in general. The agency also plans to initiate a demonstration project in Fiscal Year 1991 which will target a specific geographic area to determine whether a concentrated effort to educate the public about the benefits or installing rear seat lap/shoulder belt retrofit kits will generate increased demand. Thus, the agency is working to create an informaed and aware public on the subject of rear seat lap/shoulder belt retrofit kits and rear belt safety in general. KW - Awareness KW - Demonstration projects KW - Education KW - Information dissemination KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seats KW - Retrofitting KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579380 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES, 1989 PY - 1991/02 SP - 24 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/337800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00578894 AU - Williams, S F AU - Knipling, R R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC SLACK ADJUSTERS FOR HEAVY VEHICLE AIR BRAKE SYSTEMS PY - 1991/02 SP - 345 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Buses KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00575803 AU - Hiltner, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEWBORN INFANT DUMMY DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION PY - 1991/02 SP - 30 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash injuries KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608673 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Nalecz (Dr Andrzej G) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - INTERMEDIATE MANEUVER INDUCED ROLLOVER SIMULATION (IMIRS) AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 168 p. AB - This report describes the development of the Intermediate Maneuver Induced Rollover Simulation (IMIRS) which can be used to investigate the phenomenon of maneuver induced rollover of light vehicles. The IMIRS represents an enhancement of the existing Lateral Weight Transfer Simulation (LWTS) and is capable of investigating cornering, cornering and braking, and cornering and accelerating limit maneuvers as well as vehicle skidding or spinning conditions. A rollover model added to the IMIRS simulation enables users to investigate the influence of vehicle design and environmental parameters on rollover stability. The validation of the IMIRS simulation is provided in the report and is based on a comparison with vehicle experimental tests. The Fortran version of the IMIRS model is used to perform a time domain sensitivity analysis in four different vehicle maneuvers which include J-Turn without rollover, J-Turn with rollover, S-Turn without rollover, and S-Turn with rollover. A complete description of the sensitivity results of vehicle's Rollover Prevention Energy Reserve (RPER) is presented in the report. The report also contains a user's manual with complete instructions for installation and use of the IMIRS simulation. KW - Cornering, vehicle KW - Light vehicles KW - Maneuvering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Simulation KW - Skidding KW - Spinning KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622637 AU - Lacey, J H AU - Jones, R K AU - Stewart, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Mid-America Research Institute, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE SUSPENSIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes a study of the costs and benefits associated with the implementation of laws calling for the administrative suspension of driver licenses for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Such laws generally call for speedy license suspension or revocation for persons arrested for DWI who are at illegal breath alcohol concentrations. The experience of three states was studied. They were Nevada, Mississippi and Illinois. Costs associated with implementation of administrative suspension or revocation laws were identified as well as additional revenues to the states attributable to the law in the form of license reinstatement fees. Transfer payments from the Federal Government for which the states qualified through implementation of administrative revocation for DWI were also identified as were societal benefits as indicated by reduced crash costs. In each state license reinstatement fees more than offset costs associated with implementing the law and reductions in crash costs were well over 100 times the cost of implementation. The major study recommendation is that other states give serious consideration to administrative license suspension for DWI. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Illinois KW - Laws KW - Mississippi KW - Nevada KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25897/DOT-HS-807-689.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607671 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION. NINTH EDITION. CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1991 PY - 1991/01 SP - 529 p. AB - This Digest is designed for use by anyone interested in State laws related to alcohol/drug use and highway safety. Except as indicated, it provides the reader with the status of such State laws as of January 1, 1991. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The Digest also includes two appendices, using the State Law Summary's format, giving (1) the Uniform Vehicle Code's alcohol and drug driving offense provisions and (2) certain criteria for Federal Alcohol Incentive Grant Funds under 23 USC Section 408. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Case studies KW - Dram shop laws KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Highway safety KW - Homicide KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legal studies KW - Legislation KW - Sanctions KW - States KW - Traffic violators KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719442 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOOR LATCH INTEGRITY STUDY: DOOR LATCH ACTIVATION DUE TO INTERIOR OCCUPANT IMPACT PY - 1991/01 SP - 77 p. AB - In an effort to reduce accident ejection rates on the nation's roadways, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is investigating possible benefits of upgrading longitudinal and lateral door latch strength. Also, the NHTSA is considering alternative door latch system testing methods, both static and dynamic, in order to represent accident loading conditions. Research and Development analyzed accident cases and has identified that door latch activation may be a potential door opening mechanism. An evaluation of door latch linkage systems indicated that the latch was activated by a small static lateral displacement of the linkage. The objective of this study was to simulate the impact of an occupant with the interior panel of a vehicle side door to determine if such an occurrence can laterally displace the linkage enough to activate the latch. Testing for this study consisted of impacting a rigid, 80 lb mass (approximate mass of a human upper body) with the interior panel of a side door at speeds ranging from 10 to 20 mph. Impact locations were subjectively chosen as the most susceptible point, along the linkage, for latch activation. Four vehicles were utilized for testing and impacts were performed on the front doors. For each vehicle tested, there were no latch activations, no latch/striker failures, and no door openings. The results of this study indicate that latch activation due solely to occupant impact with the interior of a side door is not likely. KW - Door handles KW - Door latches KW - Door opening KW - Ejection KW - Impact tests KW - Latch integrity KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716867 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - VEHICLE DESCRIPTIONS: 1989 MODELS PY - 1991/01 SP - 14 p. AB - This report consists of two tables providing vehicle descriptions for 1989 models. The first provides information on passengers cars, including make, size, series, body style, wheel-base, driver side airbag, anti-lock brakes, and models. The second provides similar information for vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles by type KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicle size KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716868 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - VEHICLE DESCRIPTIONS: 1990 MODELS PY - 1991/01 SP - 15 p. AB - This report consists of two tables providing vehicle descriptions for 1990 models. The first provides information on passenger cars, including make, size, series, body style, wheel-base, driver side airbag, anti-lock brakes, and models. The second provides similar information for vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles by type KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicle size KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716866 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - VEHICLE DESCRIPTIONS: 1988 MODELS PY - 1991/01 SP - 14 p. AB - This report consists of two tables. The first provides vehicle descriptions for 1988 passenger cars, showing make, size, series, body style, wheel-base, driver side airbag, anti-lock brakes, and models included. The second provides similar information for 1988 vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles by type KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicle size KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716855 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: 1989 MODELS: TWO YEAR RESULTS PY - 1991/01 SP - 15 p. AB - Relative average loss payments per insured vehicle year for 1989 model year passenger cars with the best and worst collision coverage results during their first two years of availability are presented. Also presented are collision coverage results for all 1989 model year passenger cars with at least 1,000 insured vehicle years of exposure, and similar results for 1989 model vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716854 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: 1988 MODELS: THREE YEAR RESULTS PY - 1991/01 SP - 17 p. AB - Relative average loss payments per insured vehicle year for 1988 model year passenger cars with the best and worst collision coverage results during their first three years of availability are presented. Also presented are detailed collision coverage results for all 1988 model year passenger cars with at least 1,000 insured vehicle years of exposure, and similar results for 1988 model vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716856 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: 1990 MODELS: ONE YEAR RESULTS PY - 1991/01 SP - 12 p. AB - Relative average loss payments per insured vehicle year for 1990 model year passenger cars with the best and worst collision coverage results during their first year of availability are presented. Also presented are the collision coverage results for all 1990 model year passenger cars with at least 1,000 insured vehicle years of exposure, and similar results for 1990 model vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622652 AU - Russell, E R AU - Harwood, D W AU - Rys, M AU - Rys, A AU - Keck, M AU - Kansas State University, Manhattan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HEADLIGHT SAFETY DATA BASE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 148 p. AB - The objectives annd scope of this study, as modified, were to: 1) identify appropriate data elements to include in the data base; 2) develop an automated headlight measurement system (HMS) to collect field data; 3) test and validate the HMS; 4) determine a sampling plan to test the HMS at two field locations; and 5) analyze the data that were obtained. The development, validation and testing of the HMS was the main thrust of the study. The report details the development and use of the HMS hardware and software. The hardware is described in detail and the software source code is included in an appendix. The field study consisted of collecting data at six points determined to be key visual points in the driving task. A chapter on field studies is essentially a complete, detailed manual on the set up and use of the HMS in the field. The data that were obtained during the validation and field testing is analyzed and vertical histograms of headlight readings for several vehicle types and sensors are presented in an appendix. Other appendixes detail the equipment and supplies needed, the equipment set up and operating instructions, the calibration procedure and recommendations for future system modification to improve the HMS system. It was concluded that more expensive sensors, in the six to ten thousand dollar range, could be custom made and incorporated into a more sophisticated but costly system. However, for the resources available the system developed proved to be adequate for the main purpose of determining distribution of light output of the current fleet of highway vehicles at any set of up to seven desired points quickly, easily and with reasonable accuracy with relatively inexpensive, off-the-shelf hardware. Two companion manuals were also developed during the study: 1) Light Measurement System Manual and 2) Installation and Operation Manual. KW - Accuracy KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Field tests KW - Hardware KW - Headlamps KW - Headlight measurement system KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety KW - Software KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00582377 AU - Lacey, J H AU - Stewart, J R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE SUSPENSIONS PY - 1991/01 SP - 119 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - States KW - Traffic violations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343363 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620461 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Anderson, P A AU - Rivara, F P AU - MAIER, R V AU - Drake, C AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SEATBELT-ASSOCIATED INJURIES PY - 1991/01 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 60-67 AB - This study examined the frequency of spine and abdominal injuries to motor vehicle occupant crash victims, the relationship between the two types of injuries, and the association with restraint use. There were 303 motor vehicle occupants treated at a regional trauma center for spine and/or abdominal injuries over a 5-year period. Patients with Chance-type fractures of the lumbar spine were much more likely to be rear seat passengers and to be using a lap belt than were patients with other types of spinal injuries. Similarly, patients with hollow viscus injuries were more likely to be rear seat passengers and to be lap belted than were patients with injuries to the spleen, liver, pancreas, or kidneys. Nearly two thirds of the lumbar Chance-type fractures were associated with hollow viscus injuries, including six of seven children. This increased risk of Chance-type fractures and hollow viscus injuries was associated with increased use of lap-belt seat restraints in the population. KW - Abdomen KW - Epidemiology KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364864 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620460 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Sussman, A M AU - Williams, J S AU - Boyd, C R AU - DeLoach, E D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MULTIPIECE TIRE RIM INJURIES PY - 1991/01 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 24-27 AB - Multipiece tire rims can explode during tire change, causing severe injury. Although more than 450 such accidents, with at least 80 deaths, have been recorded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), we found no reports in the surgical literature on such injuries in the United States. This report describes experience with seven patients who sustained injuries in explosions of multipiece tire rims. All victims suffered massive maxillofacial trauma with associated ocular, cranial, intracranial, and extremity injuries. Two patients died, both because of intracerebral hemorrhage. One patient suffered serious long-term disability. All survivors required extensive reconstructive surgery. The design of the multipiece tire rim is inherently hazardous. Since many accidents of this type are not reported to the NHTSA, the incidence of such injuries may be significantly higher. An alternative, nonhazardous tire rim is available. Design modifications or a law restricting use of multipiece tire rims would prevent many accidents. KW - Design KW - Design modifications KW - Explosions KW - Face KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laws KW - Multipiece tire rims KW - Prevention KW - Tire changing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364863 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620462 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Robertson, L S AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - HOW TO SAVE FUEL AND REDUCE INJURIES IN AUTOMOBILES PY - 1991/01 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 107-109 AB - Increased fuel economy and reduced injuries have been portrayed as incompatible goals, based on the false assumption that vehicle weight is the determining factor in both. Physics predicts that size and velocity, not weight, are the primary factors affecting crash forces, while increased weight or increased velocity consumes more fuel. Analysis of fatal injury rates, injury costs, and fuel use in relation to vehicle weight, vehicle size, and engine horsepower confirms that weight is of minimal importance in injury severity compared to the other two factors. Fuel use is a function of weight and horsepower. Injuries and fuel use can be reduced by reducing vehicle horsepower without changing vehicle size. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Horsepower KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00578918 AU - Lacey, J H AU - Jones, R K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF CHANGES IN DWI ENFORCEMENT LEVEL PY - 1991/01 SP - 1 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - States KW - Traffic violations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/337655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579267 AU - Finn, P AU - Leiter, V AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENCOURAGING FULL-TIME USE OF SAFETY BELTS AMONG CURRENT PART-TIME USERS PY - 1991/01 SP - 121 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Education and training KW - Public opinion KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611082 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TAKING THE LEAD. FACILITATOR'S GUIDE PY - 1991/01 SP - 26 p. AB - The Taking the Lead! video discusses drinking, drugs and driving and what students can do in their schools and communities to organize safety groups and projects with the aim of saving the lives of their fellow students. This teacher's manual is designed to assist student leaders and/or teachers in their initial presentation of the Taking the Lead! video. It outlines a suggested series of steps to motivate and activate students to form a Taking the Lead! program. The outline can be tailored to meet time constraints, but the ideal presentation time is approximately one hour. This manual is a supplement to the student handbook. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - High schools KW - Leadership KW - Manuals KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Traffic safety education KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611088 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM: FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS, JANUARY 1991 PY - 1991/01 SP - 47 p. AB - This Fifteenth Annual Report to the Congress summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1990 regarding implementation of applicable Sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during 1990 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Fuel conservation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Rule making KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611081 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER. BUCKLE UP AMERICA!: MAY 20-27, 1991 PY - 1991/01 SP - 57 p. AB - The 1991 Buckle Up America! Idea Sampler provides a collection of successful ideas for the week-long campaign to encourage everyone in the United States to buckle up, to correctly buckle children into child safety seats, and to learn more about the new automatic crash protection systems available. The objectives of this year's week (May 20-27) are to: 1) increase awareness of safety belt and child safety seat laws and law enforcement efforts; and 2) increase correct use. A new program has been initiated called, "Operation Buckle Down." It encourages the law enforcement community to conduct combined belt law enforcement and educational activities in their community. A key feature of the 1991 Buckle Up America! Week campaign is the nationwide 70% PLUS Honor Roll. States, cities, communities, businesses, schools -- any organization that has achieved at least 70% belt use -- will be honored by NHTSA and placed on its 70% PLUS Honor Roll. Included in the sampler are many tips on how to carry out the 1991 Buckle Up Ameria! Week campaign, suggestions for enlisting community support, logo art work, fact sheets, a listing of state child safety seat laws, resources, a sample proclamation and press release -- and much more. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610223 AU - Sivak, M AU - GELLATLY, A W AU - FLANNAGAN, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - MINIMUM LIGHT ABOVE HORIZONTAL OF LOW-BEAM HEADLAMPS FOR NIGHTTIME LEGIBILITY OF TRAFFIC SIGNS PY - 1991/01 SP - 34 p. AB - Retroreflectorized traffic signs rely on illumination from headlamps for their nighttime conspicuity and legibility. However, the current low-beam photometric standard specifies no minima for light above the horizontal. The only limitations above horizontal are several maxima, designed to provide glare protection. Consequently, it would be entirely legal to sell a low-beam headlamp which provides no light above the horizontal. Such a situation would make all retroreflective traffic signs virtually useless at night. The present analytical study was designed to provide a method for determining minimum levels of low-beam illumination above horizontal, as well as initial guidance concerning actual values. The sign characteristic considered in this research was legibility; conspicuity was not dealt with. The approach involved determining (1) relevant angles above the horizontal, (2) desirable sign luminance, and (3) relationship between headlamp intensity and sign luminance for the relevant angles and different types of sign material. Using this approach, relevant angles and corresponding required headlamp intensity were derived. Two examples of possible strategies for modifying the current low-beam standard (adding minima to existing test regions that currently deal only with maxima, and adding new test regions for minima only) were discussed in relation to several unresolved issues. These issues include the conflict between sign requirements and glare-protection requirements, and manufacturing tolerances. KW - Headlamps KW - Legibility KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Luminous intensity KW - Materials KW - Minima KW - Minimization KW - Photometry KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Standards KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773673 AU - Sheridan, Thomas B AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS OF DRIVER-VEHICLE INTERACTION IN THE IVHS ENVIRONMENT PY - 1991 SP - v, 52 p. AB - This report is a critical review of human factors associated with proposed Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). In particular factors such as mental workload, driver errors, and warnings related to proposed introductions of advanced driver information systems (ADIS) and advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) are considered. Theoretical criteria and models capable of characterizing the experimental data and that are useful for planning experiments are reviewed. Driver-in-the-loop simulation experiments are proposed that would measure driver workload and performance changes, good or bad under various IVHS configurations. The report is meant to be an overview of candidate approaches and considerations. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772423 AU - Nalecz, Andrzej G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE ANIMATION SOFTWARE (VAS) TO ANIMATE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM VEHICLE HANDLING AND ROLLOVER SIMULATIONS AND TESTS PY - 1991 SP - 342 p. in various pagings AB - This report describes the development and application of the Vehicle Animation Software (VAS) which is capable of animating the results from vehicle handling and rollover simulations and experimental tests KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743746 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUCKLE UP: AVOID THE SUMMERTIME BLUES PY - 1991 SP - 14 p. AB - This folder contains fact sheets, and flyers describing the National "70% by 1992" Safety Belt Program started in 1991. It places particular emphasis on summer driving. The "Summertime Blues" campaign, a national safety belt law enforcement campaign, is announced. The logo, "Buckle Up--Avoid the Summertime Blues" is designed to suggest the "blues" of getting a ticket for nonuse of belts or child safety seats and the "blues" of a serious injury from a car crash. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public information programs KW - Safety campaigns KW - Seat belt campaigns KW - Seat belts KW - Summer KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471707 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00724904 AU - Broughton, J AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - RESTRAINT USE BY CAR OCCUPANTS: GREAT BRITAIN, 1982-91 PY - 1991 SP - p. 34-38 AB - This review of restraint use by car occupants in Great Britain begins with a look at the introduction of seat belt regulations, from the compulsory fitting of seat belts in front seats of new cars in 1965 to July 1991 when all rear seat passengers in cars were required to wear seat belts or alternative restraint systems. The discussion then turns to measuring seat belt wearing rates, followed by detailed discussions of front seat wearing rates and rear seat wearing rates, and their variations by age and sex. Finally, the effect of seat belt regulations on casualty totals is examined. U1 - Strategies to Increase the Use of Restraint SystemsDutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA.Gothenburg, Sweden StartDate:19910918 EndDate:19910920 Sponsors:Dutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA. KW - Age KW - Fatalities KW - Front seats KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Rear seats KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463768 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00724902 AU - VALTONEN, J AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - SAFETY BELT USAGE IN FINLAND AND IN THE OTHER NORDIC COUNTRIES PY - 1991 SP - p. 17-21 AB - Legislation has played a significant role in increasing safety belt usage in all the Nordic countries. Publicity and enforcement have, however, been required to support the legislation. The development of safety belt regulations has been nearly similar in all these countries, both in terms of their content and dates of implementation. The dates of compulsory installation of safety belts in front seats and back seats, and of compulsory use of safety belts in front seats and in back seats by adults (>15 yrs) and by children, in the Nordic countries are presented. Further information for Finland is presented, and the following questions are addressed: How much can increased safety belt usage improve traffic safety? Why are safety belts not used? How can safety belt usage be increased? U1 - Strategies to Increase the Use of Restraint SystemsDutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA.Gothenburg, Sweden StartDate:19910918 EndDate:19910920 Sponsors:Dutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA. KW - Denmark KW - Finland KW - Iceland KW - Improvements KW - Norway KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Sweden KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463766 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00724901 AU - Wesemann, P AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE USE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP ORGANIZED BY SWOV AND VTT AT THE VTI-TRB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE TRAFFIC SAFETY ON TWO CONTINENTS, GOTHENBURG, 18-20 SEPTEMBER 1991. PREFACE PY - 1991 SP - p. 1 AB - This preface briefly discusses how the idea for this workshop was born, the literature study that preceded the workshop, and the organizing of the workshop, which was held at the conference "Traffic Safety on Two Continents" in Gothenburg. It is pointed out that the papers presented at the workshop are a valuable source of information for researchers and policy makers concerned with increasing the use of restraint systems. U1 - Strategies to Increase the Use of Restraint SystemsDutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA.Gothenburg, Sweden StartDate:19910918 EndDate:19910920 Sponsors:Dutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA. KW - Restraint systems KW - Strategic planning KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463765 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00724903 AU - HEINRICH, H C AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE USE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS: REPORT ABOUT GERMANY PY - 1991 SP - p. 29-33 AB - Seat belt usage in western Germany has reached 99% on autobahns, 97% on rural roads, and 94% in urban areas, or an average of 96% (1990 figures). This extraordinarily high usage rate was preceded by many years of public discussions which brought about a decisive change in the attitude toward belt usage, by the introduction of compulsory belt usage at the beginning of 1976, and by the introduction of a fine for non-compliance in 1984. U1 - Strategies to Increase the Use of Restraint SystemsDutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA.Gothenburg, Sweden StartDate:19910918 EndDate:19910920 Sponsors:Dutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA. KW - Attitudes KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Germany KW - Laws KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463767 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00724905 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE USE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP ORGANIZED BY SWOV AND VTT AT THE VTI-TRB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE TRAFFIC SAFETY ON TWO CONTINENTS, GOTHENBURG, 18-20 SEPTEMBER 1991. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1991 SP - p. 44-46 AB - Conclusions and recommendations, drawn up by the Secretariat of the workshop, are as follows: (1) Without legislation and sanctions, the effective promotion of safety belt use will be largely ineffective. This applies both to front and rear seat belts. (2) Through active enforcement the effects of seat belt use laws are strengthened. (3) Without information directed at decision makers and specific groups of drivers no effective safety belt promotion is possible. (4) Incentive systems for the promotion of seat belt use should be tested in conditions which reach masses of drivers. (5) It is recommended that new measures be tried and evaluated in small scale settings before they are applied on a large scale. (6) More international cooperation and standardization in data-collection methods is recommended. (7) It is recommended that countries in which safety belt use on front seats is not very high (lower than 95%) make use of the experiences reported herein to stimulate usage on front seats. (8) It is recommended that all countries make use of these experiences to stimulate safety belt usage on rear seats. These conclusions and recommendations are explained as they are presented in this concluding chapter of the workshop proceedings. U1 - Strategies to Increase the Use of Restraint SystemsDutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA.Gothenburg, Sweden StartDate:19910918 EndDate:19910920 Sponsors:Dutch Ministry of Transport; and Netherlands Association for Automobile Insurance NVVA. KW - Cooperation KW - Data collection KW - Incentives KW - International KW - International compacts KW - International standards KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Promotion KW - Recommendations KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463769 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724850 JO - Publication of: Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs PB - Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs AU - Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs TI - TRENDS IN ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE IN SWEDEN PY - 1991 SP - 119 p. AB - The contents of this publication are as follows: (1) Summary; (2) Trends in alcohol use; (3) Trends in drug abuse; (4) Psychotropic substances; and (5) Alcohol developments in various other countries. This report is a translation of certain summaries in the Swedish publication "Rapport 91" including other parts of Rapport 91 and including diagrams and tables. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Drug abuse KW - Psychotropic agents KW - Sweden KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724848 AU - ALFERDINCK, JWAM AU - Varkevisser, J AU - TNO Defence Research TI - CONSPICUITY OF THE FRONT DIRECTION INDICATOR IN COMBINATION WITH A D1 HEADLAMP PY - 1991 SP - 19 p. AB - In the frame of the European research project VEDILIS (VEhicle DIscharge LIghting System) the conspicuity of the front direction indicator in combination with a D1 headlamp was studied by simulation in the laboratory. The conspicuity was measured by determining the maximum angle between the line of sight and direction indicator, at which the indicator was perceptible. Rectangular lamps were studied, at 25 m distance. The distance between the headlamp and the direction indicator (separation) was varied between 0 and 40 cm. Three headlamp sizes (3x6, 6x12, 12x24 cm) and three corresponding indicator sizes (3x6, 6x8, 12x8 cm) were used. In addition three intensity ratios were studied, low (0.028), medium (0.31), and high (3.44). In the laboratory experiments this situation was scaled down a factor five. In the unfavorable condition with a low intensity ratio, the conspicuity of the direction indicator was strongly affected by the separation. In this condition the mean conspicuity angle at separations of 0 and 40 cm was, respectively, 10 and 65 deg. For medium and high intensity ratios the conspicuity was high, and practically independent of the separation. Conspicuity angles larger than 70 deg were found in these conditions. An affect of lamp size was only found for the low intensity ratio. A factor four increase of lamp area, with a constant luminous intensity, caused 6 deg increase of conspicuity angle of the direction indicator. KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Headlamps KW - Indicating instruments KW - Indicator lights KW - Laboratory studies KW - Luminous intensity KW - Simulation KW - Size KW - Turn signals KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721509 AU - Oppe, S AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - FOG LAMP REGULATION AS A SAFETY MEASURE TO REDUCE RISK IN FOG CONDITIONS PY - 1991 SP - 8 p. AB - This report briefly summarizes the information on fog lamps that is relevant for decision making regarding their regulation in the Netherlands. The discussion begins by defining two types of fog and discussing fog related accident statistics. The most important factors explaining the increased risk on motorways during fog conditions are presented, followed by a discussion of safety measures to be taken which are aimed at a desired change in road user behavior. One such measure is fog lamp regulation. At the present time fog lamps are not obligatory in the Netherlands and there are no regulations concerning their use. Regulations are necessary to reduce the negative aspects of this safety device and should concern the necessity, number, location, color, and intensity of the fog lamps. The final section of this report gives specific recommendations for the regulation of fog lamp configuration. KW - Accident risks KW - Behavior KW - Color KW - Configurations KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Fog KW - Fog lamps KW - Luminous intensity KW - Netherlands KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Shape KW - Statistics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721495 AU - SCHREUDER, D A AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - MOTORWAY LIGHTING UNDER FOG CONDITIONS PY - 1991 SP - 58 p. AB - This report begins with a description of the physical and meteorological aspects of fog. The visibility aspects of fog are then discussed. Here it is pointed out that the main effect of fog on road traffic is contrast reduction. The following visually critical elements are identified as being of special importance: (1) lane markings, general road markings, and the pavement border - for keeping the lateral lane position; (2) the preceding vehicle and its markings (lamps and retroreflectors) - for keeping a certain distance from the preceding traffic; and (3) a variety of objects, such as signals on vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists on or near the road, and rocks and boxes - for emergency maneuvers. The next section discusses the role of artificial lighting in preventing fog related accidents, and the requirements for motorway lighting in fog and its installation characteristics. The final section presents conclusions and recommendations. KW - Contrast KW - Edge lines KW - Fog KW - Lane lines KW - Meteorological aspects KW - Physical properties KW - Prevention KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Street lighting KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle marking KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721494 AU - SCHREUDER, D A AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - VISIBILITY ASPECTS OF THE DRIVING TASK: FORESIGHT IN DRIVING. A THEORETICAL NOTE PY - 1991 SP - 32 p. AB - This report discusses several aspects of the driving task. It focuses on factors and measures for improving visual information, with emphasis on road lighting and road markings. The report concentrates on the need to look ahead while driving, with "foresight" being the term coined for this concept. The requirements for adequate foresight, as well as the means to provide the required foresight, are dealt with. Chapter 1 provides an introduction. Chapter 2 deals with a number of general aspects of the relevant decision-making processes. In Chapter 3, the particular driving task aspects of a car driver are discussed. In Chapter 4 different traffic maneuvers are described. In Chapter 5, the different visual elements for each of the maneuvers and each of the task elements are indicated. These are summarized in Chapter 6. The final chapter presents conclusions and recommendations. KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Maneuvering KW - Reaction time KW - Task analysis KW - Visibility KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716852 AU - Wittink, R D AU - Hagenzieker, M P AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - EVALUATION OF THREE YEARS "FAMILIE OUDENRIGN" AND THE ASSOCIATED INFORMATION POLICY PY - 1991 SP - 14 p. AB - A study has been conducted into the effects of the television series "Familie Oudenrijn" (a family comedy) and the information concept on which it is based. Road safety and, during the last year of the series, the addition of environmental issues arising from road traffic, were interwoven with the experiences of the family. In this way, an attempt was made to bring the subject to the attention of people who would otherwise give little thought to their own behavior in traffic. The underlying concept is known, in short, as "organiser". In conjunction with the series, traffic events were organized in some major towns, offering a mixture of play, information and demonstrations. In this way, an attempt was made to create a link between the television series, which attracted national attention to the traffic problem, and regional and local activities, so that road users could be more directly confronted with these problems and the role they play themselves. The results of this study show that: (1) involvement in road safety has increased in comparison with 1989; (2) there have been no changes noted in attitudes toward road safety during the past year; (3) in the reported behavior and risk perception with respect to the spearheads of road safety policy (driving speed, alcohol use, and seat belts), significant trend developments were noted, almost all of them positive; and (4) the "organiser" function of the series aimed at regional and local bodies has not been effective. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Speed KW - Television programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716851 AU - VAN KAMPEN, LTB AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND COST OF CAR FRONT END DESIGN FOR PEDESTRIAN INJURY PREVENTION AND THE PROBLEM OF CONFLICTING REQUIREMENTS. A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1991 SP - 35 p. AB - The Institute for Road Safety Research SWOV carried out a literature review on the subject of car front end design for pedestrian injury prevention. The review is aimed at effectiveness and cost of such design and at the problem of conflicting requirements. Such requirements are existing safety standards and common design rules on the one hand and pedestrian injury prevention solutions on the other hand. The literature findings on these subjects are discussed, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations are given. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Conflicting requirements KW - Costs KW - Design standards KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrians KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle front end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716853 AU - Lindeijer, J E AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - MOTOR-VEHICLE LIGHTING DURING DAYTIME. A REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE ON THE JUSTIFICATION OF NEW EXPERIMENTS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES PY - 1991 SP - 33 p. AB - The first meeting of the International Steering Committee on motor vehicle lighting during daytime was held on October 10, 1990, in Brussels. The first task of the Committee was to review and evaluate existing evidence on the effectiveness of daytime running lights (DRL) and to review and evaluate the design and results of new research on DRL, especially in the Netherlands, Denmark, Canada and Austria. After giving a short review of the problems related to motor vehicle lighting during daytime, this report describes the considerations of the members of the Committee regarding this first task, followed by the overall conclusion of the Committee. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Effectiveness KW - Europe KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Problem identification KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716850 AU - Lindeijer, J E AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - BENELUX TEST WITH DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS (DRL): MASTER PLAN FOR AN EVALUATION STUDY INTO THE EFFECT OF DRL ON ROAD SAFETY IN THE BENELUX COUNTRIES PY - 1991 SP - 90 p. AB - The Benelux test with daytime running lights (DRL) is regarded as a European pilot study. The results of the evaluation study will form the basis for the decision-making process at a European level. The International Committee for DRL (IC-DRL) has made recommendations for study in its report. This report presents an overview of the studies which are designed to meet the IC-DRL recommendations, as well as the criticisms of a methodological and analytical nature that were expressed by the IC-DRL in relation to all preceding studies into the effect of DRL. In addition, it is indicated in what way current objections and misgivings with respect to DRL can be investigated, and how this study may offer a response to questions that still remain unanswered. A total of 8 main projects are described. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Research KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839039 AU - WILLKE, DONALD T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID AND EUROSID-1. PY - 1991 IS - PB93-182624 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625496 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JULY 1, 1991 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1991 PY - 1991 SP - 54 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the third quarter of 1991 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 42 recall campaigns involving 1,805,408 domestic motor vehicles, 8 recall campaigns involving 151,483 foreign motor vehicles, 7 recall campaigns involving 41,085 units of domestic equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 33 units of foreign equipment, 3 recall campaigns involving 3,323 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825565 AU - SHELTON, TERRY ST AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM TECHNICAL NOTE, 1988 TO 1990. PY - 1991 IS - PB92-187855 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Mathematical models KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00826296 AU - ANTHONY, CHARLES AU - MACKOWIAK, LEONARD AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - MACKOWIAK, LEONARD. TI - DOT 4 TYPE REFEREE MATERIAL BRAKE FLUID EVALUATION PY - 1991 IS - PB92-218213 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/516220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626982 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE ON INCREASING SAFETY-BELT USE IN THE U.S., JANUARY 10-12, 1991, PROCEEDINGS PY - 1991 SP - 67 p. AB - In January 1991, highway safety leaders representing federal, state, local, and private sector organizations, along with experts from Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, participated in the National Leadership Conference on Increasing Safety-Belt Use in the U.S. to plan a nationwide strategy encouraging more Americans to buckle-up. The mission of the participants was to develop an action plan to assist in achieving President Bush's goal of 70 percent belt use by the end of 1992. A portion of the conference was devoted to studying the successful techniques used in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom to reach belt-use rates of up to 80 to 90 percent. Successful efforts in the states of California and Hawaii were also highlighted. Meetings and panel discussions during the three-day conference focused on the following areas: overview and update on U.S. experience; foreign experience; state experience; the media; and private sector experience. The contents of these proceedings are as follows: Joint Message; Executive Summary; Conference Recommendations; Welcoming Remarks, J.D. Johnston; Keynote Address, J.D. Dingell; Overview -- Safety-Belt Use: Where We've Been and Where We Must Go, A. Derby; and Appendices (Agenda, List of Participants, and Summary of Foreign Experience). KW - Australia KW - California KW - Canada KW - Conferences KW - Governments KW - Hawaii KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Private enterprise KW - Recommendations KW - Strategic planning KW - United Kingdom KW - United States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626974 AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPEAT DWI OFFENDERS: THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL CRASHES PY - 1991 SP - 6 p. AB - Drivers with prior DWI convictions are overrepresented among drivers involved in fatal crashes and the relative risk of fatal crash involvement is far greater for these repeat offenders. Only about 3% of all licensed drivers have a prior DWI arrest within the past three years, yet over 13% of intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes have had at least one prior DWI conviction within three years of their crash. However, while repeat DWI offenders are at a substantially higher risk of fatal crash involvement, the vast majority of intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes are not repeat offenders (6 out of 7) according to available national records. It is recommended that local jurisdictions use the methods described in this paper to determine the magnitude of the repeat offender problem in their area so that appropriate decisions can be made with regard to assessments, treatment, and sanctions in dealing with these drivers. KW - Convictions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Repeat offenders KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626975 AU - Ross, H L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY: THE DETERRENT EFFECTS OF SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT PROGRAMS IN THE U.S. PY - 1991 SP - 5 p. AB - In this paper H.L. Ross (University of New Mexico) reviews the evaluative literature concerning police sobriety checkpoints in the United States. It is concluded that, although most of the studies contain important methodological weaknesses, the cumulation of evidence supports the hypothesis that checkpoints reduce impaired driving. This hypothesis is derived from the theoretical reasoning that the key element in deterrence is the perceived likelihood of punishment for impaired drivers, and that checkpoint programs, by multiplying the occasions of interaction between the driving public and law enforcement personnel and by liberating this interaction from a link to manifest driving errors, foster this perception. KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368498 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626688 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE "STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ON TWO CONTINENTS" IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN, SEPTEMBER 18-20, 1991, PART 2: ROADSIDE SAFETY FEATURES; HUMAN ENGINEERING, TRAINING AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1991 SP - 278 p. AB - Papers presented at the seminar were as follows: Roadside Safety - A Knowledge-Based Approach, A. Ramache; Safety Barrier Systems in Germany and Temporary Steel-Safety-Barriers (Latest Developments), B.W. Wink; Side Impact Crash Testing of Highway Safety Hardware, J.F. Camey and M.H. Ray; Safety Assessment of Highway Designs, M.H. Ray and L.A. Troxel; Importance of Using a Range of Vehicle Weights When Testing a Crash Cushion, M.G. Dreznes and O.S. Denman; Reliability of Crash Tests Into Segmented Concrete Barriers, F.P.D. Navin, R. Thompson, M. MacNabb and D. Romilly; Safe Road Design as Limit State, F.P.D. Navin; International Harmonization of Test and Evaluation Procedures for Roadside Safety Features, H.W. Taylor; Occupant Risk by Different Severity Criteria, V. Giavotto; Proposed Guidelines for Testing and Evaluating Roadside Safety Features - An Update to NCHRP Report 230, H.E. Ross; Status of the European Work on Harmonizing Requirements and Test Procedures for Roadside Safety Features, J. Boussuge; Development of a Methodology for Measuring Improper Seat Belt Use, B.A. Grant, J.B. Pedder and N. Schewchenko; Mandatory Hazard Perception Testing as a Means of Reducing Casualty Crashes Amongst Novice Drivers, M. Hull; Eye Scanning Rules for Drivers - How Do They Compare With Actual Observed Eye Scanning Behavior?, H.T. Zwahlen; Effects of Moderate Heat on Driver Vigilance in a Moving Vehicle, D.P. Wyon and F. Norin; and Position Accuracy when Pushing Pushbuttons in a Car as a Function of Car Speed and Location: Implications for Design, H.T. Zwahlen and D. Kellmeyer. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Conferences KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Europe KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Guidelines KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Heat KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Instrument panel design KW - Instrument panels KW - International KW - International standards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - United States KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371347 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626690 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE "STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ON TWO CONTINENTS" IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN, SEPTEMBER 18-20, 1991, PART 6: LONG-TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PY - 1991 SP - 231 p. AB - Papers presented at the seminar were as follows: Early Evaluations of SHRP LTPP Data and Planning Sensitivity Analyses, J.B. Rauhut, P. Jordahl, M.I. Darter, N.F. Hawks, O. Pendleton and E. Owusu-Antwi; Specific Pavement Studies: Key Issues and Potential Products, A.N. Hanna and N.F. Hawks; Expected Changes to the AASHTO Design Guide, N.F. Hawks; Cost Effectiveness of Asphalt Concrete Overlays - The Canadian Approach, G.A. Sparks, D. Nesbitt and G. Williams; Long Term Pavement Performance Trials and Data Analysis in the United Kingdom, H.R. Kerali and J.F. Potter; SHRP-NL: A Research Project Parallel to SHRP, G.T.H. Sweere; Structural Assessment, Performance and Economic Maintenance of Minor Roads, J.R. Duffell; Treatment of Bearing Capacity Results, B. Leben and A. Petkovsek; Model of IRI for Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements, M. Poblete, P. Ceza, J. David, J. Gonzalez and P. Gutierrez; High Speed Road Deflection Tester, P.W. Arnberg, A.A. Holen and G. Magnusson; and PAVUE: A Real-Time Pavement Distress Analyzer, M.W. Burke, P.W. Arnberg and K. Raahs. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bearing capacity KW - Canada KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data analysis KW - Defects KW - Deflectometers KW - Evaluation KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway maintenance KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Roughness KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626692 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S., Inc. TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '91 SN - 0317050809 PY - 1991 SP - 96 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor buses for 1991. The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Production, Sales and Registrations; Ownership and Usage; and Economic and Social Impact. An index is provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626687 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE "STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ON TWO CONTINENTS" IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN, SEPTEMBER 18-20, 1991, PART 1: OPENING; MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEMS; ACCIDENT STUDIES AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT PY - 1991 SP - 262 p. AB - Papers presented at the seminar were as follows: Getting SHRP's Products Into Practice, D.J. Kulash; Federal Highway Administration's Role in SHRP Product Implementation, E.D. Carlson; Research Collaboration: New European Initiatives, D.F. Comelius; Changes in Driver Behaviour as a Function of Handsfree Mobile Phones: A Simulator Study, H. Alm and L. Nilsson; Variable-Message Signs: Legibility and Recognition of Symbols, M. Colomb, R. Hubert, V. Carta, M. Bry and Dore-Picard; Man and His Wheel: Cognitive and Perceptual Aspects, M. Wierda; Measuring Effects of Variable Message Signing on Route-Choice and Driving Behaviour, R. van der Horst, W. Janssen and J.E. Korteling; Acceptance and Benefits of the Berlin Route Guidance and Information System (LISB), J.M. Sparmann; Automobile Navigation Safety Issues, R.L. French; Economic Appraisal and Ranking of Road Safety Measures, K-O. Hedman; Traffic Safety on Two Continents - A Ten-Year Analysis of Human and Vehicular Involvements, R. Lamm and E.M. Choueiri; Description and Testing of a Side Impact Protection System, J. Ivarsson; Methodology for the Development of Collision Avoidance Strategies Based on Accident Data, K.L. Campbell and D.L. Massie; Critical View of Traffic Safety Management in a Developing Country: A Case Study of Jordan, N.M. Katamine and M.A.S. Hiyassat; Comprehensive Safety Management, M.S. Collins; Future of Road Traffic Management: Urgent Global Harmonization Will Affect All Governments, A.R. Olin; Implications of Litigation for Safety Research, P.R. Knaff; and Impact of Litigation on the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Safety Program, S.E. Wermcrantz. KW - Behavior KW - Cellular telephones KW - Conferences KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Developing countries KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Europe KW - Highway safety KW - Impact protection KW - International KW - Jordan KW - Legibility KW - Litigation KW - Navigation KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Perception KW - Research KW - Route choice KW - Route guidance KW - Safety management KW - Side crashes KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Symbols KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626689 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE "STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ON TWO CONTINENTS" IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN, SEPTEMBER 18-20, 1991, PART 5: ASPHALT; HIGHWAY OPERATIONS AND CONCRETE AND STRUCTURES PY - 1991 SP - 271 p. AB - Papers presented at the seminar were as follows: Asphalt Model: Results of the SHRP Asphalt Research Program, D.R. Jones and T.W. Kennedy; SHRP Asphalt-Aggregate Mix Analysis System (AAMAS), T.W. Kennedy, R.J. Cominsky, E.T. Harrigan and R.B. Leahy; Investigation of Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions and Their Sensitivity to Water, C.W. Curtis, L.M. Perry and C.J. Brannan; Thermal Fatigue Cracking of Asphalt Concrete Pavements - An Experimental Approach, N.M. Jackson, T.S. Vinson and V. Janoo; Development of Test Methods for a Performance-Related Bitumen Specification, D.A. Anderson and D.W. Christensen; Characterization of Asphalt by NMR Spectroscopy and High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography, P.W. Jennings, J.A.S. Pribanic, M.A. Desando, M.F. Raub, R. Moats, T.M. Mendes, J.O. Hoberg, M.A. Smith and F.F. Stewart; Asphalt Research in the Netherlands, P.C. Hopman, P.A.J.C. Kunst, A.C. Pronk, J.M.M. Molenaar and A.A.A. Molenaar; Closed Track Testing of Maintenance Work Zone Safety Devices, F.R. Hanscom; Innovative Materials for Pavement Surface Repairs, S. Shah; MINSALT - A 5-Year Study to Minimize the Negative Effects of Salt, K. Gustafson and G. Oeberg; DEICING SALT - Its Use and Effect on Road Safety and the Living Conditions of Roadside Trees and Shrubs, S. Giesa; Improving Concrete Pavements Through SHRP Research, A.N. Hanna and I. Jawed; Optimization of Highway Concrete Through Combined Use of Particle Packing Modelling, Rheological Studies, Computer Simulations and Compaction Simulations, J. Holm and P.J. Andersen; High-Performance Road-Surfacing Concrete with Good Resistance to Wear by Tyre Studs, M. Nilsson; and Maintenance and Repair of Highway Concrete Bridges: A Case Study, I. Al-Babtain and A.M. Abbas. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Durability KW - Environmental impacts KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Research KW - Shrubs KW - Specifications KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Trees KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371348 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626693 JO - Nordic Road and Transport Research PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - AIRBAGS SAVE LIVES: BUT THE PRICE IS HIGH PY - 1991 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-11 AB - This article summarizes VTT Research Note "Airbags and Their Potential in Finnish Motor Crashes", by D. Sleet and V-P. Kallberg. Airbags may have prevented the death of 40-50 people of the total of 322 drivers and front seat passengers of cars and vans who were killed in traffic crashes in Finland in 1989. This conclusion resulted from an analysis of the case-study material of the Finnish Road Accident Investigation Teams. The price of airbags in Finland, however, would have to go down to about one fifth of the present 10,000-16,000 FIM (2,400-3,900 U.S. dollars) apiece before airbags could be considered cost-beneficial. The price of passenger airbags should go down to less than one tenth of the present value. KW - Air bags KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Prices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371350 ER - TY - SER AN - 00626681 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LARGE VEHICLE SAFETY: TRANSIT AND TRUCKS 1991 SN - 0309051622 PY - 1991 IS - 1322 SP - 75 p. AB - This Transportation Research Record contains the following papers: Impact of Seat Belts on the Structure of a Typical Transit Bus, R.A. Dusseau, S. Khasnabis, and T.J. Dombrowski; Safety Implications of Seat Belts on Transit Buses, S. Khasnabis, R.A. Dusseau, and T.J. Dombrowski; Analysis of Bus Transit Accidents: Empirical, Methodological, and Policy Issues, P.P. Jovanis, J.L. Schofer, P. Prevedouros, and K. Tsunokawa; Random Drug Testing Under Constraints on Subsample Sizes, S.R. Lerman; Exploratory Analysis of Motor Carrier Accident Risk and Daily Driving Patterns, P.P. Jovanis, T. Kaneko, and T-D. Lin; Data from TRB-Proposed National Monitoring System and Procedures for Analysis of Truck Accident Rates, T. Chira-Chavala; Accident Rates of Multiunit Combination Vehicles Derived from Large-Scale Data Bases, R.D. Mingo, J.R. Esterlitz, and B.L. Mingo, with Discussion by W.D. Glauz and Authors' Closure; and Differential Truck Accident Rates for Michigan, R.W. Lyles, K.L. Campbell, D.F. Blower, and P. Stamatiadis. KW - Accident risks KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Driving KW - Driving patterns KW - Drug tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Random breath tests KW - Random drug testing KW - Risk assessment KW - School buses KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1991/1322/1322.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626679 AU - Harris, S AU - WEGMAN, FCM AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - IS MY COUNTRY SAFER THAN OTHERS? A COMPARISON OF ROAD SAFETY DATA BETWEEN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES PY - 1991 SP - 15 p. AB - This paper illustrates clearly that the answer to the question: "Which is the safest country in the world?" cannot be given easily. It depends on which indicator is used and which indicator should be used best depends on what to compare. The presented results, which compare international road safety data, indicate remarkable differences between countries even when the motorisation is more or less the same. However, international comparison on an aggregated level can be considered as a signal and perhaps as a warning. International comparison is only a starting point. The next step is to explain why countries differ. Such understanding is an important first step towards safer countries. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - International UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626649 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - ENFORCEMENT AND REWARDING: STRATEGIES AND EFFECTS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD SAFETY SYMPOSIUM IN COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, SEPTEMBER 19-21, 1990 SN - 9090043217 PY - 1991 SP - 168 p. AB - Contents: Welcome, H. Engell; Opening address, B.E. Horn; Incentive programmes for promoting safer driving (Opening speech by Keynote speaker), G.H. Bower; Modifying individual road user behaviour, A.R. Hale; Reducing drinking-driving by individuals through enforcement, H.L. Ross; The modification of individual road user behaviour, R. Fuller; A behaviour change taxonomy for improving road safety, E.S. Geller and T.D. Ludwig; Speed limits, enforcement and other factors influencing speed, G. Nilsson; Selective enforcement of speeding behaviour in built-up areas, A.J. Rooijers and R.A. de Bruin; The effects of speed enforcement on individual road user behaviour and accidents, E. Ostvik and R. Elvik; Automatic policing and information systems, J.A. Rothengatter; The effects of enforcement and rewards on safety-belt use: a field study in the Netherlands, M.P. Hagenzieker; Increasing the use of seat belts through selective traffic enforcement programmes, B.A. Grant, R.J. Wilson, and C. Dussault; Corporate incentive programmes: an application of utility theories, W. Janssen; Comments on Session 1: Modifying individual road user behaviour, K. Rumar; Conclusions and recommendations by the rapporteurs of Session 1, P.E. Barjonet and M. Salusjarvi; Influencing individual and group safety values and norms, W. Schneider; Normative behaviour is unattractive if it is abnormal: relationships between norms, attitudes and traffic law, J.A. Rothengatter; Police surveillance methods and police resource allocation models, A.S. Hakkert, A. Yelinek, and E. Efrat; Police enforcement and road user behaviour, P.C. Noordzij and M.P.M. Mathijssen; Automobile advertising and traffic safety: points of conflict and integration possibilities, I. Pfafferott; Conclusions and recommendations by the rapporteurs of Session 2, E. Ostvik and B. Grant; Incentives for corporate and political behavior, B.J. Campbell; Evaluation of a stimulation plan for municipalities in the Netherlands, F.C.M. Wegman, J.A. van Selm, and M. Herweyer; The behaviour of public bodies and the delivery of road safety, E. Hauer; Road safety legislation - persuasion as an alternative to enforcement, P.D. Joslin; Rewarding in insurance: return of part of premium after a claim-free period, T. Vaaje; Issues that remain: Commentary on Session 3, G.J. Wilde; Closing speech, G. Aurbach. Papers in a foreign language are not listed above. KW - Advertising KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic policing KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Insurance KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Modifications KW - Normative behavior KW - Police KW - Rewards KW - Safety KW - Selective traffic enforcement program KW - Social values KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626643 AU - ROBINSON, M D AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - ALCOHOL RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC CRASH STUDY, MICHIGAN, JANUARY-DECEMBER 1990 PY - 1991 SP - 19 p. AB - This report presents and analyzes statistics on alcohol/drug related fatal motor vehicle accidents in Michigan for the year 1990. Some highlights from the report are as follows: There were 660 alcohol/drug related fatal traffic accidents out of a total of 1,396 fatal traffic accidents, or 47.3%, during the year 1990. Those 660 alcohol/drug related fatal traffic accidents claimed a total of 738 lives, or 47.2% of the total highway fatalities. A total of 2,186 drivers were involved in fatal traffic accidents; 29.7%, or 649, of those drivers involved in fatal traffic accidents had been drinking or using drugs. Of the 2,186 drivers who were involved in fatal accidents, 1,005 drivers, or 46.0%, had blood alcohol concentration (BAC) tests performed. Of the 941 drivers who received BAC tests and for which results were determined, 412, or 43.8%, exceeded .10% by weight, the legal presumptive level. Young drivers, aged 24 years and under, accounted for 30.9% of all drinking/drugged drivers in fatal accidents. Results show that the younger drinking drivers had lower levels of alcohol in their blood, yet they had higher involvement in fatal accidents. This strongly suggests that young drivers are more vulnerable to traffic accidents when drinking is involved. Other statistics in this report show alcohol/drug related fatal accidents by accident type, by month, by time of day/day of week, by hazardous action by driver, and by county. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Counties KW - Crash types KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Michigan KW - Periods of the day KW - Statistics KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368306 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623544 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THIRD EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH, APRIL 26-27, 1990: OPENING SESSION, METHODOLOGY SESSION, ROAD SESSION, VEHICLE SESSION, AND USER SESSION PY - 1991 IS - 366A SP - 146 p. AB - Papers presented at the workshop were as follows: Safety Research in an Individual and Societal Perspective - A Look at the Future, R. Johansson - Comments, G. Grayson; In Depth Investigation, H.E. Pettersson - Comments, U. Engel and Y. Girard; Simulators in Safety Studies, L. Harms - Comments, W. Janssen and W-D. Kappler; Road Surface and Safety, R. Schandersson - Comments, H. Peltola; Traffic Safety at Junctions, U. Brude - Comments, F. Saad and R. Elvik; Safety on Motorways, G. Nilsson - Comments, B. Roszbach; Aggressiveness and Accident Avoidance Properties of Heavy Freight Vehicles, L. Strandberg - Comments, P. Hamelin; Daytime Running Lights, G. Helmers - Comments, J. Lindeijer; Driver Education, N.P. Gregersen - Comments, G. Overskeid; Elderly Drivers, I.M. Bernhoft - Comments, L. Hakamies-Blomqvist and W. Klemenjak; and Effects of Up-to-Date Street Lighting on Road Safety, J. Sztraka. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Aged drivers KW - Aggression KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Driver education KW - Europe KW - Evaluation KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training simulators KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623543 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - GREGERSEN, N P AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - YOUNG DRIVERS: SAFETY PROBLEMS AND EFFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL MEASURES T2 - UNGA BILFORARE: SAKERHETSPROBLEM OCH EFFEKTER AV UTBILDNINGSATGARDER PY - 1991 IS - 368 SP - 77 p. AB - The purpose of this state-of-the-art report is to review the existing literature concerning driver education and its safety effects. The purpose is also to point out some of the possibilities of driver education in the future, based on the scientific knowledge of today. The report is written on commission from the Swedish Parliamentary Committee KK 2000. A major part of the report deals with young drivers, their problems, and experience from educational measures for decreasing their high accident risk. The problems of these drivers are divided into three main groups: Age-related problems, such as lifestyle, social norms, etc.; Experience-related problems, such as cognitive overload, relations between formal and informal traffic rules, etc.; and Young drivers' risk-taking and risk evaluation and the relation between subjective risk and subjective skill. Based on these three groups of problems, international experience of the safety effects of driver education is reviewed and discussed. Among these measures are graduated licensing, curfew rules, professional and private education, age limits for practicing car driving and for licensing drivers, the role of secondary school for attitudes and norms, etc. The conclusions are that young driver problems are not so much a matter of lack of knowledge and skill. They are merely a problem of cognitive overload and lack of experience on the one hand and of age-related matters, such as lifestyle, social norms and risk evaluation, on the other. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Driver education KW - Driver experience KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Guides to the literature KW - Life styles KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor skills KW - Risk taking KW - State of the art studies KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623510 AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS, 1991 EDITION SN - 0-87912-159-9 PY - 1991 SP - 112 p. AB - This 1991 Edition of "Accident Facts" presents statistics on accidents for the year 1990 and, in some cases, statistics from previous years for comparative purposes. The data are organized by the following categories: All Accidents; Work Accidents; Occupational Health; Motor-Vehicle Accidents; Public Accidents; Home Accidents; Farm Resident Accidents; and Environmental Health. Also provided are a list of other sources of accident data, a glossary, and an index. The section on Motor-Vehicle Accidents contains statistics on the following: How people died; Principal classes; Trends; State laws; Alcohol; Occupant protection; Speed; Age, sex of driver; Time of day; Day of week; Month and day; Type, location, age, urban/rural; Vehicle movement; Improper driving; Type of vehicle; Motorcycles; Pedestrians; Pedalcyclists; Holidays; Residence; Nations; Death rates by state; Deaths and rates by state; School bus accidents; Deaths and rates, historical; Estimating costs; Type of accident, historical; Part of body injured; Type and location, historical; Deaths and rates by age, historical; Emergency vehicles; City traffic deaths; and Fleet accident rates. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Bicycles KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Moving violations KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623512 JO - Publication of: AB Svensk Bilprovning PB - AB Svensk Bilprovning AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS. PERIODIC INSPECTIONS 1990. MAKE BY MAKE ACCOUNT OF THE DEFECTS IN PASSENGER CARS OF THE 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986 AND 1988 MODELS PY - 1991 SP - 176 p. AB - This 1991 edition of "Weak Points of Cars" contains, as does previous editions, a review of the annual inspection results for the most common passenger car models in Sweden. New items in this year's report are information about fuel consumption, comparison figures related to the exhaust emissions, costs for certain repairs, survival figures from the vehicle register for twelve-year-old vehicles, and a short history of the make on the Swedish market. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623555 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1991 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1991 SP - 49 p. AB - This publication provides a comprehensive source of motorcycle statistics. Included are statistics on market volume, manufacturers and distributors, the retail marketplace, motorcycle usage, and the motorcycle owner. Scooters and all terrain vehicles are included; mopeds and nopeds are excluded. Other national motorcycle organizations and State motorcycle dealers associations are listed and a subject index is provided. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Distributors KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Industries KW - Market research KW - Market volume KW - Marketing KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Retail trade KW - Sales KW - Scooters KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623556 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1990 PY - 1991 SP - 43 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1990. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and Historical Trends; Geographic Location (Accidents by counties, cities, state highways); Accident Descriptions (Accidents by type, time, day, month, multi-vehicle, lighting conditions, weather, road conditions, and road characteristics); Motor Vehicle and Driver Characteristics (Registration, vehicle type, physical condition, licensed drivers, age of drivers, driver errors, killed and injured by vehicle type, sex of driver, and residence of driver); Alcohol-Related Accidents (Age of drivers, type of accident, road conditions, lighting conditions, month, time, and day); Pedestrian and Pedalcyclist (Age, sex, victim actions, physical condition, history); Motorcycle Accidents (Age, physical conditions, helmets, accident type, time, week, month); and School Bus Accidents (Injuries, fatalities, history). KW - Age KW - Arizona KW - Bicycles KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road conditions KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363399 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623505 JO - Publication of: Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - VALTONEN, J AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - THE USE OF SAFETY BELTS AND THEIR EFFECT IN ACCIDENTS: 1987 AMENDMENT TO THE SAFETY BELT ACT AND THE USE OF SAFETY BELTS; ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN FATALITIES DURING THE YEARS 1985-1989 SN - 951-560-070-7 PY - 1991 SP - 57 p. AB - On 1st November 1987, the compulsory use of safety belts in Finland was extended to cover passengers in the back seats of private cars as well as van drivers and accompanying passengers. This report presents the results of follow-up surveys on safety belt use carried out by the Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland and the Mobile Police in connection with the amendment to the law. When the law came into force, the use of safety belts by back seat passengers in private cars increased from 27% to 67%. There was also an increase in the use of child safety belts and seats from about 40% to around 80%. The report also sought to determine the effect of safety belt use on personal injuries to persons on the basis of accidents resulting in fatalities which were studied by road accident investigation teams between 1985 and 1989. No fewer than 326 fatalities in private cars and 23 fatalities in vans could have been averted over this five-year study period if all the passengers in these vehicles had been using safety belts and all the children had been sitting in child safety seats. Annually, this would have meant the saving of 70 lives and a 23% decline in the number of fatalities in these vehicles. It was not possible in the report to ascertain precisely what effect the amendment to the Safety Belt Act had on the number of fatalities in road accidents. This stemmed from the fact that there was a significant change in traffic safety during the five-year period in question. Traffic safety can be improved by increasing the use of safety belts. The report suggests that the use of safety belts can be increased not only by improving public awareness and monitoring procedures but also by means of technical solutions. KW - Automobiles KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623509 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1990 PY - 1991 SP - 43 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1990. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and historical trends; Geographic location (Accidents by counties, cities, state highways); Accident descriptions (Accidents by type, time, day, month, multi-vehicle, lighting conditions, weather, road conditions, and road characteristics); Motor vehicle and driver characteristics (Registration, vehicle type, physical condition, licensed drivers, age of drivers, driver errors, killed and injured by vehicle type, sex of driver, and residence of driver); Alcohol-related accidents (Age of drivers, type of accident, road conditions, lighting conditions, month, time, and day); Pedestrian and pedalcyclist (Age, sex, victim actions, physical condition, and history); Motorcycle accidents (Age, physical conditions, helmets, accident type, time, week, month); and School bus accidents (Injuries, fatalities, history). KW - Age KW - Arizona KW - Bicycles KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road conditions KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363350 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623545 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - DAHLSTEDT, S AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - WARNING DEVICES FOR EMERGENCY VEHICLES--A LITERATURE REVIEW T2 - LARMANORDNINGAR FOR UTRYCKNINGSFORDON--EN LITTERATURSTUDIE PY - 1991 IS - 327 SP - 45 p. AB - The literature concerning the design, and the effects, of acoustical and optical warning devices for emergency vehicles was reviewed. The available results do not indicate a single clear-cut, "optimal", signalling device, but can at least be interpreted as indicating some possibilities for improvements of the present system. Due to some inherent disadvantages with conventional sound and light signalling it is suggested that, in order to obtain any major effects on the safety and effectiveness of emergency vehicles, some new measures and solutions should be considered. KW - Acoustics KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Optics KW - Safety KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366397 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00622665 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1991 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 44 p. AB - This is the first issue of "Auto & Traffic Safety", the NHTSA technical journal designed for people whose occupations or interests bring them squarely into the motor vehicle and highway safety arena. It seeks to serve professionals dedicated to reducing crashes and crash consequences. Through this journal, NHTSA seeks to improve the communication of research results and thus save more lives. This issue contains the following four technical papers: The Costs of Motor Vehicle Injuries, B.M. Faigin; Lower Alcohol Levels, Driver Impairment and Crash Risk, M.B. Snyder; Simulated Head Impacts with Upper Interior Structures Using Rigid and Anatomic Brain Models, F. DiMasi, R.H. Eppinger, H.C. Gabler, III, and J.H. Marcus; and Evaluation of the Conspicuity of Daytime Running Lights, M. Perel. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Brain KW - Costs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622642 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1990 TO DECEMBER 31, 1990 PY - 1991 SP - 98 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related defect recall campaigns during calendar year 1990 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 156 recall campaigns involving 4,070,141 domestic motor vehicles, 50 recall campaigns involving 1,916,003 foreign motor vehicles, 42 recall campaigns involving 11,227,560 units of domestic equipment, 3 recall campaigns involving 434,483 units of foreign equipment, 13 recall campaigns involving 171,784 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622643 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1991 TO MARCH 31, 1991 PY - 1991 SP - 51 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related defect recall campaigns during the first quarter of 1991 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 36 recall campaigns involving 1,247,502 domestic motor vehicles, 11 recall campaigns involving 221,059 foreign motor vehicles, 7 recall campaigns involving 1,751,505 units of domestic equipment, no recall campaigns involving foreign equipment, 7 recall campaigns involving 140,016 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622675 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. APRIL 1, 1991 TO JUNE 30, 1991 PY - 1991 SP - 74 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related defect recall campaigns during the second quarter of 1991 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 46 recall campaigns involving 1,109,885 domestic motor vehicles, 18 recall campaigns involving 206,911 foreign motor vehicles, 20 recall campaigns involving 3,132,580 units of domestic equipment, 2 recall campaigns involving 600,178 units of foreign equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 7 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363054 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620515 JO - Publication of: Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - Rajalin, S AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - "SLOWLY" DRIVING MOTORISTS SN - 951-560-065-0 PY - 1991 SP - 38 p. AB - Differences in the speeds of motor vehicles represent a safety hazard in traffic. In order to clarify the reasons for driving slowly and social interaction between motorists caused by slow driving, interview data were gathered from slowly driving motorists (77 drivers) and comparison data from other motorists (77 drivers). The material was gathered by police working from unmarked cars in the normal course of their traffic supervision duties on Helsinki, Tampere, Turku and Lahti highways between October and December 1989. A slowly driving motorist was defined as a driver who constantly maintained a speed of 68 km/h or lower in an 80 km/h speed zone or a speed of 86 km/h or lower in a 100 km/h speed zone. Only those motorists whose slow driving could not be attributed to any apparent factor (e.g., an 80 km speed plate, a loaded roof rack, or towing a trailer) were included in the data. A larger proportion of the slowly driving motorists were women than in the comparison motorists. They were also older than the comparison motorists. Almost all the slowly driving motorists were in private cars owned by themselves or relatives. The cars were older than those of the comparison motorists. The annual mileage driven by the slowly driving motorists was significantly smaller than that of the comparison motorists. For the motorists in question, slow driving is a conscious choice which they have made on the basis of driving pleasure, safety and vehicle-related considerations. Uncertainty about the handling of the vehicle, responsibility for the safety of accompanying passengers, and the safety of slow driving influenced more women to drive slowly than men. More than a half said that they always drove slowly, and the remainder said that they had some particular reason for driving slowly on the trip in question. The permanently slowly driving motorists emphasized especially the safety and pleasantness of driving slowly. About a half of the slowly driving motorists were leading a queue of vehicles at the time they were stopped by the police. Although almost all of the slowly driving motorists (92%) thought that it was right to give way to faster driving motorists behind them, only less than a half of the lead cars in the queues tried to give others opportunities to overtake them. Drivers who overtook dangerously or drove too closely behind disturbed the slowly driving motorists. About a quarter felt that they were being pressured to change their driving habits. A third of the comparison drivers admitted that they deliberately tried to disturb slowly driving motorists. About a third of the slowly driving motorists and a half of the comparison motorists thought that slow driving had given rise to hazardous situations in traffic. The report proposes measures by which traffic interaction and the risk caused by speed differences could be influenced. KW - Age KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Following distance KW - Following distance, of vehicles KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Interviewing KW - Passing KW - Queuing KW - Risk assessment KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Surveys KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic interaction KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579379 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF MEDIUM & HEAVY TRUCK CRASHES IN 1989 PY - 1991 SP - 42 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/337799 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719438 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED TRAFFIC FATALITIES - UNITED STATES, 1982-1989 PY - 1990/12/14 VL - 39 IS - 49 SP - p. 889-891 AB - Traffic crashes are the leading cause of death in the United States for all age groups from 1 through 34 years. Almost half of all traffic fatalities are alcohol-related, and an estimated 40% of all persons in the United States may be involved in an alcohol-related traffic crash sometime during their lives. This report summarizes data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatal Accident Reporting System on trends in alcohol-related traffic fatalities in the United States during 1982-1989. Briefly, it is reported that, from 1982 through 1989, the estimated number of fatalities in crashes in which at least one driver or nonoccupant was intoxicated decreased 12%, from 20,356 to 17,849. During the same period, the estimated number of intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes decreased 13%, from 16,793 to 14,644. The estimated number of drivers with low-level blood alcohol concentration (BAC) involved in fatal crashes decreased 9%, from 4,987 to 4,540; however, the percentage of total fatalities involving a driver or nonoccupant with a low-level BAC remained between 10% and 11%. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082935 AU - Shinar, David AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Impact of Court Monitoring on DWI Adjudication PY - 1990/12//Final Report SP - 52p AB - Court monitoring of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) cases is a labor intensive effort conducted by over 300 concerned citizen groups across the U.S. The present project assessed the impact of court monitoring by analyzing the difference in court dispositions (guilty, not guilty, and dismissed) and case outcomes (jail, fine, and license suspension) between monitored cases and non-monitored cases. The data base for this study consisted of the court-tried 9137 DWI arrests in the State Of Maine within-one calendar year (1987). The results demonstrated that court monitoring is an effective tool in affecting the adjudication process. In the presence of court monitors the conviction rates of DWI offenders are higher and their case dismissal rates are lower than those of drivers not court monitored. Furthermore, once convicted, the likelihood of a jail sentence is higher and the length of the jail sentence is longer for court-monitored DWI drivers than for non-monitored drivers. KW - Adjudication KW - Conviction rates KW - Court monitoring KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Jails KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25876/DOT-HS-807-678.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607660 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM ADVISORIES PY - 1990/12 SP - 99 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation is charged to reduce the number of crashes, injuries, and fatalities on the nation's highways. NHTSA has directed its resources and energies to develop and implement a strategic "Program Priority Plan." One objective in this plan is to provide current information on effective program content for States to use in producing and assessing their traffic safety programs. This report contains the six Highway Safety Program Advisories that have been developed by NHTSA. The Program Advisories cover each of NHTSA's National 402 Priority Program areas: impaired driving, occupant protection, motorcycle safety, traffic records, police traffic services, and emergency medical services. These Advisories reflect the experience of States in traffic safety program content and highlight state-of-the-art knowledge in highway safety. The Advisories are designed as "working" documents. When implemented as a whole, the components of the Advisories provide a framework for producing and assessing a balanced highway safety program and a tool with which States can assess their own programs. KW - Advisories KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Police KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - State of the art studies KW - States KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625495 AU - Morris, S W AU - Morris (SW) and Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOSTERING THE USE OF THE AUTO SAFETY HOTLINE FOR DEFECTS REPORTS: A FOCUS GROUP STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 160 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored a focus group study to (1) assess public perception of its Auto Safety Hotline and (2) test possible approaches for increasing public awareness. Heightened awareness will encourage the public to report possible auto safety defects, increasing NHTSA's ability to monitor, report and resolve such problems. The focus groups were conducted with participants from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area and from Denver, Colorado. Eight focus groups were held, four with the general public and four with people who had called the Hotline. Preliminary tests of messages about the Hotline indicate that the public would be most likely to respond to a message that demonstrates how the Hotline helps and protects drivers and passengers. No member of the general public knew about the Hotline, while callers had heard of it when trying to resolve automobile problems. Thus, NHTSA must undertake a long-term publicity campaign that introduces the Hotline to the general public and maintains public awareness of it. KW - Auto safety hotline KW - Automobiles KW - Awareness KW - Defects KW - Publicity KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620465 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Moffatt, C A AU - Mitter, E L AU - Martinez, R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PELVIC FRACTURES CRASH VEHICLE INDICATORS PY - 1990/12 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - p. 561-569 AB - Fracture of the pelvis often results in major hemorrhage and even death in victims of motor vehicle trauma. In the hospital emergency department, diagnosing a fracture of the pelvis is difficult because the patient may be unconscious or disoriented, have multisystem injury, may not demonstrate bruising or other physical findings, and because the attendant bleeding is often retroperitoneal. This paper develops information from a diagnostic source that is currently almost unused: the vehicle. Accident statistics files from the National Accident Sampling System are used to relate pelvic fractures and dislocations with vehicle information. Collision type, occupant seating position, intrusion, entrapment, restraint use, age, and sex are analyzed as they bear upon the likelihood of pelvic fracture. Linear discriminant analysis is used to form simple equations that predict whether the patient will have a fracture or dislocation of the pelvis. KW - Age KW - Crash types KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Dislocations KW - Entrapment KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Intrusion KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Pelvis KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607666 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM 1989. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON POLICE-REPORTED TRAFFIC CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1990/12 SP - 156 p. AB - This is the second annual report of overall crash statistics produced from data collected by the General Estimates System (GES). This report presents estimates of selected national characteristics about the approximate 6,600,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes that occurred in the United States in 1989. While the data presented are not intended to be an exhaustive look at every aspect of crashes, they are an overview of many of the factors involved in the Nation's crashes. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes which occur annually. These crashes include those which result in a fatality or injury and those involving major property damage. The data in this report are arranged in three sections. Section I, Crashes, describes general characteristics of crashes such as when and how often did crashes occur, where did crashes occur, and what happened during the crash. Section II, Vehicles, concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in cashes, their action prior to a crash, and the damage to the vehicle caused by the crash. Section III, People, presents statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians and pedal-cyclists, including age, sex, alcohol involvement and injury severity. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607661 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE USE OF SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS FOR IMPAIRED DRIVING ENFORCEMENT PY - 1990/11 SP - 22 p. AB - Sobriety checkpoints have been a valuable tool for law enforcement's continuing fight to remove impaired drivers from the road. The purpose of the checkpoint is twofold; to apprehend impaired drivers at the physical location of the checkpoint; and secondly, to increase the "risk of apprehension" in those who might decide to drive while impaired. The legality of checkpoints has been questioned on numerous occasions in the courts. The rulings indicate that certain standards must be upheld when operating checkpoints. This report has compiled the court ruled requirements and put them together in the form of guidelines. The guidelines can be used by police agencies to formulate individual policies governing the use of sobriety checkpoints. This will put a degree of uniformity in the operation of sobriety checkpoints and give departments much needed information on the requirements and procedures they should use. This report comes at a time when many agencies are reinstituting sobriety checkpoints. The report contains guidelines to govern the establishment of departmental policy and procedure; a briefing guide that can be used for personnel staffing the checkpoints; a set of questions that can be utilized on questionnaires for public comment and feedback; and, a model policy which can be adopted by individual departments. KW - Drunk driving KW - Guidelines KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Policy KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Standardization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5919/checkpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350918 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620463 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Nakayama, D K AU - Gardner, M J AU - Rogers, K D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - DISABILITY FROM BICYCLE-RELATED INJURIES IN CHILDREN PY - 1990/11 VL - 30 IS - 11 SP - p. 1390-94 AB - Bicycle crashes are a major cause of injuries in childhood. The goal of this study was to determine the long-term disabilities caused by bicycle-related injuries, and to clarify the long-term treatment priorities of injured children. Hospital records of 372 children (ages 2-15 yr, median 9 yr; 232 boys and 140 girls) admitted with bicycle-related injuries from 1979 through 1986 provided clinical information, social service visits, in-hospital and outpatient rehabilitative interventions, and physical status at discharge. More complete evaluations were made by contacting parents by telephone (82 children), and by personal interview and physical examinations (27). Head injuries predominated (69.1%). Twelve (3.2%) died, all from major head injuries. Four suffered permanent severe impairment from cervical spinal injuries and head injuries and remain institutionalized (1.4%). One third had a persistent disability noted at the time of discharge in the medical record (33.6%), reported by telephone interview (31.7%), or confirmed by physical examination (37.0%). Still, only 11.0% received physical therapy consultations during hospitalization, and 22.8% received social service assistance. Only 39.0% were seen by a surgeon or pediatrician after discharge, and few (7.3%) received outpatient physical therapy. Cognitive or behavior changes were noted in 31.7%, many noting changes in school performance (worse in 20.7%), behavior (13.4%), and sleep, particularly nightmares (34.1%). Recurrent injuries occurred in 52 children (14.4%), of whom ten (2.8%) required further hospital admission. Bicycle-related injuries cause significant short- and long-term disabilities among children. When protocols for the rehabilitative care of injured children are absent, relatively few children receive an organized program of rehabilitative care or social services either during hospitalization or after discharge. Because this neglect of rehabilitative care may limit full recovery, a trauma center must provide rehabilitative and social services to all children with major injuries of all causes and their families. KW - Behavior KW - Bicycles KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Disabling injury KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury characteristics KW - Long term KW - Medical disability KW - Medical treatment KW - Physical disabilities KW - Physical therapy KW - Service agencies KW - Social service KW - Spinal column KW - Strategic planning KW - Time duration KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579145 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 315resented CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1984 OLDSMOBILE DELTA 88 2-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1990/11 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oldsmobile automobile KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611083 AU - Parsons, G G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE FIRES IN TRAFFIC CRASHES AND THE EFFECTS OF THE FUEL SYSTEM INTEGRITY STANDARD. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 282 p. AB - To reduce fatalities and injuries due to fire in motor vehicle crashes, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 301 was issued. This Standard, which applies to passenger cars, light trucks, and school buses, prescribes impact test requirements aimed at reducing the chances of fuel-fed fires caused by fuel system breaching in vehicle crashes. This study is an evaluation of the effectiveness, benefits, and costs of fuel system improvements made in response to the Standard. It is based on analysis of on-road crash data from 5 States, FARS, and on information supplied by automobile manufacturers. The study found that: Standard 301 has reduced fires in passenger car crashes; the effect on burn injuries is uncertain; fatalities were not affected. For light trucks, no fire reduction was found. Fires in school bus crashes were too sparse for reliable assessment. Fires in fatal passenger car crashes have increased, primarily due to an aging vehicle fleet. Fire risk increases with vehicle age. The contributions of fire and impact forces in causing death and injury cannot be separated in crash data files. The consumer cost of FMVSS 301 ranges from $9.70 for passenger cars to $234 for Type I (conventional) school buses. KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - School buses KW - Service life KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356002 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611071 JO - Publication of: Department of Transport, Australia PB - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Reark Research Pty Limited AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TO ROAD SAFETY: COMMUNITY ATTITUDES SURVEY WAVE V SN - 0 642 51012 1 PY - 1990/11 SP - 79 p. AB - In June 1990, the fifth in a series of national surveys on community attitudes to road safety was conducted. This report contains results from Wave V and, where possible, comparative results since 1986. Issues covered in the survey include causes of road crashes, perceptions of police enforcement of road rules, attitudes to drink driving and random breath testing, driving behaviour, seat belt use and views held regarding various road user groups. KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Behavior KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Perception KW - Police KW - Random breath tests KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358664 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610235 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Younger, J D AU - AAA Potomac TI - STRAIGHT ANSWERS ABOUT SAFETY SEATS AND AIRLINES PY - 1990/11 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - p. 10-12 AB - This article addresses the following questions about the use of child safety seats on commercial airliners: How important are safety seats on airplanes? Are safety seats required for kids on airliners? Even though safety seats are not required, may I still use one for my child? If I really want my child to ride in a safety seat, how can I ensure a spot? Should I ask for special seating arrangements in advance? May I use my child's regular car safety seat on the plane? KW - Air transportation KW - Child restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358347 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610236 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Kelleher, A AU - AAA Potomac TI - CHOOSING THE BEST JUMPER CABLES PY - 1990/11 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - p. 14-16 AB - Jumper cables should be among every car's emergency equipment. This article provides some guidelines on how to select jumper cables and how to use them safely. Length and "gauge" (the internal diameter, or thickness) of the wires are important, as well as choosing cables according to the size of the engine they may have to get started. Also important are insulation, cable clamp design, and jumper cable rating according to the SAE rating system. A seven-step method for using jumper cables correctly is presented. KW - Guidelines KW - Jumper cables KW - Selecting KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607667 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1990 TRAFFIC FATALITIES - SEMIANNUAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 41 p. AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1990. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980, 1983 and 1989. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Long term KW - Short term KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time duration KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25815/DOT-HS-807-666.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607659 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CATALOG, FISCAL YEAR 1991 PY - 1990/11 SP - 108 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation is charged with reducing crashes, injuries and fatalities on the nation's highways. In order to carry out this responsibility, NHTSA has developed its strategic "Program Priority Plan" and is working in partnership with the States to accomplish specific traffic safety goals over the next several years. This Catalog has been developed to present the technical guidance available through NHTSA to help achieve these national goals by providing support to State and community program efforts. The catalog identifies various services and technology transfer mechanisms which are available to assist States in developing and implementing highway safety programs. It is intended to be a manager's handbook to highway safety program technical assistance which is available through NHTSA. Each description of a technical assistance service includes: 1) the purpose; 2) special target groups; and 3) the type of assistance. The catalog is divided into the following nine major program areas: Impaired Driving; Occupant Protection; Motorcycle Programs; Pedestrian & Bicycle Safety; Traffic Records; Police Traffic Services; Emergency Medical Services; Youth Programs; and Program Assistance. KW - Adolescents KW - Bicycles KW - Catalogs KW - Development KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drivers KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Implementation KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607670 AU - Uelmen, D E AU - California Highway Patrol AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ENFORCEMENT: A GUIDE FOR POLICE TRAFFIC PERSONNEL PY - 1990/11 SP - 63 p. AB - This Guide contains information for law enforcement officers assigned to traffic duties about strategies for apprehending drivers of large trucks who commit hazardous moving violations. It provides officers with suggestions for verifying the driver's qualifications, hours-of-service record, use of safety belts, and sobriety during the enforcement stop. As traffic officers become proficient in applying the principles in the Guide, truck enforcement should become an integral part of their traffic duties. The Guide is available to police agencies that have ongoing commercial vehicle enforcement programs or as part of a traffic safety training curriculum about heavy truck enforcement. The Guide presents a somewhat complicated set of regulations and information in a simplified approach and was designed as a notebook/workbook to be used in conjunction with classroom and on-the-job training. It may also be used as a resource by officers who have already been trained in application of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and are familiar with commercial motor vehicle enforcement. The Guide is not voluminous and wordy, thereby encouraging officers to carry the Guide with them in their patrol cars after training, and to use it as a reference during enforcement contacts. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Law enforcement KW - Moving violations KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Regulations KW - State highway patrol KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350925 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601646 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OSHA TIGHTENS SAFETY BELTS ANOTHER NOTCH PY - 1990/11 VL - 90 IS - 6 SP - p. 21-22 AB - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has proposed mandatory safety belt use and driver training for more than 35 million workers who drive on the job. It is expected that this will save 465 to 684 lives each year. It will also help prevent between 22,221 and 31,635 lost workday injuries each year. It is noted that more than 36% of workplace fatalities are the result of vehicle accidents, and occupant safety belts can prevent nearly half of these deaths. The requirements of the proposed rule are listed. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Transportation Safety Board have launched a new coalition to support the use of administrative license revocation in the 21 states that do not have it. Areas that such a per se law should cover are also listed. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver training KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupational safety KW - Per se laws KW - Professional drivers KW - Revocation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348711 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601647 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WRONG SIGNALS PUT RIGHT PY - 1990/11 VL - 90 IS - 6 SP - p. 24-27 AB - In Texas, an unpublicized state program to report railroad crossing signal problems has contributed to a 24% decline in crossing accidents since 1983. The program allows individuals to report, using a toll-free number, any problems of train-activated rail-highway crossing signals to the Texas Department of Public Safety, which then reports malfunctions to appropriate railroads. Signs with the 1-800 number and a signal indentification number are posted on railroad crossings on state highways. It is a cooperative effort involving state, the public and the railroads, with the common goal of improving railway-highway safety. Recommendations are made for further research. KW - Mechanical failure KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626645 AU - PADMANABAN, J AU - LANGE, R C AU - RAY, R M AU - Curzon, A M AU - Cooperrider, N K AU - Failure Analysis Associates, Incorporated TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF FRONT SEAT OUTBOARD OCCUPANTS IN 1987-1989 MOTOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AUTOMATIC SEAT BELT SYSTEMS PY - 1990/10/19 SP - 94 p. AB - In August 1990, the Center for Auto Safety (CAS) petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to open a defect investigation limited to GM's door-mounted automatic seat belt design. The petition requested investigation of three specific problems alleged to exist with the GM design: (1) "Defective design" of the GM automatic belt system; (2) "Physical failure" of the automatic belt system; and (3) Lack of "integrity" of the door latch mechanism. The petition alleged that failures of the type listed above resulted in injury and death of occupants who were ejected during collisions in which they wore GM's automatic seat belts. GM asked Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. (FaAA) to assist in evaluating the allegations made by CAS in its August 1990 petition and to assist in re-evaluating the performance of GM's three-point, door-mounted automatic seat belts. Briefly, some of FaAA's findings are as follows: (1) The overall fatal vehicle involvement rate and the overall vehicle accident rates of the subject GM vehicles are generally comparable to those of the peer group vehicles. (2) Ejection rates for front seat outboard occupants, ejection rates with major consequences, and fatal injury ejections are similar between the subject GM vehicles and the peer vehicles for: belted occupants, unbelted occupants, and for all occupants regardless of belt use. (3) The likelihood of fatal or major injury to belted front seat outboard occupants in the subject GM vehicles is similar to or lower than the likelihood in peer group vehicles. (4) The ejection rate for belted front seat outboard occupants in the subject GM vehicles is not distinguishable from that of peer group vehicles. (5) The ejection rate for unbelted front seat outboard occupants in the subject GM vehicles is also not distinguishable from this ejection rate for peer group vheicles. (6) After examination of all available measures of occupant restraint performance, door latch performance, or the likelihood of front seat outboard occupant injury or ejection, no significant differences were found between the subject GM vehicles and the peer group vehicles. (7) GM's automatic seat belts are as effective as the manual seat belt systems installed in 1987 to 1989 GM cars in terms of reducing the likelihood of injury to belted front seat outboard occupants. KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Crash rates KW - Defects KW - Door latches KW - Ejection KW - Failure KW - Fatalities KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622650 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USAGE BEFORE AND AFTER ENACTMENT OF A MANDATORY USAGE ORDINANCE (LEXINGTON-FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 24 p. AB - In the absence of a statewide law, a local ordinance was passed by the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government mandating use of safety belts. The objective of this study was to conduct surveys before the ordinance was passed, during the implementation of the ordinance, and after the ordinance became effective on July 1, 1990. For each survey, observers collected data at 24 locations throughout Lexington. Data collected during each individual survey period were combined to give a usage rate for that survey period. Enactment of a mandatory safety belt ordinance in one county of a state where there is no statewide law was proven to be an effective means of increasing safety belt usage. Specifically, the usage rate for drivers increased from about 37% before enactment of the ordinance to approximately 76% in the two-month period after the effective date of the ordinance. The successful results obtained in Fayette County may be attributed to: 1) the efforts to educate the public about the new ordinance and the benefits of wearing safety belts and 2) the enforcement of the ordinance (214 citations written in July). KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Kentucky KW - Law enforcement KW - Local government KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ordinances KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607669 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Tippetts, A S AU - Marques, P R AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROVISIONAL DRIVER LICENSES SYSTEM FOR FOLLOW-UP EVALUATION OF MARYLAND YOUTH LICENSE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 24 p. AB - In 1985, the State of Maryland revised its Provisional Licensing Law to move back the beginning of the nighttime driving restriction from 1AM - 6AM to 12AM - 5AM and to increase the duration of the Provisional License from six months to one year. The original law, which went into effect in 1979, had led to a 5% reduction in accidents and a 10% reduction in convictions within the 16-17 year age group affected by the law. No effect on nighttime accidents was detected. The change in the law does not appear to have had any effect upon accidents or convictions generally, or upon nighttime accidents. Moving back the nighttime restriction and duration of the Provisional License neither improved upon nor detracted from the beneficial effects of the original law. Focus group discussions show police, parents, and Provisional Licensees to be favorably inclined toward the law, although they felt the nighttime driving restriction was often unobserved or encroached upon. Increasing the duration of the Provisional License from 6 to 12 months without increasing the upper age limit (18 years) may have been counterproductive since it reduced the extent to which acquisition of a regular license could be accelerated by a violation-free record, a provision believed to have contributed to the beneficial effect of the original law. KW - Convictions KW - Crashes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver licensing KW - Duration KW - Effectiveness KW - Follow up investigation KW - Laws KW - Maryland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Provisional licensing KW - Restrictions KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time duration KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625489 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 315 DEG CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1982 AUDI 5000 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1990/10 SP - 170 p. AB - Four 315 deg contoured moving barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1982 Audi 5000 4-door sedan, VIN, WAUGB043XCN061065, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. The following four tests were conducted on one vehicle: Test No. 900912-1, DATE: 9/12/90, time: 1330, 9.8 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 5.0 in.; Test No. 900912-2, DATE: 9/12/90, time 1500, 19.7 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 12.9 in.; Test No. 900913-1, DATE: 9/13/90, time: 1431, 19.9 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 20.2 in.; Test No. 900913-2, DATE: 9/13/90, time 1601, 45.0 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 35.8 in. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Damages KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Maximum cumulative crush KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625490 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270 DEG CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1984 AUDI 5000 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1990/10 SP - 131 p. AB - Four 270 deg contoured moving barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1984 Audi 5000 4-door sedan, VIN WAUFB0444EN099818, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. The following four tests were conducted on the vehicle: Test No. 900924-1, DATE: 9/24/90, time: 1108, 15.2 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 5.9 in.; Test No. 900924-2, DATE: 9/24/90, time: 1446, 20.1 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 10.7 in.; Test No. 900925-1, DATE: 9/25/90, time: 936, 20.0 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 16.8 in.; Test No. 900925-2, DATE: 9/25/90, time: 1139, 40.1 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 32.4 in. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Damages KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Maximum cumulative crush KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623511 AU - SWEATMAN, P AU - OGDEN, K AU - HAWORTH, N AU - PEARSON, R AU - Vulcan, P AU - Roads and Traffic Authority, New South Wales TI - HEAVY VEHICLE SAFETY ON MAJOR NSW HIGHWAYS: A STUDY OF CRASHES AND COUNTERMEASURES SN - 0 7240 8120 8 PY - 1990/10 SP - 26 p. AB - This report is a detailed summary of a study into heavy vehicle crashes in New South Wales, Australia. The study consisted of three parts. The first was a detailed investigation into fatal heavy vehicle crashes on the Pacific and Hume highways in 1988 and 1989; the second was a detailed examination of the Road Safety Bureau's traffic accident database for heavy vehicle crashes from 1982 to 1988; and the third was a detailed examination of relevant economic, travel and weather data from 1982 to 1988. The report is organized as follows: The NSW Heavy Vehicle Crash Problem (purpose of this report, background to the study, approach taken); Issues in Heavy Vehicle Safety; Examination of Traffic Accident Data 1982-1988; Economic Perspective; Factors in Heavy Vehicle Crashes; Countermeasures; Findings and Conclusions; and Outlook. KW - Contributing factors KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Economics KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - New South Wales KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622654 AU - ANDERSON, P AU - Rural EMS Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILE TRAUMA TRAINING UNIT (MTTU) MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 149 p. AB - The Mobile Trauma Training Unit (MTTU) program is an innovative approach that is designed to meet the unique training needs of emergency medical services (EMS) providers in rural States and communities. The MTTU approach addresses the basic problem of how to maintain the "hands-on" skills of rural pre-hospital EMS providers. The MTTUs are equipped to provide hands-on practice sessions to assist rural EMS providers in the development and retention of the skills necessary to respond to critical trauma incidents. This approach also provides a method to regularly deliver training that consistently meets specific objectives for all rural EMS providers in a particular geographical area of a State or region. The MTTU manual provides an overview of current MTTU programs operating throughout the country. The manual documents the MTTU concept so that other States can efficiently and cost-effectively duplicate the program. The information gathered is designed to assist those State, regional and local EMS and educational agencies that are responsible for the development and implementation of training programs for EMS personnel in the nation. The manual provides specific information on how to develop a MTTU program, with lesson plans, training equipment, instructor orientation, scheduling, session management, evaluation and cost analysis. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manuals KW - Mobile trauma training unit KW - Rural areas KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620452 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Soderstrom, C A AU - Birschbach, J M AU - Dischinger, P C AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - INJURED DRIVERS AND ALCOHOL USE: CULPABILITY, CONVICTIONS, AND PRE- AND POST-CRASH DRIVING HISTORY (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1990/10 VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - p. 1208-14 AB - The culpability, crash-related traffic convictions, and pre- and post-crash driving records of a group of injured impaired (blood alcohol level greater than 80 mg/dl) drivers (N=58) who were admitted to a Level I trauma center were compared with a group of admitted unimpaired drivers (N=92). Both groups of drivers were 21 years of age or older, sustained moderate injuries (defined as having no injury of the brain, spinal column or cord, extremity, or pelvis with an Abbreviated Injury Score of greater than 2), and were discharged home. In the 140 crashes in which culpability was clearly defined, the impaired drivers caused a significantly greater percentage of their crashes (92.7% compared to unimpaired (64.7%) drivers (p less than 0.001). Of the 55 unimpaired drivers who were considered culpable of causing their crashes, 12.7% received a traffic conviction compared with 39.2% of the 51 culpable impaired drivers. The mean number of total pre-crash traffic violations was higher for impaired drivers than for unimpaired drivers (p less than 0.01). While the mean number of total post-crash convictions for unimpaired and impaired was not significantly different, the mean number of pre- and post-crash alcohol convictions was significantly higher for impaired drivers compared to unimpaired drivers (p less than 0.02). The data suggest that injury protects from legal prosecution and does not alter impaired driving practices. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Culpability KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364855 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620453 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Lowenstein, S R AU - Weissberg, M P AU - Terry, D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - ALCOHOL INTOXICATION, INJURIES, AND DANGEROUS BEHAVIORS--AND THE REVOLVING EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DOOR PY - 1990/10 VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - p. 1252-58 AB - Suicides, homicides, motor vehicle crashes, and other violent deaths and injuries are linked inextricably to alcoholism. The association of injury and alcoholism should be particularly obvious to Emergency Department (ED) physicians. We sought to determine the extent to which intoxicated patients in an ED were properly diagnosed, counselled, and referred for substance abuse care. We reviewed the charts of 153 consecutive patients seen in a teaching hospital ED who had blood alcohol levels above 100 mg%. Most were male (70%), white (62%), young (mean age, 34 years) and severely intoxicated (mean BAL, 245; range, 109-558 mg%). Forty-six percent of visits were for trauma; half of the patients were victims of violent assaults. The intoxicated patients received extensive medical and surgical management: an average of five tests or X-rays were performed per patient; 75% received at least one medication; at discharge 48% were referred for followup to medical or surgical clinics. In contrast, few patients were evaluated for dangerous behaviors or referred for treatment of alcoholism: only 19 patients (12.5%) were asked about depression, suicide, or homicide; 15% were advised to stop drinking; 13% received a referral to a psychiatrist, mental health worker, or alcohol rehabilitation facility. Forty-seven percent of patients received "stat" intravenous thiamine (although the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is rare). In contrast, only 16% received a stat on-site psychiatric consultation (although dangerous behaviors are common in alcoholics). There was a strong, statistically significant negative association between the occurrence of an injury and the decision to initiate treatment and referrals for alcoholism. The odds of receiving psychiatric care or an alcohol treatment referral by injured patients, compared to noninjured patients, was 0.28 (CI95=0.12, 0.66). ED physicians may know that alcoholism is a principal risk factor for trauma, but they are silent about it in their practices. Physician education and a coordinated approach to psychiatric evaluation and referrals are needed. Acutely intoxicated patients in the ED present an opportunity for therapeutic intervention which is usualy missed. KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Depression (Mental condition) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Homicide KW - Intervention KW - Intoxication KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Physicians KW - Psychological aspects KW - Suicide KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620470 AU - Department of Energy TI - 1991 GAS MILEAGE GUIDE: EPA FUEL ECONOMY ESTIMATES PY - 1990/10 SP - 15 p. AB - The Gas Mileage Guide is published as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle by the U.S. Department of Energy in compliance with Public Law 94-163. It is based on estimates of vehicle performance measured in miles per gallon (mpg) provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The mileage figures listed in this Guide are most useful when comparing vehicles. Actual mileage driving one of these vehicles may differ considerably from the predicted mileage. The vehicles listed in the Guide have been divided into three classes of cars (sedans, two-seaters and station wagons), three classes of light duty trucks (vans, small pick-ups, and large pick-ups), and three classes of special purpose vehicles (2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, and cab chassis). By using this Guide one can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for the vehicle being purchased. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Light trucks KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Station wagons KW - Statistics KW - Vans KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620471 AU - Blower, D AU - Pettis, L AU - Sullivan, K P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1987 (VERSION OCTOBER 19, 1990) PY - 1990/10 SP - 122 p. AB - This report provides weighted and unweighted one-way frequencies for all the vehicles in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1987. This file combines the coverage of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data with the detail of the Office of Motor Carrier (OMC) data. Where no OMC report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo weights, and lengths. Some sampling was done in selecting the cases for interview. Half the cases were sampled where the FARS body type and vehicle trailering variables indicated the vehicle was a straight truck or a tractor with one trailer. All other cases that could not be matched with an OMC report were selected for interview. The sampling has only a negligible effect on the accuracy of population estimates derived from the file. Tractors accounted for 69.2% of the power units. Tractors with twin trailers made up only 4.4% of the involvements. Only 21.0% of the accidents occurred on Interstate highways. Night and twilight comprised 39.7% of the accidents. This dataset has 5,275 cases, up 0.6% from 5,244 last year. KW - Data collection KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Light trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Night KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Twilight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362356 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620499 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - McSwain, N E AU - Belles, A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MOTORCYCLE HELMETS--MEDICAL COSTS AND THE LAW (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1990/10 VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - p. 1189-99 AB - Since 1975, 26 states have repealed or modified their motorcycle (M/C) helmet laws. Louisiana (LA) reinstated the M/C helmet law in 1982. The medical and financial impact of repeal in Kansas (KS), reinstatement in LA (accident, fatality, and critical injury rates) have been studied through 1987. Current FARS data and studies from KS, LA, 10 states and 5 countries are compared and reported. Without M/C helmet legislation, the user rate drops from 99% to 50%. With reinstatement, the user rate rises to greater than 95%. Average hospital stay (days) for helmeted (H) riders is 5.8, non-helmeted (NH), 11.8. Fatality rate/1,000 M/C registrations is 6.2 NH, 1.6 H. Changes effected through M/C helmet legislation: fatality rate was 1.17 (1981), falling to 0.44 (1987) with legislation (62% decrease)(LA); 66% change Colorado, 42% Oklahoma; fatality rate/1,000 accidents changed 28% from 42.68 NH to 30.81 H; injury accidents 84% to 73%, critical injury reduction 44% (1981 to 1987). Risk of head injury: NH 2.07 greater than H. Risk of a fatal accident: NH 1.44 greater than H. Accident rate is less with M/C helmet legislation than without (19% KS, 48% LA). The medical costs (LA 1981 to 1987) decreased 48.8%. Length of stay decreased 37%. The major impact hospital stay greater than 20 days: 80% decline. Cost of long-term disability greater than 30 days: 81.2% decrease (LA). Average disability was 26.7 vs. 51.1 days (KS); 25.5 H required hospitalization per 100 accidents vs. 41.6 NH. Medical costs: NH 306% greater than H (KS). Based on 1989 dollars, $120.8 million of additional medical care and rehabilitation expenses per year were due directly to non-use of helmets (U.S.); 60-82% of NH riders have no insurance; $4.9 billion was absorbed by the public in the form of increased taxation, higher insurance costs, and lost taxes. M/C helmet legislation decreases medical costs. In this era of spiraling health care costs, legislation mandating the use of protective helmets should be considered as a viable alternative to raising taxes. KW - Before and after studies KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Health care KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Kansas KW - Laws KW - Louisiana KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Medical costs KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620480 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Hart, T C AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - SEAT BELT AWARENESS PROGRAM PY - 1990/10 VL - 59 IS - 10 SP - p. 20-21 AB - Voluntary compliance with seat belt laws is waning. During spot checks, police officers in South Windsor, Connecticut, observed that only 1 person out of every 15 wore a seat belt. To address the problem, the South Windsor Police Department implemented a Seat Belt Awareness Program. This is an educational/enforcement program designed to encourage residents to use seat belts. This article briefly discusses the program development, implementation, and results. KW - Awareness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Police KW - Safety programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611086 AU - Natl Assoc Governors' Hwy Safety Representatives TI - COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS: CASE STUDIES OF TEN STATE INITIATIVES 1989-90 PY - 1990/10 SP - 123 p. AB - A Community Traffic Safety Program (CTSP) is a program administered by an established unit in the community, sustained over time, with public and private input and participation in an action plan to solve one or more of a community's traffic safety problems. This publication documents the State perspective and strategies on CTSPs. It features the CTSP initiatives in California, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Virginia, and Washington. These States represent a mixture of rural/urban, centralized/decentralized technical assistance, and large/small grants. The data presented document the State Highway Safety Office rationale for establishing the CTSPs, the process used, and the means of support. At the conclusion of each case study a contact person who can provide more detail is given. KW - California KW - Case studies KW - Communities KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Massachusetts KW - Missouri KW - New Jersey KW - North Carolina KW - North Dakota KW - Ohio KW - Programs KW - Regional planning KW - State planning KW - States KW - Strategy KW - Texas KW - Traffic safety KW - Virginia KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611080 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES - 1990 AND BEYOND PY - 1990/10 SP - 31 p. AB - This report briefly reviews the history of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) leadership role in their development. It then examines the current emphasis of NHTSA's EMS demonstration, and state and community grant programs and gives specific highlights of current and future EMS program initiatives. An EMS Bibliography is provided, including abstracts, along with a list of EMS training materials available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Appendices list NHTSA EMS Division Staff, NHTSA Regional Offices, and State EMS and Governors' Highway Safety Offices. KW - Bibliographies KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Future developments KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - History KW - Training KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608568 AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ANALYSIS OF SIDE IMPACT TEST DATA COMPARING SID AND BIOSID. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 20 p. AB - This paper presents the results of an analysis of 12 full-scale side impact crash tests that were conducted to compare the responses of the SAE BioSID with the NHTSA SID. Dummies were tested in the front and the rear seat with both a baseline (production) door interior and a 3-inch-thick Arcel 512 (trademark) foam pad. The responses of the two dummies were significantly different. Peak rib accelerations were higher for the BioSID in the front seat. In the rear seat, peak rib accelerations were lower for the BioSID. However, the values of the Thoracic Trauma Index from the two dummies were not significantly different when tested in the front seat. The addition of padding significantly reduced the Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI), peak rib accelerations, and peak pelvis acceleration in both the front and rear seat for both dummies. For the BioSID, the addition of padding produced significantly greater rib compression and Viscous Criterion in the front seat, but not in the rear seat. In general, the acceleration-based measures indicated that the padding used in these tests would reduce the potential for injury, while the compression-based measures indicated the opposite. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Doors KW - Dummies KW - Front seats KW - Rear seats KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734533 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENFORCING CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY LAWS: EIGHT COMMUNITY STRATEGIES PY - 1990/09 SP - 51 p. AB - During 1987-88, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) awarded minigrants of $5000 each to demonstrate different techniques to enforce child passenger safety laws. NHTSA has long believed that police departments would enforce child passenger safety laws more comprehensively if they realized (1) how effective correctly used safety seats are saving lives and (2) how influential police can be in getting the public to comply with child passenger safety laws. NHTSA felt that the lessons learned from the minigrant programs described in this publication would be of special use to local police agencies in increasing their enforcement of child passenger safety laws. The sites were selected for conditions and populations that are represented throughout the country. All grant recipients were law enforcement agencies. The objectives of the program were to: increase the use of safety seats or safety belts for young children; reduce the number of child safety seats that are being used incorrectly; and promote continued use of safety seats until age five. Each police department took its own approach, according to local needs and values. From these minigrant programs it was learned that in order to maximize enforcement efforts, certain activities should be part of the overall strategy. These are: (1) Media coverage; (2) Training of law enforcement officers; (3) Information activities targeted to certain audiences; (4) Information activities coinciding with community events; (5) A safety seat loaner program; (6) Public Service Announcements; and (7) Special promotional items with a logo. In particular, the enforcement efforts of the police departments increased the correct use of safety seats in the demonstration sites. The use of safety belts by older children also increased. There were secondary benefits as well. Community relations were enhanced as the public realized how concerned the police were about the health and safety of their children. The child passenger safety enforcement efforts strengthened the relationship of the police departments with the media, the schools, health care providers, community organizations, and other governmental agencies. KW - Benefits KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Child seat belts KW - Communities KW - Demonstration programs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Information dissemination KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Misuse KW - Police KW - Police departments KW - Police training KW - Promotion KW - Public relations KW - Public service announcements KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25880/DOT-HS-807-631.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721553 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Harding, P M AU - Laessig, R H AU - Field, P H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF THE INTOXILYZER 5000: A COMPARISON OF BLOOD- AND BREATH-ALCOHOL RESULTS IN WISCONSIN DRIVERS PY - 1990/09 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - p. 1022-28 AB - Intoxilyzer (Trademark) 5000 and blood-alcohol results from drivers arrested for operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated and for related offenses were compared during a two-year period. Three hundred and ninety-five pairs of results were studied. The breath- and blood-alcohol specimens in this study were collected within 1 hr of each other. The mean blood-alcohol concentration obtained was 0.180 g/dL, with a range from zero to 0.338 g/dL. By comparison, the mean Intoxilyzer 5000 result was 0.16 g/210 L with a range from zero to 0.32 g/210 L. Compared with the blood-alcohol result, Intoxilyzer 5000 results were lower by more than 0.01 g/210 L 67% of the time, within 0.01 g/210 L 31% of the time, and higher by more than 0.01 g/210 L 2% of the time. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breath alcohol analyzers KW - Drunk driving KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Test results KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721554 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Newman, K D AU - Bowman, L M AU - Eichelberger, M R AU - GOTSCHALL, C S AU - Taylor, G A AU - Johnson, D L AU - Thomas, M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE LAP BELT COMPLEX: INTESTINAL AND LUMBAR SPINE INJURY IN CHILDREN (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1990/09 VL - 30 IS - 9 SP - p. 1133-40 AB - The "seatbelt syndrome" describes intestinal and spinal injury caused by lap-style automotive restraints. More than 2,600 children were admitted to Children's National Medical Center with blunt injury in 3 years; 395 were involved in a motor vehicle crash. Ninety-five of the crash occupants (24%) were known to be wearing safety belts. Ten children sustained a "lap belt injury": five with lumbar spine injury, four with combined lumbar spine and intestinal injuries, and one child with intestinal injury. All ten children presented with a characteristic transverse abdominal ecchymosis. The CT scan was unreliable in evaluation of both spinal and intestinal injury. Lateral radiographs were required for definitive diagnosis in eight of nine children with lumbar spinal injury. CT scan was clearly diagnostic in only one of five children with intestinal injury. Children wearing lap belts are at risk of a "lap belt complex". Lateral spine X-rays, peritoneal lavage, and early laparotomy are recommended to establish an accurate diagnosis and to decrease morbidity. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdominal injuries KW - Children KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Seat belts KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal injuries KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607668 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Walsh, W A AU - Gemini Industries, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINE FEASIBLE AND ACCEPTABLE AGE 21 SUPPORT PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 75 p. AB - The objective of this project was to identify programs which are feasible, acceptable, and effective in deterring adolescent drinking. To begin the project, information was collected on 22 prevention programs using a wide range of approaches. Next, a panel of 8 experts in highway safety and related fields appraised 18 generic approaches for prevention of underaged drinking (descriptions were based on the review of existing programs). A smaller set of 11 approaches was also assessed by 52 youth ages 11 through 20 who met in six focus groups. Perhaps the most important finding was that, to a great extent, the experts and the youth agreed on which programs would be most effective. Included were (1) programs which punish youth who drink by suspending their driver's license or postponing the age at which they become eligible to receive a license, and (2) improvements in the design and distribution of driver licenses in order to reduce the use of fraudulent identification to obtain alcohol. The results of this project underscore the need for reliable evaluation data on prevention programs. Future research might focus on those programs that the experts and youth agree have the greatest potential for reducing underaged drinking. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk driving KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Improvements KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Suspensions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25874/DOT-HS-807-667.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677668 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - GUIDELINES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATORS: STATE AND PROVINCIAL LICENSING SYSTEMS, COMPARATIVE DATA, 1990 PY - 1990/09 SP - 181 p. AB - This publication contains comparative data for state and provincial licensing systems for the year 1990. The data are presented in the following sections: (A) Requirements for Learner's Permit; (B) Requirements for License; (C) Requirements for Renewal; (D) Driver Testing; (E) Driver Examiner; (F) Driver Improvement Program; (G) Medical Advisory Board; (H) Driver's License Administration; and (I) Compulsory Insurance/Financial Responsibility. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Data KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving tests KW - Financial responsibility KW - Graduated licensing KW - Insurance KW - Medical advisory boards KW - Permits KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625525 AU - Klein, T M AU - Van Dyke, J AU - Surti, J AU - Walz, M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INCREASE IN CHILD PASSENGER FATALITIES SINCE 1984. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 15 p. AB - In 1984, the number of passenger fatalities for children under 5 years old in passenger vehicles reached a low of 554, as all but four states had implemented mandatory child restraint laws. In 1985, the remaining four states implemented mandatory child safety seat usage laws. Since 1984, there has been a steady increase in the number of child passenger fatalities such that, by 1988, there were 25% more child passenger fatalities under the age of 5 years. The purpose of this study was to investigate this increase in child passenger fatalities, identifying potential contributory factors in order to understand why it has occurred. The number of children under age 5 that were involved in crashes in which a fatality occurred (not necessarily to the child) increased by 28% between 1984 and 1988, which was less than the increase in the number involved in fatal crashes (28%), indicating that the risk of a fatality did not change, or declined slightly over this time period. Restraint use by children under age 5 in the general population increased by 75% between 1984 and 1988, while restraint use in fatal accidents increased by 50% during this period. However, by 1988 only 46% of all children under the age of 5 involved in fatal crashes were reportedly restrained. Collectively, the analyses indicate that most of the increase in child passenger fatalities experienced since 1984 is a result of increases in the likelihood of their being involved in a crash. Total vehicle miles traveled increased by almost 18% between 1984 and 1988, while the number of children under age 5 that were involved in fatal crashes increased by 28% during this period. This suggests that children are experiencing increased exposure to crashes in which a fatality is likely to occur greater than expected by the overall increase in mileage traveled. These data suggest that the increase in child passenger fatalities is not a consequence of decreased child restraint usage, increased improper usage, or child restraint deficiencies. In light of the 46% child restraint usage rate in fatal crashes, it is clear that a large benefit can still be realized by increasing the use of child restraints, both safety seats and adult belts, as appropriate, for passengers of all ages. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash exposure KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Risk assessment KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626978 AU - Edwards, R AU - EVANS, D AU - Wisconsin Emergency Medical Technician Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WISCONSIN EMT ASSOCIATION: A STATEWIDE INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - The Wisconsin Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT) Association implemented under contract a statewide injury prevention program by emergency medical service (EMS) providers intended to increase public awareness of the effects of impaired driving, and the importance of safety belt use and correct child safety seat use. The project's goal was to involve EMS providers on a statewide basis in highway injury prevention efforts. The results of this project indicate that EMS providers are willing and able to participate in organized injury prevention activities. The Association trained over 350 EMS volunteers as injury prevention activists and assisted them in developing highway safety injury prevention programs within their local communities. These trained volunteers provide an important resource for conducting injury prevention programs, particularly in rural communities where they represent one of the few credible organizations available to conduct such programs. EMS providers speak from first-hand experience of the disastrous results of not employing safe driving practices. The report includes a description of the injury prevention program components and sample campaign materials developed to implement the program. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical services KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626657 AU - Geoplan Town Planning TI - NEIGHBOURHOOD ROAD SAFETY AND AMENITY: A LOOK AT BARRIERS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL AREA TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SCHEMES AND STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THESE SN - 1862711526 PY - 1990/09 SP - 170 p. AB - This project had two aims: to provide an information base on attitudes and other barriers to the implementation of speed control and Local Area Traffic Management (LATM) schemes in Western Sydney which the Office of Road Safety and other authorities can use in promoting such schemes; and to disseminate information on relevant research relating to speed control and LATM schemes to elected local representatives within Western Sydney and to technical staff. The following objectives directed the study: to identify the present experience of councils in Western Sydney with speed control devices and LATM schemes; to identify political, technical, attitudinal and resource problems councils are faced with in implementing speed control and LATM schemes; and to develop strategies targeted at overcoming these particular problems of implementation. Five main barriers to effective implementation of LATM in Western Sydney were identified: Poor Planning Methods; Narrow View of LATM; Lack of Educative Materials; Lack of Local Government Area-Wide LATM Strategies; and Impact of Outside Interests. Twenty recommendations are made for overcoming these barriers. KW - Attitudes KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Local transportation KW - Neighborhoods KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Recommendations KW - Speed control KW - Strategic planning KW - Sydney (Australia) KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622632 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NETWORK OF EMPLOYERS FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION WORKSHOP. PARTICIPANT'S MANUAL. PY - 1990/09 SP - 46 p. AB - The Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Instructor Preparation Workshop is designed to teach participants how to teach the NETS Safety Management Seminar. This Participant's Manual is organized in eleven sections, as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) Understanding the NETS Seminar; (III) Facilitating Learning; (IV) Information on Training Techniques; (V) Logistics; (VI) Traffic Safety Presentations; (VII) The NETS Safety Management Seminar; (VIII) Self Awareness; (IX) Comprehensive Logistics Checklist; (X) Assessment and Follow-up Techniques; and (XI) Closing. KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety KW - Preparation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579490 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 339resented CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1985 FORD ESCORT 3-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1990/09 SP - 178 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Escort automobile KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00575603 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Walsh, W A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINE FEASIBILE AND ACCEPTABLE AGE 21 SUPPORT PROGRAMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 5 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alcoholism KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Teenage drivers KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611079 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NETWORK OF EMPLOYERS FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY (NETS) SAFETY HANDBOOK PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - This handbook is intended to promote the development and implementation of an employer-sponsored comprehensive traffic safety program. It was developed by the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS), a public-private sector coalition working to develop and expand highway safety programs in the workplace. Section I of the handbook gives an overview of the current situation and explains how a traffic safety program could benefit employers. Section II describes the problem being addressed, including the employer's perspective, indirect economic losses, the community's perspective, and factors contributing to traffic deaths and injuries. Also addressed here is the legal aspect of the problem (Does an employer have a duty to insist its employees--on duty or off--refrain from drinking alcohol before driving company vehicles? And how specific must company rules against driving after drinking be?). Section III presents steps to follow when analyzing a potential traffic safety problem situation and applies these steps to several case studies. The topic of Section IV is developing a comprehensive program, from the first step of establishing a task force to the finalizing of the plan. Section V contains worksheets designed to assist with implementing a comprehensive traffic safety program. The worksheets cover the four key components in a comprehensive traffic safety program. Finally, Section IV briefly summarizes the previous sections and lists additional resources. KW - Development KW - Employers KW - Handbooks KW - Implementation KW - Programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608575 AU - Segraves, D W AU - Insurance Research Council TI - AUTO INSURANCE REFORM: PUBLIC VIEWS OF IDEAS FOR REDUCING COSTS AND SPEEDING SETTLEMENT OF AUTO INSURANCE CLAIMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 40 p. AB - This report examines public perceptions about automobile insurance, and about ideas for reducing auto insurance costs and speeding up the payment of claims. The findings are based on a countrywide survey conducted for the Insurance Research Council by The Gallup Organization. Gallup interviewed a representative sample of 1,500 persons 18 or older who were identified as "the person most or at least equally responsible for making decisions about buying auto insurance" in their households. The interviews were conducted in May and June 1990. Appendix 1 contains a copy of the survey questionnaire which consists of 27 questions. Appendix 2 provides information about the sampling methodology. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Insurance claims KW - Interviewing KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Payment KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607657 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUCKLE UP FOR LOVE! CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY AWARENESS WEEK, FEBRUARY 10-16, 1991 PY - 1990/09 SP - 62 p. AB - The week between February 10 and February 16, including Valentine's Day, marks the annual Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week. This year's effort is designed to encourage parents and others to "Buckle Up for Love!" by correctly protecting their children in child safety seats and belts on every motor vehicle trip. It also focuses attention on increasing support for enforcement of laws for child safety seats and safety belt use. The overall goal of this year's Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week is to increase the level of child safety seat and safety belt use toward achieving a minimum 70% correct use rate by 1992. This booklet is an Idea Sampler, providing tips on how to carry out the 1991 Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week campaign. Among the contents are mass media programs, law enforcement programs, worksite and employer programs, school and child care programs, association and civic group programs, health and medical programs, fact sheets, logo art work, a listing of state child safety seat laws, a shopping guide for child and infant safety seats, resources for child passenger safety programs, and a sample proclamation and press release. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Community action programs KW - Data KW - Education and training KW - Employers KW - Health care facilities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Medical offices KW - Natural resources KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Schools KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607641 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER: NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING AWARENESS WEEK, DECEMBER 9-15, 1990 PY - 1990/09 SP - 38 p. AB - This booklet is designed to help with planning and administrative activities during National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week, 1990. It is based on the experiences of the first eight years of the Awareness Week observance and provides practical advice on what to do to make the efforts put forth pay off. The booklet's goal is to save lives. The theme for the 1990 Awareness Week campaign is again that of the "Designated Driver". There are four chapters: (1) A History of Awareness Week; (2) Status of the DWI Problem in 1990; (3) Great Ideas from Last Year's Campaign; and (4) Media Techniques. KW - Awareness KW - Designated driver concept KW - Designated drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Mass media KW - Prevention KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607642 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SEMINAR. INSTRUCTOR GUIDE PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - This is the instructor's guide for the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Safety Management Seminar. The primary purpose of the seminar is to reduce the nation's number of deaths and injuries caused by motor vehicle crashes. The seminar provides factual information on the magnitude and scope of the traffic crash problem, with emphasis on the economic consequences of the problem to employers. Focus is directed toward drunk/impaired driving and the failure to use safety belts as the two leading causes of traffic deaths and injuries. Other issues discussed are speeding and pedestrian accidents. The Instructor's Guide has six sections: (I) Introduction and Overview; (II) The Problem From the Employer's and Community's Perspective; (III) Potential Problem Situations; (IV) Developing A Comprehensive Program; (V) Taking the Next Step; and (VI) Seminar Conclusion. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Employers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Nets safety management seminar KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607644 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A FOUR SEASONS GUIDE FOR SAVING LIVES PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - This guide was prepared as part of the curriculum package for the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Safety Management Seminar. An overview of the direct and indirect costs of motor vehicle crashes reveals that accidents are costing employers more and more each year. Each work-related employee fatality is estimated to cost the employer an average of $110,500 in workers' compensation and a like amount for uninsured costs. Injuries cost thousands more in health care and lost productivity. An important part of the solution to this problem is a year round highway safety program based in the workplace. This guide provides information on establishing such a program. It is presented in five sections: (1) The High Cost of Crashes; (2) The Case for Safe Driving; (3) The Major Elements of a Comprehensve Highway Safety Program; (4) Four Seasons of Highway Safety: Saving Lives All Year; and (5) Using Positive Incentives. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Employers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Nets safety management seminar KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607643 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION WORKSHOP. INSTRUCTOR GUIDE PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - This is the instructor's guide for the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Instructor Preparation Workshop. The contents are presented in the following eleven sections: (I) Introduction; (II) Understanding the NETS Seminar; (III) Facilitating Learning; (IV) Information on Training Techniques; (V) Logistics; (VI) Traffic Safety Presentations; (VII) NETS Safety Management Seminar Presentations; (VIII) Safety-Awareness; (IX) Comprehensive Checklist; (X) Assessment and Follow-up Techniques; and (XI) Closing. KW - Education and training KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Nets safety management seminar KW - Preparation KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607656 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOVING AMERICA SAFELY: THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY AMINISTRATION'S PRIORITY PLAN, 1990 - 1992 PY - 1990/09 SP - 48 p. AB - This report contains the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) three-year plan for reducing the number of motor vehicle crashes in the Nation and minimizing the consequences of those crashes that occur. It builds upon the goals enumerated by the President and embodied in the Statement of National Transportation Policy developed under the leadership of Samuel K. Skinner, the Nation's tenth Secretary of Transportation. The plan details how NHTSA will implement this policy and provides milestones for the agency within six functional areas that are the focus of its activities: motor vehicle safety, other motor vehicle initiatives, occupant protection, impaired driving, other traffic safety initiatives, and technology and innovation. KW - Fuel conservation KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Motor vehicles KW - National transportation policies KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607658 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - SAFER STREETS AHEAD: A COMMUNITY HANDBOOK TO PREVENT IMPAIRED DRIVING PY - 1990/09 SP - 69 p. AB - This handbook was developed to encourage the development and growth of community action groups concerned with combatting impaired driving. It has three purposes, depending on the needs of the reader. First, it may be used to serve as a "how-to-guide" for individuals who want to start a community action group in a community where one does not exist. Second, it may be used to strengthen an existing group that focuses on impaired driving, and to provide new ideas for membership growth, successful preventive activities, fundraising, and evaluation of efforts. Third, it may be used to help members of an existing civic, social, or religious group introduce the issue of impaired driving into the group's activity agenda for the first time. There are five chapters. Chapter One, Community Action Groups: Reclaiming the Streets, gives an overview of the different types of community action groups and differentiates between prevention and intervention efforts. Chapter Two, Dreams Into Reality: Getting It All on Paper, provides practical information on how to conduct a community assessment and how to develop a plan that includes an overview, statement of need, mission, goal, objectives and deadlines, and budget. It also contains a sample plan that may be used as a practical guide. Chapter Three, Strength in Numbers: Uniting Prevention Efforts, tells how to motivate key professionals--including State and local government representatives, business leaders, law enforcement personnel, health care professionals, sellers and servers of alcoholic beverages, and media professionals--to join the community action group. It also provides helpful tips on finding funds to support activities. Chapter Four, Action!, explores how community action groups can undertake well-planned efforts through public information, education, training assistance programs, enforcement, and legislation. Chapter Five, Evaluation: Looking Back to Plan Ahead, provides information on how to measure success in order to guide future direction. It also makes some predictions about the maturation of community action groups over the next decade. Chapter Five is followed by a resource section that includes fact sheets, a parent/teenager safety agreement helpful resource lists, activity suggestions, and tips for hosting safe parties. KW - Assistance programs KW - Community action programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Handbooks KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intervention KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motivation KW - Natural resources KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570770 AU - Stewart, M G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF METHODS AND COSTS TO MARK VEHICLE PARTS FOR THEFT PREVENTION.: VOLUME II PY - 1990/09 SP - 21 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Parts KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600809 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY SYMPOSIUM PY - 1990/09 VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - p. 20-21 AB - This article briefly discusses some of the presentations at the symposium to develop short-term highway safety strategies. Held June 12 through 14, 1990, state, local and private treffic safety experts met to identify countermeasures that could be accomplished within two years. More than 50 recommendations were developed in 5 categories: corridor idenification and improvement; pedestrian safety; commercial motor vehicle safety; reducing accident severity; and improving driver performance. A Federal Highway Administration source indicates that the agency will focus on corridor improvement and pedestrian safety. Background papers on corridor improvement, and pedestrian safety are discussed, as well as drunk driving and court rulings. KW - Conferences KW - Corridors KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600806 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Burden, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY GOES TO SCHOOL PY - 1990/09 VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - p. 7-9 AB - Statistics show that traffic trauma takes 20 times more children's lives than drugs and kidnappings combined, and more children lose their lives while biking or walking than riding cars. A child traffic safety education program initiated with the help of the Florida Department of Transportation is described. The program aimed at making all children predictable and competent to deal with traffic for life. Today, more than 100 of the 225 schools in Dade County offer 12 lessons per year in traffic safety education. Nearly 400 schools are offering the program in 8 of the largest of Florida's 67 counties. The program is being offered in grades 3, 4, and five. The program harnesses the time and talent of grade school physical education teachers and aids. The history of the development of the program is described. It is suggested that administrators from other states attend Florida's training courses, study the curriculum and see how lessons are taught. The principles can then be applied in the administrators' own settings. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Florida KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600808 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH TESTING UP AGAINST THE WALL PY - 1990/09 VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - p. 13-16 AB - As consumers have become more safety conscious, so have automakers and the federal govermnent. The article discusses whether existing auto crash tests hold up well under rigorous safety examination. The basic models of crash tests are discusssed: 30 mph frontal crash test by automakers; and a 35 mph crash test by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The inadequacy of the tests and the dummies used are noted. The lack of tests to measure side impact is also noted. The importance of side-crash testing may grow as the installation of air bags blur differences among cars in frontal crashes. KW - Automobile industry KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600807 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - O'Neil, B AU - Keith, J D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGH SCHOOL DRIVER EDUCATION DEBATED PY - 1990/09 VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - p. 10-12 AB - Author O'Neil holds that high schol driver education causes crashes by putting 16-year-olds on the road. O'Neil notes that extensive research shows that trying to reduce crash involvement by drivers of any age through training is largely unsuccesful. There is evidence that availability of such programs result in teenagers getting their licenses sooner than they otherwise would. Author Keith notes that high schol driver education helps save lives by starting youngsters on the path of good driving habits. The high school driver education system faces a critical shortage of certified driver education teachers. It is urged that administrators direct funds to continue such programs. It is argued that reduced emphasis on quality driver education has contributed to trafic fatalities. KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - High schools KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743750 AU - Partyka, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISONS OF BELT EFFECTIVENESS IN PREVENTING CHEST, HEAD, AND FACE INJURY IN FRONT AND REAR IMPACTS PY - 1990/08/16 SP - 9 p. AB - A review of data from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) indicates that safety belts are very effective in reducing chest, head, and face injuries in rear impacts - both over all injury sources and for just those injuries caused by contact with frontal components of the car. Belt use is associated with fewer chest, head, and face injuries for car drivers in vehicles with frontal damage and in vehicles with rear damage. Belted drivers had: 53% fewer injuries to these body regions in frontal impacts, and 41% fewer in rear impacts compared to the experience of unbelted drivers in the same crash type. No adjustments have been made for differences in crash severity by belt use, so the estimates provided here may overstate the effectiveness of belts in preventing injuries to these body regions. This limitation applies to both damage areas, but the bias may be larger for drivers of cars with frontal damage because of the tendency of unbelted drivers to speed. Belt use is also associated with fewer chest, head, and face injuries caused by contact with frontal components (such as the windshield or steering assembly), whether the car received damage to the front or rear. Belted drivers had: 61% fewer of these injuries in frontal impacts, and 54% fewer in rear impacts compared to unbelted drivers in the same crash type. The data examined here suggest that safety belts protect drivers in rear impacts against chest, head, and face injury in general and for contacts with frontal components. The estimated effectiveness in preventing chest, head, and face injury from frontal components is about as high in rear impacts (54%) as in frontal impacts (61%), suggesting that safety belts are providing effective protection in rear impacts. KW - Chest injuries KW - Evaluation KW - Face KW - Facial injuries KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Seat belt effectiveness KW - Seat belts KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756380 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PREVENT PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS: PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN PY - 1990/08 SP - 2 p. AB - This sheet discusses prevention of pedestrian accidents of preschoolers and elementary school children. It is addressed to the parents of the children. Some preventative measures mentioned include: supervision of preschoolers, teaching by explaining, teaching by example, and praising and encouraging children for safe actions. The section addressed to parents of elementary school children presents myths and facts about crossing the street. Both sections emphasize making sure children look both ways before crossing; not crossing until they see that the street is completely clear of cars; continuing to look as one crosses the street. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Elementary school students KW - Parent materials KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Preschool children KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - School children UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619458 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - Rockwell, T H AU - KIGER, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ERGONOMIC RESEARCH ON SCHOOL BUS CROSS VIEW MIRROR SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 221 p. AB - The research studied the problems and the effectiveness of existing cross view school bus mirror systems. Interviews were conducted with 49 Columbus, Ohio school bus drivers to ascertain their evaluations of the use and perceived effectiveness of various mirror systems. Six commercially available cross view mirrors were selected for the study. These mirrors were used to make the seven cross view mirror systems (a system is made up of 2 to 4 cross view mirrors) that were evaluated. The field of view of each cross view mirror system was measured in a laboratory environment with the mirrors mounted on each of three different types of buses. Cameras at different eye positions were used to locate targets for both front and side fields of view. The directly observable field of view of each bus was also determined. A driver object detection study was conducted in the field using eight bus drivers and six of the mirror systems with simulated children. Performance measures included child detection and location as well as driver glance frequency and duration. The results of the laboratory field of view measurements were confirmed by the subsequent driver object detection study. The mirror systems composed of wide angle mirrors (the Banana, Elliptic, and Quadrisphere) allowed the driver to see, with acceptable image clarity, much more of the area around the bus that was not in the driver's direct field of view than did the three, narrower field of view mirrors studied. KW - Cross view mirrors KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Mirrors KW - Ohio KW - Rearview mirrors KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716833 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE ACCIDENT REPORT FORMS CATALOG 1990 PY - 1990/08 SP - 207 p. AB - This publication contains a consolidation of accident report forms used by all the States. Its purpose is to provide a comparative accident data reference document for use by the States, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Regional Offices, other Federal agencies, and private organizations. Ultimately, it is hoped that the States will collect reasonably uniform accident data. Many States have upgraded or revised their accident report forms since the publication of the State Accident Report Forms Catalog was updated in 1988. In the future, this publication will be updated and reprinted every second or third year to maintain its timeliness and relevance. Please note the addition of the National Governors' Association (NGA) "Supplemental Truck and Bus Accident Report" in this edition. KW - Crash reports KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Revisions KW - Standardization KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600754 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECT OF CAR SIZE ON FATALITY AND INJURY RISK IN SINGLE-VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1990/08 SP - 41 p. AB - In recent years, as cars have been reduced in size and weight relative to vehicles produced before the early 1970s, there has been a heightened interest in determining the effects of these changes on motor vehicle safety. To address these questions, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has begun a series of studies on this issue. The investigation is planned to encompass all crash modes, including single-vehicle crashes, multi-vehicle crashes, and collisions of cars with trucks. As of August 1990, two analyses of single-vehicle crashes have been completed: a report on fatality and injury risk in single-vehicle nonrollover crashes and a report on rollover propensity and fatality risk. Both studies look only at passenger cars, not light trucks, vans or multipurpose vehicles. The results of both studies are summarized and discussed here; the reports themselves accompany the summary. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623508 AU - BORECZKY, J AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF AYDIN CONTROLS 8980 CRTS. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 22 p. AB - This report describes measurements taken for three Aydin Controls 19-inch color CRTs. Measurements of uniformity (center and four corners for 6 colors), color (32 combinations in the center), and reflectance (at four angles) were made using a Photo Research PR-1980A photometer, with each measurement taken on two of the three units. The display units were reasonably uniform although corner luminances were always below those measured in the center, with worst case values being 76% and 65% for the two displays. Colors were fairly consistent between displays, and there were no differences due to location (other than the luminance differences just mentioned). The settings for white had a slight bluish tint to them. Reflectance was 98% for the polished glass face vs. 33% for the non-glare coated display (both measured at 0 degrees incidence). These measurements suggest the displays examined are adequate for control room use. KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Color KW - Displays KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Luminous intensity KW - Measurement KW - Photometry KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622630 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PREVENT BICYCLE ACCIDENTS: A MESSAGE FOR PARENTS PY - 1990/08 SP - 4 p. AB - Each year 1200 bicyclists are fatally injured and over 1/2 million bicycle related injuries are treated in hospital emergency rooms. This message for parents provides information on how they can help stop these tragedies. Specific actions suggested include: choosing and wearing bicycle helmets; choosing the right bike; teaching the child to stop and look before entering the road; obeying traffic laws and bicycle rules of the road; and never allowing a child to ride at night or with audio headphones. Also provided is information on the five common bicycle and motor vehicle collisions. KW - Awareness KW - Bicycles KW - Children KW - Crash causes KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Parents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622631 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM 1988. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON POLICE-REPORTED TRAFFIC CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1990/08 SP - 152 p. AB - This is the first annual report of overall crash statistics produced from data collected by the General Estimates System (GES). This report presents estimates of selected national characteristics about the approximate 6,900,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes that occurred in the United States in 1988. While the data presented are not intended to be an exhaustive look at every aspect of crashes, they are an overview of many of the factors involved in the Nation's crashes. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from the estimated 6.9 million police-reported crashes which occur annually. These crashes include those which result in a fatality or injury and those involving major property damage. The data in this report are arranged in three sections. Section I, Crashes, describes general characteristics of crashes such as how often and when crashes occur, where crashes occur, and what happened during the crash. Section II, Vehicles, concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in crashes, their action prior to a crash, and the damage to the vehicle caused by the crash. Section III, People, presents statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians and pedalcyclists, including age, sex, alcohol involvement and injury severity. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579026 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - Rockwell, T H AU - KIGER, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ERGONOMIC RESEARCH ON SCHOOL BUS CROSS VIEW MIRROR SYSTEMS PY - 1990/08 SP - 221 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Buses KW - Evaluation KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611084 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR BRAKING EFFICIENCY VARIATION WITH OEM COMPONENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 62 p. AB - Five significantly different passenger car models were studied to determine the degree to which their front/rear brake force distribution and braking efficiency (or ability to utilize roadway friction without wheel lock up) varied. In order to evaluate the variability that manufacturers must contend with when designing braking systems, each of the five vehicle models was evaluated with 10 different sets of new original equipment (OE) proportioning valves and brake linings. Proportioning valves for each test were measured on a laboratory test bench to determine their input-output pressure characteristics prior to installing them on the vehicle. Each of the five vehicles with each set of OE brakes was road-tested with torque transducers at five different vehicle speeds (3, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mph) and with a low-speed (3 mph) European-style roller brake tester. In addition to the torque transducer and roller tester measurements on all of the 10 brake sets, five to eight brake sets for each vehicle were tested on an in-road transducer measurement system (RTP) at 40 mph. In order to determine the degree to which brake balance and braking efficiency vary for vehicles in use, a large sample of vehicles with the same braking systems as the five test vehicles used in the new burnished OE brake set evaluations were rented from consumers and tested on the roller tester and the RTP. Results of this research effort indicate that brake force output varies considerably. For four of the ten brakes evaluated, the variation was more than plus or minus 20% from the mean value. This was primarily due to variability in the performance of the brake linings. In spite of this large variation in brake force output, braking efficiency typically varied about plus or minus 10% from its mean value. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake linings KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Original equipment manufacturers KW - Performance KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610237 JO - Publication of: Department of Transport, Australia PB - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Sweatman, P F AU - Ogden, K J AU - HAWORTH, N AU - Vulcan, A P AU - Pearson, R A AU - Monash University AU - Office of Road Safety, Australia AU - Roads and Traffic Authority, New South Wales TI - NSW HEAVY VEHICLE CRASH STUDY FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT SN - 0 642 51403 8 PY - 1990/08 SP - 303 p. AB - This study was commissioned by the New South Wales Road Safety Bureau and the Federal Office of Road Safety to examine the causes of crashes involving heavy vehicles in New South Wales, Australia in 1988 and 1989 and to suggest countermeasures. The study included a retrospective examination of 83 fatal crashes involving heavy vehicles on two New South Wales highways, an analysis of mass data on heavy vehicle crashes in the State from 1982 to 1988, and an analysis of traffic, freight movement and environmental factors. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - New South Wales KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607636 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHAT IS KILLING OUR CHILDREN? ACCIDENTS PY - 1990/08 SP - 4 p. AB - This pamphlet points out how the Emergency Medical Services System is helping to the solve the problem of accidental death and injury to children. Part of the tragedy involves traffic crashes, which are the leading cause of death for all children between 6-14 years old. Preventive measures include knowing your emergency number and when to use it, learning CPR and basic first aid, and using safety belts and child safety seats. KW - Brochures KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607664 AU - Kebschull, B K AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVER, BRAKING, AND DYNAMIC STABILITY--MODIFIED SUSPENSION VEHICLES, FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 114 p. AB - A study was performed to investigate the dynamic response properties of modified suspension pickup trucks and utility vehicles in particular open loop steering and braking maneuvers. Three example vehicles were tested, a 1985 Toyota pickup, a 1986 Chevrolet D-20 pickup, and a 1986 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer; in both their OE configurations and with extensive suspension, chassis, and tire modifications using aftermarket components. These modifications tended to increase the cg height, widen the track, decrease braking gain, increase suspension compliance, and possibly lead to greater loads on suspension components. Outriggers were used to prevent rollover, and an automatic vehicle controller was used to input large, repeatable and rapid open loop maneuvers. Each vehicle configuration was tested in 5 maneuvers, including straight line braking, trapezoidal steering, braking in a turn, steady state turning, and sinusoidal steering. Full scale test results are presented to show the effect of vehicle modifications on sublimit and limit performance in these maneuvers. A nonlinear computer simulation was developed to model large amplitude motions and simulate various open loop maneuvers, on flat and level roadways. Measurements were made of all the parameters necessary for the simulation of 3 OE and 6 modified vehicle configurations. KW - Aftermarket KW - Braking KW - Chassis KW - Driving KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuvering KW - Modifications KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Test results KW - Tires KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607665 AU - Kebschull, B K AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVER, BRAKING, AND DYNAMIC STABILITY--MODIFIED SUSPENSION VEHICLES, FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: APPENDICES A-D PY - 1990/08 SP - 220 p. AB - A study was performed to investigate the dynamic response properties of modified suspension pickup trucks and utility vehicles in particular open loop steering and braking maneuvers. Three example vehicles were tested, a 1985 Toyota pickup, a 1986 Chevrolet D-20 pickup, and a 1986 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer; in both their OE configurations and with extensive suspension, chassis, and tire modifications using aftermarket components. These modifications tended to increase the cg height, widen the track, decrease braking gain, increase suspension compliance, and possibly lead to greater loads on suspension components. Outriggers were used to prevent rollover, and an automatic vehicle controller was used to input large, repeatable and rapid open loop maneuvers. Each vehicle configuration was tested in 5 maneuvers, including straight line braking, trapezoidal steering, braking in a turn, steady state turning, and sinusoidal steering. Full scale test results are presented to show the effect of vehicle modifications on sublimit and limit performance in these maneuvers. A nonlinear computer simulation was developed to model large amplitude motions and simulate various open loop maneuvers, on flat and level roadways. Measurements were made of all the parameters necessary for the simulation of 3 OE and 6 modified vehicle configurations. KW - Aftermarket KW - Braking KW - Chassis KW - Driving KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuvering KW - Modifications KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Test results KW - Tires KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607654 AU - Bohan, B F AU - Teret, S P AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LEGAL ISSUES REGARDING POLICE AND SEAT BELTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 55 p. AB - Police officers comprise a high risk group for motor vehicle related injuries. They also are a significant factor in motivating the public to wear seat belts. For these two reasons, seat belt use by policemen is of importance. This report identifies and discusses the legal issues surrounding the use and non-use of seat belts by police officers. The report is organized into six sections. First, a short background section discusses the significance of the relationship between police and seat belt usage. Second, seat belt usage laws are analyzed. Third, issues revolving around seat belts are examined within the context of potential lawsuits by and against police officers and their employers. Fourth, actual lawsuits involving these parties and issues are discussed. Fifth, employee discipline and worker compensation issues are examined. Sixth, recommendations are made concerning the role of law, litigation, and liability as motivating factors for altering individuals institutional behavior. KW - Case studies KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Personnel management KW - Police KW - Utilization KW - Workers compensation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603063 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYMPOSIUM ON EFFECTIVE HIGHWAY ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES, JUNE 12-14, 1990. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1990/08 SP - 255 p. AB - The Symposium on Effective Highway Accident Countermeasures was held in Washington, D.C., on June 12-14, 1990. The Symposium was hosted by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Symposium's objectives were to identify the most effective and practical short-term (within 2 years) countermeasures to highway accidents and to develop strategies for their implementation. The Symposium focused on five areas of highway safety: improving pedestrian safety, reducing accident severity, improving driver performance and control, improving commercial motor vehicle safety, and identifying and improving highway corridors. This publication summarizes the presentations and workshop reports. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716830 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1990 AUTOMOBILES PY - 1990/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results of the collision coverage loss experience of 1990 model year passenger vehicles during their first months of availability. It is based on collision coverage and loss data supplied by 11 insurers. Descriptions of the sources and nature of the data used are presented. The data analysis methods are presented as well, and definitions are provided. A complete list of vehicle series designations by make and size class is included. KW - Automobiles KW - Collision statistics KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Model year KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623538 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - FACTS, 1990 EDITION PY - 1990/07 SP - n.p. AB - Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among Americans 1-34 years old. Fatal crashes occur more often during some times of the day, week, and year than at other times. They involve some age groups more than others. They involve males more often than females. This edition of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Facts highlights such comparisons, based on analysis of data from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Fatal Accident Reporting System. Included in this packet are Facts Sheets covering the following: General Facts; Alcohol; Bicycles; Children; Elderly; Motorcycles; Passenger Vehicles - Occupant Deaths; Pedestrians; Roadside Hazards; State by State - Number and Type of Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths; Teenagers; Tractor-Trailers; Vehicle Size; Child Restraint Laws; DUI/DWI Laws; Helmet Use Laws; and Safety Belt Laws. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Bicycles KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Per se laws KW - Roadside KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622633 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A 1987 CHEVROLET CAVALIER 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - v.p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of BioSid dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle side impact crash test. Testing was conducted on a 1987 Chevrolet Cavalier 4-door Sedan at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was June 4, 1990 and the ambient temperature was 49 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363904 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608537 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Pollack, C V AU - Pollack, S B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - INJURY SEVERITY SCORES IN DESERT RECREATIONAL ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE TRAUMA PY - 1990/07 VL - 30 IS - 7 SP - p. 888-892 AB - A retrospective analysis of 1,259 patients injured in all-terrain vehicle accidents over a 2-year period was performed. All patients presented to the same community hospital Emergency Department, located near a major desert off-road vehicle recreational area. The patients were characterized by demographics and Injury Severity Score (ISS). There were 2,149 recorded injuries. Mean ISS plus or minus standard deviation for all patients was 5.07 plus or minus 4.93; among patients admitted for inpatient care, 9.83 plus or minus 6.46. ISS was independent of vehicle type (two, three, or four wheels). In this setting, injuries sustained by children were not disproportionately more severe than those sustained by adults. Where documented alcohol use was associated with higher ISS, and the use of helmets was associated with less severe head and facial injuries. The most common diagnoses in this series were integumental injuries and fractures, frequently involving the face and extremities. KW - Age KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Crashes KW - Demographics KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Face KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Recreational facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607662 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A 1988 TOYOTA TERCEL 4-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 33.5 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - v.p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of BioSid dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle side impact crash test. Testing was conducted on a 1988 Toyota Tercel 4-door hatchback at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.3 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the rear seating position. The test date was June 13, 1990 and the ambient temperature was 85 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Hatchback KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600528 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECTING OUR OWN. COMMUNITY CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PROGRAMS. SECOND EDITION PY - 1990/07 SP - 78 p. AB - This manual was prepared for professionals or volunteers engaged in state or local child passenger safety programs, those who work with pregnant women, infants, small children, school children, or teenagers, and parents who want to start a project to promote child passenger safety in their community or organization. It is designed to provide the tools for accomplishing the major tasks confronting child passenger safety advocates today. Chapter One describes what people have done in their communities, working through schools, businesses, civic organizations, and law enforcement or health agencies to accomplish these tasks. Chapter Two provides details on organizing a project and carrying it out. Chapter Three gives the answers to the common, yet often confusing questions that parents ask about using safety seats and belts. Appendix A contains several specialized technical guides related to the use of safety seats. Appendix B lists the multitude of program materials available to help get the message across. Appendix C provides a list of people and organizations that can provide assistance. A bibliography and glossary complete the text. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Community action programs KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497544 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BIG WHEELS PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-17 AB - It is noted that qualified truck drivers at the wheel are one of the most important factors in highway safety, and that low pay, longer working hours, and strict traffic laws are contributing to a high turnover among truck drivers. Driving schools and trucking companies are gearing efforts to recruit new drivers. New drivers lack experience, and young drivers have 5 times the risk of fatal accident involvement. Just-in-time shipping practices have also added to the problem. An encouraging development is the creation of the commercial driver's license (CDL). A truck driver will have to pass a written test to drive a truck weighing more than 26,000 pounds. CDLs will be part of the new Commercial Driver's License Information System which wil record infractions. There also appears to be a trend toward certifying truck-driving schools and formal training of new drivers. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497545 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Malone, M P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALTERNATE FUELS SPARK NEW CONCERNS PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 18-21 AB - The article notes that the search for alternative fuels involves and analysis of their costs, their safety and health risks, and the likelihood of consumer acceptance. Methanol, an alcohol fuel is the considered the least costly and have the least impact on delivery systems. Its safety concerns, however, could be serious: it burns without a visible flame, is toxic, and consumers would have to fuel twice as often. Other disbenefits are also noted. Compressed natural gas is also discussed, and current experiments in Canada are noted. The electric car may be the safest. The ethanol-gasoline blend, gasohol, is also discussed, and it is noted, scores the most points in the area of consumer acceptance. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Costs KW - Electric vehicles KW - Gasohol KW - Health KW - Methanol KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497546 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT RECORDS A LOT TO HUSK PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 22-23 AB - The article describes how new furniture in the Nebraska Department of Roads Highway Safety Division office is making record-keeping more accurate and productive. Information contained in the accident report has direct bearing on the design of highways, location of signage, traffic control, and the elimination of hazards. Fully adjustable keyboards and monitors can be raised, lowered or tilted to adapt to the operator's height and reach to reduce operator's stress. Wrapround work stations put materials within easy reach. It also provides ample work surfaces for laying out maps and other materials necessary for preparing accident reports. A significant improvement is reported in the accuracy of data entry as a result of the new furniture and other office improvements. KW - Crash reports KW - Personnel KW - Recordkeeping KW - Work environment KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497547 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL AGENCIES UNVEIL HIGHWAY AGENDA FOR THE 199S. WASHINGTON WORLD PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 24-25 AB - The agenda on traffic safety issued in the wake of the National Transportation Policy is discussed. The Transportation Policy's safety goals are stated, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's plans are listed. The latter plans relate to the following: side collisions; safety requirements for light trucks, vans, etc.; child safety; license suspension; impaired driving; drunk driving programs; safety belt use; and helmet laws. The Federal Highway Administration's safety goals are discussd. An improved driver registry to track problem drivers, and fuel economy standards for cars are discussed. KW - Children KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Helmets KW - Impaired drivers KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Side crashes KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497543 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - WOLTMAN, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIGNS OF TROUBLE PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 8-11 AB - The article emphasizes the importance of better sign maintenance. This goal can be achieved with three rules: use the best, most durable materials available; implement a systematic program of inspection and replacement as described in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program report no. 157; and follow the recommendations of the Transportation Research Board's report no. 218, 'Transportation in an Aging Society.' It is noted that changes in attitudes to tort claims has created concerns for traffic agencies, and the question of accouuntability has spurred efforts to determine standards by which to judge the problem of adequate traffic signs. Comments are made in this regard on the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Liability KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Materials KW - Standards KW - Tort liability KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082928 AU - McKnight, A James AU - Marques, Paul R AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Host and Server Determination of Alcohol Intoxication Level PY - 1990/06/08/Final Report SP - 99p AB - An Impairment Estimation Procedure (IEP) was developed from a set of alcohol impairment cues found to be associated with measured blood alcohol concentrations. Some 24 cues representing social behavior, physical appearance, and motor coordination, obtained by observing 149 drinkers in social situations, were divided into two categories: those corresponding to moderate impairment (BAC .04-.08) and those corresponding to severe impairment (BAC >.08). Observers using the IEP estimated impairment more accurately than those not using it when impairment was manifest in both breath tests and field sobriety measures. The superiority of the IEP-guided observers was greatest in identifying moderately impaired drinkers, particularly those considered not impaired by unguided observers. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol blood tests KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Appearance KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Intoxication KW - Measurement KW - Motor skills KW - Physical coordination KW - Social factors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25890/DOT-HS-807-639.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620478 AU - Campbell, K L AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Blower, D F AU - Waller, P F AU - Massie, D L AU - RIDELLA, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS IN SUPPORT OF COLLISION AVOIDANCE TECHNOLOGIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 94 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of an effort to develop and rank collision scenarios. Review of existing literature showed that there has been relatively little work in this area. In exploring and building collision scenarios, police-reported accident files from Michigan and Washington were used, along with data from the National Accident Sampling System, and the Crash Avoidance Research Data file. The project focused on common accidents of ordinary drivers. Ultimately, the project was restricted to passenger car accidents which did not involve pedestrians or pedalcyclists, and drivers who had not been drinking or indicated to have been driving recklessly. An 18-level collision configuration variable was constructed which included the number of vehicles involved, their relative orientation, intent to turn, relation to intersection, and traffic control at the intersection. Distributions of this variable were determined for driver age, area type (urban or rural), road type, and light condition. The distributions were quite stable across the four data sets. Five collision types--single-vehicle, nonintersection; crossing paths at signalized intersection; crossing paths at non-signalized intersection; driveway/parking related; and same direction, non-intersection--accounted for about two-thirds of the accidents. A sample of Michigan police reports was drawn for each of the five collision types. Among other findings, these case studies suggested that in collisions at non-signalized intersections, older drivers often stopped and then pulled out in front of oncoming traffic, while younger drivers more often failed to stop at all. Overall, the case studies suggested that a collision typology based on vehicle movement might be most useful in developing crash avoidance technology. KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Classification KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Driveways KW - Forecasting KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Intersections KW - Lighting KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Parking KW - Rural areas KW - Signalized intersections KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607663 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A 1987 NISSAN SENTRA 2-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - v.p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of BioSid dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle side impact crash test. Testing was conducted on a 1987 Nissan Sentra 2-door sedan at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.3 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was May 9, 1990 and the ambient temperature was 74 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Passenger cars KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Sedan KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620535 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1990/06 SP - 65 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State and Provincial driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Provinces of Canada, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Puerto Rico KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611060 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1989 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1990/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1989. Included are the following: Introduction; Did You Know?--General Crash Statements; Cost of Traffic Crashes; Fatalities, North Dakota and National Fatality Rate; Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County 1989--Map; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Crashes by County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; North Dakota/Out-of-State Driver Involvement; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Crash Involvement by Age, Sex, and License of Driver; Fatality Blood Alcohol Concentration Levels; Traffic Violations/Convictions; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions - Fatal Crashes, Injury Crashes, and All Crashes; Type of Motor Vehicle Crashes; Reportable Crashes by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crashes by Object Struck, by Urban Population, and by Roadway; and Non-Traffic Crashes. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Non-traffic crashes KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Out of state KW - Population KW - Restraint systems KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611087 AU - Olson, P L AU - Aoki, T AU - Battle, D AU - FLANNAGAN, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HEADLIGHT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 94 p. AB - This report summarizes four investigations carried out to assist in the development and evaluation of a headlighting visibility model developed by NHTSA. In the first study the adaptation level of drivers was measured under various conditions. It was found that the levels calculated by the model are generally too low. In the second study data were developed on discomfort glare in order to obtain a more accurate estimate for use in the model. In the third and fourth studies, comparisons were made between the visibility of pedestrian and delineation targets as measured in the field and predicted by the model. These results suggest that the model is reasonably accurate for pedestrian targets with drivers aged 35, but significantly in error for older drivers (65+). There was also a significant discrepancy in the case of delineation targets. However, the data from the delineation studies were themselves quite inconsistent, so recommendations for corrections cannot be made with any degree of confidence. KW - Accuracy KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Aged drivers KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance evaluations KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356006 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608536 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Inder, T AU - Geddis, D C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF INFANT CAR RESTRAINTS PY - 1990/06 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - p. 297-300 AB - Over a six-week period 100 mothers in Dunedin, New Zealand obtained General Motors infant car seats from a rental scheme. In interviews conducted in the maternity hospital, before the seats had been used, the mother's perceptions of the comfort and ease of use of the seat were recorded. All mothers rated the seats as very safe. From details of 2,830 car trips undertaken by these mothers while their infants were 0-3 months old and from a further 687 journeys by 85 of those mothers when their infants were 4-6 months old we found that an infant car seat was used for only 72% of journeys with the younger infant compared to 91% of journeys with the older infant. Those mothers who had rated the seat - before ever using it - as appearing uncomfortable or difficult to use were less likely to make use of it. The seat was least likely to be used when the mother was going out for more than two hours in the evening for some purpose that involved only a short car journey. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Influence factors KW - New Zealand KW - Telephone influence factors KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607646 AU - Holder, H AU - Wagenaar, A AU - Saltz, R AU - Mosher, J AU - Janes, K AU - C and H Resource Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE SERVER LIABILITY AND THE REDUCTION OF ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS: EVALUATION OF DRAM SHOP LAWS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - v.p. AB - The project was an evaluation of the potential for the legal liability of alcoholic beverage servers to stimulate preventative serving practices and thus reduce alcohol-involved traffic problems. Legal analyses of judicial and legislative actions within individual states determined that states could be ranked according to their relative level of liability exposure. Utilizing both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, the project found that in states ranked highest in server liability there was more publicity about such liability, greater awareness and concern among licensed establishment owner/managers, and differential serving practices compared to states with lowest liability exposure. A time series analysis in one state, Texas, which had experienced a dramatic change in server liability (from relatively little to relatively high) and significant accompanying publicity had a statistically significant drop in alcohol-involved traffic crashes as a result. The project concluded that server liability with incentives for preventative serving practices had more potential for reducing alcohol-involved traffic problems than strict liability alone. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Awareness KW - Case studies KW - Crash exposure KW - Dram shop laws KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Liability KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25833/DOT-HS-807-629.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607645 AU - Holder, H AU - Wagenaar, A AU - Saltz, R AU - Mosher, J AU - Janes, K AU - C and H Resource Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE SERVER LIABILITY AND THE REDUCTION OF ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS: EVALUATION OF DRAM SHOP LAWS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 32 p. AB - The project was an evaluation of the potential for the legal liability of alcoholic beverage servers to stimulate preventative serving practices and thus reduce alcohol-involved traffic problems. Legal analyses of judicial and legislative actions within individual states determined that states could be ranked according to their relative level of liability exposure. Utilizing both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, the project found that in states ranked highest in server liability there was more publicity about such liability, greater awareness and concern among licensed establishment owner/managers, and differential serving practices compared to states with lowest liability exposure. A time series analysis in one state, Texas, which had experienced a dramatic change in server liability (from relatively little to relatively high) and significant accompanying publicity had a statistically significant drop in alcohol-involved traffic crashes as a result. The project concluded that server liability with incentives for preventative serving practices had more potential for reducing alcohol-involved traffic problems than strict liability alone. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Awareness KW - Case studies KW - Crash exposure KW - Dram shop laws KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Liability KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25878/DOT-HS-807-628.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607632 AU - Datta, T K AU - Guzek, P AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USE IN 19 U.S. CITIES 1989 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 79 p. AB - This study continued to monitor the use of occupant restraint systems and motorcycle/moped helmet use in 19 U.S. cities during 1989. A total of 69,232 observations of automobile drivers indicated an overall driver safety belt use rate of 46.3%. The driver safety belt use rate in areas that have mandatory use laws was 57.5% for female drivers and 44.0% for male drivers. Whereas in areas with no use law, driver safety belt use rate was 39.3% for female drivers and 28.6% for male drivers. The passenger observation indicated that 67.3% of the infants, 69.9% of the toddlers, 43.5% of the subteens, 28.9% of the teens and 45.2% of the adults were restrained. Child safety seats were observed being used for 81.3% of the infant and 80.5% of the toddler passengers. Correct toddler safety seat installation was recorded at a rate of 80.5%. In areas with motorcycle helmet use laws 97.9% of the operators and 98.0% of the passengers used helmets. Helmet use in areas with no helmet use laws was 44.2% for operators and 31.1% for passengers. Automobilies equipped with automatic belt systems had an overall driver belt use rate of 84.8%. The motorized shoulder belt system that could not be disconnected displayed the highest use rate of 97.9%. The lowest automatic system use rate of 71.6% was observed from the lap and shoulder belt combination with disconnect. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Child restraint systems KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607630 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PLANNING COMMUNITY PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAMS: AN AGENDA FOR ACTION PY - 1990/06 SP - 34 p. AB - This planning guide was developed to assist communities in either the integration of a pedestrian safety component into an existing community traffic safety program, or the development and implementation of an independent pedestrian safety program where no community traffic safety program exists. It describes the principles of comprehensive planning and coordination, problem analysis, and community assessment. Also included are guidelines for conducting strategy work sessions and for conducting an evaluation of a pedestrian safety program. A list of recommended resources is provided along with copies of pedestrian safety assessment forms. KW - Community action programs KW - Coordination KW - Guidelines KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602643 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT FROM THE CONFERENCE ON THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY DATA, FEBRUARY 25 - MARCH 1, 1990, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/06 SP - 85 p. AB - The Conference on the Collection and Analysis of State Highway Safety Data was held in San Diego, California, on February 25 through March 1, 1990. Its purpose was to encourage States to undertake improvements in the quality and utility of state data by: Demonstrating the benefits to be obtained for State and local highway safety activities from analyses of State data; Enhancing the analytic skills of those who use State data; and, Informing the collectors and keepers of State data of methods for improving its quality and consistency. The conference was organized into plenary sessions, called General Analysis Sessions, and smaller, instructionally oriented Workshops. General Analysis Sessions featured presentations by specialists in different areas of highway safety who demonstrated ways in which State highway safety data are used to support State and local highway safety programs. The Workshops provided instruction in various topics that were chosen to enhance skills and increase the knowledge of the attendees with regard to issues associated with the use of State data for problem identification and countermeasure evaluation. At a plenary Concluding Session, a panel expressed opinions about the Conference and future needs in highway safety analysis. This report provides a brief synopsis of each of the presentations in the General Analysis Sessions and of the material covered in each of the Workshops. KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Consistency KW - Data KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - States KW - Utility KW - Utility theory KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602642 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FORUM ON YOUTH TRAFFIC SAFETY INITIATIVES, JULY 9-13, 1989, WASHINGTON, D.C. PY - 1990/06 SP - 45 p. AB - The Forum on Youth Traffic Safety Initiatives was held in Washington, D.C., in July 1989. It was attended by traffic safety experts from almost all U.S. States and territories, as well as governmental officials, representatives of the private sector, and members of the youth traffic safety research community. The purpose of the forum was to develop an Agenda for Action. This publication contains highlights of the forum presentations, the Agenda for Action that was developed by the forum participants, and concluding remarks on what lies ahead in the continuing efforts to improve youth traffic safety. KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Conferences KW - Recommendations KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601382 AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - GELLATLY, A W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REARWARD VISION, DRIVER CONFIDENCE, AND DISCOMFORT GLARE USING AN ELECTROCHROMIC REARVIEW MIRROR PY - 1990/06 SP - 30 p. AB - Electrochromic rearview mirrors can provide continuous levels of reflectivity and unobtrusive, automatic control. The availability of this technology has increased the importance of understanding how to select the best level of reflectivity for a given set of lighting conditions. For night driving with glare from following headlights, the best reflectivity level will always depend on a tradeoff among several variables. This study was designed to help clarify what variables are important and how they should be quantified. Twenty subjects, 10 younger and 10 older, performed a number of visual tasks while viewing stimuli through an electrochromic rearview mirror. Subjects were seated in an automobile mockup in a laboratory and the reflectivity level of the mirror was changed before each of a series of discrete trials. On each trial, subjects saw reflected in the mirror a visual acuity stimulus and a glare source of varying intensity. They performed three tasks: (1) judgment of the location of a gap in the acuity stimulus, (2) rating of their subjective confidence in the gap judgment, and (3) rating of the discomfort they experienced from the glare source. Results showed that: (1) visual performance decreased with decreasing reflectivity approximately as a linear function of log reflectivity, (2) subjects' confidence consistently underestimated their actual performance but otherwise accurately reflected the effect of reflectivity on performance, and (3) the effect of reflectivity on discomfort glare is not fully predicted by its effect on illumination at the subject's eye point. Implications of these findings for mirror design include: (1) the continuous reflectivity control provided by electrochromic mirrors should be of value in achieving optimal tradeoffs in the presence of glare, and (2) at least for discrimination tasks, even though changes in reflectivity are automatic and subtle, subjects recognize the resulting changes in seeing ability. KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Electrochromic rear view mirrors KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Human subject testing KW - Night KW - Performance KW - Psychological tests KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Reflectivity KW - Subjective tests KW - Variables KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601389 AU - ROGERSON, P AU - Keall, M AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - THE MELBOURNE ON-ROAD EXPOSURE SURVEYS: 1984, 1985, 1986 AND 1988 SN - 0-7306-1353-4 PY - 1990/06 SP - 106 p. AB - These roadside surveys were conducted during May and June and consisted of short interviews (not longer than 35 seconds while the traffic lights were on "red") on high volume roads. An observer as well as an interviewer collected data on age, sex, licence type, transmission of test vehicle, seating position, seat belt usage, vehicle ownership, purpose of journey, transmission of vehicle, use of "L" and "P" plates, vehicle make and registration. The results are presented as percentages of total distance travelled by sub-groups of the driving population. The information collected relates to distances driven on arterial roads in the survey area (38 out of 52 local government areas) during a typical week in a non-holiday period. It is probably a reasonable assumption, however, that the results would generalise to the whole of Melbourne. The exposure data presented in this report can be used to estimate the relative risk of accident for various groups of drivers, car occupants or vehicles. The frequency of various groups in the total population can be used to assess the size of a particular road safety problem. Hence the results can be used to identify problems and quantify the expected outcome of suggested countermeasures. KW - Age KW - Crash exposure KW - Data collection KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Melbourne (Australia) KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Surveys KW - Trip length KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497335 AU - Dalrymple, G D AU - Hsia, H-S AU - RAGLAND, C L AU - Dickman, F B AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHEELCHAIR AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINT ON SCHOOL BUSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 116 p. AB - This report presents the findings of a literature survey, wheelchair hardware survey, wheelchair usage on school buses survey and assessment of current worldwide standards to address securement of wheelchairs on school buses and other modes of public transportation. This research was performed to assess the current wheelchair securement and occupant protection systems on school buses to support possible future rulemakings. Several foreign and international organizations have recently issued standards for wheelchair and occupant securement. This report explores the potential application of these standards to FMVSS 222, "School Bus Seating and Crash Protection." Although data in this report are relevant to FMVSS 222, it was also prepared to disseminate information that may be useful to other standards organizations, wheelchair manufacturers, school bus manufacturers and school districts. KW - Anchors (Mooring devices) KW - Data collection KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - School buses KW - Standards KW - Surveys KW - Tie-down anchors KW - Tiedowns KW - Utilization KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629095 AU - Bohan, B F AU - Teret, S P AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEAT BELTS AND THE LAW: MANDATORY USE LAWS AND THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 92 p. AB - This report analyzes the current legal status of the seat belt defense in civil actions. Particular emphasis is given to factors which have altered the evolution of the seat belt defense since 1982, the most significant being the passage of laws mandating belt use in a majority of the states. The report is organized into three sections. The first section provides the background necessary to an understanding of the nature and applications of the seat belt defense, and the benefits and detriments of the seat belt defense and mandatory use laws (MULs). The second section includes a State-by-State analysis of the current status of the seat belt defense. The final section examines the seat belt defense and MULs in the context of broader public policy considerations regarding injury prevention. KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Manual safety belts KW - Non-use of safety belts KW - Public policy KW - Safety KW - Seat belt defense KW - States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611062 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: AN ANALYSIS OF TOTAL LOSSES, 1984-88 MODELS PY - 1990/05 SP - 24 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) special report presents information on total losses under collision coverages involving 1984-88 passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Overall, claims representing total losses have increased from about 4% of all collision claims for 1984 models to about 6% for 1988 models. For the more recent model years, more than one-fourth of all collision loss dollars were paid for total losses. Total losses are strongly related to vehicle size with smaller vehicles experiencing much higher rates of total losses. KW - Automobiles KW - Liability insurance KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Total losses KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608591 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Drummond, F C AU - Pizzola, P A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN UNUSUAL CASE INVOLVING THE INDIVIDUALIZATION OF A CLOTHING IMPRESSION ON A MOTOR VEHICLE PY - 1990/05 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - p. 746-752 AB - In the case reported herein, the authors compared two articles of clothing (a belt and pants) with the impression found on the bumper of an automobile alleged to have impacted a pedestrian, thereby causing his death. The following aspects of the clothing corresponded to sites in the impression: the weave pattern of the pants and belt loop, stitching of the belt loop, orientation of the belt and belt inscription with respect to the pants, and individual characteristics on the border of the belt. This unusual combination of features allowed an individualization to be made between the impression of the motor vehicle and the clothing of the victim. KW - Bumpers KW - Case studies KW - Clothing KW - Forensic medicine KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602641 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS, NATIONAL OCCUPANT PROTECTION CONFERENCE, JANUARY 29-FEBRUARY 1, 1990, FORT WORTH, TEXAS PY - 1990/05 SP - v.p. AB - The National Occupant Protection Conference was held from January 29 to February 1, 1990, in Fort Worth, Texas, and was attended by approximately 200 professionals from the fields of law enforcement, adjudication, education, mass communications, and highway safety program management. The purpose of the conference was to assess the effectiveness of occupant protection programs in the United States and to plan future directions. For the most part, participants came from State and local programs and were experienced in occupant protection program operations and management. This summary of the proceedings describes the state of the art in highway safety programs to promote greater occupant protection use and presents the participants' conclusions and recommendations about gaining further significant increases in belt use. Also included, as Appendix 1, are the recommendations made for occupant protection at the U.S. Department of Transportation's Traffic Safety Summit, which was held on April 1-3, 1990. Although developed separately, they are highly supportive of and consistent with the conclusions reached at the National Occupant Protection Conference. KW - Conferences KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Programs KW - Recommendations KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602640 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1989 TRAFFIC FATALITIES, PRELIMINARY REPORT. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 44 p. AB - This report provides detailed preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities for 1989. The results are based on incomplete reporting but adjustments have been made to account for this. Trend data is presented for both traffic fatalities and fatality rate. An extensive set of estimates are provided at the national level together with summary statistics at the State and Regional level. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. All estimates are compared to the corresponding values for 1988, 1983, and 1980. KW - Classification KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Helmets KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Land use KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passengers KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601388 AU - SULLIVAN, G AU - Wise, A AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - BICYCLE HELMET USAGE RATES IN VICTORIA 1983-1990 SN - 0-7306-1385-2 PY - 1990/05 SP - 47 p. AB - The 1990 bicycle helmet surveys of primary and secondary school children cycling to and from school showed that the helmet wearing rates of primary school students have remained stable at 74.8% in the metropolitan area, and increased to 64.4% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates of secondary school children are much lower, increasing to 24.7% in the metropolitan area and 25.7% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates for commuter cyclists decreased slightly to 43.5% in the metropolitan area and increased to 14.5% in the regional centres. There has been a significant increase in helmet wearing amongst recreational cyclists in the metropolitan area, to 32.2%, but it has remained steady at 17.3% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates for adults and primary school-aged cyclists riding recreationally are much less than when commuting to school or work. In both the metropolitan and country areas, footpath cyclists of all ages have lower helmet wearing rates than cyclists on roads. KW - Commuters KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Helmets KW - Recreation KW - Rural areas KW - School children KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601361 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Reddy, K AU - Furer, M AU - West, M AU - Hamonic, M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION SECONDARY TO SEATBELT TRAUMA: CASE REPORT PY - 1990/05 VL - 30 IS - 5 SP - p. 630-633 AB - A postmortem report of a patient with traumatic internal carotid artery dissection, along with evidence strongly suggestive of a car seatbelt as a causative factor, is presented. In this 5-ft subject, the shoulder harness could have been high, over the anterior cervical area. The authors feel this mechanism deserves consideration as one of the important causes of traumatic carotid dissection. If supported by further studies, remedial measures in the form of changes in seatbelt design, or the use of alternate protective measures may be warranted. KW - Carotid artery dissection KW - Case studies KW - Design KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348568 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601373 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - McBay, A J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DRUGS AND TRANSPORTATION SAFETY - LETTER TO THE EDITOR PY - 1990/05 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - p. 523-529 AB - In this letter to the editor, the author supports his belief that widespread random testing of transportation workers is not a cost-effective way of improving the safety, health, performance, and productivity of those workers. He cites several cases of drug testing following a transportation accident (air, rail, and highway) where the test results were questionable and where the media gave much publicity to worker drug use, but failed to do so to the actual findings of more extensive investigations which revealed other causes, such as fatigue or failure to exercise due care. He cites the National Master Freight Agreement Drug Testing Program as an example of the confused efforts at trying to interpret the meaning of marijuana concentrations. KW - Air transportation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drug tests KW - Highway transportation KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Random breath tests KW - Random drug testing KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600534 AU - GELLATLY, A W AU - Weintraub, D J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - USER RECONFIGURATIONS OF THE DE BOER RATING SCALE FOR DISCOMFORT GLARE PY - 1990/05 SP - 21 p. AB - This study evaluated the de Boer rating scale for discomfort glare. The aim was to odetermine if the scale was effective in rating discomfort glare and, if not, what modifications are necessary to improve the scale. The hypothesis was that the de Boer scale was not optimal for rating the true psychological effect of discomfort glare by American observers. Two tasks were performed by each subject. The first task was an ordering of the verbal descriptors, in which the subject ordered the five verbal descriptors from the scale in the order they thought the scale should run. The second task was to number the scale they created. The results indicate that (1) there is a problem with the way the de Boer scale is numbered, and (2) some of the verbal descriptors are confusing and can lead to improper scaling of glare. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the de Boer scale is not the optimal scale for rating discomfort glare by American observers, and research on an improved scale is necessary. KW - De boer rating scale KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Glare KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600541 AU - SAYERS, M W AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Guy, Y AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CHRYSLER/UMTRI WIND-STEER VEHICLE SIMULATION--USER'S MANUAL, VERSION 1.4. VOLUME II PY - 1990/05 SP - 127 p. AB - The Wind-Steer model is a time-based simulation of the handling performance of a passenger car in response to steer inputs from a driver and external wind conditions. The simulation includes the aerodynamic properties of the vehicle, a closed-loop driver model, and vehicle chassis characteristics. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Chassis KW - Crosswinds KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Human machine systems KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600540 AU - SAYERS, M W AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Guy, Y AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CHRYSLER/UMTRI WIND-STEER VEHICLE SIMULATION--USER'S MANUAL, VERSION 1.4. VOLUME I PY - 1990/05 SP - 55 p. AB - The Wind-Steer model is a time-based simulation of the handling performance of a passenger car in response to steer inputs from a driver and external wind conditions. The simulation includes the aerodynamic properties of the vehicle, a closed-loop driver model, and vehicle chassis characteristics. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Chassis KW - Crosswinds KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Human machine systems KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600529 AU - Filkins, L D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EVALUATION PLAN: JACKSON COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 35 p. AB - An evaluation plan for the Jackson County (Michigan) Comprehensive Traffic Safety Program is presented, and the program is reviewed briefly. The overall evaluation strategy recommended for the program consists of three parts. The first part comprises performance evaluations of each of the individual countermeasure projects participating in the program. The second part is a performance evaluation of the entire program to determine whether the overall goals of the program (other than reduction in the frequency and severity of crashes) have been achieved. The final part consists of an effectiveness evaluation of the entire program to determine the long-term, bottom-line impact on crashes. Recommendations are presented for the crash and exposure databases to be used, for the comparison counties, and for the variables and time periods to be analyzed. KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Programs KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344029 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496401 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE 21ST CENTURY BEGINS TO ROLL PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 22-23 AB - President Bush's and Transportation Secretary Skinner's comprehensive national transportation policy is discussed. The policy would focus federal highway spending on major arteries and impose new responsibilites on states and local governments for building and maintaining local roads. It urges states and localities to hike gasoline taxes and rely more on revenue generated through tolls, transportation taxes and other user fees. Highlights of the policy relating to the following areas are discussed: safety; highways; tolls and taxes; mass transit; hazardous material; trucking; and research. The government registration of child safety seats is discussed, as well as management deficiencies in the Department of Transportation program to test transportation workers for drug use. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drugs KW - Federal government KW - Hazardous materials KW - Local government KW - State government KW - Taxation KW - Tolls KW - Transportation policy KW - Trucking KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312516 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496400 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Hannigan, M J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUNNY DRUNKS ON THE ROCKS PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-22 AB - California's cluster of anti-DUI (driving under the influence) legislation in 1989 is noted. The combinatiion of the laws, aggressive enforcement and energetic public awareness campaigning has resulted in a high level of recognition of DUI as a serious problem. Other anti-DUI activities are also noted. Of the anti-DUI laws, the one with the greatest potential for diminishing the incidence of drunk driving is the one establishing the 0.8 threshold for drunk driving. A campaign to educate California's 20 million drivers concerning the impairment potential of low-level alcohol consumtion is also noted. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312515 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496397 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - LAUERSDORF, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ALL TOO USUAL PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-11 AB - The history of alcohol consumption in America is briefly described, and 'dram shop' laws of the mid-19th century are noted. Such laws take action against a bar owner if an intoxicated consumer caused injury, and the owner may be confronted with an assessment of damages and license sanctions. To forestall such actions, the managers of bars, restaurants and other alcohol-related establishments are arranging for server-intervention training for their employees. One of the first such programs initiated by the Wisconsibn Office of Highway Safety is noted. The Alcohol Server Knowledge (ASK) program developed by the National Safety Council is described. The program's 4-hour sessions cover responsible alcohol service, the need for such service, preventing intoxication, and intervening with intoxicated patrons. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol servers KW - Alcohol use KW - Drinking establishments KW - Laws KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312512 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496398 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE PARADOX PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 12-14 AB - The article notes hat police traffic chases killed 255 in one year, and expresses concern about police pursuits and their outcomes. It describes how law enforcement agencies across the nation are beginning to write policies and debate ways to control the deadly force of speeding vehicles in police chases. Many unnecessary chases are intitated by police departments where there is no policy governing pursuit. Attention is drawn to a publication: 'Police Pursuit Driving: Controlling Responses to Emergency Situations.' Steps that police departments need to take in order to properly control pursuits are listed and discussed. KW - Emergencies KW - Fatalities KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312513 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496399 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Malone, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GAMES SPEEDERS PLAY PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 16-19 AB - The article discusses the conflict between those charged with maintaining safety on the highways and drivers who regularly exceed speed limits. The battle is fought on two fronts: the technological and psychological. The combination of technological advances in enforcement with an active public relations campaign seems to offer the best hope of winning on both fronts for traffic safety professionals. The use of detectors to detect police detectors is discussed. A new device is described that is based on a combination of conventional radar and large camera with telephoto lens and is mounted in the back of a small truck or station wagon parked in an area where speeding is a problem. The legality of presuming the owner was the driver at the time of the traffic violation is also discussed. Speed limits need to be realistsic if drivers are expected to comply with them. KW - Detectors KW - Highway safety KW - Radar devices KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496402 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CARS CAN REVERSE DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-27 AB - In 1989 more than 20 states introduced legislation to permit or require the use of interlocks by convicted drunk drivers. The interlock system connects a breath analyzer to a vehicle's electrical system. The driver must blow into the system, pass a BAC (blood alcohol concentration) test at a pre-set level, and use a breath code for the intended driver only, in order for the vehicle to start. In jurisdictions across the country, law enforcement and probation officers have witnessed the effectiveness of ignition interlocks. Studies in Colorado, Ohio, and Pennsylvania are described which provide additional support for the use of the devices. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Ignition systems KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607650 AU - BROEN, N L AU - Weir, D H AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF AN EXAMPLE ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM TO CHANGES IN LINING FRICTION. TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1990/04 SP - 64 p. AB - Full scale straightline brake and brake in turn tests were performed on both high and low mu surfaces with an example automobile equipped with an antilock brake system (ABS). Several different sets of brake pads were tested to measure the effect of brake pad friction level on the response and performance of the example ABS. Preliminary tests were performed to estimate the brake pad friction coefficients, which ranged from 0.27 to 0.45 in the front and from 0.30 to 0.52 in the rear. Similar braking tests were accomplished with a temporary spare tire mounted successively at the front and rear. The results show that there was no systematic effect of varying pad friction on ABS response, and that the stopping distances did not change by a substantial amount over the brake pad frictions tested. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake linings KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Friction KW - Performance KW - Response KW - Sensitivity KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607651 AU - BROEN, N L AU - Weir, D H AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF AN EXAMPLE ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM TO CHANGES IN LINING FRICTION. TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1990/04 SP - 575 p. AB - Full scale straightline brake and brake in turn tests were performed on both high and low mu surfaces with an example automobile equipped with an antilock brake system (ABS). Several different sets of brake pads were tested to measure the effect of brake pad friction level on the response and performance of the example ABS. Preliminary tests were performed to estimate the brake pad friction coefficients, which ranged from 0.27 to 0.45 in the front and from 0.30 to 0.52 in the rear. Similar braking tests were accomplished with a temporary spare tire mounted successively at the front and rear. The results show that there was no systematic effect of varying pad friction on ABS response, and that the stopping distances did not change by a substantial amount over the brake pad frictions tested. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake linings KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Friction KW - Performance KW - Response KW - Sensitivity KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607635 AU - Lacey, J H AU - MARCHETTI, L M AU - Stewart, J R AU - Murphy, P V AU - Jones, R K AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMBINING ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC INFORMATION TO DETER DWI: THE EXPERIENCE OF THREE COMMUNITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 62 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of three field tests of the concept of combining enforcement with public information and education (PI&E) activities to achieve general deterrence of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Test communities were Clearwater/Largo, Florida, Indianapolis, Indiana and Boise, Idaho. Each community identified several specific DWI enforcement techniques to implement and PI&E materials were developed that highlighted those specific enforcement techniques. The programs were implemented in each community for approximately a one year period and measures of public awareness, reported drinking driving behavior and crash experience were examined in the test communities and comparison communities. The test programs represented a variety of enforcement and PI&E approaches as dictated by local conditions. Similarly there were varying effects of the programs. The salient enforcement technique associated with program effectiveness was the use of checkpoints. Overall command emphasis was also found to be important. A comprehensive PI&E program using public service ads, hard news coverage and community appearances was also associated with program success while reliance on a single PI&E approach was less likely to achieve desired results. Methodological issues in implementing and evaluating such interventions are also discussed. KW - Awareness KW - Crashes KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Security checkpoints UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25816/DOT-HS-807-601.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607638 AU - Soderstrom, C A AU - Dischinger, P C AU - Ho, S M AU - Shankar, B S AU - University of Maryland, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF ALCOHOL USE AMONG 165 INJURED MOTORCYCLE DRIVERS TREATED AT MARYLAND TRAUMA CENTERS: CLINICAL AND CRASH PERSPECTIVES INCLUDING CRASH CULPABILITY ASSESSMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 50 p. AB - For a one year period in 1987-88, 203 injured motorcycle drivers were admitted for treatment to a Maryland trauma center, of whom 165 had determined blood alcohol levels (BALs). Police reports of these cases were obtained and crash culpability in relation to alcohol use was determined. Over one-half (53.3%) of the drivers were BAL positive, with 73.9% with a BAL greater than 100 mg% (=0.1% alcohol). One-third of underaged drivers tested positive for alcohol. For victims who survived a crash long enough to be transported to and admitted to a trauma center there was no association between alcohol use and injury severity, length of hospitalization, mortality, discharge to home, or the presence of a brain injury. A deleterious effect of alcohol on survival is suggested by the finding that 9 of 13 victims (69.2%) who died at the scene of injury or within 4 hours of admission tested positive for alcohol. A significant negative association was found between helmet use and alcohol use among the 111 drivers in which helmet use was known (p less than 0.001). A greater percentage of nonhelmeted (45.5%) drivers sustained brain injuries compared to helmeted (33.3%) drivers. Alcohol use was significantly higher in cyclists involved in single (67.1%) vehicle crashes compared to multiple (43.2%) vehicle crashes (p less than 0.002). Positive BAL (82.7%) drivers were culpable at a significantly greater rate than negative BAL drivers (45.7%) of causing the crashes in which they were injured (p less than 0.001). Alcohol use (68.6%) was associated with a significantly higher culpability rate for drivers in multiple vehicle crashes compared to non use (28.6%) (p less than 0.002). The impact of alcohol use on the clinical course of injured drivers appears to be most apparent in the pre-hospital environment. Such use predisposes to injury. That predisposition is heightened by less frequent use of helmets, and a decreased ability to safely operate a motorcycle alone or in traffic involving other vehicles. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Crashes KW - Culpability KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Motorcyclists KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571045 AU - BROEN, N L AU - Weir, D H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF AN EXAMPLE ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM TO CHANGES IN LINING FRICTION.: VOLUME I PY - 1990/04 SP - 58 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571328 AU - BROEN, N L AU - Weir, D H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF AN EXAMPLE ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM TO CHANGES IN LINING FRICTION.: VOLUME II, APPENDICES PY - 1990/04 SP - 575 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601364 AU - Arup Transportation Planning TI - 1989 RURAL TOWN RESTRAINT USE SURVEY SN - 0-7306-1329-1 PY - 1990/04 SP - 55 p. AB - The survey entailed observation of seatbelt wearing, age, sex and seating position of vehicle occupants stopped at intersections or service stations. The type of vehicle and type of occupant restraint was also noted. A total of 31,529 vehicles were observed at 10 sites in each of 12 towns in Victoria. This resulted in 51,017 usable occupant observations during October-November 1989. Wearing rates were lower in rear seats, seats not fitted with inertial reel belts, utilities and panel vans and service stations compared with intersections. There was not much variation with time-of-day or day-of-week. Major variation in wearing rates were observed with age and seating position. Rates were lowest for 5-7 years old, but rose progressively with age group for older occupants. Child restraints were worn at higher than the average rate. Comparing wearing rates in 6 out of the 12 towns showed that the overall wearing rate has increased from 80.0% in 1988 to 87.3% in 1989. Seatbelt wearing rates have increased in the 3 towns in the La Trobe Valley from 90.2% in 1987 to 94.4% in 1989. Overall, rural town restraint use was 88.8%, varying from 83.4% in Avoca to 93.1% in Morwell. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Gender KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rural areas KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Towns KW - Utilization KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344482 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601378 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Reid, A B AU - Letts, R M AU - Black, G B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - PEDIATRIC CHANCE FRACTURES: ASSOCIATION WITH INTRA-ABDOMINAL INJURIES AND SEATBELT USE PY - 1990/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 384-391 AB - Seven cases of Chance fractures of the spine in children are presented, with their association to intra-abdominal injuries secondary to seatbelt use. A discussion and review of the literature suggest an increasing frequency of this particular injury with a high association given the clinical sign known as the "seatbelt sign." Also reviewed is the association of intra-abdominal injuries secondary to seatbelt restraints, and particular attention is paid to the concurrence of intra-abdominal injury with Chance fractures of the spine. The unique features of the pediatric anatomy in relation to the design of the adult seat restraint as it relates to the vertebral fracture and intra-abdominal injuries are noted. A review of the literature discusses the development of a classification for this flexion-distraction type of vertebral injury, and supports our experience of the increasing frequency of these particular injuries with increasing seatbelt use. KW - Abdomen KW - Children KW - Design KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Spinal column KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348583 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601377 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Andersen, J A AU - MCLELLAN, B A AU - Pagliarello, G AU - Nelson, W R AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND SEATBELT USAGE ON SEVERITY OF INJURY FROM MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1990/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 415-417 AB - Seatbelt usage has been consistently documented to decrease mortality and injury severity from motor vehicle crashes (MVC); however, conflicting results are available comparing mortality and injury severity, and blood alcohol positivity. Prospective testing on all MVC admissions showed that 51.5% of the non-belted, and 22% of the shoulder-belted drivers had a positive blood alcohol content (p less than 0.001). A comparison of belted and non-belted MVC drivers revealed a significantly higher mean length of stay (LOS) (p less than 0.05) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) (p less than 0.01) for the non-belted drivers. A comparison of groups positive and negative for blood alcohol revealed no significant differences in LOS or ISS, suggesting that these parameters are related to seatbelt use and not alcohol consumption. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348582 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601362 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - MCLELLAN, B A AU - Vingilis, Evelyn AU - Liban, C B AU - Stoduto, G AU - McMurtry, R Y AU - Nelson, W R AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL TESTING OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH ADMISSIONS AT A REGIONAL TRAUMA UNIT PY - 1990/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 418-421 AB - Motor vehicle crashes remain a leading cause of death and injury in the industrialized world. Alcohol consumption is implicated as a major factor in fatal motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), but only poor estimates of blood alcohol concentrations among nonfatally injured crash victims are available. A 3-year study was undertaken at a Regional Trauma Unit to determine the demographics, injury severity, and alcohol positivity of motor vehicle crash victims. Between August 1, 1986 and July 31, 1989, 825 motor vehicle crash victims were available for study; 368 drivers were admitted to the unit within a period of 4 hours. Of 715 patients tested for alcohol, 31.0% were positive. A total of 333 drivers were tested for blood alcohol; 128 (38.4%) were positive. The mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at admission for the drivers was 145.6 mg/100 ml; the estimated mean BAC at crash was 180.9 mg/100 ml. The mean age of BAC positive drivers was 31.4 years, compared to a mean age in the BAC negative drivers of 35.2 years (p less than 0.02). Male patients represented 76.6% of the drivers, yet represented 83.6% of the BAC positive drivers (p less than 0.05). There was a marked seasonal variation in BAC positivity, with 46.1% of drivers positive during the summer months. Alcohol appears to be a significant factor in nonfatal MVCs. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Demographics KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injury severity KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601384 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - MARING, W AU - Van Schagen, I AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AGE DEPENDENCE OF ATTITUDES AND KNOWLEDGE IN CYCLISTS PY - 1990/04 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - p. 127-136 AB - A number of factors related to bicycle accidents were studied, namely, knowledge of priority rules, attitude and self-reported behavior regarding traffic rules, and general opinions about the safety of the traffic behavior of cyclists and drivers. In order to get an indication of the influence of these factors at different stages of the life span, subjects ranging from 9 to 83 years of age were represented in the study. The relationship between age and the various measures was found to be U-shaped in most cases. The older cyclists and the 9 to 11 year olds, the two groups that are most at risk, were deficient regarding knowledge while showing the most positive attitudes. Implications with respect to possible countermeasures are discussed. KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Knowledge UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601376 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - MacDonald, R L AU - Schwartz, M L AU - Mirich, D AU - Sharkey, P W AU - Nelson, W R AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURY IN MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH VICTIMS: HOW MANY X-RAYS ARE ENOUGH? PY - 1990/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 392-397 AB - As delay in diagnosing unstable cervical spine injuries unnecessarily exposes patients to risk of neurologic injury, it is often recommended that complex radiologic investigations be performed on alert patients with neck pain, tenderness, or neurologic deficit despite normal plain radiographs. The optimal investigation of patients unable to reliably provide such information is less clear. How many X-rays are enough to clear the cervical spine? In order to answer this question, a retrospective review of 775 motor vehicle crash (MVC) victims was conducted. 92 (12%) sustained cervical spine injury. 16 of these injuries were missed initially and, in a further 18 cases, the lateral cervical spine X-ray was wrongly interpreted as positive. 55% of patients with cervical injury had a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of less than 15 on admission. Lateral radiographic visualization of the complete cervical spine (including a swimmer's view as required) had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 97%. The addition of open mouth (OM) and anteroposterior (AP) views detected all patients with unstable fractures except one man with a head injury who was unable to provide clinical clues to the diagnosis, but who suffered no additional harm as a result. A single lateral X-ray of the cervical spine is inadequate to exclude cervical spine injury in severely traumatized patients and the addition of OM and AP views still failed to identify unstable fractures in one of 385 patients in this series of MVC victims with GCS less than 15. The cervical spine may be cleared in MVC patients by excellent, complete lateral visualization of the cervical spine plus OM and AP views at the risk of missing significant fractures in fewer than 1% of patients. KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes KW - X rays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600533 AU - Cebon, D AU - Winkler, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Cambridge TI - A STUDY OF ROAD DAMAGE DUE TO DYNAMIC WHEEL LOADS USING A LOAD MEASURING MAT. VOLUME 1: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME, MULTIPLE-SENSOR WEIGH-IN-MOTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 138 p. AB - A wheel load measuring mat of total length 38 m, incorporating 96 capacitative strip Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) sensors was installed on a test track. A total of 650 test runs was performed on seven different articulated heavy vehicles, for a range of speeds between 8 km/h and 80 km/h. The wheel force data were analyzed to investigate the performance of the individual sensors and the design and performance of WIM arrays with up to six sensors. The strip sensors were found to be very reliable and to measure the dynamic wheel loads with an accuracy of better than 4%, based on the root mean square of the variance from the true value. A theory was developed for the design of multiple-sensor WIM systems and the experimental results were found to agree closely with the theoretical predictions. It is concluded that a good design for multiple-sensor WIM systems is to use 3 sensors, spaced evenly along the road. The sensors should be spaced according to a simple formula which depends only on the average traffic speed. The expected static axle load estimation errors for such a system are likely to be 30% to 50% of the errors of a single-sensor WIM system. KW - Accuracy KW - Axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - Spacing KW - Speed KW - Test tracks KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600539 AU - Blower, D F AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Campbell, K L AU - Stamatiadis, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE MICHIGAN HEAVY TRUCK STUDY. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/04 SP - 20 p. AB - This report presents an analysis of the travel, crash frequencies, and crash rates of large trucks registered in Michigan. The project focused on the travel and crashes of Michigan-registered trucks in Michigan. The travel data are from the UMTRI Michigan Truck Trip Information Survey (MTTIS). Crash frequencies are from the computerized file of police accident reports maintained by the Michigan State Police, supplemented by data on the state-of-registration of involved trucks compiled by Michigan State University. The project was undertaken jointly by UMTRI and the Michigan State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The research approach and survey methods are described. Estimates of the travel and population of Michigan-registered tractors are presented, along with crash frequencies for several subsets of interest. The factors addressed in the risk analysis are: truck type, crash severity (fatal, injury, property-damage-only (PDO)), road type (limited access, major artery, other), urban/rural, day/night. The results indicate that the bobtail tractor configuration has the highest risk on all parts of the Michigan highway system. Crash rates for singles and doubles are quite similar overall, though the doubles rate is higher for casualty crashes on major artery and other roads. Limited access roads had the lowest rates, followed by major arteries, and other roads. Crash rates were lower in urban areas than rural. Overall, daytime rates were higher than nighttime. Casualty crash rates were higher at night, but PDO rates were higher during the day in both urban and rural areas, but particularly urban. Traffic density appears to explain the higher overall daytime rate. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Days KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night KW - Risk analysis KW - Rural areas KW - Size KW - Travel KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600538 AU - Blower, D F AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Campbell, K L AU - Stamatiadis, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE MICHIGAN HEAVY TRUCK STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 168 p. AB - This report presents an analysis of the travel, crash frequencies, and crash rates of large trucks registered in Michigan. The project focused on the travel and crashes of Michigan-registered trucks in Michigan. The travel data are from the UMTRI Michigan Truck Trip Information Survey (MTTIS). Crash frequencies are from the computerized file of police accident reports maintained by the Michigan State Police, supplemented by data on the state-of-registration of involved trucks compiled by Michigan State University. The project was undertaken jointly by UMTRI and the Michigan State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The research approach and survey methods are described. Estimates of the travel and population of Michigan-registered tractors are presented, along with crash frequencies for several subsets of interest. The factors addressed in the risk analysis are: truck type, crash severity (fatal, injury, property-damage-only (PDO)), road type (limited access, major artery, other), urban/rural, day/night. The results indicate that the bobtail tractor configuration has the highest risk on all parts of the Michigan highway system. Crash rates for singles and doubles are quite similar overall, though the doubles rate is higher for casualty crashes on major artery and other roads. Limited access roads had the lowest rates, followed by major arteries, and other roads. Crash rates were lower in urban areas than rural. Overall, daytime rates were higher than nighttime. Casualty crash rates were higher at night, but PDO rates were higher during the day in both urban and rural areas, but particularly urban. Traffic density appears to explain the higher overall daytime rate. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Days KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night KW - Risk analysis KW - Rural areas KW - Size KW - Travel KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600532 AU - Lee, N S AU - Schneider, L W AU - Ricci, L L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE RELATED TO SEATING DISCOMFORT. SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 103 p. AB - This literature review incorporates published research of anatomical, behavioral, biomechanical, and physiological studies related to automotive seating comfort. It summarizes key literature related to seating design and criteria and reviews comfort issues in automotive seating. The report is divided into five sections: Driving Posture, Pressure Distribution and Hemodynamics, Vibration, Subjective Evaluation, and Practice in Industry. KW - Anatomy KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Physiological aspects KW - Posture KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Reviews KW - Seats KW - State of the art studies KW - Subjective analysis KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496509 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S TRAFFIC SAFETY SUMMIT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, APRIL 1-3, 1990. SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS PY - 1990/04 SP - 115 p. AB - Included in this Summary of the Proceedings of the Traffic Safety Summit are the following: Message from the President of the United States; Charge to the Summit by the Secretary of Transportation; Recommendations in four areas: (1) drunk and drugged driving, (2) speed, grade crossings, and other hazardous moving violations, (3) occupant protection, and (4) commercial motor vehicle safety; Final Remarks by the Secretary of Transportation; and four Appendices: (1) Invocation, (2) Summit Agenda, (3) Summit discussion topics and issues, and (4) Summit participants. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Child restraint systems KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Moving violations KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Recommendations KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610230 AU - Serafin, C AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVER PREFERENCES FOR INSTRUMENT PANEL LIGHTING LEVELS PY - 1990/03 SP - 126 p. AB - This report identifies driver preferences for instrument cluster luminance/contrast levels. Thirty drivers (10 young Americans, 10 older Americans, and 10 Japanese) participated. Judgments (minimum, preferred, maximum, and dazzling) were obtained at nine sites along a 17-mile route in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Each driver provided judgments for 5 test conditions (daytime--electronic cluster, with and without sunglasses; nighttime--electronic, green analog, and white analog clusters). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of contrast ratios showed significant differences between the 3 clusters at night (electronic=178:1, green=82:1, and white=51:1). A t-test revealed significant differences between the electronic panel with (14:1) and without sunglasss (11:1). For the 5 conditions (with sunglasses, without sunglasses, electronic, green, and white), the preferred ratios were 14:1, 11:1, 186:1, 77:1, and 44:1, respectively. As expected, the order of the judgments from low to high contrast ratios was minimum (30:1), preferred (67:1), maximum (84:1), and dazzling (88:1). The maximum and dazzling judgments, however, were not significantly different. This was a function of the limited luminance range of the clusters, since 30% of the time the highest setting was not sufficient for the maximum judgment and 67% of the time it was not high enough for dazzling. Thus the contrasts for these two judgments were underestimated. Differences were found between young (64:1) and older (70:1) Americans, but not between American men and women or American and Japanese drivers. Prediction equations developed for contrast explain at least 84% of the variability for the preferred, maximum, and dazzling judgments. KW - Age KW - Analysis of variance KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Contrast KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Equations KW - Ergonomics KW - Forecasting KW - Human factors KW - Instrument panels KW - Luminous intensity KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607655 AU - Bragdon, D AU - Grant, J AU - National Commission Against Drunk Driving AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANTI-DRUNK DRIVING PROGRAM INITIATIVES: A PROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE PROGRAM NEEDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 127 p. AB - This report reviews what has occurred at the state and local level regarding drunk driving since the publication of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving (PCDD) report in 1983, and identifies the countermeasures that have been implemented, the problems that have been encountered, and the programs that are still required to bring about further reductions in drunk driving crashes. Four questions are addressed: 1) To what extent have the PCDD recommendations been implemented? 2) What obstacles have been encountered in efforts to implement drunk driving countermeasures? 3) How can these obstacles be addressed and overcome? 4) What else is needed to bring about further reductions in the incidence of drunk driving? The report is divided into four main sections. In the first section, the progress that states and communities have made in implementing the 39 PCDD recommendations is assessed. Findings about the perceptions of state officials and leading citizen activists are then presented. From these findings, four major obstacles that hinder attempts to reduce drunk driving and deserve priority attention are isolated. Finally, recommendations are offered on how these major obstacles might be overcome, along with some further suggestions for drunk driving initiatives. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - Needs assessment KW - Problem identification KW - Recommendations KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571218 AU - HAUG, E J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1990/03 SP - 337 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Electronic equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602638 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1989: A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE PY - 1990/03 SP - 145 p. AB - This report of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) was prepared to update the state-of-knowledge about alcohol and highway safety. It is the fourth in a series of NHTSA-sponsored reviews of this field. Its focus is on new developments and trends in the field. It is concerned with documents published from January, 1983, through November, 1989, but is more than a literature review in that it attempts a more extensive than usual synthesis of current knowledge and, in some instances, develops new data and performs additional analyses to help fill gaps or answer questions about the methods or results of a study. Over 2,000 documents were identified in the course of the literature search, and 756 were retained as references. There are six chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction. Chapters 2 through 5 deal respectively with the nature of the drunk driving problem, the effect of alcohol on the human body and driving performance, the characteristics of persons who drink and drive, and programs designed to reduce the incidence or consequences of drinking-driving. The report's major conclusions and its recommendations for research are given in Chapter 6. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Crashes KW - Deterrence KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Physiological aspects KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic safety education KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25893/DOT-HS-807-557.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602639 AU - McPherson, K AU - Michael, J AU - Spurgeon, C AU - O'Reilly, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR LICENSING SYSTEM (1989 EDITION) PY - 1990/03 SP - 25 p. AB - This 1989 edition of the Motorcycle Operator Licensing System manual updates and revises the 1981 edition, which was an update of the original manual that was published in 1974. The manual was written for motor vehicle administrators who wish to improve the effectiveness of their state's motorcycle operator licensing program. It presents an optimal model for system design and administration. The model synthesizes both scientific research and empirical evidence, balancing the most recent theories of what should work with 20 years of experience in what does work. The 1989 edition contains the third generation model. KW - Administration KW - Driver licensing KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602650 AU - HAUG, E J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to establish technical feasibility and develop a conceptual design for an advanced national research and shared-use driving simulation research facility. Included are discussions of the study objectives, methodology used, and results of the study. Technical feasibility of a world-class driver-in-the-loop ground vehicle driving simulator is demonstrated, based on recent dramatic advances in the supporting technologies of high-speed parallel computing, high-fidelity motion simulation, computer image generation, and recursive dynamics formulation. A conceptual design for a National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) to meet the needs of the U.S. Department of Transportation, including specifications for major subsystems, is presented, along with an in-depth discussion of driving simulator applications and research issues. The estimated development, construction, and operation costs for the NADS are also provided. KW - Applications KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - National Advanced Driving Simulator KW - Specifications KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601381 AU - Sivak, M AU - Weintraub, D J AU - FLANNAGAN, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - NONSTOP FLYING IS SAFER THAN DRIVING PY - 1990/03 SP - 11 p. AB - The relative safety of driving and flying is important in many situations that involve selecting a mode of transportation. The traditional view, that flying via scheduled airlines is safer than driving, has recently been challenged by Evans et al. (1989). They concluded that for a low-risk driver it is safer to drive on rural Interstate highways (the safest roads) than to fly if the trip length is less than 616 miles. We reestimated the fatality probabilities for flying by taking into account that the risk of flying is dependent on the number of nonstop segments flown, but, for all practical purposes, is independent of the length of the trip. Our calculations indicate that for average or high-risk drivers it is always safer to fly than to drive. Furthermore, even for a low-risk driver, nonstop flying is safer than driving on rural Interstates for a trip distance of more than 310 miles; the corresponding break-even distances for flights that involve two and three segments are 620 and 930 miles, respectively. KW - Air transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Decision making KW - Driving KW - Flight characteristics KW - Hazards KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Nonstop flights KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601383 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVING SIMULATORS: A CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1990/03 SP - 35 p. AB - This bibliography contains 245 references to documents concerned with the application of or the design of driving simulators. The documents date from 1974 to the present and are arranged according to the following subject areas: Alcohol/Drugs; Design; Driver Education; Handicapped/Disabled; Human Performance; Human Stress/Fatigue; Risk Taking; Signs/Signals; and Vision. A Corporate Author Index is provided. KW - Bibliographies KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Design KW - Disabled drivers KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Risk taking KW - Signals KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344506 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601379 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Parybyk, A E AU - Kobus, H J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PLASTIC AUTOMOBILE BUMPER BARS USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR), PYROLYSIS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (PGC), AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY MICROANALYSIS COMBINED WITH A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM-EDX) PY - 1990/03 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - p. 281-292 AB - A collection of 28 plastic automobile bumper bars has been examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis combined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). FTIR identified 8 polymer classes in the collection. Polypropylene-based (PP) plastics and polyurethane (PUR) plastics were the most common with approximately three quarters of the samples being of these types. PGC provided additional discrimination between the samples in the collection, particularly for the PUR samples, defining a total of 13 categories. SEM-EDX was the most discriminatory technique used and resulted in 17 categories being identified. However, the combination of the 3 techniques of FTIR, PGC, and SEM-EDX was recommended as the preferred approach as it provided a high degree of discrimination with 25 categories identified. Vehicle identification via analytical profiles of bumper bar materials was not possible, and consequently, the establishment of a database using such information for investigative purposes could not be recommended. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Electron microscopy KW - Forensic medicine KW - Fourier transforms KW - Gas chromatography KW - Identification systems KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Materials characterization KW - Plastics KW - Properties of materials KW - Pyrolysis KW - Vehicle identification numbers KW - X ray analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348584 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601370 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Donovan, D M AU - Umlauf, R L AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - BAD DRIVERS: IDENTIFICATION OF A TARGET GROUP FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED PREVENTION AND EARLY INTERVENTION PY - 1990/03 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - p. 136-141 AB - Individuals arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) have been targeted for preventive intervention of alcohol-related problems. However, high rates of diagnosed alcoholism among DWI arrestees suggest a need to identify individuals at risk earlier in the developmental process. The present study investigates one such group, namely male "bad drivers" with a history of multiple nonalcohol-related driving convictions. Over 11% of a sample of 254 men identified as bad drivers during an index year received an initial DWI arrest over a subsequent 3-year follow-up period. This was over five times greater than the rate of initial DWI arrest among a representative sample of men from the general driving population over the same time period. The same high rate of subsequent DWI arrest among drivers having four or more driving offenses within the index year was replicated in a 1% probability sample of over 39,000 drivers from the general driving population. Those individuals from the original group of 254 bad drivers who received an initial DWI had significantly higher levels of drinking at the time of their original identification as bad drivers than did those who did not receive a DWI. The results were discussed in terms of early identification and preventive interventions within the population of bad drivers. KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Intervention KW - Prevention KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496506 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAMPLE STATE ADMINISTRATIVE DRIVER LICENSE SUSPENSION FORMS PY - 1990/03 SP - 82 p. AB - In an effort to assist states that may have recently adopted or expect to adopt administrative per se, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has collected sample copies of forms and a brief description of the administrative procedures from selected states with in-place programs. This publication reports on forms and procedures used in 14 states. From a review of state programs, and based upon discussions with state officials, it appears that the most efficient and financially self-sufficient programs probably are those that: (1) Do not stay the revocation pending a hearing or judicial review; and (2) Require the officer to pick up the offender's driver's license and issue a temporary driving permit. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496507 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL EMPLOYEES BUCKLE UP IDEA SAMPLER PY - 1990/03 SP - 64 p. AB - This publication is an "Idea Sampler", particularly appropriate for Federal agencies, that provides guidelines for promoting the 1990 "Buckle Up America!" campaign. The campaign's theme is "Belts and Bags -- A Winning Combination." A key feature of the 1990 "Buckle Up America!" campaign is the new nationwide 70%+ Honor Roll. Various groups that have achieved at least 70% use will be honored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) by being placed on the 70%+ Honor Roll. Also honored by NHTSA will be employees who were "Saved-By-The-Belt or Bag". Included in this publication are specific guidelines for applying for the 70%+ Honor Roll and for nomimating "Saved-By-The-Belt or Bag" survivors. Many tips are given on how to carry out the 1990 "Buckle Up America!" campaign in the worksite, how to use positive incentives successfully, and how to promote safety efforts. In addition, fact sheets, a list of state safety belt laws, a resource listing, a sample memo, and much more are included. KW - Air bags KW - Guidelines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721314 AU - Hiltner, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BOOSTER SEAT SUITABILITY FOR CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES AND COMPARISON OF STANDARD AND MODIFIED SA103C AND SA106C CHILD DUMMIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 71 p. AB - A sled test program was conducted for two purposes: 1) to examine the suitability of shield type booster seats for children spanning the age and size ranges recommended by manufacturers and 2) to compare the performance of standard three and six year old dummies with the performance of the same types of dummies with modified abdomens. All of the tests were conducted on a HYGE sled and approximated Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213 dynamic test procedures. For booster seat suitability, nine different booster seats were tested using three dummies, the TNO P3/4, SA103C and SA106C, representing nine month old, three year old and six year old children. Suitability is assessed based on the performance of each dummy with respect to the applicable criteria extracted from FMVSS 213. For the modified versus standard dummy comparison, the average performance of standard three and six year old dummies are compared with the same types of dummies which have UMTRI modified abdomens. The effects of the presence of the UMTRI abdomen on the performance of each dummy are determined statistically using a sample of eight and seven different booster seats, respectively. KW - Abdomen KW - Booster seats KW - Child dummies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - FMVSS 213 KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496505 AU - Copenhaver, M AU - GUERRIER, J AU - CHING, H AU - Allen Corporation of America AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PHOTOMETRIC AND ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON IN SERVICE TRUCK TRAILERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 172 p. AB - Photometric (luminous intensity) and electrical (voltage and amperage) measurements were taken on a sample of 561 heavy trucks at weigh stations located at: Dumfries, VA; New Market, MD; Woodburn, OR; and Brownsville, TN. The distribution of vehicles sampled was: Single unit dump trucks, 15; tractor/semitrailers (vans), 178, (flatbeds), 132, and (tanks), 62; doubles, 112; and triples, 62. Readings were taken at idle (700 RPM) and 1100 RPM with all the vehicle's electrical equipment operating. All observed readings decreased as the number of units in the vehicle combination increased. Significant proportions of the observed vehicles had voltage readings below the nominal amount of 12 volts. SAE J586 "Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles," calls for a nominal luminous intensity reading of 80 for stop lamps at the H-V measurement point (the location at which these observations were made). Few observed vehicles emitted that much light. KW - Data collection KW - Double trailers KW - Dump trucks KW - Electrical measurement KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Luminous intensity KW - Photometry KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611075 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STAND OUT! RIDE TO BE SEEN PY - 1990/02 SP - 6 p. AB - Riding to be seen is essential to safe motorcycle riding. More than one half of all motorcycle accidents occur because the motorist simply "did not see the motorcyclist coming." This brochure provides safety tips for motorcyclists on how to ride to be seen. Topics mentioned include the use of color on helmets and clothing, the use of reflectors on helmets and motorcycles, the use of high beam headlights and daytime running lights, and awareness of high-risk situations. KW - Awareness KW - Brochures KW - Clothing KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Running lights KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611076 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DECIDE BEFORE YOU RIDE: DON'T DRINK AND RIDE PY - 1990/02 SP - 6 p. AB - Injuries and deaths are high for motorcyclists who have been drinking. This brochure explains why this is so and cautions motorcyclists to control their drinking (don't drink; set a limit; pace yourself) and control their riding when they know they will be drinking (leave the bike at home; get a ride home/pick up bike later; wait). KW - Awareness KW - Brochures KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611077 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVE AWARE WE'RE OUT THERE PY - 1990/02 SP - 6 p. AB - Half of all motorcycle accidents involve a driver like you. Almost two-thirds of these accidents are caused, not by the motorcyclists, but by the driver. The driver either does not see the oncoming motorcyclist at all or does not see him/her in time to avoid an accident. Drivers also contribute to another 10% of motorcycle accidents where the motorcycle is the only vehicle involved. This brochure examines why drivers don't see motorcyclists, what situations are high-risk (where accidents are most likely to occur), and how drivers can be more aware of motorcyclists. KW - Awareness KW - Brochures KW - Drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355998 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608544 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - OLKKONEN, S AU - HONKANEN, R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL IN NONFATAL BICYCLE INJURIES PY - 1990/02 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - p. 89-96 AB - To assess the risk of nonfatal bicycle injury related to blood alcohol concentration (BAC) an unmatched case-control study was conducted in Helsinki in 1986. Eligible cases were the 140 adults injured either in motor vehicle or other bicycle accidents occurring between 3 P.M. and 10 P.M., who arrived at hospital within six hours of injury. Seven hundred bicyclists from the street were randomly selected as controls. BAC was measured with a breathalyzer. A major difference in alcohol involvement was found between cases (24.1%) and controls (4.0%). The injury risk estimate (odds ratio) of an inebriated bicyclist was at least ten-fold at BACs above 100 mg/dl compared to a sober bicyclist. Alcohol increased the bicyclist's risk of injury from falling more than from collision. As an unprotected road user, an inebriated bicyclist greatly increases his own risk of injury but seldom causes danger to other road users. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cyclists KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354295 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608540 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Lee, S-t AU - Lui, T-N AU - Chang, C-N AU - Wang, D-J AU - Heimburger, R F AU - Fai, H-D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - FEATURES OF HEAD INJURY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY--TAIWAN (1977-1987) PY - 1990/02 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 194-199 AB - Certain features of head-injured patients admitted to the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan during the period 1977 to 1987 were reviewed. The most common causes of injury were motorcycle accidents (56.3%) and street accidents with pedestrian injury (29.47%). The age groups with the greatest incidence of injury were aged 16-20 yr, 21-25 yr, and 25-30 yr. The pedestrian group involving the highest incidence of injury was less than 10 yr of age. Overall mortality was 17.26%. The injured pedestrian group had the highest mortality (19.1%). Initial clinical assessment was recorded using the Glasgow Coma Scale. Head-injured patients with a GCS less than or equal to 8 had a mortality in the injured pedestrian group of 46%, whereas the mortality rate in the motorcycle accident group was 41%. Additional features studied were time of occurrence of injury and pattern of injury. Information gathered from this study would suggest the need to establish a Head Injury Prevention Program in Taiwan. This of course implies major cooperation among the providers of health care delivery, the medical profession, legislators, and the government at all levels. KW - Age KW - Developing countries KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Mortality rates KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Taiwan KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607627 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NUMBER 9--STOPPING DISTANCES OF 1988 HEAVY VEHICLES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 33 p. AB - A 1978 ruling by the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals effectively eliminated the stopping distance requirements in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 121, Air Brake Systems. Recent interest in reestablishing heavy vehicle stopping distance requirements resulted in the need to evaluate the braking performance capability of current vehicles. This report describes testing to determine straight line stopping capability of two single unit trucks and six truck tractors. The single unit trucks were tested empty and fully loaded while the truck tractors were tested bobtail, with an empty and with a fully loaded trailer. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of automatic front axle limiting valves (ALV), bobtail proportioning systems (BPS) and antilock braking systems (ABS). All tests were straight line stops from 60 mph on a dry concrete surface. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automatic limiting valves KW - Bobtail proportioning systems KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607637 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS--REPORT NUMBER 7: TESTING TO EVALUATE WHEEL LOCK SEQUENCE AND TORQUE TRANSDUCER PROCEDURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 78 p. AB - This report describes testing to evaluate a wheel lock sequence test proposed by the GRRF as a means of "screening" vehicles for front or rear bias. A more complete procedure using torque wheels, which can be used to determine the braking efficiency, was also evaluated. The results of the two test procedures were compared to determine if the procedures would agree. Five passenger cars were tested using their original equipment proportioning valves and in some cases retested using adjustable proportioning valves to simulate near ideal or rear biased brake balance. The wheel lock sequence tests were conducted on three surfaces with differing coefficients of friction and each vehicle's tires were tested on a traction trailer on each surface to allow a direct comparison of the procedures. The testing was conducted by four drivers to assess the sensitivity to driver application. The vehicles were also tested on a road transducer plate facility as a separate measure of brake balance. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Torque KW - Transducers KW - Wheel lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607653 AU - Sanders, M S AU - Shaw, B AU - Nicholson, B L AU - MERRITT, J AU - Essex Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF GLARE FROM THE CENTER-HIGH-MOUNTED STOP LIGHT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 60 p. AB - The purposes of this project were (1) to survey a representative sample of rear lighting systems in passenger cars and assess the range of typical Center-High-Mounted Stop Light (CHMSL) designs being used; and (2) to study the discomfort and disability potentially associated with glare produced by CHMSLs. Two lab studies of glare were conducted. The first used a red glare source mounted inside a viewing box. The second study used a simulation of the rear lights of an automobile as the glare source. A survey of 77 cars showed wide variability in the sizes and shapes of CHMSLs. CHMSLs have about half the illuminance and twice the luminance of a single lower brake light. Viewbox results showed median BCD corresponded closely with the median luminance associated with a DeBoer discomfort glare rating of 5. DeBoer scale values were linearly related to the log luminance of the source. Age did not correlate with discomfort glare rating, but did correlate with disability glare. Based on the simulation experiment, six of 12 cars photometrically surveyed had CHMSLs that met or exceeded the median intensity associated with a DeBoer rating of 3 - Disturbing. KW - Age KW - Center high-mounted stop lamps KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Glare KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Human factors KW - Laboratory tests KW - Physical disabilities KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570725 AU - SHELTON, TST AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF FATAL AND NONFATAL CRASHES INVOLVING MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCKS IN 1988 PY - 1990/02 SP - 44 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570835 AU - Planek, T W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPLORATION OF IMPACT MEASURES OF SAFETY BELT USE LAWS PY - 1990/02 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Laws and legislation KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601371 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Stutts, J C AU - WILLIAMSON, J E AU - Whitley, T AU - Sheldon, F C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BICYCLE ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES: A PILOT STUDY COMPARING HOSPITAL- AND POLICE-REPORTED DATA PY - 1990/02 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - p. 67-78 AB - Bicycle accident and injury data collected by two different samples of North Carolina hospital emergency rooms during the summers of 1985 and 1986 are examined and compared with state police-reported bicycle accident data for the same time periods. Of the 649 emergency room treated bicyclists, 62% were children aged 5-14 and 70% were male. 19% of the riders suffered moderate or worse injuries (AIS greater than or equal to 2), and 6% were hospitalized. In contrast, less than half of the police-reported accidents involved riders under 15 years of age, 85% of the riders were male, and two-thirds suffered moderate or worse injury. Whereas virtually all of the police-reported accidents involved a motor vehicle, less than a fifth of the emergency room cases did. Only 10% of the emergency room cases were duplicated on the state accident files. It is estimated that 800 children ages 0-19 are hospitalized annually in North Carolina for bicycle-related injuries, and an additional 13,300 children receive emergency room treatment. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Police UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600553 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - CRC LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-TEMPERATURE DRIVEABILITY PROGRAM USING GASOLINE-ALCOHOL BLENDS PY - 1990/02 SP - 210 p. AB - A cooperative test program was conducted in 1986 and 1987 to characterize the relationship between cold-start and warmup driveability and gasoline volatility parameters of T sub 10, T sub 50, and T sub 90 distillation temperatures. Hydrocarbon-only and gasoline-alcohol blends were tested. The test program was divided into two phases: the intermediate-temperature (40 deg F to 60 deg F) phase was conducted in Paso Robles, California, from October 13 through November 14, 1986; and the low-temperature (10 deg F to 40 deg F) phase was conducted in Brainerd, Minnesota, from January 19 through February 18, 1987. Driveability was better with higher volatility fuels, and at intermediate ambient temperatures. Fuel-injected vehicles exhibited better driveability than carburated vehicles. Driveability with hydrocarbon-only gasolines was significantly better than gasoline-ethanol blends, and gasoline-methanol:TBA blends. Compared with gasoline-methanol:TBA blends gasoline-ethanol blends gave significantly better driveability. Regression equations which relate volatility to vehicle cold-start and warmup driveability were developed for both temperature phases. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carburetion KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Driveability KW - Equations KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Regression analysis KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle tests KW - Volatility KW - Warmup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600542 AU - WILSON, C B AU - Stoke, C B AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville TI - MOTOR VEHICLE IGNITION INTERLOCKS: IN-VEHICLE DEVICES THAT MONITOR ALCOHOL LEVELS OF MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 59 p. AB - This project was initiated at the request of the Department of Motor Vehicles as a response to House Joint Resolution 378 (1989). The resolution requested an evaluation of research studies on ignition interlocks and a determination of possible benefits to the Commonwealth of Virginia from using this technology to control drunken driving. A survey of other states found that since the first law was enacted in California in 1986, another 15 states have passed some form of legislation dealing with the installation of ignition interlock devices. These laws primarily target recidivists, persons younger than 21, and offenders with a very high BAC. Sanctions are applied at the discretion of the court as a supplemental condition of probation or license restriction. These state statutes also deal with BAC threshold levels, tampering with the devices, insurance, and liability limits. A number of legal and economic issues that must be considered if Virginia initiates an ignition interlock program are discussed in the report. These issues include the authority of the state, equal access for indigents, tort liability, operational costs, administrative costs, and costs to defendants. Product information from manufacturers and the results of laboratory studies indicate that the devices currently on the market would fulfill the needs of an interlock program. The operational characteristics, reliability, and accuracy of these devices are sufficient for use by defendants convicted of drunken driving. Although a number of states have passed legislation and have established ignition interlock programs, very little is known about the actual operations of these programs because they have not been in existence very long. Some preliminary data suggests that the programs might have had a positive impact on safety, but no definitive result is currently available because a thorough evaluation has yet to be completed for even one program. It is recommended that Virginia delay legislative action until the results of mandated ongoing evaluations in other states are completed. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Evaluation KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Laboratory tests KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Reliability KW - Surveys KW - Test results UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36784/90-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344042 ER - TY - SER AN - 00568002 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Van Dyke, J TI - VOLKSWAGEN RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND FATALITY RATES PY - 1990/02 AB - TABLE 1. FATALITY RATES BY RESTRAINT SYSTEM TYPE AND ACCIDENT YEAR MANUAL VS. AUTOMATIC RESTRAINTS, 1975-1988 KW - Automobiles KW - Seat belts KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/331019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00563098 AU - Copenhaver, M AU - GUERRIER, J AU - CHING, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PHOTOMETRIC AND ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON IN SERVICE TRUCK TRAILERS PY - 1990/02 SP - 172 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Lighting KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623515 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY INDICANT TEST PROCEDURE: NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PY - 1990/01/01 SP - v.p. AB - This laboratory test procedure provides the specifications for conducting New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) and Standard Enforcement Indicant Program 35 mph frontal barrier impact testing under a joint composite program sponsored by the following three offices within the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): (a) Office of Market Incentive (OMI); (b) Office of Crashworthiness Research (OCR); and (c) National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA)/Accident Investigation Division (AID). The contract laboratories are directed by this test procedure to use a special test parameter which is an impact velocity of 35 plus or minus .5 mph (NOTE: This is 5 mph greater than the impact velocity specified for FMVSS Nos. 208/212/219/301). This increased impact velocity is specified in order that the NHTSA can obtain new car assessment and research data, and the 35 mph crash tests will be viewed as "indicant tests" for FMVSS Nos. 208, 212, 219 (Partial), and 301. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - New car assessment program (Ncap) KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00585256 AU - Mahmoud, W M AU - SHAMS, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER AIRBAG MODEL OF DEPLOYMENT AND OCCUPANT INTERACTION PY - 1990/01 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air bags KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607629 AU - Mahmoud, W M AU - SHAMS, T AU - Patel (VH) Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER AIRBAG MODEL OF DEPLOYMENT AND OCCUPANT INTERACTION. VOLUME 2: INPUT DESCRIPTION AND PROGRAM MANUAL PY - 1990/01 SP - 24 p. AB - This report describes the work done in developing a passenger side airbag model to be used with the Articulated Total Body (ATB) computer simulation program. It describes the input requirements and format for the input to the new bag model. It also describes the changes made to the program. These include descriptions of the new subroutines added to the program, modifications to original subroutines, and the new data structures. This is the second of two reports constituting the final report. The first volume is a complete description of the analytical model used in the program. KW - Air bags KW - Analytical models KW - Articulated total body KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Input KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Simulation KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607628 AU - Mahmoud, W M AU - SHAMS, T AU - Patel (VH) Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER AIRBAG MODEL OF DEPLOYMENT AND OCCUPANT INTERACTION. VOLUME 1: FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 64 p. AB - This report describes the work done in developing a passenger side airbag model to be used with the Articulated Total Body (ATB) computer simulation program. It describes both the analytical model for the bag and the corresponding work done in incorporating the model into the ATB source code. The principal enhancements in the model are a new thermodynamic model of the bag, a new description of bag deployment and a modified calculation of penetration of the bag by body or vehicle segments. This is the first of two reports constituting the final report. The second volume describes the new input requirements and a programmers' guide. KW - Air bags KW - Analytical models KW - Articulated total body KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Simulation KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571220 AU - Smith, M F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTORS RELATED TO INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE IN STATES WITH SAFETY BELT USE LAWS: THIRD ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS, 1989 PY - 1990/01 SP - 12 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Laws and legislation KW - Public opinion KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336435 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601375 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Benito, M C AU - Garcia, F AU - Fernandez-Quero, L AU - Lajara, A AU - Jardon, E AU - Frias, I AU - Manzanos, A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - LESION OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY CAUSED BY A CAR SAFETY BELT PY - 1990/01 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - p. 116-117 AB - A description is given of a case of complete obstruction of the internal carotid in a patient wearing a lap-shoulder belt. This was presumed due to direct contusion of the vessel at the C2 level. KW - Carotid artery dissection KW - Case studies KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348580 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601380 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - von Bremen, A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE COMPARISON OF BRAKE AND ACCELERATOR PEDALS WITH MARKS ON SHOE SOLES PY - 1990/01 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-24 AB - The driver of a motor vehicle that was involved in a collision may sometimes be identified by marks on shoe soles or pedals. Forceful contact of an automotive pedal with a shoe sole may leave characteristic features on either or both. An optical method was developed to compare these features that are illustrated with 15 photographs. Four cases are discussed in detail and conclusions are given. KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Brake pedals KW - Case studies KW - Drivers KW - Examinations KW - Forensic medicine KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Optical methods KW - Pedals KW - Shoes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348585 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601360 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - GORSKI, Z M AU - German, A AU - NOWAK, E S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF SEAT BELT LOADING MARKS PY - 1990/01 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - p. 69-79 AB - In moderate to severe collisions, large decelerations and hence large forces are generated. Various components of the seat belt system are loaded, and physical evidence of this loading may be observed long after the collision event. Such witness marks result from interaction between different components of the restraint system, or between the restraint and portions of the vehicle interior. Detailed examination and analysis of such marks can establish whether or not the seat belt was in use, and also the precise manner in which the seat belt was worn. Such investigative techniques are critical for evaluating the collision performance of occupant restraint systems, and for positively identifying cases of restraint system misuse. This paper reviews the types of physical evidence which may be observed to determine restraint usage. KW - Evidence KW - Forensic medicine KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601365 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Balderas, L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - HYDROPLANING WITH LIGHTLY-LOADED TRUCK TIRES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 89 p. AB - A mobile dynamometer device was used to make measurements of the traction performance of truck tires operating at very light loads on wetted pavements. A baseline set of tests covered the influences of velocity, inflation pressure, pavement type, tire type and tire model on traction levels. The tests employed either single or dual tires mounted ahead of the test specimens in order to "wipe" water from the paths of the test specimen tires in a manner analogous to actual truck installation. A second set of tests employed a large sample of tires that had been worn through normal usage in trucking fleets. The tests using fleetworn specimens covered a range of tread depths, providing results upon which to consider the appropriateness of federal regulations stipulating minimum tread depth values for interstate trucking. Results indicate that hydrodynamic phenomena do indeed influence the traction performance of lightly-loaded truck tires on wet pavement at conventional highway speeds. These influences are observed for rear-mounted tires despite the wiping action resulting from tires mounted at front-axle positions. Lightly-loaded truck tires were seen to lose 50 to 70% of their "as-new" traction capability when approaching the federally-stipulated minimum in tread depth. KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflation KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Regulations KW - Testing KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Trucks KW - Velocity KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600524 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1990 CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM: DATA COLLECTION, CODING, AND EDITING MANUAL PY - 1990/01 SP - v.p. AB - This is the thirteenth edition of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) Data Collection, Coding, and Editing Manual. The NASS consists of 36 teams of accident researchers situated throughout the U.S. At each site, or Primary Sampling Unit (PSU), the accident research team researches a probability sample of police reported accidents involving passenger cars, light trucks, and vans which were towed, according to the police report, from the scene due to damage. This system has been termed the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). Zone centers have been established to provide for the quality control of the CDS data collected and the technical management of the teams within their zone. The purpose of this manual is to provide PSU team members, zone centers, the Transportation Safety Institute NASS Training Program Coordinator, and the National Center for Statistics and Analysis with a consistent, standardized set of instructions for sampling accidents and collecting, coding, and editing the data. The manual includes seven substantive sections: Introduction; Description of the Sampling Frame; Overview of Sampling Activities; Overview of Information to be Collected on Sampled CDS Accidents; CDS Submission Instructions; GES (General Estimates System) Quality Control and Submission Instructions; and Coding Instructions. The Appendices contain (1) the Uniform Symbols for Scene Marking, (2) the Uniform Symbols for Accident Diagramming, (3) the Photography Instructions, and (4) the listing of Variable Computer Formats. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Instructions KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sampling KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600526 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER. BUCKLE UP AMERICA! MAY 21-28, 1990. BELTS AND BAGS--A WINNING COMBINATION PY - 1990/01 SP - 82 p. AB - The 1990 BUCKLE UP AMERICA! Idea Sampler provides a collection of successful ideas for the week-long campaign to encourage everyone in the United States to buckle up, to correctly buckle children into child safety seats, and to learn more about the new automatic crash protection systems available. The theme for this year's week (May 21-28) is "Belts and Bags--A Winning Combination." Many of the ideas contained in this sampler focus on educating the public about how safety belts and air bags work together as "A Winning Combination" to provide maximum safety. A key feature of the 1990 Buckle Up America! campaign is the new nationwide 70%+ Honor Roll. States, cities, communities, businesses, schools -- various groups that have achieved at least 70% use -- will be honored by NHTSA by being placed on the 70%+ Honor Roll. Included in the sampler are many tips on how to carry out the 1990 Buckle Up America! campaign, suggestions for enlisting community support, logo art work, fact sheets, a list of state safety belt laws, a resource listing, sample proclamation -- and much more. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600554 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - CRC VOLATILITY PROGRAM ON THE EFFECT OF OXYGENATED FUELS AND ALTITUDE ON COLD-START DRIVEABILITY AT LOW AMBIENT TEMPERATURES PY - 1990/01 SP - 192 p. AB - The 1988 CRC driveability program investigated the effects of altitude and fuel oxygenates at low ambient temperature upon cold-start driveability with vehicles equipped with various fuel systems. This program was conducted because of the use of gasoline-oxygenate blends to reduce ambient air carbon monoxide levels. The test program was divided into two phases. A high-altitude phase was conducted near Denver, Colorado, from January 11 through February 10, 1988, at an altitude of 5,486 ft; and a low-altitude phase was conducted in Brainerd, Minnesota, from March 4 through March 31, 1988, at an altitude of 1,226 ft. Test temperatures were 10 deg F to 40 deg F. Twenty-four vehicles chosen to represent a variety of engines and fuel systems tested twelve test fuels, including hydrocarbon-only fuels, gasoline-ethanol blends, and gasoline-MTBE blends. The altitude change between the two sites was found to have no statistically significant effect on driveability for the overall fleet. Driveability performance decreased statistically significantly with declining ambient temperatures. For the overall fleet, the oxygenate-containing fuels evaluated performed poorer than hydrocarbon-only fuels at a statistically significant level. In the throttle-body-injected and new carbureted vehicle groups, however, only the matched-volatility ethanol blends gave poorer driveability performance than the hydrocarbon-only fuels at a statistically significant level. In port-fuel-injected vehicles, none of the oxygenate-containing fuels gave different performance than the hydrocarbon-only fuels at a statistically significant level. For the old carbureted vehicle group, all the oxygenate blends gave poorer performance than the hydrocarbon-only fuels at a statistically significant level. The effect of volatility level was statistically significant; as expected, increeasing T sub 10 and/or T sub 50 gave poorer performance. KW - Altitude KW - Carburetion KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Driveability KW - Ethanol KW - Ethers KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Fuels KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Low temperature KW - Methyl ether KW - Oxygenates KW - Performance evaluations KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle tests KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00563989 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL REGULATIONS NEEDING AMMENDMENT TO STIMULATE THE PRODUCTION AND INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC SOLAR VEHICLES: A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1990/01 SP - 149 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile industry KW - Electric vehicles KW - Laws and legislation KW - Solar cells KW - Transportation equipment industry KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496499 AU - American Academy of Family Physicians AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IS 40 YEARS OF YOUR LIFE WORTH 3 SECONDS OF YOUR TIME? PY - 1990/01 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet answers questions that patients most often ask their doctors about the use of safety belts: Do I need to wear a safety belt when I'm just going around the corner? Isn't a good defensive driver safe without a belt? Isn't it safer to be thrown clear of the car? What if the car catches fire or lands in water? Can I be sure the belt will work? What is the proper way to wear safety belts? While I'm pregnant, won't the belt harm my baby? If I buy a car with air bags, can I stop using the safety belt? Do I really need a child safety seat? Do rear seat passengers need to wear safety belts? KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496503 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - "TEAMSPIRIT" PROGRAM MANUAL PY - 1990/01 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is a practical guide for individuals, groups and communities interested in implementing a TeamSpirit Program, a program designed for high school students for the prevention of alcohol and drug abuse. Much of the information and organizational materials in this manual are derived from experience gained in the course of demonstrating the program at the 1989 TeamSpirit Leadership Training Conference in Dallas, Texas. In addition, the manual reflects a considerable contribution from the Youth Risk Prevention Project of the Virginia State Department of Education, which sponsors a similar program. The manual is divided into eight chapters and has three appendices. The first three chapters discuss the TeamSpirit Program design and basic planning and organization issues involved in developing the program in a community. The next four chapters focus on the Leadership Training Conference and give practical, detailed "how to" information. Chapter Eight provides an outline of post-conference tasks. Appendix A includes sample documents derived primarily from the Dallas TeamSpirit demonstration. Appendix B is the Curriculum Guide for the workshops conducted during the Conference. An outline is provided for each workshop topic, along with basic handout materials. It is assumed that whoever presents a workshop will have considerable experience with the topic presented and may have additional handouts and activities for their workshops. Appendix C is the actual contents of the Conference Notebook used at the Dallas Conference. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drug abuse KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - High schools KW - Manuals KW - Prevention KW - Teamspirit program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496500 AU - American Academy of Family Physicians AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IS 40 YEARS OF A PATIENT'S LIFE WORTH 40 SECONDS OF YOUR TIME? PY - 1990/01 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet points out the reasons why physicians should encourage their patients to use safety belts, gives suggestions on how to convince patients to use safety belts, dispels some myths about safety belts, and lists resource materials on belt use (brochures, door knob hangers, course materials) available from the American Academy of Family Physicians. KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496508 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS. JANUARY 1990 PY - 1990/01 SP - 35 p. AB - This Fourteenth Annual Report to the Congress summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1989 regarding the implementation of applicable Sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report each year. Included in this rpeort are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during 1989 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Corporate average fuel economy KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Regulations KW - Rule making KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496504 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUNG ADULT HIGHWAY SAFETY PLAN PY - 1990/01 SP - 42 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) young adult highway safety program is designed to reduce motor vehicle fatalities and injuries among the 15-24 year old population. It involves extensive research and program activity. The program was built upon a model initially developed as part of NHTSA's anti-drunk driving program. The Young Adult Highway Safety Model addresses the young adult highway safety problem in the areas of enforcement, adjudication, supervision, legislation, licensing, school-based programs, school-based extra-curricular programs, community based programs, and work based programs. An analysis of the safety problems young adults face shows that four areas deserve priority attention: alcohol and other drugs, occupant protection, driver licensing, and motorcycles. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Driver licensing KW - Drug abuse KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Programs KW - Supervision KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310178 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492174 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - TANNAHILL, J AU - SMITH, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATES' EXPERIENCE WITH INEXPERIENCED DRIVERS PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-21 AB - The driving problems of young drivers is attributed to driving inexperience, excessive driving during high-risk hours, risk taking, and poor driving judgment. A provisional licensing program developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to help this situation is described. A program implemented by the Maryland Department of Motor Vehicles to evaluate this program is also described. It found a 10% reduction in traffic conviction for 16- and 17-year-old provisionally licensed drivers. A provisional driver licensing program implemented by the California Department of Motor Vehicles reduced the rate of crashes involving 15- to 17-year-olds by 5.3%. An improved driver-licensing program for young drivers developed by NHTSA and the American Association of Motor Vehicles is described. It is also noted that a lower blood alcohol level is appropriate for a provisional license program, and all such drivers should be required to wear safety belts. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Provisional licensing KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492175 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OSHA TIGHTENS SAFETY BELTS PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-24 AB - The preparation of regulations on seatb-belt use by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is noted, as well as regulations requiring light trucks and vans to meet the same safety standards as passenger cars. The Department of Transportation Secretary's objectives in improving transportation safety and developing a transportation policy statement is discussed. The NHTSA will speed rule making regarding improved side-impact standards for passenger cars, and safety standards compliance by foreign cars. It is noted that traffic deaths have increased by an average of 15% on rural roads that raised the speed limit from 55 to 65. Greater compliance with posted speed limits needs to be enforced. Federal incentives for toughening highway safety are encouraged. The constitutionality of Police sobriety check points is also discussed. A coalition formed by the insurance companies and consumer advocates will work for lower speed limits and other safety measures. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Regulations KW - Speed limits KW - Vans KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492171 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATES OF INTOXICATION PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 11 AB - The results are tabulated and summarized of a survey of drunk drivers. Thus, drunk drivers are most common in Wisconsin, Nebraska, Montana, Minnesota and Texas, and safety belts are least used in the Dakotas, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Wisconsin also leads the nation in 'binge drinking.' Nationally, 15.3% of the respondents were binge drinkers. These and other drinking and driving facts are noted. KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492173 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Schuessler, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LOOKING WITHOUT SEEING PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-17 AB - This article tells how having 20/20 vision is not enough. Beyond seeing straignt ahead, a driver must have good peripheral vision as well as depth perception. Night vision is also vital. The dangers of the twilight period are noted. The findings of researchers relating night vision are described. Tips are given relating to traffic safety for drivers. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Night vision KW - Peripheral vision KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Twilight KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492176 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - MANSFIELD, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY IN THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF THE PUBLIC PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-27 AB - The keynote addresses and sesssion topics of the National Safety Council's 77th annual Congress and Exposition are reported in this article. The Council president, Gilchrest encouraged safety and health professionals to make safety competitive in the 1990s when it will have to compete with other issues for management attention. Another keynote speaker emphasized the need to strike a balance between acceptable risks, costs and benefits. The Labor Secretary Dole provided an update of the Department's activities. The head of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration noted issues high on the OSHA agenda. The Transportation Secretary Skinner outlined the Department's goals. KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Occupational safety KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492169 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Malone, M P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR BAGS AT LAST PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-9 AB - The article notes that in the 1990 automobile models, air bags, at least on the driver's side, will be offered as standard equipment on 2.2 million new automobiles. It also notes the need for consumer education to explain the role air bags will play in reducing the chance of serious injury and death in head-on collisions. The article also describes how air bag development has been marked by initial consumer rejection and contiuned confusion concerning their operation. A number of other safety features that are now in the late stages of development are also noted: traction control; heads-up display; collision-avoidance warning system; four wheel steering; night vision enhancement; active suspensions, and breath analyzer interlock. KW - Air bags KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Automobiles KW - Breathalyzers KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Four wheel drive KW - Head up displays KW - Night vision KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Traction KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492170 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHAT'S REALLY HAPPENING OUT THERE? PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 10 AB - This is a survey of 'Traffic Safety' readers to learn about what's happening in the streets, such as trends that readers become aware of before they are recorded in the statistics. The survey covers amenities and options that are added to a basic unit and features that have more than one effect: for exapmle, anti-lock brakes protect a driver from running into something, but may make it harder for a following vehicle to brake in time to avoid a rear-end collision. The survey covers the following: air bags; seat belts; anti-lock brakes; 4-wheel steering; cruise control; power windows; power locks; power seats; telephones CB radios; tape decks; tinted glass; trailer hitches; compact spare tires; and emergency tire-changing systems. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Citizen band radio KW - Data collection KW - Four wheel drive KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307077 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492172 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIFE RISKY IN THE CLOSED LANE PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-16 AB - Althorugh work zones line only a fraction of the nation's miles of roadway, hundreds of people die in them annually. Most accidents involve vehicle collisions with barriers or other fixed objefts, and most occur at night. During the day, the most frequent type of fatal accident is between vehicles. This article reports on finding new ways to protect workers and motorists traveling near work sites. Missouri's efforts in this area are summarized. It includes safety slogans, traffic signs, and programs to encourage motorists to drive carefully, including public relations campaigns. New equipment concepts to help make work zones safer are noted. Effort by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) to generate ideas to design new ways to protect highway workers is described. A project under contract to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) is noted. Some of the creative ideas resulting from research include a portaable barrier to protect workers; a trailer to transport sand-filled drums quickly from work site to work site; and an audible warning mechanism to alert workers. KW - Audible warning devices KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Construction safety KW - Public relations KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01404090 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Summary of medium and heavy truck crashes in 1990 PY - 1990 IS - DOT HS 807 953 SP - 60p AB - Medium and heavy trucks-trucks with gross vehicle weight ratings over 10,000 pounds - drove 150 billion miles in 1990, 7 percent of the 2.1 trillion miles driven by all vehicles in this year. In contrast, trucks comprised only 3 percent of the Nation's motor vehicle fleet. On a per registered vehicle basis, combination trucks drove an average of 60,000 miles each in 1990, while single-unit trucks averaged 13,000 miles, and passenger vehicles averaged 11,000 miles. Medium and heavy trucks comprised 3 percent or 328,000 of the 11 million vehicles involved in crashes of all severities in 1990. For fatal crashes, however, 4,761 (8 percent) of the 59,193 vehicles involved were trucks. A total of 5,254 people lost their lives in truck crashes, but only 13 percent of them were truck occupants. Of the 130,000 people injured in truck crashes, only 26 percent were truck occupants. Alcohol involvement was reported by police for only 1 in every 30 truck drivers involved in fatal crashes in 1990, compared to almost 1 in every 4 passenger vehicle drivers involved in fatal crashes. Taking into consideration all crash severities, passenger vehicle drivers were about 8 times more likely per driver to be charged for being under the influence of alcohol or drugs than were truck drivers. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident severity KW - Accident statistics KW - Blood alcohol content KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Drink driving KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality rate KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicle driver KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human characteristics KW - Statistics KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Usa KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle kilometre KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738707 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONDUCTING SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT OPERATIONS (VHS 1/2 INCH) (VIDEO) PY - 1990 SP - n.p. AB - This VHS video, 1/2 inch, color, 26 minutes playing time, presents basic operational procedures for effectively conducting legal and safe roadside sobriety checkpoints. Topics covered include: preparation briefing, site set-up, initial driver screening and detailed investigation. KW - Driver screening KW - Driving tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Investigations KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Studies KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719441 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '89. ROAD ACCIDENTS JAPAN PY - 1990 SP - 67 p. AB - This statistical report, compiled under the supervision of the Traffic Bureau, National Police Agency, Japan, provides accident statistics for Japan. The following categories are covered: Road Traffic Situation; Traffic Accidents: Trends; Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1989; Control of Traffic Violations; Traffic Regulations and Controls; Driver's License; and Reference Information. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454100 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719353 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONFERENCE ON THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY DATA, FEBRUARY 25-MARCH 1, 1990, AGENDA PY - 1990 SP - 26p AB - This is the Agenda for the Conference on the Collection and Analysis of State Highway Safety Data, which was held in San Diego, California, on February 25 through March 1, 1990. It contains an agenda summary, which lists the day and time for each conference session, followed by a detailed agenda providing additional information on each session, including the session objective, moderator, session overview, presenters, and brief presentation summaries. U1 - Conference on the Collection and Analysis of State Highway Safety DataNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationSan Diego, California StartDate:19900225 EndDate:19900301 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716872 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1986. TITLE XII, PUBLIC LAW 99-570 PY - 1990 SP - 20 p. AB - This publication contains the text of Public Law 99-570--Oct. 27, 1986, known as Title XII--Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986. There are nineteen sections, beginning with Section 12001 - Short Title, and concluding with Section 12019 - Definitions. KW - Commercial motor vehicle safety act 1986 KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00847452 AU - PRITZ, HOWARD B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HYBRID III MULTI-POINT THORACIC DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT SENSORS. PY - 1990 IS - PB94-165107 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Equipment KW - Simulation KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/545508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626680 AU - Schoon, C C AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - AFTER SEVEN YEARS RIMOB IN PRACTICE: AN EVALUATION OF THE DUTCH IMPACT ATTENUATOR RIMOB PY - 1990 SP - 39 p. AB - Since 1982 about 170 RIMOB impact attenuators have been installed on the medians and shoulders of motorways in the Netherlands. The Dutch RIMOB is an impact attenuator with crumpling tubes to absorb the collision energy. This report is an evaluation study of this type of attenuator. It is concluded that RIMOB performs satisfactorily in collisions. It is recommended that RIMOB performance data continue to be collected. Also, recommendations are made regarding installation changes. KW - Building KW - Crash cushions KW - Data collection KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Netherlands KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623547 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - HIGHWAY FACT BOOK 1990 PY - 1990 SP - 24 p. AB - This booklet is an annual publication of the Highway Users Federation and the Automotive Safety Foundation. It is a handy reference for persons concerned about the quality of highway transportation and traffic safety. Tables and figures are presented showing data on the following: Growth Trends; Demographic Changes; Commuting Trends; Motor Vehicle Travel by Purpose; Total U.S. Transportation Expenditures; Annual Highway Expenditures; Highway Trust Fund Authorizations--FY'90; Sources of Highway Funds--1988; Sources of Federal Highway Trust Fund Money--FY'88; Annual Highway Expenditures Per Vehicle Mile of Travel; Dedication of Highway User Taxes; State Motor Fuel Taxes and Gasoline Use Per Capita; Road and Street Mileage and Travel; Urban Interstate Congestion; Highway Pavement and Bridge Deficiencies; Comparison of VMT and Total Capital Spending; Intercity Truck Freight Movement; Crude Oil Resources and Imports; Gasohol Facts--1988; Safety Belt & Child Safety Seat Use; States With Safety Belt Laws; Drunk Driving Countermeasures; Traffic Deaths and Death Rates; Potential Future Fatalities; Speed Limits; Percentage of Licensed Drivers 65 and Above; Motor Vehicle Fleet 1970-1987; and National Passenger Car Fleet by Age Groups. KW - Authorizations KW - Commuting KW - Crude oil KW - Deficiencies KW - Demographics KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Freeways KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway pavement KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Natural resources KW - Pavements KW - Registration KW - Statistics KW - Taxation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363388 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620496 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HUMAN FACTORS AND SAFETY RESEARCH RELATED TO HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION 1990 SN - 0-309-05060-X PY - 1990 IS - 1281 SP - 175 p. AB - This Record is divided into three parts, each covering a distinct research area: (1) driver performance; (2) pedestrians; and (3) motorist information systems. The papers in Part 1 are as follows: Performance Differences on Driving and Laboratory Tasks Between Drivers of Different Ages, T.A. Ranney and N.H. Pulling; T-Intersection Simulator Performance of Drivers with Physical Limitations, K.M. Hunter-Zaworski; Behavioral Model of Freeway Exiting, J. Fazio, R.M. Michaels, W.R. Reilly, J. Schoen, and A. Poulis; Operational Effects of Larger Trucks on Rural Roadways, C.V. Zegeer, J. Hummer, and F. Hanscom; Assessment of Current Speed Zoning Criteria, D.L. Harkey, H.D. Robertson, and S.E. Davis; Effect of the 65-mph Speed Limit on Speeds in Three States, M. Freedman and J.R. Esterlitz; Rural Accident Rate Variations with Traffic Volume, J.W. Hall and O.J. Pendleton; Relationship of 65-mph Limit to Speeds and Fatal Accidents, A.J. McKnight and T.M. Klein; and Preliminary Assessment of the Increased Speed Limit on Rural Interstate Highways in Illinois (Abridgment), C.S. Sidhu. Part 2 includes the following papers: Measurement of Pedestrian Flow Data Using Image Analysis Techniques, Y-J. Lu, Y-Y. Tang, P. Pirard, Y-H. Hsu, and H-D. Cheng; Estimating and Updating Flows on Pedestrian Facilities in the Central Business District, P.N. Seneviratne and M. Javid; Non-Euclidean Metrics in Nonmotorized Transportation, C.J. Khisty; and Relationship Between Child Pedestrian Accidents and City Planning in Zarqa, Jordan, A.H. Al-Balbissi, M.T. Aboul-Ela, and S. Sammour. Part 3's papers are: Operational Effectiveness of Truck Lane Restrictions, F.R. Hanscom; Motorist Comprehension of Signing Applied in Urban Arterial Work Zones, M.A. Ogden, K.N. Womack, and J.M. Mounce; Motorist Understanding of and Preferences for Left-Turn Signals, J.E. Hummer, R.E. Montgomery, and K.C. Sinha; Motorist Information Systems and Recurrent Traffic Congestion: Sensitivity Analysis of Expected Results, H.N. Koutsopoulos and T. Lotan; and Motorist Behavior and the Design of Motorist Information Systems, M.J. Wenger, J.H. Spyridakis, M.P. Haselkorn, W. Barfield, and L. Conquest. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Impaired drivers KW - Interstate highways KW - Left turns KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Personnel performance KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Truck lanes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1990/1281/1281.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620457 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Bener, A AU - Jadaan, K S AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ATTITUDES OF DRIVERS TOWARDS USAGE OF SAFETY SEAT BELTS IN KUWAIT PY - 1990 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 101-107 AB - The use of safety seat belts has been proven universally to be one of the most protective means against injuries resulting from road traffic accidents, but no detailed study has been conducted to assess seat belt use in Kuwait. The aim of this paper was to investigate the attitudes, knowledge and practice of drivers towards safety belt use in Kuwait. A total of 700 patients were seen and treated in the accident and emergency departments of different hospitals, between December 1989 and June 1990. This study showed that there were no significant differences between the cases (20%) and control (25%) with regard to wearing safety seat belts. Also, the majority of case (43.6%) and control (40.9%) groups stated that the seat belt is the most protective measure against severe injuries and road traffic accidents. Finally, there is very strong support for the mandatory use of safety seat belt by case (43.7%) and control (50%) groups. KW - Attitudes KW - Drivers KW - Kuwait KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620459 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Hingson, R H AU - HOWLAND, J AU - Schiavone, T AU - Damiata, M AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THE MASSACHUSETTS SAVING LIVES PROGRAM: SIX CITIES WIDENING THE FOCUS FROM DRUNK DRIVING TO SPEEDING, RECKLESS DRIVING, AND FAILURE TO WEAR SAFETY BELTS PY - 1990 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 123-132 AB - Six Massachusetts communities have initiated comprehensive traffic safety programs in their communities to reverse the trend of increases in fatal and injury crashes. The programs include: education about traffic safety issues in the school, public education targeting all age groups, increased police enforcement, and a business for safety program to reduce drunk driving and increase safety belt use. A coordinator in the Mayor's office and a set of community task forces with public officials and private citizens oversee the programs. An evaluation program is assessing traffic safety problems in each at the outset of the program, and community progress in reducing those problems. An initial evaluation indicated that speeding and related risky driving behaviors at intersections, such as accelerating at yellow lights and running red lights were much more common behaviors than drunk driving, and that these behaviors were increasing in program cities and were disproportionately found in drivers who rarely wear safety belts. The program has expanded its initiatives beyond drunk driving reduction to include these other behaviors as well. KW - Behavior KW - Communities KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Intervention KW - Local government KW - Manual safety belts KW - Massachusetts KW - Public participation KW - Reckless drivers KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk taking KW - Safety programs KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364862 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620485 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Hale, A R AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - SAFETY AND SPEED: A SYSTEMS VIEW OF DETERMINANTS AND CONTROL MEASURES PY - 1990 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 59-65 AB - This paper presents an overview from a systems perspective of the problem of speed and safety in road transport. It reviews the adverse effects from speed and the levels at which intervention can be planned to influence speed. It concludes by proposing questions for further study and discussion to arrive at a rational and integrated decision-making framework for the choice and achievement of desired speed. KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway safety KW - Intervention KW - Research KW - Speed KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620456 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - WATSON, P AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - MOTORCYCLE CASUALTIES - A TIME BOMB? HOW LONG IS THE FUSE? PY - 1990 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 95-99 AB - Motorcyclists are far more likely to be injured in an accident than car drivers. Increased usage of motorcycles brings a disproportionate increase in total road casualties. This could be a problem for the developing countries as their transport increases. Car safety has improved due to legislation requirements, but motorcycles have received little attention. International agreements could reduce the introduction of new safety requirements and publication of research results can be hampered by product liability laws. Vehicle engineering can improve motorcycle safety, but progress on adoption of safety features is uncertain. KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Liability KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364859 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620486 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - SABEY, B E AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY PY - 1990 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-42 AB - This paper begins with a discussion of the principles of accident analysis. The objectives of accident analysis are outlined and the different levels of investigation explained. Then a more detailed discussion of the methodology to be employed at each level is presented. Final discussion concerns the potential for unification of databases or methodology, including achievements to date, technical and institutional barriers to be overcome, and the purpose of unification. KW - Crash analysis KW - Level of investigation KW - Methodology KW - Standardization KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620477 AU - Western Australia University TI - PROCEEDINGS, INAUGURAL ANNUAL CONFERENCE, ROAD ACCIDENT PREVENTION RESEARCH UNIT, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA, 11 JUNE 1990 PY - 1990 SP - 185 p. AB - Following opening addresses by the Hon. K.W. Wilson, MLA, Minister for Health and Mr. R.M. Evans, Chairman of Directors, R.A.C. Insurance Pty. Limited, these proceedings contain the conference papers. The papers are organized according to topic. Part A, covering road safety strategies, contains the following papers: Strategies for Getting Road Safety Measures Implemented, Keynote Address, A.P. Vulcan; Reducing Traffic Injuries in America: U.S. Objectives and Strategies, D. Sleet; and Promising Countermeasures for the Prevention of Traffic Accidents in Western Australia, D.I. Smith. Part B addresses human factors in the following papers: Road Safety Education in Australian Schools - An Analysis of Some Key Dissemination and Implementation Practices, C.J. Marsh and N.H. Hyde; The Human Factors Approach to Improving Pedestrian Safety, P.K. Arnold, R.G. Bennett, and L.R. Hartley; and Training Young Drivers, D. Milech, D.J. Glencross, and L.R. Hartley. Finally, Part C examines specific accident issues in the following papers: The Road Environment and Traffic Safety, G.J. Moore; Random Breath Testing and How to Get it to Work Properly, R.J. Homel; and Hospital Inpatient Accident Costs for Road Traffic Accident Casualties in Western Australia, 1988, M.J. Giles. KW - Accident costs KW - Adolescents KW - Australia KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Prevention KW - Random breath tests KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362362 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620472 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SAFETY RESEARCH: ACCIDENT STUDIES, ENFORCEMENT, EMS, MANAGEMENT AND SIMULATION 1990 SN - 0-309-05052-9 PY - 1990 IS - 1270 SP - 119 p. AB - A variety of papers related to highway safety research are presented in this Record. The Record is organized in two parts. Part 1 deals with accident studies related to roadway, traffic, and truck characteristics; Part 2 includes reports of research on enforcement, emergency medical services (EMS), safety management, and simulation. The following papers are in Part 1: Accidents Involving Vehicles Parked on Shoulders of Limited-Access Highways, K.R. Agent and J.G. Pigman; Highway Accidents in Construction and Maintenance Work Zones, J.G. Pigman and K.R. Agent; Safety of One-Way Urban Streets, I. Hocherman, A.S. Hakkert, and J. Bar-Ziv; Safety Comparison of Types of Parking on Urban Streets in Nebraska, P.T. McCoy, M. Ramanujam, M. Moussavi, and J.I. Ballard; Role of Road User and Roadway Geometrics in Road Accidents in Jordan, A.H. Balbissi; and Truck Accident Involvement With and Without Front-Axle Brakes: Application for Case-Control Methodology, M.E.H. Lee-Gosselin, A.J. Richardson, and G. Taylor. Part 2 contains the following papers: Public Opinion Regarding Photo Radar, M. Freedman, A.F. Williams, and A.K. Lund; Public Attitudes Toward Traffic Regulation, Compliance, and Enforcement in Urban Areas of the United Kingdom, P.M. Jones; Building an Accident Report Data Base for Local Agencies, J.L. Lubkin, T.L. Maleck, D.P. Relyea, and K.H. Tsuchiyama; Allocating Highway Safety Funds, D.B. Brown, R. Bulfin, and W. Deason; Emergency Medical Service Rescue Time in Fatal Road Accidents, H. Brodsky; Validation of Vehicle Stability and Control Simulations, G.J. Heydinger, W.R. Garrott, J.P. Chrstos, and D.A. Guenther; and Low-Cost Part Task Driving Simulator Using Microcomputer Technology, R.W. Allen, A.C. Stein, B.L. Aponso, T.J. Rosenthal, and J.R. Hogue. KW - Attitudes KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Construction sites KW - Crashes KW - Databases KW - Development KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driving simulators KW - Front-axle brakes KW - Fund allocations KW - Geometric design KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - One way traffic KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Radar KW - Research KW - Road user characteristics KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic regulations KW - Travelers KW - Trucks KW - Urban highways KW - Vehicle front end UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1990/1270/1270.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620498 AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - YOUTH AND DRUGS: SOCIETY'S MIXED MESSAGES PY - 1990 SP - 182 p. AB - This volume, the sixth in a series of prevention monographs of the Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, examines past and present societal influences that have fostered the continued use of licit and illicit drugs by Americans from virtually every walk of life. The volume presents the analyses and viewpoints of prevention and communications experts on how "mixed messages" are often sent to American youth regarding acceptable use of alcohol and other drugs. It analyzes public and private sector policies, practices, and regulatory initiatives aimed at reducing and eliminating alcohol and other drug problems. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drug abuse KW - Governments KW - Highway safety KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Private enterprise KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620464 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - BEAUCHAMP, Y AU - Stobbe, T J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECTS OF FACTORS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN THE EVENT OF AN UNEXPECTED ROBOT MOTION PY - 1990 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - p. 83-96 AB - This study evaluates factors that could affect human performance in the event of an unexpected robot motion. The results of the study demonstrated many things. First, robot speed and task had an important impact on robot overrun distance. A longer overrun distance was observed with both increasing robot speed or task complexity. Second, illumination affected subject's performance; a longer overrun distance was observed with a low illumination level (10 Lux). Overrun distance, however, remained unaffected with increasing illumination level above 100 Lux. Furthermore, unexpected robot motions initiated in the peripheral field resulted in a longer overrun distance than motions initiated in the central field. The analysis of the robot speed by illumination interaction suggested that a low illumination level may further increase overrun distance with increasing robot speed. The analysis also suggested that when increasing robot motion speed, the overrun distance increases with low background-to-robot-arm luminance contrast ratios. KW - Human beings KW - Impacts KW - Luminous intensity KW - Overruns KW - Performance KW - Robots KW - Unexpected robot motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620458 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Harwin, E A AU - Brewer, H K AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE ROLLOVER STABILITY AND ROLLOVER RISK USING THE NHTSA CARDFILE ACCIDENT DATABASE PY - 1990 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 109-122 AB - Statistical confirmation of the important relationship between vehicle rollover stability, as defined by the ratio of half track width to center of gravity height, and rollover rate, as defined by the ratio of rollovers per single vehicle accident (RO/SVA) expressed as a percent, has been established using data extracted from the automated police accident reports of three states. A consistent and robust relationship between this measure of stability and single vehicle crashes involving rollover was found by means of linear regression analysis techniques. The relationship of this stability factor with the rollover per registered vehicle rate further substantiates the tendency for this type of crash to be associated with vehicles possessing a low rollover stability index. KW - Crash reports KW - Hazards KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620479 AU - Wright, B AU - Wright, D G AU - MasterMedia Limited TI - DARE TO CONFRONT: HOW TO INTERVENE WHEN SOMEONE YOU CARE ABOUT HAS AN ALCOHOL OR DRUG PROBLEM SN - 0-942361-21-0 PY - 1990 SP - 239 p. AB - Over 30 million Americans are addicted to alcohol or other drugs. One out of every three families is a victim. This book shows anyone how to use the step-by-step methods of professional interventionists to motivate drug-dependent people to accept the help they need right now. It teaches: what causes addiction and how it progresses; how to identify a dependency on a mind-altering drug; how to stop enabling the addiction; how to prepare yourself for an intervention; how to actually conduct the confrontation; how to locate the best recovery resources in your area; and how to support the recovery to improve the quality of your own life. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drug abuse KW - Intervention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362364 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620469 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - PROCEEDINGS OF ROAD SAFETY AND TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT IN EUROPE IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN, SEPTEMBER 26-28, 1990 PY - 1990 IS - 362A SP - 178 p. AB - Papers presented at the seminar were as follows: Opening Speech (Faerm, G); Motorization and Trends in Road Traffic (Lenz, K-H); Traffic Environment - The Nature of the Problem? (Thunberg, B); Traffic Safety Facing Year 2000 - A Challenge for the Automotive Industry (Persson, JC); Use of Simulation to Improve Vehicle Design (Badin, F and Maillard, P); Vehicle Development and Road Safety (Michalik, C); Role of the Motor Vehicle in Traffic Engineering of the Future (Voy, C); Automotive Crash Safety Engineering -Time for a New Approach? (Mellander, H); Daimler-Benz Driving Simulator - Research for Road Safety and Traffic Environment (Schill, V and Kading, W); VTI Driving Simulator - Trends and Experiences (Nordmark, S); Protection Effects of Child Restraints - Experiences from Accidents and Sled Tests with Carry-Cots (Glaeser, K-P, Langwieder, K and Hummel, T). KW - Automobile industry KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Driving simulators KW - Europe KW - Highway safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364872 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611074 JO - Publication of: Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine TI - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, PROCEEDINGS, 34TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA, OCTOBER 1-3, 1990 PY - 1990 SP - 548 p. AB - Thirty-nine papers presented at the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 34th annual conference are included. Three of these papers are bound separately. Topics addressed are as follows: clinical injury studies; alcohol - medical and legal consequences; traffic injury costs; seat belts - usage, effectiveness and crash testing; vehicle crashworthiness and injury assessment studies; the use of clinical data to study injury mechanisms; experimental biomechanical research; transplantable organs; exposure measure; injury scaling; patient triage; vision, drugs and fatigue - empirical and experimental studies; and bicycle and motorcycle helmet design. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Accident costs KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Legal factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Patient triage KW - Testing KW - Transplantable organs KW - Utilization KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610222 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '90 SN - 0317050809 PY - 1990 SP - 96 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor buses for 1989. The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Production, Sales and Registrations; Ownership and Usage; and Economic and Social Impact. An index is provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610217 AU - Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles TI - 1989 VIRGINIA TRAFFIC CRASH FACTS PY - 1990 SP - 62 p. AB - This report presents facts and figures on Virginia traffic accidents in 1989. The report is organized as follows: Glossary; 1989 Quick Facts About Virginia; Virginia Crashes 1989; Virginia Driving Trends - Summary 1980-1989, Deaths on Major Holidays, Leading Death Causes 1988, Monthly Crashes/Fatalities/Injuries, and Economic Cost 1984-1988; and Virginia Crash Summaries 1989 - Fatalities, Injuries, Crashes, Driver Action, Drinking Condition, Physical Condition, Age, Sex, Vehicle Action, Defect, Environment, Weather, Light, Traffic Controls, Vehicle Type, Safety Belts/Child Safety Seats, Accident Type. In 1989 there were 999 fatalities, a 6.55% decrease from 1988, and 79,310 persons injured, a 2.03% increase from 1988. A total of 143,155 traffic crashes were reported, a 0.81% decrease from 1988. Alcohol-related accidents resulted in 480 fatalities, an 8.05% decrease from 1988, and 13,341 persons injured, a 5.86% decrease from 1988. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Child restraint systems KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Defects KW - Drunk driving KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type KW - Vehicles KW - Virginia KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355702 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610218 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY 1990 SN - 0-309-05007-3 PY - 1990 IS - 1258 SP - 121 p. AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Signs on Breakaway Barricades--Wind and Crash Tests, T.D. Davis; Evaluation of Small-Sign Systems from Existing Crash Test Data, L.D. Breaux and J.R. Morgan; Crash Test of Modified Texas C202 Bridge Rail, T.J. Hirsch and P. Romere; Performance Level 2 Bridge Railings, C.E. Buth, T.J. Hirsch, and C.F. McDevitt; Aesthetically Pleasing Concrete Beam-and-Post Bridge Rail, T.J. Hirsch, C.E. Buth, and D. Kaderka; Wyoming Tube-Type Bridge Rail and Box-Beam Guardrail Transition, K.K. Mak, R.P. Bligh, and D.H. Pope; Rollover Caused by Concrete Safety-Shaped Barrier, K.K. Mak and D.L. Sicking; Development of an IBC MK-7 Barrier Capable of Restraining and Redirecting an 80,000-lb Tractor Van-Trailer, T.J. Hirsch and K.K. Mak; Performance Evaluation of a Movable Concrete Barrier, D.L. Glauz; and Temporary Asphalt Medians for Two-Lane, Two-Way Operation, B.H. Cottrell, Jr. KW - Asphalt KW - Barricades KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Medians KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Signs KW - Small signs KW - Temporary asphalt medians KW - Testing KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610244 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1990 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1990 SP - 49 p. AB - This publication provides a comprehensive source of motorcycle statistics. Included are statistics on market volume, manufacturers and distributors, the retail marketplace, motorcycle usage, and the motorcycle owner. Scooters and all terrain vehicles are included; mopeds and nopeds are excluded. Other national motorcycle organizations and State motorcycle dealers associations are listed and a subject index is provided. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Distributors KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Industries KW - Market research KW - Market volume KW - Marketing KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Retail trade KW - Sales KW - Scooters KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355735 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610239 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Ejsmont, J A AU - Sandberg, U AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - INFLUENCE ON TIRE/ROAD NOISE EMISSION BY VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PY - 1990 IS - 357A SP - 41 p. AB - The report presents an investigation of test vehicle influence on the results of tire/road noise measurements. The experiments were conducted by testing the same set of tires on four different, compact cars and another set of tires on four bigger cars. The cars were selected to be different in age, condition, type, etc. Despite a great variation in car type and construction the differences of the measured A-weighted sound levels were very small. Some interesting differences in noise spectra were, however, noticed for cars of unusual construction and/or in slightly impaired condition. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Compact automobiles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Service life KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicle age KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610233 AU - HUIJBERS, JJW AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - UTILISATION OF SECURITY HELMETS FOR TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE RIDERS PY - 1990 SP - 108 p. AB - This report deals with safety helmets of two-wheeled vehicle riders in the European Community (EC). Recommendations are presented regarding 1) the improvement of the safety of drivers/passengers of two-wheelers by the use of a helmet, and 2) legislation dealing with the safety requirements of helmets and their use. The report is based on information obtained from a questionnaire sent to twelve EC Member States and a literature study. It was found that the wearing of helmets by two-wheeled vehicle riders leads to less serious head injuries and makes a major contribution to road safety, assuming they are worn correctly and meet certain requirements. There are clear indications that helmets are not worn properly, especially by moped-riders. Effective legislation on the use and on the requirements of helmets are not harmonized between EC Member States. Sharp variations exist also on maximum speeds, the minimum age of riders and the required licenses. Only a part of EC Member States have accepted the ECE 22 international certification standard. KW - Europe KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Misuse KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608572 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1989 PY - 1990 SP - 43 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1989. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and historical trends; Geographic location (Accidents by counties, cities, state highways); Accident descriptions (Accidents by type, time, day, month, multi-vehicle, light, weather, road conditions, and road characteristics); Motor vehicle and driver characteristics (Registration, vehicle type, physical condition, licensed drivers, age of drivers, driver errors, killed and injured by vehicle type, sex of driver, and residence of driver); Alcohol-related accidents (Age of drivers, type of accident, road conditions, lighting, month, time, and day); Pedestrian and pedalcyclist (Age, sex, and action of victims, physical condition, history); Motorcycle accidents (Age, physical conditions, helmets, accident type, time, week, month); and School bus accidents (Injuries, fatalities, history). KW - Age KW - Arizona KW - Bicycles KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road conditions KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607634 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION USAGE AND ENFORCEMENT. PARTICIPANT MANUAL PY - 1990 SP - 81 p. AB - This Participant Manual was developed as part of a workshop on Occupant Protection Usage and Enforcement for law enforcement personnel. The manual is to be given to each participant. It presents supporting information that will be covered during the workshop, allows participants to record their ideas during the workshop, and gives participants a resource for reviewing ideas after the workshop. KW - Guidelines KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Personnel KW - Police KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607633 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION USAGE AND ENFORCEMENT. FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL PY - 1990 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains guides, manuals and other material to be used in conducting a workshop for law enforcement personnel on Occupant Protection Usage and Enforcement. The workshop was designed to promote use of occupant protection devices by law enforcement officers and to enlist their support in enforcing the occupant protection laws. The Administrator's Guide provides an introduction to and an overview of the the half-day workshop. The Opinionnaire provides a copy of the form to be used in the survey of workshop participants as to their opinions on matters related to occupant protection usage and enforcement. The Instructor's Manual outlines the goals and objectives of the workshop and provides details of what is to be covered in the workshop sessions. The Participant's Manual, given to the workshop participant, presents supporting information that will be covered during the workshop and provides the participant with a resource for reviewing ideas after the workshop. The fifth section of the publication contains viewgraphs. The sixth and final section is a guide developed specifically for police executives/managers interested in developing progressive occupant protection programs within their agencies and communities. KW - Guidelines KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Personnel KW - Personnel management KW - Police KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607631 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY RESCUE GUIDELINES FOR AIR BAG-EQUIPPED CARS PY - 1990 SP - 8 p. AB - This is a pamphlet briefly describing emergency rescue guidelines for air bag-equipped cars. Also included are a series of questions and answers on the subject, a list showing vehicle identification number codes for driver- and passenger-side air bags, and a list of deactivation times for air bag back-up power supply by automobile make. KW - Air bags KW - Brochures KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Fires KW - Guidelines KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Vehicle occupant rescue UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571216 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT FROM THE CONFERENCE ON THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY DATA, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, FEBRUARY 26-MARCH 1, 1990 PY - 1990 SP - 50 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Conferences KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571215 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDED TO IMPROVE SAFETY AND MOBILITY OF OLDER DRIVERS, AUGUST 23-24, 1989, LISTER HILL CONFERENCE CENTER, NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, BETHESDA, MARYLAND PY - 1990 SP - 110 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobile drivers KW - Conferences KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602637 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUFACTURERS' INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHILD SAFETY SEATS. 1990 EDITION PY - 1990 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is a collection of the user's instructions that were provided with every model of child safety seat sold in the United States since 1981. This collection is intended to be used by highway safety specialists for diagnosing problems and providing advice to parents concerning the installation and use of child safety seats. There are four sections: (1) Introductory pages, General Recall List and Table of Contents; (2) Safety Seat Instruction Sets for General Population Children; (3) Safety Seat Instruction Sets for Children with Special Needs; and (4) Appendix - related materials designed to broaden general knowledge of safety seats. KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Facilities KW - Industries KW - Installation KW - Instructions KW - Recall campaigns KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345459 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601359 JO - Reports from Liikenneturva 36/1990 PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - HAMALAINEN, V AU - Hassel, S-O AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - THE GIANT SPEED-INDICATING DISPLAY IN POLICE TRAFFIC CONTROL SN - 951-9151-83-4 PY - 1990 SP - 40 p. AB - On the initiative of the Turku and Pori Division of the Mobile Police an experiment was carried out on Highway 1 in the Province of Turku and Pori in order to develop the traffic control carried out by the police. A giant speed-indicating display was used in the experiment, which took place in connection with other traffic control activities. The display was attached to a speed radar and mounted on the roof of a police car standing parked beside the road. Passing drivers were able to see their speeds on the display and check the accuracy of their speedometers. By the road, after the speed display, there was a sign indicating that intensified traffic control was taking place. Furthermore, there was always at least one control point visible 3-17 km from the display unit. The experiment was carried out between April 11 - May 29, 1989. During this period, actions were taken on Highway 1 on about 20 days. Drivers were also informed about the experiment through the mass media, where it was given general coverage. This study investigates the effects of the experiment on the speed of cars and the incidence of overtaking as well as the experiences of the police on the action. On the stretch of road after the display the speeds were clearly lower during the experiment than before or after it. Also, over 10 km after the display the decrease of speeds was quite obvious. In particular all serious cases of speeding decreased and thus the experiment increased the opportunities for the police to deal with all the speeding offences detected. Also the incidence of overtaking decreased during the experiment. In a comparative situation right after the experiment the occurrences of overtaking had not gone back to their previous level, as predicted. KW - Displays KW - Information display systems KW - Passing KW - Police KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601307 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT: PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES. 1987, 1988, AND 1989 MODELS PY - 1990 SP - 53 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1987, 1988, and 1989 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Data are given for frequency of loss, average size of loss, and average loss payments per insured vehicle. The results include the complete spectrum of theft losses occurring under comprehensive coverage ranging from the theft of items from the vehicle to the theft of the vehicle itself. A complete list of the individual vehicle series included in this report is contained in Appendix A and definitions are provided in Appendix B. KW - Automobiles KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Statistics KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601374 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Milosevic, S AU - MILIC, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SPEED PERCEPTION IN ROAD CURVES PY - 1990 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-23 AB - This study assessed drivers' perception of their driving speed on curves. A total of 206 drivers estimated their vehicle speed in the central part of a sharp-left curve with a small radius of 75 m and a super-elevation of 5.5%. A comparison of the mean speed estimates given by drivers after having passed the curve with their actual speeds at the central point of the curve (recorded by radar) showed that drivers underestimated their vehicle speeds. Speed estimation was more accurate for drivers who saw warning and speed limit signs. In general, experienced drivers and middle-aged drivers reported less accurate speed estimates than younger, less experienced drivers. KW - Accuracy KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver experience KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Highway curves KW - Perception KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Speed signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348579 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600558 JO - Publication of: AB Svensk Bilprovning PB - AB Svensk Bilprovning AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1990. PERIODIC INSPECTIONS 1989. MAKE BY MAKE ACCOUNT OF THE DEFECTS IN PASSENGER CARS OF THE 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985 AND 1987 MODELS PY - 1990 SP - 205 p. AB - This publication summarizes the inspection results of 3,880,159 periodic inspections carried out during 1989 on vehicles in Sweden. The vehicle fleet is dominated by passengers cars and accordingly the main part of this report is devoted to them. It contains a presentation of inspection results for 78 car types of the 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985 and 1987 models. A novelty in this year's report is the separate accounting of combi models. Two things should be especially observed when reading this year's report. As a part of the increased efforts to preserve the environment, a special check was introduced in 1989 of the exhaust emission control systems in cars of model year 1976 and later. This includes a function-check of the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) systems in cars which have such equipment. Also since 1989 stricter assessments of defects in the headlamp cleaning systems in cars from model year 1981 have been made. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600527 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1989 TO DECEMBER 31, 1989 PY - 1990 SP - 193 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1989 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 182 recall campaigns involving 6,070,592 domestic motor vehicles, 55 recall campaigns involving 962,776 foreign motor vehicles, 31 recall campaigns involving 4,175,705 units of domestic equipment, 5 recall campaigns involving 4,153 units of foreign equipment, 11 recall campaigns involving 115,545 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00568513 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM: 1990 CODING AND VALIDATION MANUAL (REV. 4 90 ) PY - 1990 SP - 371 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Classification KW - Fatalities KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/330611 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495757 JO - Safety and Health PB - National Safety Council AU - Naughton, T AU - National Safety Council TI - SNOWMOBILES CAN BE SAFE VEHICLES. OFF THE JOB PY - 1990 VL - 133 IS - 1 SP - p. 46-47 AB - Snowmobiles can be safe vehicles when used as intended, and accidents can be reduced if snowmobilers are aware of the hazards facing them and act in a responsible manner. Snowmobilers are urged to be familiar with the laws and regulations that apply to them, and basic training and knowledge are prerequisites for the beginning operator. Thorough familiarity with the owner's manual is urged. The article offers tips on how hazards may be avoided. KW - Hazards KW - Safety KW - Snowmobiles KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372115 AU - Tire Industry Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Automobile Association AU - American Driver & Traffic Safety Education Assn AU - American Petroleum Institute AU - National Safety Council AU - National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association TI - NEW CONSUMER TIRE GUIDE. THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AUTO TIRE CARE AND SAFETY PY - 1990 SP - 11 p. AB - Contents: Tire placard and safety warning; Your own tire pressure gauge; Inspect your tires regularly; Good driving habits; Vehicle conditions affecting tires; Replacement tire selection; The sidewall story; Tire combinations -- Front and rear wheel drive vehicles; Cold weather driving; Tire dealer assistance. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Cold weather KW - Combinations KW - Consumers KW - Dealers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Equipment replacement KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Pressure gages KW - Replacement KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185239 ER -